# Get Started

## Overview of TLG Programming

`tidytlg` provides a framework of creating TLG outputs for clinical study report. The TLG programming workflow includes the following steps:

- Prep environment: set up the R environment for the I/O paths.
- Process data: filter analysis data, perform data manipulation (e.g. convert character variable to factor), and define column variable.
- Generate results: create analysis rows of summary statistics (for tables) or plots (for graphs).
- Output results: output analysis results in designated format such as `rtf` or `html`.

We will illustrate the above steps by creating a demographic table first, and then follow by examples of creating listing and graph.

## Prep environment

To set up the R environment, you can set the path objects of the input folder and output folder consistently for all TLG programs. The analysis datasets and other required inputs such as the titles file and column metadata file are placed in the input folder, while the output folder will be used to store the output files. The `envsetup` package can be used to set up the R environment for TLG programming.

### titles and footnotes

The information for titles and footnotes for each TLG can be stored in an excel file called `titles.xls` (see below snapshot), which will be used later to create the outputs.

### Column metadata

Column metadata provides the column structure of the table layout and includes the following variables:

- `tbltype`: identifier used to group a table column layout
- `coldef`: distinct variable values used, typically numeric and typically a treatment variable, think `TRT01PN`
- `decode`: decode of `coldef` that will display as a column header in the table
- `span1`: spanning header to display across multiple columns (the lowest level)
- `span2`: spanning header to display across multiple columns, second level
- `span3`: spanning header to display across multiple columns, third level

Please see below for a snapshot of `column_metadata.xlsx`.

Different types of column layouts identified by different `tbltype` can be stored in an excel file called `column_metadata.xlsx`. Within each `tbltype`, the `coldef` variable defines the order of the column based on the column variable used for creating the output (typically the numeric treatment variable, `TRT01PN`, is used as the column variable). For example, there are 3 columns for `tbltype` = “type1” in the above snapshot and the column layout is defined as follows: the first column of summary statistics represents the treatment group of `TRT01PN = 0` with the column header of `Placebo` defined by `decode`, the second and third columns represent the `Low Dose` and `High Dose` groups respectively with the spanning header of `Xanomeline` defined by the `span1` variable.

Users can also include the column that is derived from combination of individual columns. For example, the `tbltype` of `type3` include the fourth column of combined `Low Dose` and `High Dose` as well as the fifth column of total group. Please see below for the snapshot of column headers defined by `type3`.

We will use the `adsl` data from the PHUSE Test Data Factory to illustrate the creation of a demographic table.

    # Prep Environment -------------------------------------------------------------
    library(dplyr)
    library(haven)
    library(tidytlg)

    # read adsl from PhUSE test data factory
    testdata <- "https://github.com/phuse-org/TestDataFactory/raw/refs/heads/main/Updated/TDF_ADaM/adsl.xpt"
    adsl <- read_xpt(url(testdata))

## Process data

Before generating analysis summary, the analysis data need to be processed first as shown in the code below.

    # Process Data -----------------------------------------------------------------
    adsl <- adsl %>%
      filter(ITTFL == "Y") %>%
      mutate(
        SEX = factor(
          SEX,
          levels = c("M", "F", "U"), labels = c("Male", "Female", "Unknown")
        )
      ) %>%
      tlgsetup(
        var = "TRT01PN",
        column_metadata_file = system.file(
          "extdata/column_metadata.xlsx",
          package = "tidytlg"
        ),
        tbltype = "type3"
      )

The above code perform the tasks below:

- filtering analysis population
- convert the `SEX` variable from character type to factor type. So all the factor levels of `SEX` will be displayed in the analysis summary even there are no records for the factor level of “Unknown”.
- create the column variable, `colnbr`, through the `tlgsetup` function call: `tlgsetup` is using the numeric treatment variable (e.g. `TRT01PN`) to match with `coldef` in column metadata defined by `column_metadata_file` and `tbltype` to create the column variable, `colnbr`, in `adsl` for reflecting the column layout. Please see the `vignette("tlgsetup")` for more details. The column variable, `colnbr`, will be used in the subsequent analysis function calls for creating analysis results.

If you need multiple analysis datasets for creating TLG, `tlgsetup` will need to be applied to each dataset. Therefore, you will have a consistent column variable of `colnbr` for creating analysis summary.

## Generate results

`tidytlg` provides 3 functions, `univar`, `freq`, and `nested_freq`, to generate analysis summary of descriptive statistics (univariate statistics and count (percentages)). For more details, please see the frequency analysis `vignette("freq")` and the univariate statistical analysis `vignette("univar")`.

    # Generate Results -------------------------------------------------------------

    ## Analysis set row
    t1 <- adsl %>%
      freq(
        colvar = "colnbr",
        rowvar = "ITTFL",
        statlist = statlist("n"),
        subset = ITTFL == "Y",
        rowtext = "Analysis set: ITT"
      )

    ## Univariate summary for AGE
    t2 <- adsl %>%
      univar(
        colvar = "colnbr",
        rowvar = "AGE",
        statlist = statlist(c("N", "MEANSD", "MEDIAN", "RANGE", "IQRANGE")),
        decimal = 0,
        row_header = "Age, years"
      )

    ## Count (percentages) for SEX
    t3 <- adsl %>%
      freq(
        colvar = "colnbr",
        rowvar = "SEX",
        statlist = statlist(c("N", "n (x.x%)")),
        row_header = "Gender"
      )

The above function calls generate the requested analysis rows for the table output sequentially and store the results in individual objects (i.e. `t1`, `t2`, `t3`). The next step is to combine analysis results into a single `tbl` dataframe through the `bind_table` function call.

    # Format Results ---------------------------------------------------------------

    tbl <- bind_table(t1, t2, t3,
      column_metadata_file = system.file(
        "extdata/column_metadata.xlsx",
        package = "tidytlg"
      ),
      tbltype = "type3"
    )

The above `bind_table` function call performs the following tasks:

- bind the analysis rows from `t1`, `t2`, `t3` into `tbl`
- add formatting variables (`indentme`, `newrows`, `newpage`), which will be used in the `gentlg` function call below for creating the output.
- attach the column metadata specified by `column_metadata_file` and `tbltype` as an attribute of the `tbl`. So the column header and the spanning headers (i.e. `decode`, `span1`, `span2`, `span3`) defined in the column metadata can be used automatically in the `gentlg` function call.

## Output results

The `tbl` data frame is the main input to the `gentlg` function for creating the RTF/HTML outputs.

The basic structure of `tbl` includes `label`, `col1`, `col2`, `...`, `coln`, where:

- `label`: row text displayed on the first column of the table
- `col1`: statistic results displayed on the second column of the table
- `col2`: statistic results displayed on the third column of the table.

All other columns contain formatting instructions to create the RTF/HTML outputs. For tweaking the formatting variables to customize the table layout, please see the `vignette("tbl_manipulation")` for more details.

    knitr::kable(tbl)

label | col1 | col2 | col3 | col4 | col5 | row_type | anbr | indentme | roworder | newrows | newpage
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Analysis set: ITT | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254 | HEADER | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0
Age, years |  |  |  |  |  | HEADER | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254 | N | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0
Mean (SD) | 75.2 (8.59) | 75.7 (8.29) | 74.4 (7.89) | 75.0 (8.09) | 75.1 (8.25) | VALUE | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0
Median | 76.0 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 77.0 | 77.0 | VALUE | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0
Range | (52; 89) | (51; 88) | (56; 88) | (51; 88) | (51; 89) | VALUE | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0
IQ range | (69.0; 82.0) | (71.0; 82.0) | (70.5; 80.0) | (71.0; 81.0) | (70.0; 81.0) | VALUE | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0
Gender |  |  |  |  |  | HEADER | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254 | N | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0
Male | 33 (38.4%) | 34 (40.5%) | 44 (52.4%) | 78 (46.4%) | 111 (43.7%) | VALUE | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0
Female | 53 (61.6%) | 50 (59.5%) | 40 (47.6%) | 90 (53.6%) | 143 (56.3%) | VALUE | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | VALUE | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0

The `gentlg` function call below will create the RTF output using the `tblid` as the file name in the folder defined by the `opath` argument. Please ensure that the `titles.xls` file contains the records of titles and footnotes for the specified `tblid`.

    tblid <- "Table01"

    gentlg(
      huxme = tbl,
      opath = file.path(working_dir),
      file = tblid,
      orientation = "landscape",
      title_file = system.file("extdata/titles.xls", package = "tidytlg")
    )[[1]]
    #> NULL

To create the html output, users need to specify the `format` argument as “HTML” and `print.hux` argument as `FALSE` in the `gentlg` call.

    gentlg(
      huxme = tbl,
      format = "HTML",
      print.hux = FALSE,
      file = tblid,
      orientation = "landscape",
      title_file = system.file("extdata/titles.xls", package = "tidytlg")
    )[[1]]

Table01:   Demographic and Baseline Characteristics; Intent-to-treat Analysis Set
| Xanomeline |
| Placebo | Low Dose | High Dose | Combined | Total
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Analysis set: ITT | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Age, years |  |  |  |  |
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Mean (SD) | 75.2 (8.59) | 75.7 (8.29) | 74.4 (7.89) | 75.0 (8.09) | 75.1 (8.25)
Median | 76.0 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 77.0 | 77.0
Range | (52; 89) | (51; 88) | (56; 88) | (51; 88) | (51; 89)
IQ range | (69.0; 82.0) | (71.0; 82.0) | (70.5; 80.0) | (71.0; 81.0) | (70.0; 81.0)
Gender |  |  |  |  |
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Male | 33 (38.4%) | 34 (40.5%) | 44 (52.4%) | 78 (46.4%) | 111 (43.7%)
Female | 53 (61.6%) | 50 (59.5%) | 40 (47.6%) | 90 (53.6%) | 143 (56.3%)
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
Key: IQ = interquartile
Note: N reflects non-missing values
[table01.html][] 21APR2026, 12:22

Users can also include superscripts, subscripts, or line breaks via `UNICODE`. Please see the `vignette("symbols")` for more details. Besides using `univar`, `freq`, and `nested_freq` functions to create the `tbl` dataframe, users can use other R packages to create analysis results and perform data wrangling to fit the `tbl` structure, which can be passed into the `gentlg` function call for generating the desired outputs.

## Listing programming

The above workflow can also be used to create listings. Users need to prepare the data and assign it to `tbl`. In the `gentlg` function, users need to pay attention to:

- specify the `tlf` argument to `Listing` (i.e. `tlf = "Listing"`)
- specify the `idvars` argument for identifying variables (such as treatment variable and `USUBJID`) where repeated values will be removed
- specify the `colheader` (column header) argument; if not specified, the column labels will be used as the column headers. For the below example, if `colheader` argument is not specified, some column headers will use variable names since these columns are newly created without labels.
- user has the option to control the column width by passing a vector of column width to the `wcol` argument. Please ensure that the length of the column width vector is the same as the number of columns in your data. For the example below, there are 8 columns in the data and users can specify customized column width such as `c(0.15, 0.10, 0.05, 0.15, 0.20, 0.15, 0.05, 0.05)` for the `wcol` argument to create the RTF output. However, for the HTML output shown here, the `wcol` argument can only take a single number as the column width and apply to every column.

    # Prep Environment -------------------------------------------------------------
    library(dplyr)
    library(haven)
    library(tidytlg)

    adsl <- cdisc_adsl
    adae <- cdisc_adae

    # Process Data -----------------------------------------------------------------
    adsl <- adsl %>%
      filter(SAFFL == "Y") %>%
      select(USUBJID, SAFFL, TRT01AN, TRT01A)

    adae <- adae %>%
      filter(SAFFL == "Y" & TRTEMFL == "Y") %>%
      mutate(
        BSPT = paste(AEBODSYS, "[", AEDECOD, "]"),
        SAEFL = if_else(AESER == "Y", "Yes", "No"),
        DTHFL = if_else(AEOUT == "FATAL", "Yes", "No")
      ) %>%
      select(USUBJID, ASTDY, TRTA, BSPT, AETERM, SAEFL, DTHFL)

    tbl <- inner_join(adsl, adae, by = "USUBJID") %>%
      arrange(TRT01AN, USUBJID, ASTDY) %>%
      select(TRT01A, USUBJID, ASTDY, TRTA, BSPT, AETERM, SAEFL, DTHFL) %>%
      filter(USUBJID %in% c("01-701-1015", "01-701-1023"))

    # Output Results ---------------------------------------------------------------
    gentlg(
      huxme = tbl,
      tlf = "l",
      format = "HTML",
      print.hux = FALSE,
      orientation = "landscape",
      file = "Listing01",
      title = "Listing of Adverse Events",
      idvars = c("TRT01A", "USUBJID"),
      wcol = 0.15,
      colheader = c(
        "Treatment Group",
        "Subject ID",
        "Study Day of AE",
        "Treatment Period",
        "Body System [Preferred Term]",
        "Verbatim Term",
        "Serious",
        "Fatal"
      )
    )[[1]]

Listing01:   Listing of Adverse Events
Treatment Group | Subject ID | Study Day of AE | Treatment Period | Body System [Preferred Term] | Verbatim Term | Serious | Fatal
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Placebo | 01-701-1015 | 2 | Placebo | GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION SITE CONDITIONS [ APPLICATION SITE ERYTHEMA ] | APPLICATION SITE ERYTHEMA | No | No
|  | 2 | Placebo | GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION SITE CONDITIONS [ APPLICATION SITE PRURITUS ] | APPLICATION SITE PRURITUS | No | No
|  | 8 | Placebo | GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS [ DIARRHOEA ] | DIARRHOEA | No | No
| 01-701-1023 | 3 | Placebo | SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS [ ERYTHEMA ] | ERYTHEMA | No | No
|  | 3 | Placebo | SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS [ ERYTHEMA ] | ERYTHEMA | No | No
|  | 3 | Placebo | SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS [ ERYTHEMA ] | ERYTHEMA | No | No
|  | 22 | Placebo | CARDIAC DISORDERS [ ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK SECOND DEGREE ] | ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK SECOND DEGREE | No | No
[listing01.html][] 21APR2026, 12:22

## Graph programming

To create the graph output, `tidytlg` provides a framework of integrating the PNG file with titles and footnotes for producing the RTF or HTML output.

In the `gentlg` function, users need to:

- specify the `tlf` argument to `g` for graph
- specify the `plotnames` argument with the full path of the PNG file
- define the `plotwidth` and `plotheight`: it’s advised here that users keep the aspect ratio of plot width and height approximately the same as the PNG image.

The code below will create the RTF output of the plot.

    # Prep Environment -------------------------------------------------------------
    library(dplyr)
    library(haven)
    library(ggplot2)
    #>
    #> Attaching package: 'ggplot2'
    #> The following object is masked from 'package:huxtable':
    #>
    #>     theme_grey
    library(tidytlg)

    # read adsl from PhUSE test data factory
    testdata <- "https://github.com/phuse-org/TestDataFactory/raw/refs/heads/main/Updated/TDF_ADaM/adsl.xpt"
    adsl <- read_xpt(url(testdata))

    tblid <- "Graph01"

    # Process Data -------------------------------------------------------
    adsl <- adsl %>%
      filter(ITTFL == "Y") %>%
      select(USUBJID, ITTFL, TRT01PN, TRT01P, AGE, SEX, HEIGHTBL, WEIGHTBL) %>%
      mutate(SEX = factor(SEX, levels = c("M", "F"), labels = c("Male", "Female")))

    # Generate Results -------------------------------------------------------------

    plot <- ggplot(data = adsl, aes(x = HEIGHTBL, y = WEIGHTBL)) +
      geom_point() +
      labs(
        x = "Baseline Height (cm)",
        y = "Baseline Weight (kg)"
      ) +
      facet_wrap(~SEX, nrow = 1)

    # create png file
    png(
      file.path(working_dir, paste0(tblid, ".png")),
      width = 2800, height = 1300, res = 300, type = "cairo"
    )

    plot
    #> Warning: Removed 1 row containing missing values or values outside the scale range
    #> (`geom_point()`).

    dev.off()
    #> png
    #>   2

    # Output Results ---------------------------------------------------------------

    gentlg(
      tlf = "g",
      plotnames = file.path(
        system.file("extdata", package = "tidytlg"), paste0(tblid, ".png")
      ),
      plotwidth = 10,
      plotheight = 5,
      orientation = "landscape",
      opath = file.path(working_dir), ,
      file = tblid,
      title_file = system.file("extdata/titles.xls", package = "tidytlg")
    )

## Metadata method

Besides building the table section-by-section as shown above, we can use the table metadata approach as an efficient alternative for generating outputs. Table metadata is a data frame describing the data, functions and arguments needed to produce your table results. The table metadata shown below can be used to create the same table output as above. Each row in the table metadata describes how a `tbl` chunk will be created by the function defined in the `func` column. The rest of the columns defines the arguments (i.e. `df`, `colvar`, `rowvar`, `statlist`, `rowtext`, `row_header`) that will be passed into the function.

Once table metadata is defined, users just need to call the `generate_results` function with the column metadata define in the `column_metadata_file` and `tbltype` arguments to create the `tbl` dataframe. In the processing data step, users don’t need to call `tlgsetp`, since `tlgsetup` is embedded within the `generate_results` function. That’s why we need to specify the column metadata in the `generate_results` call.

    library(dplyr)
    library(haven)
    library(tidytlg)

    # read adsl from PhUSE test data factory
    testdata <- "https://github.com/phuse-org/TestDataFactory/raw/refs/heads/main/Updated/TDF_ADaM/adsl.xpt"
    adsl <- read_xpt(url(testdata))

    # Process data
    adsl <- adsl %>%
      filter(ITTFL == "Y") %>%
      mutate(
        SEX = factor(
          SEX,
          levels = c("M", "F", "U"), labels = c("Male", "Female", "Unknown")
        )
      )

    # define table metadata
    table_metadata <- tibble::tribble(
      ~func, ~df, ~rowvar, ~decimal, ~rowtext, ~row_header, ~statlist, ~subset,
      "freq",
      "adsl", "ITTFL", NA, "Analysis set: ITT", NA, statlist("n"), "ITTFL == 'Y'",
      "univar", "adsl", "AGE", 0, NA, "Age (Years)", NA, NA,
      "freq", "adsl", "SEX", NA, NA, "Gender", statlist(c("N", "n (x.x%)")), NA
    ) %>%
      mutate(colvar = "TRT01PN")

    # Generate results
    tbl <- generate_results(table_metadata,
      column_metadata_file = system.file(
        "extdata/column_metadata.xlsx",
        package = "tidytlg"
      ),
      tbltype = "type3"
    )

    # Output results
    tblid <- "Table01"

    gentlg(
      huxme = tbl,
      format = "HTML",
      print.hux = FALSE,
      file = tblid,
      orientation = "landscape",
      title_file = system.file("extdata/titles.xls", package = "tidytlg")
    )[[1]]

Table01:   Demographic and Baseline Characteristics; Intent-to-treat Analysis Set
| Xanomeline |
| Placebo | Low Dose | High Dose | Combined | Total
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Analysis set: ITT | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Age (Years) |  |  |  |  |
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Mean (SD) | 75.2 (8.59) | 75.7 (8.29) | 74.4 (7.89) | 75.0 (8.09) | 75.1 (8.25)
Median | 76.0 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 77.0 | 77.0
Range | (52; 89) | (51; 88) | (56; 88) | (51; 88) | (51; 89)
IQ range | (69.0; 82.0) | (71.0; 82.0) | (70.5; 80.0) | (71.0; 81.0) | (70.0; 81.0)
Gender |  |  |  |  |
N | 86 | 84 | 84 | 168 | 254
Male | 33 (38.4%) | 34 (40.5%) | 44 (52.4%) | 78 (46.4%) | 111 (43.7%)
Female | 53 (61.6%) | 50 (59.5%) | 40 (47.6%) | 90 (53.6%) | 143 (56.3%)
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
Key: IQ = interquartile
Note: N reflects non-missing values
[table01.html][] 21APR2026, 12:22

## By processing

There are two types of by-processing that `tidytlg` functions can provide:

- `rowbyvar`: split the summary statistics of `rowvar` by other variable(s) specified in `rowbyvar`. Please see the by processing section of frequency analysis `vignette("freq")` for further details. The `rowbyvar` argument can also be used in the `univar` function. A typical use case is to summarize the lab values by parameter and analysis visit, where we can call the `univar` function with `rowvar = AVAL` and `rowbyvar = c("PARAM","AVISIT")`. It is advised in this use case to turn on the `.ord` argument (i.e. `.ord = TRUE`) in the `univar` function call. So the numeric sorting columns associated with the `by` variables (`PARAM_ord` and `AVISIT_ord`) can be created and used for sorting the interleaved summary results of `AVAL` and `CHG`.
- `tablebyvar`: the argument of `tablebyvar` is designed to facilitate the sub-group analysis, which repeats a table summary by the sub-group variable. A typical use case is the summary of demographics table by country. For creating the sub-group analysis version of the same table, we just need to add the argument of `tablebyvar` with the sub-group variable in each function call.

The code below provides an example of summarizing age and race by gender using `tablebyvar`.

    library(dplyr)
    library(haven)
    library(tidytlg)

    # read adsl from PhUSE test data factory
    testdata <- "https://github.com/phuse-org/TestDataFactory/raw/refs/heads/main/Updated/TDF_ADaM/adsl.xpt"
    adsl <- read_xpt(url(testdata))

    # Process data
    adsl <- adsl %>%
      filter(ITTFL == "Y") %>%
      mutate(SEX = factor(SEX, levels = c("M", "F"), labels = c("Male", "Female")))

    # define table metadata
    table_metadata <- tibble::tribble(
      ~func, ~df, ~rowvar, ~decimal, ~rowtext,
      ~row_header, ~statlist, ~subset, ~tablebyvar,
      "univar", "adsl", "AGE", 0, NA, "Age (Years)", NA, NA, "SEX",
      "freq", "adsl", "RACE", NA, NA,
      "Race", statlist(c("N", "n (x.x%)")), NA, "SEX"
    ) %>%
      mutate(colvar = "TRT01PN")

    # Generate results
    tbl <- generate_results(table_metadata,
      column_metadata_file = system.file(
        "extdata/column_metadata.xlsx",
        package = "tidytlg"
      ),
      tbltype = "type3"
    )

    # Output results
    tblid <- "Table01"

    gentlg(
      huxme = tbl,
      format = "HTML",
      print.hux = FALSE,
      file = tblid,
      orientation = "landscape",
      title_file = system.file("extdata/titles.xls", package = "tidytlg")
    )[[1]]

Table01:   Demographic and Baseline Characteristics; Intent-to-treat Analysis Set
| Xanomeline |
| Placebo | Low Dose | High Dose | Combined | Total
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Male |  |  |  |  |
Age (Years) |  |  |  |  |
N | 33 | 34 | 44 | 78 | 111
Mean (SD) | 73.4 (8.15) | 75.6 (8.69) | 74.1 (8.16) | 74.8 (8.37) | 74.4 (8.29)
Median | 74.0 | 77.5 | 77.0 | 77.0 | 77.0
Range | (52; 85) | (51; 88) | (56; 86) | (51; 88) | (51; 88)
IQ range | (69.0; 80.0) | (68.0; 82.0) | (69.0; 80.5) | (69.0; 81.0) | (69.0; 81.0)
Race |  |  |  |  |
N | 33 | 34 | 44 | 78 | 111
AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (0.9%)
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN | 3 (9.1%) | 0 | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (3.8%) | 6 (5.4%)
WHITE | 30 (90.9%) | 34 (100.0%) | 40 (90.9%) | 74 (94.9%) | 104 (93.7%)
Female |  |  |  |  |
Age (Years) |  |  |  |  |
N | 53 | 50 | 40 | 90 | 143
Mean (SD) | 76.4 (8.73) | 75.7 (8.09) | 74.7 (7.67) | 75.2 (7.88) | 75.7 (8.19)
Median | 78.0 | 77.5 | 76.0 | 76.0 | 77.0
Range | (59; 89) | (54; 87) | (56; 88) | (54; 88) | (54; 89)
IQ range | (70.0; 84.0) | (72.0; 81.0) | (72.0; 79.0) | (72.0; 81.0) | (72.0; 81.0)
Race |  |  |  |  |
N | 53 | 50 | 40 | 90 | 143
AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN | 5 (9.4%) | 6 (12.0%) | 6 (15.0%) | 12 (13.3%) | 17 (11.9%)
WHITE | 48 (90.6%) | 44 (88.0%) | 34 (85.0%) | 78 (86.7%) | 126 (88.1%)
Key: IQ = interquartile
Note: N reflects non-missing values
[table01.html][] 21APR2026, 12:22

In summary, `rowbyvar` is used to create the by-variable summary for one `rowvar` in a single function call. To perform sub-group analysis, users need to specify `tablebyvar` in every function calls except the analysis population row.