// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// 
// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (https://conradsanderson.id.au)
// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
// 
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// 
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------


//! \addtogroup Mat
//! @{


template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::~Mat()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  if(n_alloc > 0)
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::destructor: releasing memory");
    memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
    }
  
  // try to expose buggy user code that accesses deleted objects
  access::rw(mem) = nullptr;
  
  arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<eT>::value == false ));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat()
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  }



//! construct the matrix to have user specified dimensions
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: zeroing memory");
  
  arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SizeMat& s)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: zeroing memory");
  
  arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



//! internal use only
template<typename eT>
template<bool do_zeros>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const arma_initmode_indicator<do_zeros>&)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(do_zeros)
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: not zeroing memory");
    }
  }



//! internal use only
template<typename eT>
template<bool do_zeros>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SizeMat& s, const arma_initmode_indicator<do_zeros>&)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(do_zeros)
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: zeroing memory");
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::constructor: not zeroing memory");
    }
  }



//! construct the matrix to have user specified dimensions and fill with specified pattern
template<typename eT>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const fill::fill_class<fill_type>& f)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SizeMat& s, const fill::fill_class<fill_type>& f)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f);
  }



//! construct the matrix to have user specified dimensions and fill with specified value
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SizeMat& s, const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  : n_rows(s.n_rows)
  , n_cols(s.n_cols)
  , n_elem(s.n_rows*s.n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



//! constructor used by Row and Col classes
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const arma_vec_indicator&, const uhword in_vec_state)
  : n_rows( (in_vec_state == 2) ? 1 : 0 )
  , n_cols( (in_vec_state == 1) ? 1 : 0 )
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(in_vec_state)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  }



//! constructor used by Row and Col classes
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const arma_vec_indicator&, const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uhword in_vec_state)
  : n_rows(in_n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(in_vec_state)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const arma_fixed_indicator&, const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uhword in_vec_state, const eT* in_mem)
  : n_rows    (in_n_rows)
  , n_cols    (in_n_cols)
  , n_elem    (in_n_rows*in_n_cols)
  , n_alloc   (0)
  , vec_state (in_vec_state)
  , mem_state (3)
  , mem       (in_mem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init_cold()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint( arma_str::format("n_rows: %u; n_cols: %u") % n_rows % n_cols );
  
  // ensure that n_elem can hold the result of (n_rows * n_cols)
  
  #if defined(ARMA_64BIT_WORD)
    const char* error_message = "Mat::init(): requested size is too large";
  #else
    const char* error_message = "Mat::init(): requested size is too large; suggest to enable ARMA_64BIT_WORD";
  #endif
  
  arma_conform_check
    (
      (
      ( (n_rows > ARMA_MAX_UHWORD) || (n_cols > ARMA_MAX_UHWORD) )
        ? ( (double(n_rows) * double(n_cols)) > double(ARMA_MAX_UWORD) )
        : false
      ),
    error_message
    );
  
  if(n_elem <= arma_config::mat_prealloc)
    {
    if(n_elem > 0)  { arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): using local memory"); }
    
    access::rw(mem)     = (n_elem == 0) ? nullptr : mem_local;
    access::rw(n_alloc) = 0;
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): acquiring memory");
    
    access::rw(mem)     = memory::acquire<eT>(n_elem);
    access::rw(n_alloc) = n_elem;
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init_warm(uword in_n_rows, uword in_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint( arma_str::format("in_n_rows: %u; in_n_cols: %u") % in_n_rows % in_n_cols );
  
  if( (n_rows == in_n_rows) && (n_cols == in_n_cols) )  { return; }
  
  bool  err_state = false;
  char* err_msg   = nullptr;
  
  const uhword t_vec_state = vec_state;
  const uhword t_mem_state = mem_state;
  
  const char* error_message_1 = "Mat::init(): size is fixed and hence cannot be changed";
  const char* error_message_2 = "Mat::init(): requested size is not compatible with column vector layout";
  const char* error_message_3 = "Mat::init(): requested size is not compatible with row vector layout";
  
  arma_conform_set_error( err_state, err_msg, (t_mem_state == 3), error_message_1 );
  
  if(t_vec_state > 0)
    {
    if( (in_n_rows == 0) && (in_n_cols == 0) )
      {
      if(t_vec_state == 1)  { in_n_cols = 1; }
      if(t_vec_state == 2)  { in_n_rows = 1; }
      }
    else
      {
      if(t_vec_state == 1)  { arma_conform_set_error( err_state, err_msg, (in_n_cols != 1), error_message_2 ); }  // TODO: (in_n_cols > 1) ?
      if(t_vec_state == 2)  { arma_conform_set_error( err_state, err_msg, (in_n_rows != 1), error_message_3 ); }  // TODO: (in_n_rows > 1) ?
      }
    }
  
  // ensure that n_elem can hold the result of (n_rows * n_cols)
  
  #if defined(ARMA_64BIT_WORD)
    const char* error_message_4 = "Mat::init(): requested size is too large";
  #else
    const char* error_message_4 = "Mat::init(): requested size is too large; suggest to enable ARMA_64BIT_WORD";
  #endif
  
  arma_conform_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
      (
      ( (in_n_rows > ARMA_MAX_UHWORD) || (in_n_cols > ARMA_MAX_UHWORD) )
        ? ( (double(in_n_rows) * double(in_n_cols)) > double(ARMA_MAX_UWORD) )
        : false
      ),
    error_message_4
    );
  
  arma_conform_check(err_state, err_msg);
  
  const uword old_n_elem = n_elem;
  const uword new_n_elem = in_n_rows * in_n_cols;
  
  if(old_n_elem == new_n_elem)
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): reusing memory");
    access::rw(n_rows) = in_n_rows;
    access::rw(n_cols) = in_n_cols;
    return;
    }
  
  arma_conform_check( (t_mem_state == 2), "Mat::init(): mismatch between size of auxiliary memory and requested size" );
  
  if(new_n_elem <= arma_config::mat_prealloc)
    {
    if(n_alloc > 0)
      {
      arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): releasing memory");
      memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
      }
    
    if(new_n_elem > 0)  { arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): using local memory"); }
    
    access::rw(mem)     = (new_n_elem == 0) ? nullptr : mem_local;
    access::rw(n_alloc) = 0;
    }
  else  // condition: new_n_elem > arma_config::mat_prealloc
    {
    if(new_n_elem > n_alloc)
      {
      if(n_alloc > 0)
        {
        arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): releasing memory");
        memory::release( access::rw(mem) );
        
        // in case memory::acquire() throws an exception
        access::rw(mem)     = nullptr;
        access::rw(n_rows)  = 0;
        access::rw(n_cols)  = 0;
        access::rw(n_elem)  = 0;
        access::rw(n_alloc) = 0;
        }
      
      arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): acquiring memory");
      access::rw(mem)     = memory::acquire<eT>(new_n_elem);
      access::rw(n_alloc) = new_n_elem;
      }
    else // condition: new_n_elem <= n_alloc
      {
      arma_debug_print("Mat::init(): reusing memory");
      }
    }
  
  access::rw(n_rows)    = in_n_rows;
  access::rw(n_cols)    = in_n_cols;
  access::rw(n_elem)    = new_n_elem;
  access::rw(mem_state) = 0;
  }



//! create the matrix from a textual description
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const char* text)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init( std::string(text) );
  }



//! create the matrix from a textual description
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const char* text)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init( std::string(text) );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! create the matrix from a textual description
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const std::string& text)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init(text);
  }



//! create the matrix from a textual description
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const std::string& text)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init(text);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! internal function to create the matrix from a textual description
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init(const std::string& text_orig)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool replace_commas = (is_cx<eT>::yes) ? false : ( text_orig.find(',') != std::string::npos );
  
  std::string text_mod;
  
  if(replace_commas)  { text_mod = text_orig;  std::replace(text_mod.begin(), text_mod.end(), ',', ' '); }
  
  const std::string& text = (replace_commas) ? text_mod : text_orig;
  
  //
  // work out the size
  
  uword t_n_rows = 0;
  uword t_n_cols = 0;
  
  bool has_semicolon = false;
  bool has_token     = false;
  
  std::string token;
  
  std::string::size_type line_start = 0;
  std::string::size_type line_end   = 0;
  std::string::size_type line_len   = 0;
  
  std::stringstream line_stream;
  
  while( line_start < text.length() )
    {
    line_end = text.find(';', line_start);
    
    if(line_end == std::string::npos)
      {
      has_semicolon = false;
      line_end      = text.length()-1;
      line_len      = line_end - line_start + 1;
      }
    else
      {
      has_semicolon = true;
      line_len      = line_end - line_start;  // omit the ';' character
      }
    
    line_stream.clear();
    line_stream.str( text.substr(line_start,line_len) );
    
    has_token = false;
    
    uword line_n_cols = 0;
    
    while(line_stream >> token)  { has_token = true; ++line_n_cols; }
    
    if(t_n_rows == 0)
      {
      t_n_cols = line_n_cols;
      }
    else
      {
      if(has_semicolon || has_token)  { arma_check( (line_n_cols != t_n_cols), "Mat::init(): inconsistent number of columns in given string"); }
      }
    
    ++t_n_rows;
    
    line_start = line_end+1;
    }
  
  // if the last line was empty, ignore it
  if( (has_semicolon == false) && (has_token == false) && (t_n_rows >= 1) )  { --t_n_rows; }
  
  Mat<eT>& x = (*this);
  x.set_size(t_n_rows, t_n_cols);
  
  if(x.is_empty())  { return; }
  
  line_start = 0;
  line_end   = 0;
  line_len   = 0;
  
  uword urow = 0;
  
  while( line_start < text.length() )
    {
    line_end = text.find(';', line_start);
    
    if(line_end == std::string::npos)
      {
      line_end = text.length()-1;
      line_len = line_end - line_start + 1;
      }
    else
      {
      line_len = line_end - line_start;  // omit the ';' character
      }
    
    line_stream.clear();
    line_stream.str( text.substr(line_start,line_len) );
    
    uword ucol = 0;
    while(line_stream >> token)
      {
      diskio::convert_token( x.at(urow,ucol), token );
      ++ucol;
      }
    
    ++urow;
    line_start = line_end+1;
    }
  }



//! create the matrix from std::vector
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const std::vector<eT>& x)
  : n_rows(uword(x.size()))
  , n_cols(1)
  , n_elem(uword(x.size()))
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(n_elem > 0)  { arrayops::copy( memptr(), &(x[0]), n_elem ); }
  }
  
  
  
//! create the matrix from std::vector
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const std::vector<eT>& x)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(uword(x.size()), 1);
  
  if(x.size() > 0)  { arrayops::copy( memptr(), &(x[0]), uword(x.size()) ); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const std::initializer_list<eT>& list)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init(list);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const std::initializer_list<eT>& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init(list);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const std::initializer_list< std::initializer_list<eT> >& list)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init(list);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const std::initializer_list< std::initializer_list<eT> >& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init(list);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(Mat<eT>&& X)
  : n_rows   (X.n_rows )
  , n_cols   (X.n_cols )
  , n_elem   (X.n_elem )
  , n_alloc  (X.n_alloc)
  , vec_state(0        )
  , mem_state(0        )
  , mem      (         )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this: %x; X: %x") % this % &X);
  
  if( (X.n_alloc > arma_config::mat_prealloc) || (X.mem_state == 1) || (X.mem_state == 2) )
    {
    access::rw(mem_state) = X.mem_state;
    access::rw(mem)       = X.mem;
    
    access::rw(X.n_rows)    = 0;
    access::rw(X.n_cols)    = 0;
    access::rw(X.n_elem)    = 0;
    access::rw(X.n_alloc)   = 0;
    access::rw(X.mem_state) = 0;
    access::rw(X.mem)       = nullptr;
    }
  else  // condition: (X.n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc) || (X.mem_state == 0) || (X.mem_state == 3)
    {
    init_cold();
    
    arrayops::copy( memptr(), X.mem, X.n_elem );
    
    if( (X.mem_state == 0) && (X.n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc) )
      {
      access::rw(X.n_rows) = 0;
      access::rw(X.n_cols) = 0;
      access::rw(X.n_elem) = 0;
      access::rw(X.mem)    = nullptr;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(Mat<eT>&& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this: %x; X: %x") % this % &X);
  
  (*this).steal_mem(X, true);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! Set the matrix to be equal to the specified scalar.
//! NOTE: the size of the matrix will be 1x1
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(1,1);
  
  access::rw(mem[0]) = val;
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place addition of a scalar to all elements of the matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_plus( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place subtraction of a scalar from all elements of the matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_minus( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place multiplication of all elements of the matrix with a scalar
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_mul( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! In-place division of all elements of the matrix with a scalar
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_div( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! construct a matrix from a given matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const Mat<eT>& in_mat)
  : n_rows(in_mat.n_rows)
  , n_cols(in_mat.n_cols)
  , n_elem(in_mat.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this: %x; in_mat: %x") % this % &in_mat);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arrayops::copy( memptr(), in_mat.mem, in_mat.n_elem );
  }



//! construct a matrix from a given matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const Mat<eT>& in_mat)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("this: %x; in_mat: %x") % this % &in_mat);
  
  if(this != &in_mat)
    {
    init_warm(in_mat.n_rows, in_mat.n_cols);
    
    arrayops::copy( memptr(), in_mat.mem, in_mat.n_elem );
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::operator=(): copy omitted");
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init(const std::initializer_list<eT>& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword N = uword(list.size());
  
  set_size(1, N);
  
  if(N > 0)  { arrayops::copy( memptr(), list.begin(), N ); }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init(const std::initializer_list< std::initializer_list<eT> >& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  uword x_n_rows = uword(list.size());
  uword x_n_cols = 0;
  uword x_n_elem = 0;
  
  auto it     = list.begin();
  auto it_end = list.end();
  
  for(; it != it_end; ++it)
    {
    const uword x_n_cols_new = uword((*it).size());
    
    x_n_elem += x_n_cols_new;
    
    x_n_cols = (std::max)(x_n_cols, x_n_cols_new);
    }
  
  Mat<eT>& t = (*this);
  
  if(t.mem_state == 3)
    {
    arma_conform_check( ((x_n_rows != t.n_rows) || (x_n_cols != t.n_cols)), "Mat::init(): size mismatch between fixed size matrix and initialiser list" );
    }
  else
    {
    t.set_size(x_n_rows, x_n_cols);
    }
  
  // if the inner lists have varying number of elements, treat missing elements as zeros 
  if(t.n_elem != x_n_elem)  { t.zeros(); }
  
  uword row_num = 0;
  
  auto row_it     = list.begin();
  auto row_it_end = list.end();
  
  for(; row_it != row_it_end; ++row_it)
    {
    uword col_num = 0;
    
    auto col_it     = (*row_it).begin();
    auto col_it_end = (*row_it).end();
    
    for(; col_it != col_it_end; ++col_it)
      {
      t.at(row_num, col_num) = (*col_it);
      ++col_num;
      }
    
    ++row_num;
    }
  }



//! for constructing a complex matrix out of two non-complex matrices
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::init
  (
  const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type, T1>& X,
  const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type, T2>& Y
  )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename T1::elem_type T;
  
  arma_type_check(( is_cx<eT>::no  ));   //!< compile-time abort if eT is not std::complex
  arma_type_check(( is_cx< T>::yes ));   //!< compile-time abort if  T is     std::complex
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< std::complex<T>, eT >::no ));   //!< compile-time abort if types are not compatible
  
  const Proxy<T1> PX(X.get_ref());
  const Proxy<T2> PY(Y.get_ref());
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(PX, PY, "Mat()");
  
  const uword local_n_rows = PX.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols = PX.get_n_cols();
  
  init_warm(local_n_rows, local_n_cols);
  
  eT* out_mem = (*this).memptr();
  
  constexpr bool use_at = ( Proxy<T1>::use_at || Proxy<T2>::use_at );
  
  if(use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename Proxy<T1>::ea_type ea_type1;
    typedef typename Proxy<T2>::ea_type ea_type2;
  
    const uword N = n_elem;
    
    ea_type1 A = PX.get_ea();
    ea_type2 B = PY.get_ea();
    
    for(uword ii=0; ii < N; ++ii)
      {
      out_mem[ii] = std::complex<T>(A[ii], B[ii]);
      }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < local_n_cols; ++ucol)
    for(uword urow=0; urow < local_n_rows; ++urow)
      {
      *out_mem = std::complex<T>(PX.at(urow,ucol), PY.at(urow,ucol));
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



//! swap the contents of this matrix, denoted as matrix A, with given matrix B
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::swap(Mat<eT>& B)
  {
  Mat<eT>& A = (*this);
  
  arma_debug_sigprint(arma_str::format("A: %x; B: %x") % &A % &B);

  bool layout_ok = false;
  
  if(A.vec_state == B.vec_state)
    {
    layout_ok = true;
    }
  else
    {
    const uhword A_vec_state = A.vec_state;
    const uhword B_vec_state = B.vec_state;
    
    const bool A_absorbs_B = (A_vec_state == 0) || ( (A_vec_state == 1) && (B.n_cols == 1) ) || ( (A_vec_state == 2) && (B.n_rows == 1) );
    const bool B_absorbs_A = (B_vec_state == 0) || ( (B_vec_state == 1) && (A.n_cols == 1) ) || ( (B_vec_state == 2) && (A.n_rows == 1) );
    
    layout_ok = A_absorbs_B && B_absorbs_A;
    }
  
  const uhword A_mem_state = A.mem_state;
  const uhword B_mem_state = B.mem_state;
  
  if( (A_mem_state == 0) && (B_mem_state == 0) && layout_ok )
    {
    const uword A_n_elem = A.n_elem;
    const uword B_n_elem = B.n_elem;
    
    const bool A_use_local_mem = (A.n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc);
    const bool B_use_local_mem = (B.n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc);
    
    if( (A_use_local_mem == false) && (B_use_local_mem == false) )
      {
      std::swap( access::rw(A.mem), access::rw(B.mem) );
      }
    else
    if( (A_use_local_mem == true) && (B_use_local_mem == true) )
      {
      eT* A_mem_local = &(A.mem_local[0]);
      eT* B_mem_local = &(B.mem_local[0]);
      
      access::rw(A.mem) = A_mem_local;
      access::rw(B.mem) = B_mem_local;
      
      const uword N = (std::max)(A_n_elem, B_n_elem);
      
      for(uword ii=0; ii < N; ++ii)  { std::swap( A_mem_local[ii], B_mem_local[ii] ); }
      }
    else
    if( (A_use_local_mem == true) && (B_use_local_mem == false) )
      {
      eT* A_mem_local = &(A.mem_local[0]);
      eT* B_mem_local = &(B.mem_local[0]);
      
      arrayops::copy(B_mem_local, A_mem_local, A_n_elem);
      
      access::rw(A.mem) = B.mem;
      access::rw(B.mem) = B_mem_local;
      }
    else
    if( (A_use_local_mem == false) && (B_use_local_mem == true) )
      {
      eT* A_mem_local = &(A.mem_local[0]);
      eT* B_mem_local = &(B.mem_local[0]);
      
      arrayops::copy(A_mem_local, B_mem_local, B_n_elem);
      
      access::rw(B.mem) = A.mem;
      access::rw(A.mem) = A_mem_local;
      }
    
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_rows),  access::rw(B.n_rows)  );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_cols),  access::rw(B.n_cols)  );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_elem),  access::rw(B.n_elem)  );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_alloc), access::rw(B.n_alloc) );
    }
  else
  if( (A_mem_state <= 2) && (B_mem_state <= 2) && (A.n_elem == B.n_elem) && layout_ok )
    {
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_rows), access::rw(B.n_rows) );
    std::swap( access::rw(A.n_cols), access::rw(B.n_cols) );
    
    const uword N = A.n_elem;
    
    eT* A_mem = A.memptr();
    eT* B_mem = B.memptr();
    
    for(uword ii=0; ii < N; ++ii)  { std::swap(A_mem[ii], B_mem[ii]); }
    }
  else
  if( (A.n_rows == B.n_rows) && (A.n_cols == B.n_cols) )
    {
    const uword N = A.n_elem;
    
    eT* A_mem = A.memptr();
    eT* B_mem = B.memptr();
    
    for(uword ii=0; ii < N; ++ii)  { std::swap(A_mem[ii], B_mem[ii]); }
    }
  else
    {
    // generic swap to handle remaining cases
    
    if(A.n_elem <= B.n_elem)
      {
      Mat<eT> C = A;
      
      A.steal_mem(B);
      B.steal_mem(C);
      }
    else
      {
      Mat<eT> C = B;
      
      B.steal_mem(A);
      A.steal_mem(C);
      }
    }
  }



//! try to steal the memory from a given matrix; 
//! if memory can't be stolen, copy the given matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::steal_mem(Mat<eT>& x)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  (*this).steal_mem(x, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::steal_mem(Mat<eT>& x, const bool is_move)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(this == &x)  { return; }
  
  const uword  x_n_rows    = x.n_rows;
  const uword  x_n_cols    = x.n_cols;
  const uword  x_n_elem    = x.n_elem;
  const uword  x_n_alloc   = x.n_alloc;
  const uhword x_vec_state = x.vec_state;
  const uhword x_mem_state = x.mem_state;
  
  const uhword t_vec_state = vec_state;
  const uhword t_mem_state = mem_state;
  
  const bool layout_ok = (t_vec_state == x_vec_state) || ((t_vec_state == 1) && (x_n_cols == 1)) || ((t_vec_state == 2) && (x_n_rows == 1));
  
  if( layout_ok && (t_mem_state <= 1) && ( (x_n_alloc > arma_config::mat_prealloc) || (x_mem_state == 1) || (is_move && (x_mem_state == 2)) ) )
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::steal_mem(): stealing memory");
    
    reset();
    
    access::rw(n_rows)    = x_n_rows;
    access::rw(n_cols)    = x_n_cols;
    access::rw(n_elem)    = x_n_elem;
    access::rw(n_alloc)   = x_n_alloc;
    access::rw(mem_state) = x_mem_state;
    access::rw(mem)       = x.mem;
    
    access::rw(x.n_rows)    = (x_vec_state == 2) ? 1 : 0;
    access::rw(x.n_cols)    = (x_vec_state == 1) ? 1 : 0;
    access::rw(x.n_elem)    = 0;
    access::rw(x.n_alloc)   = 0;
    access::rw(x.mem_state) = 0;
    access::rw(x.mem)       = nullptr;
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::steal_mem(): copying memory");
    
    (*this).operator=(x);
    
    if( (is_move) && (x_mem_state == 0) && (x_n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc) )
      {
      access::rw(x.n_rows) = (x_vec_state == 2) ? 1 : 0;
      access::rw(x.n_cols) = (x_vec_state == 1) ? 1 : 0;
      access::rw(x.n_elem) = 0;
      access::rw(x.mem)    = nullptr;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::steal_mem_col(Mat<eT>& x, const uword max_n_rows)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword  x_n_elem    = x.n_elem;
  const uword  x_n_alloc   = x.n_alloc;
  const uhword x_mem_state = x.mem_state;
  
  const uhword t_vec_state = vec_state;
  const uhword t_mem_state = mem_state;
  
  const uword alt_n_rows = (std::min)(x.n_rows, max_n_rows);
  
  if((x_n_elem == 0) || (alt_n_rows == 0))
    {
    (*this).set_size(0,1);
    
    return;
    }
  
  if( (this != &x) && (t_vec_state <= 1) && (t_mem_state <= 1) && (x_mem_state <= 1) )
    {
    if( (x_mem_state == 0) && ((x_n_alloc <= arma_config::mat_prealloc) || (alt_n_rows <= arma_config::mat_prealloc)) )
      {
      (*this).set_size(alt_n_rows, uword(1));
      
      arrayops::copy( (*this).memptr(), x.memptr(), alt_n_rows );
      }
    else
      {
      reset();
      
      access::rw(n_rows)    = alt_n_rows;
      access::rw(n_cols)    = 1;
      access::rw(n_elem)    = alt_n_rows;
      access::rw(n_alloc)   = x_n_alloc;
      access::rw(mem_state) = x_mem_state;
      access::rw(mem)       = x.mem;
      
      access::rw(x.n_rows)    = 0;
      access::rw(x.n_cols)    = 0;
      access::rw(x.n_elem)    = 0;
      access::rw(x.n_alloc)   = 0;
      access::rw(x.mem_state) = 0;
      access::rw(x.mem)       = nullptr;
      }
    }
  else
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp(alt_n_rows, 1, arma_nozeros_indicator());
    
    arrayops::copy( tmp.memptr(), x.memptr(), alt_n_rows );
    
    steal_mem(tmp);
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename eT2>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_alias(const Mat<eT2>& X) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (is_same_type<eT,eT2>::yes) && (void_ptr(this) == void_ptr(&X));
  }



//! construct a matrix from a given auxiliary array of eTs.
//! if copy_aux_mem is true, new memory is allocated and the array is copied.
//! if copy_aux_mem is false, the auxiliary array is used directly (without allocating memory and copying).
//! the default is to copy the array.

template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(eT* aux_mem, const uword aux_n_rows, const uword aux_n_cols, const bool copy_aux_mem, const bool strict)
  : n_rows   ( aux_n_rows                            )
  , n_cols   ( aux_n_cols                            )
  , n_elem   ( aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols                 )
  , n_alloc  ( 0                                     )
  , vec_state( 0                                     )
  , mem_state( copy_aux_mem ? 0 : ( strict ? 2 : 1 ) )
  , mem      ( copy_aux_mem ? nullptr : aux_mem      )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  if(copy_aux_mem)
    {
    init_cold();
    
    arrayops::copy( memptr(), aux_mem, n_elem );
    }
  }



//! construct a matrix from a given auxiliary read-only array of eTs.
//! the array is copied.
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const eT* aux_mem, const uword aux_n_rows, const uword aux_n_cols)
  : n_rows(aux_n_rows)
  , n_cols(aux_n_cols)
  , n_elem(aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  arrayops::copy( memptr(), aux_mem, n_elem );
  }



//! DANGEROUS! Construct a temporary matrix, using auxiliary memory.
//! This constructor is NOT intended for usage by user code.
//! Its sole purpose is to be used by the Cube class.

template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const char junk, const eT* aux_mem, const uword aux_n_rows, const uword aux_n_cols)
  : n_rows   (aux_n_rows           )
  , n_cols   (aux_n_cols           )
  , n_elem   (aux_n_rows*aux_n_cols)
  , n_alloc  (0                    )
  , vec_state(0                    )
  , mem_state(3                    )
  , mem      (aux_mem              )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_ignore(junk);
  }



//! in-place matrix addition
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const Mat<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(*this, m, "addition");
  
  arrayops::inplace_plus( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const Mat<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(*this, m, "subtraction");
  
  arrayops::inplace_minus( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const Mat<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, m);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix multiplication
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const Mat<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(*this, m, "element-wise multiplication");
  
  arrayops::inplace_mul( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix division
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const Mat<eT>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(*this, m, "element-wise division");
  
  arrayops::inplace_div( memptr(), m.memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  (*this).operator=(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>& out = *this;
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& in  = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_cube_as_mat(out, in, "copy into matrix", false);
  
  const uword in_n_rows   = in.n_rows;
  const uword in_n_cols   = in.n_cols;
  const uword in_n_slices = in.n_slices;
  
  const uword out_vec_state = out.vec_state;
  
  if(in_n_slices == 1)
    {
    out.set_size(in_n_rows, in_n_cols);
    
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < in_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      arrayops::copy( out.colptr(ucol), in.slice_colptr(0, ucol), in_n_rows );
      }
    }
  else
    {
    if(out_vec_state == 0)
      {
      if(in_n_cols == 1)
        {
        out.set_size(in_n_rows, in_n_slices);
        
        for(uword i=0; i < in_n_slices; ++i)
          {
          arrayops::copy( out.colptr(i), in.slice_colptr(i, 0), in_n_rows );
          }
        }
      else
      if(in_n_rows == 1)
        {
        out.set_size(in_n_cols, in_n_slices);
        
        for(uword slice=0; slice < in_n_slices; ++slice)
          {
          eT* out_colptr = out.colptr(slice);
          
          uword i,j;
          for(i=0, j=1; j < in_n_cols; i+=2, j+=2)
            {
            const eT tmp_i = in.at(0, i, slice);
            const eT tmp_j = in.at(0, j, slice);
            
            out_colptr[i] = tmp_i;
            out_colptr[j] = tmp_j;
            }
          
          if(i < in_n_cols)
            {
            out_colptr[i] = in.at(0, i, slice);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      out.set_size(in_n_slices);
      
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
      
      for(uword i=0; i<in_n_slices; ++i)
        {
        out_mem[i] = in.at(0, 0, i);
        }
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>& out = *this;
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& in  = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_cube_as_mat(out, in, "addition", true);
  
  const uword in_n_rows   = in.n_rows;
  const uword in_n_cols   = in.n_cols;
  const uword in_n_slices = in.n_slices;
  
  const uword out_n_rows    = out.n_rows;
  const uword out_n_cols    = out.n_cols;
  const uword out_vec_state = out.vec_state;
  
  if(in_n_slices == 1)
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < in_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      arrayops::inplace_plus( out.colptr(ucol), in.slice_colptr(0, ucol), in_n_rows );
      }
    }
  else
    {
    if(out_vec_state == 0)
      {
      if( (in_n_rows == out_n_rows) && (in_n_cols == 1) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword i=0; i < in_n_slices; ++i)
          {
          arrayops::inplace_plus( out.colptr(i), in.slice_colptr(i, 0), in_n_rows );
          }
        }
      else
      if( (in_n_rows == 1) && (in_n_cols == out_n_rows) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword slice=0; slice < in_n_slices; ++slice)
          {
          eT* out_colptr = out.colptr(slice);
          
          uword i,j;
          for(i=0, j=1; j < in_n_cols; i+=2, j+=2)
            {
            const eT tmp_i = in.at(0, i, slice);
            const eT tmp_j = in.at(0, j, slice);
            
            out_colptr[i] += tmp_i;
            out_colptr[j] += tmp_j;
            }
          
          if(i < in_n_cols)
            {
            out_colptr[i] += in.at(0, i, slice);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
      
      for(uword i=0; i<in_n_slices; ++i)
        {
        out_mem[i] += in.at(0, 0, i);
        }
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>& out = *this;
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& in  = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_cube_as_mat(out, in, "subtraction", true);
  
  const uword in_n_rows   = in.n_rows;
  const uword in_n_cols   = in.n_cols;
  const uword in_n_slices = in.n_slices;
  
  const uword out_n_rows    = out.n_rows;
  const uword out_n_cols    = out.n_cols;
  const uword out_vec_state = out.vec_state;
  
  if(in_n_slices == 1)
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < in_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      arrayops::inplace_minus( out.colptr(ucol), in.slice_colptr(0, ucol), in_n_rows );
      }
    }
  else
    {
    if(out_vec_state == 0)
      {
      if( (in_n_rows == out_n_rows) && (in_n_cols == 1) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword i=0; i < in_n_slices; ++i)
          {
          arrayops::inplace_minus( out.colptr(i), in.slice_colptr(i, 0), in_n_rows );
          }
        }
      else
      if( (in_n_rows == 1) && (in_n_cols == out_n_rows) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword slice=0; slice < in_n_slices; ++slice)
          {
          eT* out_colptr = out.colptr(slice);
          
          uword i,j;
          for(i=0, j=1; j < in_n_cols; i+=2, j+=2)
            {
            const eT tmp_i = in.at(0, i, slice);
            const eT tmp_j = in.at(0, j, slice);
            
            out_colptr[i] -= tmp_i;
            out_colptr[j] -= tmp_j;
            }
          
          if(i < in_n_cols)
            {
            out_colptr[i] -= in.at(0, i, slice);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
      
      for(uword i=0; i<in_n_slices; ++i)
        {
        out_mem[i] -= in.at(0, 0, i);
        }
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> B(X);
  
  (*this).operator*=(B);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>& out = *this;
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& in  = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_cube_as_mat(out, in, "element-wise multiplication", true);
  
  const uword in_n_rows   = in.n_rows;
  const uword in_n_cols   = in.n_cols;
  const uword in_n_slices = in.n_slices;
  
  const uword out_n_rows    = out.n_rows;
  const uword out_n_cols    = out.n_cols;
  const uword out_vec_state = out.vec_state;
  
  if(in_n_slices == 1)
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < in_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      arrayops::inplace_mul( out.colptr(ucol), in.slice_colptr(0, ucol), in_n_rows );
      }
    }
  else
    {
    if(out_vec_state == 0)
      {
      if( (in_n_rows == out_n_rows) && (in_n_cols == 1) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword i=0; i < in_n_slices; ++i)
          {
          arrayops::inplace_mul( out.colptr(i), in.slice_colptr(i, 0), in_n_rows );
          }
        }
      else
      if( (in_n_rows == 1) && (in_n_cols == out_n_rows) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword slice=0; slice < in_n_slices; ++slice)
          {
          eT* out_colptr = out.colptr(slice);
          
          uword i,j;
          for(i=0, j=1; j < in_n_cols; i+=2, j+=2)
            {
            const eT tmp_i = in.at(0, i, slice);
            const eT tmp_j = in.at(0, j, slice);
            
            out_colptr[i] *= tmp_i;
            out_colptr[j] *= tmp_j;
            }
          
          if(i < in_n_cols)
            {
            out_colptr[i] *= in.at(0, i, slice);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
      
      for(uword i=0; i<in_n_slices; ++i)
        {
        out_mem[i] *= in.at(0, 0, i);
        }
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const BaseCube<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>& out = *this;
  
  const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Cube<eT>& in  = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_cube_as_mat(out, in, "element-wise division", true);
  
  const uword in_n_rows   = in.n_rows;
  const uword in_n_cols   = in.n_cols;
  const uword in_n_slices = in.n_slices;
  
  const uword out_n_rows    = out.n_rows;
  const uword out_n_cols    = out.n_cols;
  const uword out_vec_state = out.vec_state;
  
  if(in_n_slices == 1)
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < in_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      arrayops::inplace_div( out.colptr(ucol), in.slice_colptr(0, ucol), in_n_rows );
      }
    }
  else
    {
    if(out_vec_state == 0)
      {
      if( (in_n_rows == out_n_rows) && (in_n_cols == 1) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword i=0; i < in_n_slices; ++i)
          {
          arrayops::inplace_div( out.colptr(i), in.slice_colptr(i, 0), in_n_rows );
          }
        }
      else
      if( (in_n_rows == 1) && (in_n_cols == out_n_rows) && (in_n_slices == out_n_cols) )
        {
        for(uword slice=0; slice < in_n_slices; ++slice)
          {
          eT* out_colptr = out.colptr(slice);
          
          uword i,j;
          for(i=0, j=1; j < in_n_cols; i+=2, j+=2)
            {
            const eT tmp_i = in.at(0, i, slice);
            const eT tmp_j = in.at(0, j, slice);
            
            out_colptr[i] /= tmp_i;
            out_colptr[j] /= tmp_j;
            }
          
          if(i < in_n_cols)
            {
            out_colptr[i] /= in.at(0, i, slice);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
      
      for(uword i=0; i<in_n_slices; ++i)
        {
        out_mem[i] /= in.at(0, 0, i);
        }
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! for constructing a complex matrix out of two non-complex matrices
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat
  (
  const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type,T1>& A,
  const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type,T2>& B
  )
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init(A,B);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview<eT>& X, const bool use_colmem)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(use_colmem ? 3 : 0)
  , mem      (use_colmem ? X.colptr(0) : nullptr)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  if(use_colmem)
    {
    arma_debug_print("Mat::Mat(): using existing memory in a submatrix");
    }
  else
    {
    init_cold();
    
    subview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
    }
  }



//! construct a matrix from subview (eg. construct a matrix from a delayed submatrix operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  subview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  }



//! construct a matrix from subview (eg. construct a matrix from a delayed submatrix operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool alias = (this == &(X.m));
  
  if(alias == false)
    {
    init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols);
    
    subview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
    }
  else
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp(X);
    
    steal_mem(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }


//! in-place matrix addition (using a submatrix on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview<eT>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }


//! in-place matrix subtraction (using a submatrix on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview<eT>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication (using a submatrix on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix multiplication (using a submatrix on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview<eT>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix division (using a submatrix on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const subview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview<eT>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview_row_strans<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.extract(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview_row_htrans<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.extract(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const xvec_htrans<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.extract(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<bool do_conj>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const xtrans_mat<eT,do_conj>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.extract(*this);
  }



//! construct a matrix from a subview_cube instance
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview_cube<eT>& x)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  this->operator=(x);
  }



//! construct a matrix from a subview_cube instance
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition (using a single-slice subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  subview_cube<eT>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction (using a single-slice subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication (using a single-slice subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, tmp);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix multiplication (using a single-slice subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix division (using a single-slice subcube on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const subview_cube<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_cube<eT>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! construct a matrix from diagview (eg. construct a matrix from a delayed diag operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const diagview<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  diagview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  }



//! construct a matrix from diagview (eg. construct a matrix from a delayed diag operation)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool alias = (this == &(X.m));
  
  if(alias == false)
    {
    init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols);
    
    diagview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
    }
  else
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp(X);
    
    steal_mem(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition (using a diagview on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  diagview<eT>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction (using a diagview on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  diagview<eT>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication (using a diagview on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix multiplication (using a diagview on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  diagview<eT>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place element-wise matrix division (using a diagview on the right-hand-side)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const diagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  diagview<eT>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  this->operator=(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem1<eT,T1>::extract(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem1<eT,T1>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem1<eT,T1>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem1<eT,T1>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const subview_elem1<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem1<eT,T1>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  this->operator=(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>::extract(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>::plus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>::minus_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>::schur_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>::div_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  (*this).operator=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_spmat<T1> U(m.get_ref());
  const SpMat<eT>&   x = U.M;
  
  const uword x_n_cols = x.n_cols;
  
  (*this).zeros(x.n_rows, x_n_cols);
  
  if(x.n_nonzero == 0)  { return *this; }
  
  const    eT* x_values      = x.values;
  const uword* x_row_indices = x.row_indices;
  const uword* x_col_ptrs    = x.col_ptrs;
  
  for(uword x_col = 0; x_col < x_n_cols; ++x_col)
    {
    const uword start = x_col_ptrs[x_col    ];
    const uword end   = x_col_ptrs[x_col + 1];
    
    for(uword i = start; i < end; ++i)
      {
      const uword x_row = x_row_indices[i];
      const eT    x_val = x_values[i];
      
      at(x_row, x_col) = x_val;
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const SpProxy<T1> p(m.get_ref());
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, p.get_n_rows(), p.get_n_cols(), "addition");
  
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it     = p.begin();
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it_end = p.end();
  
  for(; it != it_end; ++it)  { at(it.row(), it.col()) += (*it); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const SpProxy<T1> p(m.get_ref());
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, p.get_n_rows(), p.get_n_cols(), "subtraction");
  
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it     = p.begin();
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it_end = p.end();
  
  for(; it != it_end; ++it)  { at(it.row(), it.col()) -= (*it); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT> z = (*this) * m.get_ref();
  
  steal_mem(z);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const SpProxy<T1> p(m.get_ref());
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, p.get_n_rows(), p.get_n_cols(), "element-wise multiplication");
  
  if(p.get_n_nonzero() == 0)  { return (*this).zeros(); }
  
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it     = p.begin();
  typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it_end = p.end();
  
  // We have to zero everything that isn't being used.
  arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), (it.col() * n_rows) + it.row());
  
  while(it != it_end)
    {
    const uword cur_loc = (it.col() * n_rows) + it.row();
    
    access::rw(mem[cur_loc]) *= (*it);
    
    ++it;
    
    const uword next_loc = (it == it_end)
      ? (p.get_n_cols() * n_rows)
      : (it.col() * n_rows) + it.row();
    
    arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr() + cur_loc + 1, (next_loc - cur_loc - 1));
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const SpBase<eT, T1>& m)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  // NOTE: use of this function is not advised; it is implemented only for completeness 
  
  const SpProxy<T1> p(m.get_ref());
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, p.get_n_rows(), p.get_n_cols(), "element-wise division");
  
  for(uword c = 0; c < n_cols; ++c)
  for(uword r = 0; r < n_rows; ++r)
    {
    at(r, c) /= p.at(r, c);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SpSubview<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  (*this).operator=(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const SpSubview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  (*this).zeros(X.n_rows, X.n_cols);
  
  if(X.n_nonzero == 0)  { return *this; }
  
  if(X.n_rows == X.m.n_rows)
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via arrays");
    
    X.m.sync();
    
    const uword sv_col_start = X.aux_col1;
    const uword sv_col_end   = X.aux_col1 + X.n_cols - 1;
    
    const    eT* m_values      = X.m.values;
    const uword* m_row_indices = X.m.row_indices;
    const uword* m_col_ptrs    = X.m.col_ptrs;
    
    for(uword m_col = sv_col_start; m_col <= sv_col_end; ++m_col)
      {
      const uword m_col_adjusted = m_col - sv_col_start;
      
      const uword start = m_col_ptrs[m_col    ];
      const uword end   = m_col_ptrs[m_col + 1];
      
      for(uword ii = start; ii < end; ++ii)
        {
        const uword m_row = m_row_indices[ii];
        const eT    m_val = m_values[ii];
        
        at(m_row, m_col_adjusted) = m_val;
        }
      }
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via iterators");
    
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it     = X.begin();
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it_end = X.end();
    
    for(; it != it_end; ++it)  { at(it.row(), it.col()) = (*it); }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const SpSubview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, X.n_rows, X.n_cols, "addition");
  
  if(X.n_nonzero == 0)  { return *this; }
  
  if(X.n_rows == X.m.n_rows)
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via arrays");
    
    X.m.sync();
    
    const uword sv_col_start = X.aux_col1;
    const uword sv_col_end   = X.aux_col1 + X.n_cols - 1;
    
    const    eT* m_values      = X.m.values;
    const uword* m_row_indices = X.m.row_indices;
    const uword* m_col_ptrs    = X.m.col_ptrs;
    
    for(uword m_col = sv_col_start; m_col <= sv_col_end; ++m_col)
      {
      const uword m_col_adjusted = m_col - sv_col_start;
      
      const uword start = m_col_ptrs[m_col    ];
      const uword end   = m_col_ptrs[m_col + 1];
      
      for(uword ii = start; ii < end; ++ii)
        {
        const uword m_row = m_row_indices[ii];
        const eT    m_val = m_values[ii];
        
        at(m_row, m_col_adjusted) += m_val;
        }
      }
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via iterators");
    
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it     = X.begin();
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it_end = X.end();
    
    for(; it != it_end; ++it)  { at(it.row(), it.col()) += (*it); }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const SpSubview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size(n_rows, n_cols, X.n_rows, X.n_cols, "subtraction");
  
  if(X.n_nonzero == 0)  { return *this; }
  
  if(X.n_rows == X.m.n_rows)
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via arrays");
    
    X.m.sync();
    
    const uword sv_col_start = X.aux_col1;
    const uword sv_col_end   = X.aux_col1 + X.n_cols - 1;
    
    const    eT* m_values      = X.m.values;
    const uword* m_row_indices = X.m.row_indices;
    const uword* m_col_ptrs    = X.m.col_ptrs;
    
    for(uword m_col = sv_col_start; m_col <= sv_col_end; ++m_col)
      {
      const uword m_col_adjusted = m_col - sv_col_start;
      
      const uword start = m_col_ptrs[m_col    ];
      const uword end   = m_col_ptrs[m_col + 1];
      
      for(uword ii = start; ii < end; ++ii)
        {
        const uword m_row = m_row_indices[ii];
        const eT    m_val = m_values[ii];
        
        at(m_row, m_col_adjusted) -= m_val;
        }
      }
    }
  else
    {
    arma_debug_print("access via iterators");
    
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it     = X.begin();
    typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator it_end = X.end();
    
    for(; it != it_end; ++it)  { at(it.row(), it.col()) -= (*it); }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(X.n_elem)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  init_cold();
  
  spdiagview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols);
  
  spdiagview<eT>::extract(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator*=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const spdiagview<eT>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
mat_injector< Mat<eT> >
Mat<eT>::operator<<(const eT val)
  {
  return mat_injector< Mat<eT> >(*this, val);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
mat_injector< Mat<eT> >
Mat<eT>::operator<<(const injector_end_of_row<>& x)
  {
  return mat_injector< Mat<eT> >(*this, x);
  }



//! creation of subview (row vector)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_row<eT>
Mat<eT>::row(const uword row_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( row_num >= n_rows, "Mat::row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_row<eT>(*this, row_num);
  }



//! creation of subview (row vector)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_row<eT>
Mat<eT>::row(const uword row_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( row_num >= n_rows, "Mat::row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_row<eT>(*this, row_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_row<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const uword row_num, const span& col_span)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (row_num >= n_rows)
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::operator(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_row<eT>(*this, row_num, in_col1, submat_n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_row<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const uword row_num, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (row_num >= n_rows)
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::operator(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_row<eT>(*this, row_num, in_col1, submat_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (column vector)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_col<eT>
Mat<eT>::col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Mat::col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_col<eT>(*this, col_num);
  }



//! creation of subview (column vector)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_col<eT>
Mat<eT>::col(const uword col_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Mat::col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_col<eT>(*this, col_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_col<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (col_num >= n_cols)
    ||
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ,
    "Mat::operator(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_col<eT>(*this, col_num, in_row1, submat_n_rows);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_col<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const uword col_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (col_num >= n_cols)
    ||
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ,
    "Mat::operator(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_col<eT>(*this, col_num, in_row1, submat_n_rows);
  }



//! create a Col object which uses memory from an existing matrix object.
//! this approach is currently not alias safe
//! and does not take into account that the parent matrix object could be deleted.
//! if deleted memory is accessed by the created Col object,
//! it will cause memory corruption and/or a crash
template<typename eT>
inline
Col<eT>
Mat<eT>::unsafe_col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Mat::unsafe_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return Col<eT>(colptr(col_num), n_rows, false, true);
  }



//! create a Col object which uses memory from an existing matrix object.
//! this approach is currently not alias safe
//! and does not take into account that the parent matrix object could be deleted.
//! if deleted memory is accessed by the created Col object,
//! it will cause memory corruption and/or a crash
template<typename eT>
inline
const Col<eT>
Mat<eT>::unsafe_col(const uword col_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Mat::unsafe_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  typedef const Col<eT> out_type;
  
  return out_type(const_cast<eT*>(colptr(col_num)), n_rows, false, true);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified row vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Mat::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subview_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, subview_n_rows, n_cols );
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified row vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Mat::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subview_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, subview_n_rows, n_cols );
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified column vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Mat::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subview_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, in_col1, subview_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified column vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Mat::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subview_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, in_col1, subview_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified row vectors)
template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::rows(const span& row_span)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ,
    "Mat::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, submat_n_rows, n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified row vectors)
template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::rows(const span& row_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ,
    "Mat::rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, 0, submat_n_rows, n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified column vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::cols(const span& col_span)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, in_col1, submat_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix comprised of specified column vectors)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::cols(const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, in_col1, submat_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Mat::submat(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword subview_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  const uword subview_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, subview_n_rows, subview_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (generic submatrix)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_col1 >  in_col2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Mat::submat(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
    
  const uword subview_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  const uword subview_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, subview_n_rows, subview_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword s_n_rows = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols = s.n_cols;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= l_n_rows) || (in_col1 >= l_n_cols) || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) > l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) > l_n_cols)),
    "Mat::submat(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, s_n_rows, s_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword l_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword s_n_rows = s.n_rows;
  const uword s_n_cols = s.n_cols;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ((in_row1 >= l_n_rows) || (in_col1 >= l_n_cols) || ((in_row1 + s_n_rows) > l_n_rows) || ((in_col1 + s_n_cols) > l_n_cols)),
    "Mat::submat(): indices or size out of bounds"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, s_n_rows, s_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (submatrix)
template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const span& row_span, const span& col_span)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::submat(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, submat_n_rows, submat_n_cols);
  }



//! creation of subview (generic submatrix)
template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::submat(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword in_row1       = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2       =                          row_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
  
  const uword in_col1       = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2       =                          col_span.b;
  const uword submat_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
    ||
    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
    ,
    "Mat::submat(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, submat_n_rows, submat_n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).submat(row_span, col_span);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).submat(row_span, col_span);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).submat(in_row1, in_col1, s);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).submat(in_row1, in_col1, s);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::head_rows(const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_rows), "Mat::head_rows(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, 0, 0, N, n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::head_rows(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_rows), "Mat::head_rows(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, 0, 0, N, n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::tail_rows(const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_rows), "Mat::tail_rows(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_row = n_rows - N;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, start_row, 0, N, n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview<eT>
Mat<eT>::tail_rows(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_rows), "Mat::tail_rows(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_row = n_rows - N;
  
  return subview<eT>(*this, start_row, 0, N, n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::head_cols(const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_cols), "Mat::head_cols(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, 0, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::head_cols(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_cols), "Mat::head_cols(): size out of bounds" );
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, 0, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::tail_cols(const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_cols), "Mat::tail_cols(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_col = n_cols - N;
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, start_col, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const subview_cols<eT>
Mat<eT>::tail_cols(const uword N) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (N > n_cols), "Mat::tail_cols(): size out of bounds" );
  
  const uword start_col = n_cols - N;
  
  return subview_cols<eT>(*this, start_col, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Mat<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& a)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
const subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Mat<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& a) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& a)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
const subview_elem1<eT,T1>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& a) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem1<eT,T1>(*this, a);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::elem(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::submat(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::submat(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
arma_inline
const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>
Mat<eT>::operator()(const Base<uword,T1>& ri, const Base<uword,T2>& ci) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T2>(*this, ri, ci, false, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
subview_elem2<eT,T1,T1>
Mat<eT>::rows(const Base<uword,T1>& ri)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T1>(*this, ri, ri, false, true);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
arma_inline
const subview_elem2<eT,T1,T1>
Mat<eT>::rows(const Base<uword,T1>& ri) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T1,T1>(*this, ri, ri, false, true);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T2>
arma_inline
subview_elem2<eT,T2,T2>
Mat<eT>::cols(const Base<uword,T2>& ci)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T2,T2>(*this, ci, ci, true, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T2>
arma_inline
const subview_elem2<eT,T2,T2>
Mat<eT>::cols(const Base<uword,T2>& ci) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_elem2<eT,T2,T2>(*this, ci, ci, true, false);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 0 >
Mat<eT>::each_col()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 0>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 1 >
Mat<eT>::each_row()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 1>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 0 >
Mat<eT>::each_col() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 0>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 1 >
Mat<eT>::each_row() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each1< Mat<eT>, 1>(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 0, T1 >
Mat<eT>::each_col(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 0, T1 >(*this, indices);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 1, T1 >
Mat<eT>::each_row(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 1, T1 >(*this, indices);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
const subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 0, T1 >
Mat<eT>::each_col(const Base<uword, T1>& indices) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 0, T1 >(*this, indices);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
const subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 1, T1 >
Mat<eT>::each_row(const Base<uword, T1>& indices) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return subview_each2< Mat<eT>, 1, T1 >(*this, indices);
  }



//! apply a lambda function to each column, where each column is interpreted as a column vector
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::each_col(const std::function< void(Col<eT>&) >& F)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  for(uword ii=0; ii < n_cols; ++ii)
    {
    Col<eT> tmp(colptr(ii), n_rows, false, true);
    F(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::each_col(const std::function< void(const Col<eT>&) >& F) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  for(uword ii=0; ii < n_cols; ++ii)
    {
    const Col<eT> tmp(const_cast<eT*>(colptr(ii)), n_rows, false, true);
    F(tmp);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! apply a lambda function to each row, where each row is interpreted as a row vector
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::each_row(const std::function< void(Row<eT>&) >& F)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  podarray<eT> array1(n_cols);
  podarray<eT> array2(n_cols);
  
  Row<eT> tmp1( array1.memptr(), n_cols, false, true );
  Row<eT> tmp2( array2.memptr(), n_cols, false, true );
  
  eT* tmp1_mem = tmp1.memptr();
  eT* tmp2_mem = tmp2.memptr();
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < n_rows; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    for(uword col_id = 0; col_id < n_cols; ++col_id)
      {
      const eT* col_mem = colptr(col_id);
      
      tmp1_mem[col_id] = col_mem[ii];
      tmp2_mem[col_id] = col_mem[jj];
      }
    
    F(tmp1);
    F(tmp2);
    
    for(uword col_id = 0; col_id < n_cols; ++col_id)
      {
      eT* col_mem = colptr(col_id);
      
      col_mem[ii] = tmp1_mem[col_id];
      col_mem[jj] = tmp2_mem[col_id];
      }
    }
  
  if(ii < n_rows)
    {
    tmp1 = (*this).row(ii);
    
    F(tmp1);
    
    (*this).row(ii) = tmp1;
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::each_row(const std::function< void(const Row<eT>&) >& F) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  podarray<eT> array1(n_cols);
  podarray<eT> array2(n_cols);
  
  Row<eT> tmp1( array1.memptr(), n_cols, false, true );
  Row<eT> tmp2( array2.memptr(), n_cols, false, true );
  
  eT* tmp1_mem = tmp1.memptr();
  eT* tmp2_mem = tmp2.memptr();
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < n_rows; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    for(uword col_id = 0; col_id < n_cols; ++col_id)
      {
      const eT* col_mem = colptr(col_id);
      
      tmp1_mem[col_id] = col_mem[ii];
      tmp2_mem[col_id] = col_mem[jj];
      }
    
    F(tmp1);
    F(tmp2);
    }
  
  if(ii < n_rows)
    {
    tmp1 = (*this).row(ii);
    
    F(tmp1);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! creation of diagview (diagonal)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
diagview<eT>
Mat<eT>::diag(const sword in_id)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword row_offset = (in_id < 0) ? uword(-in_id) : 0;
  const uword col_offset = (in_id > 0) ? uword( in_id) : 0;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ((row_offset > 0) && (row_offset >= n_rows)) || ((col_offset > 0) && (col_offset >= n_cols)),
    "Mat::diag(): requested diagonal out of bounds"
    );
  
  const uword len = (std::min)(n_rows - row_offset, n_cols - col_offset);
  
  return diagview<eT>(*this, row_offset, col_offset, len);
  }



//! creation of diagview (diagonal)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const diagview<eT>
Mat<eT>::diag(const sword in_id) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword row_offset = uword( (in_id < 0) ? -in_id : 0 );
  const uword col_offset = uword( (in_id > 0) ?  in_id : 0 );
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    ((row_offset > 0) && (row_offset >= n_rows)) || ((col_offset > 0) && (col_offset >= n_cols)),
    "Mat::diag(): requested diagonal out of bounds"
    );
  
  const uword len = (std::min)(n_rows - row_offset, n_cols - col_offset);
  
  return diagview<eT>(*this, row_offset, col_offset, len);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::swap_rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 >= local_n_rows) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows),
    "Mat::swap_rows(): index out of bounds"
    );
  
  if(n_elem > 0)
    {
    for(uword ucol=0; ucol < local_n_cols; ++ucol)
      {
      const uword offset = ucol * local_n_rows;
      const uword pos1   = in_row1 + offset;
      const uword pos2   = in_row2 + offset;
      
      std::swap( access::rw(mem[pos1]), access::rw(mem[pos2]) );
      }
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::swap_cols(const uword in_colA, const uword in_colB)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_colA >= local_n_cols) || (in_colB >= local_n_cols),
    "Mat::swap_cols(): index out of bounds"
    );
  
  if(n_elem > 0)
    {
    eT* ptrA = colptr(in_colA);
    eT* ptrB = colptr(in_colB);
    
    eT tmp_i;
    eT tmp_j;
    
    uword iq,jq;
    for(iq=0, jq=1; jq < local_n_rows; iq+=2, jq+=2)
      {
      tmp_i = ptrA[iq];
      tmp_j = ptrA[jq];
      
      ptrA[iq] = ptrB[iq];
      ptrA[jq] = ptrB[jq];
      
      ptrB[iq] = tmp_i;
      ptrB[jq] = tmp_j;
      }
    
    if(iq < local_n_rows)
      {
      std::swap( ptrA[iq], ptrB[iq] );
      }
    }
  }



//! remove specified row
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_row(const uword row_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( row_num >= n_rows, "Mat::shed_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  shed_rows(row_num, row_num);
  }



//! remove specified column
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( col_num >= n_cols, "Mat::shed_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  shed_cols(col_num, col_num);
  }



//! remove specified rows
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows),
    "Mat::shed_rows(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword n_keep_front = in_row1;
  const uword n_keep_back  = n_rows - (in_row2 + 1);
  
  Mat<eT> X(n_keep_front + n_keep_back, n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(n_keep_front > 0)
    {
    X.rows( 0, (n_keep_front-1) ) = rows( 0, (in_row1-1) );
    }
  
  if(n_keep_back > 0)
    {
    X.rows( n_keep_front,  (n_keep_front+n_keep_back-1) ) = rows( (in_row2+1), (n_rows-1) );
    }
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified columns
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds
    (
    (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
    "Mat::shed_cols(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
    );
  
  const uword n_keep_front = in_col1;
  const uword n_keep_back  = n_cols - (in_col2 + 1);
  
  Mat<eT> X(n_rows, n_keep_front + n_keep_back, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(n_keep_front > 0)
    {
    X.cols( 0, (n_keep_front-1) ) = cols( 0, (in_col1-1) );
    }
  
  if(n_keep_back > 0)
    {
    X.cols( n_keep_front,  (n_keep_front+n_keep_back-1) ) = cols( (in_col2+1), (n_cols-1) );
    }
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified rows
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_rows(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_check_mixed<T1> U(indices.get_ref(), *this);
  const Mat<uword>& tmp1 = U.M;
  
  arma_conform_check( ((tmp1.is_vec() == false) && (tmp1.is_empty() == false)), "Mat::shed_rows(): list of indices must be a vector" );
  
  if(tmp1.is_empty())  { return; }
  
  const Col<uword> tmp2(const_cast<uword*>(tmp1.memptr()), tmp1.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const Col<uword>& rows_to_shed = (tmp2.is_sorted("strictascend") == false)
                                   ? Col<uword>(unique(tmp2))
                                   : Col<uword>(const_cast<uword*>(tmp2.memptr()), tmp2.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const uword* rows_to_shed_mem = rows_to_shed.memptr();
  const uword  N                = rows_to_shed.n_elem;
  
  if(arma_config::check_conform)
    {
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)
      {
      arma_conform_check_bounds( (rows_to_shed_mem[i] >= n_rows), "Mat::shed_rows(): indices out of bounds" );
      }
    }
  
  Col<uword> tmp3(n_rows, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  uword* tmp3_mem = tmp3.memptr();
  
  uword i     = 0;
  uword count = 0;
  
  for(uword j=0; j < n_rows; ++j)
    {
    if(i < N)
      {
      if( j != rows_to_shed_mem[i] )
        {
        tmp3_mem[count] = j;
        ++count;
        }
      else
        {
        ++i;
        }
      }
    else
      {
      tmp3_mem[count] = j;
      ++count;
      }
    }
  
  const Col<uword> rows_to_keep(tmp3.memptr(), count, false, false);
  
  Mat<eT> X = (*this).rows(rows_to_keep);
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



//! remove specified columns
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::shed_cols(const Base<uword, T1>& indices)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap_check_mixed<T1> U(indices.get_ref(), *this);
  const Mat<uword>& tmp1 = U.M;
  
  arma_conform_check( ((tmp1.is_vec() == false) && (tmp1.is_empty() == false)), "Mat::shed_cols(): list of indices must be a vector" );
  
  if(tmp1.is_empty())  { return; }
  
  const Col<uword> tmp2(const_cast<uword*>(tmp1.memptr()), tmp1.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const Col<uword>& cols_to_shed = (tmp2.is_sorted("strictascend") == false)
                                   ? Col<uword>(unique(tmp2))
                                   : Col<uword>(const_cast<uword*>(tmp2.memptr()), tmp2.n_elem, false, false);
  
  const uword* cols_to_shed_mem = cols_to_shed.memptr();
  const uword  N                = cols_to_shed.n_elem;
  
  if(arma_config::check_conform)
    {
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)
      {
      arma_conform_check_bounds( (cols_to_shed_mem[i] >= n_cols), "Mat::shed_cols(): indices out of bounds" );
      }
    }
  
  Col<uword> tmp3(n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  uword* tmp3_mem = tmp3.memptr();
  
  uword i     = 0;
  uword count = 0;
  
  for(uword j=0; j < n_cols; ++j)
    {
    if(i < N)
      {
      if( j != cols_to_shed_mem[i] )
        {
        tmp3_mem[count] = j;
        ++count;
        }
      else
        {
        ++i;
        }
      }
    else
      {
      tmp3_mem[count] = j;
      ++count;
      }
    }
  
  const Col<uword> cols_to_keep(tmp3.memptr(), count, false, false);
  
  Mat<eT> X = (*this).cols(cols_to_keep);
  
  steal_mem(X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const uword N, const bool set_to_zero)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_ignore(set_to_zero);
  
  (*this).insert_rows(row_num, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_rows = row_num;
  const uword B_n_rows = t_n_rows - row_num;
  
  // insertion at row_num == n_rows is in effect an append operation
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (row_num > t_n_rows), "Mat::insert_rows(): index out of bounds" );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Mat<eT> out(t_n_rows + N, t_n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(0, A_n_rows-1) = rows(0, A_n_rows-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_rows > 0)
    {
    out.rows(row_num + N, t_n_rows + N - 1) = rows(row_num, t_n_rows-1);
    }
  
  out.rows(row_num, row_num + N - 1).zeros();
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const uword N, const bool set_to_zero)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_ignore(set_to_zero);
  
  (*this).insert_cols(col_num, N);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const uword N)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_cols = col_num;
  const uword B_n_cols = t_n_cols - col_num;
  
  // insertion at col_num == n_cols is in effect an append operation
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (col_num > t_n_cols), "Mat::insert_cols(): index out of bounds" );
  
  if(N == 0)  { return; }
  
  Mat<eT> out(t_n_rows, t_n_cols + N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
  
  if(A_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(0, A_n_cols-1) = cols(0, A_n_cols-1);
    }
  
  if(B_n_cols > 0)
    {
    out.cols(col_num + N, t_n_cols + N - 1) = cols(col_num, t_n_cols-1);
    }
  
  out.cols(col_num, col_num + N - 1).zeros();
  
  steal_mem(out);
  }



//! insert the given object at the specified row position; 
//! the given object must have the same number of columns as the matrix
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_rows(const uword row_num, const Base<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap<T1>   tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& C = tmp.M;
  
  const uword C_n_rows = C.n_rows;
  const uword C_n_cols = C.n_cols;
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_rows = row_num;
  const uword B_n_rows = t_n_rows - row_num;
  
  bool  err_state = false;
  char* err_msg   = nullptr;
  
  const char* error_message_1 = "Mat::insert_rows(): index out of bounds";
  const char* error_message_2 = "Mat::insert_rows(): given object has an incompatible number of columns";
  
  // insertion at row_num == n_rows is in effect an append operation
  
  arma_conform_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
    (row_num > t_n_rows),
    error_message_1
    );
  
  arma_conform_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
    ( (C_n_cols != t_n_cols) && ( (t_n_rows > 0) || (t_n_cols > 0) ) && ( (C_n_rows > 0) || (C_n_cols > 0) ) ),
    error_message_2
    );
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds(err_state, err_msg);
  
  if(C_n_rows > 0)
    {
    Mat<eT> out( t_n_rows + C_n_rows, (std::max)(t_n_cols, C_n_cols), arma_nozeros_indicator() );
    
    if(t_n_cols > 0)
      {
      if(A_n_rows > 0)
        {
        out.rows(0, A_n_rows-1) = rows(0, A_n_rows-1);
        }
      
      if( (t_n_cols > 0) && (B_n_rows > 0) )
        {
        out.rows(row_num + C_n_rows, t_n_rows + C_n_rows - 1) = rows(row_num, t_n_rows - 1);
        }
      }
    
    if(C_n_cols > 0)
      {
      out.rows(row_num, row_num + C_n_rows - 1) = C;
      }
    
    steal_mem(out);
    }
  }



//! insert the given object at the specified column position; 
//! the given object must have the same number of rows as the matrix
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::insert_cols(const uword col_num, const Base<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap<T1>   tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& C = tmp.M;
  
  const uword C_n_rows = C.n_rows;
  const uword C_n_cols = C.n_cols;
  
  const uword t_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword t_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  const uword A_n_cols = col_num;
  const uword B_n_cols = t_n_cols - col_num;
  
  bool  err_state = false;
  char* err_msg   = nullptr;
  
  const char* error_message_1 = "Mat::insert_cols(): index out of bounds";
  const char* error_message_2 = "Mat::insert_cols(): given object has an incompatible number of rows";
  
  // insertion at col_num == n_cols is in effect an append operation
  
  arma_conform_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
    (col_num > t_n_cols),
    error_message_1
    );
  
  arma_conform_set_error
    (
    err_state,
    err_msg,
    ( (C_n_rows != t_n_rows) && ( (t_n_rows > 0) || (t_n_cols > 0) ) && ( (C_n_rows > 0) || (C_n_cols > 0) ) ),
    error_message_2
    );
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds(err_state, err_msg);
  
  if(C_n_cols > 0)
    {
    Mat<eT> out( (std::max)(t_n_rows, C_n_rows), t_n_cols + C_n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator() );
    
    if(t_n_rows > 0)
      {
      if(A_n_cols > 0)
        {
        out.cols(0, A_n_cols-1) = cols(0, A_n_cols-1);
        }
      
      if(B_n_cols > 0)
        {
        out.cols(col_num + C_n_cols, t_n_cols + C_n_cols - 1) = cols(col_num, t_n_cols - 1);
        }
      }
    
    if(C_n_rows > 0)
      {
      out.cols(col_num, col_num + C_n_cols - 1) = C;
      }
    
    steal_mem(out);
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.n_rows)
  , n_cols(X.n_cols)
  , n_elem(n_rows*n_cols)
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_cold();
  
  X.apply(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_warm(X.n_rows, X.n_cols);
  
  X.apply(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  X.apply_inplace_plus(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  X.apply_inplace_minus(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
  
  return (*this).operator*=(tmp);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  X.apply_inplace_schur(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename gen_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const Gen<T1, gen_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  X.apply_inplace_div(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! create a matrix from Op, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a matrix from Op, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const Op<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! create a matrix from eOp, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.get_n_rows())
  , n_cols(X.get_n_cols())
  , n_elem(X.get_n_elem())
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_cold();
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a matrix from eOp, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
  
  if(bad_alias)  { Mat<eT> tmp(X); steal_mem(tmp); return *this; }
  
  init_warm(X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols());
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return *this; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return *this; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator+=(tmp); }
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply_inplace_plus(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return *this; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply_inplace_plus(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return *this; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator-=(tmp); }
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply_inplace_minus(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return *this; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply_inplace_minus(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return *this; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_minus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator%=(tmp); }
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply_inplace_schur(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return *this; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply_inplace_schur(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return *this; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_schur(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator/=(tmp); }
  
  if(arma_config::optimise_powexpr && is_same_type<eop_type, eop_pow>::value)
    {
    constexpr bool eT_ok = is_real_or_cx<eT>::value;
    
    if(          X.aux == eT(2)   )  { eop_square::apply_inplace_div(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_square>& >(X)); return *this; }
    if(eT_ok && (X.aux == eT(0.5)))  {   eop_sqrt::apply_inplace_div(*this, reinterpret_cast< const eOp<T1, eop_sqrt  >& >(X)); return *this; }
    }
  
  eop_type::apply_inplace_div(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator*=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const mtOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));

  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  (*this) = (*this) + X;
  
  return (*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  (*this) = (*this) - X;
  
  return (*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  (*this) = (*this) % X;
  
  return (*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const CubeToMatOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  (*this) = (*this) / X;
  
  return (*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));

  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a matrix from an SpToDOp, ie. run the previously delayed unary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operand having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  op_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename op_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const mtSpReduceOp<eT, T1, op_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! create a matrix from Glue, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a matrix from Glue, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix multiplications, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise multiplication, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



//! in-place matrix element-wise division, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X, sword(+1));
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X, sword(-1));
  
  return *this;
  }



//! create a matrix from eGlue, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(X.get_n_rows())
  , n_cols(X.get_n_cols())
  , n_elem(X.get_n_elem())
  , n_alloc()
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  init_cold();
  
  eglue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



//! create a matrix from eGlue, ie. run the previously delayed binary operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias =
    (
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
    ||
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
    );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { Mat<eT> tmp(X); steal_mem(tmp); return *this; }
  
  init_warm(X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols());
  
  eglue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix addition, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias =
    (
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
    ||
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
    );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator+=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_plus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! in-place matrix subtraction, with the right-hand-side operands having delayed operations
template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias =
    (
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
    ||
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
    );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator-=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_minus(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias =
    (
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
    ||
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
    );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator%=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_schur(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const bool bad_alias =
    (
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
    ||
    (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
    );
  
  if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); return (*this).operator/=(tmp); }
  
  eglue_type::apply_inplace_div(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, m);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const mtGlue<eT, T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::Mat(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  : n_rows(0)
  , n_cols(0)
  , n_elem(0)
  , n_alloc(0)
  , vec_state(0)
  , mem_state(0)
  , mem()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_type::apply(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator+=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator+=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator-=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator-=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator*=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  glue_times::apply_inplace(*this, X);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator%=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator%=(m);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename glue_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator/=(const SpToDGlue<T1, T2, glue_type>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
  arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
  
  const Mat<eT> m(X);
  
  return (*this).operator/=(m);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); no bounds check; assumes memory is aligned
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::at_alt(const uword ii) const
  {
  const eT* mem_aligned = mem;
  
  memory::mark_as_aligned(mem_aligned);
  
  return mem_aligned[ii];
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_DONT_CHECK_CONFORMANCE is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::operator() (const uword ii)
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (ii >= n_elem), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[ii]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_DONT_CHECK_CONFORMANCE is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::operator() (const uword ii) const
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (ii >= n_elem), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return mem[ii];
  }


//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); no bounds check.  
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::operator[] (const uword ii)
  {
  return access::rw(mem[ii]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::operator[] (const uword ii) const
  {
  return mem[ii];
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); no bounds check.  
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::at(const uword ii)
  {
  return access::rw(mem[ii]);
  }



//! linear element accessor (treats the matrix as a vector); no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::at(const uword ii) const
  {
  return mem[ii];
  }



//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_DONT_CHECK_CONFORMANCE is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( ((in_row >= n_rows) || (in_col >= n_cols)), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows]);
  }



//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_DONT_CHECK_CONFORMANCE is defined
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( ((in_row >= n_rows) || (in_col >= n_cols)), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows];
  }



//! element accessor; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  {
  return access::rw( mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows] );
  }



//! element accessor; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
  {
  return mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows];
  }



#if defined(__cpp_multidimensional_subscript)
  
  //! element accessor; no bounds check
  template<typename eT>
  arma_inline
  eT&
  Mat<eT>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
    {
    return access::rw( mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows] );
    }
  
  
  
  //! element accessor; no bounds check
  template<typename eT>
  arma_inline
  const eT&
  Mat<eT>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
    {
    return mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows];
    }
  
#endif



//! prefix ++
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator++()
  {
  Mat_aux::prefix_pp(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! postfix ++  (must not return the object by reference)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Mat<eT>::operator++(int)
  {
  Mat_aux::postfix_pp(*this);
  }



//! prefix --
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::operator--()
  {
  Mat_aux::prefix_mm(*this);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! postfix --  (must not return the object by reference)
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
void
Mat<eT>::operator--(int)
  {
  Mat_aux::postfix_mm(*this);
  }



//! returns true if the matrix has no elements
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_empty() const
  {
  return (n_elem == 0);
  }



//! returns true if the object can be interpreted as a column or row vector
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_vec() const
  {
  return ( (n_rows == 1) || (n_cols == 1) );
  }



//! returns true if the object can be interpreted as a row vector
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_rowvec() const
  {
  return (n_rows == 1);
  }



//! returns true if the object can be interpreted as a column vector
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_colvec() const
  {
  return (n_cols == 1);
  }



//! returns true if the object has the same number of non-zero rows and columns
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_square() const
  {
  return (n_rows == n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::internal_is_finite() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::is_finite(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::internal_has_inf() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::has_inf(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::internal_has_nan() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return arrayops::has_nan(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::internal_has_nonfinite() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (arrayops::is_finite(memptr(), n_elem) == false);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_sorted(const char* direction) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).is_sorted(direction, (((vec_state == 2) || (n_rows == 1)) ? uword(1) : uword(0)));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_sorted(const char* direction, const uword dim) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const char sig1 = (direction != nullptr) ? direction[0] : char(0);
  
  // direction is one of:
  // "ascend"
  // "descend"
  // "strictascend" 
  // "strictdescend"
  
  arma_conform_check( ((sig1 != 'a') && (sig1 != 'd') && (sig1 != 's')), "Mat::is_sorted(): unknown sort direction" );
  
  // "strictascend" 
  // "strictdescend"
  //  0123456
  
  const char sig2 = (sig1 == 's') ? direction[6] : char(0);  
  
  if(sig1 == 's')  { arma_conform_check( ((sig2 != 'a') && (sig2 != 'd')), "Mat::is_sorted(): unknown sort direction" ); }
  
  arma_conform_check( (dim > 1), "Mat::is_sorted(): parameter 'dim' must be 0 or 1" );
  
  if(sig1 == 'a')
    {
    // case: ascend
    
    // deliberately using the opposite direction comparator,
    // as we need to handle the case of two elements being equal
    
    arma_gt_comparator<eT> comparator;
    
    return (*this).is_sorted_helper(comparator, dim);
    }
  else
  if(sig1 == 'd')
    {
    // case: descend
    
    // deliberately using the opposite direction comparator,
    // as we need to handle the case of two elements being equal
    
    arma_lt_comparator<eT> comparator;
    
    return (*this).is_sorted_helper(comparator, dim);
    }
  else
  if((sig1 == 's') && (sig2 == 'a'))
    {
    // case: strict ascend
    
    arma_geq_comparator<eT> comparator;
    
    return (*this).is_sorted_helper(comparator, dim);
    }
  else
  if((sig1 == 's') && (sig2 == 'd'))
    {
    // case: strict descend
    
    arma_leq_comparator<eT> comparator;
    
    return (*this).is_sorted_helper(comparator, dim);
    }
  
  return true;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename comparator>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::is_sorted_helper(const comparator& comp, const uword dim) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem <= 1)  { return true; }
  
  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
  
  if(dim == 0)
    {
    if(local_n_rows <= 1u)  { return true; }
    
    const uword local_n_rows_m1 = local_n_rows - 1;
    
    for(uword c=0; c < local_n_cols; ++c)
      {
      const eT* coldata = colptr(c);
      
      for(uword r=0; r < local_n_rows_m1; ++r)
        {
        const eT val1 = (*coldata); coldata++;
        const eT val2 = (*coldata);
        
        if(comp(val1,val2))  { return false; }
        }
      }
    }
  else
  if(dim == 1)
    {
    if(local_n_cols <= 1u)  { return true; }
    
    const uword local_n_cols_m1 = local_n_cols - 1;
    
    if(local_n_rows == 1)
      {
      const eT* rowdata = memptr();
      
      for(uword c=0; c < local_n_cols_m1; ++c)
        {
        const eT val1 = (*rowdata);  rowdata++;
        const eT val2 = (*rowdata);
        
        if(comp(val1,val2))  { return false; }
        }
      }
    else
      {
      for(uword r=0; r < local_n_rows;    ++r)
      for(uword c=0; c < local_n_cols_m1; ++c)
        {
        const eT val1 = at(r,c  );
        const eT val2 = at(r,c+1);
        
        if(comp(val1,val2))  { return false; }
        }
      }
    }
  
  return true;
  }



//! returns true if the given index is currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const uword ii) const
  {
  return (ii < n_elem);
  }



//! returns true if the given start and end indices are currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const span& x) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(x.whole)
    {
    return true;
    }
  else
    {
    const uword a = x.a;
    const uword b = x.b;
    
    return ( (a <= b) && (b < n_elem) );
    }
  }



//! returns true if the given location is currently in range
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
  {
  return ( (in_row < n_rows) && (in_col < n_cols) );
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const span& row_span, const uword in_col) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(row_span.whole)
    {
    return (in_col < n_cols);
    }
  else
    {
    const uword in_row1 = row_span.a;
    const uword in_row2 = row_span.b;
    
    return ( (in_row1 <= in_row2) && (in_row2 < n_rows) && (in_col < n_cols) );
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(col_span.whole)
    {
    return (in_row < n_rows);
    }
  else
    {
    const uword in_col1 = col_span.a;
    const uword in_col2 = col_span.b;
  
    return ( (in_row < n_rows) && (in_col1 <= in_col2) && (in_col2 < n_cols) );
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword in_row1 = row_span.a;
  const uword in_row2 = row_span.b;
  
  const uword in_col1 = col_span.a;
  const uword in_col2 = col_span.b;
  
  const bool rows_ok = row_span.whole ? true : ( (in_row1 <= in_row2) && (in_row2 < n_rows) );
  const bool cols_ok = col_span.whole ? true : ( (in_col1 <= in_col2) && (in_col2 < n_cols) );
  
  return ( rows_ok && cols_ok );
  }



template<typename eT>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const SizeMat& s) const
  {
  const uword l_n_rows = n_rows;
  const uword l_n_cols = n_cols;
  
  if( (in_row >= l_n_rows) || (in_col >= l_n_cols) || ((in_row + s.n_rows) > l_n_rows) || ((in_col + s.n_cols) > l_n_cols) )
    {
    return false;
    }
  else
    {
    return true;
    }
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs for a specified column; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT*
Mat<eT>::colptr(const uword in_col)
  {
  return & access::rw(mem[in_col*n_rows]);
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs for a specified column; no bounds check
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT*
Mat<eT>::colptr(const uword in_col) const
  {
  return & mem[in_col*n_rows];
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the matrix
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
eT*
Mat<eT>::memptr()
  {
  return const_cast<eT*>(mem);
  }



//! returns a pointer to array of eTs used by the matrix
template<typename eT>
arma_inline
const eT*
Mat<eT>::memptr() const
  {
  return mem;
  }



//! change the matrix to have user specified dimensions (data is not preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::set_size(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword new_n_rows = (vec_state == 2) ? uword(1         ) : uword(new_n_elem);
  const uword new_n_cols = (vec_state == 2) ? uword(new_n_elem) : uword(1         );
  
  init_warm(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the matrix to have user specified dimensions (data is not preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::set_size(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::set_size(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  init_warm(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the matrix to have user specified dimensions (data is preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::resize(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword new_n_rows = (vec_state == 2) ? uword(1         ) : uword(new_n_elem);
  const uword new_n_cols = (vec_state == 2) ? uword(new_n_elem) : uword(1         );
  
  return (*this).resize(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  }



//! change the matrix to have user specified dimensions (data is preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::resize(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_resize::apply_mat_inplace((*this), new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::resize(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_resize::apply_mat_inplace((*this), s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! change the matrix to have user specified dimensions (data is preserved)
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::reshape(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_reshape::apply_mat_inplace((*this), new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::reshape(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  op_reshape::apply_mat_inplace((*this), s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! NOTE: don't use this form; it's deprecated and will be removed
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::reshape(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols, const uword dim)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check( (dim > 1), "reshape(): parameter 'dim' must be 0 or 1" );
  
  if(dim == 0)
    {
    op_reshape::apply_mat_inplace((*this), new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
    }
  else
  if(dim == 1)
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp;
    
    op_strans::apply_mat_noalias(tmp, (*this));
    
    op_reshape::apply_mat_noalias((*this), tmp, new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
    }
  }



//! change the matrix (without preserving data) to have the same dimensions as the given expression 
template<typename eT>
template<typename eT2, typename expr>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::copy_size(const Base<eT2, expr>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const Proxy<expr> P(X.get_ref());
  
  const uword X_n_rows = P.get_n_rows();
  const uword X_n_cols = P.get_n_cols();
  
  init_warm(X_n_rows, X_n_cols);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! apply a functor to each element
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::for_each(functor F)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* data = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    F(data[jj]);
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::for_each(functor F) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const eT* data = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    F(data[jj]);
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    F(data[ii]);
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! transform each element in the matrix using a functor
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::transform(functor F)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* out_mem = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    eT tmp_ii = out_mem[ii];
    eT tmp_jj = out_mem[jj];
    
    tmp_ii = eT( F(tmp_ii) );
    tmp_jj = eT( F(tmp_jj) );
    
    out_mem[ii] = tmp_ii;
    out_mem[jj] = tmp_jj;
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    out_mem[ii] = eT( F(out_mem[ii]) );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



//! imbue (fill) the matrix with values provided by a functor
template<typename eT>
template<typename functor>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::imbue(functor F)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* out_mem = memptr();
  
  const uword N = n_elem;
  
  uword ii, jj;
  
  for(ii=0, jj=1; jj < N; ii+=2, jj+=2)
    {
    const eT tmp_ii = eT( F() );
    const eT tmp_jj = eT( F() );
    
    out_mem[ii] = tmp_ii;
    out_mem[jj] = tmp_jj;
    }
  
  if(ii < N)
    {
    out_mem[ii] = eT( F() );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::replace(const eT old_val, const eT new_val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::replace(memptr(), n_elem, old_val, new_val);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::clean(const typename get_pod_type<eT>::result threshold)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::clean(memptr(), n_elem, threshold);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::clamp(const eT min_val, const eT max_val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(is_cx<eT>::no)
    {
    arma_conform_check( (access::tmp_real(min_val) > access::tmp_real(max_val)), "Mat::clamp(): min_val must be less than max_val" );
    }
  else
    {
    arma_conform_check( (access::tmp_real(min_val) > access::tmp_real(max_val)), "Mat::clamp(): real(min_val) must be less than real(max_val)" );
    arma_conform_check( (access::tmp_imag(min_val) > access::tmp_imag(max_val)), "Mat::clamp(): imag(min_val) must be less than imag(max_val)" );
    }
  
  arrayops::clamp(memptr(), n_elem, min_val, max_val);
  
  return *this;
  }



//! fill the matrix with the specified value
template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fill(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::inplace_set( memptr(), val, n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! fill the matrix with the specified pattern
template<typename eT>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fill(const fill::fill_class<fill_type>&)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_zeros>::yes)  { (*this).zeros(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_ones >::yes)  { (*this).ones();  }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_eye  >::yes)  { (*this).eye();   }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randu>::yes)  { (*this).randu(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randn>::yes)  { (*this).randn(); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::zeros()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arrayops::fill_zeros(memptr(), n_elem);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::zeros(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_elem);
  
  return (*this).zeros();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::zeros(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return (*this).zeros();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::zeros(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).zeros(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::ones()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return fill(eT(1));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::ones(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_elem);
  
  return fill(eT(1));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::ones(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return fill(eT(1));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::ones(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).ones(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randu()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_rng::randu<eT>::fill( memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randu(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_elem);
  
  return (*this).randu();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randu(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return (*this).randu();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randu(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).randu(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randn()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_rng::randn<eT>::fill( memptr(), n_elem );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randn(const uword new_n_elem)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_elem);
  
  return (*this).randn();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randn(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return (*this).randn();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::randn(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).randn(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::eye()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  (*this).zeros();
  
  const uword N = (std::min)(n_rows, n_cols);
  
  for(uword ii=0; ii<N; ++ii)  { at(ii,ii) = eT(1); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::eye(const uword new_n_rows, const uword new_n_cols)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  set_size(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  
  return (*this).eye();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::eye(const SizeMat& s)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).eye(s.n_rows, s.n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::reset()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword new_n_rows = (vec_state == 2) ? 1 : 0;
  const uword new_n_cols = (vec_state == 1) ? 1 : 0;
  
  init_warm(new_n_rows, new_n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::soft_reset()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  // don't change the size if the matrix has a fixed size or is a cube slice
  if(mem_state <= 1)
    {
    reset();
    }
  else
    {
    zeros();
    }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::set_real(const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat_aux::set_real(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<typename T1>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::set_imag(const Base<typename Mat<eT>::pod_type,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat_aux::set_imag(*this, X);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::min() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::min(): object has no elements");
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::max() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::max(): object has no elements");
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::min(uword& index_of_min_val) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::min(): object has no elements");
    
    index_of_min_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem, index_of_min_val);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::max(uword& index_of_max_val) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::max(): object has no elements");
    
    index_of_max_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  return op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem, index_of_max_val);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::min(uword& row_of_min_val, uword& col_of_min_val) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::min(): object has no elements");
    
    row_of_min_val = uword(0);
    col_of_min_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  uword iq;
  
  eT val = op_min::direct_min(memptr(), n_elem, iq);
  
  row_of_min_val = iq % n_rows;
  col_of_min_val = iq / n_rows;
  
  return val;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT
Mat<eT>::max(uword& row_of_max_val, uword& col_of_max_val) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(n_elem == 0)
    {
    arma_conform_check(true, "Mat::max(): object has no elements");
    
    row_of_max_val = uword(0);
    col_of_max_val = uword(0);
    
    return Datum<eT>::nan;
    }
  
  uword iq;
  
  eT val = op_max::direct_max(memptr(), n_elem, iq);
  
  row_of_max_val = iq % n_rows;
  col_of_max_val = iq / n_rows;
  
  return val;
  }



//! save the matrix to a file
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::save(const std::string name, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case raw_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_ascii(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_ascii(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case csv_ascii:
      return (*this).save(csv_name(name), type);
      break;
    
    case ssv_ascii:
      return (*this).save(csv_name(name), type);
      break;
    
    case coord_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_coord_ascii(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case pgm_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_pgm_binary(*this, name);
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary:
      return (*this).save(hdf5_name(name));
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary_trans:  // kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
      return (*this).save(hdf5_name(name, std::string(), hdf5_opts::trans));
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::save(): unsupported file type");
      save_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)  { arma_warn(3, "Mat::save(): write failed; file: ", name); }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::save(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  // handling of hdf5_binary_trans kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
  
  if( (type != hdf5_binary) && (type != hdf5_binary_trans) )
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Mat::save(): unsupported file type for hdf5_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  const bool do_trans = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_trans  ) || (type == hdf5_binary_trans);
  const bool append   = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_append );
  const bool replace  = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_replace);
  
  if(append && replace)
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Mat::save(): only one of 'append' or 'replace' options can be used");
    return false;
    }
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  std::string err_msg;
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp;
    
    op_strans::apply_mat_noalias(tmp, *this);
    
    save_okay = diskio::save_hdf5_binary(tmp, spec, err_msg);
    }
  else
    {
    save_okay = diskio::save_hdf5_binary(*this, spec, err_msg);
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::save(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::save(): write failed; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::save(const csv_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if( (type != csv_ascii) && (type != ssv_ascii) ) 
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Mat::save(): unsupported file type for csv_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  const bool do_trans      = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_trans      );
  const bool no_header     = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_no_header  );
  const bool with_header   = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_with_header) && (no_header == false);
  const bool use_semicolon = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_semicolon  ) || (type == ssv_ascii);
  
  arma_debug_print("Mat::save(csv_name): enabled flags:");
  
  if(do_trans     )  { arma_debug_print("trans");       }
  if(no_header    )  { arma_debug_print("no_header");   }
  if(with_header  )  { arma_debug_print("with_header"); }
  if(use_semicolon)  { arma_debug_print("semicolon");   }
  
  const char separator = (use_semicolon) ? char(';') : char(',');
  
  if(with_header)
    {
    if( (spec.header_ro.n_cols != 1) && (spec.header_ro.n_rows != 1) )
      {
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::save(): given header must have a vector layout");
      return false;
      }
    
    for(uword i=0; i < spec.header_ro.n_elem; ++i)
      {
      const std::string& token = spec.header_ro.at(i);
      
      if(token.find(separator) != std::string::npos)
        {
        arma_warn(1, "Mat::save(): token within the header contains the separator character: '", token, "'");
        return false;
        }
      }
    
    const uword save_n_cols = (do_trans) ? (*this).n_rows : (*this).n_cols;
    
    if(spec.header_ro.n_elem != save_n_cols)
      {
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::save(): size mismatch between header and matrix");
      return false;
      }
    }
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    const Mat<eT> tmp = (*this).st();
    
    save_okay = diskio::save_csv_ascii(tmp, spec.filename, spec.header_ro, with_header, separator);
    }
  else
    {
    save_okay = diskio::save_csv_ascii(*this, spec.filename, spec.header_ro, with_header, separator);
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)  { arma_warn(3, "Mat::save(): write failed; file: ", spec.filename); }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



//! save the matrix to a stream
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool save_okay = false;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case raw_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_ascii(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_ascii(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case csv_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_csv_ascii(*this, os, char(','));
      break;
    
    case ssv_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_csv_ascii(*this, os, char(';'));
      break;
    
    case coord_ascii:
      save_okay = diskio::save_coord_ascii(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_raw_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_arma_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    case pgm_binary:
      save_okay = diskio::save_pgm_binary(*this, os);
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::save(): unsupported file type");
      save_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(save_okay == false)  { arma_warn(3, "Mat::save(): stream write failed"); }
  
  return save_okay;
  }



//! load a matrix from a file
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::load(const std::string name, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case auto_detect:
      load_okay = diskio::load_auto_detect(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_ascii(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_ascii(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case csv_ascii:
      return (*this).load(csv_name(name), type);
      break;
    
    case ssv_ascii:
      return (*this).load(csv_name(name), type);
      break;
    
    case coord_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_coord_ascii(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case pgm_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_pgm_binary(*this, name, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary:
      return (*this).load(hdf5_name(name));
      break;
    
    case hdf5_binary_trans:  // kept for compatibility with earlier versions of Armadillo
      return (*this).load(hdf5_name(name, std::string(), hdf5_opts::trans));
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::load(): unsupported file type");
      load_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", name);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): read failed; file: ", name);
      }
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)  { (*this).soft_reset(); }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::load(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if( (type != hdf5_binary) && (type != hdf5_binary_trans) )
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Mat::load(): unsupported file type for hdf5_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  const bool do_trans = bool(spec.opts.flags & hdf5_opts::flag_trans) || (type == hdf5_binary_trans);
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp;
    
    load_okay = diskio::load_hdf5_binary(tmp, spec, err_msg);
    
    if(load_okay)  { op_strans::apply_mat_noalias(*this, tmp); }
    }
  else
    {
    load_okay = diskio::load_hdf5_binary(*this, spec, err_msg);
    }
  
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): read failed; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)  { (*this).soft_reset(); }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::load(const csv_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if( (type != csv_ascii) && (type != ssv_ascii) ) 
    {
    arma_stop_runtime_error("Mat::load(): unsupported file type for csv_name()");
    return false;
    }
  
  const bool do_trans      = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_trans      );
  const bool no_header     = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_no_header  );
  const bool with_header   = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_with_header) && (no_header == false);
  const bool use_semicolon = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_semicolon  ) || (type == ssv_ascii);
  const bool strict        = bool(spec.opts.flags & csv_opts::flag_strict     );
  
  arma_debug_print("Mat::load(csv_name): enabled flags:");
  
  if(do_trans     )  { arma_debug_print("trans");       }
  if(no_header    )  { arma_debug_print("no_header");   }
  if(with_header  )  { arma_debug_print("with_header"); }
  if(use_semicolon)  { arma_debug_print("semicolon");   }
  if(strict       )  { arma_debug_print("strict");      }
  
  const char separator = (use_semicolon) ? char(';') : char(',');
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  if(do_trans)
    {
    Mat<eT> tmp_mat;
    
    load_okay = diskio::load_csv_ascii(tmp_mat, spec.filename, err_msg, spec.header_rw, with_header, separator, strict);
    
    if(load_okay)
      {
      (*this) = tmp_mat.st();
      
      if(with_header)
        {
        // field::set_size() preserves data if the number of elements hasn't changed
        spec.header_rw.set_size(spec.header_rw.n_elem, 1);
        }
      }
    }
  else
    {
    load_okay = diskio::load_csv_ascii(*this, spec.filename, err_msg, spec.header_rw, with_header, separator, strict);
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): ", err_msg, "; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): read failed; file: ", spec.filename);
      }
    }
  else
    {
    const uword load_n_cols = (do_trans) ? (*this).n_rows : (*this).n_cols;
    
    if(with_header && (spec.header_rw.n_elem != load_n_cols))
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): size mismatch between header and matrix");
      }
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    (*this).soft_reset();
    
    if(with_header)  { spec.header_rw.reset(); }
    }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



//! load a matrix from a stream
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::load(std::istream& is, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  bool load_okay = false;
  std::string err_msg;
  
  switch(type)
    {
    case auto_detect:
      load_okay = diskio::load_auto_detect(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_ascii(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_ascii(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case csv_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_csv_ascii(*this, is, err_msg, char(','), false);
      break;
    
    case ssv_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_csv_ascii(*this, is, err_msg, char(';'), false);
      break;
    
    case coord_ascii:
      load_okay = diskio::load_coord_ascii(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case raw_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_raw_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case arma_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_arma_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    case pgm_binary:
      load_okay = diskio::load_pgm_binary(*this, is, err_msg);
      break;
    
    default:
      arma_warn(1, "Mat::load(): unsupported file type");
      load_okay = false;
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)
    {
    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): ", err_msg);
      }
    else
      {
      arma_warn(3, "Mat::load(): stream read failed");
      }
    }
  
  if(load_okay == false)  { (*this).soft_reset(); }
  
  return load_okay;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_save(const std::string name, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(name, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_save(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_save(const csv_name& spec, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).save(os, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_load(const std::string name, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(name, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_load(const hdf5_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_load(const csv_name& spec, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(spec, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::quiet_load(std::istream& is, const file_type type)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return (*this).load(is, type);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::row_iterator()
  : M          (nullptr)
  , current_row(0   )
  , current_col(0   )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  // NOTE: this instance of row_iterator is invalid (it does not point to a valid element)
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::row_iterator(const row_iterator& X)
  : M          (X.M          )
  , current_row(X.current_row)
  , current_col(X.current_col)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::row_iterator(Mat<eT>& in_M, const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  : M          (&in_M )
  , current_row(in_row)
  , current_col(in_col)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator*()
  {
  return M->at(current_row,current_col);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator&
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator++()
  {
  current_col++;
  
  if(current_col == M->n_cols)
    {
    current_col = 0;
    current_row++;
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator++(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator temp(*this);
  
  ++(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator&
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator--()
  {
  if(current_col > 0)
    {
    current_col--;
    }
  else
    {
    if(current_row > 0)
      {
      current_col = M->n_cols - 1;
      current_row--;
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator--(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator temp(*this);
  
  --(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator!=(const typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row != X.current_row) || (current_col != X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator==(const typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row == X.current_row) && (current_col == X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator!=(const typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row != X.current_row) || (current_col != X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_iterator::operator==(const typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row == X.current_row) && (current_col == X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::const_row_iterator()
  : M          (nullptr)
  , current_row(0   )
  , current_col(0   )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  // NOTE: this instance of const_row_iterator is invalid (it does not point to a valid element)
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::const_row_iterator(const typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator& X)
  : M          (X.M          )
  , current_row(X.current_row)
  , current_col(X.current_col)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::const_row_iterator(const typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator& X)
  : M          (X.M          )
  , current_row(X.current_row)
  , current_col(X.current_col)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::const_row_iterator(const Mat<eT>& in_M, const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  : M          (&in_M )
  , current_row(in_row)
  , current_col(in_col)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator*() const
  {
  return M->at(current_row,current_col);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator&
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator++()
  {
  current_col++;
  
  if(current_col == M->n_cols)
    {
    current_col = 0;
    current_row++;
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator++(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator temp(*this);
  
  ++(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator&
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator--()
  {
  if(current_col > 0)
    {
    current_col--;
    }
  else
    {
    if(current_row > 0)
      {
      current_col = M->n_cols - 1;
      current_row--;
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator--(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator temp(*this);
  
  --(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator!=(const typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row != X.current_row) || (current_col != X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator==(const typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row == X.current_row) && (current_col == X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator!=(const typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row != X.current_row) || (current_col != X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator::operator==(const typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator& X) const
  {
  return ( (current_row == X.current_row) && (current_col == X.current_col) );
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::row_col_iterator()
  : M          (nullptr)
  , current_ptr(nullptr)
  , current_col(0   )
  , current_row(0   )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  // Technically this iterator is invalid (it does not point to a valid element)
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::row_col_iterator(const row_col_iterator& in_it)
  : M          (in_it.M          )
  , current_ptr(in_it.current_ptr)
  , current_col(in_it.current_col)
  , current_row(in_it.current_row)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::row_col_iterator(Mat<eT>& in_M, const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  : M          (&in_M                  )
  , current_ptr(&in_M.at(in_row,in_col))
  , current_col(in_col                 )
  , current_row(in_row                 )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator*()
  {
  return *current_ptr;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator&
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator++()
  {
  if(current_col < M->n_cols)
    {
    current_ptr++;
    current_row++;
    
    // Check to see if we moved a column.
    if(current_row == M->n_rows)
      {
      current_col++;
      current_row = 0;
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator++(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator temp(*this);
  
  ++(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator&
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator--()
  {
  if(current_row > 0)
    {
    current_ptr--;
    current_row--;
    }
  else
  if(current_col > 0)
    {
    current_ptr--;
    current_col--;
    current_row = M->n_rows - 1;
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator--(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator temp(*this);
  
  --(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::row() const
  {
  return current_row;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::col() const
  {
  return current_col;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator==(const row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr == rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator!=(const row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr != rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator==(const const_row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr == rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator::operator!=(const const_row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr != rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::const_row_col_iterator()
  : M          (nullptr)
  , current_ptr(nullptr)
  , current_col(0   )
  , current_row(0   )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  // Technically this iterator is invalid (it does not point to a valid element)
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::const_row_col_iterator(const row_col_iterator& in_it)
  : M          (in_it.M          )
  , current_ptr(in_it.current_ptr)
  , current_col(in_it.col()      )
  , current_row(in_it.row()      )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::const_row_col_iterator(const const_row_col_iterator& in_it)
  : M          (in_it.M          )
  , current_ptr(in_it.current_ptr)
  , current_col(in_it.col()      )
  , current_row(in_it.row()      )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::const_row_col_iterator(const Mat<eT>& in_M, const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  : M          (&in_M                  )
  , current_ptr(&in_M.at(in_row,in_col))
  , current_col(in_col                 )
  , current_row(in_row                 )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator*() const
  {
  return *current_ptr;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator&
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator++()
  {
  if(current_col < M->n_cols)
    {
    current_ptr++;
    current_row++;
    
    // Check to see if we moved a column.
    if(current_row == M->n_rows)
      {
      current_col++;
      current_row = 0;
      }
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator++(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator temp(*this);
  
  ++(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator&
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator--()
  {
  if(current_row > 0)
    {
    current_ptr--;
    current_row--;
    }
  else
  if(current_col > 0)
    {
    current_ptr--;
    current_col--;
    current_row = M->n_rows - 1;
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator--(int)
  {
  typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator temp(*this);
  
  --(*this);
  
  return temp;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::row() const
  {
  return current_row;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::col() const
  {
  return current_col;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator==(const const_row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr == rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator!=(const const_row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr != rhs.current_ptr);
  }


  
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator==(const row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr == rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator::operator!=(const row_col_iterator& rhs) const
  {
  return (current_ptr != rhs.current_ptr);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::iterator
Mat<eT>::begin()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_iterator
Mat<eT>::cbegin() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr();
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::iterator
Mat<eT>::end()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_iterator
Mat<eT>::end() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_iterator
Mat<eT>::cend() const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  return memptr() + n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::col_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (col_num >= n_cols), "Mat::begin_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return colptr(col_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_col(const uword col_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (col_num >= n_cols), "Mat::begin_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return colptr(col_num);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::col_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_col(const uword col_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (col_num >= n_cols), "Mat::end_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return colptr(col_num) + n_rows;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_col(const uword col_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (col_num >= n_cols), "Mat::end_col(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return colptr(col_num) + n_rows;
  }
  


template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_row(const uword row_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (row_num >= n_rows), "Mat::begin_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator(*this, row_num, uword(0));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_row(const uword row_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (row_num >= n_rows), "Mat::begin_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator(*this, row_num, uword(0));
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_row(const uword row_num)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (row_num >= n_rows), "Mat::end_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return typename Mat<eT>::row_iterator(*this, (row_num + uword(1)), 0);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_row(const uword row_num) const
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (row_num >= n_rows), "Mat::end_row(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return typename Mat<eT>::const_row_iterator(*this, (row_num + uword(1)), 0);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_row_col()
  {
  return row_col_iterator(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::begin_row_col() const
  {
  return const_row_col_iterator(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline typename Mat<eT>::row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_row_col()
  {
  return row_col_iterator(*this, 0, n_cols);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline typename Mat<eT>::const_row_col_iterator
Mat<eT>::end_row_col() const
  {
  return const_row_col_iterator(*this, 0, n_cols);
  }



//! resets this matrix to an empty matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat<eT>::clear()
  {
  reset();
  }



//! returns true if the matrix has no elements
template<typename eT>
inline
bool
Mat<eT>::empty() const
  {
  return (n_elem == 0);
  }



//! returns the number of elements in this matrix
template<typename eT>
inline
uword
Mat<eT>::size() const
  {
  return n_elem;
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::front()
  {
  arma_conform_check( (n_elem == 0), "Mat::front(): matrix is empty" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[0]);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::front() const
  {
  arma_conform_check( (n_elem == 0), "Mat::front(): matrix is empty" );
  
  return mem[0];
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::back()
  {
  arma_conform_check( (n_elem == 0), "Mat::back(): matrix is empty" );
  
  return access::rw(mem[n_elem-1]);
  }



template<typename eT>
inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::back() const
  {
  arma_conform_check( (n_elem == 0), "Mat::back(): matrix is empty" );
  
  return mem[n_elem-1];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed()
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  arma_debug_print("Mat::fixed::constructor: zeroing memory");
  
  eT* mem_use = (use_extra) ? &(mem_local_extra[0]) : &(mem_local[0]);
  
  arrayops::inplace_set_fixed<eT,fixed_n_elem>( mem_use, eT(0) );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>& X)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
        eT* dest = (use_extra) ?   mem_local_extra :   mem_local;
  const eT* src  = (use_extra) ? X.mem_local_extra : X.mem_local;
  
  arrayops::copy( dest, src, fixed_n_elem );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const fill::scalar_holder<eT> f)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  (*this).fill(f.scalar);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
template<typename fill_type>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const fill::fill_class<fill_type>&)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_zeros>::yes)  {  (*this).zeros(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_ones >::yes)  {  (*this).ones();  }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_eye  >::yes)  { Mat<eT>::eye();   }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randu>::yes)  { Mat<eT>::randu(); }
  if(is_same_type<fill_type, fill::fill_randn>::yes)  { Mat<eT>::randn(); }
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
template<typename T1>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const Base<eT,T1>& A)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  Mat<eT>::operator=(A.get_ref()); 
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
template<typename T1, typename T2>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const Base<pod_type,T1>& A, const Base<pod_type,T2>& B)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  Mat<eT>::init(A,B);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const eT* aux_mem)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  eT* dest = (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
  
  arrayops::copy( dest, aux_mem, fixed_n_elem );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const char* text)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  Mat<eT>::operator=(text);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const std::string& text)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  Mat<eT>::operator=(text);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const std::initializer_list<eT>& list)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  (*this).operator=(list);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator=(const std::initializer_list<eT>& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const uword N = uword(list.size());
  
  arma_conform_check( (N > fixed_n_elem), "Mat::fixed: initialiser list is too long" );
  
  eT* this_mem = (*this).memptr();
  
  arrayops::copy( this_mem, list.begin(), N );
  
  for(uword iq=N; iq < fixed_n_elem; ++iq)  { this_mem[iq] = eT(0); }
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fixed(const std::initializer_list< std::initializer_list<eT> >& list)
  : Mat<eT>( arma_fixed_indicator(), fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, 0, ((use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : Mat<eT>::mem_local) )
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
  
  Mat<eT>::init(list);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator=(const std::initializer_list< std::initializer_list<eT> >& list)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  Mat<eT>::init(list);
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator=(const fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  if(this != &X)
    {
          eT* dest = (use_extra) ?   mem_local_extra :   mem_local;
    const eT* src  = (use_extra) ? X.mem_local_extra : X.mem_local;
    
    arrayops::copy( dest, src, fixed_n_elem );
    }
  
  return *this;
  }



#if defined(ARMA_GOOD_COMPILER)
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
  template<typename T1, typename eop_type>
  inline
  Mat<eT>&
  Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator=(const eOp<T1, eop_type>& X)
    {
    arma_debug_sigprint();
    
    arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
    
    const bool bad_alias = (eOp<T1, eop_type>::proxy_type::has_subview  &&  X.P.is_alias(*this));
    
    if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); (*this) = tmp; return *this; }
    
    arma_conform_assert_same_size(fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols(), "Mat::fixed::operator=");
    
    eop_type::apply(*this, X);
    
    return *this;
    }
  
  
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename eglue_type>
  inline
  Mat<eT>&
  Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator=(const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>& X)
    {
    arma_debug_sigprint();
    
    arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T1::elem_type >::no ));
    arma_type_check(( is_same_type< eT, typename T2::elem_type >::no ));
    
    const bool bad_alias =
      (
      (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy1_type::has_subview  &&  X.P1.is_alias(*this))
      ||
      (eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_type>::proxy2_type::has_subview  &&  X.P2.is_alias(*this))
      );
    
    if(bad_alias)  { const Mat<eT> tmp(X); (*this) = tmp; return *this; }
    
    arma_conform_assert_same_size(fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols, X.get_n_rows(), X.get_n_cols(), "Mat::fixed::operator=");
    
    eglue_type::apply(*this, X);
    
    return *this;
    }
  
#endif



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_htrans >
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::t() const
  {
  return Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_htrans >(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_htrans >
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::ht() const
  {
  return Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_htrans >(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_strans >
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::st() const
  {
  return Op< typename Mat<eT>::template fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::Mat_fixed_type, op_strans >(*this);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::at_alt(const uword ii) const
  {
  #if defined(ARMA_HAVE_ALIGNED_ATTRIBUTE)
    
    return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
    
  #else
    const eT* mem_aligned = (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
    
    memory::mark_as_aligned(mem_aligned);
    
    return mem_aligned[ii];
  #endif
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator[] (const uword ii)
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator[] (const uword ii) const
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::at(const uword ii)
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::at(const uword ii) const
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator() (const uword ii)
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (ii >= fixed_n_elem), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator() (const uword ii) const
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( (ii >= fixed_n_elem), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[ii] : mem_local[ii];
  }



#if defined(__cpp_multidimensional_subscript)
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
  arma_inline
    eT&
  Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
    {
    const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
    
    return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
    }
  
  
  
  template<typename eT>
  template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
  arma_inline
    const eT&
  Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator[] (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
    {
    const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
    
    return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
    }
  
#endif



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  {
  const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
  {
  const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( ((in_row >= fixed_n_rows) || (in_col >= fixed_n_cols)), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
  {
  arma_conform_check_bounds( ((in_row >= fixed_n_rows) || (in_col >= fixed_n_cols)), "Mat::operator(): index out of bounds" );
  
  const uword iq = in_row + in_col*fixed_n_rows;
  
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra[iq] : mem_local[iq];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT*
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::colptr(const uword in_col)
  {
  eT* mem_actual = (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
  
  return & access::rw(mem_actual[in_col*fixed_n_rows]);
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT*
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::colptr(const uword in_col) const
  {
  const eT* mem_actual = (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
  
  return & mem_actual[in_col*fixed_n_rows];
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
eT*
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::memptr()
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
const eT*
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::memptr() const
  {
  return (use_extra) ? mem_local_extra : mem_local;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
arma_inline
bool
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::is_vec() const
  {
  return ( (fixed_n_rows == 1) || (fixed_n_cols == 1) );
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::fill(const eT val)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* mem_use = (use_extra) ? &(mem_local_extra[0]) : &(mem_local[0]);
  
  arrayops::inplace_set_fixed<eT,fixed_n_elem>( mem_use, val );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::zeros()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* mem_use = (use_extra) ? &(mem_local_extra[0]) : &(mem_local[0]);
  
  arrayops::inplace_set_fixed<eT,fixed_n_elem>( mem_use, eT(0) );
  
  return *this;
  }



template<typename eT>
template<uword fixed_n_rows, uword fixed_n_cols>
inline
const Mat<eT>&
Mat<eT>::fixed<fixed_n_rows, fixed_n_cols>::ones()
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  eT* mem_use = (use_extra) ? &(mem_local_extra[0]) : &(mem_local[0]);
  
  arrayops::inplace_set_fixed<eT,fixed_n_elem>( mem_use, eT(1) );
  
  return *this;
  }



//! prefix ++
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat_aux::prefix_pp(Mat<eT>& x)
  {
        eT*   memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;
  
  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    ++(memptr[i]);
    ++(memptr[j]);
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    ++(memptr[i]);
    }
  }



//! prefix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
inline
void
Mat_aux::prefix_pp(Mat< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x += T(1);
  }



//! postfix ++
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat_aux::postfix_pp(Mat<eT>& x)
  {
        eT*   memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;
  
  uword i,j;
  
  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    (memptr[i])++;
    (memptr[j])++;
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    (memptr[i])++;
    }
  }



//! postfix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
inline
void
Mat_aux::postfix_pp(Mat< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x += T(1);
  }



//! prefix --
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat_aux::prefix_mm(Mat<eT>& x)
  {
        eT*   memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;

  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    --(memptr[i]);
    --(memptr[j]);
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    --(memptr[i]);
    }
  }



//! prefix -- for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
inline
void
Mat_aux::prefix_mm(Mat< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x -= T(1);
  }



//! postfix --
template<typename eT>
inline
void
Mat_aux::postfix_mm(Mat<eT>& x)
  {
        eT*   memptr = x.memptr();
  const uword n_elem = x.n_elem;

  uword i,j;

  for(i=0, j=1; j<n_elem; i+=2, j+=2)
    {
    (memptr[i])--;
    (memptr[j])--;
    }
  
  if(i < n_elem)
    {
    (memptr[i])--;
    }
  }



//! postfix ++ for complex numbers (work around for limitations of the std::complex class)
template<typename T>
inline
void
Mat_aux::postfix_mm(Mat< std::complex<T> >& x)
  {
  x -= T(1);
  }



template<typename eT, typename T1>
inline
void
Mat_aux::set_real(Mat<eT>& out, const Base<eT,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  const unwrap<T1>   tmp(X.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& A = tmp.M;
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size( out, A, "Mat::set_real()" );
  
  out = A;
  }



template<typename eT, typename T1>
inline
void
Mat_aux::set_imag(Mat<eT>&, const Base<eT,T1>&)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  }



template<typename T, typename T1>
inline
void
Mat_aux::set_real(Mat< std::complex<T> >& out, const Base<T,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename std::complex<T> eT;
  
  const Proxy<T1> P(X.get_ref());
  
  const uword local_n_rows = P.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols = P.get_n_cols();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size( out.n_rows, out.n_cols, local_n_rows, local_n_cols, "Mat::set_real()" );
  
  eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
  
  if(Proxy<T1>::use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename Proxy<T1>::ea_type ea_type;
    
    ea_type A = P.get_ea();
    
    const uword N = out.n_elem;
    
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)  { out_mem[i].real(A[i]); }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword col=0; col < local_n_cols; ++col)
    for(uword row=0; row < local_n_rows; ++row)
      {
      (*out_mem).real(P.at(row,col));
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



template<typename T, typename T1>
inline
void
Mat_aux::set_imag(Mat< std::complex<T> >& out, const Base<T,T1>& X)
  {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  
  typedef typename std::complex<T> eT;
  
  const Proxy<T1> P(X.get_ref());
  
  const uword local_n_rows = P.get_n_rows();
  const uword local_n_cols = P.get_n_cols();
  
  arma_conform_assert_same_size( out.n_rows, out.n_cols, local_n_rows, local_n_cols, "Mat::set_imag()" );
  
  eT* out_mem = out.memptr();
  
  if(Proxy<T1>::use_at == false)
    {
    typedef typename Proxy<T1>::ea_type ea_type;
    
    ea_type A = P.get_ea();
    
    const uword N = out.n_elem;
    
    for(uword i=0; i<N; ++i)  { out_mem[i].imag(A[i]); }
    }
  else
    {
    for(uword col=0; col < local_n_cols; ++col)
    for(uword row=0; row < local_n_rows; ++row)
      {
      (*out_mem).imag(P.at(row,col));
      out_mem++;
      }
    }
  }



#if defined(ARMA_EXTRA_MAT_MEAT)
  #include ARMA_INCFILE_WRAP(ARMA_EXTRA_MAT_MEAT)
#endif



//! @}
