Date: 2026-02-25

# Trial Analysis Example of Bayesian MCPMod for Binary Data

#### 2026-02-25

Show code

    suppressPackageStartupMessages({
      library(BayesianMCPMod)
      library(RBesT)
      library(DoseFinding)
      library(dplyr)
    })

    set.seed(7015)

    display_params_table <- function(named_list) {
      round_numeric <- function(x, digits = 3) if (is.numeric(x)) round(x, digits) else x
      tbl <- data.frame(
        Name  = names(named_list),
        Value = I(lapply(named_list, function(v) {
          if (inherits(v, "Date")) v <- as.character(v)
          if (!is.null(names(v))) paste0("{", paste(names(v), v, sep="=", collapse=", "), "}")
          else v
        }))
      )
      tbl$Value <- lapply(tbl$Value, round_numeric)
      knitr::kable(tbl)
    }

# Introduction

This vignette demonstrates the application of the `BayesianMCPMod` package for a binary endpoint. A more detailed introduction is provided for the setting of a continuous endpoint (analysis example vignette).

Binary endpoints require modeling on the logit scale. We will use the migraine dataset from the `DoseFinding` package as our working example, which contains response rates after migraine treatment. The prior (for the control group) will be based on historical trial data.

This package makes use of the future framework for parallel processing, which can be set up for example as follows:

    future::plan(future::multisession, workers = 4L)

Kindly note that due to overhead a reduced number of worker nodes can be preferable and that for short calculations sequential execution can be faster.

## Scale Conventions in `BayesianMCPMod`

- Internally, `BayesianMCPMod` fits binary endpoints on the logit scale.
- The function argument `probability_scale` controls whether outputs (summaries, predictions, plots) are back-transformed to probabilities.
- In `simulateData()`, outcomes are simulated on the response scale if `probability_scale = TRUE`.
- In `getMED()`, `delta` is interpreted on the probability scale if `probability_scale = TRUE`.

# Calculation of a MAP Prior

For this example, in a first step, a meta analytic prior will be calculated. This prior is based on trials results for Diener et al. (2011), Ho et al. (2008) and Hewitt et al. (2011). Here, we assume the following historical results for the control group. Please note that only information from the control group will be integrated, leading to an informative mixture prior for the control group, while a non-informative prior will be specified for the active groups.

Show code

    trial <- c("trial_1", "trial_2", "trial_3")
    n     <- c(70,  115, 147) # sample size per trial
    r     <- c( 6,   16,  16) # n responders per trial

Our approach to establish a MAP prior is conducted in 3 steps. First the information from the historical trials is used to establish a beta mixture MAP prior (family=binomial).
In a next step this prior is robustified. Finally, since the `BayesianMCPMod` procedures for binary endpoints require a prior on the logit scale, we translate this prior to this scale via sampling from the distribution, translating the results to the logit scale and approximating via fitting of normal mixtures of conjugate distributions. Please note that there would be other options to establish a reasonable informative prior in this setting.

Show code

    dose_levels <- c(0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200)

    # 1) Establish MAP prior (beta mixture distribution)
    set.seed(7015) # re-set seed only for this example; remove in your analysis script
    map <- gMAP(
      cbind(r, n - r) ~ 1 | trial,
      family     = binomial,
      tau.dist   = "HalfNormal",
      tau.prior  = 0.5,
      beta.prior = (1 / sqrt(0.1 * 0.9)),
      warmup     = 1000,
      iter       = 10000,
      chains     = 2,
      thin       = 1
    )
    #> Assuming default prior location   for beta: 0
    map
    #> Generalized Meta Analytic Predictive Prior Analysis
    #>
    #> Call:  gMAP(formula = cbind(r, n - r) ~ 1 | trial, family = binomial,
    #>     tau.dist = "HalfNormal", tau.prior = 0.5, beta.prior = (1/sqrt(0.1 *
    #>         0.9)), iter = 10000, warmup = 1000, thin = 1, chains = 2)
    #>
    #> Exchangeability tau strata: 1
    #> Prediction tau stratum    : 1
    #> Maximal Rhat              : 1
    #>
    #> Between-trial heterogeneity of tau prediction stratum
    #>   mean     sd   2.5%    50%  97.5%
    #> 0.2710 0.2210 0.0106 0.2160 0.8290
    #>
    #> MAP Prior MCMC sample
    #>   mean     sd   2.5%    50%  97.5%
    #> 0.1190 0.0494 0.0454 0.1130 0.2340

    prior <- automixfit(map) #fits mixture distribution from MCMC samples from above
    p     <- summary(prior)[1]

    # 2) Robustify prior
    prior_rob <- RBesT::robustify(priormix = prior,
                                  mean     = 0.5,
                                  weight   = 0.4)

    # 3) Translate prior to logit scale (to approximate via normal mixture model)
    r                <- rmix(prior_rob, n = 1e4)
    log_r            <- RBesT::logit(r)
    prior_ctr        <- automixfit(log_r, type = "norm")

    # Specification of reference scale (this follows the idea of [@Neuenschwander2016]).
    sigma(prior_ctr) <- sqrt(1 / (p * (1 - p)))

    # Specify a prior list
    prior_trt <- RBesT::mixnorm(
      comp1 = c(
        w = 1,
        m = logit(summary(prior)[1]),
        n = 1
      ),
      sigma = sqrt(1 / (p * (1 - p))),
      param = "mn"
    )

    prior_list <- c(list(prior_ctr),
                    rep(x     = list(prior_trt),
                        times = length(dose_levels[-1])))

    dose_names        <- c("Ctr", paste0("DG_", seq_along(dose_levels[-1])))
    names(prior_list) <- dose_names

# Dose-Response Model Shapes

Candidate models are specified on the parameter scale using the {DoseFinding} package. We will create a `Mods` object, which will be used in the remainder of the vignette. Please note that the models are specified on the logit scale.

    models <- Mods(
      linear      = NULL,
      sigEmax     = c(50, 3),
      quadratic   = -1 / 250,
      logistic    = c(110, 15),
      exponential = 80,
      emax        = 10,
      doses       = dose_levels,
      placEff     = RBesT::logit(0.118),
      maxEff      = RBesT::logit(0.3) - RBesT::logit(0.118)
    )

    plot(models)

## Trial Data

We will use the trial data from the migraine data set available in the `DoseFinding` package as our phase 2 trial data. We will apply a logistic regression (without any additional covariates) to get estimates on the logit scale.

    data("migraine") # data set from the DoseFinding package

    doses_fact <- as.factor(dose_levels)
    n_patients <- migraine$ntrt
    resp_rate  <- migraine$painfree/n_patients

    ## Execution of logistic regression and readout of parameters
    ## Note that estimates are automatically on the logit scale.
    log_fit <- glm(resp_rate ~ doses_fact - 1, family = binomial, weights = n_patients)
    mu_hat  <- coef(log_fit)
    S_hat   <- vcov(log_fit)

# Posterior Calculation

In the first step of Bayesian MCPMod, the posterior is calculated by combining the prior information with the estimated results of the trial (Fleischer F 2022).

    post_logit <- getPosterior(prior_list, mu_hat = mu_hat, S_hat  = S_hat)

The summary of the posterior can be provided on the probability scale.

    summary(post_logit, probability_scale = TRUE)
    #>           mean         sd       2.5%     50.0%     97.5%
    #> Ctr  0.1071168 0.02127945 0.06930702 0.1058284 0.1520034
    #> DG_1 0.1359001 0.06177459 0.04833967 0.1248126 0.2859179
    #> DG_2 0.1222136 0.05057452 0.04865093 0.1137505 0.2436500
    #> DG_3 0.2562256 0.05432101 0.16104931 0.2524449 0.3726678
    #> DG_4 0.1943149 0.04961478 0.11121906 0.1895612 0.3041997
    #> DG_5 0.2184915 0.05083942 0.13146633 0.2142515 0.3293963
    #> DG_6 0.2401204 0.05496681 0.14521827 0.2358212 0.3591977
    #> DG_7 0.3618200 0.06188555 0.24769337 0.3594987 0.4889697

# Bayesian MCPMod Test Step

The testing step of Bayesian MCPMod is executed using a critical value on the probability scale and a pseudo-optimal contrast matrix.

A contrast matrix is generated based on the number of patients per dose group, see Fleischer F (2022) for more details. Please note that here also other options would be possible, e.g. using weight based on the observed variability.

The critical value is calculated using (re-estimated) contrasts for frequentist MCPMod to ensure error control when using weakly-informative priors.

    contr_mat_prior <- getContr(
      mods           = models,
      dose_levels    = dose_levels,
      dose_weights   = n_patients)

    set.seed(7015) # re-sets seed only for this example; remove in your analysis script
    crit_pval <- getCritProb(
      mods           = models,
      dose_levels    = dose_levels,
      cov_new_trial  = S_hat,
      alpha_crit_val = 0.05
    )

The Bayesian MCP testing step is then executed:

    BMCP_result <- performBayesianMCP(
      posterior_list = post_logit,
      contr          = contr_mat_prior,
      crit_prob_adj  = crit_pval)

Here as well it should be noted that this evaluation happens on the logit scale.

    BMCP_result
    #> Bayesian Multiple Comparison Procedure
    #>   Significant:                   1
    #>   Critical Probability:          0.9790239
    #>   Maximum Posterior Probability: 0.99999
    #> Posterior Probabilities for Model Shapes
    #>                        lin      sigE      quad       log       exp      emax
    #>   Posterior Prob 0.9999900 0.9999338 0.9998325 0.9999509 0.9999644 0.9999885
    #>   Significant            1         1         1         1         1         1

The testing step is significant, indicating a non-flat dose-response shape. All model shapes are significant.

# Model Fitting and Visualization

In the model fitting step the posterior distribution is used as basis.

Both simplified and full fitting can be performed. Here we are focusing on the simplified fit. Furthermore we specify that the fit should be provided on the probability scale for easier interpretation of results.

The output of the fit includes information about the predicted effects for the included dose levels, the generalized AIC, and the corresponding weights.

    model_fits <- getModelFits(
      models            = models,
      dose_levels       = dose_levels,
      posterior         = post_logit,
      simple            = TRUE,
      probability_scale = TRUE)

Plots of fitted dose-response models and an AIC-based average model including 80% and 95% credible bands on the probability scale:

    plot(model_fits, cr_bands = TRUE)

In case models should be shown on the logit scale this can be done in the following way:

    plot(model_fits, probability_scale = FALSE)

Estimates including predictions can be shown via:

    display_params_table(stats::predict(model_fits, doses = c(0, 2.5, 10,150, 200)))

| Name | Value
--- | --- | ---
avgFit | avgFit | 0.120, 0.140, 0.170, 0.300, 0.327
emax | emax | 0.106, 0.133, 0.184, 0.288, 0.292
exponential | exponential | 0.150, 0.151, 0.156, 0.294, 0.375
linear | linear | 0.146, 0.148, 0.154, 0.303, 0.372
logistic | logistic | 0.137, 0.141, 0.151, 0.323, 0.345
quadratic | quadratic | 0.138, 0.141, 0.151, 0.325, 0.351
sigEmax | sigEmax | 0.107, 0.143, 0.176, 0.305, 0.322

The bootstrap-based quantiles can also be directly calculated via the `getBootstrapQuantiles()` function and a sample from the model fits can be bootstrapped using `getBootstrapSamples()`.

For this example, only 10 samples are bootstrapped for each model fit.

    set.seed(7015) # re-sets seed only for this example; remove in your analysis script
    bootstrap_quantiles <- getBootstrapQuantiles(
      model_fits = model_fits,
      quantiles  = c(0.025, 0.5, 0.975),
      doses      = dose_levels,
      n_samples  = 10)

# Assessment of the Minimally Efficacious Dose

The Minimally Efficacious Dose (MED) per model shape can be assessed with the function `getMED()`. The effect needs to be specified on the probability scale.

    getMED(
      delta       = 0.16, # on probability scale
      model_fits  = model_fits,
      dose_levels = seq(min(dose_levels), max(dose_levels), by = 1))
    #>             avgFit emax exponential linear logistic quadratic sigEmax
    #> med_reached      1    1           1      1        1         1       1
    #> med            118   59         161    153      117       121      78

## Additional Note

Testing, modeling, and MED assessment can also be combined via `performBayesianMCPMod()`:

    BMCPMod_result <- performBayesianMCPMod(
      posterior_list    = post_logit,
      contr             = contr_mat_prior,
      crit_prob_adj     = crit_pval,
      simple            = TRUE,
      delta             = 0.16,
      probability_scale = TRUE
    )

Diener, Hans-Christoph, Piero Barbanti, Carl Dahlöf, Uwe Reuter, Julia Habeck, and Jana Podhorna. 2011. “BI 44370 TA, an Oral CGRP Antagonist for the Treatment of Acute Migraine Attacks: Results from a Phase II Study.” Cephalalgia 31 (5): 573–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410388435.
Fleischer F, Deng Q, Bossert S. 2022. “Bayesian MCPMod.” Pharmaceutical Statistics 21 (3): 654–70.
Hewitt, D. J., V. Martin, R. B. Lipton, J. Brandes, P. Ceesay, R. Gottwald, E. Schaefer, C. Lines, and T. W. Ho. 2011. “Randomized Controlled Study of Telcagepant Plus Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen in Migraine.” Headache 51 (4): 533–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01860.x.
Ho, Tony W., Lauren K. Mannix, Xiaoyin Fan, Clara Assaid, Carol Furtek, Christopher J. Jones, Charles R. Lines, and Alan M. Rapoport. 2008. “Randomized Controlled Trial of an Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist, MK-0974, in Acute Treatment of Migraine.” Neurology 70 (16): 1304–12. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000286940.29755.61.