@comment{
BiBTeX data base for knowledge space theory texts

Originally converted  from Jean-Paul Doignon's AMS/La/PlainTeX list by
Cord Hockemeyer, August 24, 1994

Last changed May 11, 2021 by Cord Hockemeyer
 (Cord.Hockemeyer at uni-graz.at)

In general, I use first_author:year as citation labels for articles,
first_author:first_editor for incollections, first_author:conference
for conference papers and author:thesistype for all kinds of theses.
If necessary, a letter (in alphabetical order) is added for
uniqueness of articles. Books and techreports/mnuals are marked with a `b'
or a `tr', respectively, between colon and year. For R packages, the
label is first_author:package_abbreviation_in_lowercase.
}


@inproceedings{albert:DGP92,
author = {Dietrich Albert},
title = {Mathematische {M}odellierung von {W}issensstrukturen},
translation = {Mathematical Modeling of Knowledge Structures},
editor = {L. Montada},
booktitle = {Bericht {\"u}ber den 38. {K}ongre{\ss} der {D}eutschen
{G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie in {T}rier 1992},
volume = 2,
pages = {835--837},
publisher = {Hogrefe},
address = {G{\"o}ttingen},
year = 1993,
}

@book{albert:b94,
title	={Knowledge Structures},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
year	=1994,
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@inproceedings{albert:OeGP94,
author = {Albert, Dietrich},
title = {Neuere {E}ntwicklungen in der {W}issensdiagnostik},
translation = {Recent Developments in the Assessment of Knowledge},
year = 1994,
pages = {25--29},
editor = {Herbert Janig},
booktitle = {Psychologische {F}orschung in {\"{O}}sterreich},
publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Carinthia},
address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
note = {Bericht {\"u}ber die 1. {W}issenschaftliche {T}agung der
{\"{O}}sterreichischen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie},
}

@incollection{albert:trommsdorff,
author = {Dietrich Albert},
title = {Die {R}epr{\"a}sentation von individuellen {W}erten},
translation = {The Representation of Individual Values},
year = 1996,
editor = {G. Trommsdorff and H.--J. Kornadt},
booktitle = {Gesellschaftliche und indiviuelle {E}ntwicklung in
{J}apan und {D}eutschland},
publisher = {Universit{\"a}ts--Verlag Konstanz},
pages = {299--315},
}

@article{albert:03,
	author = {Albert, Dietrich},
	year = 2003,
	title = {Contributions of the psychology of knowledge to learning science and education},
	journal = {Journal of Learning and Curriculum Development},
	volume = 2,
	pages = {111--116},
} 

@inproceedings{albert:CAP90,
author = {Dietrich Albert and H. P. Bahrick and Jean-Claude Falmagne and C.
Witteveen and G. d'Ydewalle and M. Toda},
title = {Representation and Assessment of Knowledge},
booktitle = {General Psychology and Environmental Psychology},
editor = {B. Wilpert and H. Motoaki and J. Mitsumi},
pages = {9--98},
volume = 2,
year = 1990,
month = {July},
note = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Applied
Psychology},
}

@inproceedings{albert:DGP94,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cornelia E. Dowling and Elke Riesenhuber},
title = {Empirische {V}alidierung von {E}xpertenwissen zu
{S}prachfertigkeiten von {K}indern},
translation = {Empirical Validation of
Experts' Knowledge on Language Skills of Children},
booktitle = {Bericht {\"u}ber den 39. Kongre{\ss} der {D}eutschen
{G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie in Hamburg 1994},
editor = {K. Pawlik},
year = 1994,
pages = {23},
publisher = {Hogrefe},
}

@incollection{albert:jirasko,
author = {Albert, Dietrich and Held, Theo},
title = {Wissensstrukturen f{\"u}r {L}eistungen in
{S}prach\-tests},
translation = {Knowledge Structures for Language Test Performances},
year = 1996,
pages = {65--68},
editor = {Jirasko, Mario and Gl{\"u}ck, Judith and Rollett, Brigitta},
booktitle = {Perspektiven psychologischer {F}orschung in
{\"{O}}sterreich},
booktranslation = {Prospects of Psychological Research in
{A}ustria},
publisher = {WUV-Universit{\"a}tsverlag},
address = {Wien, Austria}
}

@incollection{albert:albert,
author	={Albert, Dietrich and Held, Theo},
year	=1994,
title	={Establishing knowledge spaces by systematical problem
construction},
pages	={81--115},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@incollection{alberth:alb99,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Theo Held},
title = {Component Based Knowledge Spaces in Problem Solving and
Inductive Reasoning},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {15--40},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@inproceedings{albert:aied97,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Adaptive and Dynamic Hypertext Tutoring Systems Based on
Knowledge Space Theory},
year = 1997,
editor = {Benedict du Boulay and Riichiro Mizoguchi},
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence in Education: Knowledge and
Media in Learning Systems},
isbn = {90-5199-353-6},
issn = {0922-6389},
pages = {553--555},
series = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications},
volume = 39,
publisher = {IOS Press},
address = {Amsterdam},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce99,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Developing Curricula for Tutoring Systems Based on
Prerequisite Relationships},
editor = {Geoff Cumming and Toshio Okamoto and Louis Gomez},
booktitle = {Advanced Research in Computers and Communications in
Education: New Human Abilities for the Networked Society},
pages = {325--328},
volume = 2,
publisher = {IOS Press},
address = {Amsterdam},
year = 1999,
isbn = {1--58603--027--2},
issn = {0922--6389},
note = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computers
in Education ({ICCE}), Chiba, Japan},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce02,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Applying Demand Analysis of a Set of Test Problems for
Developing an Adaptive Course},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Computers in Education {ICCE} 2002},
year = {2002},
pages = {69--70},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce01,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Owen Conlan and
Vincent Wade},
title = {Reusing Adaptive Learning Resources},
editor = {C.--H. Lee et al.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Computers in Education {ICCE/SchoolNet}2001},
volume = 1,
pages = {205--210},
year = 2001,
}

@inproceedings{albert:ktw11,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust
and Alexander Nussbaumer and Christina M.  Steiner},
year = 2012,
title = {E--Learning Based on Metadata, Ontologies and Competence-Based
Knowledge Space Theory},
editor = {Lukose, D. and Ahmad, A. R. and Suliman, A.},
booktitle = {Knowledge Technology. Third Knowledge Technology Week,
KTW 2011},
series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
volume = 295,
pages = {24--36},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Springer},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce07,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and
Neil Peirce and Owen Conlan},
title = {Microadaptivity within Complex Learning Situations --- a
Personalized Approach based on Competence Structures and Problem
Spaces},
editor = {B. Chang and A. Kashihara and J. Kay and J. Lee and
T. Matsui and R. Okamoto and D. Suthers and F. Y. Yu},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the international Conference on
Computers in Education ({ICCE} 2007)},
year = {2007},
publisher = {IOS Press},
}

@inproceedings{albert:usab07,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Zsuzsanna
Kulcsar and George Shorten},
title = {Competence Assessment for Spinal Anaesthesia},
editor = {Andreas Holzinger},
booktitle = {HCI and Usability for Medicine and Health Care.
Proceedings of the Third Symposium of the Workgroup
Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the
Austrian Computer Society, USAB 2007 Graz, Austria, November, 22,
2007},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = 4799,
year = 2007,
pages = {165--170},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icalt07,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Birgit Mayer
and Christina Steiner},
title = {Cognitive Structural Modelling of Skills for technology
Enhanced learning},
editor = {J. Spector and D. Sampson and T. Okamoto and Kinshuk
and S. Cerri and M. Ueono and A. Kashihara},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference
on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)},
pages = {322--324},
year = 2007,
}

@incollection{albert:nilsson,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Toshio Mori},
title = {Memory, Knowledge, and e-Learning},
editor = {Lars--G{\"o}ran Nilsson and Nobuo Ohta},
booktitle = {Memory and Society},
year = {2006},
pages = {87--108},
address = {Hove, UK},
publisher = {Psychology Press},
}

@article{albert:02,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and Gudrun Wesiak},
title = {Current trends in eLearning based on knowledge space
theory and cognitive psychology},
journal = {Psychologische Beitr{\"a}ge},
year = {2002},
volume=44,
issue=4,
pages={478--494},
}

@inproceedings{albert:giills97,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Rainer Kaluscha},
title = {Adapting Knowledge Structures in Dynamic Domains},
editor = {Christian Herzog},
booktitle = {{B}eitr{\"a}ge zum {A}chten {A}rbeitstreffen der
{G}{I}--{F}achgruppe 1.1.5/7.0.1 ``{I}ntelligente
{L}ehr--/{L}ernsysteme'', {S}eptember 1997, {D}uisburg, {G}ermany},
booktranslation = {Contributions of the 8th Workshop of the {GI}
{SIG} ``{I}ntelligent {T}utoring {S}ystems''},
year = 1997,
publisher = {TU M{\"u}nchen},
pages = {89--100},
}

@article{albert:08,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and
Fumiko Matsuda},
title = {A formal Framework for Modelling the Developmental
Course of Competence and Performance in the Distance, Speed, and
Time Domain},
journal = {Developmental Review},
volume = 28,
year = 2008,
pages = {401--420},
}

@book{albert:b99,
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
title = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
}

@article{albert:01,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Toshio Mori},
title = {Contributions of Cognitive Psychology to the Future of
e-Learning},
journal = {Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education,
Hiroshima University, Part I (Learning and Curriculum
Development)},
volume = 50,
year = 2001,
pages = {25--34},
}

@inproceedings{albert:teap96,
author ={Dietrich Albert and Jochen Musch},
title  ={Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices},
pages = {3},
editor = {Angela Schorr},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
38. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen,
1.--4.  April 1996, Marburg, Germany},
year   ={1996},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@inproceedings{albert:aaps96,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Jochen Musch},
title = {Knowledge space modeling of {R}avens advanced
progressive matrices ({APM}) test},
editor = {V. Kolesaric and D. Ivanec},
booktitle = {Abstracts of the 4th Alps Adria Psychology
Symposium},
publisher = {Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy,
University of Zagreb},
year = 1996,
pages = 39,
address = {Zagreb, Croatia},
}

@incollection{albert:sottilare,
	author = {Albert, D. and Nussbaumer, A. and Kuo, B. and Foltz, P.W. and Hu, X.},
	year = 2017,
	title = {Competence-based knowledge structures and current challenges for E-assessment},
	editor = {R. Sottilare and A. Graesser and X. Hu and G. Goodwin},
	booktitle = {Design recommendations for intelligent tutoring systems: Volume 5 - assessment methods},
	pages = {21--28},
	address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
	publisher = {U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)},
	url = {https://gifttutoring.org/documents/120},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce08,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Alexander Nussbaumer and Christina
Steiner},
title = {Using visual guidance and feedback based on competence
structures for personalising e-learning experience},
booktitle = {{I}{C}{C}{E} 2008 --- The 16th International
Conference on Computers in Education},
pages = {3--10},
year = {2008},
organization = {Asia--Pacific Society for Computers in Education},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce10,
	author =  {Dietrich Albert and Alexander Nussbaumer and Christina Steiner},
	year = 2010,
	title = {Towards generic visualisation tools and techniques for adaptive E-learning},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computers in Education},
	pages = {61--65},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce09,
	author = {Albert, D. and Nussbaumer, A. and Steiner, C.M. and Hendrix, M. and Cristea, A.},
	year = 2009,
	title = {Design and development of an authoring tool for pedagogical relationship types between concepts},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer in Education (ICCE 2009}, 
	pages = {194--196},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icpc05,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Monika Pilgerstorfer},
title = {Preliminary Considerations on Personalized Assessment of
Logical and Moral Thinking Skills},
editor = {Daniela Camhy},
booktitle = {Philosophical Foundations of Innovative Learning.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Philosophy for
Children 2005},
year = 2007,
pages = {55-61},
series = {Conceptus--Studien},
volume = 18,
publisher = {Academia Verlag},
address = {St.\ Augustin, Germany},
}


@incollection{alberts:alb99,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Martin Schrepp},
title = {Structure and Design of an Intelligent Tutoring System
Based on Skill Assignments},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {179--196},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@incollection{albert:fischer,
author	={Albert, Dietrich and Schrepp, Martin and Held, Theo},
title	={Construction of knowledge spaces for problem
solving in chess},
pages	={123--135},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@inproceedings{albert:jwcl03,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Knowledge Structures and Didactic Model Selection in
Learning Object Navigation},
booktitle = {The Joint Workshop of Cognition and Learning through Media--Communication
for Advanced E-Learning (JWCL)},
editor = {Friedrich W. Hesse and Yasuhisa Tamura},
publisher = {{J}apanisch--{D}eutsches {Z}entrum {B}erlin (JDZB)},
month = {September},
year = {2003},
pages = {1--10},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icce03,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Ordering and Combining Learning Objects through Skill
Maps and Asset Structures},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on
Computers in Education {ICCE} 03},
organization = {Asia--Pacific Chapter of the Association for the
Advancement of Computers in Education},
month = {December},
year = {2003},
address = {Hong Kong},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icalt05,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Christina M. Steiner},
title = {Empirical Validation of Concept Maps: Preliminary
Methodological Considerations},
editor = {P. Goodyear and D. G. Sampson and D. J. Yang and
Kinshuk and T. Okamoto and R. Hartley and N. Chen},
booktitle = {The 5${}^{\textrm{th}}$ {IEEE} International Conference on Advanced
Learning Technologies, {K}aohsiung, {T}aiwan, 5--8 {J}uly 2005},
pages = {216--218},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
year = 2005,
}

@inproceedings{albert:jwcl05,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Christina M. Steiner},
title = {Representing Domain Knowledge by Concept Maps: How to
Validate Them?},
editor = {Toshio Okamoto and Dietrich Albert and T. Honda and
Friedrich W. Hesse},
booktitle = {The 2${}^{\textrm{nd}}$ Joint Workshop of Cognition and Learning
through Media--Communication for Advanced e--Learning},
year = 2005,
pages = {169--174},
}


@incollection{albert:falmagne13,
author = {Dietrich Albert and Gudrun Wesiak and Ali
{\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Generating and Validating Relations between Sets/Tests},
pages = {193--228},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@inproceedings{albert:icerp09,
	author = {Albert, D. and Wong, S.L. and Wesiak, G.},
	year = 2009,
	title = {Structure for assessing teachers IT states},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Educational Research and Practice (ICERP): Enhancing Human Capital through Teacher Education},
	pages = {1017--1032},
}

@article{anselmi:12,
author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Egidio Pobusto and Luca
Stefanutti},
title = {Uncovering the best skill multimap by constraining the error probabilities of the gain--loss model},
journal = {Psychometrika},
year = 2012,
volume = 77,
number = 4,
pages = {763--781},
}

@article{anselmi:13,
author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Egidio Pobusto and Luca
Stefanutti},
title = {A Procedure for Identifying the Best Skill Multimap in
the Gain--Loss Model},
pages = {9--16},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 42,
year = 2013,
}

@Article{anselmi:16,
author="Anselmi, Pasquale and Robusto, Egidio and Stefanutti, Luca and de Chiusole, Debora",
title="An Upgrading Procedure for Adaptive Assessment of Knowledge",
journal="Psychometrika",
year="2016",
volume="81",
number="2",
pages="461--482",
abstract="In knowledge space theory, existing adaptive assessment procedures can only be applied when suitable estimates of their parameters are available. In this paper, an iterative procedure is proposed, which upgrades its parameters with the increasing number of assessments. The first assessments are run using parameter values that favor accuracy over efficiency. Subsequent assessments are run using new parameter values estimated on the incomplete response patterns from previous assessments. Parameter estimation is carried out through a new probabilistic model for missing-at-random data. Two simulation studies show that, with the increasing number of assessments, the performance of the proposed procedure approaches that of gold standards.",
issn="1860-0980",
doi="10.1007/s11336-016-9498-9",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9498-9"
}

@article{anselmi:17,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole and Egidio Robusto},
	title = {The Assessment of Knowledge and Learning in Competence Spaces: The Gain--Loss Model for Dependent Skills},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	volume = 70,
	issue = 3,
	year = 2017,
	pages = {457--479},
}

@article{anselmi:21,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Luca Stefanutti and Debora de
		Chiusole and Egidio Robusto},
	title = {Modeling learning in knowledge space theory through
		bivariate {M}arkov processes},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 103,
	pages = 102549,
	year = 2021,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102549}
}

@article{anselmi:22,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca
		Stefanutti and Egidio Robusto},
	title = {Constructing, improving, and shortening tests for
		skill assessment},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 106,
	pages = 102621,
	year = 2022,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102621},
}

@article{anselmi:24,
	author = {Anselmi, Pasquale and Heller, Jurgen and Stefanutti, Luca and Robusto, Egidio},
	title = {Constructing tests for skill assessment with competence-based test development},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2024,
	doi = {10.1111/bmsp.12335},
}

@incollection{anselmi:hellera,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Stefano Noventa and J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Knowledge Structures and Related Theories},
	pages = {53--84},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0003},
}

@incollection{anselmi:hellerb,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Debora de Chiusole and J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Adaptive Assessment},
	pages = {159--180},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0007},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@incollection{anselmi:hellerc,
	author = {Pasquale Anselmi and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Modeling Learning in Knowledge Structures},
	pages = {181--207},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0008},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@article{arasasingham:04,
author = {R. D. Arasasingham and M. Taagepera and F. Potter and
S. Lonjers},
title = {Using {K}nowledge {S}pace {T}heory to Assess Student
Understanding of Stoichiometry},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Education},
volume = {81},
year = {2004},
pages = {1517--1523},
}

@article{arasasingham:05,
author = {R. D. Arasasingham and M. Taagepera and F. Potter and
I. Martorell and S. Lonjers},
title = {Assessing the Effect of {WE}eb--Based Learning Tools on
Student Understanding of Stoichiometry},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Education},
volume = {82},
year = {2005},
pages = {1251--1262},
}


@article{augustin:11,
author = {Thomas Augustin and Cord Hockemeyer and Michael
Kickmeier-Rust and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Individualized Skill Assessment in Digital learning Games:
Basic Definitions and Mathematical Formalism},
year = 2011,
journal = {{I}{E{E}}{E} Transactions on Learning Technologies},
volume = 4,
pages = {138--148},
}

@article{augustin13,
author = {Thomas Augustin and Cord Hockemeyer and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Patrick Podbregar and Reinhard Suck and Dietrich Albert},
title = {The Simplified Updating Rule in the Formalization of Digital Educational Games},
journal = {Journal of Computational Sciences},
year = 2013,
volume = 4,
pages = {293--303},
}

@article{augustin:15,
author = {Augustin, Thomas and Hockemeyer, Cord and Suck, Reinhard and Podbregar, Patrick and Kickmeier-Rust, Michael D. and Albert, Dietrich},
title = {Individualized skill assessment in educational games: The mathematical foundations of partitioning},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 67,
year = 2015,
pages = {1--7},
}

@InProceedings{bartl:FUZZ-IEEE07,
  title =	{Knowledge Spaces, Attribute Dependencies, and Graded
		 Knowledge States},
  author =	{Eduard Bartl and Radim Belohl{\'a}vek},
  publisher =	{IEEE},
  year = 	{2007},
  booktitle =	{IEEE Fuzzy Systems Conference 2007},
  pages =	{1--6},
}

@inproceedings{bartl:kam08,
  author =	{Eduard Bartl and Radim Belohl{\'a}vek},
  title = {Knowledge Spaces with Graded Knowledge States},
  publisher =	{IEEE},
  year = 	{2008},
  booktitle =	{International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition
and Modeling},
  pages =	{3--8},
}

@article{bartl:11,
  author =	{Eduard Bartl and Radim Belohl{\'a}vek},
  title = {Knowledge Spaces with Graded Knowledge States},
  journal = {Information Sciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = 2011,
  volume = 181,
  pages = {1426--1439},
}


@inproceedings{baumunk:teap96,
author ={Katja Baumunk and Cornelia E. Dowling},
title  ={Die {V}alidit{\"a}t von {W}issensstrukturen im
{B}ruchrechnen},
pages = {17--18},
editor = {Angela Schorr},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
38. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen, 1.--4.
April 1996, Eichst{\"a}tt, Germany},
year   ={1996},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@inproceedings{baumunk:gsp96,
author = {Katja Baumunk},
title = {Die {V}alidierung von {W}issensstrukturen im
{B}ruchrechnen},
translation = {Validating Knowledge Structures in the Field of Fractions},
booktitle = {Festschrift zur {V}erleihung des
{G}eorg-{S}ieber-{P}reises 1996},
organization = {Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zur F{\"o}rderung der
Psychologie},
year = 1996,
pages = {34--37},
}

@article{baumunk:97,
author	={Baumunk, Katja and Dowling, Cornelia E.},
year	=1997,
journal ={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
title	={Validity of Spaces for Assessing Knowledge About Fractions},
volume = 41,
pages = {99--105},
}

@inproceedings{baumunk:teap98,
author ={Katja Baumunk and Cornelia E. Dowling},
title  ={Der {E}influ{\ss} von {F}rageformulierungen und
{F}ragestrategien auf {F}ehlurteile bei der {E}xpertenbefragung},
pages = {17},
editor = {Harald Lachnit and Arthur Jacobs and Frank R{\"o}sler},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
{A}bstracts der 40. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen,
6.--9.  April 1998, Marburg, Germany},
year   = {1998},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@comment{baumunk:empg96,
author ={Katja Baumunk and Cornelia E. Dowling and Cord Hockemeyer},
title ={Detecting Inconsistent and Invalid Items from Experts'
Knowledge Structures and Students' Data},
year = 1997,
note = subm,
abstract ={In the framework of knowledge space theory, prerequisite
relationships between learning objectives from a knowledge domain are
obtained from experts' judgments. The validity of these prerequisite
relationships is tested by comparing them to students' test data.
Thereby, the experts' judgments can differ from each other, and the
students' data can contradict the experts' prerequisite relationships.
We suggest coefficients for detecting the inconsistencies and
invalidities, and evaluate these coefficients in two simulation
studies. The performance of two of the coefficients can be shown to be
efficient, whereas the results for the validity coefficients are not
yet promising.}
}

@article{belohlavek:03,
  author =	{Radim Belohl{\'a}vek},
  title = {Birkhoff variety theorem and fuzzy logic},
  journal = {Archive for Mathematical Logic},
  volume = 42,
  year = 2003,
  pages = {781--790},
}

@techreport{bloom:tr92,
author	={Bloom, C. and Villano, Mike and VanLehn, Kurt},
year	=1992,
title	={Application of artificial intelligence technologies to
training systems: Computer-based diagnostic testing systems},
number	={{Contract No. F41624-91-C-5002}},
address	={Brooks AFB, TX},
institution	={{Technical Training Research Division, Human Resources
Directorate}}
}

@incollection{brancaccio:heller,
	author = {Andrea Brancaccio and Debora de Chiusole and Florian Wickelmaier},
	title = {Software Packages for Knowledge Space Theory},
	pages = {297--322},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0012},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@article{brancaccio:24,
	author = {Andrea Brancaccio and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Homomorphisms between problem spaces},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2024,
	volume = 123,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102888},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102888},
}

@techreport{brancaccio:toolbox,
	author = {Andrea Brancaccio and Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole},
	title = {KST Toolbox},
	year = 2024,
	institution = {University of Padua, Italy},
	note = {MATLAB Toolbox version 1.0.0},
	url = {https://mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/157751-kst-toolbox},
}

@article{brandt:99,
author = {Silke Brandt and Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Surmise Relations between Tests - Preliminary Results of
the Mathematical Modelling},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571065304000125},
}

@article{brandt:03,
author = {Silke Brandt and Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Surmise Relations between Tests - Mathematical Considerations},
year = {2003},
journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume = 127,
number = 2,
pages = {221-239},
}

@article{breen:14,
author = {Dorothy Breen and Annette Aboulafia and Dajie Zhang and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert and George Shorten},
year = 2014,
title = {Defining a Competence Map for a Practical Skill},
journal = {The Clinical Teacher},
volume = 11,
number = 7,
pages = {531--536},
}


@inproceedings{bull:icce12,
author = {Susan Bull and Barbara Wasson and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Matthew D.
Johnson and Eli Moe and Cecilie Handsen and Gerhilde Meissl-Egghart and Klaus
Hammermueller},
title = {Assessing English as a Second Language: From Classroom Data to a Competence-Based
Open Learner Model},
booktitle = {{ICCE}2012: The $20^{th}$ International Conference on Computers in Education},
year = 2012,
}

@inproceedings{bull:ectel13,
author = {Susan Bull and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Ravi K. Vatrapu and
Matthew D. Johnson and Klaus Hammermueller and William Byrne and Luis Hernandez-Munoz
and Fabrizio Giorgini and Gerhilde Meissl-Egghart},
title = {Learning, Learning Analytics, Activity Visualisation and Open Learner Model: Confusing?},
booktitle = {Scaling up Learning for Sustained Impact: $8^{th}$ European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2013},
editor = {Davinia Hernandez-Leo and Tobias Ley and Ralf Klamma and Andreas Harrer},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
year = 2013,
pages = {532--535},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = 8095,
}


@inproceedings{bullock:asee09,
author = {D. Bullock and J. Callahan and Y. Ban and A. Ahlgren
and C. Schrader},
title = {The implementation of an online mathematics placement
exam and its effects on student success in precalculus and
calculus},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ASEE} Annual Conference and
Exposition},
year = 2009,
}

@article{burigana:24,
author = {Luigi Burigana},
title = {Bayesian networks and knowledge structures in cognitive assessment: Remarks on basic comparable aspects},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {123},
pages = {102875},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102875},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249624000440},
}

@inproceedings{callahan:asee08,
author = {J. Callahan and S. Y. Chyung and J. Guild and W.
Clement and J. Guarino and D. Bullock},
title = {Enhancing precalculus curricula eith e--learning:
Implementation and assessment},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ASEE} Annual Conference and
Exposition},
year = 2008,
}

@techreport{cao:arxiv21,
author = {Xiyan Cao and Fucai Lin and Wen Sun and Jinjin Li},
title = {A note on knowledge structures delineated by fuzzy skill multimaps},
year = 2021,
note = {Electronic Preprint arXiv:2112.08108, arXiv.org},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.08108},
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@inproceedings{carmona:um2005,
author = {C. Carmona and E. Millan and J. L. Perez--de--la--Cruz and M. Trella and R. Conejo},
title = {Introducing Prerquisite Relations in a Multi--layered {B}ayesian Student Model},
booktitle = {User Medelling 2005},
year = 2005,
publisher = {Springer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
volume = 3538,
pages = {347--356},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{carvalho:15,
	author={Maira B. Carvalho and Francesco Bellotti and Riccardo Berta and Alessandro De Gloria and Giorgia Gazzarata and Jun Hu and Michael Kickmeier-Rust},
	year={2015},
	month={1},
	title={A case study on Service-Oriented Architecture for Serious Games},
	journal={Entertainment Computing},
	volume={6},
	pages={1-10},
	abstract={Abstract Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a set of practices for architectural design of software that exploits services as loosely coupled components orchestrated to deliver various functionalities. The SOA paradigm is not well established in the Serious Games (SG) domain, but it is expected to provide benefits, particularly in reducing the conceptual and technological complexity of the development. In this paper, we propose and study the application of a SOA approach to SG development. We have used the SOA approach to develop an adaptive Serious Game for teaching basic elements of probability to high school and entry-level university students, called The Journey. Details of the architecture implementation are offered, as well as the results of an evaluation of the system using the Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM). Based on our experience, we argue that the SOA approach can make SG development shorter, more flexible and more focused.},
	keywords={Adaptive Serious Games; Games for learning; Serious Games; Serious Games development; Service Oriented Architecture; Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method},
	isbn={1875-9521},
	url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2014.11.001},
	doi={10.1016/j.entcom.2014.11.001}
}


@InProceedings{cathcart:icls10,
  title =	"Using knowledge space theory to analyze concept maps",
  author =	"Laura A. Cathcart and Mike Stieff and Gili Marbach-Ad
		 and Ann C. Smith and Kenneth A. Frauwirth",
  booktitle =	"Learning in the Disciplines: Proceedings of the 9th
		 International Conference of the Learning Sciences,
		 {ICLS} '10",
  volume = 1,
  publisher =	"International Society of the Learning Sciences / ACM
		 DL",
  year = 	"2010",
  editor =	"Susan R. Goldman and James Pellegrino and Kimberly
		 Gomez and Leilah Lyons and Joshua Radinsky",
  pages =	"952--959",
  URL =  	"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1854482&CFID=876053684&CFTOKEN=68596787",
}

@inproceedings{chen:icalt13,
author = {Yang Chen},
title = {Adaptive Non--graded Assessment Based on Knowledge Space Theory},
booktitle = {$13^{\mbox{th}}$ International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, ICALT 2013},
year = {2013},
publisher = {IEEE},
pages = {63--64},
}

@inproceedings{chen:edm15,
author = {Yang Chen and Pierre-Henri Wuillemin and Jean-Marc Labat},
title = {Discovering Prerequisite Structure of Skills through Probabilistic Association Rules Mining},
editor = {Olga C. Santos and Jesus G. Boticario and Cristobal Romero and Mykola Pechenizkiy and Agathe Merceron and Piotr Mitros and Jos� Mar�a Luna and Cristian Mihaescu and Pablo Moreno and Arnon Hershkovitz and Sebastian Ventura and Michel Desmarais},
booktitle = {Conference: Proceedings of the $8^{\mbox{th}}$ International Conference on Educational Data Mining, At Madrid, Spain},
year = 2015,
pages = {117--124},
}

@article{chiu:22,
	author = {Chiu, Chia--Yi and Kohn, Hans Friedrich and Ma, Wenchao},
	title = {Commentary on "{E}xtending the basic local independence model to polytomous data" by {S}tefanutti, de {C}hiusole, {A}nselmi, and {S}poto},
	journal = {Psychometrika},
	year = 2022,
	doi = {10.1007/s11336-022-09873-7},
}

@InProceedings{conlan:icalt09,
  title =	"Realtime Knowledge Space Skill Assessment for
		 Personalized Digital Educational Games",
  author =	"Owen Conlan and Cormac Hampson and Neil Peirce and
		 Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust",
booktitle     = {The $9^{th}$ IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning
               Technologies, ICALT 2009},
publisher =	"IEEE",
  year = 	"2009",
  pages =	"538--542",
  URL =  	"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2009.150",
}

@inproceedings{conlan:ht01,
author = {Owen Conlan and Cord Hockemeyer and Paul Lefrere and
Vincent Wade and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Extending Educational Metadata Schemas to describe
Adaptive Learning Resources},
pages = {161--162},
booktitle = {Hypertext '01: Proceedings of the twelfth ACM Conference
on Hypertext and Hypermedia},
editor = {Hugh Davies and Yellowlees Douglas and David G.
Durand},
organization = {Association for Computing Machinery},
year = 2001,
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York},
}

@article{conlan:02,
author = {Owen Conlan and Cord Hockemeyer and Vincent Wade and
Dietrich Albert},
title = {Metadata Driven Approaches to Facilitate Adaptivity in
Personalized e{L}earning systems},
journal = {The Journal of Information and Systems in
Education},
year = {2002},
volume = 1,
pages = {38--44}
}

@inproceedings{conlan:edmedia02,
author = {Owen Conlan and Cord Hockemeyer and Vincent Wade and
Dietrich Albert and Mark Gargan},
title = {An Architecture for Integrating Adaptive Hypermedia
Service with Open Learning Environments},
booktitle = {Proceedings of ED--MEDIA 2002},
series = {World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia,
\& Telecommunications},
year = {2002},
pages = {344--350},
volume = 1,
}

@inproceedings{conlan:elearn06,
author = {Owen Conlan and Ian O'Keeffe and Cormac Hampson and
J{\"u}rgen Heller},
title = {Using Knowledge Space Theory to support Learner Modeling
and Personalization},
booktitle = {Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate,
Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006},
editor = {Thomas Reeves and Shirley Yamashita},
year = 2006,
pages = {1912--1919},
publisher = {AACE},
address = {Chesapeake, VA},
}

@article{cosyn:02,
author = {Eric Cosyn},
title = {Coarsening a Knowledge Structure},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 46,
year = 2002,
pages = {123--139},
}

@incollection{cosyn:falmagne13,
	author = {Eric Cosyn and Christopher Doble and Jean-Claude Falmagne and Arnaud Lenoble and Nicolas Thi{\'e}ry and Hasan Uzun},
	title = {Assessing Mathematical Knowledge in a Learning Space},
	pages = {27--50},
	editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
	Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
	year = 2013,
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{cosyn:09,
author = {Eric Cosyn and Hasan B. Uzun},
title = {Note on two necessary and sufficient axioms for a well-graded knowledge space},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 53,
year = 2009,
number = 1,
pages = {40--42},
}

@article{cosyn:00,
author = {Eric Cosyn and Nicolas Thi{\'e}ry},
title = {A Practical Procedure to Build a Knowledge Structure},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = {2000},
volume = {44},
pages = {383--407},
}

@article{cosyn08,
  title = {{Note on two sufficient axioms for a well-graded
  knowledge space}},
  author = {Eric Cosyn and Hasan B. Uzun},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {53},
  number ={1},
  pages ={40--42},
  journal ={{Journal of Mathematical Psychology}}
}

@article{cosyn:21,
title = {A practical perspective on knowledge space theory: ALEKS and its data},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {101},
pages = {102512},
year = {2021},
issn = {0022-2496},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102512},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249621000134},
author = {Eric Cosyn and Hasan Uzun and Christopher Doble and Jeffrey Matayoshi},
keywords = {Knowledge space theory, Adaptive assessment, Intelligent tutoring system, Layers of a knowledge state}
}


@article{craig:13,
author = {Scotty D. Craig and Xiangen Hu and Arthur C. Graesser and Anna E. Bargagliotti and Allan Sterbinsky and Kyle R. Cheney and Theresa Okwumabua},
title = {The impact of a technology-based mathematics after-school program using {ALEKS} on student's knowledge and behaviors},
journal = {Computers \& Education},
volume = 68,
year = 2013,
pages = {495--504},
}

@article{csepanyi:24,
	author = {L{\'a}szl{\'o} Cs{\'e}p{\'a}nyi--F{\"u}rjes and L{\'a}szl{\'o} Kov{\'a}cs},
	title = {Evolving graph based knowledge space model for tutoring systems},
	journal = {Pollack Periodica},
	volume = 19,
	issue = 3,
	year = 2024,
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2024.01058},
	doi = {10.1556/606.2024.01058},
}



@article{dani:16,
author = {Anita Dani},
title = {Students' patterns of interaction with a mathematics intelligent tutor: Learning analytics application},
journal = {International Journal on Integrating Technology in Education},
volume = 5,
number = 2,
year = 2016,
doi = {10.5121/ijite.2016.5201},
}

@article{danilov:09,
author = {V. I. Danilov},
title = {Knowledge spaces from a topological point of view},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical psychology},
year = 2009,
volume = 53,
number = 6,
pages = {510--517},
}


@article{dechiusole:13a,
author = {Debora de Chiusole and Pasquale Anselmi and Luca
Stefanutti and Egidio Robusto},
title = {The Gain--Loss Model: Bias of the Parameter Estimates},
pages = {33--40},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 42,
year = 2013,
}

@article{dechiusole:24,
	author = {Debora de Chiusole and Umberto Granziol and Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Reliability of a probabilistic knowledge structure},
	journal = {Behavior Reseasrch Methods},
	volume = 56,
	year = 2024,
	pages = {8022--8037},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02468-3},
	dou = {10.3758/s13428-024-02468-3},
}

@article{dechiusole:13b,
author = {Debora de Chiusole and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Modeling Skill Dependence in Probabilistic Competence
Structures},
pages = {41--48},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 42,
year = 2013,
}

@article{dechiusole:13c,
title = {Assessing Parameter Invariance in the {BLIM}: Bipartition Models},
author = {de Chiusole, Debora  and Stefanutti, Luca  and Anselmi, Pasquale  and Robusto, Egidio},
journal = {Psychometrika}, 
year = 2013, 
volume = 78,
number = 4,
pages = {710-724},
}

@article{dechiusole:15a,
title = {Modeling Missing Data in Knowledge Space Theory},
author = {de Chiusole, Debora  and Stefanutti, Luca  and Anselmi, Pasquale  and Robusto, Egidio},
journal = {Psychological Methods}, 
year = 2015, 
volume = 20,
number = 4, 
pages = {506-522},
}

@article{dechiusole:15b,
author = {Debora de Chiusole and Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Egidio Robusto},
title = {Na{\"i}ve Tests of Basic Local Independence Model's Invariance},
journal = {The Spanish Journal of Psychology},
volume = 18,
year = 2015,
doi = {10.1017/sjp.2015.24},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.24},
}

@article{dechiusole:16,
	author = {de Chiusole, Debora and Stefanutti, Luca and Anselmi, Pasquale and Robusto, Egidio},
	title = {Testing the actual equivalence of automatically generated items},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
	volume = 50,
	number = 1,
	year = 2016,
	pages = {39--56},
}

@Article{dechiusole:17,
author="de Chiusole, Debora and Stefanutti, Luca and Spoto, Andrea",
title="A class of k-modes algorithms for extracting knowledge structures from data",
journal="Behavior Research Methods",
year=2017,
volume = 49,
number = 4,
pages="1212--1226",
abstract="One of the most crucial issues in knowledge space theory is the construction of the so-called knowledge structures. In the present paper, a new data-driven procedure for large data sets is described, which overcomes some of the drawbacks of the already existing methods. The procedure, called k-states, is an incremental extension of the k-modes algorithm, which generates a sequence of locally optimal knowledge structures of increasing size, among which a ``best'' model is selected. The performance of k-states is compared to other two procedures in both a simulation study and an empirical application. In the former, k-states displays a better accuracy in reconstructing knowledge structures; in the latter, the structure extracted by k-states obtained a better fit.",
issn="1554-3528",
doi="10.3758/s13428-016-0780-7",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0780-7"
}

@article{dechiusole:18,
	author = {de Chiusole, Debora and Stefanutti, Luca and Anselmi, pasquale and Robusto, Egidio},
	title = {Testing the actual equivalence of automatically generated items},
	journal = {Behavior Research methods},
	volume = 50,
	number = 1,
	year = 2018,
	pages = {39--56},
}

@article{dechiusole:20,
author = {Debora de Chiusole and Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Egidio Robusto},
title = {{S}tat--{K}nowlab. Assessment and learning of Statistics with Competence--based Knowledge Space Theory},
journal = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education},
volume = 30,
year = 2020,
pages = {668--700},
doi = {10.1007/s40593-020-00223-1},
}

@incollection{dechiusole:heller,
	author = {Debora de Chiusole and Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Innovative Methods for Building Knowledge Structures},
	pages = {87--104},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0004},
}

@article{degreef:86,
author	={Degreef, Eric and Doignon, Jean-Paul and  Ducamp, Andr{\'e} and
Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1986,
title	={Languages for the assessment of knowledge},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={30},
pages	={243--256}
}

@article{desmarais:12,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Ryan S. J. d. Baker},
title = {A Review of Recent Advances in Learner and Skill
Modeling in Intelligent Learning Environments},
journal = {User Modeling and User Adaptive Interaction},
volume = 22,
number = {1--2},
pages = {9--38},
year = 2012,
}

@inproceedings{desmarais:ectel06,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Michel Gagnon},
title = {Bayesian Student Models based on item to item Knowledge
Structures},
editor = {Wolfgang Nejdl and Klaus Tochtermann},
booktitle = {Innovative Approaches for learning and Knowledge
Sharing. First European Conference on Technology Enhanced
learning, EC-TEL 2006},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
number = 4227,
year = 2006,
pages = {111--124},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{desmarais:95,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Ameen Maluf},
title = {User--Expertise Modeling with Empirically Derived
Probabilistic Implication Networks},
journal = {User Modeling and User--Adapted Interaction},
volume = 5,
pages = {283--315},
year = 1996,
}

@article{desmarais:06,
	author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Peyman Meshkinfam and Michel Gagmnon},
	title = {Learned Student Models with Item to Item Knowledge
Structures},
	journal = {User Modeling and User-adapted Interaction},
	year = 2006,
	volume = 16,
	pages = {403--434},
	doi = {0.1007/s11257-006-9016-3},
}

@inproceedings{desmarais:aied05,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Shunkai Fu and Xiaoming Pu},
title = {Tradeoff analysis between knowledge assessment
approaches},
editor = {C.--K. Looi and G. McCalla and B. Bredeweg and J.
Breuker},
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence in Education},
--ar = 2005,
pages = {209--216},
address = {Amsterdam, NL},
publisher = {IOS Press},
series = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {125},
year = 2005,
}

@article{desmarais:93,
author = {Michel Desmarais and Luc Giroux and Serge Larochelle},
title = {An advice giving interface based on plan--recognition
and user--knowledge assessment},
journal = {International Journal of Man--Machine Studies},
volume = 39,
year = 1993,
pages = {901--924},
}

@article{desmarais:05,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Xiaoming Pu},
title = {A {B}ayesian Student Model without Hidden Nodes and Its
Comparison with Item Response Theory},
journal = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in
Education},
year = {in press},
volume = 15,
}

@inproceedings{desmarais:um05,
author = {Michel C. Desmarais and Xiaoming Pu},
title = {Computer Adaptive Testing: Comparison of a Probabilistic
Network Approach with Item Response Theory},
pages = {392--396},
year = 2005,
booktitle = {User Modeling 2005: 10th International Conference},
editor = {Liliana Ardissono and Paul Brna and Antonija Mitrovic},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
}

@article{dimache:15,
	author = {Dimache, A. and Roche, T. and Kopeinik, S. and Winter, L.C. and Nussbaumer, A. and Albert, D},
	year = {2015},
	title = {Suitability of adaptive self-regulated e-learning to vocational training: A pilot study in heat pump system installation},
	journal = {International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design ({IJOPCD})},
	volume = 5,
	number = 3,
	pages = {31--46},
	doi = {10.4018/ijopcd.2015070103},
}

@article{doble:19,
	author = {Doble, Christopher and Matayoshi, Jeffrey and Cosyn, Eric and Uzun, Hasan and
		  Karami, Arash},
	title = {A Data-Based Simulation Study of Reliability for an Adaptive Assessment Based on Knowledge Space Theory},
	journal = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education},
	volume = 29,
	pages = {258--282},
	year = 2019,
	doi = {10.1007/s40593-019-00176-0},
}


@inproceedings{doesinger:icl02,
author = {Gisela D{\"o}singer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Adaptive Competence Testing in eLearning},
booktitle = {Interactive computer aided learning ({ICL}) 2002.
International Workshop},
editor = {Michael Auer and Ursula Auer},
publisher = {Kassel University Press},
year = 2002,
}

@article{doesinger:02,
author = {Gisela D{\"o}singer},
title = {Adaptive Competence Testing in e{L}earning},
journal = {European Journal of Open and Distance Learning},
year = 2002,
howpublished = {Online journal},
}

@phdthesis{doesinger:diss,
author = {Gisela D{\"o}singer},
title = {{Die Struktur kognitiver Voraussetzungen von
Rechenleistungen --- Empirische Untersuchungen mit
Vorschulkindern}},
year = 2003,
type = {Inauguraldissertation},
school = {Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"{a}}t Graz},
address = {Graz, Austria},
}

@incollection{doignon:albert,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul},
title	={Probabilistic assessment of knowledge},
pages	={1--57},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
year	=1994,
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@incollection{doignon:fischer,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul},
title	={Knowledge spaces and skill assignments},
pages	={111--121},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@article{doignon:99,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon},
title = {Dimensions of Chains of Relations},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Abstract of a Talk presented at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA,
September 1998},
}

@incollection{doignon:encycl01,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon},
title = {Knowlede Spaces},
booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social and
Behavioral Sciences},
editor = {Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Amsterdam},
year = 2001,
pages = {8148--8151},
}

@article{doignon:84,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul and  Ducamp, Andr{\'e} and
Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
title = {On Realizable Biorders and the Biorder Dimension of a
Relation},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 28,
number = 1,
pages = {73--109},
year = 1984,
}

@inproceedings{doignon:icfca13,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon},
title = {Identifiability in Knowledge Space Theory:
a survey of recent results},
year = 2013,
pages = {1--4},
booktitle = {Contributions to the ${11}^{th}$ International
Conference on Formal Concept Analysis (ICFCA 2013)},
editor = {Peggy Cellier and Felix Distel and Bernhard Ganter},
url = {http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/11311/001.pdf},
note = {Online available at \url{http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/11311/001.pdf}},
}

@Inproceedings{doignon:icfca14,
author="Doignon, Jean-Paul",
editor="Glodeanu, Cynthia Vera and Kaytoue, Mehdi and Sacarea, Christian",
title="Learning Spaces, and How to Build Them",
bookTitle="Formal Concept Analysis: 12th International Conference, ICFCA 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, June 10-13, 2014. Proceedings",
year="2014",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="1--14",
isbn="978-3-319-07248-7",
doi="10.1007/978-3-319-07248-7_1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07248-7_1"
}

@incollection{doignon:encycl15,
	author = {Jean-Paul Doignon},
	title = {Cognition: Knowledge Spaces},
	booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social and
	Behavioral Sciences},
	editor = {James D. Wright},
	volume = 4,
	edition = {Second},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	year = 2015,
	pages = {6--9},
}

@article{doignon:21,
title = {A Correct Response Model in knowledge structure theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {102},
pages = {102519},
year = {2021},
issn = {0022-2496},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102519},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249621000171},
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon},
keywords = {Knowledge structure, Basic Local Independence Model, Correct Response Model, Model identifiability}
}

@article{doignon:85,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul and Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1985,
title	={Spaces for the assessment of knowledge},
journal	={International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
volume	={23},
pages	={175--196}
}

@inproceedings{doignon:ganter,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul and Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1987,
title	={Knowledge assessment: A set theoretical framework},
editor	={Ganter, B. and Wille, R. and Wolfe, K.E.},
booktitle	={Beitr{\"a}ge zur Begriffsanalyse: Vortr{\"a}ge der
Arbeitstagung Begriffsanalyse, Darmstadt 1986},
pages	={129--140},
address	={Mannheim},
publisher	={BI Wissenschaftsverlag}
}

@article{doignon:88,
author	={Doignon, Jean-Paul and Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1988,
title	={Parametrization of knowledge structures},
journal	={Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume	={21},
pages	={87--100}
}

@book{doignon:b91,
editor = {Doignon, Jean-Paul and Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
title = {Mathematical Psychology: Current Developments},
booktitle = {Mathematical Psychology: Current Developments},
year = 1991,
publisher = {Springer--Verlag},
address = {New York}
}

@article{doignon:97,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Well--graded Families of Relations},
year = 1997,
journal = {Discrete Mathematics},
pages = {35--44},
volume = 173,
}

@book{doignon:b99,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Knowledge Spaces},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Springer--Verlag},
address = {Berlin},
}


@techreport{doignon:arxiv15,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Knowledge Spaces and Learning Spaces},
note = {Electronic Preprint arXiv:1511.06757v1, arXiv.org},
year = 2015,
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06757},
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@incollection{doignon:handbook17,
	author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
	title = {Knowledge Spaces and learning Spaces},
	pages = {274--321},
	booktitle = {New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology},
	editor = {William H. Batchelder and Hans Colonius and Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov and Jay Myung},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	volume = 1,
	year = 2017,
}

@incollection{doignon:falmagne13,
author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne
and Eric Cosyn},
title = {Learning Spaces: A Mathematical Compendium},
pages = {131--146},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@incollection{doignon:handbook18,
	author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Identifiability of Probabilistic Models, with Examples from Knowleddge Structure Theory},
	pages = {128--184},
	booktitle = {New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology},
	editor = {William H. Batchelder and Hans Colonius and Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	volume = 2,
	year = 2018,
}

@article{doignon:25,
	title = {Dimensions of knowledge structures},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = {124},
	pages = {102898},
	year = {2025},
	issn = {0022-2496},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102898},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249624000671},
	author = {Jean-Paul Doignon and Luca Stefanutti},
	keywords = {Knowledge structures, Ordinal dimension, Spatial dimension, Bidimension},
	abstract = {A knowledge structure is inherently one-dimensional when its collection of states forms a chain. But how to define the dimension of a knowledge structure in general? We investigate four options: (i) the ordinal dimension, which is the dimension of the poset consisting of all states ordered by inclusion; (ii) for a knowledge space, the spatial dimension which is the least number of one-dimensional knowledge spaces which generate the space (a notion extending from learning spaces to knowledge spaces the dual of the convex dimension of an antimatroid); (iii) the bidimension, which is the bidimension of the membership relation from items to states, in either the intersection or the union version of the bidimension. Our results establish or disprove inequalities among the four dimension parameters for knowledge structures, for knowledge spaces, for terse knowledge structures, for terse knowledge spaces, and finally for learning spaces. We finally list some problems for future research.}
}
@article{donadello:17,
	author = {Donadello, Ivan and Spoto, Andrea and Sambo, Francesco and Badaloni, Silvana and Granziol, Umberto and Vidotto, Giulio},
	title = {{ATS--PD}: An adaptive testing system for psychological disorders},
	journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
	volume = 77,
	number = 5,
	year = 2017,
	pages = {792--815},
}

@incollection{dowling:doignon,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
title	={Constructing knowledge spaces from judgements with differing
degrees of certainty},
pages	={221--231},
editor = {Doignon, Jean-Paul and Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
booktitle = {Mathematical Psychology: Current Developments},
year = 1991,
publisher = {Springer--Verlag},
address = {New York}
}

@phdthesis{dowling:habil,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
year	=1991,
title	={Constructing Knowledge Structures from the Judgements of
Experts},
type	={{Habilitationsschrift}},
school	={{Technische Universit{\"a}t Carolo-Wilhelmina}},
address	={Braunschweig, Germany}
}

@article{dowling:93a,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
year	=1993,
title	={Applying the basis of a knowledge
space for controlling the questioning of an expert},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={37},
pages	={21--48}
}

@article{dowling:93b,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
year	=1993,
title	={On the irredundant construction of knowledge spaces},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={37},
pages	={49--62}
}

@incollection{dowling:fischer,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
title	={Integrating different knowledge spaces},
pages	={149--158},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@incollection{dowling:albert,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E.},
title	={Combinatorial structures for the representation of knowledge},
pages	={59--79},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
year	=1994,
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@inproceedings{dowling:DGP94,
author = {Cornelia E. Dowling},
title = {Verfahren zur {E}rhebung von {E}xpertenurteilen {\"u}ber
{V}oraussetzungsbeziehungen zwischen {W}issensinhalten},
booktitle = {Bericht {\"u}ber den 39. Kongre{\ss} der {D}eutschen
{G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie in Hamburg 1994},
editor = {K. Pawlik},
year = 1994,
pages = {129--130},
publisher = {Hogrefe},
}

@techreport{dowling:tr95,
author = {Dowling, Cornelia E. and Hockemeyer, Cord},
title = {Wissensdiagnose in der beruflichen {A}usbildung},
translation = {Knowledge Assessment in Professional Education},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie, Technische
Universit{\"a}t Braunschweig, Germany},
year = 1995,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
}

@incollection{dowling:dowling,
author	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Hockemeyer, Cord},
title	={Computing the Intersection of Knowledge Spaces Using only their Basis},
editor	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Roberts, Fred S. and Theuns, Peter},
booktitle ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
year	=1998,
pages	={133--141},
address	={Mahwah, NJ},
publisher={{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.}},
abstract={ A knowledge space is a structure for representing prerequisite
relationships between items from a specified branch of knowledge.
These relationships can be applied to assess students' knowledge
adaptively.  These prerequisite relationships are obtained by
querying experts. Very often, however, the experts' opinions on
these prerequisite relationships differ. One suggestion to deal
with this problem is to consider only those relationships on which
the majority of the experts agree. A straightforward algorithm for
computing these majority relationships is given.
This procedure does, however, have the
disadvantage that the intersection of knowledge spaces has to be
computed, which has turned out to be very large in practice. We solve
this problem with procedure, that computes this
intersection using only the bases of the knowledge spaces considered.
},
}

@article{dowling:99,
author = {Cornelia E. Dowling and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Integrating Knowledge Spaces Obtained by Querying
Different Experts},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Abstract of a Talk presented at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA,
September 1998},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571065304000320},
}

@article{dowling:01,
author = {Cornelia E. Dowling and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Automata for the Assessment of Knowledge},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering},
year = {2001},
volume = 13,
number = 3,
pages = {451--461},
abstract = {
The results of this paper can be applied to construct efficient
algorithms for the adaptive assessment of students' knowledge.
The problem of knowledge assessment is a special case of the
problem of assessing the state of a system. These results are
obtained suggesting a new assessment algorithm whose formal
equivalence to previously suggested assessment algorithms is
proven. A simulation study illustrates the vast improvements
of efficiency with the new algorithm.
},
}

@inproceedings{dowling:its96,
author = {Dowling, Cornelia E. and Hockemeyer, Cord and Ludwig, Andreas H.},
title = {Adaptive assessment and training using the Neighbourhood of
knowledge states},
booktitle = {Intelligent Tutoring Systems},
editor = {Frasson, Claude and Gauthier, Gilles and Lesgold, Alan},
isbn = {3-540-61327-7},
issn = {0302-9743},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
year = 1996,
volume = 1086,
pages = {578--586},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
address = {Berlin},
abstract={
In this paper, we suggest methods for the adaptive assessment
and training of students. The main idea is to apply the theoretical
concept of the neighbourhood of a knowledge state to adaptive
training. We also describe improvements of existing assessment
algorithms. These ideas are implemented in a multi--platform tutoring
system shell. This shell has been applied to two different fields of
knowledge.
},
}

@inproceedings{dowling:aied95,
author = {Dowling, Cornelia E. and Kaluscha, Rainer},
year = 1995,
title = {Prerequisite relationships for the adaptive assessment of knowledge},
editor = {Greer, Jim},
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1995},
pages = {43--50},
address = {Charlottesville, VA},
publisher = {{Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education
(AACE)}}
}

@inproceedings{dowling:ozchi96,
author = {Cornelia E. Dowling and Uwe Koch and Kai A. Quante},
title = {A New Interface for Querying Experts on Prerequisite
Relationships},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Auatralian Conference on 
Computer--Human Interaction ({OzCHI}~96)},
month = nov,
year = 1996,
editor = {Grundy, John and Apperley, Mark},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
address = {Los Alamitos, California},
pages = {320--321},
}

@inproceedings{dowling:teap96,
author ={Cornelia E. Dowling and Susanne Nitzsche},
title  ={Der {E}influ{\ss} einer {A}rbeitsanreicherung bei
der {B}efragung auf die {V}alidit{\"a}t von {E}xpertenurteilen},
pages = 60,
editor = {Angela Schorr},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
38. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen, 1.--4.
April 1996, Eichst{\"a}tt, Germany},
year   ={1996},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@book{dowling:b97,
title ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
editor	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Roberts, Fred S. and Theuns, Peter},
booktitle ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
series = {Scientific Psychology Series},
year	=1998,
address	={Mahwah, NJ},
publisher={{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.}},
}

@article{duentsch:95,
author = {Ivo D{\"u}ntsch and G{\"u}nther Gediga},
title = {Skills and Knowledge Structures},
journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
volume = 48,
pages = {9--27},
year = 1995
}

@article{duentsch:96,
author = {Ivo D{\"u}ntsch and G{\"u}nther Gediga},
title = {On query Procedures to Build Knowledge Structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 40,
pages = {160--168},
year = 1996
}

@incollection{duentsch:jager,
author = {Ivo D{\"u}ntsch and G{\"u}nther Gediga},
title = {Knowledge Structures and their Applications in {CALL}},
editor = {Sake Jager and John Nerbonne and Arthur van Essen},
booktitle = {Language teaching and Language Technology},
address = {Lisse},
publisher = {Swets and Zeitlinger},
pages = {177--186},
year = 1998,
}

@article{duentsch:01,
author = {Ivo D{\"u}ntsch and G{\"u}nther Gediga},
title = {A Note on the Correspondence among Entail Relations,
Rough Set Dependencies, and Logical Consequence},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 43,
year = 2001,
pages = {393--401},
}

@article{eichler:13,
author = {Jack F. Eichler and Junelyn Peeples},
title = {Online Homework Put to the Test: A Report on the Impact of Two Online Learning Systems on Student Performance in General Chemistry},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Education},
year = 2013,
volume = 90,
pages = {1137-1143},
}

@inproceedings{elkechai:hal-01170079,
	TITLE = {{Quelques enseignements tir{\'e}s de l'application de la Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory aux Serious Games}},
	AUTHOR = {El-Kecha{\"i}, Na{\"i}ma and Melero, Javier and Labat, Jean-Marc},
	URL = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01170079},
	BOOKTITLE = {{IC2015}},
	ADDRESS = {Rennes, France},
	ORGANIZATION = {{AFIA}},
	SERIES = {AFIA},
	YEAR = {2015},
	MONTH = Jul,
	KEYWORDS = {Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory ; Adaptation de serious games ; Mod{\`e}le de domaine ; Q-Matrice ; Formalismes de repr{\'e}sentation de connaissances ; Traitements et raisonnements sur les connaissances ; {\'E}valuation de mod{\`e}le de connaissances.},
	PDF = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01170079/file/IC_Elkechai-Melero-Labat.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{encheva:iceet06,
author = {Sylvia Encheva and Sharil Tumin},
title = {Automated Knowledge Assessment and Knowledge Spaces},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {WSEAS} Conference on Education and Educational Technology},
year = 2006,
pages = {82--86},
}

@inproceedings{encheva:icci10,
author = {Sylvia Encheva and Sharil Tumin},
title = {Diagnostic Tests Based on Knowledge States},
editor = {Jeng-Shyang Pan and Shyi-Ming Chen and Ngoc Thanh Nguyen},
booktitle = {Computational Collective Intelligence---Technologies and Applications. Second International Comnference, ICCCI 2010 Proceedings, Part III},
year = 2010,
pages = {133--141},
series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {6423},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
}

@inproceedings{encheva:aict07,
author = {Sylvia Encheva and Sharil Tumin and Marina Z. Solesvik},
title = {Federated Knowledge Spaces},
booktitle = {The Third ADvanced International Converence on Telecommunications ({AICT'07})},
editor = {Mauritius Morne},
publisher = {{IEEE} {C}omputer {S}ociety},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
year = 2007,
pages = {26},
}

@techreport{eppstein:tr08,
  title =	"Learning Sequences",
  author =	"David Eppstein",
  year = 	"2008",
  abstract =	"We describe the algorithms used by the {ALEKS} computer
		 learning system for manipulating combinatorial
		 descriptions of human learners' states of knowledge,
		 generating all states that are possible according to a
		 description of a learning space in terms of a partial
		 order, and using Bayesian statistics to determine the
		 most likely state of a student. As we describe, a
		 representation of a knowledge space using learning
		 sequences (basic words of an antimatroid) allows more
		 general learning spaces to be implemented with similar
		 algorithmic complexity. We show how to define a
		 learning space from a set of learning sequences, find a
		 set of learning sequences that concisely represents a
		 given learning space, generate all states of a learning
		 space represented in this way, and integrate this state
		 generation procedure into a knowledge assessment
		 algorithm. We also describe some related theoretical
		 results concerning projections of learning spaces,
		 decomposition and dimension of learning spaces, and
		 algebraic representation of learning spaces.",
  URL =  	"http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.4030",
  note = {Online available at \url{http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.4030}},
  school = {Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine},
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@incollection{eppsteina:falmagne13,
author = {David Eppstein},
title = {Learning Sequences: An Efficient Data Structure for
Learning Spaces},
pages = {287--304},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@incollection{eppsteinb:falmagne13,
author = {David Eppstein},
title = {Projection, Decomposition, and Adaption of Learning Spaces},
pages = {305--322},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@techreport{eppstein:arxiv02,
author = {David Eppstein and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Algorithms for Media},
note = {Electronic Preprint cs/0206033, arXiv.org},
year = 2002,
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}


@book{eppstein:b08,
author = {David Eppstein and Jean-Claude Falmagne and Sergei
Ovchinnikov},
title = {Media Theory},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin/Heidelberg},
year = 2008,
}

@techreport{eppstein:arxiv07,
author = {David Eppstein and Jean-Claude Falmagne and Hasan B. Uzun},
title = {On Verifying and Engineering the Well-gradedness of a
Union-closed Family },
note = {Electronic Preprint 0704.2919, arXiv.org},
year = 2007,
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@article{eppstein:09,
author = {David Eppstein and Jean-Claude Falmagne and Hasan B. Uzun},
title = {On Verifying and Engineering the Wellgradedness of a
Union-closed Family },
year = 2009,
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 53,
number = 1,
pages = {34--39},
}


@article{falmagne:88c,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Parametrization of Knowledge Structures},
journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume = 21,
number = 2,
year = 1988,
pages = {87--100},
}

@article{falmagne:89,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1989,
title	={A latent trait theory  via stochastic learning theory
for a knowledge space},
journal	={Psychometrika},
volume	={53},
pages	={283--303}
}

@incollection{falmagne:roberts,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1989,
title	={Probabilistic knowledge spaces: A review},
editor	={Roberts, Fred S.},
booktitle	={Applications of Combinatorics and Graph Theory to the
Biological and Social Sciences},
series	={IMA},
volume	={17},
pages	={283--303},
address	={New York},
publisher	={{Springer Verlag}}
}

@article{falmagne:93,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1993,
title	={Stochastic learning paths in a knowledge structure},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={37},
pages	={489--512}
}

@incollection{falmagne:fischera,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1994,
title	={Finite Markov learning models for knowledge structures},
pages	={75--89},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@incollection{falmagne:albert,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1994,
title	={Foreword},
pages	={V--VII},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@article{falmagne:96,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Errata to {SLP}},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 1996,
volume = 40,
pages = {169--174},
}

@article{falmagne:94,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Stochastic Token Theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical psychology},
volume = 41,
number = 2,
year = 1997,
pages = {129--143},
} 

@article{falmagne:99,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {{A}{L}{E}{K}{S}, an Application of Knowledge Space Theory},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Tutorial given at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA, September 1998},
}

@techreport{falmagne:arxiv08,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Projections and Symmetric Expansions of a Learning
Space},
howpublished = {Electronic Preprint 0803.0575, arXiv.org},
year = 2008,
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@incollection{falmagne:encycl01,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {{M}arkov Processes for Knowlede Spaces},
booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social and
Behavioral Sciences},
editor = {Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Amsterdam},
year = 2001,
pages = {9251--9253},
}

@incollection{falmagne:encycl15,
	author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne},
	title = {Markov Processes in Learning Spaces},
	booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social and
	Behavioral Sciences},
	editor = {James D. Wright},
	volume = 14,
	edition = {Second},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	year = 2015,
	pages = {584--590},
}




@book{falmagne:b13,
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
title = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@inproceedings{falmagne:icfca06,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Eric Cosyn and Jean-Paul
Doignon and Nicolas Thi{\'e}ry},
title = {The Assessment of Knowledge, in Theory and in
Practice},
editor = {Missaoui, Rokia and Schmid, J{\"u}rg},
booktitle = {Formal Concept Analysis. 4th International
Conference, ICFCA 2006, Dresden, Germany, February 13-17, 2006},
series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial IOntelligence},
volume = 3874,
pages = {61--79},
year = {2006},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Springer},
}

@incollection{falmagne:falmagne13,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Christopher Doble},
title = {Overview},
pages = {3--26},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{falmagne:88a,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Doignon, Jean-Paul},
year	=1988,
title	={A class of stochastic procedures for the
assessment of knowledge},
journal	={British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
volume	={41},
pages	={1--23}
}

@article{falmagne:88b,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Doignon, Jean-Paul},
year	=1988,
title	={A {M}arkovian procedure for assessing the state
of a system},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={32},
pages	={232--258}
}

@incollection{falmagne:bouchon,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Doignon, Jean-Paul},
year	=1993,
title	={A stochastic theory for system failure assessment},
booktitle	={Uncertainty in Intelligent Systems},
editor	={Bouchon-Meunier, B. and Valverde, L. and Yager, R.R.},
pages	={431--440},
address	={Amsterdam},
publisher	={{North-Holland}}
}

@article{falmagne:97,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Jean-Paul Doignon},
title = {Stochastic Evolution of Rationality},
journal = {Theory and Decision},
volume = 43,
year = 1997,
pages = {107--138},
}

@incollection{falmagne:dowling,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Doignon, Jean-Paul},
title	={Meshing Knowledge Structures},
editor	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Roberts, Fred S. and Theuns, Peter},
booktitle ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
series = {Scientific Psychology Series},
year	=1998,
pages	={143--153},
address	={Mahwah, NJ},
publisher={{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.}},
abstract={ The set of all items mastered by an individual in a specific
topic of information forms the knowledge state of that individual.
The collection of all knowledge states conceivable for a given
population and topic constitutes a knowledge structure. For various
purposes, it is useful to combine knowledge
structures  covering only a limited part of a domain, into bigger, more
comprehensive ones. This paper explores some aspects of such a combination,
in particular with regard to the transfer of combinatorial properties
from the pieces to the whole.
},
}

@book{falmagne:b11,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Jean-Paul Doignon},
title = {Learning Spaces},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin/Heidelberg},
year = 2011,
}

@article{falmagne:90,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Koppen, Mathieu and Villano, Mike
and Doignon, Jean-Paul and Johannesen, Leila},
year	=1990,
title	={Introduction to  knowledge spaces: How to build, test and
search them},
journal	={Psychological Review},
volume	={97},
pages	={201--224}
}

@incollection{falmagne:fischerb,
author	={Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Lakshminarayan, Kamakshi},
title	={Stochastic Learning Paths --- Estimation and Simulation},
pages	={91--110},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@article{falmagne:02,
author = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Sergei Ovchinnikov},
title = {Media Theory},
journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume = 121,
year = 2002,
pages = {83--101},
}

@phdthesis{fanusi:diss,
author = {Fanusi, Amy Dawn},
title = {The effect of {ALEKS} math support on standardized math test scores in middle school},
year = {2016},
type = {PhD thesis},
school = {Liberty University, School of Education},
}


@book{fischer:b94,
title = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}


@article{fries:97,
author = {Stefan Fries},
title = {Empirical Validation of a Markovian Learning Model for
Knowledge Structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 1997,
volume = 41,
pages = {65--70},
}


@inproceedings{fuhrmann:teap96,
author ={Friederike Fuhrmann and Cornelia E. Dowling},
title  ={Der {E}influss von {F}rageformulierungen auf die
{V}alidit{\"a}t 
von {E}xpertenurteilen},
pages = 81,
editor = {Angela Schorr},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
38. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen, 1.--4.
April 1996, Eichst{\"a}tt, Germany},
year   ={1996},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@incollection{ganter:icfca17,
	author = {Bernhard Ganter and Michael Bedek and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Reinhard Suck},
	title = {An Invitation to Knowledge Space Theory},
	editor = {Karell Bertet and Daniel Borchmann and Peggy Cellier and S{\'e}bastian Ferr{\'e}},
	booktitle = {Formal Concept Analysis. $14^{th}$ International Conference, ICFCA 2017},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = 10308,
	year = 2017,
	pages = {3--19},
	publisher = {Springer},
	address = {Cham, Switzerland},
}
	
@article{ge:20,
	author = {Xun Ge and Jinjin Li},
	title = {A note on the separability of items in knowledge structures delineated by skill multimaps},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2020,
	volume = 98,
	month = {September},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102427},
}

@article{ge:21,
	author = {Xun Ge and Shou Lin},
	title = {Notes on Attribution Functions},
	journal = {British Journal on Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2021,
	volume = 74,
	pages = {131--156},
	doi = {10.1111/bmsp.12220},
}

@article{ge:24a,
	author = {Ge, Xun},
	title = {Discriminability around polytomous knowledge structures and polytomous functions},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2024,
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12370},
	doi = {10.1111/bmsp.12370},
}

article{ge:24b,
author = {Xun Ge},
title = {Remarks on learning spaces},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {123},
pages = {102890},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102890},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249624000592},
}

@article{ge:22,
	title = {On Galois connections between polytomous knowledge structures and polytomous attributions},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = {110},
	pages = {102708},
	year = {2022},
	issn = {0022-2496},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102708},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249622000499},
	author = {Xun Ge},
	keywords = {Polytomous (knowledge) structure, Polytomous attribution, Galois connection, Complete polytomous (knowledge) structure, Complete polytomous attribution, Granularity},
	abstract = {Polytomous knowledge structure theory (abbr. polytomous KST) was introduced by Stefanutti et al. (2020) and further results on polytomous KST were obtained by Heller (2021). As the interesting work, this paper discusses Galois connections in polytomous KST. In this paper, two derivations between polytomous knowledge structures and polytomous attributions are presented. In addition, this paper gives an explicit characterization to introduce the completeness of polytomous attributions and defines the concept of a complete polytomous knowledge structure by the property that such a polytomous knowledge structure is derived from a complete polytomous attribution. This paper establishes a Galois connection between the collection K of all polytomous knowledge structures and the collection F of all polytomous attributions, where the closed elements are respectively in K the complete polytomous knowledge structures, and in F the complete polytomous attributions. Furthermore, this Galois connection induces a one-to-one correspondence between the two sets of closed elements. Moreover, this Galois connection can also induce a Galois connection between the collection of all granular polytomous knowledge structures and the collection of all granular polytomous attributions.}
}
	
@article{gediga:02,
	author = {G{\"u}nther Gediga and Ivo D{\"u}ntsch},
	title = {Skill Set Analysis in Knowledge Structures},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical
	Psychology},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {361--384},
}

@inproceedings{george:iwsm11,
author = {A. C. George and Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Parameter estimation in skills--based knowledge space theory and cognitive diagnosis models: A comparison},
editor = {D. Conesa and A. Forte and A. L{\'o}pez-Qu{\'i}lez and F. Mu{\~n}oz},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Statistical Modelling},
address = {Valencia, Spain},
year = 2013,
pages = {258--262},
}

@inproceedings{goerguen:celda05,
	author = {I. G{\"o}rg{\"u}n and A. Turker and Y. Ozan and J.
	Heller},
	title = {Learner Modeling to Facilitate Personalized E--Learning
	Experience},
	editor = {Kinshuk and D. G. Sampson and P. T. Isaias},
	booktitle = {{CELDA}'05: Cognition and Exploratory Learning in
	Digital Age},
	pages = {231--237},
	year = 2005,
	publisher = {IADIS},
}


@incollection{grayce:falmagne13,
author = {Christopher J. Grayce},
title = {A Commercial Implementation of Knowledge Space Theory
in College general Chemistry},
pages = {93--114},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{hagerty:05,
		author = "Hagerty, G. W. and Smith, S.",
		title = "Using the Web-based interactive software {ALEKS} to enhance college algebra",
		journal = "Mathematics and Computer Education",
		year = "2005",
		volume = "39",
		pages = "183--194",
}


@article{harp:95,
author = {Steven A. Harp and Tariq Samad and Michael Villano},
title = {Modeling Student Knowledge with Self--Organizing Feature Maps},
journal = {{I}{E}{E}{E} Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
year = 1995,
volume = 25,
number = 5,
pages = {727--737},
}

@article{he:22,
	author = {Zhaorong He and Wen Sun},
	title = {Competence-Based Skill Functions and Minimal Sets of Skills},
	journal = {Symmetry},
	volume = 14,
	year = 2022,
	pages = 884,
	doi = {10.3390/sym14050884},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050884},
}

@article{he:24,
AUTHOR = {He, Zhaorong},
TITLE = {Polytomous Knowledge Structures Based on Entail Relations},
JOURNAL = {Mathematics},
VOLUME = {12},
YEAR = {2024},
NUMBER = {16},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/16/2504},
doi = {10.3390/math12162504},
}

@article{heck:20,
	author = {Daniel W. Heck and Stefano Noventa},
	title = {Representing probabilistic models of knowledge space theory by multinomial processing tree models},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 96,
	year = 2020,
	month = {June},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102329},
}

@phdthesis{held:diss,
author	={Held, Theo},
year	=1993,
title	={Establishment and empirical validation of problem
structures based on domain specific skills and textual properties.},
type	={{Dissertation}},
available	={{Cornelia}}, 
school	={{Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg, Germany}}
}

@incollection{held:alb99,
author = {Theo Held},
title = {An Integrated Approach for Constructing, Coding, and
Structuring a Body of Word Problems},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {67--102},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@article{held:98,
author = {Theo Held and Klaus Korossy},
title = {Data Analysis as a Heuristic for Establishing
Theoretically Founded Item Structures},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"{u}}r Psychologie},
year = 1998,
volume = 206,
pages = {169--188},
}

@inproceedings{held:teap95,
author ={Theo Held and Martin Schrepp},
title  ={Eine {S}imulationsstudie zu {U}rteilsfehlern bei
{E}xpertenbefragungen},
pages = {141},
editor = {Onur G{\"u}nt{\"u}rk{\"u}n and Rainer Guski and
Carsten Walter and Andreas Wohlschl{\"a}ger},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
{B}eitr{\"{a}}ge zur 37. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender
{P}sychologen, 9.--13.  April 1995, Bochum, Germany},
year   ={1995},
publisher = {S. Roderer Verlag},
address = {Regensburg, Germany},
note = {Abstract},
}

@techreport{held:tr94,
author	={Held, Theo and Schrepp, Martin and Fries, S.},
title = {{V}ergleich von {M}ethoden zur {A}bleitung von {W}issensr\''aumen},
year = 1994,
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg, Germany},
number = 81,
month = dec,
type = {Bericht aus dem Psychologischen Institut},
}

@article{held:95,
author	={Held, Theo and Schrepp, Martin and Fries, S.},
year	=1995,
title	={Methoden zur {B}estimmung von {W}issensstrukturen ---
{E}ine {V}ergleichsstudie},
translation = {Methods for Determining Knowledge
Structures --- A Comparing Study},
journal	={Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Experimentelle {P}sychologie},
volume	={XLII},
number	={2},
pages	={205--236}
}

@incollection{heller:albert,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
title = {Semantic Structures},
year	=1994,
pages	={117--149},
editor	={Albert, Dietrich},
booktitle	={Knowledge Structures},
publisher = {{Springer Verlag}},
address	={New York},
}

@article{heller:00,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
title = {Representation and Assessment of Individual Semantic
Knowledge},
journal = {Methods of Psychological Research --- Online},
year = 2000,
volume = 5,
number = 2,
pages = {1--37}, 
}

@article{heller:04,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
title = {A Formal Framework for Characterizing Querying
Algorithms},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {48},
year = 2004,
pages = {1--8},
}

@article{heller:17a,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
title = {Identifiability in probabilistic knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {77},
year = 2017,
pages = {46-57},
}

@article{heller:19,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Assessment structures in psychological testing},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
        volume = 91,
	year = 2019,
	pages = {1--13},
}

@article{heller:21,
title = {Generalizing quasi-ordinal knowledge spaces to polytomous items},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {101},
pages = {102515},
year = {2021},
issn = {0022-2496},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102515},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249621000158},
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
keywords = {Knowledge structure, Quasi-ordinal knowledge space, Item tree analysis, Partial order, Lattice, Partial credit}
}

@article{heller:23,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Assessment-based correct rates in learning spaces },
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 112,
	pages = {102740},
	year = {2023},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102740},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249622000785},
}
	

@incollection{heller:pivec,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Dietrich Albert and Michael D.
Kickmeier--Rust and Markus Kertz},
title = {Achievement Motivation, Performance Structure, and
Adaptive Hypertext learning},
editor = {Maja Pivec and F. Thissen and K. Baumann},
booktitle = {Affective and Emotional Aspects of Human--Computer
Interaction: Emphasis on Game--Based and Innovative Learning
Approaches},
year = {2006},
publisher = {IOS Press},
address = {Washington, D.C.},
}

@article{heller:17b,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Pasquale Anselmi and Luca Stefanutti and Egidio Robusto},
	title = {A necessary and sufficient condition for unique skill assessment},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 79,
	year = 2017,
	pages = {23--28},
}


@incollection{hellerb:falmagne13,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Thomas Augustin and Cord
Hockemeyer and Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Recent Developments in Competence--based Knowledge Space Theory},
pages = {243--286},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@inproceedings{heller:icalt04,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich
Albert},
title = {Applying Competence Structures for Peer Tutor
Recommendations in {CSCL} Environments},
year = 2004,
editor = { Kinshuk and C. Looi and E. Sutinen and D. Sampson and
I. Aedo and L.  Uden and E. K{\"a}hk\''onen},
booktitle = {The 4th IEEE International Conference on Advanced
Learning Technologies},
pages = {1050--1051},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
}

@techreport{heller:trails11,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Kevin Keenoy and Mark Levene and
Mazlita Mat Hassan and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Cognitive and Pedagogical Aspects of Trails: A Case
Study},
year = 2004,
institution = {Birkbeck, University of London},
note = {Public Report of the JEIRP Trails within the NoE Kaleidoscope},
}

@techreport{heller:trails12,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Mark Levene and Kevin Keenoy
and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {An e--Learning Perspective of Cognitive and Pedagogical
Aspects of Trails},
year = 2004,
institution = {Birkbeck, University of London},
note = {Public Report of the JEIRP Trails within the NoE Kaleidoscope},
}

@incollection{heller:schoonenboom,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Mark Levene and Kevin Keenoy and
Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Cognitive Aspects of Trails: A Stochastic Model Linking
Navigation Behaviour to the Learner's Cognitive State},
year = 2007,
editor = {Judith Schoonenboom and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Kevin
Keenoy and Mark Levene and Marta Turcsanyi-Szabo},
booktitle = {Trails in Education: Technologies that
Support Navigational Learning},
pages = {119--146},
address = {Rotterdam},
publisher = {Sense Publisher},
}

@inproceedings{heller:elegi05,
author= {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Birgit Mayer and Cord Hockemeyer
and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Competence--Based Knowledge Structures for Personalised
Learning},
booktitle = {1${}^{\textrm{st}}$ International {ELeGI}--Conference on
Advanced Technology for Enhanced Learning},
editor = {Giovana Albano and Pierluigi Ritrovato and Saverio
Salerno},
publisher = {The British Computer Society (BCS)},
howpublished = {Online available at
\url{http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_el05_s1paper2.pdf}.},
url = {http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_el05_s1paper2.pdf},
year = 2005,
}

@article{heller:08,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Claudia Repitsch},
title = {Distributed skill functions and the meshing of knowledge
structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 52,
year = 2008,
pages = {147--157},
}

@article{heller:12,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Claudia Repitsch},
title = {Exploiting prior information in stochastic knowledge
assessment},
journal = {Methodology},
volume = 8,
year = 2012,
pages = {12-22},
}

@book{heller:b24,
	title = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
	doi = {10.1142/13519},
}

@article{heller:15,
title = {On the Link between Cognitive Diagnostic Models and Knowledge Space Theory},
author = {Heller, J\''urgen  and Stefanutti, Luca  and Anselmi, Pasquale  and Robusto, Egidio},
journal = {Psychometrika},
year = 2015, 
volume = 80,
number = 4,
pages = {995--1019},
}

@article{heller:16,
title = {Erratum to: On the Link between Cognitive Diagnostic Models and Knowledge Space Theory},
author = {Heller, J\''urgen  and Stefanutti, Luca  and Anselmi, Pasquale  and Robusto, Egidio},
journal = {Psychometrika},
year = 2016, 
volume = 81,
pages = {250--251},
}

@incollection{heller:hellera,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Knowledge Structures and Their Competence--Based Extension},
	pages = {3--26},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0001},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@incollection{heller:hellerb,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Debora de Chiusole},
	title = {Parameter Estimation and Model Validation},
	pages = {105--132},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0005},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@incollection{heller:hellerc,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Spoto},
	title = {Identifiability in Probabilistic Knowledge Structures},
	pages = {133--157},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0006},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@incollection{heller:hellerd,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Assessment Structures},
	pages = {211--230},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0009},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@incollection{heller:hellere,
	author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Polytomous Knowledge Structures},
	pages = {231--267},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0010},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}

@article{heller:06,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Christina Steiner and Cord
Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Competence--Based Knowledge Structures for Personalised
Learning},
journal = {International Journal on {E}--Learning},
volume = 5,
number = 1,
year = 2006,
pages = {75-88},
}


@incollection{hellera:falmagne13,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Dietrich
Albert},
title = {Skills, Competencies and Knowledge Structures},
pages = {229--242},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{heller:13,
author = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Florian Wickelmaier},
title = {Minimum Discrepancy Estimation in Probabilistic
Knowledge Structures},
pages = {49--56},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 42,
year = 2013,
}


@InProceedings{hillemann:edulearn12,
author = {Hillemann, Eva C. and Kickmeier-Rust, Michael D. and Albert, D.},
title = {Tackling the Challenges of the $21^{st}$ Century Classroom: The Perspective of {A}ustrian Teachers},
booktitle = {$4^{th}$ International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN},
publisher = {IATED},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
year = {2012},
pages = {6857--6866}}

@InProceedings{hillemann:edulearn13,
author = {Hillemann, Eva C. and Kickmeier-Rust, Michael D. and Albert, D.},
title = {The Usage of New Technologies in the $21^{st}$ Century Classroom: A Question of Teachers' Personality?},
booktitle = {$5^{th}$ International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN},
publisher = {IATED},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
year = {2013},
pages = {2206-2215}}



@article{hockemeyer:97,
author	={Hockemeyer, Cord},
year	=1997,
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
title	={Using the Basis of a Knowledge Space for Determining the
Fringe of a Knowledge State},
volume = 41,
pages = {275--279},
abstract={
Doignon and Falmagne have developed the concept of the fringe of a
knowledge state based upon the neighbourhood of knowledge states. This
concept is useful for probabilistic assessment of knowledge and for
the suggestion of training problems in an intelligent tutoring system.
In this paper, a generalized definition of the fringe of knowledge
states is introduced.
An efficient procedure is presented which computes the fringe of
knowledge states using the basis of a knowledge space. In a simulation
study, this procedure is compared with the approach described by
Doignon and Falmagne.
},
}

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr96,
	author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Cornelia Dowling},
	title = {{K}{S}{T} Tools User Manual},
	institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie, 
	Technische Universit\"at Braunschweig, Germany},
	year = 1996,
	type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
	note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/KST-Tools_TechRep_BS-96.pdf}},
}


@techreport{hockemeyer:tr97,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {{R}{A}{T}{H} --- A Relational Adaptive Tutoring
Hypertext {W}{W}{W}--Environment},
type = {Technical Report},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
number = {1997/3},
year = 1997,
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/RATH-TechReport.pdf}},
}

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr00a,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {{C}{R}{A}{T}{H}: A Collaborative Adaptive Tutoring
Hypertext System},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2000,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/crath-Bericht.pdf}},
}

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr00b,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Documentation of the \texttt{libsrbi} Library},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2000,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/libsrbi_TechRep_FWF00.pdf}},
}

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr01a,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {{K}{S}{T} Tools User Manual},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie, 
Karl-Franzens-Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2001,
edition = {2nd},
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/KST-Tools_TechRep_FWF01.pdf}},
}


@article{hockemeyer:02,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {A Comparison of Non--Deterministic Procedures for the
Adaptive Assessment of Knowledge},
journal = {Psychologische Beitr{\"a}ge},
year = {2002},
volume=44,
issue=4,
pages={495--503},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:jwcl03,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Competence Based Adaptive E-Learning in Dynamic Domains},
booktitle = {The Joint Workshop of Cognition and Learning through Media--Communication
for Advanced E-Learning (JWCL)},
editor = {Friedrich W. Hesse and Yasuhisa Tamura},
publisher = {{J}apanisch--{D}eutsches {Z}entrum {B}erlin (JDZB)},
month = {September},
year = {2003},
pages = {79--82},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:jwcl09,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {Multi--Modal Competence Assessment Based on Users' Performance
on Complex Tasks}, 
year = 2009,
month = {September},
publisher = {{J}apanisch--{D}eutsches {Z}entrum {B}erlin (JDZB)},
booktitle = {The Challenge of Demographic Change---Sustainable
Life--Long Learning and Digital Media},
}

@Techreport{hockemeyer:kstio,
	title = {kst{IO}: Knowledge Space Theory Input/Output},
	author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
	year = {2026},
	note = {R package version 0.5-0},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kstIO},
	institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.kstIO},
}

@Techreport{hockemeyer:kstmatrix,
	title = {kst{M}atrix: Basic Functions in Knowledge Space Theory
	         Using Matrix Representations},
	author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Peter Steiner and Wai Wong},
	year = {2026},
	note = {R package version 2.3-0},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kstMatrix},
	institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria},
    	doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.kstMatrix},
}

@Techreport{hockemeyer:cdss,
	title = {{CDSS}: Course--Dependent Skill Structures},
	author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
	year = {2025},
	note = {R package version 0.3-0},
	url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=CDSS},
	institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.CDSS},
}


@Techreport{hockemeyer:kstpy,
	title = {kstpy},
	author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
	year = {2025},
	note = {Python package version 1.0.0},
	url = {https://pypi.org/project/kstpy/},
	institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria},
}

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr22,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {{R} Packages for Knowledge Space Theory},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2022,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
url = {https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/Hockemeyer_KST-R.pdf},
}


@techreport{hockemeyer:tr24,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer},
title = {{R} Packages for Knowledge Space Theory},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2024,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {2nd ed.},
url = {https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/Hockemeyer_KST-R_v2.pdf},
}


@inproceedings{hockemeyer:icl99,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {The Adaptive Tutoring System {RATH}---a Prototype},
editor = {Michael E. Auer and Ursula Ressler},
booktitle = {{I}{C}{L}99 Workshop Interactive Computer aided
Learning: Tools and Applications},
year = 1999,
publisher = {Carinthia Tech Institute},
address = {Villach, Austria},
howpublished = {Published on CD--ROM},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:legewg02,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Adaptive e{L}earning and the Learning {GRID}},
editor = {Pierluigi Ritrovato and Saverio Salerno and Matteo
Gaeta},
booktitle = {1st {LEGE--WG} International Workshop on Educational
Models for {GRID} Based Services, Lausanne, Switzerland, 16
September 2002},
series = {Electronic Workshops in Computing ({eWIC})},
year = 2003,
publisher = {British Computer Society (BCS)},
address = {Wiltshire, UK},
}

@article{hockemeyer:98,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert and Silke Brandt},
title = {Surmise Relations Between Courses},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 42,
year = 1998,
pages = {508},
note = {Abstract of a talk presented at the 29th EMPG meeting,
Keele, UK, September 1998},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:ah04,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert and Luca Stefanuti
and D. Lewis and Owen Conlan},
title = {Adaptive Knowledge Services Based on Grid Architecture},
editor = {L. Aroyo and C. Tasso},
booktitle = { AH2004: Workshop Proceedings, Part II},
pages = {491--498},
year = 2004,
address = {Eindhoven, The Netherlands},
publisher = {Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Department of
Mathematics and Computer Science},
}

@article{hockemeyer:03,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Owen Conlan and Vincent Wade and
Dietrich Albert},
title = {Applying Competence Prerequisite Structures for
e{L}earning and Skill Management},
journal = {Journal of Universal Computer Science},
volume = 9,
year = {2003},
pages = {1428--1436},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:calisce98,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Theo Held and Dietrich Albert},
title = {{R}{A}{T}{H} --- A Relational Adaptive Tutoring
Hypertext {W}{W}{W}--Environment Based on Knowledge Space
Theory},
pages = {417--423},
editor = {Christer Alveg\aa{}rd},
booktitle = {{C}{A}{L}{I}{S}{C}{E}`98: Proceedings of the Fourth
International Conference on Computer Aided Learning in Science
and Engineering},
year = 1998,
month = jun,
publisher = {Chalmers University of Technology},
address = {G{\"o}teborg, Sweden},
isbn = {91-7197-683-3},
}

@inproceedings{hockemeyer:icwl09,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Alexander Nussbaumer and Erik L{\"o}vquist and
Annette Aboulafia and Dorothy Breen and George Shorten and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Applying a Web and Simulation--Based System for Adaptive
Competence Assessment of Spinal Anaesthesia},
editor = {Marc Spaniol and Qing Li and Ralf Klamma and Rynson
Lau},
booktitle = {Advances in Web--Based learning --- ICWL 2009},
year = {2009},
month = {8},
pages = {182--191},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
} 

@techreport{hockemeyer:tr01b,
author = {Cord Hockemeyer and Susanne P{\"o}tzi},
title = {Documentation of the libsrbi Library},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2001,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
}


@article{holzinger:09,
title = {Learning performance with interactive simulations in medical education: Lessons learned from results of learning complex physiological models with the {HAEMO}dynamics {SIM}ulator},
author = {Andreas Holzinger and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Sigi Wassertheurer and Michael Hessinger},
Journal = {Computers \& Education},
volume = 52,
year = 2009,
number = 2,
pages = {292--301},
}

@article{huang:16,
	author = {Xudong Huang and Scotty D. Craigb and Jun Xie and Arthur Graesser and Xiangen Hu},
	title = {Intelligent tutoring systems work as a math gap reducer in 6th grade after-school program},
	journal = {Learning and Individual Differences},
	volume = 47,
	year = 2016,
	month = {April},
	pages = {258--265},
}

@incollection{hu:falmagne13,
author = {Xiangen Hu and Yonghong Jade Xu and Charles Hall and
Kristin Walker and Theresa Okwumabua},
title = {A Potential Technological Solution for Reducing the
Achievement Gap Between White and Black Students},
pages = {79--92},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@incollection{idrissi:cano,
author = {Idrissi, M. K. and Hnida, M. and Bennani, S.},
year = 2017,
title = {Competency-Based Assessment: From Conceptual Model to Operational Tool},
editor = {E. Cano and G. Ion},
booktitle = {Innovative Practices for Higher Education Assessment and Measurement},
pages = {57--78},
address = {Hershey, PA},
publisher = {IGI Global},
}


@phdthesis{kambouri:diss,
author	={Kambouri, Maria},
year	=1991,
title	={Knowledge assessment: A comparison between human experts
and computerized procedure},
type	={{Doctoral Dissertation}},
school	={{New York University}}
}

@article{kambouri:94,
author	={Kambouri, Maria and Koppen, Mathieu and Villano, Mike and
Falmagne, Jean-Claude},
year	=1994,
title	={Knowledge assessment: Tapping human expertise by the
{QUERY} routine},
journal	={International Journal of Human--Computer--Studies},
volume	={40},
pages	={119--151}
}

@phdthesis{karner:diss,
author = {Michael L. Karner},
title = {An Analysis of the Effectiveness of {ALEKS} within a High School Mathematics Setting},
year = 2016,
type = {PhD thesis},
school = {Aurora University},
}

@inproceedings{khuwaja:its96,
author = {Ramzan Khuwaja and Michel Desmarais and Richard Cheng},
title = {Intelligent Guide: Combining User Knowledge Assessment
With Pedagogical Guidance},
booktitle = {Intelligent Tutoring Systems},
editor = {Frasson, Claude and Gauthier, Gilles and Lesgold, Alan},
isbn = {3-540-61327-7},
issn = {0302-9743},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
year = 1996,
volume = 1086,
pages = {225-233},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
address = {Berlin},
}

@phdthesis{kickmeier:diss,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust},
title = {Ontology-based, non-invasive interventions in educational computer games},
year = {2010},
type = {Dissertation},
school = {Universit{\"a}t Graz},
address = {Graz, Austria},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:icwl07,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and Dietrich Albert},
title = {The {E}{L}{E}{K}{T}{R}{A} Ontology Model: A
Learner--Centered Approach to Resource Description},
editor = {Howard Leung and Frederick Li and Rynson Lau and Qing Li},
booktitle = {Advances in Web--based Learning --- {ICWL} 2007},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = 4823,
pages = {78--89},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York, Heidelberg},
year = {2007},
}

@article{kickmeier:10,
	author = {Kickmeier-Rust, Michael D. and Albert, Dietrich},
	year = 2010, 
	title = {Micro-adaptivity: Protecting immersion in didactically adaptive digital educational games},
	journal = {Journal of Computer Assisted Learning},
	volume = 26,
	number = 2,
	pages = {95-105},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2729.2009.00332.x},
}

@article{kickmeier:12,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Educationally Adaptive: Balancing Serious Games},
journal = {International Journal of Computer Science in Sport},
volume = 11,
year = 2012,
number = {Edition 1 (Special Edition)]},
pages = {15--28},
}

@book{kickmeier:b12,
	editor = {Michael D. Kickmeier and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {An Alien’s guide to multi-adaptive educational computer games},
	year = 2012,
	address = {Santa Rosa, CA},
	publisher = {Informing Science Press},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:icalt12,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {A Domain Model for Smart 21st Century Skills Training in Game-Based Virtual Worlds},
	booktitle = {12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies},
	editor = {Ignacio Aedo and Rosa Maria Bottinoa and Nian-Shing Chen and Carlo Giovannella
	and Kinshuk and Demetrios G. Sampson},
	year = 2012,
	pages = {680--681},
	publisher = {IEEE Press},
	address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:hci-kdd13a,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Learning Analytics to Support the Use of Virtual Worlds in the Classroom},
	pages = {358--365},
	booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction and Knowledge Discovery in Complex, 
	Unstructured, Big Data: Third International Workshop, HCI-KDD 2013},
	editor = {Andreas Holzinger and Gabriella Pasi},
	year = 2013,
	publisher = {Springer},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = 7947,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:hci-kdd13b,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Using Hasse Diagrams for Competence-Oriented Learning Analytics},
	pages = {59--64},
	booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction and Knowledge Discovery in Complex, 
	Unstructured, Big Data: Third International Workshop, HCI-KDD 2013},
	editor = {Andreas Holzinger and Gabriella Pasi},
	year = 2013,
	publisher = {Springer},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = 7947,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:foe13,
	author = {Kickmeier-Rust, Michael D. and Albert, Dietrich},
	year = 2013,
	title = {Supporting formative assessment and appraisal by smart, competence-based, probabilistic systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on the Future of Education (FoE) 2013},
	pages = {253-257},
}

@incollection{kickmeier:reimann,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Competence-based knowledge space theory: Options for the 21st century classroom},
	editor = {P. Reimann and S. Bull and M.D. Kickmeier-Rust and R. Vatrapu and B. Wasson},
	booktitle = {Measuring and visualizing learning in the information-rich classroom},
	year = 2016,
	pages = {109--120},
	address = {New York},
	publisher = {Routledge},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:iwta16,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Support teachers' predictions of learning success by structural competence modelling},
	year = 2016,
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Teaching Analytics},
	pages = {35--39},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:msv16,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Visualizing competence models and individual learning paths},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Modelling, Simulation, and Visualization (MSV 2016)},
	year = 2016,
	pages = {180--184},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:ecgbl07,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer
and Thomas Augustin},
title = {Not breaking the narrative: Individualized competence assessment 
in educational games},
year = 2007,
editor = {Dan Remenyi},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Games Based Learning},
publisher = {Academic Conferences Ltd.},
address = {Reading, UK},
pages = {161--168},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:digitel08,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and Cord Hockemeyer and
Dietrich Albert and Thomas Augustin},
title = {Micro Adaptive, Non--Invasive Assessment in Educational
Games},
editor = {M. Eisenberg and Kinshuk and M. Chang and R. McGreal},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second IEEE International
Conference on Digital Games and Intelligent Toy Enhanced Learning
(DIGITEL)},
year = 2008,
pages = {135--137},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:icl08,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Birgit Marte and Stephanie B. Linek
and Tiphaine  Lalonde and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Learning with Computer Games: Micro Level Feedback and
Interventions},
editor = {M. E. Auer},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive
Computer Aided Learning (ICL)},
year = 2008,
address = {Kassel},
publisher = {Kassel University Press},
note = {CD--ROM publication}
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:fuitel07,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and Neil Peirce and Owen
 and Daniel Schwarz and Dominique Verpoorten and Dietrich
Albert},
title = {Immersive Digital Games: The Interfaces for
Next--Generation E--Learning},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {HCI} International 2007, 22--27
July 2007, Beijing},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York, Heidelberg},
year = {in press},
}

@incollection{kickmeier:sci11,
author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Christina M. Steiner and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Apt to adapt: Micro-- and macro--level adaptation in
educational games},
editor = {Thanasis Daradoumis and Santi Caball{\'e} and Angel A. Juan and 
Fatos Xhafa},
booktitle = {Technology--Enhanced Systems and Adaptation Methods for Collaborative
Learning Scaffolding},
year = 2011,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
series = {Studies in Computational Intelligence},
volume = 350,
pages = {221--238},
}

@inproceedings{kickmeier:visla15,
	author = {Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and Christina M. Steiner and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Uncovering learning processes using competence-based knowledge structuring and hasse diagrams},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Visual Aspects of Learning Analytics 
	             Co-Located with 5th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (LAK 2015)},
	year = 2015,
	pages = {36--40},
}


@phdthesis{koerner:diss,
author = {Christof K{\"o}rner},
title = {Comprehension of Visualized Ordered Sets --- An
Empirical Approach Based on the Theory of Knowledge Spaces},
year = 1998,
type = {Inauguraldissertation},
school = {Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"{a}}t Graz},
address = {Graz, Austria},
}

@inproceedings{koerner:kogwis01,
author    = {Christof K{\"o}rner},
title     = {Comprehension of Visualized Ordered Data Structures},
year      ={2001},
editor	={T. Arnold and C.S. Herrmann},
booktitle ={Cognitive {S}ystems \& {M}echanisms: KogWis 2001. Abstracts of the 5th {M}eeting of the {G}erman {C}ognitive {S}cience {S}ociety},
pages     ={91},
series    ={Leipzig {S}eries in {C}ognitive {S}ciences},
volume    = 2,
publisher ={Universit{\"a}tsverlag},
address   ={Leipzig},
}

@inproceedings{koerner:teap98,
author ={Christof K{\"o}rner and Dietrich Albert},
title  ={Experimentelle {U}ntersuchungen zur
{V}erst{\"{a}}ndlichkeit von {G}raphen},
pages = {193},
editor = {Harald Lachnit and Arthur Jacobs and Frank R{\"o}sler},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
{A}bstracts der 40. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen,
6.--9.  April 1998, Marburg, Germany},
year   ={1998},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@inproceedings{koerner:kallus,
author	  ={Christof K{\"o}rner and Dietrich Albert},
title	  ={Comprehension Efficiency of Graphically Presented Ordered Sets},
year	  ={2001},
editor	  ={K.W. Kallus and N. Posthumus and P. Jimenez},
booktitle   ={Current psychological research in {A}ustria. Proceedings of the
4th scientific conference of the Austrian Psychological Society ({\"O}GP)},
pages       ={179-182},
publisher   ={Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt},
address     ={Graz},
}

@inproceedings{kopeinik:icce12,
author = {Simone Kopeinik and Alexander Nussbaumer and Michael Bedek and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Using {CbKST} for Learning Path Recommendation in Game-based Learning},
booktitle = {{ICCE}2012: The $20^{th}$ International Conference on Computers in Education},
year = 2012,
}

@inproceedings{kopeinik:icalt14,
author = {Simone Kopeinik and Alexander Nussbaumer and Lisa--Christina Winter and Dietrich Albert
    and Aurora Dimache and Thomas Roche},
title = {Combining Self--regulation and Competence--based Guidance to personalise the Learning Experience in {M}oodle},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the $14^{\mbox{th}}$ International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2014},
year = 2014,
pages = {62--64},
}


@phdthesis{koppen:diss,
author	={Koppen, Mathieu},
title	={Ordinal Data Analysis: Biorder Representation and Knowledge
Spaces},
year	=1989,
type	={{Doctoral Dissertation}},
school	={{Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen}},
address	={Nijmegen, The Netherlands}
}

@article{koppen:93,
author	={Koppen, Mathieu},
year	=1993,
title	={Extracting human expertise for constructing knowledge spaces:
An algorithm},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={37},
pages	={1--20}
}

@incollection{koppen:fischer,
author	={Koppen, Mathieu},
title	={The construction of knowledge spaces by querying experts},
pages = {137--147},
editor = {Fischer, Gerhard H. and Laming, Donald},
booktitle = {Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psychometrics,
and Methodology},
year	=1994,
publisher = {Springer--{V}erlag},
address = {{New York}},
}

@article{koppen:98,
author = {Mathieu Koppen},
title = {On Alternative Representations for Knowledge Spaces},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
year = 1998,
volume = 36,
pages = {127--143},
}

@article{koppen:90,
author	={Koppen, Mathieu and Doignon, Jean-Paul},
year	=1990,
title	={How to build a knowledge space by querying an expert},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume	={34},
pages	={311--331}
}

@phdthesis{korossy:diss,
author	={Korossy, Klaus},
title	={Modellierung von {W}issen als {K}ompetenz und {P}erformanz},
translation = {Modeling Knowledge as Competence and Performance},
year	=1993,
type	={In\-au\-gu\-ral\-dis\-ser\-ta\-tion},
school	={{Fakult{\"a}t f{\"u}r Sozial-- und Verhaltenswissenschaften,
Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg}},
address	={Heidelberg, Germany}
}

@article{korossy:96,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {Kompetenz und {P}erformanz beim {L}{\"o}sen von
{G}eometrie--{A}ufgaben},
translation = {Competence and Performance Solving Problems
in Geometry},
year = 1996,
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Experimentelle {P}sychologie},
volume = {XLIII},
number = 2,
pages = {279--318}
}

@techreport{korossy:tr96,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {A Qualitative--Structural Approach to the Modeling of
Knowledge},
institution = {Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg},
type = {Bericht aus dem Psychologischen Institut},
year = 1996,
month = dec,
number = 83
}

@article{korossy:97,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {Extending the Theory of Knowledge Spaces: A
Competence--Performance Approach},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie},
year = 1997,
volume = 205,
pages = {53--82},
}

@inproceedings{korossy:teap97,
author ={Klaus Korossy},
title  ={{K}ompetenz und {P}erformanz beim {L}{\"o}sen von
{A}ufgaben aus der elementaren {T}eilbarkeitslehre},
pages = {371},
editor = {E. van der Meer and Th. Bachmann and R. Beyer and
C. Goertz and H. Hagendorf and B. Krause and W. Sommer and
H. Wandke and M Zie{\ss}ler},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
{A}bstracts der 39. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen,
24.--27 M{\"{a}}rz 1997, Berlin, Germany},
year   ={1997},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@article{korossy:98,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {Solvability and Uniqueness of Linear-Recursive Number
Sequence Tasks},
journal = {Methods of Psychological Research --- Online},
volume = 3,
number = 1,
year = 1998,
}

@incollection{korossya:alb99,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {Modeling Knowledge as Competence and Performance},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {103--132},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@incollection{korossyb:alb99,
author = {Klaus Korossy},
title = {Organizing and Controlling Learning Processes Within
Competence--Performance Structures},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {157--178},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@inproceedings{krausse:jwcl03,
author = {R{\"u}diger Krausse and Hermann K{\"o}rndle},
title = {The Electronic Exercise},
booktitle = {The Joint Workshop of Cognition and Learning through Media--Communication
for Advanced E-Learning (JWCL)},
editor = {Friedrich W. Hesse and Yasuhisa Tamura},
publisher = {{J}apanisch--{D}eutsches {Z}entrum {B}erlin (JDZB)},
month = {September},
year = {2003},
pages = {104--107},
}


@inproceedings{kremser:icl02,
author = {Mark Kremser},
title = {The Construction of an Intelligent Tutoring System for
Foreign Language English Learning},
booktitle = {Interactive computer aided learning ({ICL}) 2002.
International Workshop},
editor = {Michael Auer and Ursula Auer},
publisher = {Kassel University Press},
year = 2002,
}

@article{lagrange:21,
	author = {John D. LaGrange and Michael L. Ratliff},
	title = {Curriculum spaces and mathematical models for curriculum design},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2021,
	volume = {102},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102523},
}

@incollection{lakshminarayan:dowling,
author	={Lakshminarayan, Kamakshi and Gilson, Frank},
title	={An Application of a Stochastic Knowledge Structure Model},
editor	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Roberts, Fred S. and Theuns, Peter},
booktitle ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
series = {Scientific Psychology Series},
year	=1998,
pages	={155--172},
address	={Mahwah, NJ},
publisher={{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.}},
abstract={
A stochastic knowledge structure model is applied to data from two sections of
an LSAT previously
analyzed with the normal ogive model. The normal ogive model and its fit to
the data are examined. The stochastic knowledge structure model and the
knowledge structures resulting from it's application to the data are
examined.
},
}


@article{lee:14,
	author = {Sanghoon Lee and Saeid Belkasim and Iman Chafik
	Chahine and Mark S. Grinshpon},
	title = {A Web Application for the Knowledge Space Theory Analysis: {KST} {W}eb},
	journal = {International Journal of Engineering Research \& Technology (IJERT)},
	volume = 3,
	number = 9,
	year = 2014,
}

@article{ley:03a,
author = {Tobias Ley and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Identifying Employee Competencies in Dynamic Work
Domains: Methodological Considerations and a Case Study},
journal = {Journal of Universal Computer Science},
volume = 9,
issue = 12,
year = 2003,
pages = {1500--1518},
}

@article{ley:03b,
author = {Tobias Ley and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Kompetenzmanagement als formalisierbare {A}bbildung von
{W}issen und {P}ersonalwesen},
journal = {Wirtschaftspsychologie},
year = 2003,
volume={5},
number = {3},
pages = {86--93},
}

@inproceedings{ley:04,
author = {Tobias Ley and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Quality Criteria for Competency Assignments:
Examples from a Project Management Case Study},
editor = {P. Dadam and M. Reichert},
booktitle = {{INFORMATIK} 2004 --- {I}nformatik verbindet, {B}eitr{\"a}ge
der 34. {J}ahrestagung der {G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {I}nformatik e.\,{V}.
({GI}), Ulm, 20.--24. {S}eptember 2004},
volume = 2,
pages = {342--246},
year = 2004,
}

@incollection{ley:sicilia,
author = {Tobias Ley and Dietrich Albert and Stefanie
Lindstaedt},
title = {Competence Management using the Competence performance
Approach: Modeling, Assessment, Validation, and use},
editor = {M. A. Sicilia},
booktitle = {Competencies in Organizational E-learning: Concepts
and Tools},
pages = {83--119},
publisher = {Idea Group Inc.},
year = 2007,
}

@inproceedings{ley:wm05,
author = {Tobias Ley and Stefanie N. Lindstaedt and Dietrich
Albert},
title = {Supporting Competency Development in Informal Workplace
Learning},
booktitle = {Professional Knowledge Management: Third Biennial
Conference, WM 2005, Kaiserslautern, Germany, April 10-13, 2005},
editor = {Klaus-Dieter Althoff and Andreas Dengel and Ralph Bergmann
and Markus Nick and Thomas Roth-Berghofer},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = 3082,
year = 2005,
address = {Heidelberg},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
}

@article{ley:08,
	author={Tobias Ley and Armin Ulbrich and Peter Scheir and Stefanie N. Lindstaedt and Barbara Kump and Dietrich Albert},
	year={2008},
	title={Modeling competencies for supporting work-integrated learning in knowledge work},
	journal={Journal of Knowledge Management},
	volume={12},
	number={6},
	pages={31-47},
	note={doi: 10.1108/13673270810913603; 15},
	isbn={1367-3270},
	url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673270810913603},
	doi={10.1108/13673270810913603}
}

@techreport{lin:arxiv21,
	author = {Fucai Lin and Xiyan Cao and Jinjin Li},
	title = {The Language of Pre-Topology in Knowledge Spaces},
	howpublished = {Electronic Preprint 2111.14380, arXiv.org},
	year = 2021,
	url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.14380.pdf},
institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@inproceedings{lovquist:cate08,
author = {Erik L{\"o}vquist and Annette Aboulafia and Dorothy Breen and George Shorten and Dajie Zhang and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Designing a simulation supported assessment system architecture for spinal anesthesia},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the $11^{th}$ {IASTED} International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education ({CATE})},
year = 2008,
pages = {316--321}
}


@inproceedings{lugaric:mipro05,
author = {Lugaric, Luka and Kostanjcar, Zvonko and Petkovic, Tomislav},
title = {Using {ICT} for transfer of knowledge with application in solving technical science problems},
booktitle = {Proceedings of MIPRO 2005}, 
editor = {Mustac, Mladen and Dezeljin, Josip},
year = 2005,
pages = {84--89},
}

@inproceedings{lukas:DGP94a,
author = {Josef Lukas},
title = {Zur {A}bleitung von {W}issensstrukturen aus
{A}ufgaben--{F}{\"{a}}higkeits--{Z}uordnungen},
booktitle = {Bericht {\"u}ber den 39. Kongre{\ss} der {D}eutschen
{G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie in Hamburg 1994},
editor = {K. Pawlik},
year = 1994,
pages = {446},
publisher = {Hogrefe},
}

@inproceedings{lukas:teap96,
author ={Josef Lukas},
title  ={Die {O}rdnungsstruktur der wichtigsten {O}rdnungsrelationen},
pages = {195},
editor = {Angela Schorr},
booktitle = {Experimentelle {P}sychologie:
38. {T}agung experimentell arbeitender {P}sychologen,
1.--4.  April 1996, Marburg, Germany},
year   ={1996},
publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers},
address = {Lengerich, Germany},
}

@article{lukas:97,
author = {Josef Lukas},
title = {{M}odellierung von {F}ehlkonzepten in
{W}issensstrukturen},
translation = {Modeling Misconceptions in Knowledge Structures},
journal = {Kognitionswissenschaft},
volume = 6,
number = 4,
pages = {196--204},
year = 1997,
}

@incollection{lukas:strube,
author = {Josef Lukas and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Knowledge Assessment Based on Skill Assignment and
Psychological Task Analysis},
pages = {139--160},
booktitle = {The Cognitive Psychology of Knowledge},
editor = {Gerhard Strube and Karl F. Wender},
series = {Advances in Psychology},
volume = 101,
year = 1993,
publisher = {North--Holland},
address = {Amsterdam},
}

@incollection{lukas:alb99,
author = {Josef Lukas and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Knowledge Structures: What They Are and How They Can be
Used in Cognitive Psychology, Test Theory, and the Design of
Learning Environments},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {3--12},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@inproceedings{lukas:DGP94b,
author = {Josef Lukas and Dietrich Albert and Cornelia E. Dowling},
title = {Formale {M}odelle in der {W}issenspsychologie: {T}heorien ---
{M}ethoden --- {A}nwendungen},
booktitle = {Bericht {\"u}ber den 39. Kongre{\ss} der {D}eutschen
{G}esellschaft f{\"u}r {P}sychologie in Hamburg 1994},
editor = {K. Pawlik},
year = 1994,
pages = {446},
publisher = {Hogrefe},
}

@inproceedings{lynch:umap14,
author = {Danny J. Lynch and Colm P. Howlin},
title = {Uncovering Latent Knowledge: A Comparison of Two Algorithms},
booktitle = {User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization: 22nd International Conference, UMAP 2014, Aalborg, Denmark, July 7-11, 2014},
publisher = {Springer},
year = 2014,
pages = {363--368}
}

@article{marte:08,
author = {Birgit Marte and Christina M. Steiner and J{\"u}rgen
Heller and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Activity-- and taxonomy--based knowledge
representation framework},
journal = {International Journal of Knowledge and learning},
pages = {189--202},
year = {2008},
volume = 4,
}

@article{matayoshi:17,
	author = {Jeffrey Matayoshi},
	title = {On the properties of well-graded partially union-closed families},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 80,
	year = 2017,
	pages = {15--21},
	month = {October},
}

@article{matayoshi:21a,
	author = {Jeffrey Matayoshi},
	title = {Approximately counting and sampling knowledge states},
	journal = {British Journal of mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2021,
	volume = 75,
	pages = {293--318},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12257},
}


@article{matayoshi:21b,
author = {Jeffrey Matayoshi and Eric Cosyn and Hasan Uzun},
title = {Are We There Yet? Evaluating the Effectiveness
         of a Recurrent Neural Network-Based Stopping
         Algorithm for an Adaptive Assessment},
journal = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education},
year = 2021,
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00240-8},
doi = {doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00240-8}},
}

@article{matayoshi:22a,
author = {Jeffrey Matayoshi and Hasan Uzun},
title = {Learning, forgetting, and the correlation of knowledge in knowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 109,
year = 2022,
doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102674},
paages = {102674},
}

@article{matayoshi:22b,
	author = {Jeffrey matayoshi},
	title = {Approximately counting and sampling knowledge states},
	journal = {British Journal of mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2022,
	volume = 75,
	pages = {293--316},
	doi = {10.1111/bmsp.12257},
}


@article{math:11,
	author = {J{\'a}nos M{\'a}th and K{\'a}lm{\'a}n Abari},
	title = {Knowledge Spaces and Historical Knowledge in Practice},
	journal = {Applied Psychology in Hungary},
	volume = 2011,
	year = 2011,
	number = 1,
	pages = {126--152},
}

@inproceedings{mbatchou:celda18,
author = {Guy Mbatchou and Francois Bouchet and Thibault Carron and Pernelle Philippe},
title = {Proposing and evaluating a model of co-construction of the learning scenario by the learner},
booktitle = {15th International Conference Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA 2018)},
year = 2018,
}

@phdthesis{mbatchou:diss,
author = {Guy Mbatchou},
title = {Vers un modèle d’accompagnement de l’apprentissage dans les Learning Management Systems},
year = 2019,
school = {Sorbonne Universite, Paris},
}

@incollection{melero:csedu15,
	author = {Javier Melero and Naima El-Kechai and Amel Yessad and Jean-Marc Labat},
	title = {Adapting Learning Paths in Serious Games: An Approach Based on Teachers’ Requirements},
	editor = {S. Zvacek and M. Restivo and J. Uhomoibhi and M. Helfert},
	booktitle = {Computer Supported Education. CSEDU 2015},
	series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
	volume = 583,
	year = 2015,
	pages = {376--394},
	publisher = {Springer},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29585-5_22},
}

@InProceedings{melero:15,
	author="Melero, Javier
		and El-Kecha{\"i}, Na{\"i}ma
		and Labat, Jean-Marc",
	editor="Conole, Gr{\'a}inne
		and Klobu{\v{c}}ar, Toma{\v{z}}
	and Rensing, Christoph
		and Konert, Johannes
		and Lavou{\'e}, Elise",
		    title="Comparing Two CbKST Approaches for Adapting Learning Paths in Serious Games",
		    booktitle="Design for Teaching and Learning in a Networked World",
		    year="2015",
		    publisher="Springer International Publishing",
		    address="Cham",
		    pages="211--224",
}

@phdthesis{mertes:diss,
author = {Emily Sue Mertes},
title = {A mathematics education comparative analysis of {ALEKS} technology and direct classroom instruction},
type = {PhD thesis},
year = 2013,
school = {Bethel University, Ann Arbor, Arkansas},
}

@techreport{mollenhauer:pkscpp,
	author = {Julian Mollenhauer},
	year = 2021,
	title = {pks{C}pp},
	url = {https://github.com/jujupsy/pksCpp/},
	institution = {University of Tübingen, Germany},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.pksCpp},
}

@incollection{mueller:roskam,
author	={M\"uller, Cornelia E.},
year	=1989,
title	={A procedure for facilitating an expert's judgments on a set
of rules},
editor	={Roskam, Edward E.},
booktitle	={Mathematical Psychology in Progress},
pages	={157--170},
address	={Berlin},
publisher	={{Springer-Verlag}}
}

@techreport{mueller:tr91,
author	={M{\"u}ller, H. R. and Regenwetter, Michel},
title = {A Procedure for Facilitating an Expert's Judgments on a
Set of Rules},
year = 1991,
type = {Official final report of the research project:
{``Syst{\`e}mes dynamiques simul{\'e}s par ordinateur'',
MEN/IPE/87/009}},
institution = {Minist{\`e}re de l'Education Nationale,
Luxembourg},
note = {Copies available from Michel Regenwetter},
}

@incollection{nakamura:kes11,
	author={Yu Nakamura and Hiroshi Tsuji and Kazuhisa Seta and Kiyota Hashimoto and Dietrich Albert},
	editor={K\"onig, Andreas and Dengel, Andreas and Hinkelmann, Knut and Kise, Koichi and Howlett, Robert J. and Jain, Lakhmi C.},
	year={2011},
	title={Visualization of Learner's State and Learning Paths with Knowledge Structures},
	booktitle={Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: 15th International Conference, KES 2011, Kaiserslautern, Germany, September 12-14, 2011, Proceedings, Part IV},
	publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	address={Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany},
	pages={261-270},
	isbn={978-3-642-23866-6},
	url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23866-6_28},
	doi={10.1007/978-3-642-23866-6_28}
}


@phdthesis{narciss:diss,
author	={Narciss, S.},
year	=1994,
title	={Empirische {U}ntersuchungen zur kognitiven {R}epr{\"a}sentation
bewegungsstruktureller {M}erkmale. Ein wissenspsychologischer {A}nsatz zur
theoretischen {F}undierung des mentalen {T}rainings},
type	={{Dissertation}},
school	={{Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg, Germany}}
}

@incollection{narciss:alb99,
author = {Susanne Narciss},
title = {Application of Doignon and Falmagne's Theory of Knowledge
Structures to the Assessment of Motor Learning Processes},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {197--220},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@techreport{nasararxiv16,
  title={Knowledge Space Framework: An API for representation, persistence and visualization of knowledge spaces},
  author={Syed Nasar},
  year={2016},
  note = {Electronic Preprint arXiv:1612.02111, arXiv.org},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.02111},
  institution = {Arxiv.org},
}

@incollection{Nicotra2019,
author="Nicotra, Eraldo Francesco and Spoto, Andrea",
editor="Minati, Gianfranco and Abram, Mario R. and Pessa, Eliano",
title="Connections and Dissimilarities Among Formal Concept Analysis, Knowledge Space Theory and Cognitive Diagnostic Models in a Systemic Perspective",
bookTitle="Systemics of Incompleteness and Quasi-Systems",
year="2019",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="235--241",
abstract="In the early eighties of the last century three theories were independently developed in the fields of information science, mathematical psychology and cognitive psychology. In 1982 Rudolph Wille conceptualized a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy from a collection of objects and their properties: the Formal Concept Analysis. Such representation draws upon the order theory developed in 1937 by Birkhoff about the one-to-one correspondence between distributive lattices and partial orders. In 1985 Jean Claude Falmagne and Jean-Paul Doignon, starting from Birkhoff's theorem, developed a theory to represent the prerequisite relations among sets of problems in the field of knowledge assessment: The Knowledge Space Theory. In 1983 Kikumi Tatsuoka introduced the concept of a Q-Matrix defining the basis for the development of a skill based way for cognitive diagnosis: The Cognitive Diagnostic Models. It is an interesting issue how, so far, only few attempts to highlight similarities among these theories have been carried out. This research is aimed at pinpointing some of the main deterministic and probabilistic concepts that, even if named differently, are shared by the three theories.",
isbn="978-3-030-15277-2",
doi="10.1007/978-3-030-15277-2_17",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15277-2_17"
}


@Article{noventa:19,
	author="Noventa, Stefano and Spoto, Andrea and Heller, J{\"u}rgen and Kelava, Augustin",
	title="On a Generalization of Local Independence in Item Response Theory Based on Knowledge Space Theory",
	journal="Psychometrika",
	year="2019",
	volume = 84,
	issue = 2,
	pages = {395--421},
	abstract="Knowledge space theory (KST) structures are introduced within item response theory (IRT) as a possible way to model local dependence between items. The aim of this paper is threefold: firstly, to generalize the usual characterization of local independence without introducing new parameters; secondly, to merge the information provided by the IRT and KST perspectives; and thirdly, to contribute to the literature that bridges continuous and discrete theories of assessment. In detail, connections are established between the KST simple learning model (SLM) and the IRT General Graded Response Model, and between the KST Basic Local Independence Model and IRT models in general. As a consequence, local independence is generalized to account for the existence of prerequisite relations between the items, IRT models become a subset of KST models, IRT likelihood functions can be generalized to broader families, and the issues of local dependence and dimensionality are partially disentangled. Models are discussed for both dichotomous and polytomous items and conclusions are drawn on their interpretation. Considerations on possible consequences in terms of model identifiability and estimation procedures are also provided.",
	issn="1860-0980",
	doi="10.1007/s11336-018-9645-6",
	url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-018-9645-6"
}

@article{noventa:21,
title = {Some considerations on the factorization of state probabilities in knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {102},
pages = {102542},
year = {2021},
issn = {0022-2496},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102542},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249621000328},
author = {Stefano Noventa and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
keywords = {Knowledge Structure Theory, Factorization, State probabilities, Simple learning model}
}

@article{noventa:24a,
	author = {Noventa, Stefano and Ye, Sangbeak and Kelava, Augustin and Spoto, Andrea},
	title = {On the identifiability of 3- and 4-parameter item response theory models from the perspective of knowledge space theory},
	journal = {Psychometrika},
	year = 2024,
	doi = {10.1007/s11336-024-09950-z},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-024-09950-z},
}

@article{noventa:24b,
	author = {Noventa, Stefano and Heller, J{\"u}rgen and Kelava, Augustin},
	title = {Toward a unified perspective on assessment models, part I: Foundations of a framework},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 122,
	year = 2024,
	pages = {1--20},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102872},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102872},
}

@incollection{noventa:heller,
	author = {Stefano Noventa and J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {Probabilistic Knowledge Structures},
	pages = {27--51},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0002},
}


@incollection{nussbaumer:role,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Ingo Dahn and Sylvana Kroop and Alexander Mikroyannidis and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Supporting Self-Regulated Learning},
booktitle = {Responsive Open Learning Environments},
editor = {Sylvana Kroop and Alexander Mikroyannidis and Martin Wolpers},
year = 2015,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
pages = {17--48},
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:icl07,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Christian G{\"u}tl and Dietrich Albert},
year = 2007,
title = {Supporting Technology-enhanced Learning through Semi-automatic
Detection and Management of Skill and Competence Structures},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on
Interactive Computer aided Learning (ICL 2007), 26 . 28 September 2007,
Villach, Austria},
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:ed-media07,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Christian G{\"u}tl and Dietrich Albert},
year = 2007,
title = {Towards a Web Service for Competence-based Learning and Testing},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the World Conference on Educational Multimedia,
Hypermedia \& Telecommunications (ED-MEDIA 2007), 25-29 June 2007, Vancouver,
Canada},
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:i-know08,
	author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Christina Steiner and Dietrich Albert},
	title = {Visualisation Tools for Supporting Self--Regulated Learning through Exploiting Competence Structures},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {I--KNOW} '08 and {I--MEDIA} '08},
	pages = {288--295},
	year = 2008,
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:imcl09,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Christian G{\"u}tl and Dietrich Albert and Denis Helic},
title = {Competence-based Adaptation of Learning Environments in 3{D }Space},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning (IMCL 2009)},
year = 2009,
pages = {103--108},
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:imcl07,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Christian G{\"u}tl and Cord Hockemeyer},
year = 2007,
title = {A Generic Solution Approach for Integrating Adaptivity into Web-based
E-Learning Platforms},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference
on Interactive Mobile and Computer Aided Learning (IMCL 2007)},
address = {Amman, Jordan},
}

@article{nussbaumer:15,
author = {Alexander Nussbaumer and Eva-Catherine Hillemann and Christian G{\"u}tl and Dietrich Albert},
title = {A Competence--based Service for Supporting Self--Regulated Learning in Virtual Environments},
journal = {Journal of Learning Analytics},
volume = 2,
issue = 1,
year = 2015,
pages = {101--133},
}

@inproceedings{nussbaumer:inted19,
	author = {A. Nussbaumer and M. T. Maurer and S. Malicet and C. Steiner and D. Albert},
	title = {A novel approach and software component for supporting competence-based learning with serious games},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of INTED2019 Conference},
	year = 2019,
	pages = {6009--6015},
	publisher = {International Academy of Technology, Education and Development},
	doi = {10.21125/inted.2019.1469},
}

@article{park:24,
	author = {Park, Seung Won and Cho, Moon-Heum and Lim, Seongmi and Hwang, Seokwon},
	title = {Predicting students' negative emotions in college remedial mathematics courses},
	journal = {European Journal of Psychology of Education},
	year = 2024,
	volume = 39,
	number = 1,
	pages = {171--188},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00697-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10212-023-00697-2},
}

@article{perrucci:04,
author = {Vittore Perucci and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Franca
Agnoli},
title = {Identifying Solution Strategies in a Cube Comparison
Task Using a Knowledge Structure Approach},
journal = {Testing Psicometria Metodologia},
volume = 11,
number = 3,
pages = {163--189},
year=2004,
}

@inproceedings{pflueger:jcsg24,
	author = {Pfl{\"u}ger, Lauren Yannick and Brab{\"a}nder, Wolfgang Friedrich and Vogt, Sabrina and G{\"o}bel, Stefan},
	title = {Collaborative Knowledge Development: An Exploration of Knowledge Space Theory in Multiplayer Learning Games},
	booktitle = {Serious Games (JCSG 2024)},
        editor = {Jan L. Plass and Xavier Ochoa},
        series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
        volume = 15259,
        year = 2024,
        url = { https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74138-8_17},
        doi = { 10.1007/978-3-031-74138-8_17},
}

@article{pilato:08,
author = {Giovanni Pilato and Roberto Pirrone and Riccardo
Rizzo},
title = {A {K}{S}{T}--Based System for Student Tutoring},
journal = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {22},
year = 2008,
pages = {283--308},
}

@inproceedings{pilgerstorfer:icpc06,
author = {Monika Pilgerstorfer and Dietrich Albert and Daniela G.
Camhy},
title = {Considerations on Personalized Training in Philosophy
for Children},
booktitle = {Encouraging Philosophical Thinking: Proceedings of
the International Conference on Philosophy for Children in {G}raz,
{A}ustria},
editor = {Daniela G. Camhy and R. Born},
year = 2006,
pages = {85--89},
series = {{C}onceptus--{S}tudien},
volume = 17,
publisher = {Academia--Verlag},
address = {Sankt Augustin, Germany},
}

@techreport{poetzi:tr01a,
author = {Susanne P{\"o}tzi},
title = {Documentation of the libsrbt Library},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2001,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/libsrbt_TechRep_FWF01.pdf}},
}

@techreport{poetzi:tr01b,
author = { Susanne P{\"o}tzi and Gudrun Wesiak},
title = {{S}{R}b{T} Tools User Manual},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2001,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
note = {\url{https://resources.cord-hockemeyer.info/techreports/SRBT-Tools_TechRep_FWF01.pdf}},
}

@article{prediger:99,
author = {Susanne Prediger},
title = {Formal Concept Analysis for General Objects},
year = {to appear},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
}


@article{ptucha:94,
author	={Ptucha, J{\"u}rgen},
year	=1994,
title	={Kognitive {O}perationen beim {F}ortsetzen von {Z}ahlenfolgen: Eine
experimentelle {U}ntersuchung zur {T}heorie der {W}issensr{\"a}ume},
journal	={Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie},
volume	={202},
pages	={253--274}
}



@incollection{reddy:falmagne13,
author = {Alison Ahlgren Reddy and Marc Harper},
title = {{A}{L}{E}{K}{S}--based Placement at the {U}niversity of {I}llinois},
pages = {51--68},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@phdthesis{reed:diss,
	author = {Ann E. Reed},
	title = {The influence of adaptive instructional technology on student achievement in reading},
	year = 2017,
	school = {Capella University, Harold Abel School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, US},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1855157140},
}

@article{reimann:13,
  title =	{Problem solving learning environments and assessment:
		 {A} knowledge space theory approach},
  author =	{Peter Reimann and Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust and
		 Dietrich Albert},
  journal =	{Computers \& Education},
  year = 	2013,
  volume =	64,
  pages =	{183--193},
}

@inproceedings{richter:ecgbl24,
	author = {Katharina Richter and Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust and Dominik Tschirky},
	title = {Mastering the Game: How Level Structure and Game Elements Shape Competency Acquisition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Games Based Learning},
	editor = {Kristined Kilsa and Basaiawmoit, Rajiv Vaid},
	pages = {715--722},
	year = 2024,
}


@article{robusto:14,
author = {Egidio Robusto and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Extracting a knowledge structure from the data by a Maximum Residuals Method},
journal = {Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology},
year = 2014, 
volume =  21,
pages = {421-433},
}

@article{robusto:10,
author = {Egidio Robusto and Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi},
title = {The gain--loss model: A probabilistic skill multimap model for assessing learning processes},
journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},
year = 2010,
volume = 47,
number = 3,
pages = {373--394},
}

@book{rodenhausen:b11,
author = {Hermann Rodenhausen},
title = {Knowledge Description and Galois Correspondence: Practical Impact of a Structural Idea},
series = {Serie Mathematik},
year = 2011,
month = {May},
publisher = {Shaker Verlag},
address = {Herzogenrath},
}


@inproceedings{rusch:gfk95,
author = {Anja Rusch and Rudolf Wille},
title = {Knowledge Spaces and Formal Concept Analysis},
pages = {427--436},
editor = {Hans--Hermann Bock and Wolfgang Polasek},
booktitle = {Data Analysis and Information Systems},
series = {Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge
Organization},
publisher = {Springer--Verlag},
address = {Berlin, Germany},
year = {1996},
}

@article{sabo:13,
author = {Kent E. Sabo and Robert K. Atkinson and Angela L.
Barrus and Stacey S. Joseph and Ray S. Perez},
title = {Searching for the two sigma advantage: Evaluating
algebra intelligent tutors},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
volume = 29,
year = 2013,
pages = {1833--1840},
}

@phdthesis{sargin:diss,
  title =	"Data Analysis Methods in Knowledge Space Theory",
  author =	"Anatol Sargin",
  year = 	"2010",
  school = {Universit{\"a}t Augsburg, Germany},
  type = {PhD Thesis},
  abstract =	"This work deals with data analysis methods in
		 knowledge space theory (KST). In Chapter 2, the main
		 deterministic and probabilistic concepts of KST are
		 introduced. The data analysis methods, Inductive item
		 tree analysis (IITA) and its two enhancements,
		 corrected and minimized corrected IITA, are thoroughly
		 discussed. The IITA algorithms are compared in two
		 simulation studies and with real datasets. We introduce
		 maximum likelihood methodology for the IITA methods. It
		 is shown that these fit measures have several
		 asymptotic quality properties. The R package DAKS is
		 presented, and the use of the package's functions are
		 illustrated with examples. Finally, important
		 directions for future research are presented.; Die
		 vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit
		 datenanalytischen Verfahren in der Wissensraumtheorie.
		 Es werden die deterministischen und stochastischen
		 Grundlagen der Wissensraumtheorie eingef{\"u}hrt und
		 datenanalytische Verfahren analysiert. Schwerpunkt
		 hierbei sind die drei Inductive Item Tree Analysis
		 (IITA) Algorithmen, wobei zwei im Rahmen dieser
		 Dissertation eingef{\"u}hrt wurden. Die drei
		 IITA-Verfahren werden in Simulationsstudien und anhand
		 von realen Daten verglichen. Es wird Maximum-Likelihood
		 Theorie f{\"u}r die IITA-Verfahren vorgestellt und
		 gezeigt, dass es sich bei den vorliegenden
		 Fit-Ma{\ss}en um Maximum-Likelihood Sch{\"a}tzer, mit
		 einer Reihe positiver G{\"u}teeigenschaften, handelt.
		 Das im Rahmen der Dissertation entwickelte R Paket DAKS
		 wird vorgestellt und analysiert. Abschlie{\ss}end
		 werden m{\"o}gliche weitere Forschungsrichtungen
		 diskutiert.",
  URL =  	"http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1376;
		 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus-15281;
		 http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/1376/Diss_Sargin_Data_Analysis_Methods.pdf",
}

@article{sargin:09,
author = {Anatol Sargin and Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Inductive item tree analysis: Corrections, improvements, and comparisons},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
volume = 58,
year = 2009,
pages = {376--392},
}

@InProceedings{sargin:locarek,
	author="Sargin, Anatol and {\"U}nl{\"u}, Ali",
	editor="Locarek-Junge, Hermann and Weihs, Claus",
	title="The {R} Package {DAKS}: Basic Functions and Complex Algorithms in Knowledge Space Theory",
	booktitle="Classification as a Tool for Research",
	year="2010",
	publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
	address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
	pages="263--270",
	abstract="R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is available as free software and can easily be extended by user contributed packages. This paper introduces the R package DAKS (version 1.0-0) developed by the authors for the theory of knowledge spaces in psychometrics. Knowledge space theory provides a theoretical framework for the modeling, assessment, and training of knowledge. It utilizes the idea that some pieces of knowledge may imply others, and is based on order and set theory. The package DAKS contains general functions, for instance, for switching between different formulations in knowledge space theory, a simulation tool, a graph drawing device for Hasse diagrams, and several data analysis methods for detecting implications between test items.",
	isbn="978-3-642-10745-0"
}

@techreport{sargin:daks,
author = {Anatol Sargin and Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {{DAKS}: Data Analysis and Knowledge Spaces},
year = 2016,
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=DAKS},
institution = {Comprehensive R Archive Network},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.DAKS},
}


@book{schoonenboom:b07,
year = 2007,
editor = {Judith Schoonenboom and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Kevin
Keenoy and Mark Levene and Marta Turcsanyi-Szabo},
title = {Trails in Education: Technologies that
Support Navigational Learning},
address = {Rotterdam},
publisher = {Sense Publisher},
}

@phdthesis{schrepp:diss,
author	={Schrepp, Martin},
year	=1993,
title	={{\"{U}}ber die {B}eziehung zwischen kognitiven {P}rozessen und
{W}issensr{\"a}umen beim {P}robleml{\"o}sen},
translation = {On the Relationship between Cognitive Processes and
Knowledge Spaces for Problem Solving},
type	={{Dissertation}},
school	={{Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg, Germany}}
}

@article{schrepp:95a,
author	={Schrepp, Martin},
year	=1995,
title	={Modeling interindividual differences in solving letter
series completion problems.},
journal	={Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie},
volume	={203},
pages	={173--188}
}

@article{schrepp:95b,
author	={Schrepp, Martin and Held, Theo},
year	=1995,
title	={A simulation study concerning the effect of errors on the
establishment of knowledge spaces by querying experts},
journal	={Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 39,
pages = {376--382},
}

@article{schrepp:97,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {A Generalization of Knowledge Space Theory to Problems
with More Than Two Answer Alternatives},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
pages = {237--243},
volume = 41,
year = 1997,
}

@article{schrepp:98,
author = {Martin Schrepp and Klaus Korossy},
title = {{F}ehlkonzepte und {F}ehlkonzeptanwendungen bei
elementaren {A}ufgaben zum {V}ereinfachen von {B}ruchtermen},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r {P}sychologie},
year = 1998,
volume = 206,
pages = {47--73},
}

@article{schrepp:99a,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {Extracting knowledge structures from observed data},
journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical
Psychology},
year = 1999,
volume = {52},
pages = {213--224},
}

@article{schrepp:99b,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {On the empirical construction of implications between
bi-valued test items},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
volume = 38,
year = 1999,
pages = {361--375},
}

@incollection{schreppa:alb99,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {An Empirical Test of a Process Model for Letter Series
Completion Problems},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {133--154},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@incollection{schreppb:alb99,
author = {Martin Schrepp and Theo Held and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Component--based Construction of Surmise Relations for
Chess Problems},
editor = {Dietrich Albert and Josef Lukas},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Theories, Empirical Research,
Applications},
year = {1999},
pages = {41--66},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
}

@article{schrepp:01,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {A Method for Comparing Knowledge Structures Concerning
Their Adequacy},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 45,
year = 2001,
pages = {480--496},
}

@article{schrepp:02,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {Explorative Analysis of Empirical Data by Boolean
Analysis of Questionnaires},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r {P}sychologie},
year = 2002,
volume = 210,
pages = {99--110},
}

@article{schrepp:03,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {A method for the analysis of hierarchical dependencies
between items of a questionnaire},
journal = {Methods of Psychological Research --- Online},
volume = 19,
pages = {43--79},
year = 2003,
}

@article{schrepp:05,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {About the connection between knowledge
structures and latent class models},
journal = {Methodology},
volume = 1,
number = 3,
pages={92--102},
year=2005,
}

@article{schrepp:06a,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {Properties of the correlational agreement coefficient: A
comment to {\"U}nl{\"u} and {A}lbert (2004)},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
year = 2006,
volume = 51,
pages = {117--123},
}

@article{schrepp:06b,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {The use of configural frequency analysis for explorative
data analysis},
journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical
Psychology},
year = 2006,
volume = 59,
pages = {59--73},
}

@article{schrepp:07,
author = {Martin Schrepp},
title = {On the evaluation of fit measures for quasi--orders},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
volume = 53,
year = 2007,
pages = {196--208},
}

@article{schrepp:15,
author = {Martin Schrepp and Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title =  { On the Creation of Representative Samples of Random Quasi-Orders},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = 6,
year = 2015,
pages = {1791-1798},
}


@article{seffah:99,
author = {Ahmed Seffah and Michel Desmarais and Ramzan Khuwaja},
title = {Mastering Object--Oriented Technology using a
Self--Learning and Self--Assessment System},
journal = {Applications in Engineering Education Journal},
volume = 7,
number = 3,
pages = {162--170},
year = 1999,
}

@inproceedings{segedinac:sisy10,
author = {M. Segedinac and G. Savic and Z. Konjovic and M. Segedinac},
title = {Optimal counterexamples expectation based method for knowledge space construction},
booktitle = {$8^{th}$ International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY 2010)},
year = 2010,
pages = {273--278},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
}

@article{segedinac:22,
	author = {Milan Segedinac and Nemanja Milicevic and Milan Celikovic and Savic Goran},
	title = {A Neuroevolutionary Method for Knowledge Space Constriction},
	journal = {Computer Science and Information Systems},
	volume = 19,
	number = 2,
	year = 2022,
	pages = {763--781},
	doi = {10.2298/CSIS210820004S},
}



@article{serra:15,
author = {Francesca Serra and Andrea Spoto and Marta Ghisi and Giulio Vidotto},
title = {Formal Psychological Assessment in Evaluating Depression: A New Methodology to Build Exhaustive and Irredundant Adaptive Questionnaires},
journal = {PLOS one},
volume = 10,
number = 4,
pages = {e0122131},
year = 2015,
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122131},
}

@article{shi:25,
author = {Huihua Shi and Bo Wang and Ning Gan and Jinjin Li},
title = {On Informativeness and Reducibility in Competence Models},
journal = {Journal of mathematical Psychology},
volume = 127,
year = 2025,
pages = 102955,
}



@inproceedings{sitthisak:icsec13,
author = {Onjira Sitthisak and Lester Gilbert and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Learning in Moodle Using Competence--Based Knowledge Space Theory and {IMS QTI}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC 2013)},
year = 2013,
pages = {53--57},
publisher = {IEEE},
}

@inproceedings{sitthisak:icaai13,
author = {Onjira Sitthisak and Lester Gilbert and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Adaptive Learning Using an integration of competence model with Knowledge Space Theory},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International  Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics (ICAAI 2013)},
year = 2013,
pages = {199--202},
publisher = {IEEE},
}

@article{sitthisak:14,
	author = {Onjira Sitthisak and Lester Gilbert},
	title = {Integrating Competence Models with Knowledge Space Theory for Adaptive Assessment},
	journal = {International Journal of e--Assessment},
	volume = 1,
	number = 1,
	year = 2014,
}

@article{smith:13,
author = {Deborah Smith},
title = {{ALEKS}: An Artificial Intelligence-Based Distance Learning System},
journal = {Distance Learning},
volume = 10,
number = 3,
year = 2013,
pages = {51--66},
}

@article{spoto:18,
	author = {Andrea Spoto and Francesca Serra and Ivan Donadello and Umberto Granziol and Giulio Vidotto},
	title = {New Perspectives in the Adaptive Assessment of Depression: The {ATS-PD} Version of the {QuEDS}},

	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	volume = 9,
	pages = 1101,
	year = 2018,
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01101},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01101},
}

@article{spoto:20,
author = {Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {On the necessary and sufficient conditions for delineating forward-- and backward--graded knowledge structures from skill maps},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 99,
year = 2020,
}

@article{spoto:23,
	author = {Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {Empirical indistinguishability: From the knowledge structure to the skills},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	pages = {312-326},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12291},
	url = {https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bmsp.12291},
}


@article{spoto:10,
author = {Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti and Giulio Vidotto},
title = {Knowledge space theory, formal concept analysis, and computerized psychological assessment},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
year = 2010,
volume = 42,
number = 1,
pages = {342-350},
}

@article{spoto:12,
author = {Andrea Spoto and Luca Stefanutti and Giulio Vidotto},
title = {On the unidentifiability of a certain class of skill multi map based probabilistic knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 56,
number = 4,
year = 2012,
pages = {248--255},
}

@article{spoto:13a,
author = {Andrea Spoto and Gioia Bottesi and Ezio Sanavio and Giulio Vidotto},
title = {Theoretical Foundations and Clinical Implications of Formal Psychological Assessment},
journal = {Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics},
volume = 82,
year = 2013,
pages = {197--199},
}

@article{spoto:13b,
author = {Andrea Spoto and Giulio Vidotto and Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Skill map based knowledge structures: some
considerations about their identifiability},
pages = {73--80},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 42,
year = 2013,
}

@Article{spoto:16,
author="Spoto, Andrea and Stefanutti, Luca and Vidotto, Giulio",
title="An iterative procedure for extracting skill maps from data",
journal="Behavior Research Methods",
year="2016",
volume="48",
number="2",
pages="729--741",
abstract="The methodologies for the construction of a knowledge structure mainly refer to the query to experts, the skill maps, and the data-driven approaches. This last method is of growing interest in recent literature. In this paper, an iterative procedure for building a skill map from a set of data is introduced. This procedure is based on the minimization of the distance between the knowledge structure delineated by a given skill map and the data. The accuracy of the proposed method is tested through a number of simulation studies where the amount of noise in the data is manipulated as well as the kind of structure to be reconstructed. Results show that the procedure is accurate and that its performance tends to be sufficiently stable even with high error rates. The procedure is compared to two already-existing methodologies to derive knowledge structures from a set of data. The use of the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) as a stopping criterion of the iterative reconstruction procedure is tested against the app criterion introduced by Schrepp. Moreover, two empirical applications on clinical data are reported, and their results show the applicability of the procedure.",
issn="1554-3528",
doi="10.3758/s13428-015-0609-9",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0609-9"
}

@article{spoto:13c,
title = {Considerations about the identification of forward- and backward-graded knowledge structures},
author = {Spoto, Andrea  and Stefanutti, Luca  and Vidotto, Giulio},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year =  2013,
volume = 57,
number = 5, 
pages = {249-254},
}

@phdthesis{stahl:diss,
	author ={Christina Stahl},
	title = {Developing a Framework for Competence Assessment},
	year = 2008,
	school = {Vienna University of Economics and Business},
	type = {Unpublished Dissertation},
}

@Techreport{stahl:kst,
    title = {kst: Knowledge Space Theory},
    author = {Christina Stahl and David Meyer and Cord Hockemeyer},
    year = {2026},
    note = {R package version 0.5-5},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kst},
    institution = {Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.kst},
}



@inproceedings{stefanutti:mcf02,
author = {Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Construction of an Event Structure for Workflow Analysis
in an Austrian Competence Center},
booktitle = {14th Workshop of Marie Curie Fellows: Research
Training in Progress},
pages = 219,
year = 2002,
organization = {European Commission},
note = {Poster at the Marie Curie Workshop at Donostia--San
Sebastian, Spain, 28--30 November.},
}

@article{stefanutti:06,
author = {Luca Stefanutti},
title = {A logistic approach to knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical psychology},
volume = 50,
year = 2006,
pages = {545--561},
}

@article{stefanutti:08,
author = {Luca Stefanutti},
title = {A characterization of the concept of independence in knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2008,
volume = 52,
number = 4,
pages = {207--217},
}

@article{stefanutti:12a,
author = {Luca Stefanutti},
title = {Review of Learning Spaces: interdisciplinary applied mathematics},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 56,
number = 5,
year = 2012,
pages = {392--394},
}

@article{stefanutti:19,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti},
	title = {On the assessment of procedural knowledge: From problem spaces to knowledge spaces},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2019,
	volume = 72,
	pages = {185--218},
}

@inproceedings{stefanutti:iknow02,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Efficient Assessment of Organizational Action based on
Knoweldge Space Theory},
editor = {Klaus Tochtermann and Hermann Maurer},
booktitle = {2{${}^{\textrm{nd}}$} International Conference on
Knowledge Management},
series = {Journal of Universal Computer Science},
year = 2002,
pages = {183--190},
}

@inproceedings{stefanutti:iknow03,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Skill Assessment in Task Simulation},
booktitle = {3${}^{\textrm{rd}}$ International conference
on Knowledge Management, Graz, Austria, 2--4 July 2003},
editor = {Klaus Tochtermann and Hermann Maurer},
series = {Journal of Universal Computer Sciences},
year = 2003,
pages = {174--180},
}

@article{stefanutti:03b,
  author =     {Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert},
  title =      {Skill Assessment in Problem Solving and Simulated Learning Environments},
  abstract =   {Simulated learning environments provide an efficient means for improving 
                individual skills in specific problem solving and learning situations. 
				One crucial aspect of an optimal system for simulated training environments 
				is its capability to keep track of the improvements of the user along the 
				whole training process. In this paper we present a set-theoretical formal 
				framework that can be applied for the efficient assessment of the skills 
				of an individual in a simulated learning environment. The basic concept 
				underlying our approach is that of a functional skill mapping of the 
				simulated learning environment through problem spaces.},
  journal =    {Journal of Universal Computer Science},
  year =       2003,
  volume =     9,
  number =     12,
  pages =      {1455--1468},
}



@inproceedings{stefanutti:legewg04,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert and Cord
Hockemeyer},
title = {Structuring and Merging Distributed Content},
editor = {Theo Dimitrakos and Pierluigi Ritrovato},
booktitle = {4th International LeGE-WG Workshop - Towards a
European Learning Grid Infrastructure: Progressing with a
European Learning Grid},
series = {Electronic Workshops in Computing ({eWIC})},
year = {2004},
publisher = {British Computer Society (BCS)},
address = {Wiltshire, UK},
}

@incollection{stefanuttia:ritrovato,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Dietrich Albert and Cord
Hockemeyer},
title = {Structuring and Merging Distributed Content},
editor = {Pierluigi Ritrovato and Colin Allison and Stefano A.
Cerri and Theo Dimitrakosand Matteo Gaeta and Saverio Salerno},
booktitle = {Towards the Learning Grid: Advances in Human
Learning Services},
pages = {113--118},
year = 2005,
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {IOS Press},
series = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications},
volume = 127,
}

@article{stefanutti:20a,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Debora de Chiusole and Andrea Spoto},
title = {On the polytomous generalization of knowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2020,
volume = 94,
}

@article{stefanutti:25a,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Debora de Chiusole and Andrea Spoto and J{\"u}rgen Heller},
	title = {The BLIM, the DINA, and their polytomous extensions. Rejoinder to the Commentary by Chiu, Köehn and Ma},
	journal = {Psychometrica},
	year = 2025,
	doi = {10.1017/psy.2024.24},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/psy.2024.24},
}

@article{stefanutti:11,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Pasquale Anselmi and Egidio Robusto},
	title = {Assessing Learning Processes with the Gain--Loss Model},
	journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
	year = 2011,
	volume = 43,
	pages = {66--76},
}
@article{stefanutti:25b,
	title = {The assessment of global optimization skills in procedural knowledge space theory},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = {125},
	pages = {102907},
	year = {2025},
	issn = {0022-2496},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2025.102907},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249625000082},
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Brancaccio},
}
@incollection{stefanutti:heller,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Brancaccio and Debora de Chiusole},
	title = {Procedural KST and Problem Spaces},
	pages = {269--296},
	doi = {10.1142/9789811280481_0011},
	editor = {J{\"u}rgen Heller and Luca Stefanutti},
	booktitle = {Knowledge Structures: Recent Developments in Theory and Application},
	year = 2024,
	publisher = {World Scientific},
	address = {Singapore},
	series = {Advanced Series on Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 7,
}


@article{stefanutti:17,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole},
title = {On the Assessment of Learning in Competence based Knowledge Space Theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 80,
year = 2017,
pages = {22--32}
}

@article{stefanutti:21a,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole and Andrea
		Brancaccio},
	title = {Markov solution processes: Modeling human problem
		solving with procedural knowledge space theory},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	pages = {102552},
	volume = 103,
	year = 2021,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102552},
}

@article{stefanutti:20b,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole and Pasquale Anselmi and Andrea Spoto},
title = {Extending the basic local independence model to polytomous data},
journal = {Psychometrika},
year = 2020,
pages = {684--715},
volume = 85,
}

@article{stefanutti:20c,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Debora de Chiusole and Matthias Gondan and Alice Maurer},
title = {Modeling misconceptions in knowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2020,
volume = 99,
pages = {102435},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102435},
}


@article{stefanutti:12b,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Pasquale
Anselmi and Egidio Robusto},
title = {Assessing the local identifiability of probabilistic
knowledge structures},
journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
volume = 44,
year = 2012,
pages = {1197--1211},
}

@inproceedings{stefanutti:legewg03,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Derivation of Knowledge Structures for Distributed
Learning Objects},
editor = {Theo Dimitrakos and Pierluigi Ritrovato and Saverio Salerno},
booktitle = {3rd {LEGE--WG} International Workshop on
e--{L}earning and Grid Technologies,
Berlin, 3 December 2003},
series = {Electronic Workshops in Computing ({eWIC})},
year = {2003},
publisher = {British Computer Society (BCS)},
address = {Wiltshire, UK},
}

@incollection{stefanuttib:ritrovato,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Cord Hockemeyer and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Derivation of Knowledge Structures for Distributed
Learning Objects},
editor = {Pierluigi Ritrovato and Colin Allison and Stefano A.
Cerri and Theo Dimitrakosand Matteo Gaeta and Saverio Salerno},
booktitle = {Towards the Learning Grid: Advances in Human
Learning Services},
pages = {105--112},
year = 2005,
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {IOS Press},
series = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications},
volume = 127,
}

@article{stefanutti:03a,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Mathieu Koppen},
title = {A Procedure for the Incremental Construction of a
Knowledge Space},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = {2003},
volume = 47,
number = 3,
pages = {265--277},
}

@article{stefanutti:09,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Egidio Robusto},
title = {Recovering a Probabilistic Knowledge Structure by
Constraining its Parameter Space},
journal = {Psychometrika},
year = {2009},
volume = 72,
pages = {83--96},
}

@article{stefanutti:20d,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Spoto},
title = {BLIM's identifiability and parameter invariance under backward and forward transformations},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2020,
volume = 95,
}

@article{stefanutti:21b,
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Spoto},
	title = {On the empirical indistinguishability of knowledge structures},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2021,
	volume = 74,
	pages = {465--486},
	doi = {10.1111/bmsp.12235},
}

@article{stefanutti:25c,
	title = {Identifiability of the polytomous local independence model with graded knowledge structures},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = {128},
	pages = {102956},
	year = {2026},
	issn = {0022-2496},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2025.102956},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249625000574},
	author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Spoto},
	keywords = {Identifiability, Polytomous local independence model, Basic local independence model, Knowledge structure theory, Gradedness},
	abstract = {This article provides initial theoretical results concerning the identifiability of the polytomous local independence model (PoLIM), which is an extension of the basic local independence model (BLIM) to polytomous knowledge structures. It is well-known that the BLIM is not identifiable for graded knowledge structures. This is because there exist parameter transformations, named outcome preserving transformations, that leave unchanged the outcome of the prediction function of the model. In this article a twofold generalization is carried out. On the one side, we extend the notion of gradedness to polytomous structures, and, on the other side, we generalize the outcome preserving transformations to the case of polytomous items. These generalizations lead to the conclusion that the PoLIM is not identifiable for graded polytomous structures. This result generalizes a well-known one with the dichotomous structures. The role of equally informative items in the identifiability of the PoLIM is also investigated. The formal results are accompanied by a numerical example that applies those results to the PoLIM with a concrete polytomous structure that turns out to be graded.}
}
@article{stefanutti:23,
	author = {Stefanutti, Luca and Spoto, Andrea and Anselmi, Pasquale and de Chiusole, Debora},
	title = {Towards a competence-based polytomous knowledge structure theory},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = 115,
	pages = {102781},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2023.102781},
}

@article{stefanutti:18b,
author = {Luca Stefanutti and Andrea Spoto and Giulio Vidotto},
title = {Detecting and explaining {BLIM}'s unidentifiability: Forward and backward parameter transformation groups},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 82,
year =  2018,
pages = {38--51},
}

@inproceedings{steiner:icwl07,
author = {Christina Steiner and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Personalising Learning through Prerequisite Structures
Derived from Concept Maps},
booktitle = {Advances in Web Based learning --- ICWL 2007},
editor = {Howard Leung and Frederick Li and Rynson Lau and Qing
Li},
series = {lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = {4823},
pages = {45--54},
year = 2008,
}

@InProceedings{steiner:aied11,
  title =	{Competence-Based Knowledge Space Theory as a Framework
		 for Intelligent Metacognitive Scaffolding},
  author =	{Christina M. Steiner and Dietrich Albert},
  booktitle =	{Artificial Intelligence in Education---$15^{th}$
		 International Conference, {AIED} 2011},
  publisher =	"Springer",
  year = 	"2011",
  volume =	"6738",
  editor =	"Gautam Biswas and Susan Bull and Judy Kay and Antonija
		 Mitrovic",
  ISBN = 	"978-3-642-21868-2",
  pages =	"563--565",
  series =	"Lecture Notes in Computer Science",
  URL =  	"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_102",
}

@incollection{steiner:buzzetto07,
author = {Christina Steiner and Dietrich Albert and J�rgen
Heller},
title = {Concept Mapping as a Means to Build {E}--{L}earning},
booktitle = {Advance principles of Effective e--Learning},
editor = {Nicole A. Buzzetto--More},
address = {Santa Rosa, CA},
publisher = {Informing Science Press},
year = 2007,
pages = {59--111},
}

@incollection{steiner:seel,
author = {Christina M. Steiner and Birgit Marte and J{\"u}rgen
Heller and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Activity-- and taxonomy--based knowledge
representation},
editor = {N. M. Seel},
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Part 1},
pages = {80--83},
year = {2012},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Berlin},
}

@article{steiner:09,
	author={Christina M. Steiner and Alexander Nussbaumer and Dietrich Albert},
	year={2009},
	month={December 01},
	title={Supporting Self-Regulated Personalised Learning through Competence-Based Knowledge Space Theory},
	journal={Policy Futures in Education},
	volume={7},
	number={6},
	pages={645-661},
	abstract={This article presents two current research trends in e-learning that at first sight appear to compete. Competence-Based Knowledge Space Theory (CBKST) provides a knowledge representation framework which, since its invention by Doignon & Falmagne, has been successfully applied in various e-learning systems (for example, Adaptive Learning with Knowledge Spaces [ALEKS] and Enhanced Learning Experience and Knowledge Transfer [ELEKTRA]), providing automated personalisation to learners' current knowledge and competence levels. Principles of self-regulated learning (SRL), pioneered by, for example, Zimmerman, however, argue for increased learner control, thus resulting in giving learners greater responsibility over their e-learning. The research presented in this article shows that skill-based visualisations in the tradition of CBKST and SRL-based autonomy are in no way conflicting but rather complement each other towards an integrated approach of self-regulated personalised learning. The research has been carried out and technologically translated into a set of visual tools for supporting the whole learning cycle within the scope of the iClass project.},
	url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.6.645},
	doi={10.2304/pfie.2009.7.6.645}
}


@article{suck:94,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {A theorem on order extensions: Embeddability of a system
of weak orders to meet solvability constraints},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 38,
number = 1,
year = 1994,
pages = {128--134},
}

@comment{suck:97,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {The set of all knowledge spaces on a fixed item set:
Lattice theoretic properties and dimension related metric},
year = {1997},
note = {Submitted for publication},
}

@article{suck:98,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {Ordering Orders},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
volume = 36,
pages = {91--104},
year = 1998,
}

@article{suck:99a,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {The Basis of a Knowledge Space and a Generalized
Interval Order},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Abstract of a Talk presented at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA,
September 1998},
}

@article{suck:99b,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {A Dimension--Related Metric on the Lattice of Knowledge
Spaces},
year = 1999,
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 43,
pages = {394--409},
}

@article{suck:03,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {Parsimonious Set Representations of Orders, a
Generalization of the Interval Order Concept, and Knowledge
Spaces},
year = 2003,
journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume = 127,
number = 2,
pages = {373--386},
}

@article{suck:04,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {Set representation of orders and a structural equivalent
of saturation},
journal = {Journl of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 48,
number = 3,
year = 2004,
pages = {159--166},
}

@incollection{suck:dzhafarov,
author = {Reinhard Suck},
title = {Knowledge spaces regarded as set representations of
skill structures},
editor = {E. Dzhafarov and L. Perry},
booktitle = {Descriptive and Normative Approaches to Human
Behavior},
year = 2011,
pages = {249--270},
publisher = {World Scientific},
address = {London},
}

@article{suck:21,
title = {Skills first — An alternative approach to construct knowledge spaces},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = {101},
pages = {102517},
year = {2021},
issn = {0022-2496},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102517},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002224962100016X},
author = {Reinhard Suck},
keywords = {Set representations of partial orders, Basis of knowledge spaces, Order operations, Multiple items, Free fans}
}

@incollection{sullins:falmagne13,
author = {Jeremiah Sullins and Rob Meister and Scotty D. Craig
and William M. Wilson and Anna Baragliotti and Xiangen Hu},
title = {The Impact of a Mathematical Intelligent Tutoring
System on Students' Performance on Standardized High--Stake
Tests},
pages = {69--78},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@article{sun:21,
	author = {Wen Sun and Jinjin Li and Xun Ge and Yidong Lin},
	title = {Knowledge structures delineated by fuzzy skill maps},
	journal = {Fuzzy Sets and Systems},
	volume = 407,
	year = 2021,
	pages = {50--66},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fss.2020.10.004},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2020.10.004},
}

@article{sun:23,
	author = {Sun, Wen and Li, Jinjin and He, Zhaorong and Ge, Xun and Lin, Yidong},
	title = {Well--graded polytomous knowledge structures},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = 114,
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2023.102770},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249623000263},
}



@incollection{taagepera:falmagne13,
author = {M. Taagepera and R. D. Arasasingham},
title = {Using Knowledge Space Theory to
Assess Student Understanding of Chemistry},
pages = {115--128},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}


@article{taagepera:02,
author = {M. Taagepera and R. D. Arasasingham and F. Potter and A
Soroudi and G. Lam},
title = {Following the development of the bonding concept using
knowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Education},
volume = 79,
year = 2002,
pages = {756--762},
}

@article{taagepera:11,
author = {M. Taagepera and R. D. Arasasingham and S. King and F. Potter and
I. Martorell and D. Ford and J. Wu and A. M. Kearney},
title = {Imtegrating Symmetry in Stereochemical Analysis in
Introductory Organic Chemistry},
journal = {Chemical Education Research and Practice},
volume = 12,
year = 2011,
pages = {322--330},
}

@article{taagepera:00,
author = {Mare Taagepera and S. Noori},
title = {Mapping students' thinking patterns in learning organic
chemistry by the use of the kinowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Education},
volume = 77,
year = 2000,
pages = {1224--1229},
}

@article{taagepera:97,
author	={Taagepera, Mare and Potter, Frank and Miller, George E. and
Lakshminarayan, Kamakshi},
title = {Mapping Students' Thinking Patterns by the use of
Knowledge Space Theory},
journal = {International Journal of Science Education},
volume = 19,
pages = {283--302},
year = 1997,
}

@phdthesis{theuns:diss,
author	={Theuns, Peter},
year	=1992,
title	={Dichotomization methods in Boolean analysis of
co-occurrence data},
type	={{Doctoral Dissertation}},
school	={{Vrije Universiteit Brussel}},
address	={Brussels, Belgium}
}

@incollection{theuns:dowling,
author	={Theuns, Peter},
title	={Building a Knowledge Space Via Boolean Analysis of
		  Co--occurrence Data},
editor	={Dowling, Cornelia E. and Roberts, Fred S. and Theuns, Peter},
booktitle ={Recent Progress in Mathematical Psychology},
series = {Scientific Psychology Series},
year	= 1998,
pages	={173--194},
address	={Mahwah, NJ},
publisher={{Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.}},
}

@techreport{thiery:tr95,
author = {Nicolas Thi{\'e}ry and Eric Cosyn and Damien Lauly and
L.-J. Yu and Jean-Claude Falmagne},
title = {Knowledge Assessment via the Web},
institution = {Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Science, UC
Irvine},
year = 1995,
number = {MBS 95--18},
}

@phdthesis{thiery:diss,
author	={Nicolas Thi{\'e}ry},
year	= 2001,
title	={Dynamically Adapting Knowledge Spaces},
type	={{Doctoral Dissertation}},
school	={University of California at Irvine},
}

@phdthesis{uenlue:diss,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {The Correlational Agreement Coefficient {CA} and an
Alternative Kappa.},
year = 2004,
type = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation},
school = {Graz University of Technology},
address = {Graz, Austria},
}

@incollection{uenlue:janssen,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Analysis of multinomial response data: A measure for
evaluating knowledge structures},
editor = {J. Janssen and P. Lenca},
booktitle = {Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis},
pages = {296--304},
year = 2005,
address = {Brest, France},
publisher = {ENST Bretagne},
}

@article{uenlue:06,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Estimation of careless error and lucky guess
probabilities for dichotomous test items: A psychometric
application of a biometric latent class model with random
effects},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = {2006},
volume = 50,
pages = {309--328},
}

@article{uenlue:07a,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Nonparametric item response theory axioms and properties
under nonlinearity and their exemplification with knowledge space
theory},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 51,
year = 2007,
pages = {383--400},
}

@article{uenlue:08a,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {A note on monotone likelihood ratio of the total score
variable in unidimensional item response theory},
journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical
Psychology},
volume = 61,
year = 2008,
pages = {179--187},
}

@book{uenlue:b09,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {The correlational agreement coefficient {CA} and an
alternative $\kappa$},
publisher = {Cuvillier Verlag},
address = {G\"ottingen, Germany},
year = 2009,
}

@phdthesis{unlue:habil,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {Statistical and Probabilistic Contributions to the Theory of Knowledge Spaces},
school = {University of Augsburg, Germany},
type = {Habilitation thesis},
year = 2009,
}

@article{uenlue:11,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
title = {A Note on the Connection between Knowledge Structures
and Latent Class Models},
journal = {Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods},
year = {2011},
volume = 7,
pages = {63--67},
}

@article{uenlue:23,
	author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u}},
	title = {Qualitative motivation with sets and relations},
	journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = 13,
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993660},
	doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993660},
}


@article{uenlue:04,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Dietrich Albert},
title = {The Correlational Agreement Coefficient {CA} {$(\leq,{D})$} ---
a mathematical analysis of a descriptive goodness--of--fit measure},
journal = {Mathematical Social Sciences},
volume = 48,
year = 2004,
pages = {281--314},
}

@article{uenlue:07b,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Silke Brandt and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Corrigendum to "Surmise Relations between Tests ---
Mathematical Considerations": [{D}iscrete {A}pplied {M}athematics 127 (2003) 221--239]},
journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics},
volume = {155},
pages = {2401--2402},
year = 2007,
}

@techreport{uenlue:tr07,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Silke Brandt and Dietrich Albert},
title = {Test Surmise Relations, Test Knowledge Structures, and
their Characterizations},
institution = {Institute of Mathematics, University of Augsburg},
address = {Augsburg, Germany},
number = {035/2007},
year = 2007,
url = {https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/576},
}

@inproceedings{uenlue:compstat06,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Michael D. Kickmeier--Rust},
title = {Prediction of solvavility dependencies between dichotomous test items:
A local order--theoretic measure of association},
editor = {A. Rizzi and M. Vichi},
booktitle = {{COMPSTAT} 2006: Proceedings in Computational Statistics},
pages = {631--638},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {Springer},
year = 2006
}

@article{uenlue:08b,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Malik,  Wagas Ahmed},
title = {Psychometric data analysis: A size/fit trade--off
evaluation procedure for knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of Data Science},
volume = 6,
year = 2008,
pages = {491--514},
}

@techreport{uenlue:tr08,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Anatol Sargin},
title = {Maximum likelihood methodology for diff fit measures for quasi orders},
institution = {Institute of Mathematics, University of Augsburg},
address = {Augsburg, Germany},
number = {030/2008},
year = 2008,
url = {https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/1195},
}

@article{uenlue:09,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Anatol Sargin},
title = {Interactive visualization of assessment data: the
software package {M}ondrian},
journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
volume = 33,
year = 2009,
pages = {148--156},
}

@article{uenlue:10,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Anatol Sargin},
title = {{D}{A}{K}{S}: An {R} package for data analysis methods
in knowledge space theory},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
volume = 37,
issue = 2,
year = 2010,
pages = {1--31},
doi = {10.18637/jss.v037.i02},
} 

@inproceedings{unlue:cdag11,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Anatol Sargin},
title = {Mosaic displays for combinatorial psychometric models},
editor = {P. Cerchiello and C. Tarantola},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Classification and data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society},
address = {Pavia, Italy},
year = 2011,
}

@article{uenlue:13,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Anatol Sargin and M. Viehrig},
title = {Mosaics for visualizing knowledge structures},
journal = {Journal of data Science},
volume = 11,
year = 2013,
number = 3,
pages = {479--499},
}

@article{uenlue:16,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Martin Schrepp},
title = {Toward a Principled Sampling Theory for Quasi--Orders},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = 7,
year = 2016,
pages = {1656--1678},
note = {doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01656},
}

@article{uenlue:21,
	author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Martin Schrepp},
	title = {Generalized Inductive Item Tree Analysis},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	volume = 103,
	year = 2021,
	pages = 102547,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102547},
}

@incollection{uenlue:falmagne13,
author = {Ali {\"U}nl{\"u} and Martin Schrepp and J{\"u}rgen
Heller and Cord Hockemeyer and Gudrun Wesiak and Dietrich
Albert},
title = {Recent Developments in Performance--based Knowledge
Space Theory},
pages = {147--192},
editor = {Jean-Claude Falmagne and Dietrich Albert and
Christopher Doble and David Eppstein and Xiangen Hu},
booktitle = {Knowledge Spaces: Applications in Education},
year = 2013,
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
}

@techreport{unnewehr:tr92,
author	={Unnewehr, Johannes},
year	=1992,
title	={Benutzerhandbuch {P}rozeduren zur {W}issendiagnose},
translation = {User Manual Procedures for the Assessment of Knowledge},
pages	={1--39+5},
type	={{Bericht aus dem Psychologischen Institut}},
institution	={{Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg}},
number = 74,
url = {https://www.psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de/institutsberichte/DP/DP74.pdf},
}

@techreport{unnewehr:tr93,
author	={Unnewehr, Johannes},
year	=1993,
title	={{Knowledge Assessment Procedures 2.0}},
pages	={1--7+2},
type	={{Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projekt ``Wissensstruktur''}},
institution	={{Universit{\"a}t Heidelberg}}
}

@phdthesis{villano:diss,
author	={Villano, Mike},
year	=1991,
title	={Computerized knowledge assessment: Building the knowledge
structure and calibrating the assessment routine},
type	={{Doctoral Dissertation}},
school	={{New York University}},
address	={New York},
journal	={Dissertation Abstracts International},
volume	={552},
pages	={12B}
}

@inproceedings{villano:its92,
author	={Villano, Mike},
year	=1992,
title	={Probabilistic student models: Bayesian belief networks and
knowledge space theory},
booktitle	={Intelligent Tutoring System. Second International
Conference},
address	={New York},
publisher	={{Springer-Verlag}},
pages	={491--498},
series	={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}
}

@inproceedings{villano:iccal87,
author	={Villano, Mike and Falmagne, Jean-Claude and Johannesen, L. and
Doignon, Jean-Paul},
year	=1987,
title	={Stochastic procedures for assessing an individual's state
of knowledge},
booktitle	={Proceedings of the International Conference on
Computer-assisted Learning in Post-Secondary Education, Calgary
1987},
pages	={369--371},
address	={Calgary},
publisher	={{University of Calgary Press}}
}

@techreport{villano:tr92,
author	={Villano, Mike and Bloom, Charles},
year	=1992,
title	={Probabilistic student modeling with knowledge space theory},
number	={{Contract No. F33615-91-C-0002.}},
address	={Brooks AFB, TX},
institution	={{Technical Training Research Division, Human Resources
Directorate}}
}

@inproceedings{wang:chi17,
 author = {Wang, Shuhan and He, Fang and Andersen, Erik},
 title = {A Unified Framework for Knowledge Assessment and Progression Analysis and Design},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
 series = {CHI '17},
 year = {2017},
 isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9},
 location = {Denver, Colorado, USA},
 pages = {937--948},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3025453.3025841},
 doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025841},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
} 

@article{wang:22,
	author = {Wang, Bo and Li, Jinjin and Sun, Wen and Luo, Daozhong},
	title = {Notes on the polytomous generalization of knowledge space theory},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2022,
	volume = 109,
	pages = {1--5},
	doi = {10.1016/jmp.2022.102672},
}

@article{wang:23a,
	author = {Wang, Bo and Li, Jinjin and Sun, Wen},
	title = {Cd-polytomous knowledge spaces and corresponding polytomous surmise systems},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = 76,
	pages = {87--105},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12283},
	url = {https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bmsp.12283},
}

@article{wang:23b,
	author = {Wang, Bo and Li, Jinjin and Chen, Zhuoheng and Xu, Bochi and Xie, Xiaoxian},
	title = {A new type of polytomous surmise system},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2023,
	volume = 116,
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2023.102803},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249623000597},
}

@article{wang:24a,
	author = {Wang, Bo and Li, Jinjin},
	title = {Exploring well-gradedness in polytomous knowledge structures},
	journal = {Jounral of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2024,
	volume = 119,
	pages = {1--11},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102840},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102840},
}

@article{wang:25a,
	author = {Wang, Gongxun and Li, Jinjin and Xu, Bochi},
	title = {Constructing polytomous knowledge structures from L-fuzzy S-approximation operators},
	journal = {International Journal of Approximate Reasoning},
	year = 2025,
	volume = 179,
	pages = 109363,
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2025.109363},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijar.2025.109363},
}

@article{wang:25b,
	author = {Wang, Gongxun and Li, Jinjin and Wang, Bo and Tao, Chenyi},
	title = {Characterizing master fringes in competence-based knowledge space theory for personalized learning applications},
	journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
	year = 2025,
	pages = 102897,
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102897},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2024.102897},
}


@article{wang:25c,
	author = {Wang, Rohai and Xie Xiaojie and Huilai, Zhi},
	title = {Bi--Fuzzy {S}--Approximation Spaces},
	journal = {Mathematics},
	year = 2025,
	volume = 13,
	issue = 2,
	pages = 324,
	doi = {10.3390/math13020324},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/math13020324},
}

@article{wang:25d,
author = {Bo Wang and Jinjin Li and Bochi Xu and Wen Sun and Yingru Lin},
title = {An Alternative Attribute Map for Polytomous Assessment Structures},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 126,
year = 2025,
pages = 102941,
}

@article{wang:25e,
author = {Gongxun Wang and Jinjin Li and Jun-e Feng},
title = {The Dual and teh Complement of a Skill Function},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
volume = 127,
year = 2025,
pages = 102953,
}




@inproceedings{wesiak:kogwis01,
author    = {Gudrun Wesiak and Dietrich Albert},
title     = {Ordering Inductive Reasoning Tests based on Knowledge Space Theory},
year      ={2001},
editor	={T. Arnold and C.S. Herrmann},
booktitle ={Cognitive {S}ystems \& {M}echanisms: KogWis 2001. Abstracts of the 5th {M}eeting of the {G}erman {C}ognitive {S}cience {S}ociety},
pages     ={75-76},
series    ={Leipzig {S}eries in {C}ognitive {S}ciences},
volume    = 2,
publisher ={Universit{\"a}tsverlag},
address   ={Leipzig},
}

@inproceedings{wesiak:kallus,
author	  ={Gudrun Wesiak and Dietrich Albert},
title	  ={Knowledge Spaces for Inductive Reasoning Tests},
year	  ={2001},
editor	  ={K.W. Kallus and N. Posthumus and P. Jimenez},
booktitle   ={Current psychological research in {A}ustria. Proceedings of the
4th scientific conference of the Austrian Psychological Society ({\"O}GP)},
pages       ={157-160},
publisher   ={Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt},
address     ={Graz},
}

@phdthesis{wesiak:diss,
author = {Gudrun Wesiak},
title = {Ordering Inductive Reasoning Tests for Adaptive Knowledge Assessments: An Application of Surmise Relations between Tests},
year = 2003,
type = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation},
school = {Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"{a}}t Graz},
address = {Graz, Austria},
URL = {http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11780/3533},
note = {Available: http://psydok.sulb.uni-saarland.de/volltexte/2004/380},
}


@techreport{wickelmaier:pks,
author = {Florian Wickelmaier and J{\"u}rgen Heller and Julian Mollenhauer and Pasquale Anselmi},
title = {pks: Probabilistic Knowledge Structures},
year = 2024,
url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=pks},
institution = {University of Tübingen, Germany},
    doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.pks},
}

@article{wille:99a,
author = {Rudolf Wille},
title = {Mathematical Support for Empirical Theory Building},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Abstract of a Talk presented at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA,
September 1998},
}

@article{wille:99b,
author = {Rudolf Wille},
title = {Formal Concept Analysis},
year = {1999},
journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
volume = 2,
note = {Abstract of a Tutorial given at the OSDA98, Amherst, MA,
September 1998},
}


@inproceedings{winter:iiaiaai13,
author = {Lisa-Christina Winter and Dietrich Albert and Aurora Dimache and Simone Kopeinik and Attracta Brennan and Thomas Roche},
title = {Applying Pedagogical Approaches to Enhance Learning: Linking Self-Regulated and Skills-based Learning with support from Moodle Extensions},
year = 2013,
editor = {Tokuro Matsuo and Kiyota Hashimoto and Sachio Hirokawa},
booktitle = {{I}{I}{A}{I} {AAI} 2013 --- {IIAI} International Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics 2013},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
pages = {203--206},
}


@article{xie:24,
	author = {Xiaoxian Xie and Jinjin Li and Bo Wang},
	title = {Two-way concept-cognitive learning method: a perspective from progressive learning of fuzzy skills},
	journal = {International Journal of General Systems},
	pages = {1--35},
	year = {2024},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	doi = {10.1080/03081079.2024.2396859},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2024.2396859},
}

@article{xie:23,
	author = {Xiaoxian Xie and Weihua Xu and Jinjin Li},
	title = {A Novel Concept--Cognitive Learning Method: A Perspective from Competences},
	journal = {Knowledge--Based Systems},
	volume = 265,
	year = 2023,
	pages = {110382},
}

@article{xu:23,
author = {Xu, Bochi and Li, Jinjin and Sun, Wen and Wang, Bo},
title = {On delineating forward- and backward-graded knowledge structures from fuzzy skill maps},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2023,
volume = 117,
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2023.102819},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022249623000755},
}

@article{yang:12,
author = {Yang Yang and Howard Leung and LiHua Yue and LiQun Deng},
title = {Automatic Dance Lesson Generator},
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Learning Technoogies},
volume = 5,
number = 3,
pages = {191--198},
year = 2012,
}

@article{yoshikawa:16,
author = {Hiyori Yoshikawa and Hiroshi Hirai and Kazuhisa Makino},
title = {A Representation of Antimatroids by {H}orn Rules and its Application to Educational Systems},
journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology},
year = 2016,
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2016.09.002},
}

@inproceedings{zakaria:icalt15,
author = {Rim Zakaria and Imran A. Zualkernan},
title = {Using Knowledge Space Theory to Personalize Teaching for Groups of Students},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} $15^{\mbox{th}}$ International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies},
publisher = {{i}{E}{E}{E}},
year = 2015,
pages = {58--60},
}

@inproceedings{zaluski:primmath01,
author = {Andrej Zaluski},
title = {Knowledge Spaces {M}athematica Package},
booktitle = {{P}rim{M}ath 2001 --- {M}athematica u znanosti,
tehnologiji i obrazovanju [{M}athematica in Science Technology,
and Education] Conference, Zagreb, Sept. 27--28},
year = 2001,
pages = {287--325},
}

@techreport{zaluski:tr01,
author = {Andrej Zaluski},
title = {Knowledge Spaces {M}athematica Package},
institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Psychologie,
Karl--Franzens--Universit{\"a}t Graz, Austria},
year = 2001,
type = {Unpublished Technical Report},
}

@inproceedings{zhang:cbms08,
author = {Dajie Zhang and Dietrich Albert and Cord Hockemeyer and
Dorothy Breen and Zsuzsanna Kulcsar and George Shorten and
Annette Aboulafia and Erik L{\"o}vquist},
title = {Developing Competence Assessment Procedure for Spinal
Anaesthesia},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the $21^{\textrm{st}}$ IEEE International Symposium on
Computer--Based Medical Systems},
editor = {Seppo Puuronen and Mykola Pechenizkiy and Alexey
Tsymbal and Dah-Jye Lee},
year = 2008,
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
address = {Los Alamitos, CA},
pages = {397--402},
}

@inproceedings{zualkerman:icetc10,
author = {Imrand Zualkerman and Michel Pasquier and Maram M. Jibreel and Rim S. Zakaria and Rawan M. Tayem},
title = {An Adaptive Learning {RPG} Game--Engine Based on Knowledge Spaces},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the $2^{\mbox{nd}}$ International Conference on Education Technology and Computer},
year = 2010,
publisher = {IEEE},
pages = {V2-223--V2-227},
}
