TY - RPRT AN - 01075091 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - U.S. 159 Missouri River crossing, Richardson Country, Nebraska to Holt County, Missouri : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075063 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Omaha Veterans Memorial Bridge, Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01075023 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed widening and reconstruction, I-75 from M-102 to M-59, Oakland County : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kansas Lane Connector : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074831 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-49 South, Lafayette Regional Airport to LA 88, Route US 90, Iberia, Lafayette, and St. Martin parishes : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate 64/Route 40 Corridor, City of St. Louis and St. Louis County : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft(2v), F(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074693 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Newberg-Dundee Transportation Improvement Project, Bypass Element location (tier 1), Yamhill County : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held:D, Final, Final Appendix(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/834087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074226 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 67 corridor project, Madison, Wayne and Butler counties : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073913 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Project I.D. 1390-04-00, Janesville to Watertown, STH 26, Rock, Jefferson, and Dodge counties, Wisconsin : environmental impact statement PY - 2005///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01033058 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Inspection Manual - 2005 Edition PY - 2005 SP - 112p AB - This manual is an update to the version issued in 2003. It provides specific information for the inspection of both highway and rail transit tunnels. Although several components are similar in both types of tunnels, a few elements are specific to either highway or rail transit tunnels and are defined accordingly. The manual is presented in five chapters. Chapter 1, Introduction, presents a brief history of the project development and outlines the scope and contents of the manual. Chapter 2, Tunnel Construction and Systems, defines the major tunnel systems and describes how they relate to both highway and rail transit tunnels. There are four sub-chapters on tunnel types, ventilation systems, lighting systems, and other systems/appurtenances. Chapter 3, Fundamentals of Tunnel Inspection, presents the basic steps that must be properly accomplished for the end product of the inspection to be useful to the tunnel owner for planning purposes. These steps, briefly stated, are inspector qualifications, responsibilities of the individual inspection team members and the tunnel owner, equipment/tools that may be required to perform the inspections, preparation, methods of access, and safety practices. Chapter 4, Inspection Procedures - General Discussion, presents recommended frequencies and specific defects to look for in each of the following categories: structural elements, mechanical systems, electrical systems, and other systems/appurtenances. Chapter 5, Inspection Documentation, offers suggestions on how to properly record the results of an in-depth inspection. KW - Access KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Inspection documentation KW - Inspection equipment KW - Inspectors KW - Lighting systems KW - Manuals KW - Occupational safety KW - Preparation KW - Procedures KW - Qualifications KW - Rail transit KW - Responsibilities KW - Tunnels KW - Types of tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/inspectman.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/790024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030778 AU - Bartholomew, Keith AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrating Land Use Issues into Transportation Planning: Scenario Planning PY - 2005///Summary Report SP - 34p AB - Over the past 15 years, land use-transportation scenario planning has become an increasingly common technique in regional and sub-regional planning processes. This study investigates the breadth of the technique and some of the themes that are emerging by reviewing 80 scenario planning projects from more than 50 metropolitan areas in the U.S. The study identifies the antecedents to current land use-transportation scenario planning, observes trends emerging from the recent examples, and explores whether the technique has entered the state of the practice in land use-transportation planning. The study provides references to an annotated bibliography and a digital library containing information on source data. KW - Land use planning KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Regional planning KW - State of the practice KW - Subregional planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://faculty.arch.utah.edu/bartholomew/SP_SummaryRpt_Web.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01029722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Revised Monograph on Traffic Flow Theory PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is an update and expansion of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) Special Report 165, "Traffic Flow Theory," published in 1975. The report consists of ten chapters, representing the most updated and unique compilation of knowledge in the field of traffic flow theories. These chapters are: (1) Introduction, (2) Traffic Stream Characteristics, (3) Human Factors, (4) Car Following, (5) Continuum Flow Models, (6) Macroscopic Flow Models, (7) Traffic Impact Models (safety, fuel consumption, and air quality), (8) Unsignalized Intersections, (9) Signalized Intersections, and (10) Traffic Simulation. Chapters 3 and 5 are two completely new chapters in this report. KW - Air quality KW - Car following KW - Continuum models KW - Continuum traffic flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Human factors KW - Macroscopic traffic flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/tft/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01026099 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wachs, Martin TI - What Are the Challenges to Creating Sustainable Transportation? How Can Transportation Systems Become More Sustainable? SN - 0309094186 PY - 2005 IS - 37 SP - pp 44-52 AB - The author assesses how transportation planners, policy makers, and public officials can take actions that will move us along a path toward sustainable transportation. He poses several questions concerning sustainability and transportation. Among these questions are the following: Can progress toward sustainability in transportation be achieved in the United States primarily through technological changes in vehicles, power trains, and fuels? Is it cost-effective to rely primarily on technological approaches? Can changes in statewide and metropolitan planning contribute in a meaningful way to sustainability? Can American society, through education and marketing, achieve a sufficient shift to more sustainable modes of transportation, including walking, cycling, and public transit use, to warrant an increasing focus on such strategies in our approach to sustainability? Can American transportation policy adopt more direct approaches to regulating travel choices and behavior? He believes that the answers to these questions will be the key to the sustainability debate that will characterize American transportation policy for many years to come. U1 - Conference on Introducing Sustainability into Surface Transportation PlanningTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationEnvironmental Protection AgencyBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20040711 EndDate:20040713 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Environmental Protection Agency KW - City planning KW - Modal shift KW - Mode choice KW - Regional planning KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/783402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01026098 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Black, William R TI - Sustainable Transport: Definitions and Responses SN - 0309094186 PY - 2005 IS - 37 SP - pp 35-43 AB - This paper was prepared in response to the two questions noted in the conference program: What are the ranges of definitions of sustainable transportation in practice today? How do these definitions affect how transportation sustainability is addressed? The first requires an inventory approach to what is out there and what has been in fashion in the way of definitions over the past 10 to 15 years. Those looking for consensus will probably not find it here. The second question is a little more difficult, if not impossible, to answer in a precise way. There are two reasons. First, we can't really say how something is being addressed if we have no general agreement on what it is. Second, the major purpose of this conference is to try to get sustainability types of notions into the transport planning process, and this suggests that at least up to now it has not been addressed. Therefore, before we examine the second question we will at least suggest some of the components of a sustainable transport system on the basis of the definitions and other literature. Given this background, we can then suggest some actions that have been taken toward making the transport system sustainable with regard to these components. U1 - Conference on Introducing Sustainability into Surface Transportation PlanningTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationEnvironmental Protection AgencyBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20040711 EndDate:20040713 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Definitions KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/783400 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01026097 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Integrating Sustainability into the Transportation Planning Process SN - 0309094186 PY - 2005 IS - 37 SP - 67p AB - The conference brought together 70 people from across the transportation, energy, environmental, land use, planning, and public policy communities?at national, state, and local levels and from the public and the private sectors?to exchange perspectives on the challenges and potential solutions to the challenges of integrating sustainability concerns into the transportation planning process. These conference proceedings contain the welcoming remarks by Jim Shrouds and David L. Greene, a brief summary of the keynote address by Thomas B. Deen, presentations on transportation sustainability indicators, reports on concurrent sessions and a panel discussion, summaries of the comments of the luncheon speakers Lewis Dale and Emil Frankel, a list of the posters from the poster session, and two resource papers. After the conference, the Transportation Research Board Committee for the Conference on Introducing Sustainability into Surface Transportation Planning convened to develop its findings, which were based largely on the presentations and discussion at the conference. The committee's findings and recommendations are included in these proceedings. They are organized into four sections: Issues of sustainability; Vision of a sustainable transportation system; State of the practice; and Strategies for integrating sustainability concepts into transportation planning. U1 - Conference on Introducing Sustainability into Surface Transportation PlanningTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationEnvironmental Protection AgencyBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20040711 EndDate:20040713 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Conferences KW - State of the practice KW - Strategic planning KW - Sustainable development KW - Sustainable transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/783395 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01025834 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings on the Web PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Safe Mobility for Older Americans PY - 2005 IS - 2 SP - 62p AB - The purpose of the conference was to review what had been accomplished in research and implementation since the publication of Transportation Research Board (TRB) Special Report 218, "Transportation in an Aging Society" (1988), and to identify future research and implementation needs for achieving safer mobility for older persons. The conference committee commissioned research papers to be presented and discussed at the conference, planned all aspects of the conference program, and met after the conference to review the information generated and to deliberate on its findings and recommendations for future research and program initiatives designed to meet the challenges ahead. The result of these activities is publication of two separate documents that together provide a comprehensive update to "Transportation in an Aging Society." The first, Conference Proceedings 27: "Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience" (TRB, 2004), contains the technical papers commissioned by the committee and presented at the conference. This companion document, "Safe Mobility for Older Americans," contains the committee's summary of research accomplishments during the past decade, committee recommendations, and a discussion of crosscutting issues. This document briefly introduces the problem: American is an aging society. As the proportion of older persons grows and they experience the functional declines that often accompany the aging process, their safe mobility will become a significant national issue. A discussion of the history of research in this area and suggestions concerning the future magnitude of potential safety issues based on census projections and current crash rates are included. These introductory materials are followed by a series of committee recommendations that build on those offered by Special Report 218. The committee developed its recommendations on the basis of its deliberations, analyses, and judgment. It drew on the wealth of information generated by the conference as well as on other sources. The recommendations are organized by topic area: strategic considerations, drivers, vehicles, roadway environment, and alternative transportation. Each section also addresses research needs for the specific area of inquiry. The chapter on crosscutting issues is presented to frame this complex discussion properly. Identifying and characterizing the safe mobility needs associated with older persons lead to an understanding that the issues cannot be isolated by discipline, organization, population segment, transportation mode, or any other taxonomy. This document concludes with a brief summary of the research recommendations offered by the individual authors of the technical papers. U1 - Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of ExperienceNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationNational Institute on AgingNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlEno Transportation FoundationAAA Foundation for Traffic SafetyBeverly FoundationTransportation Research BoardBethesda,Maryland,United States StartDate:19991107 EndDate:19991109 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, National Institute on Aging, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Eno Transportation Foundation, AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Beverly Foundation, Transportation Research Board KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Future research KW - Highway design KW - Mobility KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Vehicle design UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CPW2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/783300 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023611 AU - Bury, Mark A AU - Nmai, Charles AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Innovative Admixture Technology Facilitates Rapid Repair of Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 441-452 AB - Recent developments in admixture technology can dramatically modify and control both the rheological and hardened properties of concrete. Using the right combination of specific admixtures and appropriate mixture proportions are the first steps towards producing concrete with the desired performance attributes. For example, a system of innovative admixtures can now produce a novel concrete mix that facilitates the rapid repair of concrete pavements that permits opening to traffic within just 4 hours after concrete placement. This paper provides a description of the concrete system and its components, includes test data, and contains a review of successful projects, and demonstrations for local and national transportation agencies. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete placing KW - Hardness KW - Maintenance KW - Rheological properties KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778868 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023610 AU - Anandjiwala, Prafulbhai AU - Kalaniya, Yusuf AU - Sabnis, Gajanan M AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Development of High Performance Concrete Pavement Material: Recent Studies in India PY - 2005 SP - pp 474-484 AB - Cement concrete construction in today's developing countries is very common and the use of concrete is increasing day by day in many folds. Concrete is the most versatile material in today's world in the construction of buildings, bridges and roadwork etc. During the use of this high grade cement within last decade, pre-mature cracking was observed during construction in the western zone of the India as a result of the early setting coupled with high shrinkage cracks. These problems initiated this research to develop admixture presented herein. Rock Concrete Hardener (RCH) is a graded aggregate with metallic particles of chemically processed iron. It provides strength, durability and hard surface for the finished concrete. Metallic reaction of RCH in the mixture gives higher values in both compressive and flexural strengths as compared to the normal concrete and better performance. It is a specially designed component to produce high performance concrete economically with fly ash. As a result, the concrete thickness can be reduced for pavements, highways and other applications. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Cement KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - India KW - Iron KW - Pavement performance KW - Roads KW - Rock concrete hardener (RCH) KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780500 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023609 AU - Larson, Roger M AU - Smith, Kurt D AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Alternative Dowel Bars for Load Transfer in Jointed Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 415- 439 AB - Concerns over the long-term effectiveness of epoxy coatings of dowel bars have motivated some agencies to investigate the use of alternative dowel bar materials. Alternative dowel bars are either constructed of a non-corrodible material or contain a non-corrodible cladding for protection against corrosion. The need for a long-lasting dowel bar design has become even more acute as many highway agencies are exploring the development of long-life portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements, ones that are capable of providing service lives of 40, 50, or even 60 years. Under Test and Evaluation Project 30 (TE-30), High Performance Concrete Pavements (HPCP), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is exploring the applicability of innovative PCC pavement design and construction concepts, including the use of alternative dowel bars. Several projects incorporating alternative dowel bars have been constructed under that program, and interest in these projects is high. At the same time, the Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center (HITEC) is sponsoring an evaluation the HPCP projects that specifically compare the performance of 38-mm (1.5-in.) diameter fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite or Type 304 solid or concrete-filled tubes to standard epoxy-coated steel dowels. This paper summarizes some of the types of alternative dowel bars currently available for use in jointed concrete pavement (JCP) construction, describes some of their advantages and disadvantages, and reviews some of the recent field projects constructed under the TE-30 or related programs that incorporate alternative dowel bars. In addition, a brief summary of related laboratory or accelerated pavement testing on alternative dowel bars is provided. Recommendations for additional research and field testing are also presented. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Field tests KW - High performance concrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life KW - Test and Evaluation Project 30 (TE-30) KW - Tie bars KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778866 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023608 AU - Snyder, Mark B AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - An Evaluation of Cathodically Protected Dowels for Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 392-414 AB - Passive cathodic protection is an accepted form of corrosion protection that has now been applied to dowel bars in the form of a zinc alloy sleeve that is mechanically drawn tight over a carbon steel dowel. The zinc sleeve acts as a barrier to carbon steel corrosion and serves as a sacrificial anode in a system of cathodic protection. Samples of this dowel product were immersed in a 5% sodium chloride solution. Samples of competing metallic dowel products were tested side-by-side. Within 24 hours, iron corrosion products were visible in all test beakers except for the ones containing the zinc alloy-sleeved dowels. The test was continued for 12 weeks with weekly measurement of iron loss (and zinc loss, where applicable). The cathodically protected dowels exhibited no significant iron loss while the epoxy-coated bars lost 40-90 times as much iron. The stainless steel-sleeved bars lost 5 to 6 times more iron than did the epoxy-coated bars due to a reverse cathodic protection effect. Dowel pullout tests were performed at an independent laboratory. The results suggest that the zinc alloy-sleeved product meets typical pullout test requirements without a lubricant or coating of any type. Accelerated load testing in pavement test slabs is underway and preliminary results look good. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Carbon steel KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Measurement KW - Sacrificial anodes KW - Slabs KW - Sleeves (Electricity) KW - Sodium chloride KW - Tie bars KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778860 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023607 AU - Delatte, Norbert Joseph AU - Amer, Nader AU - Storey, Chris AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Effect of Density on Strength and Freeze-Thaw Durability of Roller Compacted Concrete PY - 2005 SP - pp 268-282 AB - Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a durable, economical, low-maintenance material for low speed heavy duty paving applications. However, it is difficult to prepare laboratory specimens to represent field performance, because RCC is very dry and requires considerable compactive effort to achieve field densities. The gyratory compactor, commonly used to prepare hot mix asphalt specimens, may be used in preparing specimens for laboratory testing. Materials and mix designs from two industrial paving projects were used to prepare specimens for comparison. Results indicated that the gyratory compactor produced specimens with mechanical properties consistent with those achieved in the field. Specimens had high strength and consistent density, with low variability. Laboratory specimens achieved density and strength comparable with cores extracted from field test strips. The effects of water-cement ratio and degree of compaction on the freeze-thaw resistance of gyratory compacted RCC were also investigated. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Economical KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low maintenance KW - Materials KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Roller compacted concrete KW - Strength of materials KW - Variables KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778829 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023606 AU - Weiss, William R AU - Bryan, Bob AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - The High Performance of the Concrete at the Shuttle Landing Facility PY - 2005 SP - pp 1222-1230 AB - The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) located at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida (FL), is the prime landing location for orbiters returning from space. The facility was constructed in the mid-1970's to address the need of having a landing facility near the Space Shuttle launch site. The primary pavements were constructed of portland cement concrete (PCC) and have performed very well up to this point, in part due to an on-going aggressive maintenance approach. Stringent operational requirements make this runway unique in several ways, and maintaining the runway surface to a high standard is critical. Condition measurements have been conducted on a biennial basis and provide an update for the SLF staff on areas in need of immediate repair, as well as tracking the overall deterioration patterns and planning for future maintenance efforts. The SLF is a tremendous example of how to maintain a pavement network in excellent condition for as long as possible. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Florida KW - Landing fields KW - Launch site KW - Maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Requirements KW - Shuttle Landing Facility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780957 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023605 AU - Flom, Ewa R AU - Darter, Michael I AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Remaining Service Life of Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - PP 1290-1302 AB - A proactive approach to protecting or maximizing the investment of concrete pavements requires periodic assessment of the pavement condition to determine deficiencies and predict deterioration patterns. Pavement management strategies must be employed at an optimal time in order to attain the most cost effective maintenance and rehabilitation solutions for the structure. Determining the remaining pavement service life is critical for making better decisions about preservation treatments, rehabilitation, or reconstruction. This paper discusses three key approaches developed for determining concrete pavement remaining service life (RSL) and presents case studies demonstrating the use of each method. The three methods include an empirical based procedure, a new approach based on survival curves, and a comprehensive mechanistic based procedure using the new National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-37A analysis methodology. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deficiencies KW - Deterioration KW - Empirical methods KW - Mechanistic design KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Service life KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781019 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023604 AU - Harvey, J AU - Lee, E B AU - Lamour, V AU - Kannekanti, V AU - Bian, Y AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Concrete Pavement in Desert Environments: An Investigation of Design and Construction Issues PY - 2005 SP - pp 299-321 AB - The extreme conditions of desert environments present special challenges for the design and construction of concrete pavement. These conditions include very low humidity, high winds, high temperatures, and high diurnal temperature changes that increase the risk of cracking, both soon after construction under loads caused solely by environmental conditions and the curing of the concrete, and in the long term under the combined effects of the environment and traffic. This paper summarizes the results of several projects that developed recommendations for concrete pavements in the desert of Southern California. These investigations included a sensitivity analysis based on tens of thousands of runs of the HIPERPAV software for various climate regions in the state and long-term monitoring of four pavement sections from construction through the first several years of heavy traffic for comparison with HIPERPAV predictions. They also included the evaluation of design strategies for tying new truck lanes to existing passenger car lanes, and evaluation of pavement design and mix options using the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A software. The results have been used to make recommendations for best practice for these conditions to maximize the life of the pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Best practices KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Deserts KW - Environment KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High temperature KW - HIPERPAV (Computer program) KW - Humidity KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Recommendations KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Southern California KW - Traffic KW - Truck lanes KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778834 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023603 AU - Gharaibeh, Nasir G AU - Smith, Kelly L AU - Plei, Michael N AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - A Methodology for Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of CRCP Design Features PY - 2005 SP - pp 658-673 AB - Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) evolved out of a desire to minimize joint-related distresses and improve long-term smoothness of the pavement by eliminating transverse contraction joints. In CRCP, longitudinal reinforcing steel is continuous throughout the pavement length to hold cracks tight. A methodology for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of key CRCP design features and optimizing CRCP design was developed and presented. In this methodology, performance and cost data are combined to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pavement design features and to determine the optimum combination of these features which has lowest life cycle cost (LCC). The developed methodology was used to examine the cost-effectiveness of five of the more influential CRCP design features PCC slab thickness, longitudinal steel reinforcement content, base type and thickness, shoulder type and thickness, and PCC slab width. A detailed life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of 13 current CRCP designs utilizing different combinations of these five design features was conducted using best estimates of the relative costs and performance effects of each of these design features. The cost data were obtained from State and contractors surveys, as well as published cost data and bid tabs. The performance data were obtained from State and contractors surveys, as well as empirical and mechanistic-empirical pavement performance prediction models. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Contraction joints KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Life cycle costing KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Methodology KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Slabs KW - Smoothness KW - Surveys KW - Thickness KW - Transverse joints KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780820 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023602 AU - Rollings, Raymond S AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Why Do Our Concrete Pavements Still Fail? PY - 2005 SP - 167-180 AB - Despite an unprecedented growth in our knowledge and analytical ability, concrete pavements continue to fail more often than we would like. This paper examines a variety of failures encountered by the author in order to try to draw some overall conclusions on why we continue to have such failures. By understanding the types of situations that lead to failure in practice, we may identify how to avoid their reoccurrence in the future. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Failure KW - Knowledge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778810 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023601 AU - Buch, Neeraj AU - Vongchusiri, Kaenvit AU - Meeker, Brian AU - Command, Michael AU - Ardani, Ahmad AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Accelerated Repair of Jointed Concrete Pavement (JCP) Using Precast Concrete Panels-Colorado Experience PY - 2005 SP - pp 840-856 AB - One hundred and fifty seven distressed concrete slabs were rehabilitated with precast concrete panels at 18 separate locations along the I-25 corridor north of Denver between Mead and Loveland during October and November, 2003. The purpose of this study was to document the feasibility of precast panels as a "fast track" repair alternative. The panel thicknesses ranged from 5.5 in. to 7.25 in. and panel lengths varied from 12 ft to 20 ft. The repair clusters consisted of 2-8 slabs connected by fiber glass ties. High Density Polyurethane (HDP) foam was used to stabilize and slab jack the panels to match elevations. The transverse and longitudinal joints were backfilled using joint bonding material. The majority of panels were diamond ground to ensure acceptable ride quality. The entire project was completed in fifty four days. The parameters considered to establish initial repair effectiveness include (i) construction speed and (ii) structural integrity in terms of deflection (uniformity of support). U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction speed KW - Deflection KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Diamond ground KW - High density polyurethane KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Panels KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Ride quality KW - Slabs KW - Structural integrity KW - Thickness KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780884 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023600 AU - Jang, Sehoon AU - Mukhopadhyay, Anal K AU - Zollinger, Dan G AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Hydration Modulation Measures to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Paving Concrete in Hot Weather PY - 2005 SP - pp 322-339 AB - Concrete Placement above a temperature of 35 deg C (95 deg F) is typically prohibited in many specifications for construction due to concerns over early-aged cracking, early stiffening, increasing setting temperature, and reduction of ultimate concrete strength etc. A common way to control or modulate the concrete placement temperature has been to cool the concrete constituents ( e.g., aggregates and water) or the concrete mixture by using ice or injecting liquid nitrogen. However, these temperature modulation measures often increase the cost of the concrete. In the present study, an attempt has been made through laboratory testing to investigate the effect of hydration modulation measures such as modifying mixture proportions in terms of fly ash proportions in order to combat the negative effect of high temperature placement. Use of fly ash contents greater than 25-30% is an affective way to control the high heat generation and excessive drying shrinkage that is characteristic of high placement temperature and can mitigate the negative effect of high set temperature gradients that can result from placing artificially-cooled concrete under hot weather conditions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete KW - Concrete placing KW - Costs KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Hot weather construction KW - Hydration KW - Ice KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liquid nitrogen KW - Shrinkage KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778835 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023599 AU - Hachiya, Yoshitaka AU - Ito, Akihiko AU - Tanaka, Hideki AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Application of Precast RC Slab Pavement at Airports PY - 2005 SP - pp 1231-1246 AB - Concrete pavements are generally used for airport aprons. Recently, concrete has often been applied also to taxiways in response to the recent introduction of larger aircraft and increased aircraft operations. As a practical measure for constructing concrete pavements without the need to close the facilities, the precast prestressed concrete slab pavement has been used hitherto. However, certain problems with this system, such as jointing system and construction cost, have been noted. This study seeks to overcome these problems by introducing a pavement system using precast reinforced concrete (PRC) slabs using high-strength concrete with cotter joints. First, both the PRC slab and cotter joint were analyzed using Westergaard's formula and a finite element method, and then the system was examined experimentally with small specimens. Design principles for both the PRC slabs and cotter joints were then developed. Finally, experimental pavements were constructed with several PRC slabs and cotter joints, and the repetitive loading tests with B747 landing gear were conducted. The durability of both the PRC slab and the cotter joint were verified through the loading test. On the basis of this work, a structural design procedure for PRC slab pavements at airports was established. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Airports KW - Aprons (Airports) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Cotters KW - Durability KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Pavement joints KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780958 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023598 AU - Zollinger, Corey J AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Little, D N AU - Godiwalla, A AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Innovative Approach to Pavement Rehabilitation Analysis and Design of Runway (R/W) 15L-33R at George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in Houston, TX PY - 2005 SP - pp 1101-1119 AB - In late 2003, the City of Houston determined Runway (R/W) 15L-33R at George Bush Intercontinental Airport/Houston (IAH) should be rehabilitated in order to provide an additional 20 years of useful life. The City required the Engineering Consultants to provide two possible pavement rehabilitation options one of which to include a portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay or remove and reinstall the keel section. The existing runway was originally constructed under 3 different contracts. The original contract constructed the North 2440 m(sta 0+003 to sta 0+027) in 1968 and consisted of a 200 mm sand-shell subbase with a 304 mm PCC slab which was later overlaid with a 457 mm PCC partially bonded overlay in 1976. At the same time, a 1220 m extension was added on the south end (sta 0+027 to sta 0+039) which consisted of a 533 mm PCC layer over a 152 mm asphalt treated subbase. The rehabilitation strategy proposed for this project was developed by using an innovative approach to interlayer stiffness in determining the existing condition of the runway, performing both fatigue and deflection analyses on the existing pavement structure for each section, and finally identifying pavement design criteria to configure each rehabilitation strategy. The fatigue analysis was not elaborate and was determined by the Layered Elastic Airport Pavement Design software (LEDFAA v1.3), taking into account damage by the critical stress imposed by each aircraft included in the runway traffic mix. Since LEDFAA does not consider the accumulation of permanent deformation in the subgrade under deflection imposed by each aircraft, deflection criteria were developed in order to give a more complete picture of what different rehabilitation options offer performance-wise. Deflection design criteria were formulated to prevent permanent deformation in the subgrade due to loads imposed by the heavy aircraft included in the runway traffic mix. Permanent deformation of this nature may lead to loss of support below the slab. As greater demands are being placed on airport systems by increasing traffic and loading, improved pavement rehabilitation analysis and design methods are needed to fully account for all factors manifest in the condition of the pavement. This paper presents an innovative approach to account for the many factors influencing concrete pavement stiffness regarding the design and analysis of rehabilitation alternatives. The approach described affords practitioners a tool to realistically take into account current pavement conditions and future traffic loadings. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Aircraft KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Engineers KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Innovation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023597 AU - Lane, Becca AU - Kazmierowski, Thomas J AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Use of Innovative Pre-Cast Concrete Slab Repair Technology in Canada PY - 2005 SP - pp 771-788 AB - In 2004, the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) carried out a trial project to evaluate construction techniques for pre-cast concrete slab repairs in concrete pavement. The trial was carried out on Highway 427, a heavily trafficked freeway in Toronto, Canada. The trial project required demonstrations of three pre-cast concrete pavement full-depth repair methods: the Fort Miller Super-Slab supra TM Intermittent Method, the Fort Miller Super-Slab supra TM Continuous Method, and the Michigan Method. Each method involves designing and fabricating pre-cast concrete slabs to replace deteriorated concrete pavement. The methods differ in how the base is prepared and how the pre-cast slab is installed and dowelled to the existing concrete pavement. Non-destructive testing using a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) was undertaken after construction to assess load transfer efficiency (LTE) and to detect loss of support underneath the pre-cast slab. Details of the methodologies, site conditions, contract specifications, construction and FWD analysis are presented. This is the first construction experience in Canada with innovative pre-cast concrete slab repairs for concrete pavements. MTO will continue to monitor the field performance of these technologies and assess the cost effectiveness of this alternative to full-depth fast-track concrete repairs. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fort Miller Super-slab Continuous Method KW - Fort Miller Super-Slab Intermittent Method KW - Freeways KW - Load transfer KW - Michigan Method KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Site conditions KW - Slabs KW - Toronto (Canada) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780845 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023596 AU - Lechner, Bernhard AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Joint Design and Joint Performance of Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP): Investigations and Experiences in Germany PY - 2005 SP - pp 690-702 AB - Unreinforced concrete pavements have to be equipped with longitudinal and transversal kerbs to guarantee controlled cracking (JPCP). The designs of such joints depending on the technical requirements are given in respective specifications. Main features for the design are aiming first for the controlled cracking at the foreseen position during young age of the concrete as well as avoidance of wild cracking during service life, second for sufficient load transfer at the joint to reduce edge load effects and third for a good long time performance which requires joint sealing. This paper focus on research works performed in the field of joint efficiency (dowelling) of transversal joints, which is especially related to the design parameters and the positioning of dowels. New developments and alternative solutions concerning the today's usage of coated steel bars must be done within the area of conflicts of following headings: Load transfer efficiency, longitudinal resistance, long-time behaviour (corrosion). FEM models and laboratory tests offer evaluation criteria for modified parameters. Especially the coating-material foreseen to cover the steel bar must be evaluated within the area of conflicts shown above. Additionally the actual dowel position and alignment is of importance. Non-destructive inspection tools are under development. The outputs of these investigations are strengthening the background for the updating work concerning the respective specifications. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Curbs KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Germany KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal resistance KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023595 AU - Byrum, Christopher R AU - Perera, Rohan W AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - The Effect of Faulting on IRI Values for Jointed Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 755- 770 AB - This paper presents a study on the effects that faulting of joints and cracks in concrete pavements have on International Roughness Index (IRI) values for the pavements. Three methods for comparing faulting to IRI values for roadways are evaluated in this study. The first method is a parametric study on the effect that idealized faulted profiles consisting or rotated line segments having various slab lengths and fault sizes (a saw-tooth pattern) have on IRI values. The second method is a road profile based fault size estimation routine using data from non-contact moving road profilers. Profile based faulting estimates were obtained from over 1000 GPS3 pavement profiles. The third fault measurement method evaluated is the official Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) field measurement of faulting using the Georgia Faultmeter. This direct measurement method uses the Faultmeter placed over each joint to measure fault sizes. Faulting and IRI can be presented in the same units, m/km (in./mi) for comparison purposes. Based on this study, faulting along the roadway has gain of about 1.75 when converted to IRI. In other words for each 1.58 m/km (100 in./mi) of faulting present, about 2.76 m/km (175 in./mi) of IRI will develop, with gain increasing slightly with increasing fault spacing. The IRI gains measured for real pavement faulting matches the gain values calculated for the ideal saw-tooth patterns. Faulting data can be reliably obtained from relatively inexpensive road profile data that is being obtained for major roadways. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Fault size KW - Faulting KW - Faultmeter KW - International Roughness Index KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Measurement KW - Parametric analysis KW - Profile based faulting estimation KW - Profiles KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780844 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023594 AU - Harvey, J AU - Mancio, M AU - Cruz, C AU - du Plessis, L AU - Bian, Y AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - An Investigation of Dowel Bar Retrofit Strategies PY - 2005 SP - pp 1043-1065 AB - Dowel Bar Retrofit (DBR) offers a great deal of promise as a rehabilitation strategy for undoweled pavements with poor ride quality due to faulting. This paper presents a summary of several investigations intended to provide recommendations for best practice for dowel bar retrofit. The results have some relevance for new dowels in pavements as well. The investigations include two sets of accelerated pavement tests on doweled pavements, one on an old pavement that looked at DBR versus undoweled performance, and the other on a new pavement that looked at 3 versus 4 dowels per wheelpath, and dowel type (epoxy coated steel, fiber reinforced polymer, and hollow stainless steel). Another investigation looked at the corrosion performance of various types of metallic dowels under accelerated laboratory corrosion conditions, and also compared chloride contents in the laboratory tests to chloride contents in pavements in different climate regions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Faulting KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Retrofitting KW - Ride quality KW - Stainless steel KW - Tie bars KW - Undoweled pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780935 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023593 AU - Merritt, David K AU - Stahl, Kirsten AU - Tyson, Samuel S AU - McCullough, B Frank AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Expedited Construction Using Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavement in California PY - 2005 SP - pp 808-823 AB - Faced with shorter and shorter windows for reconstructing deteriorating pavements in urban areas, transportation agencies are continually searching for new and innovative techniques for rapid pavement construction. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is one such agency, often limited to 7-hour nighttime construction windows in the Los Angeles and other metropolitan areas. One innovation recently examined by Caltrans is precast concrete pavement. A 76 m (248 ft) section of precast, prestressed concrete pavement was constructed on Interstate 10 in El Monte, California, adding 8 m (27 ft) of traffic lanes and 3 m (10 ft) of shoulder to the existing pavement. The majority of the work was completed at night when lane closures were permitted on Interstate 10. The precast panels were pretensioned during fabrication and then post-tensioned in place to enhance the performance of the pavement. The successful completion of this project provided Caltrans yet another tool for rapid pavement construction in one of the busiest urban areas in the world. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - California Department of Transportation KW - Lane closure KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Precast concrete pavements KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Pretensioning KW - Rapid pavement construction KW - Reconstruction KW - Test sections KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780882 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023592 AU - Fleischer, Walter AU - Springenschmid, Rupert AU - Wolf, Thomas AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Skid Resistance of Concrete Pavement Surfaces -- Practical Experience in Germany PY - 2005 SP - pp 541-558 AB - Skid resistance of a pavement surface is important for safety. Therefore the surface of a concrete pavement must have a roughness suitable for a high skid resistance but also for a low noise emission. These surface properties must be as durable as possible. In Germany there are various possible ways for producing surface textures in fresh and hardened concrete surfaces with high skid resistance. For noise-sensitive areas good results can be achieved by dragging a burlap or an artificial turf over the fresh concrete in the longitudinal direction. Also, good and durable skid resistance and low noise emission can be achieved on an exposed concrete surface. Surface grinding a hardened concrete can provide high skid resistance. The practical experiences in Germany for producing a concrete pavement surface with high skid resistance are described in the paper. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Burlap KW - Concrete pavements KW - Germany KW - Grinding KW - Highway safety KW - Longitudinal control KW - Noise KW - Practical experience KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture KW - Turf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780517 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023591 AU - Cormier, Bertrand AU - Thebeau, Denis AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Dedicated Pavement Type Networks Based on a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Cost Analysis PY - 2005 SP - pp 241-258 AB - In 2001, the Quebec Ministry of Transportation (MTQ), in Canada, adopted a policy subdividing the existing pavement network into dedicated concrete and asphalt networks. This paper summarizes the methodology used for determining these respective networks using probabilistic Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and provides an assessment of the situation four years after implementation. Sixteen (16) different combinations of Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT), number of lanes, truck percentage, and truck factor yielded 32 pavement designs in asphalt and concrete that were compared in pairs over an analysis period of 50 years using a probabilistic LCCA software. Regression equations were used to generalize the results of these standard cases. The network allocation criteria were determined by applying dominance tests to these probabilistic results; in the areas without clear dominance further analyses would be necessary using project-specific data. After minor adjustments to ensure continuity, the respective networks ("white" for concrete, "black" for asphalt and "gray" for further analysis) were established officially. Since 2001, the clarity and convenience of this policy were seemingly appreciated both by the industry and MTQ officials. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Assessments KW - Concrete KW - Dominance tests KW - Life cycle costing KW - Methodology KW - Networks KW - Pavement design KW - Policy KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Quebec (Canada) KW - Regression analysis KW - Truck percentage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778827 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023590 AU - Gaspar, Laszlo AU - Karsai, Katalin AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Cement Concrete Pavements in the Hungarian Road Policy PY - 2005 SP - pp 39-60 AB - The paper presents the main steps of modifying the Hungarian road policy to include also cement concrete pavements after several decades of its exclusion. The results of preliminary laboratory tests are shown. A test section on the road 7538 was built in 1999 which consisted of three cement concrete subsections of various techniques and an asphalt pavement control subsection. Their performance has been monitored since then. The time data series of several condition parameters and the results of visual condition survey permitted to evaluate and to compare with each other their performances. Besides, a rigid, a semi-rigid and a composite test section were constructed on a Hungarian main road in 2003. These sections are also monitored. A third cement concrete pavement trial section on main road 4 was built in 2004 with an asphalt pavement control section. Its initial condition parameters were also evaluated. Using the performance results of these sections, a new Hungarian road policy was set up including the basic principle of pavement type selection. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition parameters KW - Hungary KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Policy KW - Rigid pavements KW - Test sections KW - Time data series UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023589 AU - Burnham, Thomas AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Concrete Pavement Performance and Research at the Minnesota Road Research Project - The First Ten Years PY - 2005 SP - pp 109-126 AB - The Minnesota Road Research (MnROAD) facility was constructed in the early 1990's to include fourteen plain jointed concrete pavement test sections. Nine of the test sections are interstate highway designs with design lives of 5 or 10 years. The other five test sections are low-volume road designs. With traffic loading beginning in 1994, the test sections have now experienced over 10 years of load and environmental effects. During that time, a tremendous amount of data collection and research analysis has taken place. The condition and ride performance of the concrete pavement test sections is characterized. Significant findings from selected studies are presented. The performance of the 5-year and 10-year design test cells shows that Minnesota Department of Transportation's (Mn/DOT's) current concrete pavement design method needs significant improvement. The lessons learned from the operation of the MnROAD project can be used to improve the next generation of concrete pavement design methods and test facilities. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Design methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway design KW - Interstate highways KW - Lessons learned KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement performance KW - Test facilities KW - Test sections KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778806 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023588 AU - Guo, Edward H AU - Dong, Mary M AU - Daiutolo, Hector AU - Dong, May M AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Curling Under Different Environmental Variations as Monitored in a Single Concrete Slab PY - 2005 SP - pp 1189-1203 AB - More than five months of sensor response monitoring was conducted on a single Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) slab test at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF). Reliable data for relative humidity at different depths within the slab have been retrieved. The monitored data also included temperature, horizontal and vertical displacements, and strains at different locations. The completely wet curing method kept the slab flat within that period. However, when the wet curing stopped, the maximum slab curling reached a very high level. Correlations between the horizontal and vertical displacements, and the correlation between displacements and temperature and relative humidity variations are analyzed. The analysis of correlations between slab curling and concrete strains are also presented. Significant findings are obtained and summarized. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete curing KW - Correlation analysis KW - Curling KW - Environmental impacts KW - Horizontal displacement (Structures) KW - Humidity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Vertical displacement (Structures) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780955 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023587 AU - Ardani, Ahmad AU - Outcalt, William AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - PCCP Texturing Methods PY - 2005 SP - pp 559-584 AB - Nine test sections were constructed with varying textural characteristics. Surface texture measurements, frictional attributes (skid numbers) at different speeds and their noise properties were measured and compared. Review of the acquired data revealed a definite relationship between speed, types of surface texture, and the magnitude of skid numbers. As speed increased, the skid numbers declined. This relationship was clearly more pronounced and consistent using the smooth tire. The sound pressure levels (SPL) generated at the control section were normalized to represent a datum (zero SPL), and were compared with SPL taken from other test sections. Longitudinal macrotexture and microtexture were the quietest surfaces. State standard transverse tining with 1-in. spacing exhibited the highest noise level among all the test sections when measured with the microphone at the rear tire position. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Datum KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Macrotexture KW - Measurement KW - Microtexture KW - Noise KW - Pavement grooving KW - Skid resistance KW - Smooth tires KW - Speed data KW - Surface texture tests KW - Test sections KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780806 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023586 AU - Diependaele, Manu AU - Rens, Luc AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - The Rehabilitation of the Antwerp Ring Road in CRCP PY - 2005 SP - pp 639-657 AB - The rehabilitation of the Ring Road of the city of Antwerp is, without doubt, the largest and most discussed road construction project undertaken in Belgium in recent years. The Antwerp Ring Road is one of the most trafficked freeways of European importance. Six radial freeways are tying into it and traffic volumes on its busiest sections are nearing 200000 vehicles per day, 25% of which are heavy trucks. The dual carriageway of the Ring is 14.2 km long. The number of lanes varies from four to seven in each direction. Along with 30 km of access and exit ramps on the interchanges, the project comprises a total of 100 hectares of pavement requiring renewal and full recycling. Considering the economic importance of the Ring for the Port of Antwerp, the rehabilitation works envisaged a safe, modern and efficient Ring Road, having a low maintenance pavement with a service life of at least 35 years. Based on a Life Cycle Cost Analysis and a Multi Criteria Analysis, a continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) has been chosen for the main part of the Ring Road. The complete pavement structure is being renewed and consists of 23 cm of CRCP, a 5 cm thick bituminous inter-layer, 25 cm cement stabilized granulated asphalt rubble and 15 cm granulated lean concrete rubble. A fine exposed aggregate surface combines a good skid resistance with a low level of rolling noise. The paper describes the presently applied common practice for the construction of CRCP in Belgium (longitudinal and transverse reinforcement steel, tie bars, anchoring abutments...) and highlights the details of execution as they have been applied for the rehabilitation works. Some particular aspects are the use of a new type of terminal joint and the design and construction of CRCP with variable width on the auxiliary lanes. By the latter method of construction, only short transverse transition joints occurred between the CRCP on the auxiliary lanes and the asphalt pavement on the ramps. The experience in designing and constructing this ambitious project will certainly contribute to a further development of the technique of CRCP in Belgium and in other countries. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Abutments KW - Antwerp (Belgium) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Beltways KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Freeways KW - Interchanges KW - Life cycle costing KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Off ramps KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road construction KW - Rolling noise KW - Skid resistance KW - Tie bars KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780819 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023585 AU - Rufino, Dulce AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - Darter, Michael AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Dowel Bar and Slab Size Recommendations Based on the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide PY - 2005 SP - pp 340-356 AB - This paper provides guidelines on two major concrete pavement design features: dowel bars and slab size. The analysis of dowel bars focused on low volume roads and streets (LVRS), whereas heavier loaded pavements were considered for the analysis of slab size effect. Design charts are recommended based on the newly released NCHRP 1-37A Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG). The dowel design charts allow the user to determine if dowel bars are necessary for LVRS, based on four climatic regions, two base erodibility indexes, and the selected slab thickness. In this analysis, the number of one-way average annual daily truck traffic (AADTT) was limited to 100. In contrast, the analysis of slab size was presented for traffic levels up to AADTT of 7,000 and slab thickness up to 40.6 cm (16 in.). In addition, two climatic conditions (dry and wet) were analyzed. Dowel and slab size performance data also are presented. The slab size performance data are based on numerous existing studies in the literature. Although the amount of studies on dowel performance is not as extensive as slab-size effect studies, some very informative studies have been conducted especially on dowel bar misalignment. Dowel bar misalignment tolerances for LVRS are suggested based on these studies. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Climate change KW - Climatic regions KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design charts KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recommendations KW - Size KW - Slabs KW - Streets KW - Thickness KW - Tie bars KW - Truck traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778836 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023584 AU - Lee, Eul-Bum AU - Harvey, John T AU - Choi, Kunhee AU - Thomas, David AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Innovative Approach to Rapid Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavement on Urban Highway PY - 2005 SP - pp 1066-1086 AB - This case study presents an innovative fast-track reconstruction approach applied to a heavily trafficked LLPRS project on Interstate-15 (I-15) in southern California. A 4.5-km stretch of badly damaged concrete truck lanes, two in each direction, was rebuilt in only two 210-hour (about 9 days) one-roadbed continuous closures, using counter-flow traffic and around-the-clock operations as accelerated construction, an undertaking estimated to take 12 months using traditional nighttime closures. This post-construction case study validated pre-construction estimates of productivity and traffic delay, which closely matched performance data measured during construction. The I-15 Devore project provided a unique opportunity to validate, fine-tune, and enhance highway analysis tools for future LLPRS projects. The use of CA4PRS schedule analysis and other traffic models presented in this study facilitates teambuilding amongst engineers involved in the design, construction, and traffic phases to mutually arrive at an optimal solution. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accelerated construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Highway design KW - Productivity KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road closures KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic models KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023583 AU - Lim, Seungwook AU - Tayabji, Shiraz D AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Analytical Technique to Mitigate Early-Age Longitudinal Cracking in Jointed Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 1322-1341 AB - This paper reviews the fundamental issues that may create conditions ripe for early-age random cracking in jointed concrete pavement (JCP) construction, specifically in longitudinal direction, and also provides an analytical approach to predict cracking potential. The finite element analysis technique was used to investigate the level of restrained stresses in the transverse direction of JCP slab resulting from different combinations of variables influencing the stress development. Influencing factors considered for the analysis include slab (paving) width, slab length, slab thickness, interface friction, modulus of subgrade reaction, temperature gradient (due to temperature drop), and concrete modulus of elasticity. Graphical charts for stress level versus concrete modulus of elasticity were produced for different combinations of other variables. These charts can be used to estimate the potential for early-age longitudinal cracking in JCP construction, provided the characteristics of early-age strength development of the concrete are known. Application examples are presented to demonstrate the analysis techniques. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Early age cracking KW - Finite element method KW - Length KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thickness KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023582 AU - Zaghloul, Sameh AU - Marukic, Ivana AU - Vitillo, Nick AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Impact of Slab Curling on Backcalculation Analysis PY - 2005 SP - pp 995-1012 AB - Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing is performed on rigid pavements to assess the in-situ structural capacity of the pavement system, to evaluate the load transfer efficiency across transverse joints/cracks and to identify joints with high possibility of voids underneath the slabs. Tests are performed at different times of the day (day and night), different seasons and different temperature conditions. This data is used in the analysis to identify the network needs and prioritize these needs considering budget and performance constraints. One key issue in this process is that FWD data collected under different environmental conditions is compared and decisions are made based on the comparison results. Therefore, an effort should be made to minimize the impact of the difference in environmental conditions during FWD testing on the final analysis results. Decisions, such as repair joints having low load transfer efficiency, underseal joints with voids, or repair slabs with low structural capacity, are made based on analysis of results of FWD testing that was performed under different temperature and moisture conditions. A classic example of temperature impact on Maintenance & Rehabilitation (M&R) decision is corner curling, which may be identified mistakenly as potential void. Undersealing the joint in this case may cause more harm to the slab. Another classic example is the artificial high load transfer observed when FWD tests are performed at high ambient temperatures (>80ºF). Therefore, it is essential to make sure that the difference in temperature and moisture conditions do not have a significant impact on the FWD analysis results to avoid making inaccurate decisions at the network and project levels. This paper presents an effort to account for the impact of daily temperature variation on FWD analysis results for rigid pavements. The work presented in this paper is a part of a large-scale research study sponsored by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) to study the seasonal variation in pavement properties and its impact on pavement response and performance. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Backcalculation KW - Budgeting KW - Curling KW - Environmental conditions KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Impacts KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Temperature KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints KW - Undersealing KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023581 AU - Neithalath, Narayanan AU - Garcia, Rolando AU - Weiss, William Jason AU - Olek, Jan AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise: Recent Research on Concrete Pavement Surface Type and Texture PY - 2005 SP - pp 523-540 AB - Several Solutions have been proposed for quieter riding surfaces, including porous pavements, tining, and grinding. This paper deals with certain aspects of a recent large-scale research that has been carried out to examine the influence of cement of concrete pavement surface type and texture on noise generation. One pavement surface type (Enhanced Porosity Concrete -- EPC), and one surface texturing method (transverse tining) is dealt with in detail in this paper. Experimental studies to ascertain the physical (porosity and pore size), mechanical (strength), and acoustical (acoustic absorption using impedance tube) properties of EPC are discussed. It is shown in this paper that, with careful selection of aggregate gradation and cementing materials content, it is possible to generate a system of optimally-sized pores in the material to maximize acoustic absorption. Mathematical modeling of noise to evaluate the influence of transverse tine geometry (depth, width, and shape) on noise reduction characteristics is explained in the second part of this paper. A mathematical model has been used to determine the stress distribution between the concrete pavement and the tire. The stress distribution model is used to describe the stress and ultimately noise generated by various geometries of tining patterns. Experiments on Tire-Pavement test apparatus are also discussed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Cement content KW - Concrete pavements KW - Enhanced Porosity Concrete KW - Grinding KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise reduction KW - Pavement grooving KW - Porosity KW - Rolling contact KW - Sound absorption KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Texture KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780516 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023580 AU - Khazanovich, Lev AU - Yut, Iliya AU - Thompkins, Derek AU - Schultz, Arturo AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - The Second Generation of Minnesota Accelerated Loading Facility: Minne-ALF-2 PY - 2005 SP - pp 1013-1029 AB - This paper presents the second generation of Minnesota Accelerated Loading Facility (Minne-ALF-2), a laboratory-based loading pavement test stand that simulates the passage of heavy wheel loads moving over a small full-scale pavement test strip. It is shown that Minne-ALF-2 can provide important information related to long-term performance of dowel joints of concrete pavements, as well as useful information which may lead to a better understanding of the mechanics of joints in concrete pavements. The first results of the ongoing test program are also presented in the paper. This initial study of joint behavior during loading and unloading of a joint with hollow dowels reveals an interesting pattern: deflections in the unloading path are different from the deflections at the loading path. It was also found that the residual differential deflections remain after the first loading and unloading cycle. Available finite element models for rigid pavements do not explain these effects. Hence, advanced models of portland cement concrete (PCC) joints explaining the observed above phenomenon are needed for a better understanding of the joint behavior and joint design optimization. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Doweled joints (Pavements) KW - Finite element method KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load tests KW - Loading and unloading KW - Pavement joints KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023579 AU - Strauss, P J AU - Perrie, B D AU - du Plessis, L AU - Rossmann, D AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Load Transfer through Aggregate Interlock: Crack Width, Aggregate Type and Performance PY - 2005 SP - pp 372-391 AB - It is well known that performance of plain jointed concrete pavement depends on aggregate interlock to transfer load from the one slab to the next. In order to quantify the relative contribution of crack width and the strength of the aggregate to the long-term performance of a plain jointed pavement, experimental sections of road were built using different aggregates types. These sections were subsequently loaded to failure using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS). Some typical sections of interstate-type highways, which had been under traffic for between ten and twenty years were also investigated using falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing and determination of changes in crack width with changes in temperature. Detailed as-built information including concrete mix characteristics was available for all these sections. This paper discusses the prediction of crack width using the RILEM model which predicts early age shrinkage. The model was modified to include the effects of aggregate type, environmental conditions and age. The change in load transfer at the joints and cracks, as indicated by relative vertical movement under dynamic loading as a result of temperature variation and humidity, is reported on. It was found that a change in load transfer occurred under increased loading and that this could be related to the crushing characteristics of the coarse aggregate. This paper presents the final outcome of the study in terms of theoretically based equations that were adjusted using regression techniques to fit the field experience. These equations have now been incorporated into a mechanistically-based design method for concrete pavements, cncPave. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Admixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Dynamic loads KW - Environmental conditions KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Humidity KW - Interlocking aggregates KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Shrinkage KW - Slabs KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Test sections KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778848 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023578 AU - Vandenbossche, Julie M AU - Snyder, Mark B AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Comparison Between Measured Slab Profiles of Curled Pavements and Profiles Generated Using the Finite Element Method PY - 2005 SP - pp 1155-1172 AB - The advancement in the processing speed of personal computers, as well as the more user-friendly graphical interfaces starting to be employed in pavement finite element analysis programs, has resulted in a more frequent use of the finite element method (FEM) for pavements analysis. This increase in reliance on the FEM has amplified the need to ensure these finite element models accurately predict the response of the slab to applied an environmental loads. This paper will focus on the ability of currently available finite element programs to accurately predict the response of rigid pavements to temperature gradients. The study entailed collecting surface profile measurements for a range of pavement designs under different temperature conditions. Each pavement design was then modeled using finite element analysis. Temperature gradients representing the conditions under which the slab profiles were measured were applied to the finite element models. Comparisons were then made between the measured and calculated slab shape. A comparison of the length of the unsupported portion of the slab determined using surface profile measurements and the FEM was performed. The FEM under-estimated the portion of the slab fully-supported only 12% of the time. The ability of the FEM to accurately estimate curvature appears to be a function of the pavement design and the magnitude of the gradient. Curvature was accurately determined using the FEM only 14% of the time with curvature being under-estimated 70% of the time. The FEM could not accurately estimate the larger curvatures. The curvatures calculated using slab profiles generated using the FEM tend to overestimate the curvatures calculated using measured profiles more frequently for thinner slabs and granular bases. The FEM predicted higher curvatures than were measured more frequently for unrestrained slabs than restrained. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accuracy KW - Curvature (Road) KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Surface profile (Pavements) KW - Temperature gradients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780953 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023577 AU - Ayton, Geoff AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Priority Issues for Performance and Durability PY - 2005 SP - pp 181-207 AB - There are many factors which influence the long-term performance of concrete pavements. They can be broadly categorized into four groups, namely thickness design, layer formats, jointing design and construction quality. Traditionally, the first two have dominated the attention of the published literature. However, in the author's experience, it is the latter two groups which dominate the performance within the first 10 to 15 years (at minimum). The key issues within these groups are joint layout (i.e. plan geometry), mix design, mixing uniformity, compaction, curing, early-age protection and joint induction. The consequence of poor construction quality is that a potentially low-maintenance asset may soon become a high-maintenance liability. Rollings (2001) has summarized all of this by stating that "a well-built but poorly-designed pavement is likely to outperform a poorly-built but well-designed pavement". Too often (in the author's opinion), asset managers faced with durability problems look for exotic solutions (like corrosion protection of reinforcement) when improvements in the fundamentals of concrete construction practice (i.e. mix control, compaction and curing) would be more efficient and effective. Unfortunately, skilled craftsmen are becoming a rarer commodity and so a substantially increased training effort is needed to address the problem. This paper documents thirty years of experience to quantify the consequences of variable construction quality. It also seeks to show that the established textbook wisdom of concrete technology can be adapted in practical ways that are understood and applied by field staff. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asset management KW - Compaction KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Maintenance KW - Mix design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality of work KW - Strategic planning KW - Thickness KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778811 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023576 AU - Rao, Chetana AU - Tabet, Walid AU - Stubstad, Richard AU - Pyle, Tom AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Estimation of In-situ Concrete Flexural Strength Using Maturity PY - 2005 SP - pp 952-968 AB - Concrete maturity is being recognized as a viable test method to measure in-situ strengths of early age concrete and to assist agencies in making informed decisions on construction schedules. This increased interest is partly due to improved data collection technology in recent years coupled with a better understanding of the effects of construction and curing temperature on early age and long term performance of rigid pavements. The "maturity index", which is correlated to strength gain in a concrete mixture, is determined from the time-temperature history of the mixture. This paper presents a study conducted by Caltrans to evaluate the accuracy of this technology in predicting both flexural and compressive strength. The study involved a comprehensive laboratory study using two mix designs cured under four different temperature regimes. The test results indicate that calibration regression equations developed from samples cured in standard room temperature conditions are sufficient to predict concrete strengths associated with both cooler (~10º C) and warmer (~37º C) curing temperatures with reasonable accuracy. Further, actual field-measured maturity from a recent paving project, using the same mix design as the present study, yielded similarly accurate in-situ concrete strength predictions. The importance of proper curing for accurate strength predictions is demonstrated in the project. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accuracy KW - Admixtures KW - Calibration KW - California Department of Transportation KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete maturity KW - Construction KW - Data collection KW - Estimation theory KW - Field tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mix design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023575 AU - Thebeau, Denis AU - Delisle, Marie-Christine AU - Cormier, Bertrand AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Quebec's Experience with Smoothness Specifications on Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 718-732 AB - Smoothness is one of the most important characteristics of pavement because it directly affects the traveling public. Furthermore, the initial smoothness reflects the quality of construction and is an essential condition for the pavement's future performance. The Quebec Ministry of Transportation (MTQ) has been using smoothness specifications for all concrete pavement projects since the early 1990s. The Profile Ride Index (PRI) was replaced in 1998 by the International Roughness Index (IRI) so the same specifications would apply for concrete and asphalt pavements. IRI specifications stated that profile measurements be made with a truck-mounted inertial profiler after the work is finished. Today, some contractors are still using the profilograph for control purposes during construction and there has been an increase in diamond grinded surface area, up to 32% on some projects. A study was undertaken in 2000 to assess different kinds of roughness measuring equipment (profilograph, Disptick©, lightweight intertial profiler, rolling profiler and 2 types of truck-mounted inertial profiler) and determine those that would be best suited for construction control. This study concluded that the rolling profiler was the best equipment for this purpose. In 2003, MTQ experimented with modified specifications requiring that roughness measurements be made using a rolling profiler and forbidding any surface correction before the measurements were made. The main benefits of this method were that MTQ could check the 100 m control lots soon after they were built instead of waiting until the end of the work and the contractors could also use the results for own quality control. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Diamond grinding KW - Disptick KW - International Roughness Index KW - Lightweight inertial profiler KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilographs KW - Quality control KW - Quebec (Canada) KW - Rolling profiler KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780842 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023574 AU - Kohler, Erwin R AU - Roesler, Jeffery R AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Repeated Load Behavior of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 621-638 AB - Full-scale test sections were constructed at the University of Illinois and subjected to accelerated pavement testing in order to evaluate Illinois Department of Transportation's (IDOT's) options on extended-life continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). The CRCP test sections included two concrete thicknesses, three steel contents, and the use of single versus double layer reinforcement. Response testing was first conducted on all the test sections in order to monitor the CRCP deformations under fixed loading and variable temperature conditions. Load levels were then applied at the edge of the pavement that would create a punchout failure on the test sections. The measured variables were the vertical and horizontal deformations at cracks and transverse strain near the surface of the slab, along with the temperature profile through slab thickness. The factors controlling the repeated load behavior of the CRC sections were the crack width, the permanent deformation of the support layers, and the steel content. The performance of the CRCP test sections exceeded existing design guide predictions. The main reason for the enhanced performance was the narrow crack width achieved on the test sections and resultant high shear capacity across the transverse cracks. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accelerated pavement tests KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deformation KW - Punchouts KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780818 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023573 AU - Van Cauwelaert, Frans AU - Jasienski, Andre AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - A Method Introducing Deterioration Bond at the Interfaces and Declining Load Transfer at the Joints in the Existing Design Methods for Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 911-927 AB - Most of the concrete highways of the Belgian road system have a structure composed of a continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) surface layer, a thin intermediate asphalt bond layer and a lean concrete base layer on one or more granular subbases. They are designed as an equivalent composite rigid layer on an elastic granular subgrade. The equivalent Young's modulus of the composite layer is assumed to be equal to the modulus of the concrete surface layer, the thickness is assumed to be equal to the sum of the thickness of the three layers; the equivalent moment of inertia and the equivalent stiffness depend on the values of the thickness and the moduli of each layer and the bond conditions between the layers. Several investigations regularly performed on pavements currently thirty years old have shown a systemic deterioration of the bond between the surface layers and of the load transfer at the cracks of the CRCP or at the joints of concrete slabs. In this paper we present a mathematical model that permits the computation of the influence of this systemic deterioration on the lifetime of the pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt KW - Belgium KW - Concrete bases KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Design methods KW - Deterioration KW - Granular bases KW - Layer moduli KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement joints KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Young's modulus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023572 AU - Murata, Yoshiki AU - Nishizawa, Tatsuo AU - Kokubu, Katsuro AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Evaluation of Porous Concrete Pavements in Japan PY - 2005 SP - pp 462-473 AB - Porous concrete pavements were applied on a trial basis at three points on prefectural roads in Fukui, Japan. The objective was to verify their durability and serviceability as well as their behavior in snow and cold regions. Investigations were made continuously to check their serviceability and durability with lasting performance. The major parameters investigated included pavement smoothness, skid resistance, rutting and difference in elevation at the joint. Such parameters as permeability and low noise level were unique to porous concrete pavements. This paper describes the results of a follow-up survey during the three-year period since the commencement of service. The surface properties, in-situ permeability and noise level of the porous concrete pavements remained nearly unchanged from the conditions upon completion although deterioration was observed in some sections. Thus, porous concrete pavements were determined to be fully applicable to snow and cold regions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Frigid regions KW - Fukui (Japan) KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Porous pavements KW - Rutting KW - Serviceability KW - Skid resistance KW - Smoothness KW - Sound level KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780499 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023571 AU - Semen, Peter M AU - Rollings, Raymond S AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - A Review and Discussion of Current Developments Involving Bonded Concrete Overlays of Airfield Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 900-910 AB - Fully-bonded portland cement concrete overlays have been widely used by the United States (U.S.) military to rehabilitate rigid airfield pavements that have functional deficiencies -- such as roughness, surface profile, poor friction, or foreign object damage (FOD) potential. Significant developments in the concrete industry over the last 15 years -- including considerable changes in concrete material additives, construction practices, surface preparation, and computer modeling -- have led to changes in traditional practices. A survey of the recent literature in relevant topics led to the synthesis of applicable developments from several areas. New research on failure mechanisms, surface preparation, bonding agent use, and interface texture has provided fresh insight regarding some conventionally-accepted wisdom. Integrating contemporary findings into recommended practice should improve the oft-times variable nature of achieving the best bonding conditions for bonded overlays and ultimately improve their reliable long-term performance. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Air bases KW - Bonding KW - Computer models KW - Concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Failure KW - Foreign object damage (Aviation) KW - Friction KW - Literature reviews KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Roughness KW - Surface profile (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023570 AU - Griffiths, Steve AU - Bowmaker, Geoff AU - Bryce, Chris AU - Bridge, Russell AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Design and Construction of Seamless Pavement on Westlink M7, Sydney, Australia PY - 2005 SP - pp 21-38 AB - In contemporary practice continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) are terminated and anchored at each bridge approach. An approach slab, jointed at each end, provides the CRCP to bridge abutment link. This transition is not always smooth as the provision of transverse joints can lead to discontinuities in the carriageway profile, particularly if the approach embankment settles. The seamless pavement is an enhancement that eliminates transverse joints and provides a reinforced concrete connection between the CRCP and the bridge deck. This results in improved ride quality for highway users and reduced maintenance costs. Additionally, it eliminates the need for pavement anchors behind each abutment, thereby reducing the pavement cost and minimizing construction activities in an area that is generally on the critical path. The seamless connection between CRCP and bridge deck must accommodate the stresses induced by shrinkage, creep, thermal strain, embankment settlement and traffic loads. Numerical models developed to analyze these parameters compare well with the results of post construction monitoring. This correlation has confirmed the validity of initial design assumptions and has, through further development, resulted in a simplified construction method for the closure pour. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Approach slabs KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction management KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Creep KW - Embankments KW - Numerical models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Ride quality KW - Seamless pavement KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Sydney (Australia) KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023569 AU - Soderqvist, Johan AU - Silfwerbrand, Johan AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Design of Concrete Pavements: A Comparison Between Swedish and U.S. Methods PY - 2005 SP - pp 1-20 AB - The Swedish regulations for road have now been converted into a computerized design guide that will provide engineers with the necessary, up to date, tool for the design of roads, no matter the surfacing material. The design of concrete roads is, however, based on old tables that offer little change in the concrete thickness when altering parameters like climate, traffic, and material properties. In an ongoing project a new computer-based design method for concrete roads is being developed. The aim of the project is to facilitate the design method and establish a method that treats the concrete pavement with the same ease, accuracy and safety level as current asphalt pavement design methods. In the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) project an inventory of various design methods is conducted. The project has a focus on investigating and comparing the mechanistic-based design procedure available in the United States to the current Swedish aspects of design. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Climate KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Highway engineers KW - Inventory KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Properties of materials KW - Regulation KW - Safety KW - Sweden KW - Thickness KW - Traffic KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023568 AU - Matsui, Kunihito AU - Maina, James W AU - Nishizawa, Tatsuo AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Structural Evaluation of Concrete Pavements Based on Static and Dynamic Backanalysis PY - 2005 SP - pp 969-979 AB - Statistical characteristics of falling weight deflectometers (FWD) deflections and the backcalculated moduli were investigated based on the data obtained from FWD tests conducted on the newly constructed concrete pavements. The precise statistical evaluation was performed for uniform section that was identified based on American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method. Statistical parameters of FWD deflections and layer moduli for uniform sections of sound concrete pavement structures were obtained. It was found that stiffness of subbase and subgrade strongly affect uniformity of FWD deflection for a pavement section and that the frequency distributions of the deflection and backcalculated moduli can be approximated by normal probability functions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Backanalysis KW - Backcalculation KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Frequency distributions KW - Moduli KW - Statics KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023567 AU - Titus-Glover, Leslie AU - Darter, Michael AU - Rao, Chetana AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Restoration of Concrete Pavement Using the NCHRP 1-37A Design Guide PY - 2005 SP - pp 1087-1100 AB - Concrete pavement restoration (CPR) of jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) has evolved over the past 40 years into a major preservation treatment. These projects often involve several different types of activities such as replacement and/or repair of cracked slabs, spall repair, joint load transfer restoration, joint resealing, subdrainage improvement, diamond grinding, and shoulder replacement. These projects have usually been successful in extending the service life of the pavement for many years into the future. However, these projects have been developed based on practical experience and guidelines, as there has not been a formal design procedure available. The new National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) Pavement Design Guide includes a formal design procedure for CPR that can be used to assist highway agencies in the evaluation of feasible applications of CPR and the design of more reliable restoration projects. This paper provides an overview of this design procedure by means of a case study. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Diamond grinding KW - Guidelines KW - Joint sealing KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Preservation KW - Repairing KW - Road shoulders KW - Service life KW - Slabs KW - Spalling KW - Subdrains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023566 AU - Huang, Baoshan AU - Shu, Xiang AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Experimental Study on Properties of Portland Cement Concrete Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 485-499 AB - Although recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) are widely used in the construction of new, and reconstruction of old, hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements, little research has been done to examine the potential of incorporating RAP into portland cement concrete to replace virgin aggregate. Because RAP consists of aggregates coated by asphalt cement, the toughness of concrete made with RAP could be improved. In this paper, the mechanical properties of portland cement concrete containing RAP were investigated through laboratory experiments. Two types of RAP (coarse and fine RAP) materials were used to replace the equal amount of virgin coarse and/or fine aggregate. Silica fume and high-range water reducing agent (HRWRA) were also added into concrete mixtures to minimize the strength loss due to the incorporation of RAP. A total of 17 concrete batches were cast and tested for compressive and split tensile strengths, static compressive modulus of elasticity, and toughness index in accordance with ASTM standards. Test results indicated that there was a systematic reduction in the strengths and elastic modulus as well as an increase in the toughness index with the increase in RAP content. While the addition of HRWRA into the matrix improved the mechanical properties of concretes containing RAP, addition of silica fume unexpectedly did not. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - High-range water reducing admixtures KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycled asphalt pavements KW - Silica fume KW - Tensile strength KW - Tests KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023565 AU - Buch, Neeraj AU - Chatti, Karim AU - Haider, Syed Waqar AU - Pulipaka, Aswani S AU - Lyles, Rick W AU - Gilliland, Dennis AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Statistical Challenges Presented by the SPS-2 Experiment and Data PY - 2005 SP - pp 149-166 AB - The challenges presented by the Specific Pavement Studies-2 (SPS-2) experiment and data for statistical analyses are presented in this paper. Experiment-related issues included (i) wide variation in traffic levels and ages among the fourteen test sites; and (ii) unbalanced distribution of test sites among climatic zones and subgrade types. The challenges presented by the data included (i) outlier issues, (ii) quantification of performance, and (iii) the lack of measurable distresses due to the "young" age of test sections. In this paper the importance of selecting appropriate data analysis methods for obtaining reliable results is illustrated. Though most of the methods that were applied for the analysis are well-established, the choice of the methods (magnitude- versus frequency-based) was driven by the extent and occurrence of distresses. Based on the current status of the data, frequency-based methods such as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) lend themselves well to explaining trends associated with occurrence of cracking; whereas a magnitude based method like analysis of variance (ANOVA) is appropriate for evaluating joint faulting and change in IRI. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Climatic regions KW - Cracking KW - Data analysis KW - Experiments KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Joint faulting KW - Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Magnitude KW - Outliers KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Specific Pavement Studies (LTPP) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Traffic KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778809 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023564 AU - Peshkin, David AU - Wade, Monty AU - Bruinsma, James AU - Delatte, Norbert Joseph AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Case Studies in Accelerated Practices for Airfield Concrete Pavement Construction PY - 2005 SP - pp 1204-1221 AB - Case studies have been developed to form the basis for a Guide for Accelerated Practices for Airfield Concrete Pavement Construction for the Innovative Pavement Research Foundation. First, a comprehensive list of accelerated airfield concrete pavement projects was assembled. From this list, a shorter list of detailed case studies was developed. These case studies were developed through site visits and telephone and electronic mail interviews. Techniques that have been used to accelerate concrete airfield pavement construction include the use of high early strength concrete, the temporary use of precast panels, innovative contracting practices, design and construction innovations, and creative planning and phasing solutions. The case studies provide valuable documentation of the lessons learned in the implementation of these strategies. The Guide will be of interest and value to anyone who is contemplating either new portland concrete cement (PCC) pavement construction or the maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction of an existing PCC pavement under operational constraints. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Air bases KW - Airport planning KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Contracting KW - Early strength (Concrete) KW - Guidelines KW - Interviewing KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023563 AU - Mehta, Jinesh AU - Olek, Jan AU - Weiss, William Jason AU - Nantung, Tommy AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Effect of Surface Evaporation and Slab Thickness on the Scaling Resistance of Concrete Containing Fly Ash PY - 2005 SP - pp 283-298 AB - Laboratory tests (conducted in accordance with ASTM C 672) frequently indicate that concrete containing fly ash may be susceptible to scaling. Based on this concern, a few northern USA states restrict the use of fly ash during the late-fall pavement construction season. However, a survey of twelve northern states revealed that scaling is rarely observed in actual pavements. In an attempt to develop a more clear understanding of the potential reasons for the apparent discrepancy between the scaling resistance of laboratory concretes and field concretes, scaling studies were conducted on concrete containing 20% of a Class C fly ash. The main variables in the study were the surface water evaporation rate (water loss was ranged from 0 to 4.5 kg/sq m 2) and the thickness of the slab specimen (55 mm to 245 mm). The selected ranges of test variables were intended to represent moisture and temperature conditions that are likely to be encountered in the field. In addition to monitoring the mass of material lost from the surface due to scaling, the temperature gradient that developed inside the specimen during freezing was measured. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was performed to assess differences in porosity of the near surface concrete. The results indicate that ASTM C 672 is too severe when compared to the environmental conditions that are likely to be encountered in the field. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - ASTM C 672 KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Electron microscopy KW - Environmental conditions KW - Evaporation KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Porosity KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slabs KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778833 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023562 AU - Rangaraju, Prasada Rao AU - Sompura, Ketan R AU - Olek, Jan AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Lovell, Janet AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Potential for Development of Alkali-Silica Reaction in the Presence of Airfield Deicing Chemicals PY - 2005 SP - pp 1269-1289 AB - This paper focuses on some preliminary studies conducted to investigate the role of alkali-based airfield deicers in causing alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in airfield pavement concrete. A modified ASTM C 1260 test procedure was used in this study, in which mortar bars prepared with reactive aggregate were immersed in deicer soak solution instead of 1 N sodium hydroxide solution. In addition, standard ASTM C 1260 tests were also conducted on mortar bar containing reactive aggregate. Expansion of mortar bars subjected to deicer solutions in the modified ASTM C 1260 test was either equivalent or significantly greater than expansion of mortar bars exposed to the 1 N sodium hydroxide soak solution in the standard test. Based on the findings from this study, it appears that the alkali-based airfield deicers have considerable potential in initiating and accelerating ASR. In parallel studies with a non-reactive aggregate, no significant expansions were observed either in the standard or modified ASTM C 1260 test. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Aggregates KW - Air bases KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - ASTM C 1260 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Mortar bar test KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781016 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023561 AU - Kazmierowski, Thomas J AU - Chan, Susanne AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Fifteen Years Performance of a Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Project in Canada PY - 2005 SP - pp 1030-1042 AB - The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) undertook the rehabilitation of an exposed concrete pavement exhibiting various distress manifestations in the summer of 1989. Highway 126 in Southwestern Ontario is a four-lane divided arterial with 22,000 AADT and 9.6% commercial traffic in year 2000. The existing pavement, originally constructed in 1963, consisted of 230 mm mesh reinforced Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement with dowelled joints at a spacing of 21.3 m. The rehabilitation strategy selected for southbound lanes was a 180 mm thick plain jointed unbonded PCC overlay to address the severe 'D' cracking and spalling at all the joints and cracks. The rehabilitation of the northbound lanes, which had experienced moderate deterioration, consisted of using the latest concrete pavement rehabilitation (CPR) techniques, material specifications and construction methods, which included full depth repair, partial depth repair, diamond grinding and joint sealant replacement. This paper will discuss the evaluation of this rehabilitated pavement in terms of roughness measurements, frictional resistance measured, and pavement condition ratings. Overall, the fifteen-year performance of the rehabilitated concrete pavements has been good with acceptable levels of ride quality, frictional resistance and distress propagation. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Doweled joints (Pavements) KW - Joint sealing KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Partial depth repairs KW - Pavement condition rating KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Skin resistance KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023560 AU - vdM Steyn, W J AU - Strauss, P J AU - Perrie, B D AU - du Plessis, L AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - The Roodekrans Trial Sections: The Role of Structural Support under Very Thin Jointed and CRC Pavements Subjected to Heavy Traffic PY - 2005 SP - pp 93-108 AB - The Roodekrans trial sections were constructed to evaluate the effect of aggregate interlock, dowels, continuous reinforcement and various supporting layers on the relative performance of very thin concrete pavements. The sections were constructed on the exit road from a quarry and have successfully sustained 400000 equivalent 80 kN axle loads to date. The concrete pavement thickness varied from 50mm to 140mm and the base support consisted of either a natural or stabilized gravel layer 100mm thick, or in some cases, thin asphalt between the stabilized base and slab. After 2 years of heavy truck traffic, a panel of 30 experienced road-engineers visually evaluated performance and found the role played by the support conditions to be crucial for the performance of the road. This paper summarizes the design and construction of the 10 sections and discusses their performance with specific reference to the role that the support conditions played in the good performance achieved. The findings of the reviewers are first discussed to obtain a viewpoint on the performance of the sections, followed by an analytical evaluation of the sections to arrive at some mechanistic explanations for the good performance of the sections. The data obtained from these sections have been used in upgrading the mechanistically based design program, cncPave, that has been developed in South Africa. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Evaluation KW - Exit road KW - Gravel KW - Heavy traffic KW - Highway engineers KW - Interlocking aggregates KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slabs KW - South Africa KW - Structural supports KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Thinness KW - Truck traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778798 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023559 AU - Silfwerbrand, Johan AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Design of Heavily Loaded Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 674-689 AB - Industrial pavements are subjected to very large loads, e.g., axle loads exceeding 1000 kN and containers stacked in height and blocks equaling single loads of even higher magnitude. Often, industrial pavements are located in harbors where the subgrade may consist of the previous bottom of the sea and fillings. It is necessary to make the concrete pavement competitive and as thin as possible without jeopardizing safety. Continuous reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) may be one possibility. Prof. A. Losberg used yield line theory (YLT) for the design of CRCP. The YLT is described in the paper through some simple and practical cases. The YLT allows considerably higher ultimate loads than the theory of elasticity. One problem is how to handle fatigue. It is illustrated by tests found in the literature. Finally, a new Swedish design concept for industrial CRCP based on YLT and containing a high safety factor to prevent fatigue failure is described. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Harbors KW - Industrial pavements KW - Literature reviews KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Traffic loads KW - Yield line method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023558 AU - Copuroglu, Oguzhan AU - Fraaij, Alex AU - Bijen, Jan AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Frost Salt Scaling Resistance Improvement of GGBFS Concrete by Na-MFP Treatment PY - 2005 SP - pp 259-267 AB - An investigation has been performed into a treatment of the surface of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) cement concrete in order to improve the frost salt scaling resistance. A sodium monofluorophosphate (Na-MFP) solution has been applied. The results show that the resistance is substantially improved. The microstructural characteristics are also discussed. In addition, the effect of various percentages of Na-MFP solution on frost salt scaling resistance of GGBFS mortar phase is presented. It is concluded that the Na-MFP treatment modifies the carbonate phases and improves the early resistance of the GGBFS cement matrix with water to cement ratio of 0.45 against frost salt scaling attack. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Carbonates KW - Cement KW - Cement mortars KW - Concrete KW - Frost KW - Frost salt scaling KW - Granulated slag KW - Improvements KW - Microstructure KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Sodium monofluorophosphate (Na-MFP) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023557 AU - van Leest, Adrian J AU - Stet, Marc J A AU - Frenay, Jerome W AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - VENCON 2.0: A Fast and Reliable Design Tool for Concrete Road Pavements (Jointed and Continuously Reinforced Applications) PY - 2005 SP - pp 1303-1321 AB - In the Netherlands, concrete pavements varying from low volume country roads to dual carriage motorways, are designed with the 'VENCON 1.0' program. This program has been developed in the eighties and was originally meant for the design of jointed concrete pavements. An enquiry amongst the users revealed the need for an update towards the Windows operating system but also a technical update became necessary. The update also gave an opportunity to reconsider the design models, to incorporate CRCP design and 'standardize' input data such as the latest practical measurement data from axle loads and tyre spectra of vehicles as well as temperature gradients in the concrete pavement. The classical Westergaard formulae for thickness calculation of concrete layers were extended with Van Cauwelaert's closed form solutions to cater for bound base layers. The 'Delft University tensile member model' is used to design the reinforcement and to predict the cracking pattern of the continuously reinforced concrete pavement. This model is validated with in-situ measurements of two CRCP roads. program distinguishes three user levels (junior, senior, expert). VENCON 2.0 was developed under CROW's responsibility and came onto the market in early 2005. It is used to design both jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). This paper provides an outline of the calculation process and the main improvements to the program. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Delft University tensile member model KW - Field tests KW - Pavement design KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thickness KW - VENCON 1.0 KW - Westergaard's formulas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023556 AU - Roesler, Jeffery R AU - Hiller, Jacob E AU - Littleton, Paul C AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Large-Scale Airfield Concrete Slab Fatigue Tests PY - 2005 SP - pp 1247-1268 AB - Large-scale concrete slab tests were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the effect of multiple wheel gears on the fatigue resistance of concrete slabs. Monotonic and cyclic loading was completed on sixteen fully-supported slabs. The monotonic testing characterized the flexural strength of the concrete slab under the fully-supported conditions relative to the standard simply-supported flexural beam test. The testing program addressed the effects of peak stress ratio, stress range, and stress pulse type on the fatigue resistance of concrete slabs. For low cycle fatigue, stress range was not a significant factor while the applied peak stress controlled the number of repetitions to failure. For high cycle fatigue, peak stress and stress range affected the number of cycles to failure. An S-N curve analyses of the fatigue results showed that the number of repetitions to failure for the tridem pulses was not equivalent to the single pulse repetitions to failure for the same pulse duration, peak stress, and stress range. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Air bases KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monotonic loads KW - Repeated loads KW - Slabs KW - Stress range KW - Stress ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781005 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023555 AU - Khazanovich, Lev AU - Gotlif, Alex AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Evaluation of PCC Joint Stiffness Using LTPP Data PY - 2005 SP - pp 1120-1137 AB - Shear stiffness of joints and cracks profoundly affects the performance of concrete pavements. This paper presents a systematic analysis of stiffness of joints in jointed concrete pavement (JC) and cracks of continuously reinforced pavements (CRCP) using deflection data collected under the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. To estimate joint behavior, representative load transfer efficiency (LTE) indexes were calculated for all LTPP sections and a trend analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) load level on LTE. It was found that the majority of the joints did not show significant load-level dependency. This justifies use of a simple Tabatabae-Barenberg (TB) model for routine pavement analysis. The paper also discusses a backcalculation procedure for determination of TB model parameters. Joint stiffness were backcalculated from LTEs, coefficients of subgrade reactions, and radii of relative stiffness. As expected, it was found that cracks in CRCP usually have higher stiffnesses than joints of JCP, while non-doweled joints usually have much lower stiffnesses than doweled joints. It was also found that joint stiffness could vary significantly during the day. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Backcalculation KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Load transfer KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Nondoweled joints (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Stiffness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023554 AU - Smith, Tim AU - Jolly, Robb AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Concrete Pavement A Sustainable Choice PY - 2005 SP - pp 585-606 AB - Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) has long enjoyed the reputation as a longer lasting, durable pavement surface with low maintenance costs. Likewise, PCCP from a safety perspective has demonstrated a reduced potential for hydroplaning and better night time visibility. This paper will look at the sustainable performance characteristics of concrete pavement by examining and documenting some of its many social, economic and environmental advantages. The paper will provide details on the various social benefits of concrete pavement including: reduced potential for hydroplaning; better night time visibility; improved stopping distance; and enhanced ride and comfort. Research on the environmental benefits such as reduced life cycle embodied energy for concrete compared to asphalt roadways, reduced "urban heat island" effect, and smog reduction are also identified. In addition, the paper will review the findings of several studies on truck fuel savings from traveling on rigid versus flexible pavement and show how these fuel savings translate into reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) and smug emissions. The reuse and recyclable nature of PCCP and use of supplementary cementing materials (SCM) will also be addressed. PCCP structures will be discussed to demonstrate the aggregate savings of when utilizing PCCP. Economic benefits such and life cycle cost and potential for reduced lighting requirements for PCCP are also being provided. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Economic benefits KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fuel conservation KW - Hydroplaning KW - Life cycle costing KW - Low maintenance KW - Night visibility KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Social benefits KW - Supplementary cementing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023553 AU - Tighe, Susan AU - Chung, Wilson AU - Leung, Fiona AU - Ellerbusch, Tom AU - Fung, Rico AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - A Pilot Study of Instrumented Unbonded Concrete Overlay in Toronto PY - 2005 SP - pp 857-882 AB - Unbonded concrete overlays provide structural rehabilitation and can be cost effective when the existing pavements are highly distressed and/or removal of existing pavement layers is not desirable. This paper describes a pilot study, which involves a three way partnership between the University of Waterloo, the Cement Association of Canada and the City of Toronto, to evaluate and document the performance of the first instrumented unbonded concrete overlay in Canada. The rehabilitation area is located at a heavily-trafficked intersection on Bloor Street and Aukland road in the City of Toronto. The large volumes of bus traffic from the nearby subway station caused significant damage to the pavement structure. The rehabilitation design was composed of placing an unbonded concrete overlay on Bloor Street and replacing the section on Aukland Road with full depth exposed concrete. Twelve strain gauges are embedded in the concrete layer and they are strategically located along the wheel paths of the buses. The sensors are being monitored to assess long-term performance of the concrete overlay and the full depth concrete subjected to traffic and climatic loads. This paper outlines the design parameters, site conditions, and material properties of the overlay. The construction and full-scale instrumentation of this project are described, followed by preliminary analyses of up-to-date performance records. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Site conditions KW - Strain gages KW - Toronto (Canada) KW - Traffic volume KW - Unbonded concrete overlays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023552 AU - Peng, Yanfei AU - Hansen, Will AU - Smiley, David L AU - Jensen, Elin A AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Prediction of Top-Down Transverse Cracking in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement PY - 2005 SP - pp 1342-1358 AB - This paper describes the findings of a recently completed investigation by the University of Michigan to identify the causes for premature, mid-slab cracking of joined plain concrete pavement (JPCP) in Michigan. The study found several factors are working interactively to induce slab cracking. The major factor is the support characteristics of the unbound open-graded aggregate base. Deflection testing showed a permanent loss of slab contact with the base (void) exists near the doweled joint. Time history analysis of the deflection data showed that the dowels are very likely loose. Loss of slab-base contact without pumping suggests that post-compaction under heavy vehicle loading or particle degradation is occurring. In addition, the study found that the load transfer efficiency (LTE) across joints has declined since construction. Finite element analysis (ABAQUS) was used to evaluate the extent and significance of these factors on tensile stress and fatigue cracking. Fatigue failure culminates from excessive tensile stress at mid-slab at the slab's topside outer edge. The slab stress predictions correlate well with the deflection-based fatigue model by Wu et al. (1993) suggesting that a threshold corner deflection criteria may be used to determine when loss of slab support is critical. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Finite element method KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load transfer KW - Michigan KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Tension KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781028 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023551 AU - Newbolds, Scott A AU - Galal, Khaled A AU - Olek, Jan AU - Nantung, Tommy AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Evaluation of Formulae in PCA Design Approach for Ultra-Thin Whitetopping over Composite Pavement Section Under Accelerated Loading PY - 2005 SP - pp 883-899 AB - Ultra-thin whitetopping (UTW) is a popular pavement rehabilitation technique that involves the placement of a thin layer of portland cement concrete (PCC) over a distressed hot mixture asphalt (HMA) pavement. The new pavement is essentially a thin bonded concrete overlay. Thus, its composite performance depends on the stiffness of the underlying pavement layers. One objective of this project is to develop models that can be used for the mechanistic design of UTW pavements. Additionally, UTW performance models will be developed. To accomplish this task, a UTW pavement test section was constructed in the Indiana Department of Transportation -- Purdue University Accelerated Pavement Testing facility. The pavement section consisted of a UTW overlay of an existing composite pavement section (thin HMA layer over a PCC layer). The performance of the UTW overlay was monitored using destructive and non-destructive methods, including measurements of strain, strength, and pavement stiffness. Portland Cement Association (PCA) design guidelines were investigated to assess their applicability to cases of UTW placed over composite pavements. Preliminary results indicate that the equations may be able to be used if the concept of an equivalent thickness is employed. Further, the effective radius of relative stiffness calculated from falling weight deflectometer testing of in-situ pavements may be able to be modified to account for the proposed UTW overlay and input into the design equations. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Composite pavements KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mechanical loads KW - Mechanistic design KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance models KW - Portland Cement Association KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Stiffness KW - Strain measurement KW - Whitetopping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023550 AU - Rasoulian, Masood AU - Titi, Hani AU - Martinez, Mark AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Evaluation of Narrow Transverse Contraction Joints in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 357-371 AB - This paper presents the results of a research project conducted at the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) to evaluate the performance of narrow transverse contraction joints in jointed plain concrete pavements. In addition, the paper evaluates the early entry dry saw cutting method in crack control of jointed plain concrete pavements. Two test sections were established during the construction of a new jointed plain concrete pavement on Northline Road in Port Allen, Louisiana. The first test section is 1200-ft long in which standard transverse contraction joints were created using the conventional wet double saw cut method. The second section is also 1200-ft long in which narrow transverse contraction joints were created using the early entry dry cut method. A monitoring program consisted of visual surveys to observe the cracking development, measurements of joint dimensions, pavement and joint distress surveys, and measurements of joint load transfer. Evaluation of the effectiveness of both joint types (standard and narrow) in controlling the cracking in concrete pavements is presented. Research results demonstrated that the sealed narrow joints performance was comparable with the performance of the standard joints. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Contraction joints KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Early entry dry saw cutting method KW - Evaluation KW - Louisiana Transportation Research Center KW - Monitoring KW - Narrow joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Port Allen (Louisiana) KW - Sawing KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints KW - Wet double saw cut method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778846 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023549 AU - Morian, Dennis A AU - Grafton, R Jon AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Construction of the Precast Prestressed Pavement Installation on I-10 in El Monte, California PY - 2005 SP - pp 824-839 AB - The section of prestressed/post tensioned pavement was constructed in the spring of 2004, in conjunction with reconstruction of a section of I-10 in the Los Angeles, California (CA) area. While this technology has been used in the past, significant progress is being made in terms of practical application. The paper includes a discussion of concepts pertinent to this type of pavement as well as fabrication and construction details for delivery of the pavement. This project utilized a specific geometric design so that the shoulder is included in the prestressed panels. Details of the fabrication process of the panels and field assembly are discussed. The paper describes details of panel fabrication and handling. It also addresses placement of the panels and the post tensioning operations. The details include those for jointing and post tensioning of slabs. Advantages of this type of pavement construction include reduced field construction time and long anticipate service life. The nature of this pavement design makes it an excellent form of long-life pavement. The significance of this research is the demonstration of successful application of precast post tension technology for pavement repair and construction. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Construction KW - El Monte (California) KW - Fabrication KW - Geometric design KW - Panels KW - Pavement design KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Service life KW - Slabs KW - Tensioning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023548 AU - Sargand, Shad AU - Swanlund, Mark AU - Bendana, Julian AU - Castro, Daniel AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Evaluation of HPC Pavement in Nelsonville, Ohio, Using Non-Destructive Methods PY - 2005 SP - pp 980-994 AB - This paper is focused on evaluating the performance of several concrete mixes of high-performance concrete (HPC) pavement using different techniques such as laboratory testing, warping and curling monitoring and falling weight defflectometer testing. A research plan was developed to accomplish two principal objectives: First, to determine the maturity function of the newly placed concrete, and second, to monitor dynamic and environmental response of concrete slabs in each of three test sections. Each test section was approximately 1,000 ft long. Five hundred feet of each test section were cured using a spray-on membrane, while the other five hundred feet were cured using wet burlap. Three concrete mixes using different types and sizes of coarse aggregate and granulated blast furnace slag were incorporated into this project. Two slabs in each test section were instrumented with thermocouple sticks at the center and outside corners. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Admixtures KW - Burlap KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete maturity KW - Curling KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Granulated slag KW - High performance concrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nelsonville (Ohio) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Slabs KW - Test sections KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023547 AU - Debroux, Raymond AU - Dumont, Raoul AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Twin-Layer Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement on the N511 at Estaimpuis (Belgium): An Investigation of the Optimization of Surface Characteristics PY - 2005 SP - pp 703-717 AB - The general consensus is that durability, an absence of deformation, and low maintenance when the road structure has been correctly designed are among the most desirable features of concrete pavement. By contrast, driving comfort and rolling noise are the characteristics most likely to give rise to discussion. A great deal of significant progress has been made in these areas in recent decades and where in particular we may mention the improvements in surface treatments (such as the super smoother and aggregate exposure), the use of fine aggregates and fine porous concrete. To obtain a better understanding of the problems posed, the options available for the construction of an experimental section of twin-layer continuously reinforced concrete pavement was defined. The principal variable examined in this experimental section related to the size of the aggregate used in the upper layer. Various tests carried out immediately after the completion of the site (roughness, evenness, acoustic measurements) were then supplemented by a new series of measurements (roughness, evenness, noise levels, surface texture). The data taken as a whole made it possible to assess the appropriateness and effectiveness of the selected alternatives. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Acoustics KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Estaimpuis (Belgium) KW - Field tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Improvements KW - Measurement KW - Optimization KW - Porous pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Surface treating KW - Texture KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780841 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023546 AU - Cervo, Tatiana C AU - Severi, Andrea A AU - Rodolfo, Marcos P AU - Pereira, Deividi S AU - Balbo, Jose T AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Innovative Aspects of the Concrete Pavement Design Standard for Sao Paulo Highways PY - 2005 SP - pp 61-74 AB - During the last decades there were no official national standards for the design of concrete pavements for highways and streets in Brazil. Due to technical differences between each region, it is necessary to develop consistent research to establish design tools for pavements. Researches carried out last five years could immediately be used to assure highway officials that both rupture criteria and climate-traffic effect models for concrete slabs are reliable and sound for a specific project condition. This paper presents the calibration of stress equations for the design of concrete slabs based on field measurements, models for defining thermal differentials for tropical conditions, and the main results for calibration of a fatigue model for concrete, all in an attempt to determine appropriate rules for the local design of concrete pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Calibration KW - Climate-traffic KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design standards KW - Design tools KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Impacts KW - Pavement design KW - Rupture criteria KW - Sao Paulo (Brazil) KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Thermal differentials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778795 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023545 AU - Chavooshi, Saeedh AU - Brown, Sam AU - Rens, Kevin AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Inventory & Analysis of Minor Concrete Infrastructure for the City and County of Denver PY - 2005 SP - pp 221-240 AB - The City and County of Denver (CDD) and the University of Colorado Denver (UCD) have been involved in cooperative research since 1997. Although a variety of projects have been completed, the main deliverable has been a comprehensive Geographic Information System (GIS) database containing both major and minor infrastructure. Major infrastructure included assets such as bridges and streets, while minor infrastructure includes assets of alleys and street subsystems, which include curbs, gutters, inlets, sidewalks, driveways, crosspans, and curb ramps. This paper presents the equipment and methodology used for the inventory and analysis summary of CCD's concrete curbs, gutter pans, and alleys. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Alleys KW - Analysis KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Curb ramps KW - Curbs KW - Driveways KW - Equipment KW - Geographic information systems KW - Gutters KW - Infrastructure KW - Inventory KW - Methodology KW - Sidewalks KW - Street subsystems KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778824 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023544 AU - Yang, Zhifu AU - Weiss, William Jason AU - Olek, Jan AU - Nantung, Tommy AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Assessing Damage, Sorptivity, Air Content, and Strength of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements in Indiana PY - 2005 SP - pp 128-148 AB - A field condition assessment was performed for selected portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) in the state of Indiana. Five pavement sections (including a 25 year old un-trafficed section) were selected based on age, traffic, and overall performance. After a field survey and site inspection, cores were taken from these pavements and used for laboratory analysis. The cores were visually inspected, after which they were sectioned and used for air void analysis, microscopic investigation of cracking, water absorption, and splitting tensile strength. Large irregular air voids were observed in each pavement core. The hardened concrete air content was observed to vary both between the different pavement sections and between the top and bottom layers of the pavement. In addition, the hardened air content in the pavements was found to vary from 4 to 13% by volume. Micro-cracks were observed in some pavements that appeared at the aggregate paste interface, through weak aggregates, and around air voids. In damaged pavements, the sorptivity of the top layer of the pavement was higher than that of the middle or bottom layer. The magnitude of variation in sorptivity appears to be related to the age and performance of the pavement. This is in agreement with the results from laboratory-cured specimens, in which freeze and thaw damage influences both the short-term and long-term sorptivity of concrete. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Age KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Air voids KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Indiana KW - Magnitude of variation KW - Microcracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sorption KW - Specimens KW - Tensile strength KW - Test sections KW - Traffic KW - Volume KW - Water absorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023543 AU - Larson, Roger M AU - Scofield, Larry AU - Sorenson, James AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Providing Durable, Safe, and Quiet Highways PY - 2005 SP - pp 500-522 AB - Most pavement design and construction specifications do not adequately define the pavement functional surface characteristics that are important to highway users. The result is that sometimes completed highway projects do not meet user expectations. Currently, most specifications address only smoothness (ride quality), whereas other desirable surface characteristics such as durability, and surface texture [friction (safety) and noise (environment)] are not often specifically addressed. The purpose of this paper is to look primarily at the functional characteristics of paved highway surfaces. First, functional performance will be described. Secondly, the individual surface characteristics affecting functional performance will be discussed with emphasis on pavement texture which has a major effect on friction (safety) and noise (environment). Next, recent innovative techniques and equipment to measure and evaluate these characteristics will be explained. Safety efforts underway both internationally and in the U.S. will be addressed. Finally, examples of the best practices will be described. Consideration on these factors by the engineering profession will help ensure that the highway user expectations are met on completed projects by providing durable, safe and quiet highways. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Best practices KW - Construction KW - Durability KW - Environment KW - Friction KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Smoothness KW - Texture KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780514 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023542 AU - Tayabji, Shiraz AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Framework for Design and Construction of Long-Life Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 208-220 AB - In the past, concrete pavements were routinely designed and constructed to provide low-maintenance service life of 20 to 25 years. In fact, the majority of the United States (U.S.) interstate and the primary system were designed on the basis of the 20 to 25 year initial service life. Experience has shown that pavements in high volume traffic corridors need to be designed and constructed to provide longer service life because of the difficulties in performing effective repair and rehabilitation activities along these high volume highway corridors. In addition, the public is no longer tolerant of frequent extended lane closures to perform repair activities. It is becoming an established practice in the U.S. to require that concrete pavements provide low-maintenance service life of 40 plus years. Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements can meet this specific requirement if proper considerations are incorporated in the design and good construction practices, including use of sound concrete making materials, are followed. This paper provides an overview of current U.S. practices and efforts at optimizing pavement design features and construction practices to minimize early age failures and provide long-term low-maintenance service in excess of 40 plus years. The paper also provides a framework for ensuring that the critical design and construction features that impact long-term service are recognized and accounted for. The design and construction features discussed include features that improve slab cracking and deflection responses, features that minimize maintenance operations, and construction features that assure long-life pavement. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction and maintenance KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - High volume roads KW - Highway corridors KW - Lane closure KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023541 AU - Wentland, Kevin A AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement, An Industry Perspective PY - 2005 SP - pp 453-461 AB - This paper presents a summary of findings and experiences in implementing Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement ("RCC Pavement") at industrial distribution facilities. The author's experiences in RCC Pavement involved defining and taking complete responsibility from concept to completion, including but not limited to, material selection, mixture design, structural design, production, transportation, placement and curing. Using ten-plus years of experience and incorporating pertinent research findings, processes and tests lead to the development of Quality Assurance ("QA") Processes and Quality Control ("QC") tests/observations. Continuous improvement has been made on developing a QC program. The author's experiences involved the use of RCC Pavement as a finished surface and dictated a high performance RCC Pavement (compressive and flexural strength as high as 40 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively after only 7 days); therefore, all placement utilized an ABG paver and vibrating screed with dual tamping bars to obtain high density RCC Pavement while minimizing roller displacement and maximizing smoothness and riding characteristics of the final RCC Pavement surface. Size of the projects has limited these experiences to production of RCC Pavement through the use of either a wet-batch concrete plant or a dry-batch concrete plan in conjunction with a horizontal shaft mixer. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete placing KW - Concrete plants KW - Displacement (Pavements) KW - Flexural strength KW - Materials selection KW - Mix design KW - Pavers KW - Production KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Roller compacted concrete pavements KW - Screeds KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Smoothness KW - Structural design KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778887 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023540 AU - Prem, Hans AU - Ayton, Geoff AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Improved Techniques for Assessing Ride Quality on Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 733-754 AB - Under current procedures used in Australia for testing and interpretation of road profiles it is difficult to identify and isolate pavement sections responsible for unpleasant ride vibration. For the construction of new concrete pavements, in particular, where subsequent correction of profiles is very expensive, there is a need for improved procedures to give early feedback of the ultimate ride quality. To help identify and treat pavement problem areas, numerical models were developed to simulate ride vibration and pavement grinding. The ride and grind simulation models cover four generic vehicle classes - passenger cars, heavy commercial vehicles, off-road recreational and sports utility vehicles and motorcycles - and conventional pavement grinding equipment. A number of vibration response presentation formats were developed to help quantify ride vibration severity, intrinsic unevenness and grind treatment effectiveness. The models and key findings of the study are presented in this paper through contrasting examples of responses from the models to a selection of road profiles before and after virtual (theoretical) remedial grind treatment. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Australia KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Concrete pavements KW - Grinding KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger cars KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Road profiles KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Test sections KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780843 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023539 AU - Ioannides, Anastasios M AU - Peng, Jun AU - Swindler, James R AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Simulation of Concrete Fracture Using ABAQUS PY - 2005 SP - pp 1138-1154 AB - This paper discusses the analytical simulation of crack propagation using the Fictitious Crack Model for notched and unnotched Portland Cement Concrete beam specimens. Parameters such as those controlling the loading conditions, mesh fineness, aspect ratio in the vertical or horizontal directions, and notch to beam thickness ratio are considered. The commercial program ABAQUS is used, and simulations are compared to previous analytical and experimental results. A linear elastic investigation is first conducted to test the agreement of the results with the Timoshenko beam theory. Subsequently, an investigation is conducted to test the built-in fracture mechanics capabilities of ABAQUS for tracking crack propagation. Since these built-in capabilities are found to be inadequate, the creation of a model from basic elements if pursued. This is accomplished by introducing JOINTC elements along the crack plane to model joint interactions. Several series of tabulated results are used to illustrate the advantage of using finite element simulation over conducting laboratory experiments, reflected in the time, effort, and money saved. The application of fracture mechanics to understanding concrete pavement cracking is found to be desirable, practical and feasible. It is argued that the development of a truly mechanistic design procedure hinges on the elimination of long-held empirical concepts, including statistical transfer functions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - ABAQUS (Computer program) KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - JOINTC KW - Linear elasticity KW - Loading conditions KW - Mesh fineness KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Simulation KW - Thickness KW - Timoshenko beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780951 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023538 AU - Houben, Lambert J M AU - Huurman, Marinus AU - van der Kooij, Jasper AU - Poot, Siem AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Modieslab Innovative Concrete Pavement Structure: From Idea through Research to Implementation PY - 2005 SP - pp 75-92 AB - In 1996 the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management launched the innovation program 'Roads to the Future'. One of the developed innovative pavement structures is a Modular Pavement Structure called Modieslab. This structure is designed as a bridge and it merely consists of precast concrete elements. Since 2001 several researches were performed. Along the motorway A50 in the Netherlands a low-risk and not heavily loaded test section was constructed and monitored during 16 months. On this test section mainly the functional properties as well as construction and maintenance techniques were investigated. The main findings of this test section are reported. The structural integrity of the structure was investigated by Accelerated Load Testing of another instrumented test section by means of Linear Tracking (LINTRACK). Some characteristic measurement results are presented. Insight into the structural behavior of both the total pavement structure and the most critical upper part of it was further obtained by means of 3D finite element modeling. Some typical calculation results are compared to measurement results. Finally the materials research is briefly described. This research concentrates on the porous concrete wearing course. Research is ongoing to find solutions for skid resistance and ravelling problems that occurred to some extent on the test sections. Given the rather positive experiences, both from a technical and an economical point of view, it was decided to actually construct an in-service road section of the radically innovative Modieslab pavement structure after only 4 to 5 years of research. Probably this project will be realized in 2005 or 2006 in an area with very poor subsoil. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Bridges KW - Construction and maintenance KW - Finite element method KW - In-service (Pavements) KW - Innovation KW - Linear Tracking (LINTRACK) KW - Measurement KW - Modieslab (Modular Pavement Structure) KW - Netherlands KW - Pavement structure KW - Porous pavements KW - Precast concrete KW - Precast concrete pavements KW - Public works KW - Skid resistance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural integrity KW - Subsoil KW - Test sections KW - Water control KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778796 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023537 AU - Strauss, P J AU - Perrie, B D AU - Rossmann, D AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Performance of a Thin CRCP Inlay Designed for a Five-Year Life: A Case Study PY - 2005 SP - pp 607-620 AB - The steep uphill section of an interstate highway had experienced considerable damage in the form of serious rutting due to slow-moving heavy vehicles. The asphalt pavement had to be rehabilitated every 4 years and a decision was made to mill and replace the top 180 mm of the slow lane with a Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) inlay. The inlay design was based on an anticipated 6 million equivalent 80 kN axles over five years and it was envisaged that a concrete overlay would be placed over the full width of the road at the end of this period. However, at the end of six years only approximately 0.25% of the area of the inlay had shown serious distress. It was decided to determine the remaining structural life of the pavement with a view to repairing failed areas permanently, rather than temporarily, if the remaining structural life was found to be significant. This paper describes the testing of behaviour and performance on a relatively highly cracked section of the inlay using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS). Although the test section had narrowly spaced transverse cracking prior to testing, no punch-outs could be created using the HVS. A detailed survey of the 26 lane km of inlay showed that failure did not necessarily occur at closely spaced cracks, but was more associated with edge loading, loss of slab support and poor quality concrete. It also became very clear that a high variation in concrete characteristics (and in particular concrete strength) resulted in a high risk of structural failure. The results were translated into transfer functions that have been included in cncPave, a mechanistically-based design method for concrete pavements developed for South African conditions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mechanistic design KW - Milling KW - Repairing KW - Rutting KW - Slab support KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - South Africa KW - Structural failures KW - Test sections KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780817 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023536 AU - Smith, Peter J AU - Barenberg, Ernest J AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Using Precast Super-Slab® for Rapid Repair of Concrete Pavements PY - 2005 SP - pp 789-807 AB - The need for rapidly repairing and replacing concrete pavement has reached near crisis proportions on portions of our most heavily traveled highways. Increasingly heavy traffic flows demand shorter and shorter repair work windows putting more and more pressure on Department of Transportation's (DOT's) to repair such highways invisibly. The practice of using "short term" repairs materials, just because they can be installed rapidly, compounds the problem because repairs made from such materials will themselves need to be repaired in just a few years - in addition to all of the "new" repairs that will need to be made. The use of precast slabs as a material for making rapid repairs has long been entertained because of the durable qualities inherent in concrete slabs manufactured under controlled conditions. The impediment to their use has been the lack of a good way to rapidly and efficiently install them as fully bedded and interlocked precast pavement. This paper will present an overview of the Super-Slab® System that was developed specifically to accomplish that. Specific references will be made to projects that have been successfully completed using the System. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Highways KW - Precast concrete KW - Rapid repair KW - Repairing KW - Short term KW - Slabs KW - Super-Slab System KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780846 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023535 AU - Darter, Michael I AU - Titus-Glover, Leslie AU - Mallela, Jagannath AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Concrete Overlay Design of Flexible Pavement Using the NCHRP 1-37A Design Guide: A Case Study PY - 2005 SP - pp 928-951 AB - A pavement evaluation and concrete overlay design was completed for a 10-mi section of flexible pavement on Interstate 35 of the Kansas Turnpike. A records review, visual condition survey, rutting measurements, and testing with a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was conducted. Coring was also performed to establish the condition of underlying hot mixed asphalt (HMA) layers. The results were used to evaluate the conditions of the in-place pavement and to design rehabilitation alternatives. The evaluation indicated that the existing flexible pavement had deteriorated to a state that requires rehabilitation. A requirement of the design was to maintain the existing surface elevation, thus, the design portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay thickness would be milled off from the existing 330-mm (13-in.) HMA layer thickness. Several alternative concrete overlays were designed and evaluated using the new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG) from National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-37A. A variety of informative sensitivity results are shown including an optimized concrete overlay design for the I-35 project and comparison is made with the 1993 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) procedure. In addition, designs are also presented for lower traffic conditions to illustrate its impact on design. The results demonstrate the practical use, reasonableness, and benefits of the new M-E PDG for PCC overlay design. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Benefits KW - Concrete overlays KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rutting KW - Surface elevation KW - Thickness KW - Visual survey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780925 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023534 AU - Siddique, Zahidul AU - Hossain, Mustaque AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Finite Element Analysis of PCCP Curling and Roughness PY - 2005 SP - pp 1173-1188 AB - Smoothness specifications for newly built Portland Cement Concrete Pavements (PCCP) in Kansas have evolved over the last two decades through applications and a number of revisions. However, some PCCP sections built under current specifications in the smoothness bonus range experience rapid loss of smoothness with time. Sometimes this happens even before the sections are opened to traffic it is believed that this loss results from curling due to the temperature differential between the pavement top and bottom surfaces. In this study, three-dimensional simulation of curling of PCCP has been presented using a finite element (FE) software, ANSYS. A number of FE models were built to simulate several newly built PCCP sections in Kansas. The sections were modeled as three-layer systems with cement-treated base and lime-treated subgrade. Layer materials were modeled as linear elastic and the properties were obtained from the tests conducted during construction. Pavement layers and steel dowel bars were modeled using 3-dimensional solid (brick) elements. The complex interaction of the slab with the dowel bars was modeled as a contact problem. Regression models were developed for the curling deflection and International Roughness Index (IRI), a roughness statistics resulting from the curled profiles, based on different simulation parameters. The results obtained from the simulations show that the curling deflection and IRI calculated from the deflected slab profiles are affected by the slab thickness, compressive strengths of the concrete slab and base layers, and the temperature differential between the pavement top and bottom surfaces. Both curling deflection and IRI increase with an increase in temperature differential and compressive strength of the stabilized base layer. Higher slab thickness and concrete compressive strength would result in lower curling deflection and IRI values. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - ANSYS (Computer program) KW - Brick pavements KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement treated bases KW - Compressive strength KW - Curling KW - Finite element method KW - International Roughness Index KW - Kansas KW - Linear elasticity KW - Pavement layers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Regression analysis KW - Roughness KW - Slabs KW - Smoothness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Test sections KW - Three dimensional modeling KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780954 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01020692 AU - International Society for Concrete Pavements TI - Eighth International Conference on Concrete Pavements: Innovations for Concrete Pavement: Technology Transfer for the Next Generation, Volumes 1, 2 and 3 PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - This conference is the eighth in a series of such conferences to bring together experts from all over the world to discuss the state of the art of concrete pavement design, construction, evaluation, performance, and rehabilitation. Additional topics addressed include precast pavements, bases, sealants, joints, and drainage. The seventy-eight papers published in these proceedings are organized in three volumes. Volume I contains papers from the following sessions: (1) Concrete Pavement Practices Around the World; (2) Analysis of Field Performance Data - What Have We Learned?; (3a) The Impact of Concrete Pavement Design and Construction on Performance; (3b) Pavement Management and Policies; (4) Improving Concrete Performance in Cold and Hot Regions; and (5) Joint Design and Construction/Alternate Dowel Materials. Volume II continues with the following sessions: (6) Use of Innovative Materials in PCC Paving; (7) Balancing Durability, Safety, Noise and Sustainability; (8) Continuously Reinforced Concrete; (9a) New Concepts for Design and Construction; (9b) Ride Quality: Specification and Measurement; and (10) Precast Concrete Pavement. Volume III concludes with the following sessions: (11) Analysis and Design of Concrete Overlays; (12) Non-Destructive and Accelerated Load Test Applications; (13) Pavement Rehabilitation; (14) Concrete Pavement Analysis and Behavior (including Curling and Warping); (15) Concrete in Airport Applications; and (16) Tools and Concepts for Pavement Design. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Concrete PavementsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)American Concrete Pavement AssociationCement Association of CanadaColorado Department of TransportationConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteFederal Highway AdministrationPortland Cement AssociationPurdue UniversityTransportation Research BoardColorado Springs,CO,United States StartDate:20050814 EndDate:20050818 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), American Concrete Pavement Association, Cement Association of Canada, Colorado Department of Transportation, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Federal Highway Administration, Portland Cement Association, Purdue University, Transportation Research Board KW - Accelerated tests KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Deserts KW - Drainage KW - Durability KW - Frigid regions KW - High performance concrete KW - Hot weather KW - Innovation KW - Landing fields KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Precast concrete pavements KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Ride quality KW - Road construction KW - Roller compacted concrete pavements KW - Sealing compounds KW - Skid resistance KW - State of the art KW - Technology transfer KW - Tie bars KW - Traffic noise KW - Warpage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01020329 AU - Rahall Appalachian Transportation Institute TI - Tri-State Safety Conscious Planning Roundtable PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - This CD-ROM was prepared in follow-up to the Tri-State Safety Conscious Planning Roundtable. It contains the materials that were distributed at the meeting, the powerpoint presentations delivered by the Federal representatives and peers, the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) powerpoint presentations, and other items suggested by participants, as well as an interactive index. Safety Conscious Planning (SCP) has several key characteristics, including the following: (1) It is a collaborative process and brings together state departments of transportation, MPOs, regional councils, transit agencies, highway safety professionals, practitioners and advocates, motor carrier safety professionals, law enforcement, elected officials, the public, and other professional communities. (2) It is data driven and uses crash, enforcement, and other types of safety-related data to identify current problems, proactively seek effective strategies to prevent crashes, prioritize and select projects and programs, measure performance, and evaluate results. (3) It is comprehensive because it includes all aspects of transportation safety, because it looks at corridors and systemwide assessments, and because it is multimodal, including strategies related to transit and non-motorized road users. U1 - Tri-State Safety Conscious Planning RoundtableFederal Highway AdministrationHuntington,WV,United States StartDate:20050920 EndDate:20050921 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Conferences KW - Databases KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Motor carriers KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Planning KW - Politics KW - Public transit KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01020309 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Lands Highway Division Design Visualization Guide PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this guide is to introduce visualization tools and innovative practices to the Federal Lands Highway (FLH) designer with the goal that these techniques and tools will eventually be integrated into most FLH projects, and used whenever there are design issues or communication needs. The guide will help the designer learn to use commonly available software tools to produce visualizations that will help them better understand and communicate their designs. It is also intended to help the user better understand more advanced design visualization (DV) tools and techniques that are available, and allow more effective coordination with FLH visualization staff. The user will also be better equipped to provide required design and model data to outside DV consultants to facilitate the production of better and more effective presentations. KW - Communication KW - Comprehension KW - Federal land KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Software KW - Visualization UR - http://www.efl.fhwa.dot.gov/manuals/dv/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/778442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01019081 AU - Hutcheson, William R AU - Mrkich, Dale AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Handtools for Trail Work: 2005 Edition PY - 2005///2005 SP - 54p AB - The Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC), working with trail crews throughout the United States, has standardized a comprehensive document on the use and maintenance of handtools involved in trail work. Information collected from industry experts, from interviews with trail crew members, and from extensive literature and market research on the subject provides the text for this document. It stresses safe and efficient tool use. It describes each tool and presents nomenclature and maintenance procedures, including sharpening techniques and rehandling methods. The document is intended for both experienced and inexperienced trail crews. KW - Construction and maintenance equipment KW - Handtools KW - Nomenclature KW - Procedures KW - Rehandling KW - Safety KW - Sharpening techniques KW - Tools KW - Trails KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/775791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01019069 AU - Hedlund, James H AU - Governors Highway Safety Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide For State Highway Safety Offices PY - 2005 SP - 187p AB - This guide is a basic reference to assist State Highway Safety Offices (SHSOs) in selecting effective, science-based traffic safety countermeasures for major highway safety problem areas. The guide: describes major strategies and countermeasures that are relevant to SHSOs; summarizes their use, effectiveness, costs, and implementation time; and provides references to the most important research summaries and individual studies. The guide contains a chapter for each problem area. Each chapter begins with a brief overview of the problem area’s size and characteristics, the main countermeasure strategies, a glossary of key terms, and a few general references. Next, a table lists specific countermeasures and summarizes their use, effectiveness, costs, and implementation time. Each countermeasure is then discussed in approximately one page. Some countermeasure areas are covered in more depth than others due to the availability of published research. For example, impaired driving has a long and rich research history while other topics, such as driver distraction and fatigue, have received less attention. Highway safety problem areas covered include the following: alcohol-impaired driving, seat belts, speeding and aggressive driving, fatigued and distracted driving, motorcycle safety, young drivers, and older drivers. KW - Aged drivers KW - Aggression KW - Alcohol use KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - State highway departments KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Young adults UR - http://www.ghsa.org/html/publications/countermeasures.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/775585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01019032 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Asset Management Case Studies: Bridge Management - Experiences of California, Florida, and South Dakota PY - 2005 SP - 32p AB - State Departments of Transportation are integrating electronic databases and software applications to achieve efficiencies and meet their performance goals. California, Florida, and South Dakota have been making progressive inroads using the Pontis Bridge Management System, and here they share their approaches as a guide for other States who want to do the same. All the information necessary to manage the integrity of California’s bridge infrastructure is contained in a single database with sharing features achieved using the Pontis data structure. Pontis is used not only to generate bridge reports, but is also accessed by district maintenance crews, project planners, Caltrans management, and the California Transportation Commission for their various lists and reports. Florida has simplified management and found cost-effective solutions by integrating Pontis with the Citrix MetaFrame Access Suite and the Project-Level Analysis Tool (PLAT). Citrix MetaFrame is a Web tool for bridge inspections that efficiently provides users a single point of access from any location, for any number of people, using many devices, over any connection. PLAT is a decision support system tool that makes routine policy, programming, and budgeting decisions regarding preservation and improvement of the State’s bridges. Like all States, South Dakota’s goal is to preserve their aging structures. Pontis is a valuable tool in this regard because it calculates the rate of deterioration for all the various bridge materials such as concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, and timber. The South Dakota Department of Transportation saved approximately 900 annual man-hours in labor by customizing the Pontis check-out/check-in process and abandoning their previous practice of entering inspection data from paper forms. An overview of the bridge management practices in these three States is presented here to help State departments of transportation shape their Asset Management programs in a way that leads them to achieve their goals and performance measures efficiently and cost effectively. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asset management KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Databases KW - Decision support systems KW - Deterioration KW - Florida KW - Inspection KW - Labor KW - Performance goals KW - Pontis (Computer program) KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Software KW - South Dakota KW - Steel structures KW - Strategic planning KW - Structures KW - Timber KW - Web-based systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/asstmgmt/bmcs7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/775595 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01017719 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Larson, Mark C TI - Organizing for Performance Management SN - 0309094178 PY - 2005 IS - 36 SP - pp 99-120 AB - The public-sector transportation community now has 15 to 20 years of experience in learning to plan and manage with performance measures. The paths of development vary widely from one organization to the next, yet they converge toward some common elements of effective practice. Great progress on this journey has been logged. Today, transportation investments are being selected on the basis of performance deficiencies and forecast benefits. Project status is reported regularly to managers, legislators, and the public. Politicians debate the performance level of snow and ice removal. A state transportation commission has posted experience in performance management as a critical qualification for a new secretary of transportation. This resource paper focuses on how that progress has been achieved--the factors that have contributed to success. Through interviews with veterans of practice and evidence from the Minnesota Department of Transportation's experience, the paper examines key drivers of development and elements of successful practice. The paper shares what experienced organizations see as the next steps in development. It looks at what tools can be added to the repertoire to make performance management more effective. Finally, the paper explores emerging challenges and issues. Interviews were conducted with eight states and two metropolitan planning organizations. Additional information was collected from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' Standing Committee on Planning meeting and peer exchange in Charleston, South Carolina, in May 2004; the October 2003 U.S. Department of Transportation roundtable in Washington, D.C.; the 2004 Transportation Research Board international scan; and other sources. This paper aims to crystallize the experience of a number of organizations and provoke thought and discussion. Other organizations may be blazing different paths to effective performance management. Transit organizations and regional organizations, for example, have experiences that are different from those of states. U1 - Second National Conference on Performance MeasuresTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationIrvine,California,United States StartDate:20040822 EndDate:20040824 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Interviewing KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Organizations KW - Performance based management KW - Performance measurement KW - State of the practice KW - States UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773179 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01017717 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hendren, Patricia G AU - Neumann, Lance A AU - Pickrell, Steven M TI - Linking Performance-Based Program Development and Delivery SN - 0309094178 PY - 2005 IS - 36 SP - pp 121-130 AB - The combination of performance-based program development, project delivery, and system monitoring creates an effective, efficient, and accountable transportation management structure. Although all three components--program development, delivery, and monitoring--are essential to performance-based management, the focus of this resource paper is on the linkage between program development and program delivery. Establishing a relationship between program development and program delivery will enable agencies to guide transportation decisions from conception to implementation. This paper begins with a discussion of performance measures application to the identification and selection of projects and services and to subsequent delivery of the transportation program. Next, the importance of implementing these two components of performance-based management and the relationship between the processes are assessed. The paper concludes with an assessment of some of the challenges of further connecting program development and delivery and a few suggestions as to how these challenges can be addressed. With limited examples from transportation agencies that have fully connected these two procedures, the issues raised in the paper are designed to identify the need and opportunity to advance performance-based management of transportation systems. U1 - Second National Conference on Performance MeasuresTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationIrvine,California,United States StartDate:20040822 EndDate:20040824 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Decision making KW - Implementation KW - Performance based management KW - Performance measurement KW - Program delivery KW - Program development KW - Program management KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773248 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01017716 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Adams, Louis H AU - Harrison, Frances D AU - Vandervalk, Anita TI - Issues and Challenges in Using Existing Data and Tools for Performance Measurement SN - 0309094178 PY - 2005 IS - 36 SP - pp 131-140 AB - Many transportation agencies seek to improve business processes by expanding the use of performance measurement without making significant additional investments in data collection and analysis tools. The purpose of this resource paper is to highlight technical issues associated with the use of existing data and tools for performance measurement in a transportation agency. Common challenges are identified and recommendations are included so that agency staff can anticipate and address the challenges in a proactive manner. U1 - Second National Conference on Performance MeasuresTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationIrvine,California,United States StartDate:20040822 EndDate:20040824 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Performance measurement KW - Transportation departments UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01017715 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Poister, Theodore H TI - Performance Measurement in Transportation: State of the Practice SN - 0309094178 PY - 2005 IS - 36 SP - pp 81-98 AB - The purpose of this resource paper is to track recent trends in the development and use of performance measures in transportation, assess the current state of the practice, and point out further issues that must be addressed to use measurement systems most advantageously. Focusing primarily on state departments of transportation, the paper addresses the questions of what is measured, how performance is measured, how performance data are reported, and how performance measures are used. The paper concludes with a summary of recent trends in the field and outlines continuing challenges that need to be addressed. U1 - Second National Conference on Performance MeasuresTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationIrvine,California,United States StartDate:20040822 EndDate:20040824 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Data reporting KW - Performance measurement KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773177 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01017696 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Performance Measures to Improve Transportation Systems: Summary of the Second National Conference SN - 0309094178 PY - 2005 IS - 36 SP - 150p AB - The Second National Conference on Performance Measures had two primary objectives: to explore the implementation and use of performance measures and to discuss how to monitor the impact of performance measures on the delivery and quality of transportation services. The program was designed to maximize the exchange of information and perspectives among the participants. Two workshops, Performance Measures Basics and Communicating Transportation Systems Performance and Measurement, were held at the beginning of the conference. Resource papers were commissioned on the five themes discussed during the conference: Performance Measures--State of the Practice; Impact of Performance Measures on Internal and External Relationships; Typing Together Performance-Based Program Development and Delivery; Data and Tools Required to Support Decision Making; and Measuring Performance in Difficult-to-Measure Areas. The papers were presented in panel sessions, and each was followed by a panel discussion. The panels, composed of experts from across the country, explored aspects of each topic in more depth. Breakout sessions to encourage the exchange of information and experience followed. The conference participants also had the opportunity to hear a report on an International Scan of Performance Measures. This conference summary report is based on the conference agenda. The presentations made in each conference session are summarized, starting with a presentation by the resource paper authors and continuing through the panel discussion. The breakout sessions are summarized at the end of the main report. These summaries highlight a variety of agency experiences with the use of performance measures and identify research that could improve the use of performance measures. The resource papers prepared for the conference appear in this document, and a list of conference attendees is provided. U1 - Second National Conference on Performance MeasuresTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationIrvine,California,United States StartDate:20040822 EndDate:20040824 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Implementation KW - Monitoring KW - Performance measurement KW - Program management KW - Quality of service KW - State of the practice KW - Workshops UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773174 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016539 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Li, Hainan AU - Guensler, Randall L AU - Ogle, Jennifer TI - Comparing Women's and Men's Morning Commute Trip Chaining in Atlanta, Georgia, by Using Instrumented Vehicle Activity Data SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 14-20 AB - Differences between women's and men's morning commute trip-chaining patterns are examined by using a subset of instrumented vehicle activity observations for 10 days of morning commute journeys made by 182 drivers from 138 households in Atlanta, Georgia. Morning commute trips that involve trip chaining are longer both in distance and in duration for both men and women compared with morning commutes without trip chaining. On the basis of analysis of the Atlanta data reported, overall gender differences in the morning commute trip-chaining patterns for men and women appear to exist. Men traveled a greater distance and spent more time in the morning commute than did women. Men stopped more frequently than women, and women tended to have shorter stop durations than did men. Some of the findings contradict previous research. It is not clear whether the differences reported here are specific to Atlanta, to the households involved in the sample, or perhaps to the specific time frame in which the analyses were undertaken. A larger sampling of the instrumented vehicle data (1 year of commute travel for 250+ households in the Commute Atlanta project) is currently being prepared to further assess these differences and to examine whether gender roles may be changing, at least in Atlanta. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Commuting KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Males KW - Travel time KW - Trip chaining KW - Trip length UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016538 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Laapotti, Sirkku TI - What Are Young Female Drivers Made Of? Differences in Driving Behavior and Attitudes of Young Women and Men in Finland SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 148-154 AB - Young female drivers in Finland are described by comparing the driving behavior and attitudes of young women and men. The study also questioned whether the traffic behavior and attitudes of female drivers have changed to resemble those of male drivers more closely during the past 20 years. The study used questionnaires to collect data from about 40,000 drivers on their attitudes and behavior (quantity and quality of driving, number and type of accidents, number of violations). Data on traffic offenses were also gathered by questionnaires from 30,275 drivers on an official register. Accident databases covering three levels of severity were used in the study: self-reported accidents, accidents in which claims were made to insurance companies, and fatal accidents investigated by the Road Accident Investigation Teams in Finland. The results showed that on the whole, female drivers hold more positive attitudes toward traffic regulations and safety. They committed fewer traffic offenses and were involved in accidents less often than men (exposure controlled for). Typical female drivers' accidents were those involving backing up and minor single-vehicle accidents. It is concluded that traffic attitudes and accident patterns of female drivers have not changed to resemble those of men more closely during the past 20 years in Finland. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Finland KW - Males KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773157 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016537 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Krizek, Kevin J AU - Johnson, Pamela Jo AU - Tilahun, Nebiyou TI - Gender Differences in Bicycling Behavior and Facility Preferences SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 31-40 AB - This study focuses on bicycling and specifically the differences by gender in terms of use and facility preferences. It is hypothesized that there are observable differences in bicycle use and how bicycle facilities are perceived; the researchers attempt to understand where differences exist and to document these differences in a manner that provides a baseline for future research. Secondary data from five different surveys were used to examine actual cycling behavior (commuting and other), desired amenities, and safety perceptions, as well as cycling facility preferences of women versus men. In general, the research uncovered a number of differences between men and women but also several other important differences. For example, there are distinct gender differences in the purpose of bicycle trips, desired amenities and safety perceptions, and the degree to which separate facilities are valued. This work contributes to the planning, transportation, and public health (physical activity) literature by providing a quantitative baseline documentation on which to build future work on a specific but often-glossed-over topic. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Amenities KW - Baseline data KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycling KW - Gender KW - Safety KW - Stated preferences KW - Surveys KW - Trip purpose UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016536 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vance, Colin AU - Buchheim, Sabine AU - Brockfeld, Elmar TI - Gender as a Determinant of Car Use: Evidence from Germany SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 59-67 AB - The determinants of car use in Germany are explored by analyzing a panel survey of travel diary data collected between 1994 and 2001. The analysis is conducted against the backdrop of two questions: Do women have more constrained access to cars than men, and if so, how is this constrained access mitigated or exacerbated by other determinants of car use such as community design, socioeconomic circumstances, and the demographic composition of the household? A cross-cutting issue is whether the existence of gender discrepancies in car use reflects the outcome of objective reasoning or of patriarchal constraints. Answers to these questions are pursued by estimating a probit choice model of the determinants of car utilization on weekdays. Although it is found that women are characterized by a lower likelihood of car use than are men, the magnitude of the discrepancy is influenced by several intervening variables including age, number of children, and time spent in out-of-household activities. The presence of children, in particular, is found to play a significant role in reducing disparities between men and women with respect to car use, whereas urban form variables generally play an insignificant role. It is concluded that although car use decisions may be made on the basis of objective reasoning, this reasoning often emerges from patriarchal constraints that dictate traditional gender roles. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Age KW - Automobile travel KW - Children KW - Choice models KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Germany KW - Males KW - Panel studies KW - Probits KW - Travel diaries KW - Travel surveys KW - Urban form KW - Weekdays UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016535 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mohammadian, Abolfazl TI - Gender Differences in Automobile Choice Behavior SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 41-48 AB - Automobile ownership plays an important role in determination of travel behavior. In contrast, gender difference is shown to be a significant factor in automobile choice behavior. The primary objective of this study was to identify influential factors that affect gender differences in automobile choice behavior. This study presents the process of developing mixed logit discrete choice models that control for gender to predict automobile type choice behavior. A variety of explanatory variables were used to provide a good model fit. Overall, the models demonstrate that gender-specific automobile type choice behavior is influenced by a wide variety of explanatory variables, including automobile attributes and household and individual characteristics. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Choice models KW - Discrete choice models KW - Gender KW - Households KW - Mixed logit models KW - Persons and personal characteristics KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016534 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Srinivasan, Sumeeta TI - Influence of Residential Location on Travel Behavior of Women in Chennai, India SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 4-13 AB - The visible impact of urban transportation is in access to employment. However, transportation also affects access to other services such as shopping and social service facilities. Past research in Chennai, a large city in India, indicates that the relocation of the very poor in peripheral informal settlements severely affects their accessibility to jobs and services because of the commuting distances involved when employment opportunities continue to remain highly centralized. In this study an attempt was made to understand the influence of relative location within the city on travel behavior by using a sample of 116 low-income households from a variety of locations in Chennai. In particular, the travel behavior of women as affected by location was assessed. Models estimated to determine the influence of location characteristics on household travel behavior indicate that availability of transportation choices did affect the travel behavior of women even after differences in their life-cycle stage are accounted for. Recently, Chennai has been investing heavily in rail for public transportation without estimating current travel demand by spatial location within the city. The implications of this policy for integrated land use and transportation planning are especially pertinent in this context. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Access KW - Chennai (India) KW - Females KW - Jobs KW - Land use KW - Low income groups KW - Rail transit KW - Residential location KW - Shopping facilities KW - Social service KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773023 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016533 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beck, Laurie F AU - Shults, Ruth A AU - Gilbert, Brenda Colley TI - Pregnant Women and Safety Belts: What Do We Know? SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 128-134 AB - Injuries are a leading cause of death among pregnant women, and motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of hospitalized injuries during pregnancy. The protective effect of safety belts for pregnant women and fetuses has been well documented. Self-reported data from two population-based surveys were used to examine safety belt use among reproductive-aged women and prenatal counseling about safety belts during pregnancy. The prevalence of safety belt use among reproductive-aged women ranged from 70% to 91% across 19 states. The prevalence of counseling about safety belts during pregnancy ranged from 37% to 57%. Younger, non-Hispanic black, and less educated reproductive-aged women were less likely to use seat belts. Pregnant women with these characteristics were more likely than older, non-Hispanic white, and more educated women to receive counseling about safety belt use. Population-based data on safety belt use among pregnant women are needed. Because belt use may change as the pregnancy advances, it should be measured during various stages of pregnancy. Adherence to counseling guidelines is low and should be increased. Provider counseling should be used in combination with effective tools such as legislation and high-visibility law enforcement, and the impact of counseling should be rigorously evaluated. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Blacks KW - Counseling KW - Injuries KW - Persons by educational level KW - Pregnant women KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Whites UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773151 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016532 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia TI - Is It Safe to Walk Here? Design and Policy Responses to Women's Fear of Victimization in Public Places SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 102-112 AB - Fear of victimization and crime are important concerns for women in cities. Although differences among women exist because of age, race, class, cultural and educational background, sexual orientation, and disability status, as well as personal characteristics such as personality traits and sense of physical competence, women typically report higher levels of fear than men. Women's fear is particularly associated with specific environmental conditions and settings. An overview is given of women's fear of crime in public spaces. After a discussion of a series of facts and fallacies about women's fear, the outcomes of fear as reflected in women's behavior and travel patterns are reviewed. Empirical findings are reported from two surveys of women in neighborhood parks and waiting at bus stops in Los Angeles, California. Design and policy responses to women's fear of victimization are then focused on and the interrelationship between environment and crime is analyzed, with suggestions for design and planning strategies for safer public spaces. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Bus stops KW - Crimes KW - Environmental design KW - Fear KW - Females KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Neighborhoods KW - Policy KW - Public areas KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns KW - Victims UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773073 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016531 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zhou, Yushuang AU - Outwater, Maren L AU - Proussaloglou, Kimon E TI - Market Research on Gender-Based Attitudinal Preferences and Travel Behavior SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 171-179 AB - The attitudinal differences between men and women are examined in terms of how attitudes toward everyday travel vary by gender and to what extent differences in travel behavior can be explained by attitudinal differences. How differences in attitudes and behavior between men and women vary across socioeconomic groups is also addressed. Data for this study came from four attitude-based household surveys in which nearly 40 attitudinal questions were asked to measure respondents' sensitivity to a broad range of experiences that they may encounter during their daily travel and their attitudes toward characteristics of the different travel modes they consider for their travel. The ratings of the attitudinal statements were analyzed to determine whether there is a gender difference; they were also used to segment the survey respondents into distinct market groups according to shared travel attitudes. This study shows that there is significant gender difference in travel attitudes, though the relative rank order of ratings provided by the female respondents was similar to that of the male respondents. It is important to provide a mix of strategies that would be most effective for different market segments with a range of attitudinal preferences and socioeconomic characteristics. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Attitudes KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Households KW - Males KW - Market research KW - Market segmented groups KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel surveys UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016530 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dellinger, Ann M TI - Nonfatal Transportation-Related Injury Among Women: Differences in Injury Patterns and Severity by Age SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 163-168 AB - Transportation ranks among the leading causes of death and injury for women in the United states. National estimates of nonfatal injury were based on weighted data from 31,144 women aged 15 years and older treated in hospital emergency departments during 2002. These injuries were compared with data from 31,733 men collected in the same system. Injuries were classified by age, disposition (e.g., treated and released, hospitalized), person type (e.g., occupant, pedestrian), body area injured, and type of injury (diagnosis). The 31,144 injuries represented an estimated 1.8 million transportation injuries to women in the United States. The majority (93.6%) of injured women were treated and released. Data were divided into five categories: motor vehicle occupant, pedestrian, pedal cyclist, motorcyclist, and all other transportation-related injuries. An estimated 1,495,884 female occupants were injured during 2002. Women (1,280) had a higher occupant injury rate per 100,000 population than men (1,127). Men had higher rates as pedestrians, pedal cyclists, and motorcyclists. This analysis demonstrates the heavy burden of transportation injury among women, along with notable differences in injury severity and injury patterns. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Age KW - Cyclists KW - Females KW - Injuries KW - Injury patterns KW - Injury severity KW - Injury types KW - Males KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773160 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016529 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nobis, Claudia AU - Lenz, Barbara TI - Gender Differences in Travel Patterns: Role of Employment Status and Household Structure SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 114-123 AB - Many signs indicate that the mobility of women has changed significantly in the past several decades: young women possess a driver's license almost as often as young men do, and women's car availability and their average mileage per year have increased. At the same time, more and more women combine job and family. The effects that these changes have on women's mobility in Germany are explored. The central questions are whether women adapt their mobility behavior to that of men or develop a woman-specific behavior, particularly for the use of the car, and whether household structure and employment status have the same effect on travel patterns for men and women. With data from a national travel survey in Germany, a group classification is carried out in order to compare those with similar basic conditions. The grouping variables are sex, employment status, and household structure. The analysis is restricted to individuals between 30 and 49 years of age in order to minimize variation in the life cycle to the extent possible. The results show that single men and women share many similarities. Gender differences reach the highest level for multiperson households. As long as only sex and household type are taken into account, the gender differences found are consistent with the literature. However, the additional distinction of employment status reveals a more differentiated view of gender differences in travel patterns. Men are rarely part-time employees or homemakers, but once they have this role, they often have even more strongly pronounced travel characteristics that normally are ascribed to women. In contrast, the travel patterns of full-time employed women are still different from those of their male counterparts. In addition, when working full time, women are to a higher degree than men responsible for household duties and child care. In this context, the car seems to have the ambivalent role of affording more flexibility while at the same time solidifying the traditional role of women in household duties and child care. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Employment KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Germany KW - Households KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016528 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gossen, Rachel AU - Purvis, Charles L TI - Activities, Time, and Travel: Changes in Women's Travel Time Expenditures, 1990-2000 SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 21-29 AB - This study examines the constancy and change in total travel time expenditures of women and men in the San Francisco Bay Area across the 10-year period from 1990 to 2000. The data sets analyzed are the 1990 and 2000 Bay Area Travel Surveys. Total travel time expenditures for women and men are examined across various sociodemographic and household attributes including age, race and ethnicity, employment status, and household life-cycle category. The results show that for both women and men, reported daily travel time expenditures increased significantly from 1990 to 2000. In addition, the results show that for some subgroups of women and men, differences in travel time expenditures have equalized from 1990 to 2000, whereas differences between other subgroups have increased. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Age KW - Employment KW - Ethnic groups KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Households KW - Race KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Sets KW - Sociodemographic attributes KW - Travel surveys KW - Travel time UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016527 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McDonald, Noreen C TI - Does Residential Density Affect the Travel "Gender Gap"? SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 68-75 AB - Research has shown that women with children have different travel patterns from those of their male counterparts, and thus there is a travel "gender gap." Women are more likely to make linked trips and to make trips solely to meet their children's travel needs, leading women to make more trips than men. A separate body of literature has shown significant, but moderate, influences of the built environment on travel behavior. This study tests the hypotheses that (a) there is a travel gender gap and (b) mothers make fewer trips for their children in densely populated places because their children are better able to meet their own travel needs. Analysis using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey shows that women make 77% more trips with children than their husbands do. This provides strong evidence for the existence of a gender gap when travel with children is considered. However, there is no evidence that the maternal travel burden declines as density increases, because children's travel options are not necessarily better in urban areas. Although children in urban areas walk and ride transit more than their rural counterparts do, they are less likely to have school bus service or to drive themselves. These two effects tend to cancel each other out, and the result is no reduction in mothers' travel burdens as density increases. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Built environment KW - Children KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Males KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Residential density KW - Rural areas KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016526 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Klinich, Kathleen DeSantis AU - Rupp, Jonathan D AU - Schneider, Lawrence W AU - Pearlman, Mark D TI - Protecting the Pregnant Occupant and Fetus in Motor Vehicle Crashes: Biomechanical Perspective SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 135-140 AB - Providing effective protection for fetuses of pregnant occupants in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) poses a challenge to automotive safety engineers because of limited data on the causes of fetal loss and injury. Recent studies have improved the understanding of biomechanical factors leading to adverse fetal outcomes in MVCs and have resulted in tools to evaluate restraint system performance in pregnant occupants. An anthropometry study of seated pregnant occupants throughout gestation has provided data on the size and shape of the pregnant abdomen relative to steering wheels and belt restraints. In-depth investigations of 42 crashes involving pregnant occupants resulted in logistic regression models that estimate the risk of adverse fetal outcome on the basis of crash severity and maternal restraint use. Data from these studies were used to develop a pregnant abdomen and injury reference values for the small female Hybrid III crash dummy. Highest-priority areas for future research are to monitor fetal outcomes after MVCs systematically, improve instrumentation for the pregnant crash dummy, expand the database of MVCs involving pregnant women, and measure material property characteristics of uterine and placental tissue. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanical mechanisms KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Dummies KW - Fetus KW - Future research KW - Pregnant women KW - Regression analysis KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773154 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016525 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clifton, Kelly J AU - Livi, Andrea D TI - Gender Differences in Walking Behavior, Attitudes About Walking, and Perceptions of the Environment in Three Maryland Communities SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 79-88 AB - Pedestrian behaviors and attitudes toward walking have recently become a focus of interest for researchers in a number of disciplines, including public health, transportation planning, and recreational studies. The potential gender differences regarding not only walking behavior but also attitudes about walking and perceptions of the environment, including safety, are of particular interest to planning researchers. To address these issues, the research design utilizes a survey instrument devised to capture respondents' perceptions about the physical environment, attitudes about walking, and self-reported pedestrian behaviors. These data were collected in three Maryland communities with different walkability and socioeconomic characteristics as part of a study to understand connections between the built environment and walking. These data are analyzed to examine how the subjective measures contribute to the understanding of gender differences in revealed pedestrian behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions. Lessons learned from this project, potential contributions to the understanding of the walking environment for both sexes, and future avenues of research are discussed. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Built environment KW - Data collection KW - Future research KW - Gender KW - Lessons learned KW - Maryland KW - Pedestrians KW - Perception KW - Revealed preferences KW - Safety KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Walking UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016524 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clifton, Kelly J AU - Dill, Jennifer TI - Women's Travel Behavior and Land Use: Will New Styles of Neighborhoods Lead to More Women Walking? SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 89-99 AB - Many travel behavior researchers have explored the links between land use characteristics and travel patterns. Several of them have demonstrated that certain patterns, such as density, mixed uses, and street connectivity, are associated with fewer or shorter vehicle trips, or both. There is also a considerable body of literature demonstrating the differences between men's and women's travel patterns. Yet less effort has been devoted to examining how land use may interact with sex to influence travel outcomes. If land use does affect travel, does it affect men's and women's travel differently? In particular, will both women and men take advantage of the walkable features of new urbanist neighborhoods? This study examines these questions in more detail through empirical analysis of land use and travel data. The relationships between walking behaviors, land use, and sex are emphasized. The findings reveal that women in new urbanist neighborhoods may walk more than do women in less walkable environments. However, men appear more likely to respond to these environments and walk more than their female counterparts. Land use and urban design may also remove some of the current barriers to women's walking, particularly safety concerns; however, the results indicate that women's ability or inclination to walk may be rooted in other reasons, such as family responsibilities. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Land use KW - Neighborhoods KW - Safety KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban design KW - Walking UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016523 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Polk, Merritt TI - Integration of Gender Equality into Transport Policy and Practice in Sweden SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 180-188 AB - To evaluate how policy makers have applied gender equality in Swedish transport policy and practice, two studies are compiled. The first briefly summarizes how gender equality has been integrated into transport policy in Sweden from 1997 to 2002. The second addresses the practical integration of gender equality into the transportation sector. Results are presented from a study that focuses on differences between women's and men's experiences with road infrastructure; on preferences regarding different parts of the road system; and on the priority rankings of the different goals in the transportation sector such as accessibility, effectiveness, safety, regional development, and a good environment. Interviews were held with 47 experts, users, professional driving instructors, and inspectors. In general, women have a more cooperative approach to road system infrastructure and the problems therein, and men are more individualistic. However, there are also noteworthy differences among age, socioeconomic group, and residential location. This study is a first step toward gathering knowledge that can be used on a practical level to attain a more gender-equal transportation system in Sweden. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Accessibility KW - Age KW - Environment KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Gender equality KW - Highway facilities KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Interviewing KW - Males KW - Persons by socioeconomic levels KW - Regional development KW - Residential location KW - Sweden KW - Transportation policy UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773169 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016522 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Noble, Barbara TI - Women's Travel: Can the Circle Be Squared? SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 196-209 AB - During the 1990s, the travel patterns of women in Great Britain exhibited some profound changes. Women of all ages are increasingly likely to hold driver's licenses and have full access to a car as the main driver. Three-fourths of the increase in car traffic since 1990 can be attributed to women. These changes have been influenced by major changes in the employment of women. For many women with children, a car is considered a necessity to help manage home and work responsibilities. Women have been able to expand their travel horizons, but there may be a cost to bear for society as a whole, with increasing congestion in many urban areas and on interurban roads. Bus service may become less viable, and opportunities for the remaining people who do not own a car may be reduced. Some tentative projections of further changes in car ownership and use by women over the next 10 to 15 years and their effect on traffic are provided. Can what seems to be impossible be achieved--can the circle be squared--so that the liberation that the car brings to many women can be enjoyed without the negative effects of increased congestion and environmental damage for society as a whole? U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Automobile ownership KW - Children KW - Driver licenses KW - Employment KW - Females KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel patterns KW - United Kingdom UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773172 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016521 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vagland, Asa TI - Gender Equality as a Subsidiary Objective of Swedish Transport Policy SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 189-195 AB - A description is given of how the Swedish government decided in 2001 to add a sixth subsidiary transport policy objective on gender equality in the transport system and developments since then. The most important steps toward gender equality in the transport system were taken in 1998, when the government proposed that a new advisory council, the Gender Equality Council for Transport and Information Technology, be appointed; in 2001, when the government decided to add the gender equality objective; and in 2002, when the Swedish Institute for Transport and Communications Analysis (SIKA) was instructed by the government to produce proposals for intermediate objectives within the transport policy objective of gender equality in the transport system. The government's next step will most likely be to give SIKA a new commission to work out intermediate objectives for gender equality to attain a transport system that is designed to meet the needs of both men and women. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Gender KW - Gender equality KW - Sweden KW - Transportation policy UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773171 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016520 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duma, Stefan M AU - Moorcroft, Dave AU - Stitzel, Joel AU - Duma, Greg TI - Computational Model of Pregnant Motor Vehicle Occupant SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 141-147 AB - A validated model of a 30-week-pregnant motor vehicle occupant is presented and the risk of fetal injury in frontal crashes is examined. A model of the pregnant uterus was imported into MADYMO 6.0 and included in the fifth-percentile female human body model by using membrane elements to serve as ligaments and facet surfaces for the overlying skin. A simulation matrix of 15 tests was developed to predict fetal outcome and included frontal crash impulses from minor (<24 km/h) to moderate (24 to 48 km/h) and severe (>48 km/h) crashes for the driver and passenger occupant positions. The test matrix included various restraint combinations: no restraint, lap belt, three-point belt, three-point with airbag, and airbag only. Overall, the risk of adverse fetal outcome was found to increase with increasing crash severity and to be higher for properly restrained drivers than for passengers. The peak uterine strain was reduced by 26% to 54% for the passenger position versus the driver position. This difference was due primarily to driver interaction with the steering wheel. For both occupant positions, the maternal injury indices were greatest for the unrestrained occupant. The current modeling effort has verified previous experimental findings regarding the importance of proper restraint use for the pregnant occupant. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Air bags KW - Crash severity KW - Driver position KW - Fetus KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - MADYMO (Computer program) KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger seat position KW - Pregnant women KW - Risk assessment KW - Seat belts KW - Simulation KW - Steering wheels UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773155 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016519 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clifton, Kelly J AU - Burnier, Carolina AU - Fults, Kandice Kreamer TI - Women's Involvement in Pedestrian-Vehicle Crashes: Influence of Personal and Environmental Factors SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 155-162 AB - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes are examined for patterns by gender. The analysis focuses on how the pedestrian crashes of men and women vary by personal characteristics (age, condition, injury) and physical characteristics of the crash area (location type, density, land use, pedestrian activity). The data for this study are pedestrian-vehicle crashes in Baltimore City, Maryland, from the State of Maryland Motor Vehicle Accident Report. The results from the analysis presented here suggest that, in general, there are few significant gender effects in the majority of pedestrian crashes. Women tend to be involved in fewer pedestrian crashes overall, and when they are involved, they appear to exhibit fewer risk-taking behaviors, such as violating traffic laws and consuming alcohol or drugs. Women were slightly less likely to be injured in a crash and less likely to die as a result. The effects of land use on pedestrian crash rates were not significant by gender. However, a higher percentage of women's crashes occur in areas with high pedestrian activity, which may be reflective of the distribution of areas in which women walk. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Crash locations KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Land use KW - Males KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Risk taking UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773158 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016518 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McGuckin, Nancy AU - Nakamoto, Yukiko TI - Differences in Trip Chaining by Men and Women SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - pp 49-56 AB - Men's and women's commuting behavior continues to be distinctly different. The difference may be more apparent in the tendency to tripchain--that is, to link short stops in the trip to or from work. As more women entered the workforce and went from higher education to professional careers, it was widely assumed that aspects of women's and men's travel behavior would converge. However, research has found persistent gender differences in distance to work, mode of travel, and automobile occupancy and in the propensity to trip-chain. This study examines whether trends in trip-chaining behavior show convergence or the continued persistence of gender differences. Trends show that trip chaining during the commute increased from 1995 to 2001, and men's trip chaining increased nearly twice as much as women's. The growth in men's trip chaining is robust, but a large amount of that growth is for stops to get a meal or coffee on the way to work, called the Starbucks effect. Clarifying trends in the incidence of trip chaining and, more important, the details in terms of the direction, time of day, and purpose of the stops during commuting helps in the understanding of the persistence of gender roles in travel behavior. Such an understanding is vital to policy directives that aim to change travel behavior to ease congestion, reduce emissions, and save fuel. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Commuting KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Males KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip chaining UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01016517 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Research on Women's Issues in Transportation, Report of a Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers SN - 0309093945 PY - 2005 IS - 35 SP - 220p AB - This conference had two primary objectives: (a) to identify and explore additional research and data needed to inform transportation policy decisions that address women's mobility, safety, and security needs and (b) to encourage research by young researchers. The conference was organized around four subject areas: Understanding Travel Issues; Transportation, Access, and Community Design; Injury Prevention and Ergonomics; and Policy and Planning. The conference proceedings are presented in two volumes. Volume 1 includes the conference summary, the four peer-reviewed overview papers presented by the topic leaders, the keynote presentation, and a list of conference participants. This volume, Volume 2, contains the peer-reviewed breakout and poster papers and several abstracts of papers on subjects of particular interest to the conference organizing committee. U1 - Conference on Research on Women's Issues in TransportationTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationDepartment for Transport, EnglandMichigan Department of TransportationGeneral Motors CorporationIowa Department of TransportationNew Mexico Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationMaritime AdministrationWashington State Department of TransportationOak Ridge National LaboratoryChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20041118 EndDate:20041120 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Department for Transport, England, Michigan Department of Transportation, General Motors Corporation, Iowa Department of Transportation, New Mexico Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Transit Administration, Maritime Administration, Washington State Department of Transportation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory KW - Access KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Ergonomics KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Injury prevention KW - Mobility KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Security KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP35v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/773020 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004374 AU - Transportation Research Board TI - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, June 29-July 1, 2005, Chicago, Illinois: Compendium of Papers CD-ROM PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of the symposium was to stimulate improvement of worldwide geometric design through presentations, discussions, and exhibits on the latest research, policies, and practices for street and highway geometric design. The compendium contains the 85 country reports and technical papers presented at the symposium. Symposium authors represent 28 countries. The compendium table of contents reflects the plenary, podium, and poster sessions into which the symposium was organized. The country reports and technical papers were selected through a two-stage review process that included peer review. These are the headings that appear in the table of contents: Opening Plenary Session; Podium Session 1--Rural Design for Speed Management; Podium Session 2--Design Visualization; Podium Session 3--Urban Design Issues; Podium Session 4--2+1 Roads; Podium Session 5--Roundabouts; Podium Session 6--Freeway and Interchange Design Issues; Podium Session 7--Rural Design and Safety; Podium Session 8--Intersection Design and Safety; Podium Session 9--Freeway and Interchange Design Policy; Poster Session--Rural Design Issues, Urban Design Issues, Traffic Calming and Context Sensitive Design, Intersection Design Issues, and Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Design; Podium Session 10--Cross Section Design and Safety; Podium Session 11--Safety in Design Policy; Podium Session 12--Horizontal Curve Design; Podium Session 13--Design Consistency; Podium Session 14--Sight Distance; and Podium Session 15--Intersection Design and Operations. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Conferences KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cross sections KW - Design consistency KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Roundabouts KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Speed control KW - State of the practice KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban highways KW - Vertical alignment KW - Visualization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760393 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004459 AU - Koorey, Glen AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Use of Road Geometry Data for Highway Applications PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - Since 1992, New Zealand's 10,000 km State Highway network has been regularly surveyed to collect data on horizontal curvature, gradient and cross-fall at 10-m intervals. A number of initiatives have been developed that make use of this valuable data source, particularly for rural highways. For example: general crash risk relationships based on Poisson generalized linear models have been developed that can identify the effect of changes to key geometric variables; speed profiles have been developed for highway strategic studies, enabling curves that are deficient to the surrounding road environment to be highlighted; comparisons of cross-fall and curvature enable sections of highway that fail to meet design standards to be readily identified; sight distances can be generated from the geometry data, to assist with the evaluation of passing lanes and no-overtaking areas; the effects of geometry on long-vehicle paths along routes have been used to estimate the required remedial investment; road geometry data can establish an appropriate curve advisory speed to post on warning signs; and fixed-length geometry data have been used to derive variable-length geometric elements. The applications enable practitioners to be proactive in identifying and treating hazardous or congested sections of highway. They also minimize the additional field survey work required. This paper describes these developments and the benefits derived, through specific practical examples. It also discusses some of the difficulties experienced in using these data and potential future applications. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Advisory speeds KW - Cross slopes (Pavement surfaces) KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Gradient (Roads) KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - New Zealand KW - Risk analysis KW - Sight distance KW - Speed profiles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004458 AU - Crisman, Bruno AU - Marchionna, Aurelio AU - Perco, Paolo AU - Robba, Alberto AU - Roberti, Roberto AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Operating Speed Prediction Model for Two-Lane Rural Roads PY - 2005 SP - 22p AB - One of the most frequent roadway characteristics that affects accidents is the horizontal curve. Accident rate increases in proportion to a decrease in the radii of curves, in particular for sharp radii on two-lane rural roads. Usually, driver behavior along the horizontal curve is represented by the speed because it is an important element in the general design process and can be used to create a speed profile along the alignment to verify design consistency. The consistency check is very effective in identifying sequences of elements that require a considerable speed reduction, such as a sharp isolated curve on a flowing alignment. Such inconsistencies are dangerous because they violate driver expectancy. Moreover, there are important differences in accident rates between similar curves, because the speed chosen by the driver to traverse the curve depends not only on the geometric curve characteristics, but also on other factors of the upstream horizontal alignment and of the overall road environment. To improve the validity of the speed profile previously proposed, environmental speed was introduced and a prediction model to estimate it was elaborated. The introduction of environmental speed into the prediction model of the horizontal curve operating speed improves its reliability. The results show that the model effectively estimates the operating speed along the road alignment, according to its geometric features. Consequently, this simulation model can be used in order to evaluate the consistency of new and existing roads and to promote traffic safety. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash rates KW - Design consistency KW - Driver expectancy KW - Environment KW - Environmental speed KW - Estimating KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical models KW - Operating speed KW - Radius KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760642 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004457 AU - Donnell, Eric T AU - Mason, John M AU - Hughes, Warren E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Median Design Considerations Based on Crash and Cost Analyses PY - 2005 SP - 24p AB - Depressed medians on limited access, divided highways separate opposing traffic and provide a recovery area for errant vehicles that run-off-the-road left of the traveled way. Appropriate median widths are determined based on the potential need for median barrier. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Roadside Design Guide" provides median barrier warrant criteria based on median width and average daily traffic volume. These guidelines have remained relatively unchanged since the 1970s. Most state transportation agencies have adopted the AASHTO median design policy as standard practice for all high-speed, limited access, divided Interstates and expressways. Roadway inventory and median-related crash data were collected on limited access, divided highway in several states to evaluate existing median barrier warrant criteria. Analytical results from two separate studies are presented in this paper. Regression models of median-involved crashes were developed and comparative analyses were conducted to assess the adequacy of the existing AASHTO median barrier warrant criteria. Further, cost-effectiveness analyses using Pennsylvania Interstate data are presented. Based on the results of both studies, there is a benefit of installing longitudinal barrier on divided highways with median widths up to 70 ft. These results are based on using the existing design-decision variables of median width and average daily traffic. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash data KW - Depressed medians KW - Design standards KW - Divided highways KW - Expressways KW - Interstate highways KW - Median barriers KW - Median width KW - Pennsylvania KW - Regression analysis KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760704 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004456 AU - Ikeda, Takeshi AU - Mori, Nozomu AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Analysis of Correlation Between Roadway Alignment and Traffic Accidents PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - As roadway alignment has a significant impact on the drivers on roads, careful consideration must be given to road alignment in order to reduce road accidents. Sharp curves and steep grades, for example, are known to increase the potential for accidents, and should be avoided wherever possible. In addition, the frequency of traffic accidents may vary even on roads with the same alignment if their facilities or the configuration of their cross sections, etc., differ. Thus, in designing the road alignment to minimize road accidents, it is necessary to also consider the placement of facilities and the configuration of the roadway cross section. This report seeks to provide valuable information for use in the road alignment design process by analyzing correlation between road alignment, traffic conditions and road accidents. One example of the findings of this study involved a comparison of the lane deviation accident rate on curves on four-lane roads and two-lane roads. The comparison revealed a higher accident rate on two-lane roads, and also found that the smaller the radius of curvature, the higher the accident rate, particularly on two-lane roads. In this way, a great deal of new knowledge has been obtained. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Cross sections KW - Curvature KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway curves KW - Highway facilities KW - Lane deviation KW - Location KW - Traffic conditions KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760597 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004455 AU - Stamatiadis, Nikiforos AU - Agent, Kenneth R AU - Pigman, Jerry G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Design Exceptions and Safety PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - Design exceptions are used in roadway projects that require design elements that vary from typical designs. There have been concerns raised regarding the safety implications of the use of lower than typical design values. This study summarized past design exceptions in Kentucky to document their frequency and reason for their use and evaluate possible safety consequences from these exceptions. A site visit was made to a large number of the locations where the project was built with the requested design exception, and available crash data were obtained at these locations. There was an average of 39 design exceptions per year for the 1993 to 1998 period. The majority of the projects involved a bridge replacement with the next most frequent being roadway widening reconstruction projects and construction of turning lanes. The most common design exception was for a design speed lower than the posted speed limit followed by a reduction in sight distance, curve radius, or shoulder width. The crash analysis showed that, with a very few exceptions, use of the design exception process did not have any negative effects on highway safety. The analysis showed that the design exception projects resulted in an improvement over the prior condition although some aspect of the design may not be typical. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Bridge replacement KW - Crash data KW - Curve radius KW - Design exceptions KW - Design speed KW - Field studies KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway widening KW - Kentucky KW - Shoulder width KW - Sight distance KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004454 AU - Cardoso, Joao Lourenco AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Safety Assessment for Design and Redesign of Horizontal Curves PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - The Portuguese Road Administration adopted recently a new system for the detection of inconsistent horizontal curves in single carriageway rural roads of the National Road Network, and for the improvement of their safety records. This system resulted from research carried out within the research program of the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) and the European Research Program TRANSPORT of the European Union's Fourth Framework Program (SAFESTAR project). These investigations were followed by a specific study at LNEC, aiming at the development of application procedures as regards the Portuguese road network conditions. Models for calculation of unimpeded speed profiles are used to estimate conformance of horizontal curves with driver expectancy and to assess the increase in their accident risk, as compared with the accident risk on tangents. Predictions of accident rates on curves and on tangents are made using log-linear accident frequency models, with speed estimates and selected measured road characteristics as explanatory variables. Energy considerations and the change in the expected injury accident rates are used to classify horizontal curves in four consistency classes. A computer program was developed for practical application of this process. In addition, for each consistency class, a systematic curve treatment was defined and is currently being carried out in several roads. Generally, this treatment involves such low cost engineering measures as marking, signing and shoulder improvement. The safety record of the consistency classes is discussed, based on five years of accident data on the Portuguese main road network. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver expectancy KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical models KW - Portugal KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004453 AU - Andrishak, Gary AU - Collings, John C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Designing Transportation Corridors with Context, Theme and Aesthetics--Some Recent Examples from Western Canada PY - 2005 SP - 27p AB - This paper is a collaboration between a geometric designer and an aesthetics planner on approaches to designing and preparing specifications for major arterial corridor projects in Western Canada. Selected routes are extremely sensitive in terms of context. Most areas have strong senses of community and history. Corridors or new connectors invariably cross environmentally rich flood plains or established residences and farmland. They may also traverse steep and sensitive mountain slopes with salmon-bearing creeks. Vistas are usually varied mountain and river scenery. There is an urgent desire not to repeat some of the mistakes that have been made in providing earlier arterial corridors that are often aesthetically bland and devoid of character. In Canada, new or upgraded non-freeway roads are being conceived as limited speed facilities which incorporate explicit safety and provide opportunity for initiative in the form of contemporary geometric design and construction practices. These include requirements to incorporate human factors and speed management as supported by crash prediction. Opportunity is provided for the provision of state-of-the-art river crossings and supporting structures. Central to arterial planning is the desire by project developers to design facilities within context and to illustrate this graphically be means of visual theme and aesthetics plans. These plans are to be incorporated into every geometric component of the design and have led to the preparation of sets of context sensitive design guidelines to steer the corridor design in order to meet the community and environmental values. Such guidelines incorporate the need for aesthetics and design to meet driver expectations. Current Canadian practice encourages geometric designers to move away from purely functional requirements of vehicles towards providing roads that are seen as community assets with designs that are flexible, safe and still meet demands of mobility. Taking clues from precedents established by the Great Parkways of the past, design aesthetics are divided into three categories: segments, gateways and transitions. Themes include such design features as entry gates and icons, coordinated signage, viewing promontories and development themes aimed at establishing a sense of place for the resultant project. The authors have worked for both owner development teams and design/build contractor teams. As a result, they have been able to both contribute and respond to design guidelines, thereby putting theory into practice. The end result is to use context sensitive approaches to provide road facilities that are attributes to communities and are operationally safe, implementable and affordable. This paper describes the rational for the development of guidelines, the requirements of design/builders and the challenges of successful implementation. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Aesthetics KW - Context sensitive design KW - Design build KW - Driver expectations KW - Entrances KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway corridors KW - Human factors KW - Parkways KW - River crossings KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs KW - Speed control KW - Western Canada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760669 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004452 AU - Broeren, Patrick AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Optimizing Vertical Alignments: A Quantitative Approach to Cost-Effective Road Design for Tunnels PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - To limit the costs for the new 2nd Coentunnel, steeper grades are considered than the maximum values mentioned in the guidelines: 6% instead of 4.5%. Steeper grades reduce the length of the tunnel and its entrance road sections, and save construction costs. On the other hand, steeper grades may result in a decrease of traffic safety and traffic flow rate. This contribution focuses on determining the optimum vertical alignment in tunnels, taking into account traffic safety, traffic flow, construction costs and operation costs. The results of traffic flow and traffic safety calculations are used in a custom-developed decision support system (DSS). This system for evaluating vertical alignments, consists of three modules: a quantitative risk module, a cost-benefit module and a sensitivity module. DSS evaluations show that the number of extra accidents and casualties on the alignments with the steeper grade are limited. As a result, extra damage and accident costs are also limited. From the cost-benefit analysis, it can be concluded that extra costs for traffic accidents and congestion, because of the steeper grade, exceed the saving in construction costs by far. The sensitivity analysis shows variations of the input data have relatively little influence on this outcome. The case of the 2nd Coentunnel shows that state-of-the-art tools enable a quantitative approach to cost-sensitive design of vertical alignments. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision support systems KW - Highway design KW - Netherlands KW - Operating costs KW - Optimization KW - Risk analysis KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Traffic flow rate KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicular tunnels KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760693 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004451 AU - Johnson, William AU - Flannery, Aimee AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Estimating Speeds at High Speed Rural Roundabouts PY - 2005 SP - 26p AB - This paper investigates the relationship between American roundabout geometric design elements and driver selected speeds. From May to August of 2003, an extensive data collection effort was undertaken as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 3-65 to obtain spot speeds and roundabout geometric design information for 32 roundabouts located in 11 States. This study utilizes a portion of this dataset by testing 11 single-lane roundabouts which include a total of 40 roundabout approaches. These roundabouts were chosen for their placement in potentially high-speed environments. Fourteen simple linear regression equations were developed to estimate the differential in speeds at several key locations including the merge area of entering/circulating vehicles. These models may be used to gain insight into how roundabout design may affect the driver selected speeds which in turn influence safety and operational performance. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Data collection KW - Equations KW - Geometric design KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mean speed KW - Roundabouts KW - Speed KW - Speed differentials KW - Spot speed KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760486 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004450 AU - Robinson, John B L AU - Morrall, John AU - Smith, Gerald AU - Biglow, Bruce AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Canada: Developments & Emerging Issues in Canadian Design Practices PY - 2005 SP - 11p AB - Geometric design practices in Canada continue to evolve rapidly since the Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) released the major revision of the national Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads in late 1999. At that time, the TAC Guide introduced the Design Domain concept that provided additional flexibility for designers and emphasized the need for explicitly evaluating the road safety performance impacts of geometric design decisions whenever possible. This paper examines the continuing evolution of Canada's geometric design practices across the country since 1999 and the emerging issues that appear to be driving the development and adoption of enhanced practices in a number of technical areas. Three issues in particular seem to be emergent and influential: developing community pressures for context sensitive design approaches in both urban and rural areas; the desire to better recognize the needs of vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, etc.) within the geometric design context; and the ongoing desire to provide more cost and operationally effective designs within the constrained design environments faced in many major rehabilitation and restoration projects. The impacts of these emerging issues, and the practical design responses of various Canadian jurisdictions to them, are reviewed through a series of examples from across the country that both illustrate and underline the importance of these pressures and the needs they generate for new design tools and approaches that respond to them. In the penultimate section of the paper the implications of these new developments on research needs for the geometric design of roads are discussed. The need for tools that help further enhance the linkage between the design process and the explicit evaluation of road safety performance emerges as a continuing challenge, and the potential role of technologies such as the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) are examined in this light. In addition, the growing importance of developing and incorporating design processes that recognize the need for a better understanding of the influence of human factors on design decisions is stressed. A number of other needs are also identified. The closing section of the paper provides an overview and summary of key national directions and their implications for the practice of geometric design in Canada. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Canada KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cyclists KW - Design practices KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Rural areas KW - Technology KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004449 AU - Lord, Dominique AU - Bonneson, James A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Estimating the Safety of Four Ramp Design Configurations PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - There is a significant need to explicitly include highway safety in the highway design process, in that safety has so far often been generally limited to qualitative assessments of design alternatives. To receive proper consideration, safety needs to be dealt with quantitatively. Unfortunately, highway safety is seldom, if ever, explicitly considered during the highway design process. This omission can be attributed to various factors, the most important one being the lack of available tools needed for estimating the number of crashes during this process. To help fill this void, the objective of this study is to develop a tool that would allow the estimation of crashes for four types of ramp design configuration. The tool proposed in this work will be useful during the project planning process where it can be implemented to identify cost-effective interchange ramp design configurations. Only ramps in non-frontage-road settings were analyzed for this study. The four basic ramp design configurations analyzed were: 1) diagonal ramp, 2) non-free-flow loop ramp, 3) free-flow loop ramp, and 4) outer connection ramp. Predictive models were proposed for the four ramp design configurations. Predictive models, developed from data collected in Washington for the years 1993-1995 inclusively, were calibrated using data from Texas. Crash data, traffic flows and geometric design characteristics were collected at 31 ramps for the years 1998 to 2000. Calibration factors were estimated using a procedure recently proposed in the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM). An example detailing the application of the tool for the design of ramp configurations is presented in this study. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Calibration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Mathematical models KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004448 AU - Carlson, Paul J AU - Miles, Jeffrey David AU - Johnson, Patricia K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Findings and Implications from Daytime High-Speed Passing Maneuvers Observed on a Rural Two-Lane, Two-Way Highway PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Daytime high-speed passing maneuvers were recorded along a straight and flat 15-mile section of rural two-lane, two-way highway in Texas. The posted speed limit was 70 mph. Passing maneuvers were covertly recorded from the overtaken vehicle, which was driven at three specific study speeds, 55, 60, and 65 mph. A total of 105 single vehicle daytime passes were analyzed. Speed profiles of the passing vehicle's passes were developed for each of the three studied speeds. The results were compared to AASHTO's assumptions and criteria for minimum passing sight distance (PSD) for two-lane, two-way highways. In particular, the analysis was focused on the elements associated with a passing vehicle while it occupies the opposing lane of travel. The specific elements that were studied included: (1) the average passing speed, (2) the speed differential between passing and passed vehicles, (3) the distance traveled while making the pass, and (4) the total elapsed time. The general findings provide support for the AASHTO PSD model. For the assumptions made, the model provides reasonable results. However, the assumptions may need to be updated or more flexibility added. For instance, for a 70 mph design speed, the assumed speed of the overtaken vehicle is 54 mph. The PSD associated with these speeds was verified in this study but what if the overtaken vehicle was traveling at 60 or 65 mph? The results of this study show that the current AASHTO PSD model would provide inadequate PSD values for overtaken speeds greater than those currently assumed. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Average passing speed KW - Daylight KW - Passing KW - Passing distance KW - Passing sight distance KW - Passing time KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Texas KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760605 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004447 AU - Wolhuter, K M AU - Garner, D AU - Schmid, K G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Spacing of Interchanges in Gauteng PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - From time to time, the Gauteng Department of Public Transport, Roads and Works is requested to permit additional interchanges on its freeway system. Gauteng, one of South Africa's nine provinces, is also the economic powerhouse of the country. As such there are tremendous development pressures and Gautrans felt obliged to re-evaluate its approach to interchange spacing. This re-evaluation comprised a literature survey, limited field observations on existing freeways, a review of signposting requirements, weaving analysis, and other operational considerations, and formed the basis of the paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, in Mainz, Germany in 2000. The revised approach is based on the distances necessary to accommodate the sign sequences recommended in the Road Traffic Signs Manual of the Southern African Development Community, but recognizes that the distances derived on this basis may be too short to accommodate the anticipated flows at the proposed interchanges, in which case the distance required for operational efficiency will have to be determined. It may also be necessary for the benefit of the surrounding land use to consider the provision of an interchange at a less than normally desirable spacing, again requiring an investigation of operational efficiency. The approach to operational analysis followed in the 2000 paper was based in part on the then current Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 1994), but also included reference to research work being undertaken at the time for inclusion in the HCM 2000. However, when released, HCM 2000 did not include this research work. HCM 2000 is also significantly different from its predecessor and it was accordingly deemed advisable to re-evaluate this aspect of the original proposals. Exhaustive analysis utilizing the methodologies expounded in HCM 2000 for operational analysis, led to the development of a series of graphs for the merge-diverge case, from which the distance (spacing) required to maintain acceptable operational conditions can be determined for a large range of operational circumstances. A density of 22 veh/km/ln or, with a relaxation, 25 veh/km/ln, is proposed as lower limit. If a merge-diverge is inappropriate, a weaving section will have to be evaluated. A "warrant" approach using a Type A or a Type B configuration is proposed as the basis of evaluation, and graphs have been developed from which the densities for given flows can be read. These graphs are based on the assumption of volume ratios (VR) of 0.27 and 0.60 for Type A and Type B weaving, respectively. These values of VR are three-quarters of those at which, according to HCM 2000, instability of the weaving section is likely to develop. It has also been found that for both Type A and Type B weaving, the presence of the auxiliary lane renders the question of a minimum distance between interchanges largely irrelevant. The point at issue is whether the anticipated density in the proposed weaving sections will be less than the recommended levels. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Diverging traffic KW - Field studies KW - Gauteng (South Africa) KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Interchanges KW - Literature reviews KW - Merging traffic KW - Operational analysis KW - Spacing KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic signs KW - Weaving sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760587 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004446 AU - Aronsson, K F M AU - Bang, K L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Factors Influencing Speed Profiles on Urban Streets PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Motor vehicle speed profiles on urban streets are influenced by many factors including street type, environment, traffic flow, ratio of through traffic and geometric design. Special focus was given to a study of "side friction events" in the form of conflicts with pedestrians, buses, on-street parking, exits from roadside premises, etc. A bottom-up research methodology was developed and applied, which included a wide range of stationary and mobile field surveys. Controlled experiments in a driver simulator programmed to represent the studied field sites were also carried out. The results showed that crossing pedestrians, occupied roadside bus stops and encounters with vehicles in the opposing direction of travel have a significant impact on driver speed choices. In a second stage of the project a microscopic simulation model will be calibrated to represent the observed driver behavior on different types of arterials and streets. The model will then be used to produce speed patterns and speed flow relationships for the studied range of street types and conditions, which will assist traffic planners and engineers in the design and traffic management of urban streets that will be more functional for their purpose as well as safer for their respective users. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Bus traffic KW - Driveways KW - Driving simulators KW - Experiments KW - Highway design KW - Microsimulation KW - On street parking KW - Pedestrians KW - Speed flow relationships KW - Speed profiles KW - Surveys KW - Types of roads KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004445 AU - Garcia, Alfredo AU - Romero, Mario A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Tracking Vehicle Behavior in a Deceleration Lane with Different Lengths PY - 2005 SP - 17p AB - Kinematic models of uniform deceleration, which are usually adopted for designing deceleration lanes, do not correspond with experimental observations carried out by various researchers. In excessively long deceleration lanes, many vehicles initially do not decelerate and, in some cases, a vehicle overtakes the vehicle that preceded it on the main road. In the construction to improve a section of a freeway near the city of Valencia, a weaving lane was changed to an exit lane. This allowed an analysis of the design and operation of a deceleration lane based on its length. Up to now, all research was carried out through field study of the phenomenon in various deceleration lanes, with different road and traffic characteristics according to their locations. In this research, for the first time experiments were carried out in the same scenario. Different configurations for the diverging lane were established, varying their length with road marking tapes. In each configuration of the deceleration lane video recordings with four cameras were taken for tracking the vehicle evolution on leaving the main road. Later, the videos were digitized and specific software was developed to convert the information from 2D to 3D. The successive positions of the vehicles on the roadway associated to times, give the trajectories, speeds, decelerations and accelerations. Then, the exit phenomenon was analyzed as a function of the lane length: exit trajectory types; speeds; decelerations and their localization. A detailed study of the potentially dangerous maneuvers was also carried out. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Length KW - Speed KW - Valencia (Spain) KW - Video cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004444 AU - Patte, Lionel AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--France: Recent French Publications PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Evolution in the context surrounding French highway projects was significant at the end of the 20th Century. This evolution involved increasing constraints, primarily environmental (reflected by legislation such as the law on water, etc.) and economic, as well as concerns for the safety of both users and operators. These developments influenced strongly the body of engineering literature (guides, codes, etc.), which was fundamentally renewed and complemented during the final decade. Moreover, "standards" are today increasingly questioned. This may be explained by changes in the contexts--institutional, socioeconomic, and legal--surrounding their utilization. Positions require explanation if they are to be accessible, understood and ultimately accepted by all players. Formal presentation of justifications satisfies a number of aims: reinforcing the credibility of recommendations, enhancing their appropriation, favoring their enlightened application, facilitating their maintenance and subsequent development. In concrete terms, this is reflected in a number of ways: direct inclusion of justification in guides, drafting of specific explanatory documentation or, again, compilation of answers to all the (very numerous!) questions raised during consultation phases involving the whole engineering community. A number of recent French publications bear witness to these developments. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - France KW - Highway design KW - Institutional issues KW - Justification KW - Legal factors KW - Publications KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004443 AU - Weber, Roland AU - Hartkopf, Gert AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New Design Guidelines--A Step Towards Self-Explaining Roads? PY - 2005 SP - 28p AB - In order to increase the traffic safety on German roads by means of road infrastructure measures the establishment of new design guidelines for rural roads is of great importance. The new design guidelines should be based on a new design principle: roads ought to be standardized and self-explaining. Standardization of roads means that there will be types of uniform road layouts, which can easily be distinguished. The meaning of self-explaining in this context is that roads are designed in such a way that road users can recognize subconsciously how they are expected to behave. Both targets can be reached by defining a limited number of sets of design options, taking operational aspects into account, and by defining a close relationship between these sets and the function of the road. The main point is to establish a new guidance figure in order to define the right combinations of different types and sizes of design elements. Up to now, the guidance figure for road design has been the design speed. But the design speed only defines the minimum radius of a curve with a maximum cross slope under defined circumstances. The design speed does not determine the type and width of cross sections, the type of intersection or the operation mode. Neither is there a strong relationship between the design speed and the required sight distance, the length of a straight section, the inclination or the cross slope. This is the reason why a design class, as it is called, has been defined as a new guidance figure. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cross sections KW - Cross slope KW - Geometric design KW - Germany KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Positive guidance KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Standardization KW - Straight sections KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760409 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004442 AU - Tracz, Marian AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Poland: Roundabouts Use in Poland and Developments in Their Design PY - 2005 SP - 22p AB - The introduction presents the historical background of roundabout use in Poland. Next guidelines for roundabout design are described together with the edition of the guidelines for all at-grade intersections design and recent manuals for capacity analyses of at-grade intersections. The paper presents contents of the guidelines for designing of mini, small and medium roundabouts. Then some typical errors in roundabout design are discussed. The last part of the paper presents some new developments in roundabout design including the double, the spiral, "infinity" shaped and cigar shaped roundabouts. Finally, needs for further research in the area of roundabout safety and operation are suggested. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - At grade intersections KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Innovation KW - Manuals KW - Poland KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760474 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004441 AU - Figueroa, Alberto M AU - Tarko, Andrew P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Free-flow Speed Changes in the Vicinity of Horizontal Curves PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - Context-sensitive design principles have been highly promoted in recent years. The application of these principles might lead to situations where design standards cannot be met because of restricting local conditions. In such cases, horizontal curves have reduced design speeds compared to the adjacent tangents, requiring drivers to reduce speeds to negotiate the curvature change. The design of transition sections takes into account safety, comfort, and road appearance. Spiral curves are often used to provide a gradual change in the alignment curvature and to preclude speed changes while negotiating the curvature change. Thus far, there is no empirical basis or research that supports the design of spirals or tangent-to-curve transition sections when the horizontal curve and the adjacent tangents have different design speeds. Driver behavior before and after horizontal curves was evaluated. The results establish that 65.5% of the deceleration transition and 71.6% of the acceleration transition occur on the preceding and the following tangent segments to a curve, respectively. The results also establish that the mean deceleration rate and the mean acceleration rate are 0.033 (ft/s)/ft and 0.022 (ft/s)/ft, respectively. These rates are approximately 2.4 ft/sq s and 1.6 ft/sq s, respectively, for a 10-mph reduction. Speed-predicting models for transition sections are also provided. These models can be used to design the length of spirals or the transition sections when there is a difference in the design speed between the curve and the adjacent tangents. The models can also be used to assess the design consistency of two-lane rural highways. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Behavior KW - Deceleration KW - Design speed KW - Free flow speeds KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Rural highways KW - Tangent sections KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760598 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004440 AU - Cox, Ricky L AU - Arndt, Owen AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Using an Extended Design Domain Concept for Road Restoration Projects PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - This paper describes the development and use of an Extended Design Domain (EDD) for road restoration projects. It builds upon material in four of the papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design plus other recent research. Over the last 25 years, most Australian road authorities have found that restoration projects form a significant amount of their project work. Restoration projects are ones that primarily keep the existing road alignment and just improve the cross section. Commonly, the vertical alignment retains crest vertical curves that are deficient in terms of current design requirements for the operating speeds. Similarly, some intersections have less sight distance than what would be provided for new roads. At the same time, there is usually no accident history at these places. As a result, restoration projects have posed difficulties for designers that have bordered on the ethical. Designers have been forced to accept the situation without any plausible guidelines on what sight distance was acceptable and why. The EDD is a range of design values below the minimums currently used in Australian road design guidelines. The EDD is applicable for assessing the geometry of existing roads and upgrading the geometry of small sections of existing road. The new values are based on sound engineering grounds and use data from modern and comprehensive international and Australian research. This gives justification to the use of these values, which is important in the event of litigation. The geometry of significant lengths of existing road can often be retained because EDD shows that these roads have reasonable sight distance and cross section capability for the future traffic operation. This is turn shows that restoration projects are fit for purpose or context sensitive solutions because engineering benefits can be identified along with the economic benefits. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Australia KW - Benefits KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cross sections KW - Design practices KW - Economic benefits KW - Extended design domain KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Restoration KW - Sight distance KW - Vertical alignment KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004439 AU - Lipar, Peter AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Optical Leading of the Road Axis and Geometrical Design PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - The perspective image of a road can differ from the three-dimensional one that the designer had in mind. For the fusion of the road and landscape, simultaneous horizontal and vertical alignment is important. One has to be aware that the driver sees only the perspective image of the road, which can differ from the one that the design engineer had in mind. For this reason the three-dimensional alignment has to be checked already in the first stages of the project. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design engineering KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Perspective views KW - Three dimensional analysis KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760700 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004438 AU - Sando, Thobias AU - Mussa, Renatus N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Quantification of the Effects of Geometric Features on Operational Performance of Triple Left-Turn Intersections PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - Intersection operational performance is highly influenced by the intersection geometric features. This fact can be demonstrated in the operations of non-traditional intersections such as triple left-turn lanes intersections. Triple left-turn lanes intersections are designed to combat high left-turn demand in a signalized area, predominantly in urban intersections. The existence of different geometric features at different triple left-turn intersections causes different magnitudes of saturation flows among the intersections. This paper discusses the study that was conducted to determine the influence of different geometric features on the operations of triple left-turn lanes. The geometric features studied include the skewness of the left-turn angle, the approach slope, the type of street--one way versus two ways, and lane type--innermost, middle and outermost lanes. Other features studied were curvature of the approach lanes, shadowing effect and intersection type--four legs versus T-intersection. Field data were collected at 15 triple left-turn intersections in Florida. Four traffic measures were used to quantify the effects of the mentioned geometric features--saturation flows, lane utilization factors, lane usage factors and left-turn factors. The results indicate that the approach grade, intersection skewness and the type of street highly influence the operational performance of triple left-turn lanes. Intersection type and lane type did not significantly influence the operation of triple left-turn lanes. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Approach grade KW - Field data KW - Florida KW - Geometric design KW - Highway operations KW - Intersections KW - Lane distribution KW - Lane utilization factors KW - Left turns KW - Performance KW - Saturation flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Skewness KW - Traffic lanes KW - Triple left turn lanes KW - Types of roads KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760779 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004437 AU - Smart, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--United Kingdom PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - The purpose of this paper is to outline the latest developments in highway geometrics in the United Kingdom. In 2000, following a review by UK Government into transport policy in the UK, the Highways Agency (an Agency organization of the Department for Transport) was asked to develop a roads improvement strategy that would speed up delivery of large scale road construction schemes over a ten year period. The strategy became known as the Ten Year Plan. One of the elements of the final strategy became known as the "Making Better Use" program. The philosophy behind the title is to create additional and/or ease congestion capacity without moving outside the existing footprint of a highway, but achieving this with minimal environmental impact or compromising the safety of the road. In geometric terms this means looking at the existing standard highway cross section, spacing and layout of junctions to establish where additional lane widths could be developed. Or where by utilizing technology, it could assist in increasing capacity of existing lane configurations and enable lane control, lane entry and lane designation changes to be made. This approach can be considered for all levels of road hierarchy whether the route is a single carriageway, dual carriageway or motorway (freeway). Some of the specific solutions under development within the generic work area "Making Better Use" are as follows: (1) Wide Single 2+1; (2) Displaced Right Turn Junctions; (3) Rapid Widening to Dual Four Lane Motorway; (4) Active Traffic Management; and (5) Permanent Four Lanes. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cross sections KW - Displaced right turn intersections KW - Four lane highways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Intelligent control systems KW - Intersections KW - Lane width KW - Road widening KW - Spacing KW - Strategic planning KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic control KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760701 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004436 AU - Antonelli, Sergio F AU - Cotella, Nelson G AU - Manelli, Ariel H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Humps and Bumps: Correlation Among Their Geometric Profile, Surpass Speed and Dynamic Effects on the Vehicle and Their Occupants PY - 2005 SP - 9p AB - In Argentina many roads cross a great number of cities built by the roadside. These days local authorities are building humps and bumps to regulate speed. Humps and bumps can turn into a serious danger for drivers who travel on roads run across by them. This research aims at studying the dynamic action of four typical hump profiles from the Rio Cuarto surrounding area on vehicles and their occupants. Results reveal that profiles should keep an adequate relation between their height and length so as to not be dangerous for cars and their occupants and to carry on the function of speed reduction. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Dynamics KW - Geometric design KW - Hazards KW - Height KW - Length KW - Rio Cuarto (Argentina) KW - Speed control humps KW - Vehicle/road interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760668 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004435 AU - Irzik, Marco AU - Hoffmann, Stephan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New Measures to Improve Traffic Flow and Traffic Safety in Two-Lane Off-Ramps in Germany (Type A 2 RAL-K-2) PY - 2005 SP - 21p AB - The paper presents selected results of the research project FE 02.241/2003/GRB "Traffic flow in two-lane off-ramps type A 2 of RAL-K-2". The research project is sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing and will be finished in October 2005. The interest of the research project is to analyze traffic flow and traffic safety of two-lane off-ramps type A 2 according to the German guidelines RAL-K-2. The studies about traffic safety aren't part of this paper, but until now no conspicuousnesses were observed. With regard to the traffic flow and especially the capacity of off-ramps type A 2 there are some problems recognized. It was observed that the capacity of the two-lane off-ramps type A 2 that is described in the German highway capacity manual (HBS) often cannot be reached. According to actual studies, this problem is based on the different and uneven use of both off-ramp lanes. Even if there is high traffic, the usage rate of the left lane on the off-ramp will obviously be less than the usage rate of the right lane. To reach the capacity of the off-ramp type A 2, the usage rates of both lanes on the off-ramp must be balanced. Therefore, new measures and combination measures, which are focused on the balance of the different usage rates of the right and the left lane, will be analyzed. It this succeeds, the capacity and the traffic flow will be influenced in a positive way. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Germany KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane distribution KW - Off ramps KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane freeway exits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760495 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004434 AU - Baier, Reinhold AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New German Guidelines for Urban Streets--Two Ways to Context Sensitive Design PY - 2005 SP - 26p AB - The most distinctive character of the new German guidelines for urban streets is the offer of two ways of designing: one with a quite strictly guided design process, the other with a quite free and individual way of designing. The new German guidelines provide "recommended solutions" for 12 types of urban context, which may be regarded as typical of about 70-80% of design projects. For each type there is an illustrated description to compare the design situation with the typical situations and to choose one of them. The user is then guided step by step and, by following the given specifications, will find a recommended street cross section which fits the project in a functional way and guarantees a safe and context sensitive design. For some cases, how to modify the cross section approximating an intersection is also demonstrated. Whenever the designer wants to create another cross section he or she may use the information about the characteristic requirements of all kinds of street users. The instructions for more than 70 design elements and their combinations are given in the guidelines. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cross sections KW - Geometric design KW - Germany KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760431 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004433 AU - Rolland, Franck AU - Spacek, Peter AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Switzerland: The Effects of Legal Changes on Highway Geometric Design PY - 2005 SP - 25p AB - The latest research, policies and practices related to street and highway geometric design have reflected several changes to the law. The most significant adjustments involve reduction of the minimum power-to-weight ratio for trucks, gradual increase of the weight limit for trucks, increase of the permissible vehicle width and increase of the speed limit for trailer trucks. These changes were preceded by the reduction of the general speed limit on freeways (from 130 to 120 km/h) and on rural highways (from 100 to 80 km/h). In urban areas too, significant changes affecting street geometric design needed to be taken into consideration. This was the background against which various design standards had to be revised or newly drawn up. The research and the policies had to take account of the effects of the changes mentioned above on geometric design practice. Findings from the research and the resulting conclusions for policies, standards and geometric design practice are presented and discussed in the country report. It contains contributions on the driving behavior on rural highways, stopping sight distances on freeways, design recommendations for compact roundabouts, special forms of road marking in traffic-calming zones, and the viability (or rideability) of traffic infrastructures. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Design standards KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Road markings KW - Roundabouts KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Streets KW - Switzerland KW - Traffic calming KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760743 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004432 AU - Cafiso, Salvatore AU - Capuani, Andrea AU - Lo Schiavo, Corrado AU - Marchionna, Aurelio AU - Mauro, Raffaele AU - Ranzo, Alessandro AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Italy: An Overview of National Guidelines and Policies on Highway Geometric Design PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - One of the strongest social costs that Italy pays in terms of mobility arises from the road accidents. In Italy, it has been estimated that road accident costs are about 2% of the GNP, that is an annual cost of about 30,000 millions of EURO. Italy with other countries of the European Union agrees to the target of European Community program "European Transport Policy for 2010: time to decide" for the reduction within 2010 of 50% of road fatalities. One important step to gain this goal is the revision of the national guidelines for highway design and management. The paper, after a general description of the existing Italian road network and of the most important new projects, presents an overview of the National Road Safety Plan and the main concept of the new highway and streets geometric standards. At the end of 2001 the new highway geometric design policy was adopted. The new policy reviews the previous guidelines that date back to 1980 for rural roads and to 1978 for urban roads. The new guidelines are based on a road network classification in road functional classes for both rural and urban areas. For each road class, different cross section schemes and horizontal and vertical alignment constraints are associated. Large flexibility is permitted to the design professional with a wide range of minimum and maximum design speed values. Special emphasis to the alignment and speed consistency is given for a sound adaptation of the road geometry with the driver behavior. Also a new guideline for the design of intersections is ready and it will be published in a short time. Different typologies of at grade intersection and of intersection with grade separation are referred to the functional classification of the different highways that join or cross at the intersection. With respect to the management of existing roads an important role is played by the new guideline for Road Cadastre that defines standards for acquisition and recording of all the infrastructural data. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Alignment KW - At grade intersections KW - Behavior KW - Cross sections KW - Data collection KW - Design speed KW - Fatalities KW - Functional classification KW - Geometric design KW - Grade separations KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Intersections KW - Italy KW - Policy KW - Rural highways KW - Types of roads KW - Urban highways KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760403 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004431 AU - Lippold, Christian AU - Schulz, Ralph AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Orientation Sight Distance--Definition and Evaluation PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - In the current German design guidelines (RAS-L) geometrical models of sight distance are considered excludingly. The factor determining the safety of a road is the stopping sight distance. It marks the minimum of sight quality which is to be available to the driver at any time. This demand constitutes the basis for the calculation of design elements such as curve radii and vertical curvatures. Technical improvements in the last years and especially the widely-used antilock brake system (ABS) have led to better driving dynamic characteristics, which seems to support a distinctly smaller stopping distance. Contrary to that, stands the demand for early recognizability and comprehensibility of the roadside environment by the driver. As they do not always expect emerging obstacles, drivers will not adjust their speed to the existing stopping distance. In reality, the entirety of information offered by the roadside environment exerts vital influence on driving behavior. Therefore, the goal of this research project was to determine the influence of sight conditions on driving behavior. The emphasis therefore is on investigation of perception behavior as well as the psychological demand on the driver at different sight distances. As a result, the existing geometrical models of sight distance dimensioning are to be supplemented by basic psychophysiological approaches or rather a behavior-based model of orientation sight distance. Investigations include the analysis of gaze behavior of drivers in a real car and in a driving simulator. The real test tracks are reproduced in a sophisticated model for the simulator, which provides the possibility to vary particular parameters, especially available sight distances, and to quantify exactly the effects on driver workload, perception and driving behavior. As a result of this project a model of orientation sight distance combining both psychological and design relevant findings will be developed. In the course of the revision of the German design guidelines the new model is to supplement currently valid geometrical models. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Behavior KW - Curve radius KW - Driver workload KW - Driving simulators KW - Gaze duration KW - Geometric design KW - Germany KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Psychological aspects KW - Psychophysiological aspects KW - Sight distance KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Vertical curvature KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760767 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004430 AU - Cox, Ricky L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Visualization--Why It Should Now Be a Basic Tool for Geometric Road Design PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - This paper describes how a range of visualization tools or techniques may be used in the planning and design of roads. It documents the author's experience over a period of nearly forty years with visualization and geometric design in the Queensland Department of Main Roads (an Australian state road authority). It focuses on using simpler forms of visualization for addressing road geometry issues, rather than the more elaborate forms that are used for public consultation. The paper shows how visualization enables both appearance and safety issues to be detected and addressed. It presents examples of how visualization has shown that a satisfactory result would still be achieved in cases where some of the normal design "values or practices" had to be compromised as a result of design tradeoffs. The various visualization tools are presented in chronological order of their use within the Queensland Department of Main Roads and examples of their application are given. Issues relating to the amount of use or lack of use of some of the tools are also presented. Limitations of some of the tools are discussed. Lastly, the paper looks at how future developments in visualization are likely to allow potential operational issues to be detected and addressed by refining the road geometry. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Queensland KW - Visualization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760411 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004429 AU - Polus, Abishai AU - Mattar-Habib, Caroline AU - Pollatschek, Moshe A AU - Jarroush, Jad AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Comprehensive Consistency Model and Its Impact on Safety PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - The paper has two objectives: 1) Presentation of a new enhanced consistency model which considers the geometric features of highways including both horizontal and vertical alignment characteristics; 2) Analysis of the relationship between the consistency result and expected safety level of a planned highway. The proposed consistency model is based on the speed profile characteristics of both cars and trucks. The speed profiles are derived from models developed in Texas for predicting speeds on curves and tangents and on the AASHTO 2001 speed curves for trucks. The speed at any given point along a highway is determined as the minimum speed governed by either the horizontal or vertical alignment features. The consistency is based on the amount of variability of the speed profile. This variability is measured by the deviation of the profile from the average speed and by the standard deviation of all individual speeds. The exponential consistency prediction model that was developed is dependent on these measures of the speed variability and also on the amount of separation between the speed profile of cars and trucks. It is assumed that as this amount of separation increases, the design consistency decreases. The calibrated model provides thresholds to distinguish between good, acceptable and poor consistency. A software package, HSPC, for calculating the consistency of any highway based on its horizontal and vertical alignment has been developed. An analysis of accident rates and design consistency showed that higher consistency values were associated with lower accident rates on rural two-lane highways. This is a significant finding that may be applicable in planning stages, when highways could be evaluated and sorted according to their consistency scores which, as shown, is significantly related to their safety levels. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Design consistency KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Software packages KW - Speed profiles KW - Speed variability KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760748 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004428 AU - Herrstedt, Lene AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Development of Speed Management Methods for Use in Rural Areas PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - Denmark and other European countries have a growing road safety problem on rural roads. About 70% of road casualties in Denmark are on rural roads and high speed is a fundamental factor. Speed limits are exceeded more and more. Speed control outside built-up areas is very problematic. This is the background for the project concerning development of speed management methods for use in rural areas initiated by the Danish Road Directorate. A Catalogue of ideas for potential speed management measures for use in rural areas has been worked out. Ideas have been collected from national and European traffic experts and practitioners. In parallel a dialogue between traffic psychologists and traffic engineers has been mobilized with the purpose to discuss and describe the general principles for speed behavior. Some of the ideas from the Catalogue have been selected for implementation. Special marking along the center lines on regional rural roads has been established. A narrow rural road, including three road sections with signed speed limits of 40 km/h, 50 km/h and 60 km/h, has been re-designed by introduction of the "2-1" (two minus one) cross section profile supplemented by speed reducers - designed as narrowing - and road surface treatments. Another rural road has been provided with different electronic devices combined with rumble strips and colored road surfaces. Variable message signs have been installed at intersections and speed detection has been connected to illumination of signs in horizontal curves. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Center lines KW - Colored road surfaces KW - Denmark KW - Fatalities KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Road markings KW - Road narrowing KW - Rumble strips KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed detectors KW - Speeding KW - Surface treatment (Pavements) KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic psychology KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004427 AU - Topp, Andrew AU - Hummer, Joseph E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Comparison of Two Median U-Turn Design Alternatives Using Microscopic Simulation PY - 2005 SP - 27p AB - Several research papers and studies have detailed the operational benefits of Median U-Turn intersections relative to conventional intersections with direct left turns, particularly along arterials that have high through volumes with moderate or low left-turning volumes onto the cross streets. These studies have typically analyzed configurations with the median crossover located on the major arterial. There has not, however, been substantial research on configurations with the crossover located on the minor cross street. This type of design may be less expensive and easier to build, as the right-of-way required for the wide median may be more costly or restricted along the arterial rather than the cross street. Also, there may be certain operational advantages of this other option due to the u-turning movements occurring on the lower volume cross street. The purpose of this paper is to compare operations between traditional Median U-Turn configurations that have the median crossover located along the arterial with designs that have the crossover located on the cross street. Microscopic simulation runs were conducted for a variety of different left-turning and through volume combinations on both the minor and major approaches. The results show that the design with the u-turn movement located along the cross street rather than the arterial reduces percent stops, total time, and delay for most of the volume combinations analyzed. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Arterial highways KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Medians KW - Microsimulation KW - Minor road KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic delays KW - U turns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004426 AU - Senica, Goran AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Analysis of Possible Traffic Calming Measures on Roads That Change Their Role Due to the Construction of New Section PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - Construction of new road sections frequently changes the previous role of the road in the pertaining road network. This is particularly distinct in construction of urban bypass roads where the traffic structure on the existing road changes and once dominant transit traffic yields its function to local traffic. Accessibility of such roads must be improved, in order for them to meet their new demands. This paper analyzes the consequences of such change in the road accessibility level under unchanged geometry-related conditions, along with the traffic calming measures introduced to minimize the pertaining negative effects. The discussed traffic calming measures include changes in cross section, selection of type and frequency of intersections designed to improve the road accessibility and traffic management actions. Effects of potentially applied measures were assessed through design speed profile analysis, paying the utmost attention to the impact of roundabouts on the expected speeds. The specific study case in this analysis is an arterial road section built as a two-lane road with controlled access and grade-separated intersections. After construction of a new motorway bypass, the given section will, instead of being a transit facility, assume a role of an urban peripheral road. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Accessibility KW - Arterial highways KW - Bypasses KW - Cross sections KW - Design speed KW - Geometric design KW - Grade separations KW - Intersections KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic calming KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760667 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004425 AU - Bella, Francesco AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Evaluation of Design Consistency: Predicting Models of Operating Speed on Three-Dimensional Alignment from Tests on Driving Simulator PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - The evaluation of geometric design consistency implies the preliminary estimation of operating speeds (V85s), for which a number of predicting models can be found in literature, based on characteristics of the horizontal alignment and neglecting potential effects of the vertical alignment characteristics. In this respect, the author carried out an experimental survey using the interactive static base driving simulator of the Interuniversity Research Center on Road Safety in order to evaluate how horizontal alignment and profile affect speed. Two two-lane rural roads were designed and implemented in the driving simulator. They are characterized by the same horizontal alignment but different vertical alignments: one is completely flat while the other has a profile with longitudinal grades ranging between +/- 6%. Collected data analysis during the simulation tests highlighted that: on the elements of the road with grades different than zero the V85s are different from those measured on the same elements of the flat road; V85 values measured on the road with longitudinal grades different than zero determine different evaluations from those determined by V85 measured on flat road on road safety, according to Safety Criterion II; the operating speed on each design element of the alignment is influenced also by the adjacent elements. According to the surveys carried out, here the author is proposing some V85 predicting models for curve sections and tangents. An assessment is required on the basis of further data from tests on the driving simulator on a wider sample of two-lane rural roads. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design consistency KW - Driving simulators KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Operating speed KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004424 AU - Bansen, Justin AU - Passetti, Karl AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Application of the IHSDM: A Case Study PY - 2005 SP - 21p AB - Initially released for two-lane rural highways, the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) is one of the latest tools developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for practicing professionals. The IHSDM is a road safety evaluation software that allows highway planners and designers to assess safety and operational performance of a roadway corridor. The IHSDM currently has five evaluation modules: Policy Review, Intersection Review, Crash Prediction, Design Consistency, and Traffic Analysis. The IHSDM was selected as one tool used in the evaluation of improvement alternatives for a two lane rural highway with an extensive history of injury and fatal crashes. Through implementation of the IHSDM for the 23-mile study corridor, a number of valuable lessons were learned. Use of the IHSDM is data intensive and can be complicated by a lack of available data, poor quality data, and inconsistent stationing among the various data elements. For this reason, the IHSDM is best suited for the design community, where recent survey data and consistent CADD-based design parameters allow for a smooth transition into the IHSDM framework. Others intending to use the IHSDM for preliminary design activities should clearly identify the goals of the analysis and the data needs prior to starting the project to ensure that adequate data are readily available. Model calibration to local conditions is an integral part of comparing design alternatives with the IHSDM software (the type of analysis may impact the level of calibration necessary). Evaluation results should be checked for reasonableness and FHWA should be consulted for issues identified with model operation. Although the 2004 version of IHSDM has been released, FHWA continues to refine the model based upon user testing and feedback. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Calibration KW - Case studies KW - Data needs KW - Data quality KW - Highway design KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Local conditions KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760602 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004423 AU - Stanislaw, Gaca AU - Tracz, Marian AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Measures of Speed Reduction on Main Roads PY - 2005 SP - 24p AB - The paper presents some problems related to the design and operation of speed reduction measures on traffic roads in a network with poor hierarchization of roads. The first part points out that speed is a significant road safety factor on traffic roads running through small towns and villages. Then some design recommendations on the use of speed reduction measures and the impacts and effects of these measures are described. In the next part three possible approaches to design, based on the design speed, posted and actual V85 speeds are discussed. The design speed seems rather a doubtful basis for design of speed reduction measures installed in the traffic operation stage. The last part presents some results of research on the effects of some roundabout geometrical parameters on speed. The analysis of the results showed strong effects of entry and exit curve radii and entry lane offset on speed of vehicles. The conclusions highlight the main findings concerning the efficiency of the speed reduction measures on traffic roads and problems of their use and also the necessity of further studies of design approach to measures that also need efficient speed reduction in advance of their location. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Arterial highways KW - Design speed KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Operating speed KW - Poland KW - Recommendations KW - Roundabouts KW - Small towns KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed reduction measures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760648 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004422 AU - Zimmermann, Matthias AU - Roos, Ralf AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Increased Safety Resulting from Quantitative Evaluation of Sight Distances and Visibility Conditions of Two-Lane Rural Roads PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - An important reason for driving errors on two-lane rural roads is the misjudgment of road users concerning the real course of the road. This misjudgment has negative effects on the driver's behavior and to the road safety and results from the overlapping of elements of the horizontal and vertical alignment which can be due to an unfavorable spatial road alignment. Many of the problems that can be detected at the road infrastructure on two-lane rural roads are related to unfavorable conditions of visibility. Inadequate sight distance in only one aspect; partial road disappearance, sight distortion and insufficient recognizability of curves ahead are also important aspects. The hazard of these situations in the road network is raised by the eventuality that they lead the driver to misinterpretations. Insufficient visibility conditions are mostly affected by an unfavorable superposition of horizontal and vertical alignment. Up to now a design engineer couldn't identify the consequences of the spatial alignment, not even by computer-aided alignment. Now, with the assistance of a newly developed software by the Universitaet Karlsruhe, perspectives from the driver's viewpoint along a road can be calculated, evaluated automatically according to quantitative visibility criteria and represented in a compact scheme, permitting the design engineer to immediately detect insufficiencies in visibility. As main quantitative criteria to detect safety relevant problems in spatial alignment, the depth of partial road disappearance along the driver's view has been developed. This new system is very important in practice and will assist in evaluating spatial road alignment quantitatively and in optimizing the road alignment from the user's viewpoint. Furthermore, in the future this system will be used as a test software for road safety audits and for the safety judgment of existing unsafe roads (road sections with an accumulation of accidents). U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Geometric design KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Perspective views KW - Quantitative spatial evaluation KW - Rural highways KW - Safety audits KW - Sight distance KW - Software KW - Two lane highways KW - Vertical alignment KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760765 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004421 AU - Takamiya, Susumu AU - Hatakenaka, Hideto AU - Monma, Toshiyuki AU - Mori, Nozomu AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Form of Sidewalk-Roadway Boundaries Considering Their Use by Wheelchair Users and Visually Impaired Persons PY - 2005 SP - 22p AB - In Japan, at the boundaries of mount-up type sidewalks and pedestrian crosswalks, the level difference between the sidewalk and crosswalk surface is 2 cm and a gentle slope links the sidewalk and crosswalk surfaces so that wheelchair users and visually impaired persons can cross the boundary. But in recent years, there have been cases where the level differences and the gradient of the surface of curbs have been lowered excessively. This solution makes it more difficult for visually impaired persons to recognize the sidewalk-roadway boundary, causing them anxiety. So experiments were done to study a form of sidewalk-roadway boundary that contributes to safer road use by both wheelchair users and visually impaired persons. The experiments were performed by having experimental subjects cross 16 types of sidewalk-roadway boundary made by varying the shape of curbs installed on the boundary. The curb shapes were created by varying the shape of the edge, the level difference of the edge, height of the back surface, and surface gradient. The experimental subjects consisted of wheelchair users and visually impaired persons, all of whom normally go out alone. The experiments showed that wheelchair users found that the higher the level difference of the edge, the more difficult it was for them to cross the boundary. The visually impaired persons reported that when the backs of the curbs were high, it was easier for them to recognize the boundary. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Design KW - Height KW - Interfaces KW - Japan KW - Sidewalk-roadway boundary KW - Sidewalks KW - Visually impaired persons KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004420 AU - Zilioniene, Daiva AU - Cygas, Donatas AU - Juzenas, Antanas Aloyzas AU - Gintalas, Vilius AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Design of Lithuanian Rural Highways from the Aspect of Sustainable Road Network Development PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - During the past years, when the needs of society and road users have been changing considerably, a lot of attention has been paid to the solution of problems that are related to the development, upgrading, and renovation of roads that are of national significance. Design of Lithuanian rural highways focuses on the application of the methodological principles of sustainable development and the experience of foreign countries. Roads, the development process of which is influenced by natural, demographical, planning, technical, management and other factors, first, are investigated as part of the ecological system. Assessment of the factors influencing roads is quite complicated due to an intricate connection of the roads with their environment and the global system. Design of rural highways is related to road geometrical parameters, geological and hydrological conditions of a location, and usage of old pavement structure. Following an analysis of the Standards of the Lithuanian Road Design, it was found that these factors have different impacts on the rural highways in different Lithuanian regions due to different road significance, traffic volume and driving speed, technical road characteristics by components of the road, pavement structures, and soils as well as materials used for road design. The structural chart of an information database to design roads (in compliance with Lithuanian Road Standards) was drawn up. This database could be useful for designing future rural highways. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Databases KW - Design standards KW - Geology KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Hydrology KW - Lithuania KW - Rural highways KW - Sustainable development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760654 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004419 AU - Dragcevic, Vesna AU - Korlaet, Zeljko AU - Rukavina, Tatjana AU - Lakusic, Stjepan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Three-leg Intersection At-Grade--The Right Edge Forming Test PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - There are no regulations or standards in the Republic of Croatia concerning the formation of at-grade intersection elements. For this reason, German standards are used in designing such intersections. Frequently, right edge damage can be observed on at-grade intersections. This study was conducted as a part of ongoing scientific research aimed at reducing this phenomenon. A numerical model developed by the Faculty of Civil Engineering (University in Zagreb) was used to test vehicle movement. Reliability was checked on the basis of results of drives on the test field. This paper deals with tests carried out on two basic types of 3-leg at-grade intersections as defined by German regulations regarding intersection design outside urban areas. The testing of the formation of the intersection right edge line was carried out by observing the intersection as a whole, so that the test drives were first performed in all possible directions of movement by relevant vehicles through the intersection, at different selection of steering paths and crossing angles of the road axes of the main and secondary directions less than or equal to 90 degrees. The results of the test drive presentations show that right edge formation in compliance with the German regulations by means of three circular arcs with radii ratio 2:1:3 does not ensure an undisturbed drive for the tested vehicles. Taking the results of the test drive into account, a proposal for formation of the intersection right edge is given. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - At grade intersections KW - Croatia KW - Design standards KW - Edge lines KW - Field studies KW - Right turns KW - Rural areas KW - Three leg intersections KW - Turning radius UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004418 AU - Bergh, Torsten AU - Moberg, Jan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Sweden PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the Swedish road system, highway policies and guidelines. Other objectives are to give an overview of research projects and some issues of special interest. The Swedish state owns major rural roads and major urban through roads. These roads are managed by the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) formally independent of the state government. Investment projects on national state highways, some 8000 km, are included in the present national plan for 2004-2015 for 42 Billion SEK (1 US$=7 SEK) including safety and environmental improvements. 17 Billion SEK are designated to improve bearing capacity on many of the roads that are a part of the entire state road network, especially in the north of Sweden. Investments on regional state roads during the same period will be 24 Billion SEK. Some 550 persons are killed every year in road traffic, 400 of them on state roads (mainly in rural areas). Head-on collisions and run-off-road accidents are dominant. Wide two lane roads are very cost-effective to convert to 2+1 with median barrier. Some 1000 km have been converted so far. The results are very successful - some 80% reduction in fatalities and 50% reduction in severe injuries. A new Swedish guideline for design of roads and streets was approved in June 2004. It was accomplished by cooperation between SNRA and The Swedish Association of Local Authorities (owner of the streets in the communities). The feasibility guidelines for investment and rehabilitation projects were updated in 2001 supported by a data program called EVA. There are a number of research projects on follow-up studies of 2+1 roads, development of 1+1 with a special road marking concept, roadside design, design and location of rumble road markings and design for partially-sighted persons, etc. The successful experiences of roundabouts in Sweden as elsewhere have increased in number from 700 to 1200 over 7 years. Speed management and median separation are crucial in the SNRA efforts to achieve the 2007 safety objective of 270 killed in road traffic as compared with the present level of over 500. The main tool for speed control is to augment the efficiency and the number of speed camera locations, now some 350 only in rural areas and only part-time equipped. Full scale tests with speed cameras have produced very promising results. There is now a program to establish 700 cameras in rural and urban areas to be more efficient than the present generation of cameras. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cameras KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Median barriers KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Research projects KW - Roadside KW - Roundabouts KW - Rumble strips KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Sweden KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004417 AU - Sandle, Ian AU - Aspinall, Barry AU - Hasen, David AU - Smart, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Wide Single 2+1 Carriageways in the UK PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - The purpose of this paper is to draw together research and developments in the use of wide single 2+1 (WS2+1) carriageways in the UK over the last 12 years. Following research by the Scottish Office between 1993 and 1995, the Highways Agency carried out research between 1995 and 1997 to explore the potential for increased use of single carriageway roads on the trunk road network in England. It reviewed previous studies on the operation and safety of single carriageways, and investigated European experience of roads marked as WS2+1. The study concluded that WS2+1 layouts have the potential to provide benefits in safety and operational terms, but as there was no experience of their use in the UK, it recommended that evaluation schemes should be implemented to monitor their performance prior to inclusion as a standard layout in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB). As a result, two WS2+1 schemes were implemented and their performances monitored. The schemes are the A68 Soutra Hill in Scotland opened in February 2002 and the A303 Ilminister Bypass in England opened in June 2003. Early monitoring results indicate that both schemes are meeting their objectives. This has given the UK Overseeing Organizations the confidence to start work on a new national standard for WS2+1 roads. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design standards KW - England KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Scotland KW - Three lane highways KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004416 AU - Bergh, Torsten AU - Carlsson, Arne AU - Moberg, Jan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - 2+1 Roads with Cable Barriers--A Swedish Success Story PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - The objectives of this paper are to present the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) policies on cost-effective safety measures mainly on 2+1 roads with median cable barriers but also on separated 2+2 and 4-lane roads and to summarize important results and findings from projects opened to date, totally some 1000 km. In the 1990s almost 100 Swedes were killed and another 400 severely injured every year on the 3500 km network of 13 m wide two-lane roads due to the huge traffic load. This comprised 25% of all fatalities and 20% of all severe injuries on the 100,000 km of state roads. The main problem on all two-lane roads was run-off and head-on accidents causing more than 70% of all fatalities. The event process tended to be the same. The driver looses control for some reason and crashes against some obstacle in the roadside area or an opposing unlucky driver. The pressure grew on SNRA in the 1990s to explore more cost-effective measures to improve traffic safety. The alternative 4-lane road (i.e., with full access control and 18 m crown width including a 2.5 m median) was introduced for new constructions in the mid-90s in the aftermath of a political intervention with the objective to replace motorways to decrease costs and environmental intrusion without jeopardizing traffic safety. In 1998, SNRA decided on a full-scale program to improve traffic safety on six existing 13 m roads using low-cost measures, preferably within existing right-of-way. The main alternative was the 2+1 concept (i.e., with a central overtaking lane changing permitted direction every 1.25 km with a separating cable barrier preferably within the existing 13 m width) estimated to eliminate 20 to 50% of all severe link accidents. The design was soon judged to be a major success with now almost 1000 km opened. Traffic safety results for the 2+2 concept (i.e., to widen existing 13 m roads to 2 lanes in each direction separated with a cable barrier with a width of 16 m) and the alternative 4-lane roads are so far more disappointing, being no safer than 2+1 roads. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cable barriers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Divided highways KW - Fatalities KW - Four lane highways KW - Injuries KW - Sweden KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760703 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004415 AU - Bjorketun, Urban AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Accident Data and Road Alignment Measures PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - Road alignment is assumed to influence traffic flow performance (level-of-service) as well as accident outcome. In the cause and effect relationships used by the Swedish Road Administration (SRA), sight distance is used as a measure of alignment standard and predicted accident rate in different road environments is adjusted with regard to sight distance. Since the sight distance is hard to measure, it is desirable to find an alternative to this variable. By compiling an analysis register, it has been possible to investigate the relationship between alignment and accidents on links. The alignment of each road link is described horizontally as the sum of successive absolute angle changes per kilometer and vertically as the sum of absolute changes in height. The alignment measures have been used for classification: three levels for horizontal curvature and three for vertical. Three different measures regarding accidents on links have been studied. Horizontal alignment turned out to have minor influence on accident outcome, at least for two-lane roads with speed limit 90. In most road environments the accident measures had higher values for links in the group ">/= 30 m/km" compared to the other two levels. A close co-variation was found between total casualty rate and accident rate for head-on and overtaking accidents, for both horizontal and vertical alignment. For some road environments it was possible to use 10 levels for the alignment instead of 3. Again it was found that it is mainly the vertical alignment that influences accident outcome and especially at high values for this alignment measure. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway alignment KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Overtaking accidents KW - Sight distance KW - Sweden KW - Two lane highways KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760595 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004414 AU - Ohnishi, Hirofumi AU - Tsukada, Yukihiro AU - Mori, Nozomu AU - Kiriyama, Takaharu AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Japan: Recent Developments of Road Geometric Design in Japan PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - Recently in Japan, though the cost evaluation has become so severe because of government's financial crisis, demands for roads are increasing to reduce traffic jams in the urban areas and improve convenience in the rural areas. Moreover, it is required to form a society in which everyone including elderly and disabled people can participate safely and comfortably. To realize these demands, geometric standards of roads have been revised with some newly developed geometric designs. For roads in urban areas, structural standards of small roads which are exclusively used by small vehicles, etc., have been stipulated. Because the section of small roads is smaller than that of ordinary roads, the cost could be reduced especially at a bridge or a tunnel, and the construction could be completed in a shorter time. For expressways in rural areas, structural standards of divided 2-lane roads which could be constructed with less cost than full 4-lane expressways have been also stipulated. Here, not only the cost but also the safety and serviceability are taken into account. In order to secure the mobility of elderly and disabled people, Transportation Accessibility Improvement Law was established in 2000. In line with this law, structural standards have been specified for sidewalks, grade separation crossing facilities and so on. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Costs KW - Crosswalks KW - Design standards KW - Divided highways KW - Expressways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Laws KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Rural areas KW - Serviceability KW - Sidewalks KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004413 AU - Perco, Paolo AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Comparison Between Vehicle Paths Along Transition Sections With and Without Spiral Curves PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - Many road standards encourage or require the use of the spiral curve in the transition section of the horizontal curve. However, it is not clear if its use has any beneficial effect on traffic safety. Very few studies have analyzed the effect of the spiral curve on accident rate but even then results differ and, in certain cases, even conflict. In particular, some of these results seem to show the potentially negative effect of a long spiral on the driver's curve perception and on safety. The objective of this research was to verify if the presence and the length of spiral curves affect driver behavior. Research focused attention on car paths along transition sections with and without spiral transitions. Car paths were surveyed using a digital video camera. Research involved the study of 6 spiral transitions and 6 direct tangent-to-circular curve transitions on two-lane rural roads. Different driver behaviors were analyzed comparing car paths along transition sections with spirals of different lengths and along transition sections without spirals. Results show a clearly negative effect of the spiral length on driver behavior only if the spiral is longer than the distance traveled during natural steering time. On the contrary, when these lengths are similar, there is no evident difference between driver behavior along the transition sections with or without spiral curves. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Digital video KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Rural highways KW - Spirals KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition sections (Curves) KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760721 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004412 AU - Richl, Laurel AU - Sayed, Tarek A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Effect of Speed Prediction Models on Design Consistency PY - 2005 SP - 17p AB - Design consistency is becoming an essential component of highway design. The most frequently used criteria to evaluate design consistency are the difference between design and operating speed, operating speeds on successive elements and assumed side friction of the road and the side friction demanded by the driver. For design consistency analyses on new alignments it may not be possible to use actual operating speed data as the new alignment may be too different, thus speed prediction models can be used to estimate operating speed. Estimates of operating speed can influence the outcome of design consistency criteria calculations. Therefore, it is important to understand how design consistency measures are influenced by the selection of operating speed models. There has been a considerable research effort devoted to the data collection for and derivation of speed prediction models for horizontal curves and to a lesser extent tangent sections. Similarly, there has been considerable effort in developing design consistency measures and evaluation tools. However, little research has been done into the influence that different speed prediction models have on design consistency criteria. This paper investigates how the selection of speed prediction models influences design consistency evaluation. The research found that the selection of the speed prediction model has a significant impact on design consistency evaluation. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design consistency KW - Design speed KW - Estimates KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Operating speed KW - Side friction KW - Speed prediction models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760653 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004411 AU - Phillips, Stacie AU - Carter, Daniel AU - Hummer, Joseph E AU - Foyle, Robert S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Safety Comparison of Four-Lane Median Divided and Five-Lane with TWLTL Segments PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - Highway projects involving access management strategies are among the most hotly debated transportation issues, particularly in regards to the choice of midblock left turn treatment. The two main competitors for midblock left turn treatment on four-lane arterials are raised medians with openings and two-way left turn lanes (TWLTL). This research focused on determining the safety effects of medians on midblock road segments and the adjacent signalized intersections. For the segment study, predictive collision models were calibrated using geometric, volume, land use, and collision data for 143 midblock segments. Analysis showed that collisions were significantly related to cross-section type, average daily traffic, segment length, land use, and approach density (two-way total). For predominantly residential and industrial land uses, the raised median design was always associated with fewer collisions than the TWLTL design. For predominantly business and office land uses, the raised median design had a safety advantage for low approach densities. For higher driveway densities, the raised median was slightly safer at high traffic volumes and the TWLTL was slightly safer at lower traffic volumes. To investigate the safety effects on adjacent intersections, the study examined a set of 78 intersection approaches in North Carolina. Although the group of study sites was purposely biased toward sites with high U-turn percentages, the study found that 65 of the 78 sites did not have any collisions involving U-turns in the three-year study period, and the U-turn collisions at the remaining 13 sites ranged from 0.33 to 3.0 collisions per year. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Divided highways KW - Driveway density KW - Five lane highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Land use KW - Median openings KW - North Carolina KW - Raised medians KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - U turns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760702 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004410 AU - Jianchuan, Cheng AU - Wei, Wang AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--China: Review of Roadway Geometric Design in China PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - In the past two decades, highway construction in China has grown rapidly. Meanwhile, there has been a series of scientific research achievements, including those in the area of highway geometric design, that definitely contributed to the highway construction development. This paper reviews the following major issues: (1) Technical standards research in which highway classification, design speed, standard vehicle used for traffic capacity calculation, etc., were discussed; (2) Research and developments on horizontal alignment design theories, as well as software development and its large-scale applications (Both the theories and their computer-aided implementations are valuable and quite unique with their Chinese characteristics.); (3) Approaches on roadway geometry related to safety (Some preliminary work such as accident prediction models for horizontal curves were initiated.); (4) Introduction of the latest highway design concept, sustainable highway geometry design, and some of its practical methods (This concept and practice actually reflect the similar ideas of context-sensitive design and flexibility design emphasized in the United States and in many European countries.); and (5) Introduction of some approaches to urban intersection performance improvement. The paper concludes that there still remain problems and challenges to be solved. Those problems and challenges include the issues of geometric design policies, updated design concepts and methods, flexibility in highway design, context-sensitive design, and design detail specifications. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - China KW - Context sensitive design KW - Design standards KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Sustainable development KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004409 AU - Knapp, Keith K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Roadway Design Decisions and Animal-Vehicle Crashes PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - Animal-vehicle crashes (AVCs) are a significant roadway safety problem throughout the world. In the United States (US), for example, it is estimated that more than a million deer-vehicle crashes occur each year, and that the cost of these crashes is over a billion US dollars. The magnitude of this safety problem can be positively and negatively influenced by a wide range of roadway planning, design, and maintenance decisions and agency policies. This connection, however, is rarely discussed or considered by roadway planners and geometric designers (unless an endangered species is involved). The purpose of this paper is to introduce and start a discussion about some of the planning, design, and maintenance decisions and/or policies that can impact the number of AVCs along a roadway. Some design decisions (and the policies that guide them) related to AVCs include posted speed limits, roadway curvature and cross section (e.g., number of lanes, median type and/or barriers, etc.), and the height, length, and location of bridges. Some jurisdictions have also developed and begun to use roadway planning/programming tools that assist in the general AVC impact estimation of roadway alignment locations. Maintenance activities (e.g., roadside vegetation and ice removal) also have potential AVC impacts, and are discussed in this paper. Overall, however, little quantitative knowledge exists about the individual or combined AVC impacts of roadway planning, design, and maintenance decisions. This is a gap in safety research that should be addressed. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Animal vehicle collisions KW - Cross sections KW - Decision making KW - Deer-vehicle collisions KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760600 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004408 AU - de Vries, J R C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New Dutch Motorway Design Guidelines Under Way PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - The new Dutch design guidelines for motorways (to be published towards the end of 2005) will get a character entirely different from previous editions. The two main reasons for this change are the wish of Rijkswaterstaat (the Dutch road authority) to renew the challenge for the motorway designer, and the need for more transparent decisions during the process of road planning and designing. The new design guidelines will contain two sections. One section will describe the roles, tasks and responsibilities in the larger part of the process of realizing a motorway, from the early planning stages to detailed design specification. The other section is meant to provide the operational motorway designer with a toolbox, including a manual on how to use that toolbox. The new motorway design guidelines are meant to facilitate every design action regarding the motorway network, such as designing an entirely new road, regular widening of existing roads, utilization of an existing road or temporary roadwork stretches. The new motorway design guidelines take a different approach towards context sensitive road design. Former editions of the guidelines focused on an ideal situation, but the current practice in the Netherlands is that road design is a matter of what is possible under limiting circumstances. Before implementing this approach, the study 'Basic Design Specifications' was carried out, on the possibilities and effects of context sensitive design. The study proved that context sensitive motorway design can be cost-effective at a lower investment. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design standards KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Netherlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760584 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004407 AU - Kennedy, J V AU - Peirce, J AU - Summersgill, I AU - Transportation Research Board TI - International Comparison of Roundabout Design Guidelines PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - Roundabouts have been a key form of junction in the UK for many years. They are used on all classes of road in both urban and rural areas for the efficient and safe control of traffic, particularly where side road flows are high. Roundabouts are the most common type of control used at motorway intersections, and are heavily used throughout the UK's trunk and principal road network, as well as on local authority roads. The paper describes a state-of-the-art review of roundabout design intended to lead to a revised UK Design Standard to meet the needs of modern roads. The need for a hierarchical approach is considered, the intention being to place much greater emphasis on the interests of vulnerable road users. Concerns relating to the current Standard are discussed, including the problem of large vehicle rollover accidents. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Guidelines KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roundabouts KW - State of the art KW - United Kingdom KW - Vulnerable road users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004406 AU - Vest, Adam AU - Stamatiadis, Nikiforos AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Use of Warning Signs and Markings to Reduce Speeds on Curves PY - 2005 SP - 17p AB - Sharp horizontal curves can pose dangers to the driver when dealing with speed adjustment, vehicle placement, and judgment of the appropriate operating speed. Roadway designers use various warning methods to aid drivers in such situations, primarily with warning signs and pavement markings. There is a suspicion, however, that these devices are often misinterpreted or disregarded by drivers, thus reducing their effectiveness and not achieving intended reduction in operating speeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of several warning signs and pavement markings at problematic rural horizontal curves, and to evaluate their effectiveness in relation to speed reduction. A series of treatments, including one-direction large arrow signs, chevron alignment signs, the new sign that combines horizontal alignment and advisory speed, addition of flags to the existing sign, addition of flashing lights to the existing sign, post delineators, and transverse lines, was applied to three curves and speed data were collected over a two-day period at three locations approaching the curve over a distance of approximately 350 m. The results indicated that the most promising treatments in reducing operating speeds are flashing lights and transverse lines. An analysis of the over the 85th percentile speeds showed also significant reductions indicating that there was a greater impact for the higher operating speeds: a fact which could be considered more important than the smaller overall reductions noted. Another treatment that also showed some potential for reducing speeds is the new combination sign. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Advisory speed limit signs KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Flashing lights KW - Highway curves KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Operating speed KW - Road markings KW - Speed reduction KW - Transverse lines KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004405 AU - Lamm, Ruediger AU - Cafiso, Salvatore AU - La Cava, Grazia AU - Beck, Anke AU - Transportation Research Board TI - To What Extent the Human Being Is So Far Regarded in Modern Highway Geometric Design--An International Review and a Personal Outlook PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - In general the relationships among geometric design, speed, driving dynamics and safety can be regarded today to a large extent as soundly solved, while the human being (the driver), if at all, is only indirectly considered, although more than 90% of all accident causes are attributed to human error or improper human behavior. To find out to what extent driver performance as part of the road traffic system is regarded as essential for effective road design, operation, and safety, twelve modern highway geometric design guidelines were studied. The results of the in-depth reviews are discussed, analyzed, compared and evaluated. It was found that most of the guidelines only regard directly or indirectly human behavioral modes by simple assessments, for example, about perception and reaction time, eye and obstacle height, recommendations for limiting values of design elements, fatigue considerations for tangents, qualitative advice for three-dimensional alignment and sight distance quantifications. Only a few modern guidelines have begun to incorporate human factors additionally, for example, expressed by qualitative statements about the driving task, vision, driver expectancy, driver reaction, driver error, or driver workload and quantitatively by consistency considerations. Thus, this paper reflects a summary/state-of-information and the analysis is a recommendation of the need for quantitative analysis of the associated human factors considerations. For instance, new research is addressed which reveals that human behavior can be analyzed by using driver workload measures in terms of psychophysiological parameters. It is concluded that the additional introduction of human performance capabilities and behavioral characteristics has to be required as vital input into modern highway geometric design guidelines, since when a design is compatible with human capabilities, the opportunities for errors and accidents decrease. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Driver errors KW - Driver expectancy KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Human factors KW - Psychophysiological aspects KW - Reaction time KW - State of the art KW - Task analysis KW - Vision KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004404 AU - Arndt, Owen AU - Troutbeck, Rod AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Relationship Between Unsignalised Intersection Geometry and Accident Rates PY - 2005 SP - 22p AB - The main purpose of this paper is to provide road design practitioners with an overview of the results of an unsignalized intersection study. The study investigated the effect of geometry, traffic volumes and other parameters on accident rates using a sample of 206 unsignalized intersections from throughout Queensland, Australia. This paper briefly discusses the results of a literature review of unsignalized intersection safety and some of the approaches used to analyze the data. The effect of a number of parameters on the rates of the three most common accident types at unsignalized intersections is then given. This study has yielded results that confirm the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalized intersections, in addition to identifying new outcomes. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Design standards KW - Geometric design KW - Literature reviews KW - Queensland KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760505 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004403 AU - Han, Kai AU - Middleton, Dan AU - Muzyczka, W J AU - Minty, Scott AU - Clayton, Alan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Developing Virtual Reality Visualizations to Support Highway Geometric Design PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Engineering applications of computerized visualization have received growing interests, and benefits of applying virtual reality (VR)-based visualization in transportation are well documented. However, a number of technical and financial issues hinder the wide acceptance of this new technology in the highway engineering design field. The authors undertook a research to investigate the feasibility of developing a low-cost, easy-to-implement, and flexible visualization system to support the highway geometric design process. By taking advantage of existing data sets available in the formats of engineering design drawings, aerial photography, and Geographic Information Systems, the research employed VR technology to develop a set of three-dimensional (3D) models to implement visualization processes which have a specific focus on various geometric aspects of highway design. Using open-source modeling language, the authors were able to develop a set of techniques to construct 3D surface of the road, which accurately reflects the vertical and horizontal geometry. Coupled with the script programming language, enhancements are made by providing simulation of vehicles driving on the road. Using VR-based visualization, engineers are given the opportunity to evaluate their design, before it is built, from a typical driver's perspective. The visualization system offers great potential for supporting the engineering design process by helping engineers visualize the road, see the effects of changes made to their design in a timely fashion, and better communicate the design to stakeholders. The paper concludes with recommendations and calls for a more integrated approach to the implementation of visualizations in the highway geometric design process. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Aerial photography KW - Computer programming languages KW - Drawings KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Three dimensional models KW - Virtual reality KW - Visualization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004402 AU - Mavromatis, Stergios AU - Psarianos, Basil AU - Kasapi, Eva AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Computational Determination of Passenger Cars' Braking Distances Equipped with Anti-Block Brake Systems PY - 2005 SP - 17p AB - One of the prerequisites for a safe motion of any vehicle along a prescribed road surface is that adequate Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) is provided at every point along the roadway. Existing design policies do not fully incorporate current vehicle technology trends when providing various design values. One of these technologies is the Anti-block Brake System (ABS), with which all modern vehicles are equipped. In effect, this negligence leads to an underestimation of the abilities of SSDs of modern cars and consequently to expensive road designs. Therefore, an investigation of the actual braking distances of a medium sedan passenger car, taking into consideration the current industrial provisions for this type of car, was carried out based on a computational model developed for this case. The computed model's SSD outputs for various initial speed values were compared with existing field measurements, where no significant difference was found, proving thus the reliability of the developed computational model. The immediate effect of the derived new SSD values is a significant reduction regarding the required radii for crest vertical curves and a relevant increase of the speed limit on left curved divided highways. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Braking performance KW - Curve radius KW - Divided highways KW - Field measurements KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical models KW - Speed limits KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760766 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004401 AU - Kjemtrup, Kenneth S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Denmark: Status Report, Denmark 2005 PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - The Danish guidelines for geometric design of roads and paths in rural areas are guided by a basic philosophy of designing and establishing roads so that the desired speed is not only a design parameter stipulated by road planners, but also the speed that road users experience as the most natural and most comfortable. Denmark is an old agricultural country with intensively farmed land and short distances between farms and between towns. The highly developed industry of modern Danish society is dispersed across the country so that the road network is dense and multifunctional. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a clear and unambiguous functional road classification. Even the motorways serve as access roads in some places. Therefore, it has been necessary to choose a comparatively simple functional classification and to seek to increase road safety by a supporting speed classification. In order to ensure that road users actually drive at the speed desired by the road planners, the Road Directorate has worked on a self-explaining road concept over the last couple of years. The self-explaining road must be designed so that all geometric elements, road markings and road equipment work together as one unit, giving road users an unambiguous impression of who else is on the road (without being visible all the time), the geometric design and what speed behavior is safe. At the same time, the road and the road environment are as far as possible established in such a way that if the road user runs off the road by accident, the consequence for him/her and the other road users is minimized. This is called "the forgiving road." U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Denmark KW - Design speed KW - Functional classification KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760406 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004400 AU - O'Cinneide, D AU - Murphy, Judith AU - Ryan, Terence AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Effect of Geometric Elements on Interurban Accident Rates PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - This paper presents the results of two separate studies into the relationship between accident rates and road design elements. Both studies used the Irish National Road Database which contains detailed information on each uniform section of the entire National Road Network including traffic volumes and accidents. These studies were the first research uses of this database. They enabled the calculation of reliable interurban accident rates for different types of road in Ireland which were not previously available. Other objectives included the identification of the road design factors which best contributed to safety and an examination of the reliability of the accident reporting system in Ireland. The accident reporting process in Ireland is initially examined. Since the National Road Database had not previously been subjected to any detailed scientific analysis, it was found that a considerable "data cleaning" effort was required. However, the most substantial errors arise due to the underreporting of accidents, a problem which is encountered internationally. Comparisons of the unadjusted accident rates for each road type with the equivalent adjusted rates are used to emphasize the large differences which can occur due to the underreporting of injury accidents. Differences between the derived accident rates for the two studies (which covered different time periods) highlight the necessity of including vehicle kilometers, accident totals and road lengths in any such comparisons. The effects of these are considered and also the influence of traffic volume on accident rates. The principal conclusion is the high accident rates for undivided two-lane roads. However, three-lane roads (roads with a climbing lane) had the highest fatal accident rate. Divided roads had substantially lower accident rates than undivided roads while motorways were at least three times safer than dual carriageways. The National Road Database is also used to determine the influence of a number of road environment variables on road safety, paying particular attention to the road cross sections recommended in road design standards. A primary aim was to rank the road variables in terms of 'importance' in accident occurrence, and therefore to identify priority areas for achieving accident reductions. As this study did not set out to create a predictive model, multiple linear regression was used to model the data. The analysis was limited to two lane undivided interurban road sections. Comparisons are made with a similar study carried out in 1976 in order to investigate whether the relative effects of geometric factors have varied over time. A detailed examination was also carried out into the impacts of volume and lane and shoulder width on accidents on undivided two lane roads. Apart from vehicle kilometers of travel, lane and shoulder width and the number of roadside developments were shown to have the greatest influence on the number of accidents on undivided two-lane roads. A lane width from 3.50 to 3.75 m was optimal while the safest shoulder width was in the range 2.5 m to 3.0 m. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash rates KW - Cross sections KW - Divided highways KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Ireland KW - Lane width KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Shoulder width KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Underreporting KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760498 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004399 AU - Kuhn, Wolfgang AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Basics of a Three-Dimensional Geometric Design Methodology PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Road design is carried out by highway planning authorities and engineering offices and is still separated into three elements: the horizontal and vertical alignment plans and the cross section. The three-dimensional (3D) picture of the road, which enables road users to adapt their driving style, is not obtained until these 3 design elements are superimposed on each other. In order to avoid any possible geometric design errors caused by separate processing and the subsequent superimposition of the plans, basic mathematical and design factors have been developed to allow a 3D geometrical design methodology. The 3D axis consists of a sequence of 3D elements (fixed elements, dialogue elements and coupling elements). Fixed elements should always be selected if it is unnecessary to introduce any variation to the course of the axis based on the design conditions. However, if the idea is to adjust the design of the road to match existing geometrical constraints to an even better degree at individual points, dialogue elements must be used. In contrast to the fixed elements, a dialogue element allows the course of the axis to be varied at individual points by altering the parameters without introducing any change to the constellation of fixed points. Coupling elements serve to link fixed and dialogue elements. Calculating the axis using 3D geometrical design elements opens up new opportunities for further developing a design methodology for roads. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cross sections KW - Design methods KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Three dimensional analysis KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760699 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004398 AU - Irzik, Marco AU - Dammann, Wiebke AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Passing Process on 2+1 Roads in Germany PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - The 2+1 roads have a continuous three-lane cross section with alternating passing lanes. The 2+1 cross section enables passing maneuvers within designated passing lanes without regard to the opposing traffic. In Germany those 2+1 roads have been found out to operate with lower accident rates than conventional two-lane highways. The aim of the last year's research concerning the 2+1 cross section was to analyze the traffic safety and to assess the quality of service. The knowledge about the passing process is still incomplete and is based predominantly on theoretical models. The paper presents selected results of the research project FE 02.223/2002/FRB "Design standard and passing behaviour on 2+1 roads". The research project was sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing. It was concluded in February 2005. The aim of the research project was to enlarge the knowledge about passing processes on 2+1 roads. Above all this knowledge should be used to determine the necessary length of two-lane sections within 2+1 roads. With regard to this aim different methods of determination of the necessary length of two-lane sections were considered. In the end, a single method was developed. The developed method is based on a correlation between traffic volume and the necessary length of two-lane sections depending on traffic safety and different levels of service with regard to the share of incomplete dissolving processes. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash rates KW - Germany KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Passing lanes KW - Quality of service KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760604 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004397 AU - Tilger, Klaus AU - Appelt, Veit AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New Complex Solutions for the Real Time Spatial Road Design PY - 2005 SP - 21p AB - The classical road design subdivided in plane, longitudinal and cross sections passes up some potentials for: maximizing of traffic safety parameters like sight distances and road surface drainage; optimization of integration in landscape by means of a digital terrain model (length, shape, earthworks); minimization of bridges and tunnels (number and dimensions); and minimization of the total costs (financial optimization). Only a consequent spatial design method with real time interaction allows the essential planning analysis. These are being realized by the new three-dimensional (3D) design applications of alignment, combined with active optimization. The active use of 3D design solutions is supplemented by the consequent use of 3D surveying models, which can contain not only surface and orthophoto-textures but also supply lines, soil layers, buildings, plants and many other essential features. Thus, the design gets possible in virtual reality. More flexibility is provided by the international use of new alignment elements like 3D-splines. These splines are narrowed to classical radii to keep them comparable and adaptable by genetic algorithms. All data are directly connected to the spatial guideline and are being permanently updated as cross sections, earthwork balance, bridges, tunnels, passive protection measures, ranges of vision and cost analysis divided into several levels of detail. This solution is the result of 2 years of development with a grant from the European Union. Some test projects were established on the basis of the prototype and successfully finished. The basic ideas and actual results of the research and development will be introduced to the road design experts. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Optimization KW - Real time information KW - Three dimensional models KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760698 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004396 AU - Gattis, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Urban Street Horizontal Curve Design in the US PY - 2005 SP - 20p AB - This paper examines the historical development of low-speed urban horizontal curve design and the assumptions incorporated. It reviews related issues and recent research applicable to low-speed horizontal curve design in urban environments. It raises questions concerning what percentile speed and what friction factors are most appropriate for this setting. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Friction KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Low speed roads KW - Speed KW - Streets KW - United States KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760742 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004395 AU - Eisele, William L AU - Frawley, William E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Safety and Operational Analyses of Access Management Treatments: Results of Managing Driveway Density and Installing Raised Medians PY - 2005 SP - 21p AB - This paper describes research sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to investigate the operational and safety impacts of access management techniques--primarily raised medians and driveway consolidation. Operational impacts (travel time, speed, and delay) were investigated through microsimulation on three field test corridors and three theoretical corridors. Safety impacts were investigated along 11 test corridors to estimate relationships between crash rates and access point (driveways and public street intersections) densities, as well as the presence of raised medians or two-way left-turn lanes (TWLTLs). The proposed future conditions (approximately a 20% increase in traffic) with a raised median resulted in a percent increase in travel time from 2 to 57% on two test corridors, and a decrease of 11 to 38% on one test corridor compared to the TWLTL. The travel time increases equated to as much as a 6 mph decrease in speed on one corridor and an increase of 7 mph on another corridor. A similar percent increase with the raised median compared to the TWLTL was found on theoretical corridors--equating to an average speed decrease of 3 mph. The travel time differences are based upon the traffic level and location/number of the raised median openings. This relatively small increase in travel time may be outweighed by the reduction in the number of conflict points and increased safety. Detailed crash analysis on 11 test corridors indicated that as access point density increases, there is an increase in crash rates. This trend is irrespective of the median type though the research team found that the relationship is steeper (increases slightly more) on roadways without raised medians. For test corridors where crash data were investigated before and after the raised median installation, a reduction in the crash rate was always found. Finally, future research needs are identified including the need to investigate operational and safety impacts over a broader range of geometric conditions and longer corridors than investigated here. The information provided in this paper is anticipated to be useful for transportation professionals seeking additional information on the potential impacts of these access management treatments. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Driveway density KW - Driveways KW - Future research KW - Microsimulation KW - Operational analysis KW - Raised medians KW - Safety assessment KW - Speed KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760658 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004394 AU - Szagala, Piotr AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Analysis of 2+1 Roadway Design Alternatives PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - One of the main problems encountered when analyzing 2+1 design is to determine the optimum length and frequency of additional lanes. NCHRP recommends that passing lane lengths on 2+1 roadways should be consistent with optimal lengths for isolated passing lanes on two-lane highways. However, it is not reported that any special analysis was carried out in this aspect. Then, it was decided to analyze different layouts of 2+1 design using Twopas simulation model. The model was previously calibrated for traffic conditions on Polish roads. The analysis was done for an 8.4 km long section with fixed-length additional lanes located continuously in alternating directions. The analyzed alternative module lengths were: 600, 950, 1300 and 2000 m. Two measures of effectiveness were analyzed: percent time spent following (PTSF) and total vehicle-hours. Two-lane two-way section with passing allowed throughout the whole length was assumed as the base-case. The parameters of the analysis were: traffic volume and percent of trucks. As a result of the analysis the relationships between traffic volume and PTSF and time savings were derived. The relationships show that for any module length from 950 to 2000 m there is no significant difference in the measures of effectiveness for the whole range of traffic volumes analyzed (from 250 to 1500 veh/h/dir), whereas for the 600 m module the calculated values are slightly worse. Thus, in practice any module length from the range of 1000-2000 m can be used, regardless of traffic volume. These results are different from the ones presented by NCHRP. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Highway design KW - Length KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passing lanes KW - Percent time spent following KW - Poland KW - Simulation KW - Three lane highways KW - Time savings KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck traffic KW - Vehicle hours traveled UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004393 AU - Thenoux, Guillermo AU - Villasante, Rodrigo AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Performance Evaluation of Chilean Roundabouts Based on FHWA "Roundabout: An Information Guide 2000" PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - This work presents an experimental application of the new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guide for roundabout design. The main objective of the study was to identify and evaluate a number of design problems associated with Chilean roundabouts based on the new FHWA guide. This was done by performing a complete diagnosis on existing Chilean urban roundabouts producing a list of the main operational and safety problems encountered. In addition, three existing roundabouts were modeled using aaSidra-2 computer program to evaluate its performance. Later the same roundabouts were redesigned using the new guide and again modeled with aaSidra-2. Based on this work it was possible to estimate the performance improvement of existing Chilean roundabouts if these were redesigned using the FHWA guide. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Chile KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Improvements KW - Performance KW - Redesign KW - Roundabouts KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004392 AU - Stembord, Henri AU - Kwint, Huib AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--The Netherlands PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - In recent years, the trend of structural capacity shortages has continued and intensified in large parts of the Dutch network. In order to reduce the congested traffic and economic damages resulting from these shortages, not only have a number of activities been performed that can best collectively be referred to as demand management, but two paths have been embarked upon with reference to the infrastructure. In a structural sense, and thus with focus on a somewhat longer term, the problems are being increasingly addressed on the network level; architecture for traffic management and area-oriented utilization are activities that are characteristic of this path. It then becomes evident not only that highway design is a technical science, but also that factors such as communication and consensus between the various road managers are elements that are vital to optimum highway design. On a shorter term, improved utilization of the existing infrastructure is the motto. This pertains to reconsideration of the use of the cross section, one of the results of which is new guidelines for motorway design. The most striking measure in this respect is opening the emergency lane for moving traffic during peak hours. The non-motorway (highways other than freeways) road network in the Netherlands serves an important function on the regional and local levels. The mixture of functions ( e.g., avoidance traffic, regional traffic and local traffic) still continues to be an area of concern. Within the framework of the Duurzaam Veilig (Sustainable Safety) program, the essential characteristics of these roads have been compiled, on the basis of which categories have been defined that serve in turn as the basis for guidelines. In the area of layout and outfitting, continued development of dynamic markings is the most striking development. After a number of demonstration projects and short-term pilots, two situations with dynamic markings have now been created and are being evaluated. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cross sections KW - Dynamic road markings KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Netherlands KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004391 AU - Wegman, Fred AU - Dijkstra, Atze AU - Schermers, Govert AU - van Vliet, Pieter AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands: the Vision, the Implementation, and the Safety Effects PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - Human errors play a vital role in road crashes. This paper deals with the prevention of human errors by proper road planning, road design and improving existing roads within the framework of the Dutch 'Sustainable Safety' vision. This vision focuses on three design principles for road networks and for roads and streets: functionality, homogeneity, and predictability. A minimum safety level should be defined and agreed upon by all road authorities, national, regional, and local. Implementing this vision has the ambition to result in a considerable reduction of the number of crashes and casualties, and keep the Netherlands as one of the countries in the world with the best road safety records. This vision was launched at the beginning of the 1990s and accepted as a formal part of Dutch policies in the mid-1990s. This resulted in a so-called Start-up Program on Sustainable Safety, not only addressing the planning and design of road infrastructure, but also strongly emphasizing this. The contents of the Start-up Program are described as the process leading to implementation. An overview is given of the implementation of different (road infrastructure) components of the Start-up Program and the measured effects on road crashes. Attention is paid to functional road classification, expansion of 30 km/h zones and 60 km/h zones, safety of mopeds and cyclists, and large-scale introduction of roundabouts, etc. Evaluation studies suggest a positive effect on the number of crashes and casualties in the Netherlands, leading to about 6% reduction in the number of fatalities and in-patients. The lessons learned are used in defining the next phase. The Start-up Program has been used to draft new guidelines and recommendations for road planning and road design. An introduction of this is given, including some ideas on new road designs. Finally, some thoughts are given on the next phase: how to proceed under circumstances where less public funds will become available. Integration with other policy sectors is suggested. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Cyclists KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Implementation KW - Mopeds KW - Netherlands KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Roundabouts KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004390 AU - Weber, Roland AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Traffic Safety and Traffic Flow on b2+1-Routes Carrying Mixed Traffic PY - 2005 SP - 13p AB - In order to improve traffic safety and the quality of service on single carriageway rural roads, cross sections with three lanes (b2+1-routes) are becoming more popular. In accordance with the current German guidelines these roads have to be operated for motor vehicle traffic only. The increasing number of three-lane rural roads raises the question whether these roads can generally be released to mixed traffic and whether any boundary conditions need to be taken into account in this case. If slow traffic does not turn out to have any long-term negative influence on safety or flow on such routes, the range of application of this cross section could be extended considerably thus saving construction costs and land use for separate route networks in individual cases. The investigation of traffic flow and traffic safety was carried out on seven roads with a total length of 58.8 km. The average daily traffic (ADT) of these roads varies from 10,000 up to 16,500 vehicles per day. The traffic flow has been analyzed by following free flowing cars. Additionally, the number of vehicles and their speed were recorded at one cross section of each road. One result is that on the investigated roads there is only little impact of slow vehicles on traffic flow. The number of cars driving slower than 60 km/h is less than 1%. All accident reports of a three year period of time have been analyzed, in total 401 accidents. The number of accidents per road varies widely. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cross sections KW - Germany KW - Highway design KW - Rural highways KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004389 AU - Hassan, Yasser AU - Misaghi, Peyman AU - Awatta, Muna AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Speed-Based Measures for Evaluation of Design Consistency on Canadian Roads PY - 2005 SP - 16p AB - Lack of geometric design consistency has been considered a major contributing factor to collision occurrence, and can therefore be used to indicate areas with higher potential collision risk. Providing designers with a tool to evaluate the design consistency of new highways during the design stage would help eliminate these areas before the construction of the highway, and thus provide a proactive approach to safety improvement. The most common criteria for design consistency evaluation have been based on the operating speed selected by drivers according to their own perception of the road. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study conducted to develop operating speed and differential speed prediction models for two-lane highways and relate the evaluation measures to actual collision experience. Data on actual road alignments, traffic volumes, and collisions were collected for segments on seven different two-lane highways belonging to different highway classes. Speed data were collected on a sample of horizontal curves representative of all curves on these highways. The speed data were first used to model drivers' choice of operating speed and speed differential as they negotiate the horizontal curves. Regression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution was then carried out to relate the collision frequency to the design-speed margin consistency and operating speed consistency. It was found that operating speed consistency provided superior models, and is recommended as a consistency evaluation criterion. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Design consistency KW - Differential speed KW - Geometric design KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Negative binomial distributions KW - Operating speed KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed data KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760747 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004388 AU - Castro, Maria AU - Pardillo-Mayora, Jose M AU - Sanchez, Jose F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Alignment Indices as a Tool to Evaluate Safety and Design Consistency in Two Lane Rural Roads PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - With the objective of assessing the relationship between alignment indices and accident records, and the applicability of these indices to roadway design consistency evaluation for two-lane rural highways, a research project has been conducted at Madrid Polytechnic University. Data from eight Spanish highways with diverse terrain conditions divided into sections of homogeneous characteristics, excluding intersections, were analyzed. Ten alignment indices were considered, and their relation with crash rates over a 5 year period was analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, the most suitable indices to evaluate roadway design consistency were identified. Additionally, threshold values of the selected indices for consistency rating of roadway segments were established. This consistency rating method was applied to a sample set of Spanish highway segments. The results show good agreement with those obtained with the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) Design Consistency Module. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Design consistency KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Rural highways KW - Spain KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760652 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004387 AU - Easa, Said M AU - Ali, Muhammad Z A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Three-Dimensional Stop-Control Intersection Sight Distance: General Model PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - Intersection sight distance (ISD) is an important design element. A stopped vehicle on the minor road needs sufficient sight distance to depart (cross, turn left, or turn right) safely, even though an approaching vehicle on the major road comes into view. Current AASHTO policy assumes that both minor and major roads are straight and intersect at right angles. Previous research has addressed ISD for stop-control intersections on three-dimensional (3D) alignments for obstructions inside the horizontal curve, and intersection and major road vehicle (object) on the curve. This paper extends previous research work by: (a) allowing the object to be anywhere on the horizontal curve or tangent, (b) allowing the horizontal and vertical curves to partially overlap, and (c) considering the case where the obstruction lies outside of the horizontal curve. The obstruction location was formulated using a simple variable that takes the values of 1 or -1 for an obstruction inside or outside the horizontal curve, respectively. Design aids for the required minimum lateral clearances (from the minor and major roads) are presented for different radii of horizontal curve and major road design speeds. Application of the model is illustrated using a numerical example. The presented model and guidelines, which are general and easy to use, should be of interest to highway designers. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design speed KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Lateral clearances KW - Sight distance KW - Stop controlled intersections KW - Three dimensional KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004386 AU - Choueiri, Elias M AU - Atallah, Omar AU - Hawila, Elie AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Traffic Safety of Non-Urban Roads in Lebanon PY - 2005 SP - 21p AB - In general, roads should feature good facilities to enable safe travel and transport between countries, different parts of a country, or within smaller areas. This means that roads should offer good accessibility and transport quality, as well as allow journey times at low transport costs. In addition, roads should offer these characteristics under safe and environmentally-friendly conditions. Furthermore, roads should be of good quality in all parts of a country. All objectives, including safety, should be taken into account in all activities regarding the road network. The development and management (planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation) of a road network should, therefore, aim at achieving an optimum balance, within prevailing budget constraints. During the past decades, it has become clear in many countries that simply building more and more roads may not always be the best answer to traffic growth and other problems. For instance, the emphasis in several Western European countries is now getting directed towards making the best use of existing road networks and giving priority to sites where the worst accident, congestion and/or environmental problems exist. In several countries, it is recognized that: good road and traffic engineering can reduce the risk and severity of accidents; the focus should be directed more towards targeted safety improvement programs, as well as demand and traffic management; and with respect to local roads and streets, the focus should be directed towards coordinated planning, traffic calming measures, as well as road safety improvements to protect vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists. In Lebanon, the overall road safety situation is poor. The actual number of casualties is high in relation to the number of inhabitants and motor vehicle ownership, as compared to countries with good road safety records. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze road safety problems in Lebanon, as based on available accident statistics. In this respect, however, it should be noted that the present accident statistics do not allow a detailed analysis to be made with respect to the circumstances surrounding accidents, due to underreporting and a lack of detailed information on road accidents. Further, another aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the safety deficiencies of non-urban roads in Lebanon, and develop proposals and guidelines on how to improve safety on these roads. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Crash data KW - Highway design KW - Lebanon KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760501 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004385 AU - Bird, R N AU - Hashim, I H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Operating Speed and Geometry Relationships for Rural Single Carriageways in the UK PY - 2005 SP - 22p AB - The aim of this study was to find an up to date operating speed model for rural single carriageways (two-lane highways) in the United Kingdom, as part of wider research into the consistency of highway alignment. A series of speed surveys were carried out in the northeast of England. A novel method of estimating horizontal curvature details from digital mapping was developed for this study. Other geometric features of the survey sites were measured on site using appropriate electronic and manual methods. Analysis of the spot speed distributions confirmed the findings of previous research, following a normal distribution in the majority of cases. Significant differences were found between the mean and operating speeds in the two directions of flow. Further analysis looked at the differences between speeds on the inside and outside of curves. Single and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the speed data and the various geometric parameters of tangents and curves to find suitable operating speed models. The best predictive models for curves were found to rely mainly on the radius of the curve. On tangents the speed was mainly dependent on the length of the tangent. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Digital mapping KW - England KW - Geometric design KW - Highway alignment KW - Highway curves KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Mathematical models KW - Mean speed KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Operating speed KW - Regression analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed surveys KW - Surveys KW - Tangents KW - Two lane highways KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760745 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004384 AU - Prosser, William A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--United States: Development of Geometric Design Standards PY - 2005 SP - 10p AB - This paper discusses the processes used to develop and adopt geometric design standards and criteria for highways and auxiliary facilities in the United States. Each State Department of Transportation (DOT) working through the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have adopted minimum standards for the design of highway projects. The development of design criteria is a cooperative process between the various agencies and is based on research and practical experience to develop the criteria for each of the elements necessary for a complete design. Research topics are suggested by a variety of sources in response to a call by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research (SCOR). The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academy of Sciences contracts for the performance of the research for the topics accepted by SCOR. Technical Committees review the product of the research and recommend disposition of the work. A summary list of recently completed research and updated criteria is included. While AASHTO is not a standard setting organization, it publishes the approved material for each of the geometric design elements in a series of documents. The published material is used as a standard or provides the basis for the standards developed by many transportation agencies. The documents published by AASHTO do not become a standard until they are adopted by an agency through a rulemaking process. The FHWA has an established process to adopt minimum standards for the National Highway System (NHS), including the Interstate System. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Design standards KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway facilities KW - Interstate highways KW - National Highway System KW - Research KW - Rulemaking KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation Research Board KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760401 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004383 AU - Xiaoming, Zhong AU - Shuling, Wang AU - Xiaoming, Liu AU - Xiaoduan, Sun AU - Ronggui, Zhou AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Research on Choice of Design Parameters for Vertical Alignment Based on Vehicles' Operating Performance on Highway Downgrade Segments PY - 2005 SP - 18p AB - Steep and consecutive downgrade segments of the highways in mountainous areas are considered hazardous to vehicles, especially to heavy trucks. Drivers frequently applying brakes on those segments often induce overheated brakes and weaken brake efficiency, which can consequently lead to an out-of-control vehicle. Crash rates on those downgrade segments are generally higher than those on the other segments. Most downgrade segments are identified as hazardous locations with high crash frequency. In China, over half of the crashes on those segments are caused by brake failure. Due to many other restrictions, sometimes it is impossible to avoid long downgrade segments in mountainous terrain. Therefore, development of the critical design standard that controls the maximum vertical grade and corresponding length is crucial. But how to determine parameter values for the consecutive downgrade segments perplexes geometric design engineers all the time. The objective of this study was to provide research results to support the revising of the design standards in the Chinese Technical Standard of Highway Engineering (TSHE). The paper analyzes truck driver behavior on the downgrade segments and investigates the relationship between braking distance and vertical grade, and between temperature of brakes and vertical length. Based on the investigation, the paper proposes the maximum vertical grades for various design scenarios, which can be used along with other parameter values (such as horizontal and cross-sectional design features, construction costs, and/or design consistency) to determine the maximum vertical grades for the new TSHE to maximize the highway safety. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - China KW - Design standards KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Geometric design KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Loss of control KW - Mountain roads KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760687 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004382 AU - Brilon, Werner AU - Lippold, Christian AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Germany: A New Concept for Highway Design Guidelines in Germany PY - 2005 SP - 24p AB - Germany is currently in a process of restructuring its whole system of highway design guidelines. This process is described with special attention to freeways. The kinematic derivation of design parameters is loosing importance. As a new principle the design class is introduced. This means that streets and roads should become self-explaining to suggest to the road user his correct and desired behavior. This principle is applied for urban streets, rural highways, and freeways. Besides these rather basic ideas, the paper also gives an overview about the whole set of design standards and guidelines in Germany. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design standards KW - Freeways KW - Germany KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Rural highways KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760582 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004381 AU - Heger, Ralf AU - Zehn, Annette AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Road Design and Human Factors Associated to Motorcycle Accidents--A Contribution to Safer Roads PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - Recent accident data indicate that death and injuries attributable to motorcycle crashes are becoming an increasing problem in public health. In the United States motorcycle crashes have been increasing since 1997, while injuries have been increasing since 1998. European countries like Germany, France and the United Kingdom show similar trends. The effects of a crash involving a motorcycle can often be devastating. While 20% of passenger vehicle crashes result in injury or death, 80% of motorcycle crashes result in injury or death. Also, the motorcycle community is now experiencing increasing growth. Besides this, it is important to note that most fatalities in single motorcycle crashes relate to problems negotiating a curve prior to a crash. The objectives of this study were to characterize and evaluate motorcycle rider habits in route choice and risk taking relevant for highway safety design purposes. Furthermore, road features contributing to increased motorcycle accidents were described and evaluated. A survey of motorcycle riders revealed that experiencing risk, as it is assumed in some "Sensation Seeking" theories, was, by the majority, not their intent when using a motorcycle. A detailed accident analysis covering the state Brandenburg, Germany, outlined that motorcycle accidents are concentrated on road sections with specific design features which are described in detail within the body of the paper. A two-lane rural highway (State Route L 291 Eberswalde - Liepe), a typical motorcycle route nearby Berlin, was the subject of a detailed quantitative Safety Analysis including the geometric, dynamic and psychological aspects of driving. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Brandenburg (Germany) KW - Case studies KW - Crash analysis KW - Dynamics KW - Fatalities KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycle crashes KW - Motorcycle driving KW - Motorcyclists KW - Psychological aspects KW - Risk taking KW - Route choice KW - Rural highways KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004380 AU - Rosales, Jennifer A AU - Knapp, Keith K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Livability Impacts of Geometric Design Cross-Section Changes from Road Diets PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - A "road diet" entails converting a four-lane undivided roadway to a two-lane roadway plus a two-way left turn lane by removing a travel lane in each direction. The remaining roadway width can be converted to bike lanes, on-street parking or sidewalks. In cities throughout the world, roadways have been put on "road diets," and these improvements have generated benefits to all modes of transportation including transit, bicyclists, pedestrians and motorists. These benefits include reduced vehicle speeds, improved mobility and access, reduced collisions and injuries, and improved livability and quality of life. This paper explores the livability impacts of the geometric changes produced by road diet projects. These livability impacts have not been previously evaluated in any research effort or manner. The impacts of the road diet cross section evaluated include improved quality of life, street character, and comfort and safety for pedestrians, bicycles, and transit. The content, application, and results of a public opinion livability survey are presented. The survey was administered along four-lane undivided and three-lane streets with comparable width, character, and traffic flow. The livability survey solicited information from people living and working adjacent to the streets with factors directly related to its livability. Five sites were chosen for the survey and data collection in Washington, Iowa, and Georgia, and in Canada and New Zealand. The focus of the paper is on the impacts of geometric changes in roadway cross section on livability and context sensitivity. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Accessibility KW - Benefits KW - Bicycles KW - Canada KW - Comfort KW - Context sensitive design KW - Cross sections KW - Four lane highways KW - Geometric design KW - Georgia KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Iowa KW - Livable streets KW - Mobility KW - New Zealand KW - Pedestrians KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Quality of life KW - Road diets KW - Speed control KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic safety KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004379 AU - Edara, Praveen K AU - Bared, Joe G AU - Jagannathan, Ramanujan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Diverging Diamond Interchange and Double Crossover Intersection--Vehicle and Pedestrian Performance PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - Transportation planners and traffic engineers are facing the challenge of inventing ways to mitigate congestion during peak hours. Alleviating delays and improving safety for passengers and pedestrians is the primary motive. One way of achieving this objective is to search for alternative intersection and interchange designs. This paper presents the results of a study on two new alternate designs--Double Crossover Intersection and Diverging Diamond Interchange. These designs were studied for different traffic scenarios using traffic simulation and the results showed better performance during peak hours when compared to similar corresponding conventional designs. Better performance includes lesser delays, smaller queues, and higher throughput, resulting in better level of service. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Diverging diamond interchanges KW - Double crossover intersections KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Performance KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760772 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004378 AU - Wolshon, Brian AU - Lambert, Laurence AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Comparative Review of Reversible Roadway Termini Design PY - 2005 SP - 29p AB - Reversible traffic operations have become an increasingly popular strategy for mitigating the problem of traffic congestion associated with the directionally unbalanced traffic flows that are evident during peak commute periods, planned and special events, construction work periods, and emergency evacuations. Despite the widespread and long-term use of this form of operation, there are relatively few formalized guidelines to direct its planning, design, and operation. To overcome this lack of information, the Transportation Research Board (TRB), through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis Program recently sponsored an effort to identify and evaluate reversible lane designs and practices. Among the findings of this work were the extent to which reversible lane systems and practices vary between locations and the purposes for which it is used. This paper presents a review and comparison of practice in the areas widely regarded to be the most critical locations of reversible roadway segments: the initiation and termination points. This review summarizes the design of these termini points as well as the operational practices that have been employed by road agencies to safely and efficiently transition traffic from one direction to the other. It also highlights particular applications that have incorporated successful and/or innovative practices. The discussions bring to light the important considerations that should be taken into account when planning a reversible lane transition, some of the relative costs and benefits of various design options, and how they may affect the long-term efficiency and safety of reversible facilities. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Evacuation KW - Initiation and termination points KW - Innovation KW - Peak periods KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Special events KW - State of the practice KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition zones KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760656 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004377 AU - Garcia, Alfredo AU - Gonzalez, Jose R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Lateral Vision Angles and Skewed Intersections Design PY - 2005 SP - 23p AB - The results of two field studies carried out to measure vision angles from both rear-view mirrors and to obtain dimensions of the most popular sold cars are presented. Finally, the influence of the available lateral visibility of vehicles in the geometric design of merging points and skewed intersections is evaluated, and the maximum safety angles for merging and skewed intersections are proposed. A minimum direct field of vision of 220 degrees is assumed. From this hypothesis, and from a design vehicle based on measurements taken during the field study, a skewed intersection that offers an adequate intersection sight distance was analyzed. The experimental part of the study consisted of designing a device able to measure vision angles from rear-view mirrors, and using it on a sample of 174 cars. From this data, weighted according to the sales and the proportion of sales per year on the total number of vehicles in Spain, the design angles of lateral visibility were determined. As design vision angles from the rear-view mirrors, 10th percentiles were employed, and a correct seating position was used. At the same time, the best selling car dealers were visited to measure any related dimensions. A design vehicle was adopted weighting adequate dimensions. From these design angles and the dimensions of the mentioned design vehicle, a model was proposed for merging, in such a way that no vehicle could be placed in the driver's blind spot. Thus, the maximum angle between merging lane and the main road was obtained, for safe maneuverings. In a right skewed intersection, with a vehicle about to cross the intersection, in accordance with the dimensions of the design vehicle, the driver's direct field of vision and the intersection angle, the cases in which there is sufficient intersection sight distance are evaluated. In left skewed intersections, the recommendations given by previous research must prevail, since it is more restrictive for vehicles with lateral opaque bodyworks. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Design vehicles KW - Field of vision KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Intersections KW - Lateral vision angles KW - Merging traffic KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Sight distance KW - Skewed intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004376 AU - Bella, Francesco AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Verification of the Coordination of Horizontal Alignment and Profile at the Driving Simulator PY - 2005 SP - 19p AB - The highway geometric design guidelines do not deal with the horizontal and vertical alignment's joint design. The guidelines adopt a simplified approach based on the independent design of both the horizontal and vertical alignment followed by the check of the coordination of horizontal alignment and profile so as to avoid geometric combinations which can cause undesirable optical effects and reduced safety. Suggestions regarding the horizontal and vertical alignment's coordination come from studies based on the drawing of the road's perspective and by methods of presentation of the combined alignment through computer animation. These methods are limited with regards to the simulation of the perspective view of the highway from the driver's viewpoint, during the dynamic task of the driving. An experimental survey was carried out with an interactive driving simulator, considering the high potentials of the driving simulation systems for the analysis of the effects of the combined alignment on the driver's behavior. The objective was to verify whether Italian guidelines on the coordination of horizontal curves combined with sag vertical curves and with crest vertical curves are sufficient to avoid a wrong perception of the horizontal curvatures and to not affect the drivers' choice of operating speed on horizontal curves. The statistical analysis outcomes show that on the section at constant radius of the combined curves the V85 is less than or equal to that on the horizontal non-combined curves with the same radius. Results indicate that the suggestions by guidelines on the coordination of horizontal curves overlapping with crest and sag appear to be acceptable. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Computer animation KW - Coordination KW - Drawings KW - Driving simulators KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Italy KW - Perception KW - Vertical alignment KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760430 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01004375 AU - Cunningham, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Country Report--Australia: Recent Developments in Geometric Design in Australia PY - 2005 SP - 10p AB - This country report discusses some of the developments in the practice and process of geometric road design in Australia over the last 4 years. The paper draws primarily on the activities of the Austroads Road Design Reference Group (RDRG), a peak industry body formed under the auspices of Austroads, the national association of state road authorities in Australia and New Zealand. Since its formation in August, 2000 the RDRG has overseen a number of significant updates to Austroads design guides, and has sponsored research projects investigating some of the fundamental design criteria. The following projects, and some of the significant issues that arose during them, are discussed in this paper: (1) Review of the Austroads Geometric Design Guides for Urban and Rural Roads - including consideration of appropriate values for driver eye height, reaction times, and stopping distances, and refinement of the operating speed model; (2) Designing for Trucks - a research project which sought to answer the question: When is it appropriate to design for trucks?; (3) Shoulder Widths on Dual Carriageway Rural Roads - investigating the relationship between sealed shoulder width and crashes; and (4) Environmental Considerations in Planning and Design - a comprehensive review of literature and guidelines covering environmental issues to be considered in Australia, including water sensitive road design. U1 - 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric DesignTransportation Research BoardAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Highway AdministrationAmerican Society of Civil EngineersAssociation Mondiale de la RouteInternational Road FederationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)National Association of County EngineersTransportation Association of CanadaChicago Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois State Toll Highway AuthorityChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:20050629 EndDate:20050701 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Highway Administration, American Society of Civil Engineers, Association Mondiale de la Route, International Road Federation, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), National Association of County Engineers, Transportation Association of Canada, Chicago Department of Transportation, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority KW - Australia KW - Environmental impacts KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Research projects KW - Rural highways KW - Shoulder width KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01003787 AU - Radwan, Essam AU - Ramasamy, Shankar AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-4 Corridor Traffic Simulation and Visualization: Phase 2 Final Report PY - 2005///Final Report SP - 43p AB - The primary objective of this research project was to develop a procedure for integrating a simulation package (WATSIM) with high fidelity visualization of traffic flow along the I-4 corridor in Orlando, Florida. The objective of Phase 1 of this project was to code the I-4 corridor from Kaley Avenue to Lee Road using UNITES and a 3D gaming engine tool. In Phase 2, this research project attempts to evaluate the utility of the developed tool for decision-making and public hearings. Other benefits include the study of congestion/choke points and determining the effectiveness of incorporating new technologies for highway improvements such as high speed rails and other Intelligent Transportation System deployments. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Decision making KW - High speed rail KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Orlando (Florida) KW - Public hearings KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - UNITES (Computer program) KW - Visualization KW - WATSIM (Computer program) UR - http://www.fdot.gov/research/Completed_Proj/Summary_TE/FDOT_BD548_07_rpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760085 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002769 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - May, Anthony D AU - Sumalee, A TI - One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? An Overview of Road Pricing Applications and Research Outside the United States SN - 0309093759 PY - 2005 IS - 34 SP - pp 73-91 AB - This resource paper summarizes developments in road pricing outside of the United States. These developments in road pricing form three broad groups. The first and most extensive is the work on road pricing in urban centers, which is designed largely to reduce congestion and protect the environment. The second is the development of toll highways designed principally to raise revenue to finance the road. The third is the more recent development of proposals for distance-based interurban charging, initially for commercial vehicles but potentially for all traffic on congested roads. This resource paper reviews progress in all of these, starting with Europe and then considering Asia and finally, briefly, the rest of the world. The scope is limited to schemes that reflect at least in part the original principles of road pricing; no attempt is made to review the wider field of toll highway developments. This international review concludes with a summary of the state of play. The picture presented is one of many proposals but few successes, although the potential for real progress appears greater now than it has throughout the history of the subject. It is clear that there is a recurring set of reasons for failure to make progress: in particular concerns about public acceptability but also issues concerning equity, economic impacts, technology, and scheme design. U1 - International Symposium on Road PricingFlorida Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Key Biscayne,FL,United States StartDate:20031119 EndDate:20031122 Sponsors:Florida Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) KW - Acceptance KW - Asia KW - Congestion pricing KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Europe KW - Intercity transportation KW - Policy KW - Road pricing KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Toll roads KW - Urban areas UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp34roadpricing.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758791 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002768 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wachs, Martin TI - Then and Now: The Evolution of Congestion Pricing in Transportation and Where We Stand Today SN - 0309093759 PY - 2005 IS - 34 SP - pp 63-72 AB - The author believes that road pricing is not quite yet within the mainstream of transportation policy options, but that more progress has been made in that direction in the last decade than had been made in the preceding 70 years. He sees road pricing as being at a critical juncture in North America today. It remains fragile, yet it is poised to be adopted on a much broader scale than would have seemed feasible only a decade ago. While there is still a great deal of skepticism and some overt opposition on the part of policy makers and elected officials, the concept has survived and has been tested in a number of applications despite widespread doubts. In this resource paper, the author examines the following: the evolution of arguments for congestion pricing in the United States; the "Curbing Gridlock" study; recent pricing trends in the United States; and emerging prospects for the coming decade and beyond. U1 - International Symposium on Road PricingFlorida Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Key Biscayne,FL,United States StartDate:20031119 EndDate:20031122 Sponsors:Florida Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) KW - Congestion pricing KW - Future KW - Road pricing KW - Transportation policy KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp34roadpricing.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758789 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002767 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - International Perspectives on Road Pricing SN - 0309093759 PY - 2005 IS - 34 SP - 108p AB - This symposium explored American and international applications of road pricing strategies in various governmental and socioeconomic settings. The participants discussed the rationale and motivations for implementing pricing strategies, the use of pricing revenues, and project outcomes. Drawing on resource papers, presentations, and symposium discussions, the conference committee evaluated the current state of practice, assessed future directions and opportunities, and identified research and information needs. These proceedings contain the conference committee's findings and recommendations, symposium presentations, summary of a roundtable discussion, and two resource papers prepared for the symposium. U1 - International Symposium on Road PricingFlorida Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)Key Biscayne,FL,United States StartDate:20031119 EndDate:20031122 Sponsors:Florida Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Future KW - International practice KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Road pricing KW - State of the practice KW - Strategic planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp34roadpricing.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758786 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002766 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yarema, Geoffrey S TI - Meeting the Challenge to Reauthorize the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century: Will System Performance Continue to Be "Gone with the Wind"? SN - 0309094992 PY - 2005 IS - 33 SP - pp 61-68 AB - This resource paper is intended to spur discussion for the Third National Conference on Transportation Finance. To that end it gathers together material generated from numerous congressional hearings, actual experience in project delivery at the state and local levels, and important academic and economic analyses completed since the 2000 conference. The issues raised here include the following: (1) What should be the goal of reauthorization? (2) Has the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) met the goals of maintaining system condition and performance and improving safety? (3) What funding level will reauthorization need to establish to maintain condition and performance? (4) What measures can reasonably be taken to achieve the goals? It is hoped that this background, together with the presentations and discussions the conference will foster, will help participants come to a consensus on these issues and become effective advocates for the solutions. U1 - Third National Conference on Transportation FinanceTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationChicago,IL,United States StartDate:20021027 EndDate:20021030 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Congressional hearings KW - Economic analysis KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Local government KW - Project delivery KW - Reauthorization KW - State government KW - System performance KW - Transportation KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp33transportationfinance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758781 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002765 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Taylor, James T TI - Institutional Framework for Innovative Transportation Finance SN - 0309094992 PY - 2005 IS - 33 SP - pp 75-79 AB - One of the purposes of this resource paper is to stimulate discussion of the long-term implications of innovative transportation finance strategies. Are we creating financing mechanisms that will facilitate continued and timely investment in our nation's transportation infrastructure over the next 40 to 50 years, or are we simply addressing our most pressing short-term capital needs? As a starting point, the paper highlights some of the new financing vehicles and partnership structures developed under the umbrella of "innovative finance" and questions where they might be leading us. The second half of the paper examines certain institutional factors that may have influenced the types of financing approaches taken to date or that could inhibit further innovation. By acknowledging and addressing some of the tensions within and among the key players, transportation policy makers may be able to craft more effective strategies for fostering collaboration and increasing the overall level of transportation investment. U1 - Third National Conference on Transportation FinanceTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationChicago,IL,United States StartDate:20021027 EndDate:20021030 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Cooperation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Innovation KW - Institutional issues KW - Investments KW - Partnerships KW - Policy making KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp33transportationfinance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758783 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002764 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Greene, Sharon AU - Schneider, Michael TI - Accelerating Project Development: Approaches and Techniques for Expedient Project Delivery SN - 0309094992 PY - 2005 IS - 33 SP - pp 69-74 AB - Despite a number of recently developed tools and techniques for innovative financing of surface transportation projects, relatively few such projects have experienced substantial acceleration in actual delivery to the public. States, municipalities, and special-purpose authorities have used new methods to leverage traditional sources of funds, which in many cases have allowed the delivery of projects that would have had to wait for pay-as-you-go financing. However, the value of such innovation in the more rapid delivery of transportation projects is often lost because of factors that substantially inhibit their effective use. The purpose of this resource paper is to encourage and stimulate discussion about methods by which more projects may be delivered more expediently. Not surprisingly, many nonfinancial factors interact in project delivery, which in combination reduce the value of new methods for generating and utilizing funds for capital project development. This paper explores such factors and their relationship to innovative finance, with the principal objective of defining more effective approaches for consideration in the "Next TEA" reauthorization process. Succinctly stated, the full value of innovations in financing methods for surface transportation programs will only be realized when they are paired with companion innovations in the project definition, development, approval, and implementation processes. U1 - Third National Conference on Transportation FinanceTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationChicago,IL,United States StartDate:20021027 EndDate:20021030 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerating strategies KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Innovation KW - Project delivery KW - Project development KW - Reauthorization KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp33transportationfinance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758782 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002763 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Giglio, Joseph M AU - McCarthy, Daniel J TI - Finance and the Visible Hand of Technology SN - 0309094992 PY - 2005 IS - 33 SP - pp 80-84 AB - Finance is about more than just money. This is not an easy sentence to say with a straight face, nor one that many people necessarily will believe. Obviously, money is important, since how much we have determines how much we can build and how well we can manage the assets we have. The consensus is that money will be harder to find for TEA-3 than for TEA-21, a result of improving fuel economy, slower economic growth, higher oil prices, a tighter federal budget, and perhaps some resentment over the success achieved 6 years ago. This implies that we need ideas that involve more than changes to our current financial toolbox. Such changes, in turn, may open the door to approaches that go beyond the traditional broad-based user fees, with or without some leveraging. This resource paper will not solve any immediate problem, but it could help with the next big piece of legislation--TEA-4. U1 - Third National Conference on Transportation FinanceTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationChicago,IL,United States StartDate:20021027 EndDate:20021030 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Asset management KW - Finance KW - Legislation KW - Reauthorization KW - Technology KW - Transportation KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp33transportationfinance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002762 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Transportation Finance: Meeting the Funding Challenge Today, Shaping Policies for Tomorrow SN - 0309094992 PY - 2005 IS - 33 SP - 107p AB - The Third National Conference on Transportation Finance had two primary objectives: (1) To educate federal, state, and local officials regarding new transportation infrastructure and operations financing mechanisms, their structure, and the benefits and costs of implementing such techniques; and (2) To explore the development of additional new funding mechanisms and sources. The conference brought together individuals from the transportation, finance, and public policy communities at national, state, and local levels and from both the public and private sectors. As the third in a series of national transportation finance conferences, the conference continued the dialogue on the challenges of financing the nation's transportation systems and provided a forum to exchange perspectives on what has worked, what has not, and what might be tested. The conference included general sessions, which were designed to take full advantage of the breadth of participants at the conference and to home in on financing issues that would be the focus of upcoming reauthorization efforts, and four tracks: (1) How to Finance the Next Transportation Program--Reauthorization and Beyond; (2) Tools and Techniques to Deliver More Projects Faster; (3) Structures, Institutions, and Partnerships to Deliver More Projects Faster and Cheaper; and (4) New Transportation Initiatives and Demands on Financing. Together, the four tracks and related speakers at the general session focused on the cost critical finance issues facing transportation stakeholders today and in the future. These proceedings summarize the conference presentations and discussions, provide a synthesis of conference themes, and include four resource papers. U1 - Third National Conference on Transportation FinanceTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationChicago,IL,United States StartDate:20021027 EndDate:20021030 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Innovation KW - Local government KW - Partnerships KW - Private enterprise KW - Project delivery KW - Public policy KW - Public private partnerships KW - Reauthorization KW - State government KW - Transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/cp33transportationfinance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758778 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002502 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McClelland, Mark TI - Vessel Impact Risk Assessment by Texas Department of Transportation SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 399-402 AB - On September 15, 2001, a four-barge tow struck and collapsed Bent 32 of the Queen Isabella Causeway Bridge (Park Road 100 bridge crossing the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway) in Texas. In the aftermath of the collapse, the Bridge Division of the Texas Department of Transportation conducted a vessel impact risk analysis for all bridges crossing waterways with documented barge or cargo vessel traffic. To identify all bridge crossings over navigable waterways, Bridge Division engineers queried the Bridge Inspection Database and confirmed the resulting list with district personnel. Investigating engineers screened the bridges in steps on the basis of exposure of structural elements to vessel traffic, bridge type, and level of protective system already in place. They then evaluated bridges requiring analysis in accordance with the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) vessel collision provisions of the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications." The engineers then scored bridges on the basis of vulnerability to vessel impact and criticality of bridge structure and normalized the scores to assign a value of 100 to the bridge representing the worst combination of these criteria. Investigators identified five bridges that required modification or installation of protective systems. From their findings, a program was initiated to design and install protective measures at each of the five bridge locations. In June 2003 a contract was assigned for the first project, to install protective measures on the south vessel approach of the Queen Isabella Causeway Bridge. In February 2004, a second project was begun, to install similar protective measures on the north vessel approach of the same bridge. Design is proceeding on protective measures for the other four bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Barges KW - Bridge design KW - Cargo ships KW - Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (United States) KW - Impact protection KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Specifications KW - Texas KW - Water transportation crashes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.j24267k35tg737m7 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vessel+Impact+Risk+Assessment+by+Texas+Department+of+Transportation&author=M.+McClelland&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002501 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Freeby, Gregg A TI - Texas's Totally Prefabricated Bridge Superstructures SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 169-174 AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (Texas DOT) has developed two new bridge superstructure systems that have maximum span lengths of 115 ft and a total superstructure depth of only 38 in. and are totally prefabricated: a steel tub girder and a prestressed concrete pretopped U-beam. The steel tub-girder system uses a conventional prefabricated trapezoidal steel girder, which is topped by a concrete slab before transport to the bridge site. To achieve the shallow superstructure depth of 38 in., shoring the beams during slab placement makes them composite for all loads. After slab placement, the beam is hauled to the bridge site and erected on the bridge piers. A simple cast-in-place closure pour joins the deck girder sections after they are in place. The prestressed concrete pretopped U-beams use a portion of the existing Texas U-beam form system. Each beam is fabricated as a closed U-beam and hauled to the contractor's yard, where a 4-in. topping is placed before beam erection. A cast-in-place closure pour joins the deck girder sections after erection. Texas DOT anticipates that these two systems will be used over the next 10 years for the rapid construction of nearly 150 bridges that cross I-35 in central Texas. Construction of the first four such structures begins in spring 2005. It is expected that girder erection and closure-pour placement will take less than 24 h and that bridges will open to traffic after as few as 4 days. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Beams KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rapid construction KW - Steel girders KW - Texas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.d22m0n15r7m07ut7 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Texas%27s+Totally+Prefabricated+Bridge+Superstructures&author=G.+Freeby&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758324 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002500 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McMullen, David K TI - Helix Pedestrian Bridge SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 557-563 AB - Amgen Incorporated, one of the world's largest biotechnology firms, recently developed a new research center on the Elliot Bay waterfront of Seattle, Washington. As part of the research center, a pedestrian bridge was built to connect the campus with a major transportation corridor. The owner's goal for the new pedestrian bridge was to create a signature gateway to Amgen's campus. The pedestrian bridge is a three-arch structure that depicts a three-dimensional helix. The overall shape of the bridge both reflects the helical DNA that connects all life and references the vital research under way at Amgen. The arches create the outline of the basic DNA helix, and the deck support and roof trusses complete the remaining components of the helix. The abstract double helix provided many design and construction challenges. The slim profile, large enclosed areas, and suspended deck meant wind and pedestrian vibration would be critical design considerations. The unique shape made it difficult to apply the standard building or bridge design codes. The contractor was faced with erecting this twisting structure over active railroad tracks while meeting tight geometric specifications. The bridge stands today as a testimony to the owner's vision, teamwork, innovation in bridge design, and creative construction techniques. The bridge combines both form and function to show how an ordinary pedestrian bridge can become an extraordinary statement while serving its intended function. The project has won broad community support in the few months that it has been open. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Footbridges KW - Innovation KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Shape KW - Specifications KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.p4822g5j1vv11347 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Helix+Pedestrian+Bridge&author=D.+McMullen&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002499 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shen, Jia-Dzwan AU - Yen, W Phillip AU - O'Fallon, John TI - Enhancing Performance-Based Bridge Seismic Design with Seismic Performance Testing SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 359-366 AB - Introducing performance-based criteria to bridge seismic design increases the demand for seismic performance testing results that can be compared with each other to provide critical information used in the design. The current practice of seismic performance testing of bridge piers employs diverse testing conditions. Some variations result from a lack of consensus-based testing guidance. Such unnecessary variation impedes the data comparison with other research and the reliable engineering application of testing results. Current problems and resolutions found in a Federal Highway Administration study on seismic performance testing methodologies of bridge piers are reported. A brief preview of the guidance document for seismic performance testing of bridge piers that is produced in this study is given. Information on specimen preparation, loading, and the documentation of bridge pier seismic performance testing is provided. This document is intended for use with both scientific experiment and engineering validations. Elaborate description of an assembly of practiced testing procedures is provided, and alternatives are offered for special test needs. Procedures are provided for testing piers made of conventional or advanced material. Requirements on test records, which are consistent with the needs in establishing or expanding seismic performance databases, are given to enable user access and verification of test results. Technical terms used in seismic testing and seismic design are defined and their relationships clarified. An expert panel including members from academia, state highway agencies and federal government was assembled to advise on the development and to review the product. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Documentation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Expert panels KW - Load tests KW - Methodology KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Specimen preparation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.r4x3m85437630005 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Enhancing+Performance-Based+Bridge+Seismic+Design+with+Seismic+Performance+Testing&author=J.+Shen&author=W.+Yen&author=J.+O%27Fallon&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002498 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Reyff, James A TI - Underwater Sound Pressure Levels Associated with Marine Pile Driving: Assessment of Impacts and Evaluation of Control Measures SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 481-490 AB - Bridge engineers should be aware that marine pile driving has resulted in high underwater sound pressures that have been lethal to fish and have resulted in harassment of pinnipeds under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Most waterways in the nation include fish and marine mammals that are protected by state or federal agencies. Impacts from pile driving have contributed to costly construction delays for some major bridge projects. Recent construction activities in the marine environments of northern California have provided the opportunity to characterize these sound pressures and evaluate control measures to protect fish and marine mammals. Sound attenuation measures evaluated include different pile-driving methods, cofferdams (with and without water), confined air bubble curtain systems, and unconfined bubble curtain systems. Some attenuation measures have achieved more than 30 dB of noise reduction. However, each situation can present difficulties in achieving targeted reduction goals. Use of appropriate attenuation systems has greatly reduced the impacts to the species of concern for those projects. In this study, recent experiences are summarized from many projects in measuring both attenuated and unattenuated underwater sound pulses from pile-driving activities. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Air bubble curtain systems KW - Cofferdams KW - Fishes KW - Marine engineering KW - Marine Mammal Protection Act KW - Marine mammals KW - Noise control KW - Northern California KW - Pile driving KW - Sound attenuation KW - Underwater sound pressure UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.d0q36v6w57555l70 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Underwater+Sound+Pressure+Levels+Associated+with+Marine+Pile+Driving%3A+Assessment+of+Impacts+and+Evaluation+of+Control+Measures&author=J.+Reyff&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758570 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002497 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Anthony, Edwin S AU - Percassi, Stephen J AU - Ressel, Howard TI - Replacement of the Troup Howell Bridge, Rochester, New York SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 591-598 AB - The Troup Howell Bridge carries I-490 over the Genesee River and several streets in downtown Rochester, New York. When deterioration necessitated a new bridge, engineers sought a context-sensitive replacement. The bridge's location affords opportunities for aesthetic enrichment: it is set in the foreground of the city skyline, which includes architecturally noteworthy buildings that house mainstays to international businesses such as Eastman Kodak, Xerox, and Bausch & Lomb. The project design team included the New York State Department of Transportation, Erdman Anthony and Associates, Inc., and H2L2 Architects. An aesthetics committee consisting of local government officials, adjoining neighborhood representatives, American Institute of Architects members, and artists provided feedback throughout the design process, which ensured that the solution fit the environment. Many of the committee preferences were implemented in the final design. The centerpiece of the new eight-span bridge will be a 132-m (433-ft) long through arch span crossing the river. The arch will have three steel box ribs, Vierendeel-style braces, and a fanned hanger arrangement supporting the deck system. Aesthetic enhancements were achieved in many areas of the main span design. Arch anchorages were set back from the riverbanks to allow shoreline promenades beneath the bridge. Accent lighting and sculpted floor beam shapes were provided to enhance visual interest from the promenades. Because of the through arch design and the high volume of daily traffic over the bridge, significant challenges were addressed during construction. Structural design details were developed to allow for staged construction, which permitted the bridge to remain open throughout construction. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Anchorages KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Context sensitive design KW - Lighting KW - Replacement (Bridges) KW - Rochester (New York) KW - Sculpted floor beams KW - Shape KW - Staged construction KW - Structural design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.q1473770h4821612 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Replacement+of+the+Troup+Howell+Bridge%2C+Rochester%2C+New+York&author=E.+Anthony&author=S.+Percassi&author=H.+Ressel&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002496 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ghosn, Michel TI - System Factors for Highway Bridge Superstructures SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 113-120 AB - Although traditional methods of bridge structural design proportion each member separately, the members do not behave independently but interact to form a single structural system. To account for overall system safety during the design process, the current AASHTO load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications (AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications," 2002) provide a load modifier factor, eta, which explicitly accounts for the effects of ductility, redundancy, and operational importance. In the absence of precise information, the values used for the load modifiers are assigned subjectively. The results of a research project funded by NCHRP that led to the development of objective measures of redundancy and a method that uses system factors, phi, during the design and load capacity evaluation process to account for the system's reserve strength are summarized. A set of proposed system factors was calibrated to provide bridges with adequate levels of overall safety and system reliability. Nonredundant bridges would be penalized by requiring their members to provide higher safety levels than those of similar bridges with redundant configurations. The system factors are tabulated for typical superstructure configurations. Differences in member ductility and redundancy levels are accounted for by assigning different system factors depending on member detailing and topologic configurations. The approach proposed to account for operational importance is consistent with current trends to develop performance-based design while the uncertainties in estimating member and system capacities as well as future loads are considered. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Highway bridges KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Redundancy KW - Specifications KW - System reliability KW - System safety UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.up2088q721222658 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=System+Factors+for+Highway+Bridge+Superstructures&author=M.+Ghosn&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758290 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002495 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Abbas, Sajid AU - Manzanarez, Rafael TI - Design of Skyway Structures for California's San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 329-334 AB - The seismically vulnerable eastern spans of California's San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge are being replaced with a dual, 3.6-km-long parallel structure. The skyway section, which consists of 2.1-km-long twin viaducts, is under construction by a joint venture of Kiewit, FCI, and Manson. The viaducts are precast segmental bridges erected in balanced cantilever, with a typical span of 160 m. The foundation consists of six 2.5-m-diameter pipe piles 100 m in length with a steel pile cap that is in-filled with concrete. The precast segments for the superstructure, which are as heavy as 7 MN, are lifted into position with self-launching winch lifters and are posttensioned. The bridge is situated between the Hayward and the San Andreas Faults, which can generate large earthquakes. Performance criteria require the bridge to be operational after a 1,500-year-return-period earthquake from either of these two faults. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Faults KW - Pipe piles KW - Posttensioning KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge KW - Segmental bridges KW - Viaducts UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.g5103t354271507n UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Design+of+Skyway+Structures+for+California%27s+San+Francisco-Oakland+Bay+Bridge&author=S.+Abbas&author=R.+Manzanarez&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002494 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shahawy, Mohsen AU - Cox, William R TI - Critical Evaluation and Condition Assessment of Posttensioned Bridges in Texas SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 257-264 AB - The recent findings of corrosion in longitudinally posttensioned (PT) tendons in several bridges in Florida and other states raised an alarm about conditions of PT bridges in Texas. The Texas Department of Transportation Bridge Division in Austin initiated an investigation to assess the actual conditions of three major PT bridges within its area of operation: the US-183 segmental bridge in Austin, the San Antonio Y segmental bridge, and the Veterans Memorial Bridge (cable-stay) in Port Arthur. This investigation consisted of two phases. Phase I included the preliminary evaluation of construction and design details and conducting a detailed walkthrough inspection to evaluate existing conditions visually. The walkthrough inspection was designed to identify any existing potential problems and their locations. The information collected in Phase I was used in developing the testing plan for the in-depth evaluation carried out in Phase II. This paper covers the work performed under Phase II for all three bridges. The objectives of this investigation were to examine these bridges closely to identify any PT-related deficiencies. Observed deficiencies are analyzed to determine their effects on the structural performance and long-term durability of the bridges. The findings from Phase II and recommendations for future actions are presented. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Inspection KW - Posttensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Segmental bridges KW - Tendons (Materials) KW - Texas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.vm2205371055g311 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Critical+Evaluation+and+Condition+Assessment+of+Posttensioned+Bridges+in+Texas&author=M.+Shahawy&author=W.+Cox&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758389 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002493 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fujino, Yozo AU - Kikkawa, Hiroshi AU - Namikawa, Kenji AU - Mizoguchi, Takao TI - Seismic Retrofit Design of Long-Span Bridges on Metropolitan Expressways in Tokyo SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 335-342 AB - The seismic retrofit design of large cable-supported bridges in Tokyo, namely, Rainbow Bridge, Yokohama Bay Bridge, and Tsurumi Fairway Bridge, is described. The site-dependent far-field ground motion due to a possible maximum credible earthquake was calculated by using a fault rupture model together with the wave propagation technique. The nonlinear seismic responses of the bridges, including the soil-structure interaction, were computed, and it was found that all three bridges may suffer considerable damage. A careful retrofit design was prepared for the structural elements that would receive severe damage. Because large bridges are complex structural systems, an increase in the structural redundancy and the use of the fail-safe concept in the retrofit design are emphasized. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Expressways KW - Fail safe systems KW - Long span bridges KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Redundancy KW - Retrofitting KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Tokyo (Japan) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.1371l823v02811m0 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Seismic+Retrofit+Design+of+Long-Span+Bridges+on+Metropolitan+Expressways+in+Tokyo&author=Y.+Fujino&author=H.+Kikkawa&author=K.+Namikawa&author=T.+Mizoguchi&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002492 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kuchma, Daniel A AU - Kim, Kang Su AU - Kim, Sang Ho AU - Sun, Shaoyun AU - Hawkins, Neil M TI - NCHRP Project 12-61, Simplified Shear Design of Structural Concrete Members SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 129-142 AB - A new method of shear design was introduced into the U.S. community with the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications." This method, which is based on the modified compression field theory, provides a unified approach for the shear design of both prestressed and nonprestressed members, overcomes a number of safety concerns, and enables members to be designed for higher shear stress levels. Unfortunately, this design methodology is perceived by many as being more complex than AASHTO's standard specifications. To address this concern, NCHRP funded Project 12-61, Simplified Shear Design of Structural Concrete Members. The objective of this project was to supplement the full load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method for shear design with a simplified procedure that provides a direct solution for transverse and longitudinal reinforcement of concrete structures of common proportions. The research approach was to establish the simplified provisions after a rigorous assessment of the merits and limitations of existing shear design methodologies. This assessment was made by using a large experimental database of shear test results and a shear reinforcement calculator tool, which is used to compare the reinforcement required by shear design methods for about 500 design cases that represent the breadth and frequency of structures built in the field. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Concrete structures KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Shear design KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications KW - Structural members KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.c0ph07m7140301xv UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NCHRP+Project+12-61%2C+Simplified+Shear+Design+of+Structural+Concrete+Members&author=D.+Kuchma&author=K.+Kim&author=S.+Kim&author=S.+Sun&author=N.+Hawkins&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002491 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shekar, Vimala AU - Aluri, Srinivas AU - GangaRao, Hota V S TI - Performance Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Deck Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 465-472 AB - The Federal Highway Administration is committed to the strategic goals of rehabilitating the nation's bridges that are structurally deficient. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are among the advanced materials that appear to have great potential in bridge deck repair and replacements. In West Virginia alone, more than 30 bridges have been built or rehabilitated with FRP composite materials. Katy Truss and Market Street are two such bridges constructed with FRP bridge decks, and they are being monitored. The West Virginia University Constructed Facilities Center along with the West Virginia Department of Transportation initiated field monitoring of these bridges by performing static and dynamic load tests. The response measurements from controlled truck load tests on the two bridges included (a) deck and stringer strains and (b) deflections and deck accelerations. The following static response parameters were computed from measured data: (a) degree of composite action between deck and stringer, (b) transverse load distribution factor, and (c) stringer and deck stresses and deflections. The following dynamic response parameters were evaluated: (a) dynamic load allowance factors, (b) natural frequencies, and (c) damping ratios. The static and dynamic performance evaluations of Katy Truss and Market Street Bridges are highlighted here. This study found that, under static load, the stresses and deflections for deck and stringers of both bridges were well within the design limits. It was found that, on the basis of dynamic tests, deck accelerations due to trucks traveling were perceptible to bridge users. The high accelerations are attributed to the low inherent damping of these two bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite action KW - Composite materials KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Natural frequency KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Stringers KW - West Virginia UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.vph7qm7487173682 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Performance+Evaluation+of+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer+Composite+Deck+Bridges&author=V.+Shekar&author=S.+Aluri&author=H.+GangaRao&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758560 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002490 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wipf, Terry J AU - Phares, Brent M AU - Klaiber, F Wayne AU - Al-Saidy, A H AU - Lee, Yoon-Si TI - Strengthening Steel Girder Bridges with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Plates SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 435-447 AB - A large percentage of short- and medium-span steel bridges are deteriorating because of age and environmental effects. Although these bridges are still in service, many need strengthening because of increases in legal live load, loss of section, or both. The results of two investigations are presented--a laboratory study and a field study--in which carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates were used to strengthen composite steel stringers. In the laboratory investigation, small-scale steel-concrete composite beams were tested; there were control beams (no damage or CFRP applied), damaged beams (a percentage of the bottom flange removed), and damaged beams with CFRP applied to the bottom flanges, webs, or both. In all cases the strength of all damaged and repaired beams was fully restored to the original undamaged state. Details on both the strengthening system and the behavior of undamaged, damaged, and repaired scale-model specimens are presented. On the basis of the laboratory results, a second project was undertaken in which an existing steel girder bridge was strengthened with CFRP plates. This bridge is a 150- x 30-ft three-span continuous rolled I-beam bridge in southwestern Iowa. The original noncomposite four-beam bridge was widened in 1965 by adding two composite beams. A recent rating of this bridge determined that several of the original beams were understrength in the positive moment regions; thus CFRP was bonded to the positive moment regions of the bottom flanges of the two original interior beams and the "new" exterior beams. At some locations on the exterior beams, the plates were installed on the top surface of the bottom flange to investigate the performance and in-service durability under detrimental environmental conditions. This bridge has been load tested three times--before and after installation of the CFRP plates and approximately 1 year later--to determine the effectiveness of the strengthening system. Results are presented to illustrate this effectiveness. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Before and after studies KW - Carbon fibers KW - Composite beams KW - Durability KW - Environmental conditions KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Field studies KW - Flanges KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load tests KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Steel bridges KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Stringers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.453p210717525642 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Strengthening+Steel+Girder+Bridges+with+Carbon+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer+Plates&author=T.+Wipf&author=B.+Phares&author=F.+Klaiber&author=A.+Al-Saidy&author=Y.+Lee&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758540 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002489 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - White, Donald W AU - Grubb, Michael A TI - Unified Resistance Equations for Design of Curved and Tangent Steel Bridge I-Girders SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 121-128 AB - The provisions of the 2004 AASHTO load and resistance factor design specifications for steel I- and box-girder bridge design have been updated relative to previous specifications to simplify their logic, organization, and application and to improve their accuracy and generality. These provisions provide a unified approach for the flexural design of both tangent and curved I- and box-girder bridges. Updated resistance equations are a key component of this unified approach. An overview is provided of the updated resistance equations for I-section members. The primary focus is on handling coupled major axis bending, minor-axis bending, and torsion from any source in both straight and horizontally curved I-section members. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bending KW - Bridge design KW - Equations KW - I girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Torsion UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.46653x9113172q1h UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unified+Resistance+Equations+for+Design+of+Curved+and+Tangent+Steel+Bridge+I-Girders&author=D.+White&author=M.+Grubb&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002488 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Scheel, Horst AU - Hillemeier, Bernd TI - Fast Location of Prestressing Steel Fractures in Bridge Decks and Parking Lots SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 253-256 AB - The remanent magnetism (RM) method allows identification of potentially unsafe conditions in pretensioned and posttensioned concrete structures by locating fractures of single wires, even if they are bundled with intact wires. Once the tendons have been premagnetized with an electromagnet, the magnetic field of tendons is measured at the concrete surface. Fractures produce characteristic leakage fields that can be measured with appropriate sensors at the concrete surface. The measuring speed of the RM method can be significantly enhanced by replacement of the time-consuming multi-step magnetization with a single-step magnetization. Large yoke-shaped magnets have been constructed to magnetize transverse tendons in bridge decks over lengths of up to 3.5 m (~3.8 yd) in a single process. Measuring the magnetic flux density of an entire bridge deck simplifies the comparison of data from measurements at different times; this simplification would be helpful for monitoring the longtime behavior of the structure. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Monitoring KW - Parking lots KW - Prestressing steel KW - Remanent magnetism KW - Tendons (Materials) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.c7356161740r5023 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fast+Location+of+Prestressing+Steel+Fractures+in+Bridge+Decks+and+Parking+Lots&author=H.+Scheel&author=B.+Hillemeier&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758341 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002487 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Li, Jian AU - Akl, Laura AU - Hunsperger, Robert AU - Liu, Wei AU - Chajes, Michael AU - Kunz, Eric TI - Time-Domain Reflectometry to Detect Voids in Posttensioning Ducts SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 243-252 AB - Because incompletely grouted posttensioned ducts result in voids, the steel strands are vulnerable to premature corrosion. This paper describes a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedure that allows bridge owners to ensure that posttensioned ducts are properly grouted (i.e., have no voids). The NDE procedure uses time-domain reflectometry (TDR), a technique developed by electrical engineers for locating discontinuities in transmission lines. TDR involves sending a signal created by a step-pulse generator through a transmission line, determining whether the signal is reflected back, and, if it is reflected back, using the elapsed time to determine the location of the discontinuity. Prior research funded by the Delaware Department of Transportation and the National Science Foundation has shown that TDR can be used to detect corrosion on strands and can be implemented in the field. To detect and evaluate voids, the transmission line is placed either in or adjacent to the region where a void is suspected. The presence of a void affects the electric field surrounding the transmission line and causes a distinct reflection. Data are presented to show the measurement of both the relative size and the position of voids. The effects of environmental conditions, such as moisture content, temperature, and material contained in the void (e.g., corrosion products) also are reported. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Air voids KW - Corrosion KW - Ducts KW - Grouting KW - Location KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Size KW - Time domain reflectometers KW - Void detection UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.d608876121652216 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Time-Domain+Reflectometry+to+Detect+Voids+in+Posttensioning+Ducts&author=J.+Li&author=L.+Akl&author=R.+Hunsperger&author=W.+Liu&author=M.+Chajes&author=E.+Kunz&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758338 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002486 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tang, Man-Chung AU - Sun, John TI - Design of the Main Spans of the Chongqing, China, Caiyuanba Bridge SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 581-585 AB - The new Caiyuanba Bridge over the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China, will carry six lanes of highway and two pedestrian walkways on its upper deck as well as two tracks of monorails on its lower deck. As one of the transportation backbones for this ever-expanding city, it will connect the two busiest business districts: Yuzhong and Nanan. Because the bridge is located at the center of the city and is visible from most parts of the city, aesthetic issues are an important concern. After careful study of the location, a slender tied arch was selected to carry the double-level bridge girder over the Yangtze River. On completion, its 420-m span will be the world's longest tied arch span for combined rail and highway traffic. The side spans are 102 m long. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Central business districts KW - Chongqing (China) KW - Double level bridges KW - Footbridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Monorail bridges KW - Tied arches KW - Yangtze River UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.805g44171t0j534w UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Design+of+the+Main+Spans+of+the+Chongqing%2C+China%2C+Caiyuanba+Bridge&author=M.+Tang&author=J.+Sun&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002485 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Puckett, Jay A AU - Hearn, George TI - Summary of AASHTO and FHWA International Scanning Tour for Bridge Preservation and Maintenance SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 517-523 AB - The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Panel on Bridge System Preservation and Maintenance, which was composed of 10 members representing AASHTO, FHWA, state departments of transportation, the National Association of County Engineers, and academia, traveled to the African and European continents and met with highway agency representatives as well as bridge management and inspection technology practitioners and researchers. The U.S. panel reviewed and documented methods of bridge preservation and management. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Africa KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Europe KW - Maintenance KW - Preservation KW - Study tours KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.68281753286g2112 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Summary+of+AASHTO+and+FHWA+International+Scanning+Tour+for+Bridge+Preservation+and+Maintenance&author=J.+Puckett&author=G.+Hearn&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002484 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Liu, Min AU - Frangopol, Dan M TI - Maintenance Planning of Deteriorating Bridges by Using Multiobjective Optimization SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 491-500 AB - Cost-effective bridge maintenance planning requires balanced consideration of long-term bridge performance and life-cycle maintenance cost. Many of the existing methodologies determine an optimal maintenance planning solution based solely on life-cycle cost minimization while enforcing constraints on bridge performance. The resulting single planning solution, however, may not always satisfy bridge managers' specific requirements for bridge performance over an intended time horizon. In response, the life-cycle maintenance planning of deteriorating bridges is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem and is solved by a genetic algorithm. The visual inspection-based condition state, structural assessment-based safety state, and cumulative life-cycle maintenance cost are all treated as competing criteria. A group of different maintenance strategies is considered. A multilinear computational model is adopted to predict time-varying deterioration processes under no-maintenance and maintenance interventions. Relevant parameters in this computational model are described as random variables to account for sources of uncertainty associated with the complex deterioration process. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to estimate sample mean values of performance indicators and maintenance cost on the basis of data collected in the United Kingdom. Application examples are presented for maintaining a group of reinforced concrete crossheads that have been undergoing deterioration in both condition and safety. It is demonstrated that an overall desirable maintenance planning solution can be obtained only by balancing all necessary merit measures (e.g., condition, safety, and cost) through an explicit trade-off analysis. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Deterioration KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance management KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Multiobjective optimization KW - Performance indicators KW - Reinforced concrete crossheads KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural analysis KW - Uncertainty UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.w314312t0x87x5v7 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Maintenance+Planning+of+Deteriorating+Bridges+by+Using+Multiobjective+Optimization&author=M.+Liu&author=D.+Frangopol&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758580 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002483 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Past, Present, and Future of Load and Resistance Factor Design: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 9-16 AB - A summary is provided of the 7-year process that led to the decision to develop the AASHTO "LRFD Bridges Design Specifications," the objectives, and draft review process culminating in adoption. The implementation and further development during the decade since are described, and an evolving plan to continue development of the limit states specifications for design and rating of bridges is presented. Training materials--past, current, and planned--are also reviewed. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge rating KW - Future KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Limit state design KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Specifications KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.k535736t40586402 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+Load+and+Resistance+Factor+Design%3A+AASHTO+LRFD+Bridge+Design+Specifications&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002482 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bien, Jan AU - Gladysz, Malgorzata TI - Sustainable Bridges: Research Project of the European Community SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 501-508 AB - The integrated research project Sustainable Bridges--Assessment for Future Traffic Demands and Longer Lives was approved by the European Commission in December 2003 for funding over the next 4 years. The main goal of this research is development of scientific, technological, and technical bases for the adaptation of existing railway bridges to increased loads and higher speeds, with enhanced reliability and durability. The bridge infrastructure needs new effective tools for testing, condition assessment, monitoring, and analysis of damaged structures, as well as for rational rehabilitation. The project is carried out by a consortium of 32 partners from 12 countries, consisting of bridge owners, contractors, consultants, research centers, and universities. Also described is the cooperation of the sustainable bridges project with other international ongoing projects in the area of railway bridges: Assessment, Reliability and Maintenance of Masonry Arch Bridges, of the International Union of Railways and International Bridge Engineering School, developed by several European universities. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Consortia KW - Cooperation KW - Durability KW - Europe KW - European Commission KW - Future KW - Monitoring KW - Partnerships KW - Railroad bridges KW - Reliability KW - Research projects KW - Speed KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.m34567u8t5q3w163 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sustainable+Bridges%3A+Research+Project+of+the+European+Community&author=J.+Bien&author=M.+Gladysz&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002481 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kuchma, Daniel A AU - Kim, Kang Su AU - Hawkins, Neil M TI - NCHRP Project 12-56, Application of Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications to High-Strength Structural Concrete: Shear Provisions SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 87-97 AB - The load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications in the current AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" limit the compressive cylinder strength to 10 ksi in relationships for calculating shear design strength, whereas concrete compressive strengths close to twice this level are commercially available in some parts of the United States. To overcome this limitation, allowing the same-size structural sections to span longer distances or carry higher loads, NCHRP has funded Project 12-56, Application of the LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to High-Strength Structural Concrete: Shear Provisions. In the Experimental component of this project, 12 prestressed concrete bridge girders 52 ft long and 6 ft deep are being subjected to a uniformly distributed load until failure in shear. The primary variables in this study are concrete strength (ranging from 10 to 18 ksi), the maximum shear design stress (700 to 2,500 psi), strand anchorage details (straight, unbonded, and draped), and end reinforcement detailing (bar size, spacing, level of confinement). Key observations from experiments on the first six girders are presented. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.3t3qlrxm0h1r8262 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=NCHRP+Project+12-56%2C+Application+of+Load+and+Resistance+Factor+Design+Specifications+to+High-Strength+Structural+Concrete%3A+Shear+Provisions&author=D.+Kuchma&author=K.+Kim&author=N.+Hawkins&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758280 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002480 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Watanabe, Eiichi AU - Iemura, Hirokazu AU - Kanaji, Hidesada AU - Nishioka, Tsutomu AU - Ohyama, Takumi TI - New Japanese Technological Contributions in Earthquake Engineering SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 23-31 AB - Recently in Japan bridge specifications have been revised toward performance-based design, and various innovative earthquake-resistant countermeasures have been proposed after the tragedy of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. A report on the state of the art of recent Japanese contributions in earthquake engineering is given, including buckling-restrained bracings, unbonded bracings, online network pseudo-dynamic testing, base isolation, aseismic controls, and international earthquake mitigation projects in the Asia-Pacific region, in addition to the recent revision of the Japanese specifications on roadway bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Base isolation KW - Bracing KW - Bridge design KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Japan KW - Performance based design KW - Specifications KW - State of the art UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.r46jr373hm7542l6 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New+Japanese+Technological+Contributions+in+Earthquake+Engineering&author=E.+Watanabe&author=H.+Iemura&author=H.+Kanaji&author=T.+Nishioka&author=T.+Ohyama&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758266 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002479 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodrich, Brian L AU - Puckett, Jay A AU - Jablin, Mark C TI - Validation of Specification Modification by NCHRP 12-50 Process SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 217-223 AB - A replacement to Article 6.10 of the AASHTO "LRFD Design Bridge Design Specifications" was proposed to the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (SCOBS) (June 2003). With data obtained from AASHTO's Virtis Load Rating System, approximately 200 steel bridges were analyzed and reviewed by using the proposed load and resistance factor design (LRFD), the current LRFD, and the current load factor design methods. The engineering process, a comparison of the results obtained by the different methods, and the observed trends are outlined. The goal was to determine the effects that the proposed AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10 modifications had on bridges before the adoption of the specification revisions by the AASHTO SCOBS. Oral presentations at the AASHTO Annual Meeting helped bridge engineers to understand the effects of the new version of Article 6.10 on practice. This process, which uses NCHRP 12-50, is outlined, and the results are systematically reported. This is the first truly systematic validation of a significant specification modification before its adoption. The experience is noteworthy and should be documented. This process could become a trend in specification development. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Modifications KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Validation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.x777158810605575 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Validation+of+Specification+Modification+by+NCHRP+12-50+Process&author=B.+Goodrich&author=J.+Puckett&author=M.+Jablin&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758330 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002478 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bhattacharya, Baidurya AU - Li, Degang AU - Chajes, Michael TI - Load and Resistance Factor Rating Using Site-Specific Data SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - 143-151 AB - Traditional techniques for bridge evaluation are founded on design-based deterministic equations that use limited site-specific data; they do not necessarily conform to a quantifiable standard of safety and often are quite conservative. The newly emerging method of load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) addresses some of these shortcomings and allows bridge rating in a manner consistent with load and resistance factor design but is not based on site-specific information. A probability-based method for load rating of bridges using the site-specific in-service structural response data in an LRFR format is presented. The use of site-specific structural response data eliminates a substantial portion of modeling uncertainty in live load characterization (involving dynamic impact and girder distribution) and yields more accurate bridge ratings. Rating at two limit states--yield and plastic collapse--is proposed for specified service lives and target reliabilities. This method considers a conditional Poisson occurrence of independent and identically distributed loads as well as uncertainties in field measurement and modeling and Bayesian updating of the empirical distribution function to obtain an extreme value distribution of the time-dependent maximum live load. An illustrative example uses in-service peak strain data from ambient traffic collected on a high-volume bridge and develops in-service LRFR equations to rate the instrumented bridge. Results from the proposed method are compared with ratings derived from more traditional methods. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge rating KW - Equations KW - Highway bridges KW - Limit state design KW - Live loads KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Poisson distributions KW - Service life KW - Site-specific data KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.l660w4p18037w8gp UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Load+and+Resistance+Factor+Rating+Using+Site-Specific+Data&author=B.+Bhattacharya&author=D.+Li&author=M.+Chajes&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758297 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002477 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zevenbergen, L W AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Clopper, P E TI - Comprehensive Approach for Riprap Design, Installation, and Maintenance SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 537-545 AB - Many methods and criteria are available for designing riprap for erosion protection of riverbanks, bridge piers and abutments, guidebanks, and other highway structures in riverine environments. Different design criteria for riprap can give different results for protecting the same installation. A design procedure may be confusing to apply and can result in unsuitable gradations and ambiguous specifications. Many state highway departments have developed their own specifications based on trial, error, and field experience. To provide adequate protection, riprap must be properly designed and specified. Equally important, the rock material must be produced and installed to satisfy the specifications requirements and the design intent. The objectives for NCHRP Project 24-23 were to develop a comprehensive approach to riprap design, installation, and maintenance at bridges. As a preview to the project, preliminary results of a sensitivity analysis of selected revetment riprap design equations are presented. When completed, NCHRP 24-23 will provide design guidelines, material specifications and test methods, construction specifications and construction inspection and quality control guidelines for riprap for bankline revetment, bridge pier and abutment protection, and river training countermeasures, such as guidebanks and spurs. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Banks (Waterways) KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Equations KW - Erosion control KW - Guidebanks KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Quality control KW - Revetments KW - Riprap KW - River training KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Specifications KW - Spur dikes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.7813825511484726 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comprehensive+Approach+for+Riprap+Design%2C+Installation%2C+and+Maintenance&author=L.+Zevenbergen&author=P.+Lagasse&author=P.+Clopper&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002476 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jones, Michael H AU - Treyger, Semyon TI - Performance-Based Seismic Design of New Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge, Washington SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 349-358 AB - Performance-based design criteria developed for the new Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge as well as aspects of the seismic analysis of the bridge required to verify compliance with the design criteria are presented. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is located in the Seattle-Tacoma area of the state of Washington, a region of high seismicity capable of producing earthquakes of Richter and moment magnitude of 8 or larger. Project-specific performance-based design criteria were developed to ensure that prescribed levels of seismic resistance were provided at a reasonable cost. The performance-based design criteria stipulated that nonlinear time-history analysis should be used to verify that the performance goals were achieved. Analysis subjects discussed include soil-structure interaction, caisson rocking, and finite element modeling of various bridge components. It is demonstrated that seismic goals specified by performance-based design criteria are achievable for bridges in high seismic regions through the use of proper analysis techniques. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Caissons KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Performance based specifications KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismicity KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Suspension bridges KW - Tacoma Narrows Bridge UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.hm1838k700531063 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Performance-Based+Seismic+Design+of+New+Tacoma+Narrows+Suspension+Bridge%2C+Washington&author=M.+Jones&author=S.+Treyger&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758440 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002475 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hu, Yuying AU - Shield, Carol K AU - Dexter, Robert J TI - Use of Adhesives to Retrofit Out-of-Plane Distortion at Connection Plates SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 419-427 AB - Before 1985, it was common practice to avoid welding floor beam and diaphragm connection plates to the tension flange of steel bridge girders. This practice often resulted in web-gap cracking due to out-of-place distortion of the girder web. The most widely applicable and accepted retrofit method is to attach the connection plate rigidly to the flange. There was an investigation of a retrofit option that used a two-part epoxy cured at room temperature to join a small length of 3/4-in.-thick steel angle shape to the tension flange and the connection plate. Field tests conducted on two multiple-girder bridges indicated that significant out-of-plane stress ranges were typically reduced by at least 40% after retrofit. For details that have the potential for web-gap cracking but have not yet exhibited detectable cracks, the 40% reduction in stress range is likely enough to eliminate the possibility of future web-gap cracking effectively. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Adhesives KW - Connection plate KW - Epoxy resins KW - Field tests KW - Flanges KW - Girder bridges KW - Out of plane distortion KW - Retrofitting UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.bmv5556430212n32 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Use+of+Adhesives+to+Retrofit+Out-of-Plane+Distortion+at+Connection+Plates&author=Y.+Hu&author=C.+Shield&author=R.+Dexter&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758510 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002474 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Consolazio, Gary R AU - Cowan, David R AU - Bui, Long H TI - Quantifying Barge Collision Loads for Bridge Pier Design and Vulnerability Assessment SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 375-387 AB - Designing bridge structures that cross barge-navigable waterways requires that consideration be given to the lateral loads that are imparted to bridge piers during barge collision events. Similarly, assessing the vulnerability of existing structures to barge impact loading, especially bridges that form critical components of high-volume transportation networks, requires that engineers have access to tools for both determining impact loading and assessing structural response. Results are presented from a comprehensive study being conducted to develop improved procedures for quantifying barge impact loads. To understand and characterize such loads better, high-resolution contact-impact finite element analysis techniques were employed to simulate barge impact conditions with varying pier configurations, barge types, and soil characteristics. Although such models permit detailed analysis of impact phenomena, they are generally not appropriate for use in routine design. For this reason, an intermediate-resolution design-oriented dynamic finite element analysis technique is discussed; it uses predetermined barge crush data to link a design-oriented dynamic finite element pier analysis program to a low-order, nonlinear barge model. Comparisons between the two methods are presented. Finally, preliminary impact-load results from recently completed full-scale experimental barge impact tests are presented. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Barges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Crashes KW - Finite element method KW - Impact loads KW - Impact tests KW - Risk assessment KW - Structural response UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.a227712241u1p111 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantifying+Barge+Collision+Loads+for+Bridge+Pier+Design+and+Vulnerability+Assessment&author=G.+Consolazio&author=D.+Cowan&author=L.+Bui&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002473 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hunt, Beatrice E TI - Scour Monitoring Programs for Bridge Health SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 531-536 AB - One of the most common causes of catastrophic bridge failures worldwide has been bridge scour, and in the United States this phenomenon accounts for more than 60% of bridge collapses. Scour monitoring programs that use sonar devices were developed for four bridges in the Northeast--three bridges on Long Island's South Shore in New York and the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge over the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. These projects incorporated the sonar devices first recommended under NCHRP Project 21-3 and featured site-specific, detailed monitoring systems and programs for each bridge. This work included a series of firsts: a fixed sonar system installation for a tidal-cold weather environment, a multiple-station sonar system design with numerous innovative features, and a scour monitoring program manual. The scour monitoring program comprised investigation of the scour problem, consideration of countermeasure alternatives, analyses of pier stability, determination of scour critical depths, design of sonar instrument systems, and development of a plan of action with normal and emergency procedures. Water stage and velocity meters included in the installed systems provide additional data for bridge scour research as well as for replacement bridges that are under design. These state-of-the-art systems may be designed and installed in a relatively short time span, and they provide efficient, cost-effective alternatives for scour critical bridges. By providing continuous data on streambed elevations, the systems help ensure the safety of the traveling public. The design and installation of the systems are described, along with the ongoing, round-the-clock monitoring, after installation. A general discussion highlights lessons learned and trends in scour monitoring technology. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Installation KW - Lessons learned KW - Monitoring KW - Scour KW - Sonar KW - Streambeds KW - Technological innovations UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.xv8n83138r22j22k UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Scour+Monitoring+Programs+for+Bridge+Health&author=B.+Hunt&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002472 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sams, Matt TI - Broadway Bridge Case Study: Bridge Deck Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 175-178 AB - Research into using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) for bridge deck applications began in the early 1990s as aerospace companies looked for alternative uses for their advanced products. By the mid-1990s, FRP was gaining acceptance from the bridge community as it was applied to small, low-volume deck demonstration projects. Since that time, FRP decks have been used on increasingly significant projects throughout the United States. Designers have become more familiar with the characteristics that FRP offers and have begun to apply FRP to projects that would most benefit--cases where low weight, corrosion resistance, or rapid installation is critical. FRP decks are often suitable for historic, movable, or high-traffic bridges. One excellent example of an FRP deck application is the Broadway Bridge in downtown Portland, Oregon. This project demanded a new deck that matched the weight of the bridge's existing steel grating, offered improved skid resistance, and could be installed rapidly. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - History KW - Lightweight materials KW - Rapid construction KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.wtk80rg438125v44 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Broadway+Bridge+Case+Study%3A+Bridge+Deck+Application+of+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer&author=M.+Sams&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758325 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002471 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ramsey, Keith L TI - Monitoring and Mitigation of Stay-Cable Vibrations on the Fred Hartman and Veterans Memorial Bridges, Texas SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 547-555 AB - Large-amplitude stay-cable vibrations are a major concern to bridge owners; if left unchecked, the serviceability of these bridges can be seriously affected. The Texas Department of Transportation addressed stay-cable vibrations on two bridges in its inventory. A study was made of the vibration mechanisms and their causes through the use of a vibration-monitoring system. Data from this system were used to design a mitigation strategy to eliminate or minimize the effects of vibrations. Efforts are also under way to quantify possible damage to the stay-cable systems of both bridges through full-scale fatigue testing. To aid with damage detection, an acoustic monitoring system for detecting possible wire breaks was tested in the laboratory and installed on one of the bridges. These steps are part of ongoing monitoring of the health of cable-stay bridges in Texas. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Bridge cables KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Damage detection KW - Fatigue tests KW - Mitigation strategies KW - Monitoring KW - Texas KW - Vibration KW - Wire breaks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.f167229312770u54 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Monitoring+and+Mitigation+of+Stay-Cable+Vibrations+on+the+Fred+Hartman+and+Veterans+Memorial+Bridges%2C+Texas&author=K.+Ramsey&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002470 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Briaud, Jean-Louis AU - Chen, Hamn-Ching TI - SRICOS-Erosion Function Apparatus Method: An Overview of Its Measurement of Scour Depth SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 525-529 AB - In the United States, the scour depth around a bridge pier is calculated by using the HEC-18 equation described by Richardson and Davis in 2001. This equation was developed for piers founded in sand, and there is a sense that in clay the depth of scour is not as large. A study was made to develop a method for clays, silts, and dirty sands. The SRICOS-erosion function apparatus (EFA) method was developed on the basis of flume tests, numerical testing, and erosion testing of the soil. The EFA was built for engineers for testing the soil for erodibility in the laboratory. The output of the simple SRICOS-EFA method is a scour depth after a given time. If a hydrograph is used as input, the extended SRICOS-EFA method can be used and results in a scour depth versus time curve. All the details for this method and the software that automates the calculations are available from ceprofs.tamu.edu/briaud/sricos-efa.htm. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge piers KW - Clay KW - Equations KW - Erosion KW - Flumes KW - Hydrographs KW - Laboratory tests KW - Sand KW - Scour KW - Silts KW - Software KW - Testing equipment UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.n737u01538343402 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=SRICOS-Erosion+Function+Apparatus+Method%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Measurement+of+Scour+Depth&author=J.+Briaud&author=H.+Chen&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002469 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hahn-Keith, Kevin AU - Stump, James L AU - Charters, David AU - Andrews, Lance TI - Bridge Inspections Using Electronic Handheld Data Collectors SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 279-286 AB - For assessment of the condition of an owner's assets, accurate, efficient data collection is required to monitor reliability, ensure security, and maintain sustainability. Replacing cumbersome clipboards, pencils, and paper with an electronic data collection system is a way to streamline the data collection process, improve the accuracy of data collection, and enhance management of all asset data. At the request of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), a consultant developed and used a handheld data collection system for the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) inspections for more than 800 bridges on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. In addition to developing the data collection system, the same consultant was chosen to perform a second 2-year cycle of routine inspections, this time using the electronic data collection system, instead of handwritten reports. Many of the same personnel worked on both inspection cycles; this situation provided a unique opportunity to compare the two ways of collecting inspection data and preparing bridge inspection reports. The hardware and software used for the PTC inspection program and the report preparation processes for both cycles (handwritten and electronic) are described in detail. Feedback from inspectors and PTC is used to show the resulting benefits of an electronic reporting system: reduced costs, better quality assurance and quality control, and easier access to inspection information. Finally, lessons learned and possible future developments are discussed. The conclusion is that handheld data collection units will continue to replace the handwritten reporting system and improve the reports prepared for NBIS bridge inspections. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Computers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data access KW - Data collection KW - Electronic reporting KW - Inspection KW - Lessons learned KW - National Bridge Inspection Standards KW - Pennsylvania KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Software UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.e3317k4055813wqq UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bridge+Inspections+Using+Electronic+Handheld+Data+Collectors&author=K.+Hahn-Keith&author=J.+Stump&author=D.+Charters&author=L.+Andrews&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758396 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002468 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kaszynska, Maria TI - Self-Consolidating Concrete for Repair of Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 429-434 AB - There is a growing need for a more efficient approach to evaluation and repair of existing structures. Damaged bridge deck slabs and girders are repaired by removing debris, placing additional reinforcement, splicing broken prestressing tendons, and filling the gaps with concrete or epoxy resin. Test results are presented for verification of the performance of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) used to repair existing structures. SCC offers an excellent solution. It can be used to fill large potholes and also in hard-to-reach repair projects with restricted access for pumping concrete. The tests confirmed that SCC can be considered an attractive repair technology. However, the optimum mixtures are sensitive to small variations in the characteristics of components such as cement type, type and amount of superplasticizer, and type of sand and fillers. The tests and analyses showed that determination of the optimum properties of SCC is most efficient when the paste and mortar are tested first. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Cement KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Mix design KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Properties of materials KW - Repairing KW - Sand KW - Self compacting concrete KW - Superplasticizers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.u12h152352170438 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Self-Consolidating+Concrete+for+Repair+of+Bridges&author=M.+Kaszynska&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758534 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002467 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gil, Heungbae AU - Lee, Seungrok AU - Lee, Jongwon AU - Lee, Hakeun TI - Shear Buckling Strength of Trapezoidally Corrugated Steel Webs for Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 473-480 AB - Trapezoidally corrugated steel webs are composed of a series of flat and inclined subpanels and have been used as the webs of prestressed concrete box girder bridges to reduce superstructure weight and increase the effectiveness of prestressing. Because of accordion effects, the corrugated web resists only the shear stress, and the flanges resist most of the bending stress. The shear stress in the web can cause three different modes of shear buckling: local, global, and interactive (zonal) buckling. Several studies have been performed to determine buckling formulas for each mode. However, there are differences regarding the buckling strength, and some of the formulas are found to overestimate it. The results of a study are presented; a series of experiments was done with large corrugated plates. The specimens were designed to fail by the local, global, or interactive buckling mode in elastic and inelastic states. The effect of geometric parameters on the shear buckling strength was also studied. Nonlinear buckling analysis, which considered both geometric and material nonlinearity, was also performed to verify the test results. The results from this and previous studies are used to propose a shear buckling formula, which can be applied to all three buckling modes. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Box girder bridges KW - Buckling KW - Corrugated steel KW - Formulas KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Shear stress KW - Webbing UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.5u2h106065984433 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Shear+Buckling+Strength+of+Trapezoidally+Corrugated+Steel+Webs+for+Bridges&author=H.+Gil&author=S.+Lee&author=J.+Lee&author=H.+Lee&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758568 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002466 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Capers, Harry A TI - Hyperbuild! Rapid Bridge Construction Techniques in New Jersey SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 179-185 AB - All owners are looking for ways to build more durable structures faster and more safely, while maintaining safe traffic flow through the work zone. In reaction, many designers are providing unique solutions for demolishing and reconstructing structures that reduce the time to construct a bridge while providing maximum quality to ensure a long service life. Prefabricated structures, more rapidly constructible details, unique construction methods, and traffic maintenance developed during the design of structures have successfully reduced exposure time for the contractor and the public. The New Jersey Department of Transportation has applied prefabricated bridge details in its bridge projects to accelerate construction. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Construction management KW - New Jersey KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Rapid construction KW - Service life KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.m352h31536876gp2 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hyperbuild!+Rapid+Bridge+Construction+Techniques+in+New+Jersey&author=H.+Capers&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758326 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002465 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rosales, Miguel AU - Kratz, Andrea AU - Keil, Andreas AU - Schlaich, Jorg TI - Structural and Aesthetic Considerations in the Design of Curved Cable-Supported Pedestrian Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 571-579 AB - Pedestrian bridges should create interest in their configuration and demonstrate the possibilities of bridge engineering. A curved plan may allow a bridge to be oriented toward a particular view or to fit into a larger urban design plan. The design of curved cable-supported pedestrian bridges requires certain aesthetic and structural considerations. Two case studies are presented: a recently completed 380-ft curved pedestrian bridge supported by a single suspension cable over the Reedy River in Greenville, South Carolina, and a proposed curved cable-stayed bridge over the Charles River next to the Museum of Science in Boston, Massachusetts. The curved configuration of these bridges takes advantage of opposing cable forces to provide dynamic stability with a minimum of materials and without the use of dampers. Both bridges are expected to become instant icons because of their unique configurations and spectacular sites. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Case studies KW - Curved bridges KW - Dynamic stability KW - Footbridges KW - Greenville (South Carolina) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.y65p6156t02716hk UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Structural+and+Aesthetic+Considerations+in+the+Design+of+Curved+Cable-Supported+Pedestrian+Bridges&author=M.+Rosales&author=A.+Kratz&author=A.+Keil&author=J.+Schlaich&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002464 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Okamoto, Hiromu AU - Nagata, Kazutoshi AU - Sugiura, Kunitomo AU - Naganuma, Toshihiko AU - Watanabe, Eiichi TI - Resistance of a Portal Frame Bridge Pier Under Earthquake Waves from Arbitrary Directions SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 367-374 AB - Steel portal frames are used in Japan as basic structural frames for viaducts in metropolitan areas. These structures may be subject to both near-field and far-field earthquake motions from all directions. Although for isolated single piers the earthquake-resistant design appears to be well established, the earthquake response and the resistance are not fully clarified for portal frames. A study on elastoplastic finite displacement analysis by a finite element model for earthquake resistance of steel portal frame piers of an elevated highway is presented. The incidental earthquake waves are assumed to come from arbitrary directions; for simplicity, the analysis considers five different directions covering the in-plane of the frame (0 deg from the transverse direction of the bridge axis) and the out-of-plane directions (30 deg, 60 deg, 75 deg and 90 deg). Some results were compared with those from experiments on portal rigid-frame bridge piers under in-plane loading conducted at Kyoto University. It was found that it is important to take the correlation of in-plane and out-of-plane responses into consideration for the rational earthquake-resistant design of a portal frame bridge pier. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge piers KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Finite element method KW - Japan KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Portal frames KW - Viaducts UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.2v34m1755g20007p UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Resistance+of+a+Portal+Frame+Bridge+Pier+Under+Earthquake+Waves+from+Arbitrary+Directions&author=H.+Okamoto&author=K.+Nagata&author=K.+Sugiura&author=T.+Naganuma&author=E.+Watanabe&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002463 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Puckett, J A AU - Huo, X S AU - Patrick, M D AU - Jablin, M C AU - Mertz, D AU - Peavy, M D TI - Simplified Live Load Distribution Factor Equations for Bridge Design SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 67-78 AB - Live load distribution factors have been used in bridge design for decades as a simple method with which to estimate live load effects. Live load distribution is important for the design of new bridges as well as for the evaluation of existing bridges. AASHTO's "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" and the "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" contain the most common methods in use for computing live load distribution factors. The load and resistance factor design (LRFD) equations were developed under NCHRP Project 12-26 and reflect the wide variation in modern bridge design. The limited ranges of applicability and complexity have been viewed as weaknesses of these equations since their adoption into the LRFD specifications. When bridges fall outside these ranges, the specifications mandate that a refined analysis be used. The design community would welcome a simple and reliable procedure for live load distribution. Research was done to develop simplified live load distribution factor equations for moment and shear to replace those in the current LRFD specifications. In the study, an automated process was used to compare live load distribution factors calculated by using several simplified methods to a grillage analysis. On the basis of the comparison, two methods were chosen for further investigation: Henry's method (an adjusted uniform distribution method) and the lever rule. The lever rule was simplified to an equation form, and calibration factors were added. Both methods are based on fundamental concepts and were shown to be simple and accurate. A combination of Henry's method and the calibrated lever rule is recommended. This method predicts both moment and shear distribution factors more accurately than the current LRFD equations, without the restrictions on ranges of applicability of the current LRFD equations. The methods outlined are limited to straight bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Equations KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.j7314lw31465u814 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simplified+Live+Load+Distribution+Factor+Equations+for+Bridge+Design&author=J.+Puckett&author=X.+Huo&author=M.+Patrick&author=M.+Jablin&author=D.+Mertz&author=M.+Peavy&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758275 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002462 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Powers, Thomas AU - Price, Kenneth AU - He, Eddie AU - Hetue, Craig AU - Aydemir, Murat TI - Reconstruction of North Avenue Bridge over the Chicago River, Chicago, Illinois SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 459-464 AB - This project involves the removal of an inoperable bascule bridge carrying North Avenue over the Chicago River and the construction of a wider, fixed-span structure at the same location in Chicago, Illinois. A hybrid structural system was selected for the new structure to meet various geometric and clearance constraints, provide for future utilization of the riverbanks adjacent to the structure, and provide for an aesthetic structure. The hybrid structural system consists of a combination of a self-anchored suspension bridge and a cable-stayed bridge. The bridge consists of a 252-ft main span and two 84-ft back spans. The middle portion of the main span is supported by suspension cables and hangers, and the remainder of the main span and both back spans are supported by cable stays arranged in a fan or semiharp configuration. Galvanized structural strands are used for the suspension cable and hangers, and prestressing steel strands are used for the cable stays. Steel pylons support the cable stays and suspension cable. The bridge deck will be posttensioned and constructed from high-performance concrete to provide greater durability and strength characteristics. This project is a pioneer effort in applying the innovative cable-stayed-suspension hybrid system. The design will serve as a good opportunity to study the behavior of such a unique structural system and provide valuable knowledge for its future applications. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Galvanized steel KW - High performance concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Hybrid design KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing steel KW - Pylons KW - Reconstruction KW - Suspension bridges UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.l0v766u257102700 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reconstruction+of+North+Avenue+Bridge+over+the+Chicago+River%2C+Chicago%2C+Illinois&author=T.+Powers&author=K.+Price&author=E.+He&author=C.+Hetue&author=M.+Aydemir&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758550 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002461 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Triandafilou, Louis N TI - Implementation of High-Performance Materials: When Will They Become Standard? SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 33-48 AB - The use of high-performance materials (HPMs) for the infrastructure has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. HPMs offer substantial hope for better systems that last much longer than conventional materials. These engineered products have enhanced mechanical and durability property advantages over traditional bridge materials. Although likely to have higher initial costs, HPMs are being touted for their long-term life-cycle cost-effectiveness. The properties of three HPMs currently being implemented in the U.S. market are described (high-performance concrete, high-performance steel, and fiber-reinforced polymer composites). A historic perspective from the 1990s to the present is provided, including many accomplishments in each material area. The impact of the Federal Highway Administration's Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program is explored, and future trends are discussed. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Fiber composites KW - Future KW - High performance concrete KW - High performance materials KW - High performance steel KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Research KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.hk3023n02024475t UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Implementation+of+High-Performance+Materials%3A+When+Will+They+Become+Standard%3F&author=L.+Triandafilou&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758268 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002460 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - O'Connor, Jerome S AU - Hooks, John M TI - Experience in the United States with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Bridge Decks and Superstructures SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 57-66 AB - Research on the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials for bridge decks and superstructures has been ongoing since the 1980s. Vehicular bridges have been in service since 1996, and pedestrian bridges, longer than that. This paper focuses on vehicular bridges, of which many were funded by the Federal Highway Administration's Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program or other funding initiatives. The objective is to summarize where the projects are, who supplied them, how they were constructed, what the benefits of using FRP were, what lessons can be learned, and what the projects cost. A review of this information should be useful to civil engineers or bridge owners who want to assess the state of the practice and make a judgment about using FRP for bridge decks or superstructures. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Benefits KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Costs KW - Fiber composites KW - Highway bridges KW - Lessons learned KW - Research KW - State of the practice KW - United States UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.a61147026x335q81 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Experience+in+the+United+States+with+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer+Composite+Bridge+Decks+and+Superstructures&author=J.+O%27Connor&author=J.+Hooks&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758272 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002459 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Radic, Jure AU - Savor, Zlatko AU - Gukov, Igor TI - New Contribution to Concrete Arch Bridge Construction SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 235-242 AB - True reinforced concrete arches are discussed from the aspects of the structural materials, the structural system, the shape of the arch, and construction methods. Four large concrete arch bridges were built on the Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia from 1965 to 1980. The degradation of those bridges and their maintenance problems are discussed. The designs for two new large arch bridges are presented. The shapes of the arches were designed so that the bending moments under permanent actions would be minimized. This was done by the use of a computer program developed for the purpose. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Arch bridges KW - Arches KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Computer programs KW - Construction KW - Croatia KW - Maintenance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shape UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.52h2325k16010871 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New+Contribution+to+Concrete+Arch+Bridge+Construction&author=J.+Radic&author=Z.+Savor&author=I.+Gukov&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002458 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ghosn, Michel TI - Load Combination Factors for Extreme Events SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 389-397 AB - The AASHTO load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications were developed with the use of a reliability-based calibration that covered the basic combination of dead load plus live load. The other load combinations were obtained from previous generations of specifications and the experience of bridge engineers and thus may not be consistent with the reliability methodology of the LRFD specifications. Work done as part of a recent NCHRP project to study in a systematic way the reliability of bridges under the combined effects of extreme load events and to develop a rational set of load combination factors consistent with the LRFD philosophy is described. The load events considered include live loads, seismic loads, wind loads, ship collision loads, and short-term scour. The analysis considered structural safety as well as foundation safety, and member safety was compared with system safety. The study recommended revisions to the AASHTO LRFD load combination factors and also calibrated new factors for combinations of events that include the presence of short-term scour. The calibration took into account previous experience with so-called safe bridge structures to provide acceptable and consistent levels of reliability. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Calibration KW - Earthquakes KW - Extreme events KW - Live loads KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Reliability KW - Revisions KW - Safety KW - Scour KW - Specifications KW - Water transportation crashes KW - Wind UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.tj222g2j6141xw86 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Load+Combination+Factors+for+Extreme+Events&author=M.+Ghosn&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758498 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002457 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chiewanichakorn, Methee AU - Aref, Amjad J AU - Chen, Stuart S AU - Ahn, Il-Sang AU - Carpenter, Jeffrey A TI - Effective Flange Width of Composite Girders in Negative Moment Region SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 203-216 AB - In the analysis and design of steel-concrete composite bridges, stresses and displacements are typically computed on the basis of elementary beam theory by using the effective flange width concept. Currently, the AASHTO load and resistance factor design (LRFD) code specifies the same effective flange width design criteria for both positive moment sections and negative moment sections. The effective flange width concept for the positive moment has been well established by many researchers. However, the classical effective flange width definition does not take into account the strain variation through the slab thickness or the stress transfer mechanism from concrete to steel reinforcements after cracking. A more appropriate effective flange width definition for the negative moment section is introduced to account for these factors. This definition was developed on the basis of the effective flange width definition for positive moment sections proposed previously. The proposed definition for the negative moment section is explored by using finite element analyses. The finite element modeling is briefly discussed, and the model is successfully verified by comparison of the results obtained through the model with the experimental results. A parametric study was performed to evaluate the effective flange width for the negative moment section. The force transfer mechanism between concrete and reinforcements is addressed quantitatively. The finite element model-extracted effective flange widths demonstrate that full width can be used as the effective flange width in the design and analyses of the negative moment region in most cases. Numerical results also show that the effective flange width criterion in the current AASHTO LRFD specification is typically conservative, especially for bridges with side girder spacings. The recommended revised criterion is the use of the full width. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Composite structures KW - Effective flange width KW - Finite element method KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Mathematical models KW - Negative moment regions KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stress transfer KW - Stresses UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.n17u21167q345n9m UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effective+Flange+Width+of+Composite+Girders+in+Negative+Moment+Region&author=M.+Chiewanichakorn&author=A.+Aref&author=S.+Chen&author=I.+Ahn&author=J.+Carpenter&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758329 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002456 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ferrand, David AU - Nowak, Andrzej S AU - Szerszen, Maria M TI - Field Test and Finite Element Analysis of Isotropic Bridge Deck SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 153-158 AB - The new AASHTO code for the load and resistance factor design of bridges introduced a so-called empirical method for designing deck slabs of reinforced concrete. The reinforcement ratio is constant, and it does not depend on the girder spacing. The objective is to verify whether the empirical method is adequate for wider girder spacing [~3 m (~10 ft)]. Bridge behavior is analyzed by an advanced finite element method. The developed procedures are applied to two structures: a steel girder bridge and a prestressed concrete girder bridge. Strains and corresponding stresses due to dead load, live load, and shrinkage effect are determined. The analytical model is calibrated with the use of field test data. Stress distribution is then investigated. Field test results indicate a considerable difference in live load distribution factors between steel and prestressed concrete girders, primarily because of stiffness differences between the girders and the slab. Prestressed concrete girders are considerably more rigid than steel girders and therefore have very limited load sharing. For bridges designed by the empirical method, expected extreme values of the stress caused by live load (heavy trucks) were observed to be lower than the critical (cracking) values. However, dead and live loads combined with shrinkage (particularly restrained shrinkage) can lead to cracking and eventually even failure of the deck and the bridge. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Cracking KW - Empirical methods KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Girders KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Spacing KW - Steel bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.v378676426475134 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Field+Test+and+Finite+Element+Analysis+of+Isotropic+Bridge+Deck&author=D.+Ferrand&author=A.+Nowak&author=M.+Szerszen&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002455 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mercier, James Justin AU - Alvarez, Eligio AU - Marfil, Juan AU - Bloschock, Mark J AU - Medlock, Ronald D TI - Bridge Collapse Detection System in Texas SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 403-408 AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (DOT) installed a collapse detection system on the Queen Isabella Memorial Bridge that will detect a span collapse and warn motorists to stop. The system consists of a fiber-optic cable that carries a current under the bridge deck for the 2 1/2 mi length of the bridge. A span collapse will break the current, initiating flashing red lights to tell motorists on the bridge to stop, closing gates at each end of the bridge to keep additional cars off, and sending alarms to the Texas DOT and local law enforcement to notify them of the event. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Alarm systems KW - Bridges KW - Collapse KW - Fiber optics KW - Flashing lights KW - Gates KW - Texas KW - Warning systems UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.354m173605169462 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bridge+Collapse+Detection+System+in+Texas&author=J.+Mercier&author=E.+Alvarez&author=J.+Marfil&author=M.+Bloschock&author=R.+Medlock&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758506 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002454 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Winget, David G AU - Williamson, Eric B AU - Marchand, Kirk A AU - Gannon, Joseph C TI - Recommendations for Blast Design and Retrofit of Typical Highway Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 1-8 AB - Bridge design for security has received national attention following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Intelligence gathered since then has revealed threats to bridges in California and New York. In addition, suspected terrorists have been arrested with materials such as video footage of critical structural elements and information on cutting devices needed to destroy bridge cables in their possession. As a result, various state departments of transportation (DOTs) and the federal government are looking into ways that highway infrastructure can be designed to withstand extreme loads better. A pool-funded research project supported by seven state DOTs was conducted by the University of Texas and consultants with expertise in structural response to blast loads. The purpose of this research was to develop economical and effective measures to improve bridge security. Because engineers traditionally have not needed to consider security in the design of bridges and few data exist for the response of bridges to explosive tactics used by terrorists, the primary goal of the research was to provide performance-based design guidelines that can be used by designers with little background in the design of structures for security. To accomplish this goal, parametric studies were conducted on five categories of bridges, including prestressed girder, plate girder, segmental box girder, truss, and cable-stayed configurations. This paper provides a summary of design alternatives that engineers can consider before structural hardening, and if these cost-effective techniques are insufficient in reducing the threat to an acceptable level, structural design and retrofit guidelines are proposed. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Blast loads KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Plate girder bridges KW - Recommendations KW - Retrofitting KW - Security KW - Structural design KW - Terrorism KW - Threats KW - Truss bridges UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.464361685g144j74 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Recommendations+for+Blast+Design+and+Retrofit+of+Typical+Highway+Bridges&author=D.+Winget&author=E.+Williamson&author=K.+Marchand&author=J.+Gannon&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758263 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002453 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Huang, Jimin AU - Shield, Carol K AU - French, Catherine TI - Time-Dependent Behavior of a Concrete Integral Abutment Bridge SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 299-309 AB - Time-dependent behavior of an integral abutment bridge near Rochester, Minnesota, was investigated from the beginning of construction through 7 years of service by using field data collected from more than 150 instruments installed in the bridge during construction. Long-term bridge shortening was observed from the readings of horizontal extensometers installed behind the abutments. Measured pile curvatures steadily increased with time. To understand this unexpected bridge behavior better, a time-dependent numerical study using the creep and shrinkage models from American Concrete Institute Committee 209 was conducted. The results obtained in this research indicate that concrete creep and shrinkage had a significant effect on the behavior of the concrete integral abutment bridge over the course of the 7-year study. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Concrete bridges KW - Creep KW - Extensometers KW - Jointless bridges KW - Long term behavior KW - Pile curvature KW - Rochester (Minnesota) KW - Shrinkage KW - Time dependent behavior UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.f114879181v878t1 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Time-Dependent+Behavior+of+a+Concrete+Integral+Abutment+Bridge&author=J.+Huang&author=C.+Shield&author=C.+French&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002452 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Farhey, Daniel N TI - Virtual Wireless Infrastructure Evaluation System SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 273-277 AB - System identification through nondestructive experimental testing and analysis is essential for reliable structural evaluation. Experimental testing and monitoring of full-scale structures in the field are complicated, time-consuming, and labor intensive. The lack of practical field experimental technology impedes further research and development of bridges. This issue critically conflicts with public needs to preserve existing bridges and upgrade substandard bridges. Thus, it is imperative to develop a particularly efficient field-testing and monitoring system for identification, condition assessment, and performance evaluation. A study considering system intelligence characterizations conceptualized an effective upgrade. A virtual wireless infrastructure evaluation system was designed and developed. The system is devised for structural field experimentation through static or moving loads, by use of various types of electronic sensors. The system integrates a computer-controlled site network of multiple-channel wireless transmission. A software-based virtual instrumentation program was developed to control the system, collect data, and monitor the results through a user-friendly graphical user interface. Results of successfully testing two bridges in the field under real-world conditions are presented. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Graphical user interfaces KW - Infrastructure KW - Monitoring KW - Sensors KW - Virtual reality KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.l78818v575232803 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Virtual+Wireless+Infrastructure+Evaluation+System&author=D.+Farhey&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758394 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002451 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Davids, William G AU - Dagher, Habib J AU - Sanchez, Olivia AU - Weaver, Craig TI - Bridge with Composite Concrete Deck and Glued Laminated Girders Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 409-417 AB - The design, construction, and monitoring of a bridge with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) and glued laminated (glulam) girders with FRP tension reinforcing and a composite concrete deck, constructed during fall 2003 in Fairfield, Maine, are addressed. The use of a composite concrete deck was motivated by the fact that deflection often governs the design of glulam girder bridges, and composite behavior increases the stiffness of the bridge by over 200% and significantly increases strength. The structure relies on a dowel-type shear connector to ensure composite action between the girders and the concrete deck. The design and construction of this bridge required the laboratory testing of both the shear connectors and girder specimens to determine their fatigue durability and strength as well as the development of new analysis tools. An overview of the laboratory testing program is given, including the fatigue testing of both the dowel-type shear connectors and two 9.15-m-span FRP-glulam-concrete beams. Strains and displacements measured during the testing program agree well with the analysis results. Design details of the 21.3-m-long bridge in Fairfield are discussed, followed by a summary and assessment of the construction of the bridge. Strains and displacements measured during live load testing of the bridge are reported, which indicate that the as-built bridge achieves a high degree of composite action. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Composite action KW - Composite structures KW - Construction KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Fairfield (Maine) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Girder bridges KW - Glued laminated girders KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Shear connectors KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.k74228230u391843 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bridge+with+Composite+Concrete+Deck+and+Glued+Laminated+Girders+Strengthened+with+Fiber-Reinforced+Polymer&author=W.+Davids&author=H.+Dagher&author=O.+Sanchez&author=C.+Weaver&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002450 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Paul, Michael AU - Laman, Jeffrey A AU - Linzell, Daniel G TI - Thermally Induced Superstructure Stresses in Prestressed Girder Integral Abutment Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 287-297 AB - Forces and stresses that develop in the superstructure of prestressed concrete integral abutment bridges as a result of thermal load are investigated. Applied loading consists of uniform temperature changes in the superstructure. The influence of bridge length, number of spans, abutment height, and pile orientation on thermally induced superstructure forces is investigated. The largest thermally induced superstructure forces and stresses occurred near the abutment. It was determined that bridge length and abutment height most strongly influence thermally induced superstructure forces. The number of spans has the greatest influence on thermally induced superstructure stresses. Pile orientation influences thermally induced superstructure forces and stresses to a smaller degree. Results also indicate that thermally induced superstructure stresses and shear forces are comparable in magnitude to those caused by live load. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Height KW - Jointless bridges KW - Length KW - Pile orientation KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Shear forces KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.x5n68617433k3117 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Thermally+Induced+Superstructure+Stresses+in+Prestressed+Girder+Integral+Abutment+Bridges&author=M.+Paul&author=J.+Laman&author=D.+Linzell&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758399 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002449 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nader, Marwan AU - Manzanarez, Rafael AU - Tang, Man-Chung TI - Design of California's New San Francisco-Oakland Bay Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 319-327 AB - The seismically vulnerable east span of California's San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge will be replaced with a dual eastbound and westbound parallel structure 3.6 km long. The Bay Bridge lies between the Hayward and the San Andreas Faults, which can generate magnitude 7.5 and 8.1 M earthquakes, respectively. Performance criteria require that the bridge be operational immediately after a 1,500-year-return-period earthquake from either of these two faults. Four distinct structures will make up the bridge crossing: a low-rise posttensioned concrete box girder near the Oakland shore, a segmental concrete box girder 2.4 km long, a self-anchored suspension signature span, and a posttensioned concrete box girder that connects to the east portal of the Yerba Buena Island tunnel. The single-tower asymmetric self-anchored suspension bridge was selected from a total of four design alternatives that were developed for the signature main span; these included two cable-stayed bridges and two self-anchored suspension bridges (each bridge type included single-tower and dual portal tower alternatives). Each design alternative was evaluated on the basis of its seismic response, construction cost, and aesthetic properties. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Costs KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Faults KW - Posttensioning KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge KW - Self anchored bridges KW - Suspension bridges UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.8853g8gmr4475477 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Design+of+California%27s+New+San+Francisco-Oakland+Bay+Self-Anchored+Suspension+Bridge&author=M.+Nader&author=R.+Manzanarez&author=M.+Tang&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002448 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tang, Man-Chung AU - Ho, Tom AU - Xu, Cheng TI - Design of Dagu Bridge, Tianjin, China SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 587-590 AB - The city of Tianjin, China, is currently implementing a Haihe River area redevelopment plan to revitalize its downtown area. The Dagu Bridge is located in the center of the redevelopment area and is one of the first projects in this redevelopment plan. The city of Tianjin asked for a bridge that could be a new symbol of the city. The final design is a double arch that complements the surroundings. One of the arches is larger than the other; therefore, the bridge is called the Sun and Moon Bridges. The site poses several geometric restrictions with respect to construction depth, maximum allowable vertical slope, and navigation requirements. The final bridge scheme satisfies all those restrictions. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Central business districts KW - Geometric design KW - Haihe River (China) KW - Redevelopment KW - Tianjin (China) KW - Urban renewal UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.g280812732v412x1 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Design+of+Dagu+Bridge%2C+Tianjin%2C+China&author=M.+Tang&author=T.+Ho&author=C.+Xu&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002447 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rogowski, David M AU - O'Rorke, Daniel K AU - DeMond, Greg TI - Main Street Replacement Bridge, Columbus, Ohio SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 565-570 AB - Faced with the challenge of replacing an existing Art Deco arch bridge, the city of Columbus, Ohio, decided against replication in favor of constructing a new aesthetic symbol for the city. The proposed Main Street Replacement Bridge, a bridge consisting of a single-ribbed arch inclined at a 10-degree angle, will gracefully span the Scioto River and will provide the city with its new aesthetic symbol, as well as provide the final link between new parkway developments on both banks of the river. The original design concept was abandoned because of increasing construction complexities compounded by a decreasing budget allowance. With a client committed to aesthetic design, a requirement for a less complicated erection process, and a shortened construction timeline, the engineers were challenged to redesign the bridge within the revised budget while maintaining the intriguing geometry of the previous bridge design. How the design team overcame the new design challenges and, specifically, the redesign of the arch geometry, the reshaping and redesign of the pedestrian and vehicular decks, the redesign of the lateral bracing of the inclined arch, and the complete overhaul of the bridge piers, is described. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Aesthetics KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge replacement KW - Budget constraints KW - Columbus (Ohio) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.08pj3766l37r47m6 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Main+Street+Replacement+Bridge%2C+Columbus%2C+Ohio&author=D.+Rogowski&author=D.+O%27Rorke&author=G.+DeMond&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002446 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nowak, Andrzej S AU - Czarnecki, Artur A TI - System Reliability Models for Girder Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 79-85 AB - System reliability can be used as an important and efficient tool in evaluation of existing structures. The traditional approach is based on the consideration of individual components rather than structures. Consequently, the acceptance criteria are formulated for the allowable stress, or ultimate moment, in a component. However, it has been observed that the load-carrying capacity of the whole structure (system) often is much larger than what is determined by the design of components. The difference can be attributed to system behavior. Quantification of this difference is the subject of system reliability. There is a need to take advantage of the available system reliability methods and advanced structural analysis methods and apply them in the design of bridges and evaluation of existing structures. The current advanced analytical procedures allow for a numerically accurate but deterministic analysis of strain and stress in a bridge. Mathematical procedures exist for the calculation of reliability for various idealized systems: parallel, series, and combinations. New developments in materials, technology, and field testing can be used to improve bridge design and evaluation. Calculation of the reliability of the whole bridge structure takes into account realistic boundary conditions and site-specific load and resistance parameters. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Boundary conditions KW - Bridge design KW - Girder bridges KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Structural analysis KW - System reliability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.t1876q58703k2514 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=System+Reliability+Models+for+Girder+Bridges&author=A.+Nowak&author=A.+Czarnecki&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002445 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sivakumar, Bala TI - Load and Resistance Factor Rating for More Uniform Safety in Bridge Load Ratings and Postings SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 49-55 AB - The new AASHTO "Guide Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resistance Factor Rating of Highway Bridges" (LRFR manual) was developed under NCHRP Project 12-46 to be consistent with the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" in the use of a reliability-based limit-states philosophy. The new manual provides procedures and calibrated load and resistance factors for load rating, posting, overweight permit review, and fatigue life assessment. The LRFR manual has implemented a systematic approach to bridge rating and posting that yields uniform reliability indexes where possible while providing a more realistic assessment of the safe load capacity of existing bridges. LRFR proposes a system for bridge load rating and permit evaluation that uses site-specific information to narrow the uncertainty in some of the evaluation variables. This paper provides an overview of the major changes introduced in the new LRFR manual, with emphasis on LRFR load rating, posting, and permit evaluation procedures that are intended to provide consistent reliability in bridge safety evaluations. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge rating KW - Highway bridges KW - Limit state design KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Load factor KW - Manuals KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Reliability KW - Safety UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.2418j1737656r674 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Load+and+Resistance+Factor+Rating+for+More+Uniform+Safety+in+Bridge+Load+Ratings+and+Postings&author=B.+Sivakumar&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758271 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002444 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McGrath, Timothy J AU - Liepins, Atis A AU - Beaver, Jesse L TI - Live Load Distribution Widths for Reinforced Concrete Box Sections SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 99-108 AB - AASHTO introduced the AASHTO "LRFD Bridge Design Specifications" in 1994. These load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications included new provisions for distributing live loads to reinforced concrete bridge decks that also apply to the design of reinforced concrete box sections with depths of fill less than 2 ft. Designs according to the LRFD specifications can be much more conservative than designs according to the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" and are inconsistent at a span of 15 ft. A finite element study sponsored by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation investigated these issues and determined appropriate live load distributions for box sections subjected to live loads; the results are presented. The computer models were three dimensional for analysis of the distribution of live load effects along the length (flow direction). Box section models had spans of 8 ft, 16 ft, and 24 ft, and all had an 8-ft rise. The models had different slab and wall thicknesses, different haunch sizes, 0-ft and 2-ft depth of fill, different support reactions, live loading at the section midlength and free edge, and variation of longitudinal stiffness. The results indicate different distribution widths for positive bending moment, negative bending moment, and shear. Distribution widths for shear forces are the narrowest, followed by those for positive bending moment. The analysis results support the following proposed distribution of axle loads to the top slabs of box sections with less than 2 ft of fill: E(ft) = 8(ft) + 0.12 span (ft). Provisions are suggested to address multiple-lane loadings and distribution widths for the bottom slab. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bending moments KW - Box sections KW - Bridge design KW - Computer models KW - Finite element method KW - Live load distributions KW - Live loads KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.bk2717868j5600xq UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Live+Load+Distribution+Widths+for+Reinforced+Concrete+Box+Sections&author=T.+McGrath&author=A.+Liepins&author=J.+Beaver&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002443 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kawatani, Mitsuo AU - Kim, Chul-Woo AU - Kawada, Naoki TI - Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis for Traffic-Induced Vibration of a Two-Girder Steel Bridge with Elastomeric Bearings SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 225-233 AB - A three-dimensional traffic-induced dynamic response analysis of a two-span continuous two-girder steel highway bridge seated on elastomeric bearings was used to investigate the dynamic responses of local bridge members such as decks and web plates. The validity of the numerical procedure was verified by comparison of the data obtained by the procedure with data obtained in a field test. A bump that develops between the rigid surface of the approaching part of the bridge and the elastic deformation of the elastomeric supports at the instant that a vehicle enters the bridge induces an impulsive energy on the vehicle. Consequently, it affects the dynamic response of the bridge. This investigation shows that the lower torsional rigidity of two-girder bridges compared with that of conventional multigirder bridges renders the bridge susceptible to vibration because vehicles run on the cantilever part of the bridge deck. In addition, this analysis demonstrates that the out-of-plane dynamic response of the web plate is easily affected by the deck deformation caused by vehicles running between two girders. The dynamic property of the web plate connected with crossbeams is strongly affected by the dynamic characteristics of the entire motion of the bridge as well as the pitching and bouncing motions of heavy vehicles. The response of the web plate apart from that of the crossbeams, however, is dominated by dynamic sources with higher-frequency features, such as the axle-hop motion of vehicles. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Dynamic response KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Finite element method KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Steel bridges KW - Three dimensional analysis KW - Two-girder bridges KW - Vibration KW - Web plates UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.73810433r38j6702 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Three-Dimensional+Finite+Element+Analysis+for+Traffic-Induced+Vibration+of+a+Two-Girder+Steel+Bridge+with+Elastomeric+Bearings&author=M.+Kawatani&author=C.+Kim&author=N.+Kawada&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758331 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002442 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gaal, G C M AU - Walraven, J C TI - Prediction Model for Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Stocks SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 311-318 AB - The first reinforced concrete structures were built at the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, when the first concrete bridges were built, the general idea was that concrete made with sufficient cement would prevent the reinforcement from corroding. In these days, it was assumed that an everlasting protective layer would prevent such corrosion. During the 1980s and 1990s, a strong increase in the need for maintenance of concrete bridges was observed in the United States and Great Britain. It is therefore not surprising that in the United States approximately 150 to 200 bridges, of a total of 600,000, suffer partial or full collapse in any year. However, long before a bridge collapses, sections of concrete may come off because of spalling. These loose sections of concrete might already endanger passing traffic. In this paper, "failure" is therefore defined as the undesirable event of an intolerable amount of spalling. The scope of the paper is thus limited to deterioration that results in damage to concrete bridges due to cracks and concrete spalling that is the result of corrosion of the steel reinforcement. This paper introduces a new solution to Fick's second law of diffusion; this solution takes into account both the ongoing hydration of the concrete and the start of application of salt as a deicer in the late 1960s. A new model is used to predict the extent of spalling of Dutch concrete bridges. The outcome of the model is used to validate the results of 92 inspections of Dutch concrete highway bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Hydration KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Netherlands KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sodium chloride KW - Spalling UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.p467710320813813 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prediction+Model+for+Deterioration+of+Concrete+Bridge+Stocks&author=G.+Gaal&author=J.+Walraven&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758404 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002441 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Khaleghi, Bijan TI - Use of Precast Concrete Members for Accelerated Bridge Construction in Washington State SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 187-196 AB - Innovative methods are presented for using precast concrete members in bridge construction; summaries include the essentials of design, detailing, and construction of precast, pretensioned girders; posttensioned spliced girders; and precast deck panels used for bridge structures. The key aspects of using precast members in seismic regions are discussed, with an emphasis on suitable connections that meet ductility requirements. Precast bridges consisting of pretensioned girders, posttensioned spliced girders, trapezoidal open-box girders, and other types of superstructure members have been gaining popularity in recent years. These types of bridges have the advantages of minimizing traffic disruption, accelerating construction, and solving constructability issues in traffic-congested areas and in other specific cases. Handling and shipping limitations often control the span capability of pretensioned girders. Spliced girder design has provided a solution where a one-piece pretensioned girder could not otherwise have been used. Precast deck systems consisting of precast, prestressed concrete deck panels have advantages in accelerated bridge construction and rapid deck replacement. A parametric study has been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of using precast members in bridge structures. Design examples for each application that use load and resistance factor design specifications are provided. Criteria used in optimizing and developing standard drawings for precast bridge members are discussed. Recommendations for effective use of precast members in seismic regions are provided, and areas for further research are identified. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Accelerated construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Constructability KW - Drawings KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Girders KW - Innovation KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Splicing KW - Washington (State) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.6207v0qg17298241 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Use+of+Precast+Concrete+Members+for+Accelerated+Bridge+Construction+in+Washington+State&author=B.+Khaleghi&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758327 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002440 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wasserman, Edward P TI - Simplified Continuity Details for Short- and Medium-Span Composite Steel Girder Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 197-202 AB - State departments of transportation are being requested to produce bridge designs that are cost-effective, require less maintenance over a projected 75- to 100-year lifetime, and are adaptable to rapid construction operations. Most continuous bridges in the United States constructed of prefabricated girders and high-quality materials meet these requirements. Some geographic areas, however, have steel beam girder bridges that are at a competitive disadvantage to precast, prestressed concrete in spans up to 150 ft. Tennessee is developing bridge systems for steel bridges that can be erected similarly to precast, prestressed beams made continuous, with cranes of the same or lower lifting capacity, and can be fabricated at a reduced cost to be competitively priced. This development, it is hoped, will lower prices for both concrete and steel bridges. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge design KW - Composite structures KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Medium span bridges KW - Rapid construction KW - Short span bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Tennessee UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.e174124t6t712q13 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simplified+Continuity+Details+for+Short-+and+Medium-Span+Composite+Steel+Girder+Bridges&author=E.+Wasserman&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758328 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002439 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ralls, Mary Lou AU - Tang, Benjamin M AU - Russell, Henry G. TI - Self-Propelled Modular Transporters for Bridge Movements in Europe and the United States SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 17-22 AB - More than 150,000 publicly owned vehicular bridges in the United States are currently structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. The rate at which additional bridges become deficient or obsolete is anticipated to increase as traffic volumes and weights continue to increase and as more bridges across the country reach the end of their service life. New methods are needed to replace these substandard bridges quickly with long-lasting bridges while traffic flow is maintained. Bridge prefabrication is one method that can address this need. An international scan was conducted in April 2004 to learn how other countries are using prefabricated bridge components to minimize traffic disruption, improve work-zone safety, minimize environmental impact, improve constructability, improve quality, and lower life-cycle costs. Countries visited were Japan, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and France. The top implementation recommendation from the scan team is the use of self-propelled modular transporters to move bridges into position in hours rather than the typical months required for conventional bridge construction. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Belgium KW - Bridge replacement KW - Constructability KW - Environmental impacts KW - France KW - Germany KW - Highway bridges KW - Japan KW - Life cycle costing KW - Netherlands KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Quality control KW - Self-propelled modular transporters KW - Study tours KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.9x5g0367xt544283 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Self-Propelled+Modular+Transporters+for+Bridge+Movements+in+Europe+and+the+United+States&author=M.+Ralls&author=B.+Tang&author=H.+Russell&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758265 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002438 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Collins, Lex TI - The New Hathaway Bridge, Panama City, Florida: Segmental Concrete Bridge Project Designed Under AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 109-112 AB - The new Hathaway Bridge in Panama City, Florida, is a design-build bridge replacement project that consists of replacing an existing structure with two side-by-side precast segmental box girder bridges. The project was designed by the Orlando office of HNTB Corporation and constructed by Granite Construction Company. Each new bridge has seven 330-ft (100.6-m) spans, 265-ft (80.8-m) transition spans, and 200-ft (61-m) end spans. The load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specification used for the design was the AASHTO LRFD specification (1998 with interims through 2000). The LRFD design is compared with the AASHTO specification requirements (16th edition) as well as the requirements of the "Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges" (2nd edition). Studies during design showed that, for this bridge, the transverse and longitudinal bending requirements under the LRFD specification were similar to what would have been expected under previous specifications using HS20 loading. However, the shear requirements of the LRFD specification for these box girders were less conservative than the requirements of previous specifications. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bending KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Panama City (Florida) KW - Precast concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Shear stress KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.k258x272x5888071 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+New+Hathaway+Bridge%2C+Panama+City%2C+Florida%3A+Segmental+Concrete+Bridge+Project+Designed+Under+AASHTO+Load+and+Resistance+Factor+Design+Specifications&author=L.+Collins&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758288 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002437 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Morcous, George TI - Modeling Bridge Deck Deterioration by Using Decision Tree Algorithms SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 509-516 AB - Existing bridge management systems have adopted Markov chain models to predict the condition of different bridge components for network-level analysis. These models assume that the future condition depends only on the present condition and not on the past condition (i.e., state independence). Moreover, these models do not explicitly account for the effect of governing deterioration parameters, such as average daily traffic, percentage of trucks, and environmental impacts, on the predicted condition. Machine learning approaches have been proposed by many researchers as successful tools for modeling infrastructure deterioration. A work in progress evaluates the prediction accuracy of decision tree algorithms--one of the most common techniques of machine learning--against the prediction accuracy of Markov chain models. Field data of concrete bridge decks were obtained from the Ministere des Transports du Quebec, Canada, database to develop and evaluate the performance of decision tree algorithms in modeling bridge deck deterioration. Evaluation results have indicated a slight increase in the performance of decision trees over existing Markov chain models when the past condition is considered or governing deterioration parameters are incorporated. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Algorithms KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge management systems KW - Decision trees KW - Deterioration KW - Markov chains KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.e383j231l68k41h2 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modeling+Bridge+Deck+Deterioration+by+Using+Decision+Tree+Algorithms&author=G.+Morcous&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002436 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Konda, T F AU - Klaiber, F Wayne AU - Wipf, Terry J TI - In-Field Performance of the Modified Beam-in-Slab Bridge: A Replacement Option for Low-Volume Bridges SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 449-458 AB - Managers of most low-volume roads (LVRs) face a deteriorating bridge population, and replacement is frequently the most cost-effective solution. With more structures needing replacement than available funds to do so, low-cost alternatives that are constructible in-house are a desirable option. The modified beam-in-slab bridge (MBISB) is one such alternative that has been developed specifically for LVRs. The MBISB system consists of longitudinal steel stringers that support a transverse concrete arched deck. Composite action is obtained by using an alternative shear connector (ASC) rather than shear studs. Other than nominal transverse reinforcement, which is part of ASC, MBISB requires minimal additional reinforcement--approximately 70% of that required in conventional decks. Two demonstration bridges--MBISB 1, 50 ft (15.24 m) long and 31 ft (9.45 m) wide, and MBISB 2, 70 ft (21.34 m) long and 32 ft (9.75 m) wide--saved the bridge owner slightly more than 20% of the cost of conventional bridge systems. Field testing of both demonstration bridges determined the behavior of the bridges under service loading. Strains and deflections were measured at critical locations; the resulting data were used to confirm composite action and to determine the load distribution characteristics for use in the design methodology that was developed. On the basis of analyses and the field data, the demonstration MBISBs exceed AASHTO design requirements. Supporting documentation describes the construction and structural behavior of the MBISBs. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Alternative shear connector KW - Composite action KW - Deflection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field tests KW - Load transfer KW - Low volume bridges KW - Low volume roads KW - Modified beam-in-slab bridges KW - Replacement (Bridges) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stringers KW - Structural behavior UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.c57774872q573v50 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=In-Field+Performance+of+the+Modified+Beam-in-Slab+Bridge%3A+A+Replacement+Option+for+Low-Volume+Bridges&author=T.+Konda&author=F.+Klaiber&author=T.+Wipf&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758544 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002435 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mondal, Paramita AU - DeWolf, John T AU - D'Attilio, Paul AU - Feldblum, Eric TI - Continuous Monitoring for the Management, Safety, and Reliability of Connecticut's Bridge Infrastructure SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 265-271 AB - Researchers at the University of Connecticut have been working with researchers at the Connecticut Department of Transportation to develop and implement continuous bridge monitoring systems on a series of bridges in Connecticut. The monitoring systems are designed to evaluate the long-term behavior of the bridges and to evaluate safety and reliability to ensure that no major structural changes could lead to significant problems. The approach used to organize the large amount of data that are collected from the first three bridges in the project is described. The goal of this work is to facilitate the continuous evaluation of the bridge network and thus assist those responsible for the management and safety of Connecticut's bridge infrastructure. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridge management KW - Bridges KW - Connecticut KW - Monitoring KW - Safety KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural reliability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.u38p1nt85t8g2775 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Continuous+Monitoring+for+the+Management%2C+Safety%2C+and+Reliability+of+Connecticut%27s+Bridge+Infrastructure&author=P.+Mondal&author=J.+DeWolf&author=P.+D%27Attilio&author=E.+Feldblum&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758392 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002434 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Phares, Brent M AU - Wipf, Terry J AU - Klaiber, F Wayne AU - Abu-Hawash, Ahmad AU - Neubauer, Scott TI - Implementation of Physical Testing for Typical Bridge Load and Superload Rating SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 159-167 AB - Accurately and effectively assessing the safe load-carrying capacity of bridges is a common problem that bridge owners face. Diagnostic testing can be especially beneficial for bridges that are part of an aging, rapidly decaying infrastructure. In addition, diagnostic testing can assess whether superloads can safely cross a bridge. When tested, bridges typically exhibit strength and stiffness characteristics greater than traditional codified parameters and beyond conventional rating values. Commercial equipment and analytical tools have simplified the process of testing, modeling, and rating bridges. Two case studies are presented that use diagnostic load testing by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) and provide information about the Iowa DOT implementation perspective. Results from testing the first bridge illustrate the diagnostic testing process. In addition, pertinent results from a bridge tested before passage of a superload [~2,848 kN (~640,000 lb)] are presented. Before the superload, the bridge was instrumented with strain transducers and tested with known, more typical loads. Several finite element models of the bridge were developed and calibrated on the basis of observed behavior and field-measured strains. Results from the calibrated model were used to calculate load ratings for the bridge through the superload geometry and axle loadings. On the basis of predicted results, the bridge owner allowed passage of the superload. During subsequent superload passages, the bridge was instrumented and monitored similarly, and data were correlated with the initial predictions to determine the validity of the system's predictive superload capability. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Axle loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge rating KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Finite element method KW - Iowa Department of Transportation KW - Load ratings KW - Load tests KW - Monitoring KW - Superloads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.5037130077853p72 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Implementation+of+Physical+Testing+for+Typical+Bridge+Load+and+Superload+Rating&author=B.+Phares&author=T.+Wipf&author=F.+Klaiber&author=A.+Abu-Hawash&author=S.+Neubauer&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758302 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002433 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Furuta, Hitoshi AU - Koyama, Kazuhiro AU - Oi, Miki AU - Sugimoto, Hiroyuki TI - Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation of Multiple Bridges in Road Network Considering Seismic Risk SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - pp 343-347 AB - Earthquakes are one of the major natural disasters that cause great losses in Japan. An attempt is made to introduce the effects of earthquake damage into life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis. LCC analysis is formulated to consider the social and economic effects resulting from the collapse of structures by earthquakes as well as the minimization of maintenance costs. A stochastic model of structural response is proposed that accounts for the variation caused by the uncertain characteristics of earthquakes. The probability of failure due to earthquake excitation is then calculated on the basis of reliability theory. LCC evaluations are performed not only for a single bridge but also for many bridges forming a road network. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Earthquakes KW - Japan KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical models KW - Road networks KW - Stochastic processes KW - Structural reliability analysis KW - Structural response UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/trr.11s.9100qh7672154015 UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Life-Cycle+Cost+Evaluation+of+Multiple+Bridges+in+Road+Network+Considering+Seismic+Risk&author=H.+Furuta&author=K.+Koyama&author=M.+Oi&author=H.+Sugimoto&publication_year=2005 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758438 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01002432 JO - Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board PB - Transportation Research Board TI - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference, July 17-20, 2005 SN - 0309093813 PY - 2005 IS - CD 11-S SP - v.p. AB - The objective of the conference was to provide an international forum for the exchange of the latest bridge research results and technical information on planning, design, construction, maintenance, repair, rehabilitation, replacement, management, security, and safety of vehicular and railroad bridges. The conference focused on problems and solutions of interest to bridge engineers and administrators of highway, railroad, and transit agencies. Research results from the AASHTO-sponsored NCHRP bridge studies as well as results from federal, state, and other research agencies were highlighted. Papers presented in the poster, plenary, and concurrent paper sessions are included on this CD-ROM. The papers are organized under the following headings: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge Engineering; Advances in Research, Practice, and Rating of Load and Resistance Factor Design; Prefabricated Bridges and Accelerated Construction; Nondestructive Evaluation, Health Monitoring, and Durability; Seismic Design, Evaluation, and Retrofit, and Extreme Events; Innovative Design, Materials, and Methods, and Research; Bridge Management, Scour, and Maintenance; and Bridge Aesthetics. U1 - 6th International Bridge Engineering Conference: Reliability, Security, and Sustainability in Bridge EngineeringTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Massachusetts Highway DepartmentTexas Department of TransportationBoston,MA,United States StartDate:20050717 EndDate:20050720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Massachusetts Highway Department, Texas Department of Transportation KW - Accelerated construction KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge replacement KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Extreme events KW - Highway bridges KW - Load and resistance factor design KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Planning KW - Prefabricated bridges KW - Railroad bridges KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Scour KW - Security KW - State of the practice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/758248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01002023 AU - Mertz, Lee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Origins of the Interstate PY - 2005 SP - 143p AB - This paper traces the origins of the Interstate highway system from its beginning in "the golden years of the highway program" under the leadership of Thomas H. MacDonald, head of the Bureau of Public Roads, through its various milestones, such as the First National Conference on Street and Highway Safety held in Washington, D.C. on Dec. 15-16, 1924, and the 1955 congressional hearings, to the passage of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. Many articles published during these years are reprinted throughout the paper as well as excerpts from the testimony of witnesses at the congressional hearings. KW - Congressional hearings KW - Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 KW - History KW - Interstate highways KW - Newspapers KW - Periodicals KW - Testimony UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/origin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/757609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01001564 AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - American Concrete Pavement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Concrete Pavement Road Map: Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology: An Executive Summary PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - The Concrete Pavement (CP) Road Map is a comprehensive and strategic plan for concrete pavement research that will guide the investment of research dollars for the next several years. It will result in technologies and systems that help the concrete pavement community meet the paving needs of today, and the as-yet unimagined paving challenges of tomorrow. In short, the CP Road Map will result in a new generation of concrete pavements for the 21st century. The Federal Highway Administration and the concrete pavement industry have commissioned this plan. This executive summary report discusses what is unique about the CP Road Map, presents the CP Road Map vision, outlines the CP Road Map development process, and describes each of the 12 CP Road Map tracks. Each of the CP Road Map tracks is a full research program in itself, with its own budget, 2 to 7 subtracks, and as many as 20 problem statements. Tracks 1 through 9 consist of timed sequences of research leading to particular products that are essential to reaching overall research goals. In the CP Road Map, one subtrack in every phased track is devoted to developing innovative technology transfer, training tools, and methods to ensure that innovative research products are quickly and efficiently moved into practice. Tracks 10, 11, and 12 are not phased because timing is not as critical. The CP Road Map is accompanied by a research management plan that outlines a progressive, cooperative approach to managing and conducting the research. Under this plan, organizations identify common interests, partner with one another in executing specific contracts, and, in the end, produce and share a product that is greater than the sum of the parts. The research management plan emphasizes scope control, phasing of research, reporting, systems integration, voluntary peer review, maintenance of the research database, program-wide technology transfer, and assistance to organizations that want to leverage their funds and human resources. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Innovation KW - Long range planning KW - Management KW - Partnerships KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/05047/05047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/757514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01001013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge Rail Guide 2005 PY - 2005 SP - 227p AB - The table of contents in this guide to bridge rails contains the following section headings: Section 1. W-Beam Bridge Rails, Section 2. Thrie-Beam Bridge Rails, Section 3. Metal Tube Bridge Rails, Section 4. Vertical Concrete Parapet, Section 5. F-Shape Concrete Barrier, and section 6. Timber Bridge Rails. KW - Barriers KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete KW - F shape KW - Metals KW - Parapets KW - Thrie beams KW - Timber KW - Tubing KW - Vertical KW - W beams UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/bridgerail/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01001011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Organizational and Expertise Directory PY - 2005///Spring 2005 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Research, Development, and Technology (RD&T) is organized into 7 offices with 15 teams of experts in more than 30 transportation-related disciplines. Three research and development (R&D) offices—Operations, Safety, and Infrastructure—conduct R&D to continually improve highway operations and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), safety, and infrastructure, respectively. The Office of Program Development and Evaluation develops and executes policy, budget, program management, and administrative mechanisms to help FHWA carry out a nationwide research and technology (R&T) program. The Office of Research and Technology Services develops and executes a comprehensive RD&T communications strategy and marketing plan that supports FHWA R&T programs and technology transfer and delivery. The Office of Resource Management provides administrative services for RD&T. RD&T also manages the FHWA R&T Program, which directly supports the goals of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) to invest strategically in transportation infrastructure, promote safe and secure transportation, enhance our environment, and create new alliances between the Nation’s transportation and technology industries. The proposed Office of Corporate Research and Technology will support the FHWA R&T Program. This directory provides information in the following categories: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) organizational chart; Research, Development and Technology (RD&T) organizational chart; Office of the Associate Administrator; Office of Corporate Research and Technology (proposed); Office of Resource Management; Office of Program Development and Evaluation; Office of Research and Technology Services; Office of Operations R&D; Office of Safety R&D; and Office of Infrastructure R&D. KW - Administration KW - Communications KW - Development KW - Directories KW - Environmental protection KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Marketing KW - Operations KW - Organization charts KW - Partnerships KW - Program management KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756734 ER - TY - SER AN - 01000954 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety Effects of Using Narrow Lanes and Shoulder-Use Lanes to Increase the Capacity of Urban Freeways PY - 2005 SP - 6p AB - As traffic volumes grow on urban freeways, highway agencies face an ongoing challenge to maintain efficient traffic operations and acceptable levels of service. Increasing the capacity of a freeway by adding a lane can be difficult and expensive if it involves widening the existing roadbed, regrading roadside areas, and/or acquiring additional right-of-way. A number of highway agencies, however, have implemented projects in which a travel lane is added on an urban freeway by restriping the traveled way with narrower lanes, converting all or part of the shoulder to a travel lane, or a combination of both. The traffic operational benefits of such conversions are immediate and obvious, but the safety effects are uncertain. This study addresses these safety effects. KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Narrow traffic lanes KW - Road shoulders KW - Traffic lanes KW - Urban areas KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/05001/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000538 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Best Practices in Smart Growth and Transportation 2004 Competition SN - 1560513136 PY - 2005 SP - 46p AB - The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO's) Center for Environmental Excellence, in partnership with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), sponsored the 2004 Best Practices in Smart Growth and Transportation Competition to showcase outstanding examples of the work being done across the United States to successfully integrate smart growth principles with the planning and delivery of transportation projects, programs, and services. This report recognizes the overall winner from each of the three categories - best project, best program, and best in institutional change. The winners and notable practices are grouped according to two themes emerging across the United States: (1) revitalization of communities and corridors on a project or regional level; and (2) development of broad, statewide, smart growth strategies for integration of transportation and land use. Use of transit oriented development, bicycle paths, traffic safety and land use projects are noted in the report. KW - Best practices KW - Bikeways KW - Competition KW - Land use KW - Public transit KW - Revitalization (Communities) KW - Smart growth KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Transit oriented development KW - Transportation corridors KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000428 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Laboratory Assessment Program Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 2003-2004 PY - 2005 SP - 12p AB - The Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) is owned and operated as part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The research conducted at the TFHRC supports the FHWA mission to enhance mobility through innovation, leadership, and public service. As part of its commitment to continually reevaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of its operations, TFHRC set about in fiscal year 2003 to establish a lab assessment process that would utilize external, independent evaluators from industry, academia, and government. This first report on the Lab Assessment Program outlines the program's goals, criteria, and process. It summarizes the first four lab assessments. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Innovation KW - Laboratories KW - Leadership KW - Mobility KW - Public service KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000059 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intelligent Transportation Systems: Benefits, Costs and Lessons Learned - Executive Summary PY - 2005 SP - 14p AB - The report, of which this an Executive Summary, is a continuation of a series of reports providing a snapshot of the information collected by the United States Department of Transportation ITS Joint Program Office (JPO) on the impact that intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects have on the operation of the surface transportation network. New in the 2005 report is the introduction of summaries of lessons learned from ITS planning, deployment, operation, maintenance, and evaluation experience; the previous report contained only benefits and costs information. The ITS JPO has just recently initiated the process of capturing these lessons and this report presents summaries of some of the first few collected. An ITS Lessons Learned Database is planned to be available in the summer of 2005, when it will be publicly accessible via the Internet. Because the Lessons Learned Database is just getting under way as this document is being written, this document focuses on providing an introductory overview. The body of this report includes additional detail on the impacts and costs of applications within the wide variety represented by the major ITS technology application areas. Example lessons learned summaries are presented throughout the report. This Executive Summary, following a brief introduction, summarized above, contains brief descriptions of the 16 ITS technology application areas--13 infrastructure areas and 3 vehicle areas--as well as highlights of the benefits and costs information available for each. The highlighted benefits and costs are reported from various ITS deployments. Project costs are not reported in a standard format; rather, cost data reflect the specific ITS project and vary in detail and content from project to project. Reported costs include: the total cost of the deployment, ITS equipment or component costs, and, less frequently, operations and maintenance costs. The Executive Summary concludes with a discussion of lessons learned. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Deployment KW - Impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lessons learned KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000417 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - ITS America AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - National Traffic Signal Report Card Technical Report SN - 1933452021 PY - 2005///Technical Report SP - 37p AB - The purpose of the National Traffic Signal Report Card is to: (1) Assess the current state of traffic signal operation in the United States; (2) Bring attention to the current state of signal operation; (3) Create awareness of the congestion-reducing benefits of good traffic signal operation; and (4) Make a case for additional investment in traffic signal operation. To determine the current state of traffic signal operation in the United States, a self assessment tool was created. The self assessment served as a basis for collecting information and assessing traffic signal systems across the country. This tool was made available to state and local agencies and served an additional purpose of giving agencies a way to benchmark their own performance. This technical report presents results from the self assessment. When results are assimilated across the entire self assessment, the picture that emerges is one of agencies across the country “fighting fires.” The scarcity of funding and staffing resources necessitates that agencies do what is needed to provide basic functionality so that the public sees traffic signals turning green, yellow and red. The systematic and thoughtful management of the traffic signal system in order to maximize the flow of vehicles and pedestrians is not an option for most agencies. It is the traveling public who pays the price in terms of congestion, air quality and fuel consumption. KW - Air quality KW - Benchmarks KW - Data collection KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Investments KW - Operations KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Self assessments KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - United States UR - http://www.ite.org/reportcard/2005/NTS_TechReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756097 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000214 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kloster, Tom AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in Portland, Oregon SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 108-112 AB - This conference presentation focuses on how Portland, Oregon, has used public-sector planning to achieve its smart growth goals and on how it is using federal funding to implement those plans. The needs of Portland's technology-based economy are constantly being balanced with the area's preservation of nature and natural resources. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Economic development KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal aid KW - Financing KW - Land use planning KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751191 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000213 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Logan, Gregg AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Development Pattern Trends and Smart Growth SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 19-27 AB - This conference presentation looks at some of the trends that have determined the development pattern within which you put transportation solutions. It examines the questions: Where did growth go and why? and What was that growth? It then looks at some new trends, delving deeper into demographics and looking not only at the short-term trends over the next 5 to 10 years but also at some of the things we know about how people make decisions at different points in their lives, and how that influences where they go in terms of product and location choices. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Choices KW - Decision making KW - Demographics KW - Development patterns KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Real estate development KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751131 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000212 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ewing, Reid AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Land Use and Transportation Interactions SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 28-32 AB - This conference presentation discusses urban sprawl, defined as low density development with segregation of uses, and land use planning, or ways to curb sprawl. The travel implications of sprawl are examined from two distinct views: (1) the view of land use and transportation and how the two interact; and (2) the view that the relationship is linear, with household characteristics creating activity patterns, which determine trip rates, lengths, and so forth. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Land use planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban sprawl UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751134 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000211 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rue, Harrison Bright AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Recent Transportation and Land Use Planning Experiences in Charlottesville, Virginia SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 40-46 AB - This conference presentation looks at the smart growth transportation system in Charlottesville, Virginia. The area is a five-county region along with the city of Charlottesville. The population of the region is about 200,000, about half of that in the metropolitan planning organization. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Charlottesville (Virginia) KW - Land use planning KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751138 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000210 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCumber, Mary AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Growth Transportation System in Seattle, Washington SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 52-53 AB - This conference presentation reflects on what a smart growth transportation system looks like in the Central Puget Sound region. The region is more than 6,000 square miles with Seattle being the metropolitan center. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Land use planning KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751141 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000209 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cummings, Michael AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in the Puget Sound Region SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 77-80 AB - This conference presentation discusses smart growth in the Puget Sound region. Attention is focused on land use issues in the I-405 corridor, which is about 30 miles long and has about one-half million people living adjacent to it, and on the 405 program, a demonstration program for reinvention of the National Environmental Policy Act process. One of the key things that must be kept in mind is the Endangered Species Act. The issue is how to address development in urban areas while improving the habitat for salmon and other threatened species. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Endangered species KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Land use planning KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Salmon KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751172 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000207 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Codell, Jim AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Selling "Quality of Life" in Kentucky SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 123-124 AB - This conference presentation discusses how the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet couldn't get to first base in its smart growth proposals because of the mind-set of the citizenry and how approaching the issue from the angle of using the transportation process to improve quality of life seems to be catching on. Context-sensitive design has been used effectively. Addressing the environmental justice issue is also being used effectively. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Context sensitive design KW - Environmental justice KW - Kentucky KW - Land use planning KW - Quality of life KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751198 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000206 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Snow, Jacob AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in Las Vegas, Nevada SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 97-101 AB - This conference presentation discusses the goals of the Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada, and the strategies and tactics that have been pursued to attain those goals, which are basically focused on some of the principles of smart growth. One of the barriers to smart growth in Las Vegas is that Las Vegas has gated communities. There is only one access point into and out of these gated communities. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Barriers (Challenges) KW - Gated communities KW - Land use planning KW - Las Vegas (Nevada) KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751181 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000205 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Porcari, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Incentives for Smart Growth in Maryland SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 121-122 AB - This conference presentation provides a brief overview of some of the smart growth issues related to transportation in Maryland. The importance of interacting in a positive way with elected officials is discussed. Maryland has succeeded with neighborhood conservation (smart growth) projects by beginning with these projects in rural areas and by promising elected officials and actually delivering these projects within a 4-year election cycle. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Incentives KW - Land use planning KW - Maryland KW - Project delivery time KW - Rural areas KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751192 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000204 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heminger, Steve AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Big and Small Things in the Bay Area SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 47-51 AB - This conference presentation discusses the big and small things that are happening in the Bay Area with regard to smart growth. The Bay Area, defined as nine counties that touch the bay, had about 75,000 people commuting from outside the Bay Area into it in 1990, and the projection is that by 2020, the number will be 250,000 people. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Land use planning KW - San Francisco Bay Area KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751140 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000203 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Howard, Charles AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Working Definition of Smart Growth SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - p 36 AB - This conference presentation discusses briefly the Smart Growth Network's principles for smart growth and proposes this as a working definition of smart growth. This definition was not debated; it was accepted and the conference moved forward. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Definitions KW - Smart growth UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751136 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000202 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Glendening, Parris N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Growth and Transportation: Issues and Lessons Learned. Keynote Presentation SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 64-68 AB - Stating that smart growth is a long-term commitment in Maryland, the Governor of Maryland gives many examples of such commitment. He points out the necessity of government policies that encourage investment in existing communities and in smart growth areas. He also speaks of the private-sector investments in smart growth, and how, together, public and private investments are redeveloping existing communities and expanding mass transit options. He concludes by answering the fundamental question: What is our vision of the future? He offers two competing visions, both for Maryland and for America's future. One leads to a worsening quality of life, but the other offers a better future--one in which traveling to work or anywhere is affordable and convenient with public transit, where walking on sidewalks and using bicycle-friendly facilities are real options, and in which breathing becomes easier because the air is less polluted. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Communities KW - Governments KW - Investments KW - Land use planning KW - Maryland KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Public transit KW - Quality of life KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000201 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Seskin, Sam AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Examples of Smart Transportation Projects SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 137-143 AB - A taxonomy of a smart transportation project includes the following: incorporates context-sensitive design, accommodates multiple modes, improves pedestrian environments, integrates "new urbanist" principles, is located in brownfield or infill sites, enhances main streets, is integrated with adjacent urban land uses, and reclaims urban land. This conference presentation identifies and presents best practices in the form of specific smart transportation projects and programs that incorporate one or more of the elements in the above taxonomy. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Brownfields KW - Case studies KW - Context sensitive design KW - Infill (Development) KW - Land use planning KW - Main streets KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Pedestrians KW - Smart growth KW - Taxonomy KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban development UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751207 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000200 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rice, Catherine AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Hands-On Case Study SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 152-154 AB - A case study is presented for a breakout conference session. The participants will work with the Maryland State Highway Administration to help them meet the challenges of smart growth in a suburban corridor. The case study is the Maryland 210 corridor located in Prince George's County. The key issues are how to apply transportation tools to address smart growth issues and how to develop the MD-210 project to be consistent with context-sensitive design principles. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Context sensitive design KW - Highway corridors KW - Prince George's County (Maryland) KW - Smart growth KW - Suburbs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751211 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000199 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisarski, Alan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Transportation Trends and Smart Growth SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 11-18 AB - This conference presentation reviews transportation trends over the past century and concludes that the future is more stable in many respects than the past with lower population growth, lower household growth, lower labor force growth, saturation of driver's licenses, saturation of car ownership, and lower domestic migration trends. There are "forces of change" that will be operating over the next 25 to 30 years. The first is the arrival of minority groups and immigrant populations into a high-mobility society. Second, immigration is still going to be a significant, in fact dramatic, force. Third, affluence will always be an influence on behavior and activities. Fourth, there is a lack of skilled workers, and last, technologies are allowing people to live further apart. The point made as background to all of the conference discussions is this: if transportation is always about time and distance, in many respects we can say that distance is no longer the massive factor it used to be. Time is now the driver, particularly on the passenger side and particularly among women, but on the freight side as well. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Affluence KW - Future KW - Immigration KW - Mobility KW - Skilled labor KW - Smart growth KW - Technology KW - Time KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751130 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000198 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dunphy, Robert AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation and Land Use: The New American Dream SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 125-126 AB - These brief comments on smart transportation and land use begin and end with the statement that, if you are in the transportation business, then you are in the real estate business, and you ought to support smart growth. Comments are made on the challenge of beating sprawl by replacing it with something better that avoids the problems but still offers more choices--the new American dream. Examples are provided of successful smart growth projects. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Choices KW - Land use planning KW - Real estate development KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban sprawl UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751201 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000197 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Winfree, Tracey AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Many Transit "Connections" in Boulder, Colorado SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 144-147 AB - The focus of this conference presentation is on transit connections in Boulder, Colorado, bearing in mind that "connections" can have lots of different meanings. It can mean how transit connects with other transit; how it connects to land use; and how you connect with your partners, your regional agencies and your neighbors out in the region. The following themes are discussed: the importance of multimodalism, the leadership it takes to accomplish certain projects, the importance of land use coordination, and the partnerships needed to get things done. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Boulder (Colorado) KW - Land use planning KW - Leadership KW - Multimodalism KW - Partnerships KW - Public transit KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751208 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000196 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kirby, Ron AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Metropolitan Planning Organization Perspective on Smart Growth, Land Use, and Transportation SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 127-129 AB - This conference presentation gives the perspective of a metropolitan planning organization, the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, on smart growth, land use, and transportation. The tool developed for this process was a composite transportation and land use map of the region that identifies the key elements needed for regional transportation planning: regional activity centers, principal transportation corridors and facilities, and designated green space. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Land use planning KW - Maps KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments KW - Regional planning KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751202 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000195 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lewis, James AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Highway Experience in New Jersey SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 148-151 AB - This conference presentation discusses some of the experiences of the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) in trying to achieve smart growth objectives. These examples show some of the best practices used in New Jersey to help strengthen and enhance centers, which are defined as the focal points for growth within New Jersey's five planning areas. The NJDOT is taking the opportunity to maximize and optimize existing roads as multimodal facilities, and is collaborating with communities through extensive planning and context-sensitive design efforts. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Best practices KW - Communities KW - Context sensitive design KW - Highway planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - New Jersey KW - Smart growth KW - Urban areas UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751209 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000194 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pedersen, Neil AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in Maryland SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 93-96 AB - This conference presentation provides an overview of the smart growth program in Maryland, discusses Maryland's policy approach to "smart transportation," explains how Maryland's transportation investments have changed since the smart growth program was first implemented in 1997, talks specifically about some of Maryland's smart growth-related transportation programs, and then very briefly touches on changes in transportation projects to make them compatible with smart growth. Transit-oriented development and context-sensitive design are major considerations in Maryland's smart growth program. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Context sensitive design KW - Investments KW - Land use planning KW - Maryland KW - Smart growth KW - Transit oriented development KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751177 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000193 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Moretti, Frank AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Achieving Functional Mobility SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 54-55 AB - This conference presentation discusses achieving functional mobility through smart growth. The Washington, D.C., area is used as an example of an area that has pursued the policy of improving the transit system and not adding any significant roadway capacity. The result has been a world-class transit system, but with massive traffic congestion. The issue is how to strike a balance between maintaining functional mobility, accommodating the vast majority of travel growth that will be on the roads, and moving the community in a more rational way of designing communities and building new suburban communities in a way that is much more functional. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Land use planning KW - Mobility KW - Smart growth KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751144 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000192 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DeGrood, Jim AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in Marana, Arizona SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 81-83 AB - This conference presentation discusses smart growth in the town of Marana, which is a suburb of the city of Tucson and is the second-largest urban growth area within the state of Arizona. Two issues are focused on: the environment and transportation. Concerning the environmental issue, Marana is home to the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, an endangered species. Growth in the critical habitat areas is forecast to be a maximum of 20% disturbance. Concerning the transportation planning efforts, there are a number of institutional issues, including the highway user revenue fund and transit. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Endangered species KW - Environmental protection KW - Financing KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Institutional issues KW - Marana (Arizona) KW - Public transit KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban growth UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000191 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hamilton, Luann AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Transportation in Chicago SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 72-76 AB - This conference presentation discusses smart growth challenges in the six-county metropolitan area of Chicago. In the late 1990s, the city of Chicago joined with the business community and civic and community leaders to develop a new 20-year plan for the central area. The plan is based on an economic analysis that developed long-range forecasts for various land uses downtown. The plan has three guiding themes: ensure a dynamic central area made up of vibrant and diverse mixed-use urban districts, ensure that the central area remains accessible and connected, and reinforce the central area's focus on its waterfronts and open spaces. The remainder of this presentation elaborates on the Chicago Department of Transportation's role, which focused on keeping the central area accessible and connected. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Accessibility KW - Central business districts KW - Chicago Department of Transportation KW - Chicago Metropolitan Area KW - Connectivity KW - Land use planning KW - Smart growth KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751169 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000190 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Grow, Robert AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Whose Future Is It, Anyway? The Essential Public Process SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - pp 102-107 AB - This conference presentation discusses the Envision Utah project. Utah prefers the term "quality growth" rather than "smart growth" when referring to its long-range visioning effort. The review covers the premise on which Utah started the partnership for quality growth, the process that Utah has been going through, the vision and its characteristics, and the progress to date. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Future KW - Land use planning KW - Public private partnerships KW - Smart growth KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Utah UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751190 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01000208 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Smart Growth and Transportation: Issues and Lessons Learned. Report of a Conference SN - 0309094968 PY - 2005 IS - 32 SP - 184p AB - This conference was organized around the following five questions: Why is smart growth a transportation issue? What does a smart growth transportation system look like? How does smart growth differ with location (urban infill, suburban redevelopment, and fringe growth) and how do institutional arrangements vary by location? Who must be involved to achieve a smart growth transportation system and what institutional obstacles exist? How can transportation agencies support smart growth and what are the available tools? The conference planning committee, speakers, and attendees represented a broad range of agencies, views, and geographic locations. Included were smart growth advocates and skeptics; transit agencies and highway agencies; national, state, regional, and local agencies; those advocating change in the transportation system and those struggling to accomplish the change; and so forth. While there were no overarching conclusions from such a diverse group, two conclusions appeared to pervade the conference, although they were not voted on or endorsed. First, transportation is inextricably linked to land use and, therefore, to programs such as smart growth. Second, transportation systems that support smart growth are much more nuanced than is typically discussed. The conference proceedings include opening remarks by Charles Howard, Washington State Department of Transportation; presentations addressing the above questions; a keynote presentation by Parris N. Glendening, Governor, State of Maryland; results of a conference wrap-up session; reports from two breakout sessions; and a list of participants. U1 - Providing a Transportation System to Support Smart Growth: Issues, Practice, and ImplementationTransportation Research BoardMaryland State Highway AdministrationMorgan State UniversityAssociation of Metropolitan Planning OrganizationsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Federal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationBaltimore,Maryland,United States StartDate:20020908 EndDate:20020910 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Maryland State Highway Administration, Morgan State University, Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Institutional issues KW - Land use KW - Smart growth KW - Suburbs KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP32smartgrowth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000134 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS/Operations Resource Guide 2005 PY - 2005 SP - n.p. AB - Each of the sections of this Resource Guide is separated by the title for that section of the resource listings. An icon appears with each resource listing to indicate the type of media in which it is available. These categories are Points of Contact; Software Tools and Databases; Training, Workshops, and Seminars; Videos; Websites; and Documents. The title of each resource appears with each icon. If the resource is a publication, the publication number and date are given, which is helpful when ordering hardcopies. After a brief descriptive paragraph, the cost, if there is any, is given, followed by information about how the resource can be accessed. All documents with an Electronic Document Library number (EDL#) can be downloaded in two ways: 1. directly from the website address listed, or 2. by accessing the main EDL website at http://www.its.dot.gov/welcome.htm, selecting Profile Search, and searching for the document number. To order a hardcopy, the telephone number, fax number, and/or email address is provided. Links to click on to navigate through the guide include: How To Use This Guide, How To Search This Guide, Featured Resources, Points of Contact, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Initiatives, System Operations, and Cross-Cutting and Other Resources. Modes of transportation covered in the resource guide include highways, railroads, public transit, and intermodal transportation. KW - Contacts (Data sources) KW - Databases KW - Documents KW - Highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Intermodal transportation KW - ITS program applications KW - Operations KW - Physical media (Information management) KW - Public transit KW - Railroads KW - Resource guides (Guides to information) KW - Software KW - Training KW - Videotapes KW - Websites (Information retrieval) KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/751034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989216 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ROADWAY SAFETY: IDAHO'S GUARDRAIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SAVES LIVES, TIME, AND MONEY PY - 2005 SP - 2 p. AB - This report briefly describes Idaho's new high tech/low cost guardrail inventory system. The system includes a video logging system using state-of-the-art digital photo imaging data, which not only improves accuracy, but also significantly reduces the resources needed to main the data. By providing good information about guardrails, the "GRail" system allows managers to effectively address locations where damaged or obsolete guardrails may compromise the safety of highway travelers. KW - Asset management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Digital video KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Idaho KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/05055/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/754993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00988131 AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ACTION KIT: IMMEDIATE SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONAL ISSUES PY - 2005 SP - 109 p. AB - This action kit presents brief one page summaries on action items for transportation operations and management. Three different sources of information have been used for these summaries: white papers, conference papers, and papers written by transportation community leaders. The papers are divided among 9 section headings, as follows: Resources; Traffic Incident Management; Traveler Information - 511; Work Zones; General Traffic Management Topics; Traffic Signals and Traffic Analysis Tools; Regional Operations; Policy Issues; and Communicating with Others. KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Communications KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Operations KW - Policy KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation system management KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987778 AU - Meyer, M D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF THE METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION (MPO) IN PREPARING FOR SECURITY INCIDENTS AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM RESPONSE PY - 2005 SP - 7 p. AB - During the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, incompatible communication systems and no single source of public information caused confusion in organizational and public response. One lesson from September 11th is paramount--effective coordination and communication among the many different operating agencies in a region and across the nation is absolutely essential. Such coordination is needed to allow enforcement/security/safety responses to occur in an expeditious manner, while at the same time still permitting the transportation system to handle the possibly overwhelming public response to the incident. Complementary to this is the need to make sure the public has clear and concise information about the situation and what actions they should take. Although the immediate organizational response to security incidents and disasters will be the responsibility of security/public safety agencies, there is an important role that metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) can play in promoting coordinated planning in anticipation of unexpected events or natural disasters. In addition, the MPO could also provide a centralized location of information on transportation system conditions and local/national responses that might be useful in an emergency. This white paper examines these possible roles and raises other issues that should be considered by MPO officials. Disaster/security planning is divided into several components that reflect the different elements in dealing with such events, e.g., prevention, surveillance/monitoring, information dissemination/communications, incident response, and system recovery. The prospective role of the MPO in each of these components of an incident/disaster event response is discussed. KW - Communication KW - Coordination KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters KW - Emergencies KW - Incident management KW - Information dissemination KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Monitoring KW - Organizational effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Security KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveillance KW - Terrorism UR - http://www.planning.dot.gov/Documents/Securitypaper.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00988031 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER ORGANIZATIONAL AND EXPERTISE DIRECTORY PY - 2005 SP - 40 p. AB - This directory provides information in the following categories: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) organizational chart; Research, Development and Technology (RD&T) organizational chart; Office of the Associate Administrator; Office of Corporate Research and Technology (proposed); Office of Resource Management; Office of Program Development and Evaluation; Office of Research and Technology Services; Office of Operations R&D; Office of Safety R&D; and Office of Infrastructure R&D. KW - Development KW - Directories KW - Evaluation KW - Expertise KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Operations KW - Organization charts KW - Program management KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753680 ER -