Author: Victor Granda

# Reshaping meteorological data for meteoland

#### Victor Granda

    library(meteoland)
    #> Package 'meteoland' [ver. 2.2.6]
    library(stars)
    #> S'està carregant el paquet requerit: abind
    #> S'està carregant el paquet requerit: sf
    #> Linking to GEOS 3.12.1, GDAL 3.8.4, PROJ 9.4.0; sf_use_s2() is TRUE
    library(dplyr)
    #>
    #> S'està adjuntant el paquet: 'dplyr'
    #> Els següents objectes estan emmascarats des de 'package:stats':
    #>
    #>     filter, lag
    #> Els següents objectes estan emmascarats des de 'package:base':
    #>
    #>     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

## Meteorological data format

For the interpolation of meteorological variables on our target locations, we need meteorological data for a reference set of locations. In `meteoland` this is a `sf` object with the spatial coordinates of our reference locations (usually meteorological stations) and daily values of the meteorological variables needed to perform the interpolation, i.e.:

    meteoland_meteo_example
    #> Simple feature collection with 5652 features and 18 fields
    #> Geometry type: POINT
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 0.30565 ymin: 40.55786 xmax: 3.18165 ymax: 42.77011
    #> Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
    #> # A tibble: 5,652 × 19
    #>    dates               service stationID station_name station_province elevation
    #>  * <dttm>              <chr>   <chr>     <chr>        <chr>                <dbl>
    #>  1 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… C6        Castellnou … Lleida                264
    #>  2 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… C7        Tàrrega      Lleida                427
    #>  3 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… C8        Cervera      Lleida                554
    #>  4 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… C9        Mas de Barb… Tarragona             240
    #>  5 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CC        Orís         Barcelona             626
    #>  6 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CD        la Seu d'Ur… Lleida                849
    #>  7 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CE        els Hostale… Barcelona             316
    #>  8 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CG        Molló - Fab… Girona               1405
    #>  9 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CI        Sant Pau de… Girona                852
    #> 10 2022-04-01 00:00:00 meteoc… CJ        Organyà      Lleida                566.
    #> # ℹ 5,642 more rows
    #> # ℹ 13 more variables: MeanTemperature <dbl>, MinTemperature <dbl>,
    #> #   MaxTemperature <dbl>, MeanRelativeHumidity <dbl>,
    #> #   MinRelativeHumidity <dbl>, MaxRelativeHumidity <dbl>, Precipitation <dbl>,
    #> #   WindDirection <dbl>, WindSpeed <dbl>, Radiation <dbl>, geom <POINT [°]>,
    #> #   aspect <dbl>, slope <dbl>

`meteoland` expects names to be as in the example:

    names(meteoland_meteo_example)
    #>  [1] "dates"                "service"              "stationID"
    #>  [4] "station_name"         "station_province"     "elevation"
    #>  [7] "MeanTemperature"      "MinTemperature"       "MaxTemperature"
    #> [10] "MeanRelativeHumidity" "MinRelativeHumidity"  "MaxRelativeHumidity"
    #> [13] "Precipitation"        "WindDirection"        "WindSpeed"
    #> [16] "Radiation"            "geom"                 "aspect"
    #> [19] "slope"

The only mandatory variables are `MinTemperature` and `MaxTemperature`. Other variables (`Precipitation`, `WindSpeed`…), when present, allow for a more complete interpolation.

## Converting meteorological data to `meteoland` format

Meteorological data can come in many formats and with different names for the same variables. As we saw above, we need to convert it to a `meteoland` compliant format (`sf` object with correct names).

### Converting from data frames

If we have our meteorological data in a data.frame (i.e. we obtained it from our own weather stations, or download it from other source in this format) we can just simply transform it to the desired format:

    unformatted_meteo
    #> # A tibble: 15 × 7
    #>    date       station latitude longitude min_temp max_temp    rh
    #>    <date>     <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <dbl>
    #>  1 2022-12-01 a           41.4     -0.33     9.72    21.4   54.3
    #>  2 2022-12-02 a           41.4     -0.33    11.6     19.6   41.5
    #>  3 2022-12-03 a           41.4     -0.33     3.67    17.6   31.7
    #>  4 2022-12-04 a           41.4     -0.33     8.55    16.8   20
    #>  5 2022-12-05 a           41.4     -0.33    20.1     31.1   50.4
    #>  6 2022-12-01 b           40.1      0.12    16.7     26.3   48.6
    #>  7 2022-12-02 b           40.1      0.12    19.1     30.9   70.9
    #>  8 2022-12-03 b           40.1      0.12    16.3     24.4   31.6
    #>  9 2022-12-04 b           40.1      0.12    15.2     21.9   37.8
    #> 10 2022-12-05 b           40.1      0.12    11.4     18.1   98.8
    #> 11 2022-12-01 c           42        1.12     8.29    16.9   29.8
    #> 12 2022-12-02 c           42        1.12     5.50    11.6   74.6
    #> 13 2022-12-03 c           42        1.12     8.01    17.7   52.8
    #> 14 2022-12-04 c           42        1.12     4.12    19.1   20
    #> 15 2022-12-05 c           42        1.12    -7.94     1.63  23.1

    ready_meteo <- unformatted_meteo |>
      # convert names to correct ones
      dplyr::mutate(
        MinTemperature = min_temp,
        MaxTemperature = max_temp,
        MeanRelativeHumidity = rh
      ) |>
      # transform to sf (WGS84)
      sf::st_as_sf(
        coords = c("longitude", "latitude"),
        crs = sf::st_crs(4326)
      )

    ready_meteo
    #> Simple feature collection with 15 features and 8 fields
    #> Geometry type: POINT
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: -0.33 ymin: 40.11 xmax: 1.12 ymax: 42
    #> Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
    #> # A tibble: 15 × 9
    #>    date       station min_temp max_temp    rh MinTemperature MaxTemperature
    #>  * <date>     <chr>      <dbl>    <dbl> <dbl>          <dbl>          <dbl>
    #>  1 2022-12-01 a           9.72    21.4   54.3           9.72          21.4
    #>  2 2022-12-02 a          11.6     19.6   41.5          11.6           19.6
    #>  3 2022-12-03 a           3.67    17.6   31.7           3.67          17.6
    #>  4 2022-12-04 a           8.55    16.8   20             8.55          16.8
    #>  5 2022-12-05 a          20.1     31.1   50.4          20.1           31.1
    #>  6 2022-12-01 b          16.7     26.3   48.6          16.7           26.3
    #>  7 2022-12-02 b          19.1     30.9   70.9          19.1           30.9
    #>  8 2022-12-03 b          16.3     24.4   31.6          16.3           24.4
    #>  9 2022-12-04 b          15.2     21.9   37.8          15.2           21.9
    #> 10 2022-12-05 b          11.4     18.1   98.8          11.4           18.1
    #> 11 2022-12-01 c           8.29    16.9   29.8           8.29          16.9
    #> 12 2022-12-02 c           5.50    11.6   74.6           5.50          11.6
    #> 13 2022-12-03 c           8.01    17.7   52.8           8.01          17.7
    #> 14 2022-12-04 c           4.12    19.1   20             4.12          19.1
    #> 15 2022-12-05 c          -7.94     1.63  23.1          -7.94           1.63
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: MeanRelativeHumidity <dbl>, geometry <POINT [°]>

And voilà, we have our meteo data in the correct format

### Meteorological data from other R packages

`meteoland` offers transformation functions for meteorological data downloaded from the `meteospain` and `worldmet` R packages.

#### `meteospain` data

For data coming from `meteospain` package we have the `meteospain2meteoland` function that transforming the data for us:

    library(meteospain)
    get_meteo_from(
      "meteogalicia",
      meteogalicia_options('daily', as.Date("2022-12-01"), as.Date("2022-12-05"))
    ) |>
      meteospain2meteoland()

#### `worldmet` data

For data coming from `worldmet` package we have the `worldmet2meteoland` function that do the reshaping for us:

    library(worldmet)
    worldmet::importNOAA("081120-99999", year = 2022) |>
      worldmet2meteoland()

### Meteorological data from raster sources

As we have seen, we need the meteorological reference data in a `sf` object (points). To be able to create an interpolator from a raster, we need to transform the cell values to points (i.e. using the cell center coordinates) for each variable and day and use it to create the interpolator.

So if we have a multi-layered raster with several dates of meteorological data:

    > Remember that the raster, besides the meteo data, needs to contain also the topographic
    (elevation, aspect and slope) data for the interpolator to work.

    raster_meteo_reference
    #> stars object with 3 dimensions and 14 attributes
    #> attribute(s):
    #>                               Min.     1st Qu.     Median       Mean
    #> MeanTemperature         3.47453413  11.4535839  13.940206  13.471788
    #> MinTemperature         -3.27100714   4.3824425   6.969667   5.860040
    #> MaxTemperature          7.16265820  14.7798101  18.901768  18.420680
    #> Precipitation           0.00000000   0.0000000   0.000000   1.217155
    #> MeanRelativeHumidity   35.08268335  56.7720829  64.269391  65.520741
    #> MinRelativeHumidity    26.85783275  38.7257795  45.058448  48.591400
    #> MaxRelativeHumidity    53.84205927 100.0000000 100.000000  96.878881
    #> Radiation               7.54372475  15.9837124  20.690395  19.595816
    #> WindSpeed               0.02164994   0.9119314   1.252240   1.385929
    #> WindDirection           0.18621266  71.4293342 198.955399 181.615512
    #> PET                     1.09027039   2.4105288   3.176816   3.087621
    #> elevation             240.00000000 370.0000000 447.000000 460.322314
    #> slope                   1.43209624   5.7204332  11.348120  13.073426
    #> aspect                  5.19442749  74.7448807 174.369324 181.679232
    #>                           3rd Qu.       Max. NA's
    #> MeanTemperature        16.1442989  20.781408    0
    #> MinTemperature          8.2924049  11.071295    0
    #> MaxTemperature         22.0316730  28.801911    0
    #> Precipitation           0.2922964  21.000409    0
    #> MeanRelativeHumidity   75.5124486 100.000000    0
    #> MinRelativeHumidity    55.7307897  90.243329    0
    #> MaxRelativeHumidity   100.0000000 100.000000    0
    #> Radiation              23.7299248  27.982274    0
    #> WindSpeed               1.7444530   5.811866   30
    #> WindDirection         264.0404014 359.908196 1350
    #> PET                     3.7736818   5.625855    0
    #> elevation             525.0000000 786.000000    0
    #> slope                  19.7585106  31.071896    0
    #> aspect                291.0375061 360.000000    0
    #> dimension(s):
    #>      from to         offset    delta  refsys point x/y
    #> x       1 11          1.671  0.01058  WGS 84 FALSE [x]
    #> y       1 11          41.76 -0.01058  WGS 84 FALSE [y]
    #> date    1 30 2022-04-01 UTC   1 days POSIXct FALSE

we need to convert it to points:

    points_meteo_reference <- names(raster_meteo_reference) |>
      # for each variable
      purrr::map(
        # take the variable raster
        ~ raster_meteo_reference[.x] |>
          # convert to sf
          sf::st_as_sf(as_points = TRUE, na.rm = FALSE) |>
          # pivot the data for dates to be in one column
          tidyr::pivot_longer(cols = -geometry, names_to = "dates", values_to = .x) |>
          # convert to tibble to fasten the process
          dplyr::as_tibble() |>
          # convert to date and create stationID
          dplyr::mutate(
            dates = as.Date(dates),
            stationID = as.character(geometry)
          )
      ) |>
      # join all variables
      purrr::reduce(dplyr::left_join) |>
      # create the points sf object
      sf::st_as_sf()
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`
    #> Joining with `by = join_by(geometry, dates, stationID)`

    points_meteo_reference
    #> Simple feature collection with 3630 features and 16 fields
    #> Geometry type: POINT
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 1.6762 ymin: 41.65133 xmax: 1.781988 ymax: 41.75712
    #> Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
    #> # A tibble: 3,630 × 17
    #>             geometry dates      MeanTemperature stationID         MinTemperature
    #>          <POINT [°]> <date>               <dbl> <chr>                      <dbl>
    #>  1 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-01            6.24 c(1.676199866843…          0.541
    #>  2 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-02            6.64 c(1.676199866843…         -1.50
    #>  3 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-03            4.82 c(1.676199866843…         -3.13
    #>  4 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-04            6.53 c(1.676199866843…         -1.59
    #>  5 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-05            9.05 c(1.676199866843…         -1.51
    #>  6 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-06           11.8  c(1.676199866843…          3.70
    #>  7 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-07           14.1  c(1.676199866843…          3.67
    #>  8 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-08           15.1  c(1.676199866843…          7.71
    #>  9 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-09           13.6  c(1.676199866843…          6.79
    #> 10 (1.6762 41.75712) 2022-04-10           11.6  c(1.676199866843…          4.94
    #> # ℹ 3,620 more rows
    #> # ℹ 12 more variables: MaxTemperature <dbl>, Precipitation <dbl>,
    #> #   MeanRelativeHumidity <dbl>, MinRelativeHumidity <dbl>,
    #> #   MaxRelativeHumidity <dbl>, Radiation <dbl>, WindSpeed <dbl>,
    #> #   WindDirection <dbl>, PET <dbl>, elevation <dbl>, slope <dbl>, aspect <dbl>

And now we can use it to build an interpolator object:

    with_meteo(points_meteo_reference) |>
      create_meteo_interpolator()
    #> ℹ Checking meteorology object...
    #> ✔ meteorology object ok
    #> ℹ Creating interpolator...
    #> Warning: No interpolation parameters provided, using defaults
    #> ℹ Set the `params` argument to modify parameter default values
    #> • Calculating smoothed variables...
    #> • Updating intial_Rp parameter with the actual stations mean distance...
    #> ✔ Interpolator created.
    #> stars object with 2 dimensions and 13 attributes
    #> attribute(s):
    #>                                   Min.     1st Qu.     Median       Mean
    #> Temperature                 3.47453413  11.4535839  13.940206  13.471788
    #> MinTemperature             -3.27100714   4.3824425   6.969667   5.860040
    #> MaxTemperature              7.16265820  14.7798101  18.901768  18.420680
    #> RelativeHumidity           35.08268335  56.7720829  64.269391  65.520741
    #> Precipitation               0.00000000   0.0000000   0.000000   1.217155
    #> Radiation                   7.54372475  15.9837124  20.690395  19.595816
    #> WindDirection               0.18621266  71.4293342 198.955399 181.615512
    #> WindSpeed                   0.02164994   0.9119314   1.252240   1.385929
    #> elevation                 240.00000000 370.0000000 447.000000 460.322314
    #> aspect                      5.19442749  74.7448807 174.369324 181.679232
    #> slope                       1.43209624   5.7204332  11.348120  13.073426
    #> SmoothedPrecipitation       0.25336109   1.5179424   3.874980   3.862412
    #> SmoothedTemperatureRange    9.41552220  11.8383211  12.587418  12.458785
    #>                               3rd Qu.       Max. NA's
    #> Temperature                16.1442989  20.781408    0
    #> MinTemperature              8.2924049  11.071295    0
    #> MaxTemperature             22.0316730  28.801911    0
    #> RelativeHumidity           75.5124486 100.000000    0
    #> Precipitation               0.2922964  21.000409    0
    #> Radiation                  23.7299248  27.982274    0
    #> WindDirection             264.0404014 359.908196 1350
    #> WindSpeed                   1.7444530   5.811866   30
    #> elevation                 525.0000000 786.000000    0
    #> aspect                    291.0375061 360.000000    0
    #> slope                      19.7585106  31.071896    0
    #> SmoothedPrecipitation       6.2789283  11.753856  505
    #> SmoothedTemperatureRange   13.2623789  15.014616    0
    #> dimension(s):
    #>         from  to     offset  delta refsys point
    #> date       1  30 2022-04-01 1 days   Date FALSE
    #> station    1 121         NA     NA WGS 84  TRUE
    #>                                                        values
    #> date                                                     NULL
    #> station POINT (1.6762 41.65133),...,POINT (1.781988 41.75712)