Author: Daniel Padfield
Date: 2026-04-10

# Fitting many models with rTPC

#### Daniel Padfield

#### 2026-04-10

#### A brief example of how multiple models can be fitted to a single TPC using rTPC, nls.multstart, and the tidyverse.

## Things to consider

- How many data points do you have for each curve? To fit all of the 49 models in rTPC, there needs to be a minimum of 7 points per curve.
- If there are multiple individual curves to be fit, it makes sense to have your data in long format, where grouping variables (e.g. unique curve identifier), temperature and rate have their own columns.
- Are there negative rate values? If a curve that crosses the x axis, it might be beneficial to only consider models that are capable of modelling negative values.
- Are there specific parameters you are interested in? If so, it may be beneficial to only consider models that explicitly include that parameter in their formulation.

    # load packages
    library(rTPC)
    library(nls.multstart)
    library(broom)
    library(tidyverse)

    # write function to label ggplot2 panels
    label_facets_num <- function(string) {
      len <- length(string)
      string = paste('(', 1:len, ') ', string, sep = '')
      return(string)
    }

After searching the literature, rTPC contains 49 different model formulations previously used. The first vignette, demonstrated how to easily fit a single model to a single curve, here we will fit all 49 model formulations.

DISCLAIMER Although we fit all 49 model formulations, this is to demonstrate how they fit and their general shape, we do not recommend doing model selection on 49 model formulations. SERIOUSLY, PLEASE DO NOT DO THIS.

We can demonstrate the fitting procedure of the 49 model formulations by taking a single curve from the example dataset rTPC - a dataset of 60 TPCs of respiration and photosynthesis of the aquatic algae, Chlorella vulgaris. We can plot the data using ggplot2

    # load in data
    data("chlorella_tpc")

    # keep just a single curve
    d <- filter(chlorella_tpc, curve_id == 1)

    # show the data
    ggplot(d, aes(temp, rate)) +
      geom_point() +
      theme_bw(base_size = 12) +
      labs(
        x = 'Temperature (ºC)',
        y = 'Metabolic rate',
        title = 'Respiration across temperatures'
      )

When fitting multiple models, we take advantage of list columns and functionality provided by purrr. A great introduction to this is the “Many Models” Chapter of R for Data Science.

For a single curve, we nest the dataframe, creating a list column which contains the temperature and rate values. We then write a function that fits all models in a single curve and returns a tibble where each column is a different model use purrr::map() to fit all the models to the data that we will then pass to purrr. This is how we strongly recommend fitting multiple models using map() as it allows you to easily take advantage of the built-in progress bar functionality, and makes it easier to parallelise model fitting.

We use a gridstart approach when fitting the models with nls_multstart(). This method creates a combination of start parameters, equally spaced across each of the starting parameter bounds. This can be specified with a vector of the same length as the number of parameters, c(5, 5, 5) for 3 estimated parameters will yield 125 iterations.

You can see how silly our approach of fitting every model is because of how many lines of code it takes up!

    # write a function to fit all models
    fit_TPCs <- function(d, ...) {
      analytis <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ analytiskontodimas_2004(temp = temp, a, tmin, tmax),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'analytiskontodimas_2004'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'analytiskontodimas_2004'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'analytiskontodimas_2004'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'analytiskontodimas_2004'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ashrafi1 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ashrafi1_2018(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi1_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi1_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi1_2018'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi1_2018'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ashrafi2 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ashrafi2_2018(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi2_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi2_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi2_2018'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi2_2018'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ashrafi3 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ashrafi3_2018(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi3_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi3_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi3_2018'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi3_2018'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ashrafi4 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ashrafi4_2018(temp = temp, a, b, c, d),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi4_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi4_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi4_2018'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi4_2018'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ashrafi5 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ashrafi5_2018(temp = temp, a, b, c, d),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi5_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi5_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi5_2018'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ashrafi5_2018'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      atkin <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ atkin_2005(temp = temp, r0, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'atkin_2005'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'atkin_2005'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'atkin_2005'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'atkin_2005'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      beta <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ beta_2012(temp = temp, a, b, c, d, e),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'beta_2012'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'beta_2012'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'beta_2012'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'beta_2012'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      betasimple <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ betatypesimplified_2008(temp = temp, rho, alpha, beta),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'betatypesimplified_2008'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'betatypesimplified_2008'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'betatypesimplified_2008'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'betatypesimplified_2008'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      boatman <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ boatman_2017(temp = temp, rmax, tmin, tmax, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'boatman_2017'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'boatman_2017'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'boatman_2017'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'boatman_2017'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briere1 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briere1_1999(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1_1999'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1_1999'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'briere1_1999'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'briere1_1999'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briere1simple <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briere1simplified_1999(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1simplified_1999'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1simplified_1999'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1simplified_1999'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere1simplified_1999'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briere2 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briere2_1999(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2_1999'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2_1999'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'briere2_1999'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'briere2_1999'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briere2simple <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briere2simplified_1999(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2simplified_1999'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2simplified_1999'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2simplified_1999'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briere2simplified_1999'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briereextend <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briereextended_2021(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b, d),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextended_2021'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextended_2021'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextended_2021'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextended_2021'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      briereextendsimple <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ briereextendedsimplified_2021(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b, d),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextendedsimplified_2021'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextendedsimplified_2021'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextendedsimplified_2021'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'briereextendedsimplified_2021'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      delong <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ delong_2017(temp = temp, c, eb, ef, tm, ehc),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'delong_2017'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'delong_2017'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'delong_2017'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'delong_2017'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      deutsch <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ deutsch_2008(temp = temp, rmax, topt, ctmax, a),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'deutsch_2008'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'deutsch_2008'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'deutsch_2008'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'deutsch_2008'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      eubank <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ eubank_1973(temp = temp, topt, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'eubank_1973'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'eubank_1973'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'eubank_1973'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'eubank_1973'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      flextpc <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ flextpc_2024(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, rmax, alpha, beta),
        data = d,
        iter = c(5, 5, 5, 5, 5),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'flextpc_2024'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'flextpc_2024'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'flextpc_2024'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'flextpc_2024'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      flinn <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ flinn_1991(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(5, 5, 5),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'flinn_1991'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'flinn_1991'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'flinn_1991'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'flinn_1991'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      gaussian <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ gaussian_1987(temp = temp, rmax, topt, a),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussian_1987'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussian_1987'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussian_1987'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussian_1987'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      gaussianmodified <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ gaussianmodified_2006(temp = temp, rmax, topt, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussianmodified_2006'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussianmodified_2006'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussianmodified_2006'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'gaussianmodified_2006'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      hinshelwood <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ hinshelwood_1947(temp = temp, a, e, b, eh),
        data = d,
        iter = c(5, 5, 5, 5),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'hinshelwood_1947'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'hinshelwood_1947'
        ) +
          1,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'hinshelwood_1947'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'hinshelwood_1947'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      janisch1 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ janisch1_1925(temp = temp, m, a, topt),
        data = d,
        iter = c(5, 5, 5),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch1_1925'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch1_1925'
        ) +
          1,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch1_1925'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch1_1925'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      janisch2 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ janisch2_1925(temp = temp, m, a, b, topt),
        data = d,
        iter = c(5, 5, 5, 5),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch2_1925'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch2_1925'
        ) +
          1,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch2_1925'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'janisch2_1925'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      joehnk <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ joehnk_2008(temp = temp, rmax, topt, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'joehnk_2008'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'joehnk_2008'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'joehnk_2008'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'joehnk_2008'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      johnson_lewin <- suppressWarnings(nls_multstart(
        rate ~ johnsonlewin_1946(temp = temp, r0, e, eh, topt),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'johnsonlewin_1946'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'johnsonlewin_1946'
        ) +
          1,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'johnsonlewin_1946'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'johnsonlewin_1946'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      ))
      kamykowski <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ kamykowski_1985(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'kamykowski_1985'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'kamykowski_1985'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'kamykowski_1985'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'kamykowski_1985'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      lactin2 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ lactin2_1995(temp = temp, a, b, tmax, delta_t),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'lactin2_1995'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'lactin2_1995'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'lactin2_1995'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'lactin2_1995'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      lobry <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ lobry_1991(temp = temp, rmax, topt, tmin, tmax),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'lobry_1991'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'lobry_1991'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'lobry_1991'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'lobry_1991'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      mitchell <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ mitchell_2009(temp = temp, topt, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'mitchell_2009'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'mitchell_2009'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'mitchell_2009'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'mitchell_2009'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      oneill <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ oneill_1972(temp = temp, rmax, ctmax, topt, q10),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'oneill_1972'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'oneill_1972'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'oneill_1972'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'oneill_1972'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      pawar <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ pawar_2018(temp = temp, r_tref, e, eh, topt, tref = 15),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'pawar_2018'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'pawar_2018'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'pawar_2018'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'pawar_2018'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      quadratic <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ quadratic_2008(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'quadratic_2008'
        ) -
          0.5,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'quadratic_2008'
        ) +
          0.5,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'quadratic_2008'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'quadratic_2008'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      ratkowsky <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ ratkowsky_1983(temp = temp, tmin, tmax, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ratkowsky_1983'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ratkowsky_1983'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ratkowsky_1983'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'ratkowsky_1983'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      rezende <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ rezende_2019(temp = temp, q10, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'rezende_2019'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'rezende_2019'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'rezende_2019'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'rezende_2019'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      rosso <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ rosso_1993(temp = temp, rmax, topt, tmin, tmax),
        data = d,
        iter = c(3, 3, 3, 3),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'rosso_1993'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'rosso_1993'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'rosso_1993'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'rosso_1993'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      sharpeschoolfull <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~
          sharpeschoolfull_1981(
            temp = temp,
            r_tref,
            e,
            el,
            tl,
            eh,
            th,
            tref = 15
          ),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolfull_1981'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolfull_1981'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolfull_1981'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolfull_1981'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      sharpeschoolhigh <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ sharpeschoolhigh_1981(temp = temp, r_tref, e, eh, th, tref = 15),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolhigh_1981'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolhigh_1981'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolhigh_1981'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoolhigh_1981'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      sharpeschoollow <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ sharpeschoollow_1981(temp = temp, r_tref, e, el, tl, tref = 15),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoollow_1981'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoollow_1981'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoollow_1981'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'sharpeschoollow_1981'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      spain <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ spain_1982(temp = temp, a, b, c, r0),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'spain_1982'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'spain_1982'
        ) +
          1,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'spain_1982'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'spain_1982'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      stinner <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ stinner_1974(temp = temp, rmax, topt, a, b),
        data = d,
        iter = c(6, 6, 6, 6),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'stinner_1974'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'stinner_1974'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'stinner_1974'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'stinner_1974'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      taylorsexton <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ taylorsexton_1972(temp = temp, rmax, tmin, topt),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'taylorsexton_1972'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'taylorsexton_1972'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'taylorsexton_1972'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'taylorsexton_1972'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      thomas1 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ thomas_2012(temp = temp, a, b, c, tref),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'thomas_2012'
        ) -
          1,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'thomas_2012'
        ) +
          2,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'thomas_2012'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'thomas_2012'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      thomas2 <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ thomas_2017(temp = temp, a, b, c, d, e),
        data = d,
        iter = c(3, 3, 3, 3, 3),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'thomas_2017'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'thomas_2017'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'thomas_2017'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'thomas_2017'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      tomlinson <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ tomlinsonphillips_2015(temp = temp, a, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'tomlinsonphillips_2015'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'tomlinsonphillips_2015'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'tomlinsonphillips_2015'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'tomlinsonphillips_2015'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      warrendreyer <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ warrendreyer_2006(temp = temp, rmax, topt, a),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'warrendreyer_2006'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'warrendreyer_2006'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'warrendreyer_2006'
        ),
        upper = get_upper_lims(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'warrendreyer_2006'
        ),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )
      weibull <- nls_multstart(
        rate ~ weibull_1995(temp = temp, a, topt, b, c),
        data = d,
        iter = c(4, 4, 4, 4),
        start_lower = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'weibull_1995'
        ) -
          10,
        start_upper = get_start_vals(
          d$temp,
          d$rate,
          model_name = 'weibull_1995'
        ) +
          10,
        lower = get_lower_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'weibull_1995'),
        upper = get_upper_lims(d$temp, d$rate, model_name = 'weibull_1995'),
        supp_errors = 'Y',
        convergence_count = FALSE
      )

      return(tibble(
        analytis = list(analytis),
        ashrafi1 = list(ashrafi1),
        ashrafi2 = list(ashrafi2),
        ashrafi3 = list(ashrafi3),
        ashrafi4 = list(ashrafi4),
        ashrafi5 = list(ashrafi5),
        atkin = list(atkin),
        beta = list(beta),
        betasimple = list(betasimple),
        boatman = list(boatman),
        briere1 = list(briere1),
        brier1simple = list(briere1simple),
        briere2 = list(briere2),
        briere2simple = list(briere2simple),
        briereextend = list(briereextend),
        briereextendsimple = list(briereextendsimple),
        delong = list(delong),
        deutsch = list(deutsch),
        eubank = list(eubank),
        flextpc = list(flextpc),
        flinn = list(flinn),
        gaussian = list(gaussian),
        gaussianmodified = list(gaussianmodified),
        hinshelwood = list(hinshelwood),
        janisch1 = list(janisch1),
        janisch2 = list(janisch2),
        joehnk = list(joehnk),
        johnsonlewin = list(johnson_lewin),
        lobry = list(lobry),
        mitchell = list(mitchell),
        oneill = list(oneill),
        pawar = list(pawar),
        quadratic = list(quadratic),
        ratkowsky = list(ratkowsky),
        rezende = list(rezende),
        rosso = list(rosso),
        sharpeschoolfull = list(sharpeschoolfull),
        sharpeschoolhigh = list(sharpeschoolhigh),
        sharpeschoollow = list(sharpeschoollow),
        spain = list(spain),
        stinner = list(stinner),
        taylorsexton = list(taylorsexton),
        thomas1 = list(thomas1),
        thomas2 = list(thomas2),
        tomlinson = list(tomlinson),
        warrendreyer = list(warrendreyer),
        weibull = list(weibull)
      ))
    }

    # fit every model formulation in rTPC
    d_fits <- nest(d, data = c(temp, rate)) %>%
      mutate(
        mods = map(
          data,
          ~ fit_TPCs(d = .x),
          .progress = TRUE
        )
      ) %>%
      unnest(mods)

This gives us a dataframe with our grouping variables `curve_id`, `growth_temp`, `process`, and `flux` first (not used here, but demonstrate how this can be scaled to multiple curves). Next is our `data` column which contains our temperature and rate data. Then is a column for each of our models.

    glimpse(select(d_fits, 1:7))
    #> Rows: 1
    #> Columns: 7
    #> $ curve_id    <dbl> 1
    #> $ growth_temp <dbl> 20
    #> $ process     <chr> "acclimation"
    #> $ flux        <chr> "respiration"
    #> $ data        <list> [<tbl_df[12 x 2]>]
    #> $ analytis    <list> [function () , resid, function () , rhs, function () , for…
    #> $ ashrafi1    <list> [function () , resid, function () , rhs, function () , for…

Each column containing the model stores the actual model fit.

    d_fits$beta[[1]]
    #> Nonlinear regression model
    #>   model: rate ~ beta_2012(temp = temp, a, b, c, d, e)
    #>    data: data
    #>      a      b      c      d      e
    #>  1.132 36.671 33.113  1.682  1.407
    #>  residual sum-of-squares: 1.575
    #>
    #> Number of iterations till stop: 97
    #> Achieved convergence tolerance: 1.49e-08
    #> Reason stopped: Number of calls to `fcn' has reached or exceeded `maxfev' == 600.

The parameters from each model fit can be extracted using broom::tidy(). However, as each model has parameters with different meanings, this may not be very useful in this instance.

The predictions of each model can be estimated using broom::augment(). This can be done on all models at once after the models are stacked into long format. To create a smooth curve fit, the predictions are done on a new temperature vector that has 100 points over the temperature range. The predictions for each model formulation are then visualised in ggplot2.

    # stack models
    d_stack <- select(d_fits, -data) %>%
      pivot_longer(., names_to = 'model_name', values_to = 'fit', ashrafi1:weibull)

    # get parameters using tidy
    params <- d_stack %>%
      mutate(., est = map(fit, tidy)) %>%
      select(-fit) %>%
      unnest(est)

    # get predictions using augment
    newdata <- tibble(temp = seq(min(d$temp), max(d$temp), length.out = 100))
    d_preds <- d_stack %>%
      mutate(., preds = map(fit, augment, newdata = newdata)) %>%
      select(-fit) %>%
      unnest(preds)

    # plot
    ggplot(d_preds, aes(temp, rate)) +
      geom_point(aes(temp, rate), d) +
      geom_line(aes(temp, .fitted), col = 'blue') +
      facet_wrap(
        ~model_name,
        labeller = labeller(model_name = label_facets_num),
        scales = 'free',
        ncol = 5
      ) +
      theme_bw(base_size = 12) +
      theme(
        legend.position = 'none',
        strip.text = element_text(hjust = 0),
        strip.background = element_blank()
      ) +
      labs(
        x = 'Temperature (ºC)',
        y = 'Metabolic rate',
        title = 'Fits of every model available in rTPC'
      ) +
      geom_hline(aes(yintercept = 0), linetype = 2)

## Troubleshooting curve fits

If any of the fits do not converge properly, there are things you can try:

- Turning errors and warnings on using `supp_errors = 'N'` inside nls_multstart() should help identify potential problems.
- Change from the gridstart approach to the shotgun or latin hypercube approach of fitting models with nls_multstart()
- Change the boundaries of `start_lower` and `start_upper`. In most of these fits, we just +/- 10 from the output of get_start_vals(). Sometimes we had to change this value to +/- 1 to get reproducible fits. Or scaling the to be 0.5 times or 1.5 times the start values might help.
- Remove `lower` and `upper` arguments from the fitting process.

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