# emld Tutorial

#### Carl Boettiger

#### 2026-01-15

# emld

The goal of emld is to provide a way to work with EML metadata in the JSON-LD format. At it’s heart, the package is simply a way to translate an EML XML document into JSON-LD and be able to reverse this so that any semantically equivalent JSON-LD file can be serialized into EML-schema valid XML. The package has only three core functions:

- `as_emld()` Convert EML’s `xml` files (or the `json` version created by this package) into a native R object (an S3 class called `emld`, essentially just a `list`).
- `as_xml()` Convert the native R format, `emld`, back into XML-schema valid EML.
- `as_json()` Convert the native R format, `emld`, into `json`(LD).

## Installation

You can install emld from github with:

    # install.packages("devtools")
    devtools::install_github("ropensci/emld")

## Motivation

In contrast to the existing EML package, this package aims to a very light-weight implementation that seeks to provide both an intuitive data format and make maximum use of existing technology to work with that format. In particular, this package emphasizes tools for working with linked data through the JSON-LD format. This package is not meant to replace `EML`, as it does not support the more complex operations found in that package. Rather, it provides a minimalist but powerful way of working with EML documents that can be used by itself or as a backend for those complex operations. The next release of the EML R package will use `emld` under the hood.

Note that the JSON-LD format is considerably less rigid than the EML schema. This means that there are many valid, semantically equivalent representations on the JSON-LD side that must all map into the same or nearly the same XML format. At the extreme end, the JSON-LD format can be serialized into RDF, where everything is flat set of triples (e.g. essentially a tabular representation), which we can query directly with semantic tools like SPARQL, and also automatically coerce back into the rigid nesting and ordering structure required by EML. This ability to “flatten” EML files can be particularly convenient for applications consuming and parsing large numbers of EML files. This package may also make it easier for other developers to build on the EML, since the S3/list and JSON formats used here have proven more appealing to many R developers than S4 and XML serializations.

JSON-LD also makes it easier to extend EML with other existing semantic vocabularies. The standard JSON-LD operations (e.g. framing, compaction) make it easy for developers to specify desired data structures, filter unnecessary terms and provide defaults for needed ones, or even define custom property names, rather than working with the often cumbersome prefixes or URIs of linked data.

    library(emld)
    library(jsonlite)
    library(magrittr)

## Reading EML

The `EML` package can get particularly cumbersome when it comes to extracting and manipulating existing metadata in highly nested EML files. The `emld` approach can leverage a rich array of tools for reading, extracting, and manipulating existing EML files.

We can parse a simple example and manipulate is as a familiar list object (S3 object):

    f <- system.file("extdata/example.xml", package="emld")
    eml <- as_emld(f)
    eml$dataset$title
    #> [1] "Data from Cedar Creek LTER on productivity and species richness\n  for use in a workshop titled \"An Analysis of the Relationship between\n  Productivity and Diversity using Experimental Results from the Long-Term\n  Ecological Research Network\" held at NCEAS in September 1996."

## Writing EML

Because `emld` objects are just nested lists, we can create EML just by writing lists:

    me <- list(individualName = list(givenName = "Carl", surName = "Boettiger"))

    eml <- list(dataset = list(
                  title = "dataset title",
                  contact = me,
                  creator = me),
                  system = "doi",
                  packageId = "10.xxx")

    ex.xml <- tempfile("ex", fileext = ".xml") # use your preferred file path

    as_xml(eml, ex.xml)
    testthat::expect_true(eml_validate(ex.xml) )

Note that we don’t have to worry about the order of the elements here, `as_xml` will re-order if necessary to validate. (For instance, in valid EML the `creator` becomes listed before `contact`.) Of course this is a very low-level interface that does not help the user know what an EML looks like. Creating EML from scratch without knowledge of the schema is a job for the `EML` package and beyond the scope of the lightweight `emld`.

# Working with EML as JSON-LD

For many applications, it is useful to merely treat EML as a list object, as seen above, allowing the R user to leverage a standard tools and intuition in working with these files. However, `emld` also opens the door to new possible directions by thinking of EML data in terms of a JSON-LD serialization rather than an XML serialization. First, owing to it’s comparative simplicity and native data typing (e.g. of Boolean/string/numeric data), JSON is often easier for many developers to work with than EML’s native XML format.

## As JSON: Query with JQ

For example, JSON can be queried with with JQ, a simple and powerful query language that also gives us a lot of flexibility over the return structure of our results. JQ syntax is both intuitive and well documented, and often easier than the typical munging of JSON/list data using `purrr`. Here’s an example query that turns EML to JSON and then extracts the north and south bounding coordinates:

    if(require(jqr) && require(magrittr)){

    hf205 <- system.file("extdata/hf205.xml", package="emld")

    as_emld(hf205) %>%
      as_json() %>%
      jq('.dataset.coverage.geographicCoverage.boundingCoordinates |
           { northLat: .northBoundingCoordinate,
             southLat: .southBoundingCoordinate }') %>%
      fromJSON()

    }
    #> $northLat
    #> [1] "+42.55"
    #>
    #> $southLat
    #> [1] "+42.42"

Nice features of JQ include the ability to do recursive descent (common to XPATH but not possible in `purrr`) and specify the shape of the return object. Some prototype examples of how we can use this to translate between EML and https://schema.org/Dataset representations of the same metadata can be found in https://github.com/ropensci/emld/blob/master/notebook/jq_maps.md

## As semantic data: SPARQL queries

Another side-effect of the JSON-LD representation is that we can treat EML as “semantic” data. This can provide a way to integrate EML records with other data sources, and means we can query the EML using semantic SPARQL queries. One nice thing about SPARQL queries is that, in contrast to XPATH, JQ, or other graph queries, SPARQL always returns a `data.frame` which is a particularly convenient format. SPARQL queries look like SQL queries in that we name the columns we want with a `SELECT` command. Unlike SQL, these names are act as variables. We then use a WHERE block to define how these variables relate to each other.

    if(require(rdflib) && require(magrittr)){

    f <- system.file("extdata/hf205.xml", package="emld")
    hf205.json <- tempfile("hf205", fileext = ".json") # Use your preferred filepath

    as_emld(f) %>%
    as_json(hf205.json)

    prefix <- paste0("PREFIX eml: <eml://ecoinformatics.org/", eml_version(), "/>\n")
    sparql <- paste0(prefix, '

      SELECT ?genus ?species ?northLat ?southLat ?eastLong ?westLong

      WHERE {
        ?y eml:taxonRankName "genus" .
        ?y eml:taxonRankValue ?genus .
        ?y eml:taxonomicClassification ?s .
        ?s eml:taxonRankName "species" .
        ?s eml:taxonRankValue ?species .
        ?x eml:northBoundingCoordinate ?northLat .
        ?x eml:southBoundingCoordinate ?southLat .
        ?x eml:eastBoundingCoordinate ?eastLong .
        ?x eml:westBoundingCoordinate ?westLong .
      }
    ')

    rdf <- rdf_parse(hf205.json, "jsonld")
    df <- rdf_query(rdf, sparql)
    df

    }
    #> # A tibble: 0 × 0