TY - CONF AN - 00810831 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Niemi, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS OF MINNESOTA'S BARE PAVEMENT PRODUCT SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 153-158 AB - In recent years the road maintenance division of the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has redefined its role, moving from a traditional focus on internal activities to an external-looking vision of customer-based products and services. Toward this end MnDOT conducted research to understand the attributes of its bare pavement product (the result of MnDOT's snow removal operations) that are important to the customer as well as to determine customer expectations for levels of service in different highway environments. The research was designed to measure the effects on highway consumers of six levels of snow removal on three different classes of roads throughout the state--two-lane roads, four-lane divided highways, and interstate highways--as well as to determine whether driving habits or opinions vary by demographic group. Study participants viewed winter driving road conditions on videotape, then documented their opinions and reactions on a self-administered questionnaire. In partnership with local community groups and organizations, a market research firm was commissioned to assist with the study, including identifying and recruiting study participants. Results of this research will be used to improve delivery of MnDOT's snow removal operations in order to better meet the needs and desires of its customers. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Customer service KW - Demographics KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Interstate highways KW - Level of service KW - Minnesota KW - Questionnaires KW - Research KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Travelers KW - Two lane highways KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684576 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810841 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jusi, P AU - Juslen, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERIENCES IMPLEMENTING NEW MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 239-248 AB - The Highway Development and Management Tool, HDM-4, was in the beta testing and pilot trial phase during 1998 and 1999. The Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra) has been testing the programs, with all early versions providing feedback for further development at the University of Birmingham. Now that Version 1.0 of the program has been released, Finnra's experts are using it in international projects in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Two projects, which were conducted in totally different environments, are described and evaluated. Case 1 was carried out in Northwest Russia in 1999, in cooperation with local road authorities and consultants from Ramboll, DHV, SPEA, and Finnra. This pilot was one of the first carried out in northern freezing climates. Case 2, an ongoing Finnra project in Papua New Guinea, started in 1998. Its goal is to establish a road asset management system for the National Road Administration in Papua New Guinnea. The project also includes road inventory surveys based on Global Positioning System and international roughness index measurements. The main output of Case 1 is a highway rehabilitation master plan (HRMP), which was prepared for attracting investors to participate in developing the road network in Northwest Russia. The main output for Case 2 is to inventory the road network, establish a road databank, establish a road asset management system with geographic information system, and create an HRMP for 5 years. These cases and all the phases of implementation of the new management system are evaluated. The most important goal of the projects is to ensure that local experts are fully capable of using the system. Training played an important role in every step, and training strategies were ambitious. The major lessons learned during the projects were as follows: (a) the time needed for implementation of a new system should not be underestimated; (b) quality of data is a key issue; (c) the need for personal contacts with local experts during the project is high; and (d) training should be organized in all phases of the project. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Case studies KW - Data quality KW - Finland KW - Highway Development and Management Tool (HDM-4) KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - Papua New Guinea KW - Russia (Federation) KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684595 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810819 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hellman, A AU - Nikulainen, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TEAMWORK IN WINTER MAINTENANCE: FIRST-HAND EXPERIENCES SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 45-49 AB - When the Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra) was internally divided into administrative and production branches in 1998, it brought great changes on both organizational and operational levels. This internal division clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the branches, intensifies the efficiency of road management, and helps prepare the agency for open competition in public road management scheduled to be implemented starting in January 2001. The creation of winter maintenance teams in the same year was intended to both increase efficiency and decrease the costs of maintenance work. It entailed quite a radical change from the traditional work style (management by supervisors) to self-ruling worker teams. The teams were given contracts for the winter maintenance work, and they decided and planned how best to complete the work to fulfill the quality requirements set by the client--in this case, Finnra. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Competition KW - Contracts KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Finland KW - Teams KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684555 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810823 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Baroga, E V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR SNOW- AND ICE-CONTROL ACTIVITIES SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 75-80 AB - In 1996, the Washington State Department of Transportation implemented a system of performance measures and service levels for highway maintenance activities known as the Maintenance Accountability Process (MAP). Initially, the MAP did not include service levels for snow- and ice-control activities based on field measurement, as it does for the majority of other maintenance activities. To gain similar benefits for snow- and ice-control activities, a pilot project that included performance measures, service levels, and field measurement protocols was developed and implemented. Two performance measures were used: the amount of roadway traction provided at the time of a field measurement, and the time taken to regain bare pavement after the end of a snowfall event. More than 100 3-km (2-mi) segments of highway were randomly selected for field condition measurement throughout the winter season (November 1 to March 31). At the end of the season, point values were added together for service level determinations. The initial pilot project was assessed in spring 2000 to make revisions and to determine the long-term direction of the activity. The intended outcome of the pilot project is to identify a performance-based service level being delivered for snow and ice control. This information could then be used for more accurate budget planning and resource allocation in the future. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Budgeting KW - Field studies KW - Level of service KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Resource allocation KW - Snow and ice control KW - Washington (State) KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684562 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810827 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Swan, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - QUALITY OF MAINTENANCE MATERIALS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 109-124 AB - Ascertaining the quality of materials purchased for use in highway maintenance is a continuing challenge, especially with the procurement processes used by governmental agencies. Material quality control ensures that maintenance personnel get the material that will meet their needs and be durable, workable, and economical. The current procurement process in Arizona appears to stand in the way of achieving the goal of purchasing quality materials. The process, which has statutory basis in Arizona, was adopted to ensure that what is needed can be bought at the lowest possible price. The concept has merit, but the implementation details are a major issue. The rules and regulations that were designed to avoid conflicts of interest, ensure competition, and prevent state employees from benefiting from awarded contracts make it very difficult to get the products desired. In contrast to the procurement process used to purchase materials for maintenance, the contracting process used to construct highway facilities has a greater quality control and assurance program, along with the flexibility to adjust to the changing conditions of a construction project. The specifications are very project specific and in most cases are thoroughly researched and tested to ensure that they will sufficiently meet the design life of the project. Reviewed are the things being done in Arizona to close the gap between construction-materials quality control and maintenance-materials quality control. The procurement process is reviewed, and some ongoing research activities that relate to maintenance material quality are outlined. Also considered is what the Holbrook district is doing to address material quality at the local level. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Arizona KW - Highway maintenance KW - Materials management KW - Procurement KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684569 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810833 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LJUNGBERG, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERT SYSTEM FOR WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 167-175 AB - The advantages and limitations of an expert system for winter road maintenance in Sweden, as well as how to create an expert system that is effective, are discussed. An expert system will support the decision making of the maintenance manager in real time. It is primarily intended for inexperienced maintenance management personnel. An effective expert system must render advice on what action should be taken, when it should be carried out, and, if necessary, how much and what type of chemical should be used on a road. Another important use for an expert system is the education and training of maintenance managers. Information for developing an expert system was gathered in part from literature studies, but the main informational source was interviews with experts. In-depth interviews with six experienced maintenance managers concerning winter maintenance activities took place during February, March, and April 2000. The interviews were based on examples in which present and forecast weather were given along with the time of day. The setting was the managers' actual area of operation along with the actual available equipment. Based on these examples, the managers were asked what action they would take and why. In order to obtain the best possible result, a follow-up was conducted, documenting what actions had been taken during conditions that matched the weather examples used in the interviews. A short discussion then took place as to why particular decisions were made. After the interviews were concluded, information was compiled and key parameters identified. Rules of best practice could then be formulated stating what action should be taken under conditions defined by temperature, wind, precipitation, and forecast. Actions were placed into three categories: plowing, sanding, and salting. Three types of salting were defined: dry, prewetted, and brine. The best practice rules also prescribe the correct amount of salt for spreading over a road. Preliminary results show that brine spreading is preferred over prewetted salt in most situations. Dry salt should never be used. For preventive salting, normal recommended amounts are 10 g of brine/sq m (124 lb/lane-mi) or 7 g of prewetted salt/sq m (87 lb/lane-mi). These best practice rules will later be incorporated into the expert system. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Best practices KW - Brines KW - Decision making KW - Education and training KW - Expert systems KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Prewetted salt KW - Real time information KW - Sand KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sweden KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684580 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810840 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Corti, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EMPOWERING EMPLOYEES AND THE ORGANIZATION BY IMPLEMENTING AND EVOLVING A MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: THREE YEARS IN SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 231-238 AB - In the past several years, several states have undertaken maintenance management system initiatives characterized by formal, competitive procurements; lengthy project duration; and significant investment of time and resources by both the acquiring organization and the selected provider. A description is given of how Vermont, operating in a resource-constrained environment, has pursued "a path less frequently traveled" to successfully implement and continue to evolve a maintenance management capability that has empowered its employees and has generated value and benefit for the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VAOT). Vermont adopted a strategy of fielding an initial core capability for the Vermont maintenance activity tracking system (VTMATS) and then augmented the core capability through a series of additional releases. VAOT successfully addressed the training and organizational change challenges associated with the implementation and operation of a new system. The challenges VAOT faced are described in terms of time frame (initial operations, first year of operation, and beyond), the benefit and value that have been realized, and the surprises (both unanticipated "wins" and lessons learned). Also addressed are the organizational relationships that have been created or reinforced through the operation of VTMATS and the incentives and empowerment of system users. Use of VTMATS to support maintenance management activities is far greater than initial expectations, and other experiences show how user expectations and perspectives have changed significantly during the past 3 years. The acquisition and resource requirements associated with the Vermont experience are examined in terms of how VAOT has implemented and evolved the VTMATS in a resource-constrained environment using alternative strategies and approaches that are streamlined, yet still yield effective and economical results. How the system is expected to mature and change over time relative to user and organizational expectations also is discussed. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Employee empowerment KW - Implementation KW - Incentives KW - Maintenance management KW - Tracking systems (Management) KW - Training KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684594 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810815 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Moulthrop, J S AU - Hicks, R G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE: PREPARING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 3-10 AB - The current state of practice with regard to pavement preservation and some of the challenges facing the pavement maintenance industry in the 21st century have been studied. Pavement preservation (including preventive maintenance) needs to be adopted as an essential program element in agencies so that the U.S. highway system can be properly maintained at the levels expected and demanded by users. Some of the issues and challenges for both rigid and flexible pavements have been addressed. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - 21st century KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Preservation KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rigid pavements KW - State of the practice KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684548 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810817 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnson, D R AU - Freeman, R B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR STRIPPED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN MONTANA SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 20-30 AB - Asphalt stripping is a fairly common form of distress for pavements in Montana. Currently, the standard technique for rehabilitating these pavements involves the costly removal of most or all of the stripped material before placement of an overlay. The goal of this research is to determine whether the stripped material can remain in place, serving as a structural layer within the rehabilitated pavement. This study has involved the construction of five test sites throughout Montana that have been incorporated into larger overlay projects. At each of these sites, stripped material was removed and replaced from a control section and stripped material was left in place on a test section before placement of an overlay. Only the driving course (chip seal or an open-graded friction course) was removed from the test sections. Background information on the test sites is provided, and the methods (visual, nondestructive testing, and destructive testing) that are being used to monitor the performance of experimental pavement sections are described. Performance results are provided for up to 4 years of service. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Monitoring KW - Montana KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684551 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810825 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Love, L D AU - Baughman, T B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTING NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM FOR MAINTENANCE ASSESSMENT AND FUNDING NEEDS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 89-103 AB - The North Carolina Department of Transportation has developed and implemented a state highway maintenance assessment program. Without a method with which to assess the maintenance condition of the total system, the department's request for increased maintenance funding was based on the previous year's expenditures and an estimate of unmet needs. The unmet needs estimate was based on the professional opinion of field managers and engineers and not on actual measured quantities. A maintenance assessment program will provide a tool for tying funding levels to actual field conditions, identify inadequately maintained roadway features, and determine the funding levels needed to achieve a specific maintenance condition. A literature review was conducted, then a program framework was devised to collect roadway feature data, summarize the data collected, evaluate and interpret the results, and present the results. Then, a plan was established to determine the roadway features to be evaluated, determine survey methodology and data collection methods, determine how the condition of the features relates to department expenditures, and calculate a realistic budget to achieve an acceptable maintenance condition. By implementing a maintenance assessment program, the North Carolina Department of Transportation is taking the first step toward shifting from a reactive "fixing" mode to a proactive prevention mode. This should lead the way to greater customer satisfaction, effective use of resources, higher quality products and services, avoidance of rework, and empowerment of local managers and supervisors. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Budgeting KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance management KW - North Carolina KW - Preventive maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684566 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810835 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - THUNQVIST, E-L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DEICING SALT ON THE ROADSIDE ENVIRONMENT: PART II: GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 186-194 AB - Traffic can pose a serious pollutant threat to groundwater and surface water in its vicinity. In Sweden, about 300,000 tons of sodium chloride are used annually by the Swedish National Road Administration in deicing and snow removal operations. Similarly, local municipalities and private property owners also use road salt. In Sweden as well as in other countries where the use of deicing chemicals is common in winter, deicing's impact on groundwater has been observed in small private wells as well as in larger municipal supplies. For lakes in Sweden, deicing's impact has been observed as stratification and high chloride concentrations during spring. The extent of deicing's impact can be investigated under a set of specific criteria as well as a method to estimate the long-term effects of deicing salt. The calculated steady-state chloride concentration can be used to identify risk-prone areas for groundwater and surface water before damage has occurred. The resulting prediction can then be used in deciding what areas to protect and what measures to adopt. The DPSIR (Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) method can be a useful tool in describing how a winter road maintenance system works today; however, to more comprehensively prevent damage to the environment, a more active approach is necessary. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Chloride content KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Groundwater KW - Lakes KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Sodium chloride KW - Surface water KW - Sweden KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684584 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810842 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - THEODORAKOPOULOS, D D AU - Chassiakos, A P AU - Manariotis, I D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT IN GREECE SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 249-256 AB - The main features of a computerized system to provide decision support to the agencies involved in highway maintenance management in Greece are presented. Development of the system focuses initially on pavement management, with other highway elements (e.g., side slopes, bridges) to be considered at a later stage. The system includes a database and modules for pavement performance prediction, resource allocation, and project management. In addition, a user interface system with appropriately designed input/output forms and geographic information system data representation improves applicability. The major pavement defects are cracking (mostly alligator type, longitudinal, and transverse), potholes, corrugations and rutting, bleeding, raveling, and polished aggregate, which results in high roughness and low skid resistance. These defects are represented in the system by four parameters: cracking index, index to the first cracking, roughness index, and skid resistance index. Further, a number of possible treatments have been identified and described in terms of materials, methods, machinery, and cost requirements. For each defect, all feasible treatments are considered, and the best maintenance strategy is produced considering relative costs, funding availability, and maintenance needs over time within the network. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Corrugations (Defects) KW - Costs KW - Decision support systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Greece KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Project management KW - Resource allocation KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684597 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810821 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Knapp, K K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INVESTIGATION OF VOLUME, SAFETY, AND VEHICLE SPEEDS DURING WINTER STORM EVENTS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 57-64 AB - Winter storm events can have significant impacts on mobility and safety. During the past year, these impacts were investigated by the Center for Transportation Research and Education of the Iowa Department of Transportation. The documented project proceeded in two phases. First, data related to traffic flow, crashes, weather, and roadway conditions were collected from existing information management systems in Iowa; these data were evaluated and analyzed. Second, a mobile video data collection system was used to collect data during seven winter storm events. The results from both phases of this project are summarized. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Iowa KW - Mobility KW - Storms KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Video cameras KW - Weather conditions KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684558 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810829 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Brown, M C AU - Weyers, R E AU - Berke, N S AU - Weyers, R M AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXTENDED CORROSION PERFORMANCE OF IMPREGNATION-TREATED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 136-142 AB - A field implementation trial using the grooved deep impregnation technique with calcium nitrite as the impregnate was conducted under Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) contract C-103 in July 1990. Presented are the results of the corrosion assessment surveys before treatment and at various intervals over a 9-year period. Corrosion assessment surveys included concrete cover depth, chloride content, corrosion potentials and rates, and calcium nitrite content. The results of the corrosion surveys support the conclusion that the deep impregnation with calcium nitrite has arrested active corrosion cells and has protected the bridge deck section from continued corrosion damage over the 9-year assessment period. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cover depth KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684573 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810830 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ramey, G E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RAPID REHABILITATION OR REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE DECKS UNDER CONCURRENT TRAFFIC CONDITIONS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 143-150 AB - The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) has more than 4.8 km (3 mi) of major Interstate bridges near downtown Birmingham with significant levels of deck cracking and deterioration. The bridges are part of the I-65 and I-59/20 Interstate highway system through the city and are approximately 30 years old. About 5 to 7 years ago, ALDOT bridge inspectors began to see longitudinal cracks in the top of the deck above the edges of the support girders. These cracks are continuing to grow in length and width and are beginning to combine with older transverse cracks to form surface spalls. ALDOT must make decisions on rehabilitation actions for the Birmingham decks in the near future. Toward this end, ALDOT is looking closely into what other states and highway agencies are doing, traffic demands and the need for additional lanes, the remaining fatigue and service life of the steel girder superstructures, punching shear load testing, delamination and deterioration of the existing decks, and placement of deck test sections using different rehabilitation strategies. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Birmingham (Alabama) KW - Bridge decks KW - Decision making KW - Interstate highways KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Spalling KW - Transverse cracking KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684575 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810838 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lewis, D J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PHOTOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ARROW PANELS AND PORTABLE CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 215-221 AB - Arrow panels and portable changeable message signs are often used in work zones to inform drivers of the need for a lane change or caution. The "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD) requires that Type C arrow panels have a minimum legibility distance of 1.6 km (1 mi). However, the MUTCD does not provide a subjective means for determining whether an arrow panel meets this criterion. Nor are there industry photometric standards for message panels. The purpose of this project is to develop a reliable and repeatable objective method for measuring the photometrics of arrow and message panels to ensure adequate performance. The research project tasks include a review of the state of the art, reviews of existing pertinent specifications, development of initial test methods, evaluations of arrow and message panel visibility and the effectiveness of the test methods, revisions and modifications of the test methods, and documentation of research activities and findings. The research findings will be described in a research report and a project summary report. The recommended test methods will be included in both documents. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Arrow panels KW - Distance KW - Legibility KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Measuring methods KW - Performance evaluations KW - Photometry KW - Portable equipment KW - Specifications KW - State of the art KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684590 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810839 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Smithson, Leland D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTING NEXT-GENERATION MAINTENANCE VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 222-227 AB - Transportation agencies are facing ever-increasing demands from the customers they serve for safer, faster, and more reliable transportation systems. This is especially true for highway transportation because nearly all trips begin and end using the roadway. To add to the challenge, most public agencies are being asked to downsize, improve efficiency and effectiveness, and provide real-time status of the roadway system so that the motoring public can make better travel plans and decisions. The progress is described that three Midwest states are making on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of snow and ice control operations with improved equipment, road/weather forecasting, and interfacing with the National Intelligent Transportation System Architecture for improved customer communication. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Communications KW - Customers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Iowa KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Michigan KW - Minnesota KW - National ITS Architecture KW - Snow and ice control KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684592 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810836 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hyman, W A AU - Johnson, B L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECISION SUPPORT MODEL FOR ASSESSING NET PUBLIC BENEFITS OF REUSE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 195-207 AB - The state of Minnesota frequently receives requests from an outside source to consider accepting waste materials for reuse in highway maintenance and construction projects. The materials can include glass, roofing shingle tabs, shredded tires, coal ash, railroad ties, and taconite tailings. The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) recently established a policy requiring that the use of waste material provide both short- and long-term public benefits. Mn/DOT also sought a framework to assess whether such benefits exist. Accordingly, a decision framework and decision support tool in the form of an electronic spreadsheet were developed, tested, and refined through the application of three case studies. The framework and decision support tool spreadsheet are described, and the results of one of the applied case studies are presented to illustrate the types of inputs required by the spreadsheet and the outputs produced. The spreadsheet is a very flexible tool that is able to account for a wide variety of materials and their placement in highways. It compares over a 20-year period the discounted present value of the incremental increase in highway maintenance and construction costs as a result of using taconite tailings in roads to the avoidable costs of disposal through transporting the waste and landfilling it or disposing of the waste material at the source where it is generated (e.g., a taconite mine). U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Decision support systems KW - Fly ash KW - Glass KW - Highway maintenance KW - Minnesota KW - Policy KW - Railroad ties KW - Recycling KW - Shingles KW - Spreadsheets KW - Taconite KW - Tailings KW - Tires KW - Waste disposal KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684586 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810837 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lewis, D J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TESTING FOR FM RADIO INTERFERENCE IN MOTOR VEHICLES SN - 0309067472 PY - 2001 IS - 23 SP - p. 211-214 AB - The increased use of electronics in modern vehicles has led to compatibility problems between vehicle electronic systems and after-market electronic equipment typically installed in Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) vehicles. Radio frequency interference (RFI) between these electronic systems frequently produces random failure of both original equipment manufacturer and after-market components. Interference with TxDOT onboard two-way communication systems can significantly reduce the useful communication range. This interference problem must be analyzed and studied from the standpoint of the FM two-way radio's characteristics and the automotive systems. Other system interference problems can also occur. Failures of critical vehicle systems due to RFI can adversely affect the operation of these vehicles and pose grave safety problems. Guidelines for minimum acceptable RFI limits in motor vehicles must be examined and improved. The overall objective of this project is to develop and validate effective RFI test procedures that will allow TxDOT to identify potential compatibility and RFI problems related to the use of after-market equipment in its vehicles. The first step in this process will be to investigate RFI problems and current RFI test standards. After this review process, a detailed test procedure will be developed. The second phase of the project will be validation of the test procedure. The RFI test procedure to be developed will benefit not only TxDOT but other DOTs across the country as well. U1 - Ninth Maintenance Management ConferenceTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation.Juneau, Alaska StartDate:20000716 EndDate:20000720 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities; and Iowa Department of Transportation. KW - After-market components KW - Communication systems KW - Compatibility KW - Electronic equipment KW - Failure KW - Frequency modulation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Original equipment KW - Radio frequency interference KW - State departments of transportation KW - Test procedures KW - Two-way radio KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808770 AU - Roadway Safety Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY SAFETY GUIDE FOR LOCAL DECISION MAKERS AND COMMUNITY LEADERS PY - 2001 SP - 77 p. AB - This guide provides local elected officials and other community leaders with basic information to improve roadway safety in their communities. It is designed to be a hands-on, user friendly document, providing: strategies to make roads safer; basic information to improve roadway safety in cooperation with state and local transportation departments, highway engineers, highway safety officials, Safe Communities groups, and other safety programs; and clear descriptions of key funding and decision making processes that affect roadway safety. KW - Community action programs KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Financing KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Safety management KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9482/roadway.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808504 AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIMARC, TRAFFIC RESPONSE AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT ASSISTING THE RIVER CITIES PY - 2001 AB - This website describes TRIMARC, an intelligent transportation system designed to provide travelers with information for the interstate highway system within the greater Louisville/Southern Indiana urbanized area. TRIMARC is designed to detect incidents quickly assist in notifying appropriate public safety agencies and provide traffic information to motorists. By relieving traffic congestion TRIMARC also improves air quality, reduces the number of highway incidents, and improves travel times. Through the use of traffic flow sensors, video monitoring, variable message signs, and highway advisory radio, drivers are alerted with an advanced warning system to avoid delays, plan alternate routes and enhance their travel experience KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Incident management KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673833 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00806992 AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE SYSTEMS, AUGUST 25-28, 1996, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA PY - 2001 SP - 73p AB - This conference on High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) systems brought together transportation professionals from throughout North America and the world. Building on past efforts, the conference provided the opportunity for transportation professionals to share ideas on different topics and to discuss current issues and opportunities. A wealth of information was presented on new HOV projects, innovative transit services, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), priority pricing, arterial street projects, and marketing and public information programs. Participants also had the opportunity to tour the busways, freeway HOV lanes, arterial street bus lanes, light rail transit, and other facilities in the Pittsburgh area. The keynote speeches and concurrent session presentations are summarized in these proceedings. U1 - Eighth International Conference on High-Occupancy Vehicle SystemsTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania StartDate:19960825 EndDate:19960828 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Arterial highways KW - Conferences KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Marketing KW - Public information programs KW - Public transit KW - Road pricing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16018/PB2000102158.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/675804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806964 AU - Laborers' Health and Safety Fund of North America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND HEALTH ON BRIDGE REPAIR, RENOVATION, AND DEMOLITION PROJECTS PY - 2001 SP - v.p. AB - This guideline has been prepared for use by contractors who are engaged in bridge repair, renovation and demolition. It is designed to assist contractors in establishing, improving, and implementing a comprehensive safety and health program to address workplace hazards for workers who are employed on these projects. The overall objective is to provide guidance to contractors on establishing a management strategy and applying practices that are intended to eliminate, or reduce, fatalities, injuries and illnesses for construction workers performing activities and tasks associated with highway bridge projects. The manual is organized by chapters that move sequentially from the general requirements for essential elements in any safety and health management program (chapter 2), to safety and health programs, practices, and procedures (chapters 3 and 4), to compliance with lead-specific issues encountered in this work (chapter 5). In addition, a number of items in the Appendices are provided to further assist contractors in developing their own programs. Because the guideline deals with workplace health and safety issues affecting employees who work on bridge maintenance and construction projects, references are made to the relevant Occupational Safety and Health Act regulations that are applicable to construction work. KW - Compliance KW - Construction and maintenance personnel KW - Contractors KW - Demolition KW - Guidelines KW - Health KW - Highway bridges KW - Lead based paint KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Occupational safety KW - Occupational Safety and Health act KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/98180/intro/intro.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805914 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE (LTPP) SECTION - GUIDANCE FOR REHABILITATION PY - 2001 SP - n.p. AB - Pavement rehabilitation in a number of States and Provinces consumes the majority of the pavement funds. Highway agencies have many questions related to selecting the right rehabilitation strategy considering the pavement condition, traffic, and desired performance period. In response to this need, one of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program's objectives is to develop improved design methodologies and strategies for the rehabilitation of existing pavements. Of the approximately 2,400 LTPP sections, there are 442 rehabilitated pavement sections in the GPS-6 and -7 and SPS-5 and -6 experiments. These 442 are the source of the data used to address LTPP's goal. An increase in the quality and applicability of the LTPP rehabilitation products requires an increase in the number of rehabilitated test sections in the LTPP program while not increasing the total number of sections in the program. A means to increase the number of rehabilitated sections is to continue to monitor an LTPP section after the State or Province has completed a pavement rehabilitation. For an LTPP test section to be considered for future monitoring after a rehabilitation, three criteria must be met: (1) the rehabilitation treatment must fall within certain types and ranges, (2) the section rehabilitation must be completed and open to traffic by the end of 2002, and (3) the State or Province must meet certain data collection responsibilities. KW - Canadian Provinces KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rehabilitation treatments (Pavements) KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Test sections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/rehab/rehab.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805588 AU - Wunderlich, Karl E AU - Hardy, Matthew H AU - Larkin, James J AU - Shah, Vaishali P AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ON-TIME RELIABILITY IMPACTS OF ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SERVICES (ATIS) : WASHINGTON, DC CASE STUDY PY - 2001 SP - 69 p. (151 Kb) AB - Internet-based Advanced Traveler Information Services (ATIS) provide the urban traveler with estimated travel times based on current roadway congestion. Survey research indicates that the vast majority of current ATIS users are satisfied consumers who feel they save time by utilizing these services on a regular basis. However, in numerous field experiments and simulation studies, ATIS users experience little or no actual reduction in their in-vehicle travel time. This report describes an innovative analytical method (the simulated yoked study) which applies dynamic programming techniques to archives of observed roadway congestion to quantify the impact of regular ATIS utilization by urban commuters. A simulated yoked study comprises efficient modeling of paired driving trials between travelers with or without ATIS, conducted across regional urban networks and over months or years of archived data. In-vehicle travel time, as well as on-time reliability measures, are tracked for each simulated yoked trial participant. Using results from a large-scale case study in the Washington, DC area we show that even though over time ATIS users realize only marginally reduced in-vehicle travel time, they do realize substantial time management benefits from improved on-time reliability and trip predictability KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Consumer behavior KW - Internet KW - Reliability KW - Simulation KW - Travel time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17900/17900/PB2001104970.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17900/17901/PB2001104971.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00805583 JO - Federal register [online]. Vol. 66, no. 5 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL ITS ARCHITECTURE POLICY ON TRANSIT PROJECTS PY - 2001 SP - p. 1455-1459 AB - The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) announces the FTA National ITS Architecture Policy on Transit Projects, which is defined in this document. The National ITS Architecture Policy is a product of statutory changes made by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) (Pub. L. 105-178) enacted on June 9, 1998. The National ITS Architecture Policy is also a product of the Request for Comment on the National ITS Architecture Consistency Policy for Project Development that was published in the Federal Register on May 25, 2000. Because it is highly unlikely that the entire National ITS Architecture would be fully implemented by any single metropolitan area or State, this policy requires that the National ITS Architecture be used to develop a local implementation of the National ITS Architecture, which is referred to as a "regional ITS architecture.'' Therefore, conformance with the National ITS Architecture is defined under this policy as development of a regional ITS architecture within four years after the first ITS project advancing to final design, and the subsequent adherence of ITS projects to the regional ITS architecture. The regional ITS architecture is based on the National ITS Architecture and consists of several parts including the system functional requirements and information exchanges with planned and existing systems and subsystems and identification of applicable standards, and would be tailored to address the local situation and ITS investment needs KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Policy KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/675098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00977156 AU - Mogawer, W S AU - Cordeiro, P L AU - Austerman, M G AU - Fung, C AU - Perlov, N AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHASE I: IMPLEMENTATION OF SUPERPAVE IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - 2000/12/31 SP - 139 p. AB - The purpose of the research project presented herein was to assist and contribute to the overall Implementation Plan of Superpave in Massachusetts. The research project consisted of several components: 1) Assist with the mix designs of pilot projects, 2) Define what Performance Grade Binder should be used at different regions in Massachusetts, 3) Train state and industry engineers and technicians with the Superpave technology, 4) Develop a moisture damage test that more closely simulates the weather conditions of Massachusetts, 5) Verify the plant produced mixtures for adherence to specifications, and 6) Develop a new mix design for Open Graded Friction Course using a Superpave Gyratory Compactor. Four Superpave mixtures (SSC-9.5mm, SSC-12.5mm, SSC-19mm, SIC-25mm) and two control mixtures (Modified Top Course and Top Course) were developed. The Federal Highway Administration demonstration laboratory and the contractor verified that these mixtures met volumetric requirements of Superpave and were used in constructing the first pilot project. The mixtures for the control sections were designed in compliance with the Massachusetts Specifications for Highway and Bridges. Construction at the pilot project location started on August 22, 2000 and ended on October 20, 2000. The placement of the Superpave mixtures was comparable to that of the control mixtures. The Superpave mixtures will continue to be monitored for the next five years to evaluate their performance in comparison to the performance of the control mixtures. Moisture sensitivity (AASHTO T-283 and a proposed method) and Resilient Modulus (AASHTO TP31-96) testing were performed on Superpave and control mixtures. KW - Compliance KW - Friction course KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Implementation KW - Massachusetts KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture sensitivity KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Pilot studies KW - Specifications KW - Superpave KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814108 AU - Badie, S S AU - Tadros, M K AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-GIRDER/DECK CONNECTION FOR EFFICIENT DECK REPLACEMENT PY - 2000/12/31 SP - 137 p. AB - Efficient replacement of bridge decks is becoming increasingly important in high traffic areas due to public intolerance to extended bridge closure. Rehabilitation of deteriorated decks causes public inconvenience, travel delay, and economic hardship. Maintaining traffic flow during bridge deck repair is often difficult and requires extensive planning and coordination. Demolition of bridge deck that is compositely connected with either structural steel I-girders or precast concrete I-girders is one of the major items in deck replacement. This is very time consuming because removing concrete around shear connectors takes time and care to avoid damage to the girders. The objective of this research is to implement two new connection systems that were developed in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project 12-41, one system for steel girder/concrete deck connection and the other for concrete girder/concrete deck connection. For steel girder/concrete deck connection, a new large 31.8 mm (1 1/4 in.) diameter shear stud is used to replace popular 19.1 mm (3.4 in.) and 22.2 mm (7/8 in.) shear studs. Using the 31.8 mm (1 1/4 in.) studs results in higher construction speed and enhancement of deck removal. For concrete girders, a new debonded shear key system is used to replace the conventional roughened interface system. Shear friction theory is adopted to develop a design procedure for this new connection. Extensive tests and field implementation showed that the new shear key system has comparable structural behavior with the conventional roughened interface system. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Demolition KW - Girders KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Shear keys KW - Steel KW - Stud connectors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18100/18187/PB2001107385.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681471 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00812532 JO - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research PB - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Shinozuka, M AU - Saxena, V AU - Deodatis, G AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Princeton University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Seismic Systems and Engineering Consultants TI - EFFECT OF SPATIAL VARIATION OF GROUND MOTION ON HIGHWAY STRUCTURES PY - 2000/12/31 SP - 265 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of spatial variability of ground motion on the seismic response of highway bridges and to provide guidelines for the seismic analysis and design of such structures to account for this effect. To accomplish these objectives, a methodology was developed to generate spatially varying ground motion time histories at the different supports of a bridge. Spatial variability of seismic ground motion can be mainly attributed to the following three mechanisms: 1) difference in arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, commonly known as the "wave passage effect"; 2) loss of coherence of seismic waves due to multiple reflections and refractions as they propagate through the highly inhomogeneous soil medium, referred to as the "incoherence effect"; and 3) change in the amplitude and frequency content of seismic ground motion due to different local soil conditions, known as the "local soil effect". The "wave passage effect" is characterized by the apparent velocity of wave propagation, the "incoherence effect" is characterized by the so-called coherence function, while the "local soil effect" is characterized by defining different response (or power) spectra at different locations corresponding to their local soil conditions. The methodology that was developed in this study to generate spatially varying seismic ground motion time histories at different locations reflects all three of these effects. A set of representative highway bridges was then selected to be analyzed using identical support ground motions and differential (asynchronous) support ground motions, in order to estimate the effect of spatial variability of seismic ground motion. Extensive preliminary as well as rigorous sensitivity analyses were performed using a large variety of different spatially varying ground motions. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was followed throughout. Based mainly on the general conclusions of the analyses performed in this study, and taking into account the observations and conclusions of other researchers' work, the following guidelines are proposed for the analysis and design of highway bridges to account for the spatial variation of seismic ground motion: (I) For bridges that are less than approximately 1,000 to 1,500 ft in total length, and have all their supports on the same local soil conditions, it is recommended that they be analyzed and designed using currently available seismic design practices; and (II) For bridges that are more than approximately 1,000 to 1,500 ft in total length, or bridges of any length that have supports on different local soil conditions, it is recommended (a) to perform time history dynamic analyses for design purposes, involving response spectrum compatible asynchronous support ground motion time histories reflecting the different local soil conditions, wave propagation and loss of coherence effects and (b) to consider a minimum of 20 time history analyses of the bridge to get a reliable estimate of the peak response that will be used for design purposes. KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Ground motion time histories KW - Highway bridges KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Seismicity KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Spatial variability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00812533 JO - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research PB - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Werner, S D AU - Taylor, C E AU - Moore, J E AU - Walton, J S AU - Cho, Soojin AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Princeton University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Seismic Systems and Engineering Consultants TI - A RISK-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 2000/12/31 SP - 287 p. AB - The Seismic Risk Assessment (SRA) methodology described in this report incorporates data and models for seismology and geology, engineering (structural, geotechnical, and transportation), repair and reconstruction, system analysis, and economics, in order to estimate system-wide direct losses (i.e., costs for repair of damaged highway components) as well as indirect losses due to reduced traffic flows, increased travel times, and associated economic impacts of earthquake damage to the highway system. The report is presented in eight chapters and eight appendices. The eight chapters provide the basic framework and a demonstration application of the SRA methodology and its modules. Chapter 1 provides an introduction, Chapter 2 summarizes the main elements of the methodology, and Chapters 3 through 6 describe its system, hazards, component, and economic modules, respectively. A demonstration application of the SRA methodology to the Shelby County, Tennessee highway system is provided in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides concluding comments and recommended directions for further development of this methodology. The eight appendices provide additional technical detail on the material contained in the report. KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Earthquakes KW - Economic impacts KW - Highways KW - Loss and damage KW - Methodology KW - Risk assessment KW - Shelby County (Tennessee) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686793 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00812531 JO - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research PB - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Vlassis, A G AU - Maragakis, E M AU - Saiidi, M S AU - Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGE RESTRAINERS PY - 2000/12/30 SP - 161 p. AB - The 1971 San Fernando Earthquake showed that many highway bridges are vulnerable to collapse due to excessive longitudinal movements at expansion joints and supports. The California Department of Transportation has since initiated a retrofit scheme, which includes tying bridge spans together with restrainers at their hinges. This experimental study investigates the impact between adjacent bridge spans at in-span hinges, evaluates the efficacy of restrainers in reducing relative displacements across the hinges and examines the effects of restrainer stiffness and gap on the response of the hinge-restrainer system. A specimen consisting of two box girder reinforced concrete blocks representing the adjacent spans of a reference bridge at in-span hinge was constructed and tested under incrementally increasing worst case scenario input excitation. The blocks were supported by elastomeric bearings simulating the stiffness of the substructure. Cable restrainers were used to connect the two blocks, the number and gap of which were varied during the experiments. Experimental results indicated that impacts between the adjacent frames produce acceleration levels significantly higher than what is typically assumed in design. Restrainers were capable of reducing hinge relative displacements and preventing span unseating. However, restrainer yielding occurred under strong input motions, especially when the restrainer gap was set to zero. Only pounding at the hinge location was included in this study, while pounding elsewhere in the superstructure as well as the detailed response behavior of substructure elements were neglected. KW - Cables KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Hinges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Restrainers (Bridges) KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938079 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL UNIT (PTU) DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL TESTING PY - 2000/12/29 SP - 35 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration has been conducting research on incorporating Global Positioning System (GPS) data (i.e., location and speed) as part of travel survey data since 1995. This report describes a research project to develop a small, lightweight person-based data collection device including GPS data that will allow recording of walk, bike, and other trips that do not involve using a motor vehicle. The biggest motivations to incorporate GPS data into household travel surveys are to improve data quality and to reduce respondent burden during the survey process. This research was spurred by the fact that GPS receivers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs, or hand-held computers) are becoming more affordable and more commonly used. GPS combined with PDAs offer the opportunity to capture accurate time, location, route choice, and travel speed, while simultaneously reducing the amount of time an individual spends completing a travel activity survey. U.S. statistics indicate that the average distances in 1990 were 0.6 miles for walk trips and 2.0 miles for bicycle trips. Average trip times are on the order of 10 to 15 minutes, assuming an average walking speed of 3 miles per hour and bicycle speed of 10 miles per hour. Respondent burden and acceptance during walk and bike trips is of critical importance and is reflected primarily in the weight and size of the data collection unit. KW - Bicycling KW - Distance KW - Global Positioning System KW - Location KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Personal digital assistants KW - Personal travel units KW - Route choice KW - Speed KW - Time KW - Travel surveys KW - Walking UR - http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ptureport/ptufinalreport_v3.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815861 AU - McKenna, C K AU - Yost, B AU - Munzenrider, R F AU - Young, M L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF DRIVER EDUCATION IN PENNSYLVANIA PY - 2000/12/12 SP - 235 p. AB - The problem of young driver safety prompted the formation of The Driver's Education Task Force. This Task Force identified rates of young-driver crashes and young-driver traffic convictions as reasonable measures of the effectiveness of Driver Education. Driver Education Instructors also identified lower rates of crashes and convictions as one mark of the success of Driver Education. The research based on Pennsylvania data found the following: no lower crash rate, no lower conviction rate, no demonstrated change in seat belt use, no lower rate of risk-taking behaviors and no lower rate of crash severity or injuries. Typical characteristics of Driver Education in other states include the following: Departments of Education administer Driver Education for the Public Schools; There is a movement toward graduated licensing; There is no state subsidy in 30 states; There is Certification but no Re-certification of Driver Education Instructors; The typical program has 30 classroom hours and 6 behind-the-wheel hours; and Few states have undertaken research to test the effectiveness of Driver Education. KW - Administration KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Certification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Driver education KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Financing KW - Graduated licensing KW - Injury rates KW - Instructors KW - Pennsylvania KW - Risk taking KW - Seat belts KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930663 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HERS/ST HIGHWAY ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM/STATE VERSION USER'S GUIDE PY - 2000/12/11 SP - v.p. AB - The Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) is a computer model designed to analyze the effects of alternative funding levels of highway performance. To achieve this end, HERS uses data describing an extensive sample of sections of the Nation's highway system contained in the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) as the basis for analyses of the benefits and costs of alternative improvements. This HERS/ST Users Guide is to be used in combination with HERS/Users Guide (Volume III), together these volumes are designed to provide all information necessary to run HERS/ST. This Users Guide also supplements the HERS Technical Report (Volume IV) by providing technical documentation of analytical features that are unique to HERS/ST. In this HERS/ST Users Guide, Volumes III and IV of the National HERS system will be referred to as "the HERS Users Guide" and 'the Hers Technical Report". KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Computer models KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719865 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459499 TI - Quality and Accuracy of Positional Data in Transportation AB - The objectives of this research are to: (1) identify the positional- data quality needs for common transportation applications; (2) document the effectiveness of various techniques for establishing spatial positions; (3) develop methodologies for assessing the impacts of positional-data accuracy in transformations between measurement techniques and spatial referencing systems; and (4) package the findings into materials that can be readily implemented by DOT personnel. KW - Dynamic positioning KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Research projects KW - Traffic distribution KW - Transportation engineering UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=591 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457220 AU - LUKANEN, ERLAND O AU - Kruse, Cameron G AU - Braun Intertec Corporation AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Optimization of Recycled Asphalt Concrete and Base Materials For Bases of New Asphalt Concrete Pavements PY - 2000/12//Final Report SP - 155p AB - Asphalt pavement rehabilitation techniques used in South Dakota include the process of reclaiming the existing asphalt, and a part of the underlying aggregate base, for use as a new aggregate base material. The reclamation process is often called Process in Place (PIP). The use of millings as an unbound base, termed salvage for this report, was also evaluated. The South Dakota Department of Transportation has experienced some problems with PIP, either during construction or poor performance once the project is in service. This research was to evaluate the performance of PIP, both during and after construction. The research included a literature search, interviews, the evaluation of 10 sections selected from existing projects that used reclaimed asphalt in the base, and the construction of test sections using three reclaimed asphalt to aggregate blend ratio, three construction processes, and two compaction efforts. In addition, laboratory tests were conducted to identify properties that may be unique to reclaimed asphalt. Reclaimed asphalt does relax, or consolidate with time, which can reduce its structural capacity, and/or contribute to rutting. PIP was found to be a valuable alternative to use for the rehabilitation of asphalt pavements. The reclaimed material, as used in PIP, provides less structural support than aggregate base. Limited the asphalt content and densification during construction are keys to satisfactory performance.. PIP was found to be able to bridge very soft subgrade conditions that other forms of construction such as the salvage process, would have problems with. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - In-place recycling KW - Optimization KW - Recycled materials KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - South Dakota UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD1997_03_Final_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160034 AU - Balaguru, P N AU - Bhatt, Dharm AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Rapid Hardening Concrete PY - 2000/12//Final Report SP - 28p AB - Results of an experimental investigation on the properties of rapid hardening concrete are reported. Six potential cements that can develop 2000 lbf/in² in 3 hours and workable duration of about 20 minutes were selected based on an extensive literature search. Preliminary strength and workability tests were conducted for these six selected cements. Based on the results of the preliminary investigation, three cements were selected for further investigation. The variables evaluated were: (i) cement type, (ii) cement content, (iii) water – cement ratio, (iv) use of latex, (v) influence of retarding admixture, and (vi) ambient temperature. The response variables were: (i) strength gain with time, (ii) slump loss with time, (iii) workability under vibration, (iv) plastic and drying shrinkage, and (v) relationship between compressive strength and modulus of rupture. The following are the major findings. 1) It is possible to formulate a workable concrete that can provide 2000 lbf/in² compressive strength in 3 hours. 2) A modulus of rupture of 350 lbf/in² can be easily achieved at 3 hours. 3) The strength gain under flexure mode is more rapid than the strength gain under compression loading. 4) Retarding admixtures can be added to increase the workable duration to 25 minutes. The concrete flows well under vibration. 5) The concrete retains its flowable characteristics better if the mix is kept under constant movement. 6) Trial mixes should be made if the coarse aggregate is different from the 0.375 in. maximum size trap rock used for the investigation. 7) If the ambient temperature is between 65 and 80° F, mix proportions presented in the conclusion section will provide a workable mix for 25 minutes. 8) If the ambient temperature is between 80 and 90° F, the retarder dose can be increased by 20%. If there is no need for extended workable time, the admixture dosage can be maintained at the same level. 9) If the ambient temperature is between 50 and 65 ° F, the admixture dosage should be reduced by 50%. 10) If the ambient temperature is less than 50° F placement is not recommended, unless heated water is used for the mix and heating blankets are used for curing for at least 3 hours. The concrete should be maintained at about 72° F for a minimum of three hours. 11) Rapid Set Concrete is more susceptible to plastic shrinkage cracking as compared to ASTM Type I cement concrete. Therefore, the exposed surface should be protected with curing membrane or wet blanket to avoid any water loss. The surface protection can be applied as soon as the surface becomes hard. 12) Rapid Set Concrete shrinks less and therefore cracks less under restrained conditions. It might be possible to formulate a mix that will not crack due to drying or autogenous shrinkage. KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Curing membranes KW - Flowability KW - Latex KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Rapid hardening KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shrinkage KW - Slump loss KW - Vibration KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/FHWA-NJ-2001-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074082 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed reconstruction of M-24 from one mile north of the Oakland county line to I-69, Lapeer County : environmental impact statement PY - 2000/12//Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reno railroad corridor, Reno : environmental impact statement PY - 2000/12//Volumes held: Draft(2v)(v.2 folio), F(3v)(v.3 folio) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01032942 AU - Zwahlen, Helmut T AU - Schnell, Thomas AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Buckeye Crossbuck at Public, Passive Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings in Ohio PY - 2000/12//Final Technical Report SP - 55p AB - Two new crossbuck designs for use at passive Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings (RRX) were evaluated. The Standard Improved and the Buckeye crossbuck were evaluated on a state-wide basis in Ohio with respect to their potential to alter driver risk taking behavior (part I), their crash reduction potential (part II), user acceptance (part III), and with respect to their photometric performance at night (part IV). It was found that the percentage of non-compliant drivers was approximately the same for both crossbuck designs with slightly more conservative risk acceptance times obtained for the Buckeye crossbuck. Based on the last 10 years of Ohio Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings crash history the overall number of crashes at passive Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings has continued to drop. Overall, the crash numbers in part II show a statistically significant (α = 0.05) superiority of the Buckeye crossbuck: 157 crashes for Buckeye crossbuck vs. 192 crashes for Standard Improved crossbuck (22% decrease in crashes) from 1994 until June 30th, 1999. A user acceptance survey indicated an overwhelming preference of the Buckeye Crossbuck among all surveyed user groups. The Buckeye Crossbuck provides by far the strongest visual signal among the measured crossbucks at night and during daytime. Photometric crossbuck luminance measurements conducted under automobile low-beam illumination at night indicate that due to their increased reflectorization, both the Buckeye Crossbuck and Standard Improved Crossbuck provide superior visual stimuli to an approaching driver at night. The positive effect of the Buckeye Crossbuck on crash numbers is more pronounced during daytime than during nighttime. The nighttime and daytime proportions of the crash frequencies separately still favor the Buckeye Crossbuck. The multi-faceted, fully reflectorized (micro-prismatic type VII, long distance performance LPD) shield makes a Buckeye Crossbuck the brightest and visually most powerful crossbuck design evaluated in this study. In addition, the angled shield makes the Buckeye Crossbuck less sensitive to placement in approaches that are not straight or perpendicular to the railroad tracks, and the red YIELD legend on the shield has the potential to instill into drivers, close to the Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing, the idea that they must yield to approaching trains. It is also important to note that, especially at night, both the Standard Improved Crossbuck and the Buckeye Crossbuck designs provide an approaching driver with a reflectorized (bright) target on both sides of the tracks, which makes it possible for a driver to determine if a Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing is occupied by a train (left crossbuck either fully or partially obstructed by railroad cars). It is recommended to amend the national standard for crossbucks at public passive Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and to include the Buckeye crossbuck as an alternate design. KW - Crash-reduction KW - Crashes KW - Crossbucks KW - High risk drivers KW - Ohio KW - Photometry KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad safety KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Traffic violations KW - User acceptance UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A45950791 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/788275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942334 AU - Hunter-Zaworski, K AU - Strong, C AU - Ice, R AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA/OREGON ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE PY - 2000/12 SP - 274 p. AB - This report presents the regional intelligent transportation systems (ITS) architecture developed as a part of the California/Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems (COATS) project. The purpose of the architecture is to define a framework for how various systems and stakeholders within the COATS study region will interact in order to meet regional transportation challenges. The COATS regional architecture follows the guidelines of the National ITS Architecture; therefore, this report provides a brief conceptual overview of the National ITS Architecture. Following this, the report describes efforts that were used to collect the inputs that were needed to develop the regional architecture. These include the Legacy Systems Report, the Conditions and Performance Report, the Project Infrastructure Report, the Traveler Needs Survey, several outreach and architecture workshops, and a Market Package Exercise. The regional architecture has a number of components. It includes a high-level architecture for the COATS region. This architecture is further delineated at the subregional level in three subregional architectures. There are subregional architectures for southern Oregon, north central California, and the northern California coast, each of which has architecture flow diagrams included in this report. The regional architecture and related subregional architectures were developed through the U.S. Department of Transportation's Turbo Architecture software package. The COATS Regional Architecture is designed to reflect the dynamic characteristics of the ITS architecture development process so all the databases are maintained in an electronic format for easy updating and revisions. A project-level architecture is defined for the COATS early winner project, the Bi-State Traveler Safety and Incident Management System, which is centered around Siskiyou Pass. This is a segment of Interstate 5 that stretches from Yreka, California in the south to Medford, Oregon in the north. The project level architecture provides an example of how the high-level architecture may be used in developing projects and illustrates the opportunities for bi-state partnership and cooperation. This report documents the first steps in the development of the ITS architecture for the COATS region. Next steps in the architecture development process include a major validation of the data and information flows by regional and subregional stakeholders, as well as updating the infrastructure reports to reflect changes as technology is implemented. This report will serve as background for the COATS ITS Strategic Deployment Plan. KW - California KW - California/Oregon Advanced Transportation Systems (COATS) KW - Databases KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - National ITS Architecture KW - Oregon KW - Regions KW - System architecture UR - https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark%3A%2F13030%2Fm5gj1rcn/1/producer%2FCOATS-RA.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938501 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Pietz, M D AU - Anderson, K W AU - Pierce, L M AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FRAMEWORK FOR WSDOT PAVEMENT RESEARCH PY - 2000/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This study documents the development of a pavement research framework for the Washington State Department of Transportation. The framework extends over a six-year period (three biennia) and includes provision for extensive collaboration with other agencies, the private sector, and national funding organizations. KW - Cooperation KW - Federal government agencies KW - Financing KW - Pavements KW - Private enterprise KW - Research KW - State government agencies UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/492.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00933878 AU - Waalkes, S M AU - Dossey, T AU - McCullough, B F AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE RIGID PAVEMENT LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS PROGRAM PY - 2000/12 SP - 132 p. AB - This report describes the sensitivity analysis performed on the Rigid Pavement Life-Cycle Cost Analysis program, a computer program developed by the Center for Transportation Research for the Texas Department of Transportation. The program predicts the performance and life-cycle costs of portland cement concrete pavements. The input variables of the program are identified, and their effect on life-cycle cost is quantified. The most sensitive variables are isolated and discussed. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1739_2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00931012 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - The Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) is a computer model designed to simulate improvement selection decisions based on the relative benefit-cost merits of alternative improvement options. The HERS model is the result of the efforts to examine more carefully the costs, benefits and national economic implications associated with highway investment options. This Technical Report is the fourth volume of HERS documentation. It is labeled Version 3.26 because it corresponds to program Version 3.26 which was used to evaluate 1997 data in preparation of the 1999 C&P Report. It consists of detailed technical discussions of the procedures, assumptions, algorithms, and inputs of the HERS model. This Technical Report is the first of the four volumes to be updated to Version 3.26. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer models KW - Computer program documentation KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Highway Economic Requirements System KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Simulation KW - Technical reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00931013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM USER'S GUIDE. FINAL DRAFT PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - The Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS) was designed to perform highway needs analyses that reflect both the current condition of the highway system and the estimated costs and benefits of potential improvements to the system. The system enables the user to better examine costs, benefits, and national economic implications associated with highway options. It is used to develop national estimates of needs for pavement, capacity, and alignment improvements to highways. However, it may also be used to develop similar state-level estimates by any state office responsible for long-range highway planning. The purpose of this user guide is to provide information necessary to use the system efficiently and effectively and to enable potential users to determine its applicability. KW - Alignment KW - Benefits KW - Computer program documentation KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Estimates KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway Economic Requirements System KW - Improvements KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00928069 AU - Stephens, J B AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING PERFORMANCE-BASED TEST AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SULFATE RESISTANCE IN CONCRETE PY - 2000/12 SP - 182 p. AB - This research project involved an experimental evaluation of the sulfate resistance of various concretes and mortars for the purpose of establishing performance-based specifications for the durability of concrete against sulfate attack. The research is the test program portion of a long-term project that aims to establish performance-based specifications for durability for concrete mix designs for the Texas Department of Transportation. The test program described in this report consisted of two phases. The first phase was an investigation of the potential use of the standardized test, ASTM C1012-95, as a performance test. Plain portland cement mortars and mortars with cement-mineral admixture combinations were tested using three ASTM C150 types of cement, two types of fly ash, and a ground granulated blast furnace slag. The second phase involved evaluating experimentally the effect of permeability on the sulfate resistance of concrete for the purpose of determining the proper approach for specifying permeability for sulfate resistance. Concrete permeability was varied by testing different types of cement and cement-mineral admixture combinations, by using different water-to-cementitious material ratios for each cement combination, and by using various curing procedures. In the first phase mortar bars and in the second phase concrete cylinders were immersed in sulfate solution to simulate sulfate exposure. KW - Admixtures KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - Mortar KW - Performance based specifications KW - Permeability KW - Sulfate resisting cement KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1706_3.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18515/PB2002100349.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/718781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00925744 AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY IN TRAVEL BEHAVIOR USING GPS DATA PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - This research project focused on analyzing day-to-day variability in travel behavior using a Global Positioning System- (GPS-) based data set. The specific objectives of the research project were to: (1) Explore day-to-day variability in travel behavior with respect to selected variables such as trip chaining, departure time, trip frequency, and path selection; and (2) Compare day-to-day variability found in the GPS-based data set against that reported in the literature to assess the potential benefits and pitfalls associated with using a GPS-based data collection methodology. KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Days KW - Departure time KW - Global Positioning System KW - Measurement KW - Route choice KW - Travel behavior KW - Trip chaining KW - Trip frequency UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/gps/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00810959 AU - Macadam, C AU - Hagan, M AU - Fancher, P AU - Winkler, C AU - Ervin, R AU - Zhou, J AU - Bogard, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REARWARD AMPLIFICATION SUPPRESSION (RAMS) PY - 2000/12 SP - 90 p. AB - The basic goal of this work was to develop and demonstrate an automatic brake control system that could intervene -- only when needed -- to help suppress unwanted trailer oscillations (commonly referred to as rearward amplification) in large combination vehicles (typically double and triple trailer combinations). The system would only be enabled for highway speed conditions greater than 50 mph. If possible, the system would be so simple that it could be provided on a trailer-by-trailer basis. That is, the proposed system, when implemented on a particular trailer within a combination vehicle train, would not have to depend upon sensor information from units ahead of it or behind it in order to function properly and yet provide significant benefit. The primary focus therefore of this work was on the development and demonstration of a so-called "trailer-only" RAMS (Rearward Amplification Suppression) system. Another aspect of this work was the perceived need to "keep it simple," thereby facilitating the implementation and potential adoption of a RAMS functionality (and its associated vehicle outfitting) by the truck and trailer user community. Thus the emphasis here on a "trailer-only" system. Further, if the outcome of this study was successful at demonstrating the effectiveness of a practical and simple-to-implement RAMS system, then it was deemed likely that a follow-on field trial of the proposed system could be executed by a third party subsystem manufacturer (perhaps in partnership with the U.S. Department of Transportation) to evaluate the RAMS system in actual practice. Key findings from the work include: A particular "Trailer-Only RAMS System" has been developed and shown to be highly effective at reducing rearward amplification in double and triple trailer combinations on both dry and wet high friction surfaces. None of the RAMS systems examined within the study was seen to provide directional stability benefits on very low friction surfaces (e.g., wet jennite, ice/snow, etc.). A "safe harbor" -- in terms of rearward amplification tendencies -- exists for most combination vehicles at speeds below 45 mph. Consequently, the speed reduction that accompanies a RAMS intervention provides a beneficial byproduct of increased directional damping to the vehicle as it slows down. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic braking KW - Brakes KW - Control systems KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Directional stability KW - Oscillation KW - Rearward amplification suppression KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00922881 AU - Jacobs, G AU - Aeron-Thomas, A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - AFRICA ROAD SAFETY REVIEW - FINAL REPORT PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - A number of studies of road crashes worldwide carried out in recent years have shown that the road safety situation throughout the African continent is one of the worst in the world. This is the first review of road safety in Sub Saharan Africa and the objective was to analyze existing data and information on the road safety situation in order to identify the data gaps and priority needs. Between 68 and 82 thousand lives are estimated to be lost in road crashes in Sub Saharan Africa in 2000. The current situation in Sub Saharan Africa was reviewed in terms of fatality rate and fatality risk as well as motorization level. With the highest regional motorization levels, Southern Africa also reported the highest fatality risk. Apart from the two largest countries, South Africa and Nigeria, Sub Saharan Africa reported a 42% increase in road fatalities over the past decade. This is less than in previous decades, but still cause for concern. Despite Africa's serious road safety record, the region has other more important causes of premature mortality. Road safety is unlikely to become a top medical or political priority in Africa and limited resources can be expected to be available for road safety improvements. KW - Africa KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Sub-Saharan Africa KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.bts.gov/publications/africa_road_safety_review/ UR - http://www.bts.gov/publications/africa_road_safety_review/pdf/entire.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35300/35379/Africa.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/708151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921504 AU - Bomba, M AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IDENTIFICATION PROCESS AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR TEXAS GULF CONTAINERPORTS PY - 2000/12 SP - 104 p. AB - This is the second in a series of four reports prepared by the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas at Austin for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to explore containership activity in the Gulf of Mexico. The original scope of work for this report was to produce a process for selecting a candidate port to become a containership load center among Texas Gulf ports. As the project progressed, however, the scope was expanded to also provide a port evaluation process that would be useful to all Texas ports that might provide containership service. The report begins by identifying and discussing relevant topics of port development and operations in four general areas: infrastructure demands; environmental constraints; locational attraction and landside access; and port finance. After introducing the issues surrounding these topics, the report proposes a load center selection process and a containerport evaluation process. The procedure for constructing a load center selection process concentrates on the following: heuristic methods; selecting matrix parameters; parameter criteria; and the scoring and weighting of these parameters and criteria. The port evaluation process focuses on identifying baseline characteristics, determining objectives and alternatives, assessing these objectives and alternatives, and identifying a preferred alternative and its constraints. In its conclusion, the report recommends that these techniques be reviewed and tested on selected Texas ports and that the data collected for the project's decision tools be stored and updated in a database for TxDOT's future use. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Constraints KW - Container load center KW - Container terminals KW - Containerships KW - Environmental protection KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Heuristic methods KW - Infrastructure KW - Landside access KW - Port operations KW - Texas UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1833_2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19400/19431/PB2002106911.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00920220 AU - Dailey, Daniel J AU - Meyers, David AU - Pond, L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SELF-DESCRIBING DATA TRANSFER METHODOLOGY FOR ITS APPLICATIONS PY - 2000/12 SP - 90 p. AB - In this paper, the authors present a methodology for creating encoding, and decoding a self-describing data (SDD) stream for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. The methodology involves four components: 1) existing data description language standards; 2) parsers to enforce language compliance; 3) a simple content language that flows out of the data description language; and, 4) architecture neutral encoders and decoders that are based on ASN.1. The use of the SDD paradigm is demonstrated with data from a legacy traffic management center, and a detailed technical description of its implementation is provided. The SDD paradigm has the potential to enhance the National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) family of protocols currently under development to support ITS deployment. KW - Data communications UR - http://www.its.washington.edu/pubs/sdd_report.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/463.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17900/17936/PB2001105305.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00824782 AU - Epel, J B AU - Gabelhouse & Epel, LLC AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY STUDY PY - 2000/12 SP - 22 p. AB - The study examines different mechanisms by which the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) can either limit or avoid incurring cleanup costs and liabilities or, if that course is unavailable, recover those costs which must be incurred. The key to this approach is information, obtained as early in the acquisition process as possible. Accurate information about site conditions will allow CDOT to avoid severely contaminated properties, if possible, and to properly value those properties that must be acquired. To this end, the study recommends that a training program for CDOT appraisers be established where, with the help of trained environmental professionals, CDOT personnel can develop a consistent and defensible methodology to appropriately value contaminated sites to be acquired by the Agency. KW - Appraisals KW - Colorado KW - Contaminants KW - Costs KW - Environment KW - Information retrieval KW - Liabilities KW - Property KW - Training KW - Transportation departments UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18700/18726/PB2002101703.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/713812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00824783 AU - Lewis, W M AU - Western Environmental Analysts AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF CALIBER M1000 DEICER FOR USE IN COLORADO PY - 2000/12 SP - 29 p. AB - The Caliber M1000 deicer investigated in this study can be described as a magnesium chloride deicer containing substantially more phosphorous, ammonia, and organic matter than were typical of magnesium chloride previously used by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). Application in regions which exercise strong control over site-specific phosphorous mobilization can be problematic. Use of this deicer on montane roadways that do not constitute conflicts with existing regulations could still experience measurable impairment of surface waters through eutrophication. While dilution beyond the roadway would limit the spatial extent of such exceedences, the presence of unionized ammonia concentrations above the standard on a frequent basis during the winter could be harmful to aquatic life some distance from the roadway. The large amount of organic matter raises questions of oxygen demand in standing water remote from the point of application. KW - Ammonia KW - Aquatic life KW - Colorado KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Mountain roads KW - Oxygen demand KW - Phosphorus KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18700/18724/PB2002101701.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/713813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00824633 AU - O'Shea, J K AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Rioux, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PROVISION OF MEDIAN ACCESS ON PRINCIPAL ARTERIALS PY - 2000/12 SP - 104 p. AB - Principal arterial class streets must move large traffic volumes while providing limited property access. Guidelines for median design and other characteristics that will maintain traffic flow potential are needed. Without such guidelines, principal arterials, over time, tend to lose traffic flow potential at the expense of property access functions. These guidelines are being developed as median selection criteria that consider flush medians with no left-turn lanes, flush medians with left-turn lanes, and raised medians with limited median openings. KW - Access KW - Arterial highways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Left turn lanes KW - Median openings KW - Medians KW - Property KW - Raised medians KW - Traffic flow UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/1846_1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18800/18850/PB2002102273.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/713752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818879 AU - George, K P AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBGRADE CHARACTERIZATION FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 2000/12 SP - 198 p. AB - Subgrade soil characterization expressed in terms of Resilient Modulus (M sub R) has become crucial for pavement design. For a new design, M sub R values are generally obtained by conducting repeated triaxial tests on reconstituted/undisturbed cylindrical specimens. Because of the complexities encountered with the test, in-situ tests would be desirable, if reliable correlation can be established. In evaluating existing pavements for rehabilitation selection, subgrade characterization is even more complex. The main focus of this study is to determine subgrade M sub R employing a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), especially the automated version. In support of the study, side-by-side Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests are also conducted. Twelve as-built test sections reflecting typical subgrade soil materials of Mississippi are selected and tested with DCP and FWD before and after pavement construction. Undisturbed samples are extracted using a Shelby tube, and tested in repeated triaxial machine for M sub R. Other routine laboratory tests are conducted to determine physical properties of the soil. In analyzing the data, the soils tested are categorized into two groups, fine- and coarse-grain soils. DCP results (DCP index, penetration/blow) from tests conducted directly in the prepared subgrade are employed to develop regression models for laboratory M sub R prediction. The predictability of the model is substantiated by repeating DCP tests at an independent site. Models for in-situ modulus prediction are also developed in the study. Deflection measurements facilitated the calculation of in-situ modulus, for which three programs were used: MODULUS 5, FWDSOIL and UMPED. The MODULUS 5 backcalculated subgrade modulus shows good agreement with the laboratory M sub R. The FWDSOIL backcalculation program predicts subgrade moduli which are slightly lower than the laboratory M sub R. With emplacement of pavement structure (lime treated subgrade, lime fly ash subbase, and several inches of asphalt concrete) atop the subgrade, the subgrade backcalculated moduli are enhanced, coarse-grain soil showing a larger increase than the fine-grain soil. This latter result, namely the enhancement of subgrade moduli, is substantiated employing the data compiled from 20 Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) pavement sections in Mississippi. In order to analyze the automated DCP results, a software designated Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ANalysis (DCPAN), has been developed. With the regression equation incorporated in the software, real time laboratory as well as backcalculated subgrade modulus calculations are plausible in the field. KW - Backcalculation KW - Coarse grained soils KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dynamic penetration test KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Fine grained soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mississippi KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Regression analysis KW - Software KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/research/Reports/Interim%20and%20Final%20Reports/State%20Study%20131%20-%20Subgrade%20Characterization%20for%20Highway%20Pavement%20Design.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815802 AU - Khan, S I AU - Thanasupsin, K AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING LINK TRAVEL TIME ON I-70 CORRIDOR: A REAL-TIME DEMONSTRATION PROTOTYPE PY - 2000/12 SP - 65 p. AB - This report represents the findings of a study that demonstrates the feasibility of estimating link travel time and speed in real-time for rural, mountainous sections of interstate freeway in Colorado using vehicles instrumented with global positioning system (GPS) receivers, serving as probes in traffic streams. The system configuration developed includes a cost-effective, portable GPS deployment unit, communication links to a server PC and an integrated prototype system for vehicle tracking and estimating link travel time statistics. This study was carried out in two phases. The objective of the first phase was to identify a cost-effective means of monitoring traffic within a rural, mountainous stretch of the I-70 freeway. An algorithm was developed to estimate average link speed, travel time and the standard error of estimates to provide user information on the reliability of the estimates based on the probe data. The algorithm was tested for different traffic conditions and geometric characteristics of links. In the second phase of the project, a real-time demonstrational prototype was developed to receive, process and estimate link travel time and speed statistics in real-time. The system was tested off-line and on-line based on field data received from the I-70 corridor. In addition, GPS receivers were deployed using a commercial vanpool service and the system was evaluated further. KW - Algorithms KW - Colorado KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Estimating KW - Global Positioning System KW - Interstate highways KW - Monitoring KW - Mountains KW - Probe vehicles KW - Prototype tests KW - Real time information KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815758 AU - Williammee, R S AU - Thomas, G L AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REEVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE BASE IN THE FORT WORTH DISTRICT PY - 2000/12 SP - 116 p. AB - Flexible base has been a predominant aggregate blend used in roadway structures for many years. It has served as a cheaper material for low to medium volume roads. The Fort Worth District has had some recent roadway failures that have been directly linked to failure of the flexible base. Recent assumptions attributed this to a wide range of triaxial values between the coarse and fine limits of the District's gradation band. Laboratory testing of the typical gradation confirmed this. A new large stone gradation was proposed and accepted to use in a test section on the construction project in Wise County. The section was constructed in August, 1999, and falling weight deflectometer data collected in September, 1999 and October, 2000. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fort Worth (Texas) KW - Pavement design KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814146 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Bullard, D L AU - Menges, W L AU - Schoeneman, S K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 2000/12 SP - 418 p. AB - The goal of this project and related previous projects is to provide traffic control devices for use in work zones that would perform satisfactorily when impacted by errant vehicles in accordance with national safety performance guidelines set forth in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. The specific objective of this project is to test and evaluate additional work zone sign supports and barricades to determine those that would perform satisfactorily when impacted by errant vehicles at 0 degrees (head-on). This report consists of four chapters describing the performance of full-scale testing on work zone barricades. Chapter I introduces the problem, background, objectives and scope. Chapter II outlines the research approach of the project, including descriptions of the work zone traffic control devices tested, the crash test matrix, and the evaluation criteria. Results of the crash tests are presented in Chapter III. A summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations is presented in Chapter IV. KW - Barricades KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign supports KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1792-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813750 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - DeBlasio, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT CROSS-CUTTING INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 8 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 149-170 AB - This paper brings together the findings of activities that addressed the impacts of nontechnical barriers and constraints that might impede the progress of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) programs. It discusses how the planning and deployment of ITS projects differ from procedures required by traditional transportation projects, the challenges presented to the transportation community, the issues that may be encountered in the future, and how these may already have been addressed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Constraints KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Public opinion KW - Public relations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13324.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813751 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - Sussman, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ITS? FINAL COMMENTS. IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGANT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 9 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 171-176 AB - Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) represent a sea of change in surface transportation, equivalent to the introduction of air traffic control systems into air transportation. ITS represents a major opportunity for the transportation profession to evolve to a more sophisticated level. This study looked at the following aspects of ITS: integrated systems; regional systems; partnerships; institutionalization of operations; political support and public acceptance; human resources; and travelers as customers. The papers presented provide insight into successes that have occurred as well as impediments to further successes. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Human factors KW - Infrastructure KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Partnerships KW - Political factors KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic KW - Travelers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13325.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690232 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813747 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - CASEY, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ADVANCED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 5 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 87-106 AB - The focus of this paper is on advanced public transportation systems (APTS) technologies. It assesses the extent of their deployment and judges their degree of success. It covers APTS technologies in use only by bus and demand responsive service operations. The primary source of deployment level information is a 1998 survey by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center that encompassed 525 transit agencies operating fixed route bus and/or demand responsive services. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Bus transit KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Deployment KW - fixed KW - Fixed routes KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public transit UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11000/11093/101.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813748 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - Orban, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ITS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: STATUS, CHALLENGES, AND BENEFITS OF LEVEL 1 DEPLOYMENT. IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 6 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 107-126 AB - This paper examines the ways ITS is changing the way federal and state motor carrier agencies conduct business with the motor carrier industry. New technologies are streamlining credentialing operations, reducing delays for safe carriers, and improving highway safety by focusing resources on high risk carriers. ITS designed for commercial vehicle operations includes the following: safety information exchange technologies; electronic screening systems; and, electronic credentialing systems. KW - Certification KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Communication systems KW - Electronic media KW - Information dissemination KW - Information technology KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety KW - Screenings UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13322.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813749 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - McGurrin, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT CROSS-CUTTING TECHNICAL AND PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 7 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 127-148 AB - This paper seeks to answer the question of what has been learned about cross-cutting technical and programmatic issues over the last decade of the National ITS Program. The paper also looks at new areas where ITS investments should be made, with the focus on major findings or trends. Two main factors are considered qualitatively: demonstrated success in contributing to one of the key ITS benefits (such as delay reduction, capacity increase, customer satisfaction, etc.) and amount and rate of deployments achieved compared to time elapsed since the technology was first demonstrated. Discussed are sensors and surveillance, communications, analysis tools, archived data, architecture, and standards. KW - Analysis KW - Architecture KW - Benefits KW - Communications KW - Data collection KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Sensors KW - Standards KW - Surveillance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13323.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813745 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - HICKS, B AU - Cartre, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ITS? ARTERIAL MANAGEMENT. IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 3 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 45-84 AB - This paper presents what has been learned in four principal areas of arterial management: 1) adaptive control strategies; 2) advanced traveler information systems; 3) automated enforcement; and 4) integration. The levels of deployment, benefits, deployment challenges, and future steps are presented for each category. KW - Adaptive control KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Arterial management KW - Automated enforcement KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13319.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813746 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - Lappin, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 4 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 65-86 AB - This paper synthesizes customer satisfaction findings from advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) research and evaluations dating from 1996. Recent project evaluations from the Metropolitan Model Deployment Initiative (MMDI) in Seattle, San Antonio, and Phoenix are featured more prominently because these deployments provided a natural use setting and thus a more reliable context for assessing customer satisfaction. ATIS is defined in two ways: real time network information, whether traffic or transit; and traveler information, such as route guidance or destination information. The focus is on public sector ATIS services, although one section does address ATIS business models, with selected private services included in the discussion. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Private transportation KW - Public transit KW - Real time information KW - Route guidance KW - San Antonio (Texas) KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13320.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813743 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - Sussman, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT ITS? A SYNTHESIS. IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 1 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 1-20 AB - This study is concerned with what we have learned about ITS. But ITS is composed of many technologies and applications, some of which, it will be seen, are more successful than others. So, in a dissaggregate manner, this study examines which ITS technologies and applications have been successful applications in the ITS world. If they can be identified, then we can more effectively plan the future of the National ITS Program, building on that knowledge. KW - Communication KW - Deployment KW - Ground transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13317.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690218 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00813744 JO - Publication of: Island Press PB - Island Press AU - PEARCE, V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT FREEWAY, INCIDENT, AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION? IN: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? CHAPTER 2 PY - 2000/12 SP - p. 21-44 AB - The intelligent infrastructure is often the most visible manifestation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) along with roads, freeways, and incident management is often among the first ITS elements implemented. They can significantly contribute to improving travel conditions by addressing delay caused by both recurring and nonrecurring congestion. Electronic toll collection (ETC) systems similarly aid in reducing congestion on toll roads. In a complementary way, emergency management systems can greatly aid in locating incidents and responding to them in the most rapid and effective way possible. KW - Automatic fare collection KW - Congestion management systems KW - Emergency response time KW - Incident detection KW - Incident management KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technology assessment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13318.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00813742 AU - Sussman, J M AU - PEARCE, V AU - HICKS, B AU - Carter, M AU - Lappin, J E AU - CASEY, R F AU - Orban, J E AU - McCurrin, M AU - DeBlasio, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS? PY - 2000/12 SP - 191 p. AB - In this document, a group of authors looks back on the ten years of the national intelligent transportation systems program and examines which ITS technology applications have been successful, which have not been successful, and what are the underlying factors that determine success versus failure. An appendix summarizes the state 0if deployment if ITS technologies. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Automated toll collection KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Electronic media KW - Emergency response time KW - Incident detection KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Toll collection UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13316.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00812574 AU - Peng, Z-R AU - Beimborn, E AU - Neluheni, M AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 2000/12 SP - 49 p. AB - This report discusses methods to assess the benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It provides a comprehensive review of methods currently available in the United States. It then develops a framework for benefits assessment using benefit trees and emerging analysis methods for benefit studies at the sketch planning level. These efforts should lead to specifications for information needs for evaluating ITS projects and methods to compare ITS projects with other traditional capacity enhancing projects. The report includes a case study used to identify the break-even points of several ITS deployment options, including ramp metering, travel information systems, emergency response systems, and commercial vehicle operations under a variety of scenarios. These results can be used to identify and operate ITS projects so that they are likely to have the greatest payoff from their deployment. The following conclusions can be drawn from the case study: ITS systems can be more logically selected and deployed when knowledge of their performance tradeoffs are known; ITS systems can have large benefits, which easily exceed their costs - These benefits are especially likely to occur if the existing level of performance of the highway is poor; Other effects such as increased peace of mind, crash reduction, greater reliability in arrival times, non-traveler benefits, agency benefits and environmental benefits cannot be easily quantified but would add to the benefits of ITS; Ramp metering systems benefits depend on tradeoffs between increased freeway speeds with metering vs. ramp delays and arterial speed decreases; Weigh in motion bypass of static scales can have a positive net benefit with small levels of usage; Incident management systems should be implemented in a way to minimize incident duration - This is an area of very high potential benefits; Mechanisms to disseminate real time traffic data should be actively explored to provide the best use of a traveler information system. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Emergency response systems KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Performance KW - Ramp metering KW - Real time information KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/45-20itsbenefits-f.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/23000/23400/23404/45-20itsbenefits-f.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/680640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812416 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jaskiewicz, F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEDESTRIAN LEVEL OF SERVICE BASED ON TRIP QUALITY PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 14 p. AB - The pedestrian experience is dependent upon numerous qualitative factors that are not addressed in customary level-of-service analyses. This paper outlines a process by which such factors can be used to analyze pedestrian systems. Nine specific evaluation measures are described, followed by an account of their application in Winter Park, Florida. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Level of service KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Winter Park (Florida) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686656 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812418 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kaub, A R AU - Kaub, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREDICTING ANNUAL INTERSECTION ACCIDENTS WITH CONFLICT OPPORTUNITIES PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 12 p. AB - Validation and the general algorithm are presented for a conflict opportunity-based annual accident prediction software for both signalized and unsignalized intersections over a wide variety of volume, geometry, speed, signal timing and phasing, and other variables. Validation to numerous intersections indicates an average prediction accuracy of 90% compared to the historical annual reported accident average at any individual intersection. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Accuracy KW - Algorithms KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Opportunity models KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Validation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686659 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812417 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wilson, E M AU - Lipinski, Martin E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF ROAD SAFETY AUDITS TO URBAN STREETS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper provides insights into road safety audits (RSAs) and their application. The objective is to provide an overview of the road safety audit process and to describe the applicability of road safety audits in evaluating safety deficiencies on existing urban roads and streets. The focus is to use an RSA in the safety review process. This application helps to demonstrate the value added by using RSAs. The major potential gain, however, lies in integrating the process into the planning of new facilities and the design and construction of improvement projects. The RSA of an existing facility, however, provides an assessment of existing facilities only from the safety point of view. The emphasis is on the prevention of potential crashes. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Deficiencies KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety audits KW - Streets KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686658 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812424 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Box, P C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - QUESTIONABLE CONCEPTS IN NEOTRADITIONAL SUBDIVISION DESIGN PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 10 p. AB - An Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Recommended Practice, "Traditional Neighborhood Development Street Design Guidelines," has been published. Eleven "principles" represent valid concepts, while nine are questionable (such as elimination of functional classification; narrow, congested streets; encouraging on-street parking; and alley access garages). These issues are addressed and pedestrian accident data are given. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Institute of Transportation Engineers KW - Neighborhoods KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Subdivisions UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686671 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812425 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DeRobertis, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEOTRADITIONAL DESIGN: MOBILITY FOR ALL AGES PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper examines the needs of school-age children and senior citizens from the perspective of traditional and neotraditional developments. A brief historical review of street development illustrates societal expectations regarding pedestrian mobility from the 1920s, 1950s and 1990s. Examples are given to illustrate the needs of pedestrians, particularly the elderly and school children. It concludes that traditional developments and neotraditional developments enable both the young and the old to experience transportation independence. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Aged KW - Highway design KW - History KW - Mobility KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - School children KW - Streets UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686672 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812422 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Parham, A H AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SPEED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTORS AND ARTERIALS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 15 p. AB - Speed management goes a step beyond traffic calming by also looking at higher speed facilities such as collectors and arterials. The most frequently used techniques on collectors and arterials are increased enforcement, flashing beacons, speed limit signing, radar trailers, and rumble strips. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Arterial highways KW - Collector streets KW - Flashing beacons KW - Radar trailers KW - Rumble strips KW - Speed control KW - Speed signs KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686667 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812423 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stillings, T AU - Lockwood, I AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WEST PALM BEACH TRAFFIC CALMING: THE SECOND GENERATION PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 22 p. AB - The Transportation Division of West Palm Beach city, Florida, is implementing innovative practices based on traffic calming, New Urbanism, and associated principles. In North America, the city's program can be considered "second generation traffic calming," prioritizing economic development, revitalization, aesthetics, pedestrian comfort and safety, and driver behavior modification, resulting in intense redevelopment activity. Other programs of the city, ranging from home ownership to facade enhancements, complement the program. This comprehensive, coordinated approach to city building has helped stabilize and revive the downtown and several "challenged" neighborhoods, while stimulating significant private investment. Traffic calming has become a normal component of these efforts. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Aesthetics KW - Behavior modification KW - Central business districts KW - Drivers KW - Economic development KW - Investments KW - Neighborhoods KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Private enterprise KW - Redevelopment KW - Traffic calming KW - Urban renewal KW - West Palm Beach (Florida) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686669 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812426 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Owens, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING STREET STANDARDS THAT ALLOW FLEXIBILITY PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 12 p. AB - The city of Sacramento, California, recently updated its street design standards. This update was in response to a consistent message from residents that the previous standards did not result in livable neighborhoods, to protests from the development community that the previous standards were too rigid, and to city staff's desire to improve the clarity of the design standards to minimize their difficulties in administering the standards. The city's approach to the update process was unique in several aspects: It engaged a broad cross-section of stakeholders (residents, developers, emergency service providers, planners, etc.) to develop the concepts; it administered a survey of comparable jurisdictions to determine the range of standards; and it conducted field tests of emergency service responses on various street types. This community-based approach resulted in new standards that blended the community's desire for narrower residential streets with the needs/desires of the emergency response providers, the bicycling community, and urban planners. The city staff helped the participating stakeholders achieve this balanced outcome by: 1) educating the stakeholders on the relevant standards and practices (Uniform Fire Code, Americans with Disabilities Act requirements, etc.); and 2) allowing the stakeholders to discuss/debate among themselves so they could better appreciate the difficulties in balancing conflicting interests. The new standards have the following characteristics: more flexibility through choices; minimum street widths needed for function and safety; cost trade-offs (e.g., rolled curbs with planter strips); greater definition of how the standards should be applied; and parking and bike lanes on arterials only where needed. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Cities KW - Design standards KW - Emergency response time KW - Field tests KW - Highway design KW - On street parking KW - Residential streets KW - Sacramento (California) KW - Stakeholders KW - Surveys KW - Urban highways KW - Width UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812427 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Brewer, J O AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A PRACTITIONER'S PERSPECTIVE ON FLEXIBLE DESIGN PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 4 p. AB - This paper presents the author's opinion on the current topic of flexibility in roadway design. It is based on his experience of 32 years as a practitioner in the field of transportation engineering. Recently there has been much discussion about the term "flexibility in design." Some have attempted to place design professionals in either a "pro" or "con" group. You can decide for yourself if the author fits in one or both of the groups. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Decision making KW - Highway design KW - Perspective (Point of view) KW - Transportation engineering UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686676 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812419 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ewing, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPACTS OF TRAFFIC CALMING PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 14 p. AB - This paper quantifies the kinds of impacts resulting from traffic calming measures of various types. Descriptive statistics on speed, volume, and collision changes following traffic calming are derived from hundreds of before-and-after studies. Using the same data sets, impact models are estimated. While impacts are case-specific, traffic calming measures generally have the desired effect of reducing speeds, volumes, and collisions. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Before and after studies KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686661 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812420 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Forbes, G AU - Gill, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ARTERIAL SPEED CALMING: MOHAWK ROAD CASE STUDY PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 7 p. AB - Mohawk Road (Hamilton-Wentworth, Ontario, Canada) was an undivided two lane arterial with a 50-km/h speed limit, 85th percentile speeds of up to 70 km/h, and in need of rehabilitation. The adjacent land uses are low-density residential and open space. During the design phase, it was decided that additional lanes were not required, but that one of the design goals should be to effectively reduce travel speeds to 50 km/h without diverting traffic. An innovative design using a series of wide, short landscaped median islands (speed control medians) was employed, which reduced mean speeds and the percentage of drivers exceeding the speed limit in the treated section. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Hamilton (Canada) KW - Highway design KW - Medians KW - Residential areas KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic calming UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686663 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812421 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - King, M R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CALMING NEW YORK CITY INTERSECTIONS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 15 p. AB - In 1993, the New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) received a federal grant (under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality) to research, design and test innovative traffic calming devices. This was part of a larger program to enhance the pedestrian environment in the city. Under this program, crash statistics analysis and policy codification were used to "sell" traffic calming within the DOT. This paper presents a crash analysis of Leading Pedestrian Intervals (LPI), a crash analysis of neckdowns, and the new neckdown policy. Neckdowns, also known as corner extensions, bulb-outs, and sidewalk expansions, narrow intersections by extending the curb at the corner. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Crash analysis KW - Design KW - Intersections KW - Leading pedestrian intervals KW - Neckdowns KW - New York (New York) KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Policy KW - Sidewalks KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686665 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812397 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kloster, T AU - Daisa, J AU - Ledbetter, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LINKING LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION THROUGH STREET DESIGN PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 10 p. AB - Metro's regional street design policies will guide the eventual design of major streets in the 24 jurisdictions that make up the Portland metropolitan area. The street design classifications represent the most direct link between land use and transportation planning in the region, and also serve as a tool for coordinating various, often competing modal needs. The design classifications are mapped at a detailed level to provide specific direction for local implementation. The "Creating Livable Streets" handbook is a resource for local implementation of the regional street design policies. The handbook provides a primer on general design issues, as well as specific design solutions that address each of the regional street design classifications individually. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Handbooks KW - Highway classification KW - Highway design KW - Land use KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Policy KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812405 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Frawley, W E AU - Eisele, W L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ECONOMIC IMPACTS OR RAISED MEDIANS ON ADJACENT BUSINESSES PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper is the result of almost three years of investigation into the economic impacts on businesses and properties when raised medians are installed on adjacent streets. The researchers have developed and tested a methodology that can be used to collect and analyze data with which to study potential economic impacts. The preliminary results of data collection and conclusions are presented in this paper. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Businesses KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Medians KW - Methodology KW - Property values KW - Raised medians KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812407 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Karlgren, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SPEED PROFILES: A METHOD FOR ANALYZING SPEED ADAPTATION BY CAR DRIVERS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 8 p. AB - If speeds of cars are measured continuously over segments of a street, a speed profile can be produced and can illustrate how motorists adapt their driving speed to the geometrical design and general appearance of the street. This allows a direct assessment of specific speed reducing measures. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Operating speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed profiles UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812415 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Welch, Thomas M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE CONVERSION OF FOUR-LANE UNDIVIDED URBAN ROADWAYS TO THREE-LANE FACILITIES PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 12 p. AB - In recent years, many traffic engineers have advocated converting four-lane undivided urban streets to three-lane two-way left-turn facilities. A number of these conversions have been successfully implemented. Accident rates have decreased while corridor and intersection levels of service remained acceptable. This conversion concept is yet another viable alternative "tool" to place in our urban safety/congestion toolbox. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Crash rates KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Three lane highways KW - Traffic congestion KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686654 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812399 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Forbes, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION: BEFORE THE DESIGN BEGINS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 8 p. AB - Road classification systems are the basis for defining function and, in turn, the design criteria for the world's street networks. The traditional classification systems have been based on the mobility and access functions of roads for motor vehicle traffic. Other road users and road uses have been largely ignored in this important step of the road design process. This article describes alternative classification systems developed by the American Association of Architects, the Province of Ontario, Metro Portland, and the Region of Hamilton-Wentworth. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - American Association of Architects KW - Hamilton (Canada) KW - Highway classification KW - Highway design KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812403 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gluck, J S AU - Haas, G AU - Mahmood, J AU - Levinson, H S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DRIVEWAY SPACING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 17 p. AB - This paper reviews research studies relating traffic operations to access spacing, presents results of specially conducted operations analyses at 22 sites in Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York, and sets forth emergent access spacing guidelines. The literature review and operational analyses were performed as part of NCHRP Project 3-52 -- Impacts of Access Management Techniques. Each site represented an unsignalized driveway for a major traffic generator along a suburban arterial roadway without deceleration lanes. Information was gathered on the number and percentage of through vehicles impacted by right turns. The percentage of through vehicles impacted approximated 0.18 times the right-turn volumes. The impact lengths of through vehicles were determined, and the influence distances were computed. The results were then used to quantify the likely effects of multiple driveways and to establish guidelines for deceleration lanes and access separation distances. Access separation distances for various operating speeds and right-turn volumes were based on the likelihood of minimizing spillback across an upstream driveway over a series of driveways along a 1/4-mile section of road. For example, to hold the spillback rate to 20% for a 40-mph posted speed, a 285-ft spacing would be needed. When the acceptable spillback rate is reduced to 5%, a 400-ft separation is required. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Arterial highways KW - Connecticut KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Driveways KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Illinois KW - Impacts KW - Literature reviews KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Right turns KW - Spacing KW - Spillback effects (Traffic) KW - Suburbs KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic volume UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812409 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bared, J G AU - Kaisar, E I AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE SPLIT INTERSECTION: A SOLUTION FOR A CONGESTED INTERSECTION PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 11 p. AB - A proposed innovative treatment for congested urban and suburban intersections is the split intersection. It facilitates a smoother flow with less driver delay by reducing the number of signal phases. The success of converting to the split intersection is analyzed by using microsimulation to predicate previous claims and provide guidance. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Intersections KW - Microsimulation KW - Split intersections KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal phases KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812413 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walker, G W AU - Kulash, W M AU - McHugh, B T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DOWNTOWN STREETS: ARE WE STRANGLING OURSELVES IN ONE-WAY NETWORKS? PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 18 p. AB - As many communities are in the process of revitalizing their downtowns, a common issue is the prevalence of intricate and often confusing one-way street networks. This paper provides a comparison of one-way versus two-way street systems for downtowns and presents an evaluation methodology for considering two-way conversion. The analysis gives equal weight to all modes of travel and includes the non-regular visitor to downtown. Motorist analysis factors include mobility, vehicle miles of travel, number of turning movements, travel time, vehicle capacity, and parking supply. Pedestrian factors analyzed are number and severity of pedestrian/vehicle crossing conflicts. Direction and symmetry of routes comprise the transit analysis factors, and retail factors measure the visibility of street front locations. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Central business districts KW - Mobility KW - One way streets KW - Parking facilities KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Public transit KW - Retail trade KW - Travel time KW - Turning traffic KW - Urban renewal KW - Vehicle capacity KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686650 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812400 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Levinson, H S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STREET SPACING AND SCALE PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 16 p. AB - This paper addresses the spacing of streets and its impact on scale. It compares the spacing/design of city streets and suburban highways, identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each, and suggests spacing guidelines for various urban and suburban environments. It shows how providing arterial streets at closer intervals improves access opportunities, reduces traffic concentrations where these streets meet, and allows reduced cross sections. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Arterial highways KW - Cross sections KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Spacing KW - Streets KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812412 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Box, P C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CURB PARKING FINDINGS REVISITED PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 9 p. AB - Findings of research into curb parking problems include accident data for Local, Collector and Major streets. Congestion effects are discussed. The need for curb parking along residential local streets is identified, together with means of limiting it. Recommended dimensions are given for residential garage sizes, door widths, and driveway aprons. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Crash data KW - Curb side parking KW - Driveways KW - Garages KW - Residential streets KW - Size KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban highways KW - Width UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686649 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812401 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Levinson, H S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS SPACING AND ACCIDENTS: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper develops a method for predicting the safety of arterial roads based on arterial traffic volumes, access road (i.e., driveways and intersecting streets) volumes, and access density. This procedure applies the long-established relationship between intersection accidents and the product of conflicting traffic volumes. The simplifying assumption that access roads have roughly equivalent volumes makes it possible to provide safety indices that relate only to the change in access density; these indices are generally consistent with those reported in NCHRP Report 420, "Impacts of Access Management Techniques." They show that the increase in accidents is equal to the square root of the increase in access density. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Arterial highways KW - Driveways KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - NCHRP Report 420 KW - Spacing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812402 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Papayannoulis, V AU - Gluck, J S AU - Feeney, K AU - Levinson, H S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACCESS SPACING AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 15 p. AB - This paper reviews the many research studies that relate traffic safety to access spacing, presents results of specially conducted analyses of accident information obtained from eight states, and sets forth emergent guidelines for assessing safety impacts of access spacing. The literature review and safety analyses were performed as part of NCHRP Project 3-52, Impacts of Access Management Techniques. Accident rate indices, derived from the literature synthesis and safety analyses, show the relative increase in accidents that can be expected as the total driveway density in both directions increases. These indices suggest that doubling the access frequency from 10 to 20 access points per mile would increase accident rates by 40%. A road with 60 access points per mile would have triple the accident rate (200% increase) as compared with a spacing of 10 access points per mile. Each additional access point increases the accident rate by about 4%. The research results suggest a generally consistent relationship--the greater the frequency of driveways and intersections, the greater the number of accidents. While the specific relationships reflect variations in road geometry, travel speeds, and driveway and intersection volumes, the general relationship remains consistent. The access spacing implications are clear. Increasing the spacing between access points helps reduce the number and variety of events to which drivers must respond. In addition, wide access spacing gives drivers more time for perception, reaction and navigation. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Driveways KW - Highway design KW - Intersections KW - Literature reviews KW - Spacing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812410 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dixon, K K AU - Hibbard, J L AU - Nyman, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RIGHT-TURN TREATMENT FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 11 p. AB - Historically, engineers have designed intersections characterized by sizeable right-turn volumes using a variety of strategies. For example, channelization in the form of a painted island, small raised island, or a large raised island is one element often incorporated into the design. In addition, traffic control may be addressed using right-turn-on-red, dedicated turn lanes with stop control, or dedicated turn lanes with yield control. This paper focuses on how Cobb County, Georgia, located in the metro-Atlanta area, handles these right-turn movements. The study identifies application of various right-turn strategies based on observed field operation conditions. A comparative analysis of applications based on a two-year crash history helps to identify (preliminarily) possible safety limitations associated with the various right-turn strategies. The primary objective of this study is to share considerations, strategies, and limitations of the various right-turn configurations and to identify strategies appropriate for further in-depth analysis. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cobb County (Georgia) KW - Highway design KW - Right turn lanes KW - Right turn on red KW - Right turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686645 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812411 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hummer, J E AU - Reid, J D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UNCONVENTIONAL LEFT-TURN ALTERNATIVES FOR URBAN AND SUBURBAN ARTERIALS: AN UPDATE PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 17 p. AB - Many arterials are hopelessly congested. In many places, engineers have done as much as they can with conventional improvements. Advances like intelligent transportation systems will not provide widespread assistance on arterials for many years. To help treat this impasse, the first author wrote a series for ITE describing seven unconventional design alternatives for arterials. The purposes of this paper are to review five of those alternatives -- the median U-turn, bowtie, superstreet, jughandle, and continuous flow intersection -- and to summarize new information about them. After presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, the paper suggests when analysts should consider one during feasibility studies and functional designs. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway design KW - Left turns KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686647 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812404 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dixon, K K AU - Hibbard, J L AU - Mroczka, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF MEDIAN TREATMENT FOR DEVELOPED URBAN ROADS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper reviews the public perception of the raised median and continuous two-way left-turn lane for three median improvement projects in developed land-use corridors. Each project received substantial citizen feedback regarding median treatment during the public informational meeting process. Citizen comments focused on adjacent land use, access, safety, and cost considerations. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Costs KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Medians KW - Public opinion KW - Raised medians KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812408 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gattis, J L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN STREET CROSS SECTION AND SPEED ISSUES PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 17 p. AB - This paper discusses some impacts of restricted cross section design choices (traveled way width, parking on narrow streets, appurtenances and vegetation close to the curb) on travel speed, safety, and driver convenience. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Convenience KW - Cross sections KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Operating speed KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812414 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Scott, C P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXISTING UTILITY POLES IN URBAN AREAS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 5 p. AB - Highway and street projects in urban areas often involve conflicts with existing utility poles. In determining what effect utility poles may have on a project and how they should be handled, full consideration should be given to measures to ensure the safety of the traveling public and features to protect the operation, integrity, and visual quality of the highway or street. These measures and features should reflect sound engineering principles and economic data, and should be based upon minimum offset and clear zone distances, crash experience, and available countermeasures. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Aesthetics KW - Clear zones KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Offset distance KW - Urban areas KW - Utility poles UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686652 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812398 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ewing, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MOBILITY-FRIENDLY STREET STANDARDS FOR DELAWARE PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 8 p. AB - New subdivision street standards are under consideration for statewide adoption by the Delaware Department of Transportation. If they are accepted, this will be the first time such "skinny" street standards have been adopted at such a high level of government. The goal is to scale down, traffic calm, and pedestrianize subdivision streets, recognizing that subdivision streets are extensions of residents' living environments. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Delaware KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Pedestrians KW - Streets KW - Subdivisions KW - Traffic calming KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812406 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wooldridge, M D AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTINUOUS SPEED MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DRIVERS ON SUBURBAN ARTERIALS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 11 p. AB - Driver speed choice is influenced in part by the geometric characteristics of the roadway. Developing a better understanding of this influence on drivers would aid designers in matching their roadway designs to the eventual operating conditions. A limited study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using individual drivers in an instrumented test vehicle to study the influence of geometric elements on speed. It was concluded that although the technique was limited because of sample size requirements and the time required to collect data for each individual, strong statistical comparisons could be made using this type of data. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Arterial highways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Operating speed KW - Suburbs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812394 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burden, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STREET DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HEALTHY NEIGHBORHOODS PY - 2000/12 IS - 501 SP - 15 p. AB - A major shift in the way we design neighborhoods is taking place across America and street design is re-emerging as a major element of neighborhood street engineering, town planning and real estate development. These guidelines identify ways to design new neighborhoods that will be more interactive, walkable, enjoyable and livable. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Land use planning KW - Neighborhoods KW - Real estate development UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812396 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kubilins, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGNING FUNCTIONAL STREETS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR QUALITY OF LIFE PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 5 p. AB - Traffic engineers are encouraged to design local streets that accommodate modal choices. This can be accomplished through understanding the safety in speed differentials between modes and using a design speed equal to the desired speed. As engineers, we are inspired to help form a high quality of life. As traffic engineers, we translate that quality of life into safety and efficiency. However, our focus on safety and efficiency has become clouded. We need to refocus on modal choices: pedestrians, bicycles, automobiles, and transit. Traffic engineers continuously analyze safety and efficiency. Safety focuses on reducing the number of conflict points, which has led to segregation of modal choices. We design roadways without room for bicycles, and intersections that restrict access movements. The public has forgotten how to share the road. Efficiency is measured in terms of speed and delay. Signal systems are designed for continuous flow. Access is managed by limiting the number of driveways and left turn movements. The roadway is designed for the safe and efficient movement of automobiles only. This preoccupation has distracted us from our original goal to help form a high quality of life. The segregation has taken away our choices and made us dependent upon the automobile. If we can provide safe, efficient roadways for the public making modal choices, then we are meeting the commitment to a high quality of life. Traffic engineers should create streetscapes that do not force people to drive to parks, the grocery store, school, and work. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Design speed KW - Highway design KW - Mode choice KW - Quality of life KW - Streets UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812395 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wolshon, B AU - Wahl, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A SUBURBAN NEOTRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 15 p. AB - Within the past decade there has been a desire in many urban areas of the United States to create more "livable" communities. One direction of thinking in this "new urbanism" promotes the revival of traditionally styled land-use developments in which people live, work, and shop all within a pedestrian-oriented community. While such communities are common in large urban areas and small rural cities, they are rarely seen in suburban communities. One effort to revive a traditionally styled community within suburbia has taken place in the City of Novi, Michigan. This paper highlights some of the design elements of the project and discusses how the planning and design process influenced the appearance and function of this neotraditional district. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Highway design KW - Land use planning KW - Neighborhoods KW - Neotraditional design KW - Novi (Michigan) KW - Real estate development KW - Suburbs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812392 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Billiar, K AU - Weissenborn, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CITIZEN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: A WORKING MODEL PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 10 p. AB - All communities, regardless of their location or size, face the need to re-think and plan their transportation futures. In recent history transportation planning has begun to move from the formal public hearings to more input and consensus based processes. To facilitate this trend it has become necessary for transportation officials to communicate technical information in a manner that is accessible and understandable. One technique that has come into increasing use is that of graphic visualization. This method, while very effective in presenting a variety of planning and design options to a community, runs the risk of closing down dialogue by being "too formal" or "too final" in its appearance. To bridge the gap between information and public dialogue the Minnesota Department of Transportation has begun using a process called the Transportation Action Model (TAM). The TAM, initiated and designed by a national consortium led by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, was created with two guiding principles. First, sound transportation systems and the decisions behind them are critical to the social and economic well-being of communities. Second, informed community participation creates better transportation decisions. By linking technical information with a citizen-driven decision process, the TAM helps communities produce their own blueprint for local action. In 21 weeks, with a minimum of 25 participants from a broad range of transportation stakeholders and citizens, a community can become an active voice in their transportation future. Two rural communities in Minnesota, Two Harbors and Nisswa, challenged themselves and their planning histories by using the TAM. Both communities, each with unique transportation histories and development, sought this model as a way to deal with existing congestion impacts and future development pressures. Through public dialogue and graphic visualization, each community could frame and prioritize local transportation issues and develop potential solutions, creating a Transportation Action Plan that will assist the formal transportation plans and decisions of the future. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Decision making KW - Highway planning KW - Land use planning KW - Minnesota KW - Public participation KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Visualization UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686612 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812393 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Williams, K M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN MEDIAN PROJECTS PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 8 p. AB - Transportation projects that affect property access tend to be controversial. This is true whether the impacts are temporary, such as access impacts during construction, or permanent, such as the construction of a raised median. With median projects, typical public concerns relate to economic impacts on businesses, access for delivery vehicles, safety of U-turns, circuity of access, and neighborhood accessibility. Such concerns can escalate into active opposition where citizens are not kept adequately informed of project design decisions, or feel they have been excluded from the decision-making process. Agencies experienced with median projects find that techniques such as one on one briefings and open house meetings are more effective for addressing public concerns and less contentious than public hearings. This paper reviews the experiences of the Florida Department of Transportation in carrying out its statewide median program and provides strategies that other agencies may consider for involving the public in median projects. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Accessibility KW - Decision making KW - Economic impacts KW - Florida KW - Highway safety KW - Medians KW - Neighborhoods KW - Public participation KW - Raised medians KW - Strategic planning KW - U turns UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/686614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00812391 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN STREET SYMPOSIUM: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, DALLAS, TEXAS, JUNE 28-30, 1999 PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - v.p. AB - The Urban Street Symposium was attended by about 200 planners, engineers, and other urban street design professionals. The symposium has the following objectives: (1) Provide a forum for comparison and debate of alternative urban street design practices; (2) Highlight problems caused by certain design practices, and better alternatives; (3) Promote applications of research; (4) Reconsider long-held urban street design practices in light of the "new urbanism" movement; (5) Document better urban street design practices; (6) Show "how to do it"; (7) Share innovations with others; and (8) Transfer urban street research findings to state agencies and to local governments. This circular contains 36 symposium papers that were submitted for publication. They have been grouped into the following subject areas: (A) Public Involvement: Examples and Models; (B) Layout and Functional Classification: Different Paradigms; (C) Access Management: The Best Idea Since the Interstate System; (D) Street Speed: Management and Accommodation; (E) Intersections: Where It All Comes Together; (F) Cross Sections: Allocating the Width; (G) ADA and Peds; (H) Safety and Design: Quality Control; (I) Traffic Calming: Experiences and Examples; and (J) Flexible and Neotraditional Designs: Pro and Con. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Conferences KW - Cross sections KW - Design standards KW - Highway classification KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Innovation KW - Intersections KW - Layout KW - Pedestrians KW - Public participation KW - Speed control KW - Traffic calming KW - Urban highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/EC019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/682334 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00810913 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gilliland, C W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH NEEDS FOR STATE DEPARTMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 2000/12 IS - E C019 SP - 84 p. AB - A 2-day workshop in Minneapolis from June 25 to 27, 2000 responded to a strong interest in having peer-to-peer discussions among CEOs and senior staff of the state departments of transportation (DOTs) about their experiences in managing internal and external change. The transportation executives shared their experiences in three facilitated sessions, using a "conversation circle" format. Sessions were organized around these topics: Strategic Planning-Driven Initiatives; Workforce and Reorganization-Driven Initiatives; and Process and Program Delivery-Driven Initiatives. Workshop participants used the output of these discussions to identify research that would help state DOTs lead and manage their changing organizations. In addition to crafting research problem statements in the three subject areas, participants added a further category called "Cross-Cutting Issues." This Circular was prepared following the workshop. For each of the four subject areas it provides an overview, key challenges, current activities, lessons learned, research needs, and research needs statements. Appendices contain the workshop program, conference participants, a slide presentation summarizing the issues, a summary of the CEO discussion session "Where Are We Going? What Have We Learned?", and an executive summary of the workshop and the resulting research agenda. U1 - Urban Street SymposiumTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers.Dallas, Texas StartDate:19990628 EndDate:19990630 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; American Society of Civil Engineers; Federal Highway Administration; Institute of Transportation Engineers; and National Association of County Engineers. KW - Executives KW - Labor force KW - Program management KW - Reorganization KW - Research KW - Research problem statements KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Workshops UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/EC019/ec019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00811138 AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW TREATMENT COMBINATIONS FOR VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ALONG INDIANA ROADSIDES - PHASE II PY - 2000/12 SP - 43 p. AB - This report represents results from a project for research to develop and implement new treatment mixtures for control of problem brush, trees and other woody species, and herbicide-resistant weeds along Indiana roadsides. An environmentally safe mixture of triclopry (Garlon Herbicide) and ammonium nitrate for one application control of brush and for chemical pruning of trees was developed. Also developed were new, environmentally safe and effective mixtures of triclopyr, clopyralid ammonium nitrate, and a novel TR-III for brush control mixture and for possible use for the control of milkweed, Canada thistle, bindweed, ground cherry and other perennial, herbicide-resistant roadside weeds. KW - Brush control KW - Environmental quality KW - Herbicides KW - Indiana KW - Roadside KW - Trees KW - Vegetation control KW - Weed control UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1626&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00811140 AU - Nelson, E AU - Abbas, M AU - Shoup, G AU - Bullock, D AU - Gallagher, R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM EVALUATION PROCEDURES PY - 2000/12 SP - 430 p. AB - Modern traffic control systems are complex entities whose performance should be thoroughly quantified prior to deployment. However, may of the advanced features available with this control equipment, such as preemption and real-time control strategies, are typically proprietary in nature, and therefore not incorporated into standard simulation models. Since it is not desirable for the engineer to learn in a field environment, under live traffic conditions, this research presents a rational procedure for evaluating and validating such control strategies in a laboratory setting. This document explores three aspects of traffic signal systems, which include the advanced control settings for single controller diamond interchanges, the impact evaluation of emergency vehicle preemption on signalized corridor operation, and an analysis of the more complex Traffic Responsive (TRP) control strategies available with the modern equipment. Each of these areas have been evaluated using quantitative data obtained from the CORSIM simulation model that communicates with the actual control equipment through the use of a Controller Interface Device (CID). The results for each of the study areas have been tabulated, plotted, and discussed. These case studies serve as models of how the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) may want to request future traffic signal timing contracts to structure and present the performance of signal timing alternatives. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Real time control KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic responsive control KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1539&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00809389 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - NATIONAL FERRY DATABASE PY - 2000/12 SP - n.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration has developed a comprehensive inventory of existing ferry operations in the U.S. and its possessions. Produced here on CD-ROM, this is an extensive and detailed set of data and information regarding ferry operators, routes, terminals and vessels that until now was either unavailable, incomplete or insufficient. The scope of operations included are: fixed route, common carrier, passenger and/or vehicle (RoRo) ferry service and rail car float operations. A relational database format was used and provides for reporting the information at various levels. A fully georeferenced database of ferry terminals and route segments was included. KW - CD-ROM KW - Common carriers KW - Databases KW - Ferry service KW - Fixed routes KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Roll on roll off ships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808639 AU - Yu, F AU - Pardyjak, E R AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING THE TRANSPORT OF NON-ATTAINMENT POLLUTANTS IN THE "HOT SPOT" REGION OF THE NORTH CENTRAL PHOENIX VALLEY PY - 2000/12 SP - 46 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of new stretches of freeways (Loop 101 and 51) in the north Phoenix Valley. The strengths and locations of pollution "Hot Spots" in this area have been found to be related to the meteorological conditions. Based on the model results, the new freeway extensions would increase the pollutant concentration (i.e., CO) in the surrounding area. Different scenarios have been used to simulate the pollutant dispersion over the Valley by using the CAL3QHC model. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer models KW - Freeway extensions KW - Freeways KW - Meteorology KW - Nonattainment areas KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Pollutant dispersion KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17800/17859/PB2001104780.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808587 AU - Cammermayer, J W AU - Horner, R R AU - Chechowitz, N AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEGETATED STORMWATER FACILITY MAINTENANCE PY - 2000/12 SP - 251 p. AB - This study had three objectives and associated work components: Component 1 - assess routine highway ditch cleaning alternatives ("Service Levels") for water quality benefits; Component 2 - survey biofiltration swales to evaluate conditions promoting water quality benefits; and Component 3 - assess restabilization and revegetation options for use after ditch cleaning and for restoring biofiltration swale vegetation. Component 1 tested the water quality effects of three Service Levels in freeway ditches: (1) excavated to original elevation and shape along the upstream three-quarters of the length and then sodded, (2) excavated along the entire length and straw-covered, and (3) excavated along the upstream three-quarters of the length and then straw-covered. Component 2 surveyed representative swales along central Puget Sound area highways for a variety of geometric, hydraulic and vegetative characteristics. Survey data were analyzed to develop maintenance, design, and construction guidelines. In Component 3 vegetation establishment from seed was assessed in replicate plots in a freeway ditch with the assistance of restabilization aids: (1) coconut fiber blanket, (2) straw held in place with stapled jute mat, (3) straw without covering, and (4) polyacrylamide (PAM). Cost-benefit analyses were performed in Components 1 and 3. The overall best Service Level for water quality benefits was excavating the first three quarters and retaining vegetation in the remainder. The ditch treated in this manner was capable of reducing total suspended solids (TSS) by approximately 40%, total phosphorus by about 50%, and total and dissolved Cu and Zn each by roughly 20 to 25%. It is recommended as the standard procedure when cleaning ditches that discharge to a natural receiving water. Analysis of survey data showed that biofiltration swales with broad side slopes, wide bases, and total storage volumes equivalent to 3 in. of runoff from the impervious drainage area consistently supported good vegetation cover and showed few signs of damage. For assisting grass growth, straw held in place with stapled jute mat had a clear advantage in effectiveness over the alternatives and a slight economy advantage over the coconut mat. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cleaning KW - Coconut fiber blankets KW - Ditches KW - Freeways KW - Jute mats KW - Polyacrylamide KW - Revegetation KW - Runoff KW - Stormwater facilities KW - Straw KW - Swales KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/495.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808575 AU - Volle, T H AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF RUBBERIZED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 2000/12 SP - 133 p. AB - In 1991, the Illinois Department of Transportation began a program to incorporate scrap tire rubber as a modifier in selected hot-mix asphalt (HMA) paving projects. This effort was a response to the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). In 1995, when the department ended its efforts in crumb rubber modifier (CRM) usage, eleven crumb rubber projects had been constructed. By that time, Section 1038 of ISTEA was modified by subsequent federal legislation and the mandate was repealed. Two methods were used in Illinois to combine CRM with HMA: the wet process and the dry process. Two terms have been used in Illinois to define the various quantities of CRM added to HMA: variable rate and fixed rate. Variable rate defines a small quantity of CRM added to the HMA: no more than 5 lb of CRM per ton of HMA. Fixed rate defines a larger quantity: no less than 20 lb of CRM per ton of HMA. This report includes a cost summary in which the final bid prices of HMA containing CRM for each project are compared to costs of conventional HMA in Illinois. However, the main purpose of this report is to summarize the performance monitoring of the eleven crumb rubber modified HMA projects in Illinois through March 31, 1999. Performance monitoring of most of the rubberized asphalt pavements includes the following: visual distress surveys and surface property characteristics (friction, International Roughness Index, and rutting). KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Crumb rubber KW - Dry process KW - Friction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Illinois KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - International Roughness Index KW - Mix design KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Roughness KW - Rutting KW - Scrap tires KW - Wet process UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808700 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE. CASE STUDIES PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - The report defines environmental justice as identification and addressing the effects of all programs, policies, and activities of all federal agencies on minority and low income populations. The case studies provide information on: profile of ways various transportation agencies have integrated environmental justice consideration in their activities to improve transportation decision making; documentation of both analytical and procedural issues relevant to a diverse transportation community including: federal, state, local agencies, transit providers, and other partnering government agencies, community organizations, environmental interest and environmental advocacy groups, businesses, academic institutions, and the public; and illumination of effective practices on how to better promote environmental justice principles. KW - Advocacy groups KW - Case studies KW - Discrimination KW - Environmental justice KW - Environmental policy KW - Low income groups KW - Minorities KW - Regulatory constraints KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Sustainable development KW - User benefits UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ejustice/case/ejbooklt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806962 AU - Barrett, M L AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SMARTSONIC CONSTRUCTION ZONE SAFETY SYSTEM PY - 2000/12 SP - 15 p. AB - A system described as a Dynamic Work Zone Safety System (also referred to as a SmartSonic System because of the sensor used) was evaluated in this report. The system is a series of portable control stations placed prior to a lane closure in a work zone. The control station contains a "merge" sign, flashers, and a SmartSonic sensor. The sensor monitors the acoustic energy generated by vehicles to determine vehicle presence, length, and speed. If traffic congestion reaches the predetermined threshold value, the sensor will activate the upstream sign's flashing beacons. This will alert drivers to merge into the continuous lane sooner. This will continue until all upstream signs are activated or until congestion is reduced below the threshold value. The overall conclusion of the evaluation was that the concept of an active sign informing motorists when to merge is beneficial. However, the existing signs were not dependable in their operation. This system would only work effectively at high volume locations where there would be a high number of anticipated backups. Also, the criteria used to determine when and for how long a sign should be activated must be more clearly defined to ensure the signs operate in a logical and consistent manner. KW - Flashers KW - Lane closure KW - Merging control KW - Portable equipment KW - Sensors KW - Signs KW - Traffic congestion KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806945 AU - Harries, K A AU - Petrou, M F AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUED INVESTIGATION OF STRAND SLIPPAGE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES - VOLUME II - DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED PILE TO CAST-IN-PLACE PILE CAP CONNECTIONS PY - 2000/12 SP - 21 p. AB - This investigation studied the capacity of square pile-to-pile cap connections where the pile is simply embedded in the cast-in-place pile cap. Experimental and analytical results are presented. It is shown that the plain embedment can develop the flexural capacity of the pile without distress to the pile cap or connection region provided that a sufficient embedment length is provided. Equations for determining the required embedment length are provided. Conservatively, a plain embedment length equal to the width of the embedded pile is recommended. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Embedment (Building) KW - Equations KW - Length KW - Pile caps KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural connection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806946 AU - Gassman, Sarah L AU - Schroeder, A J AU - Ray, R P AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EXISTING HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE PY - 2000/12 SP - 244 p. AB - A study has been performed to evaluate the performance of existing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe used for drainage applications in South Carolina. The study included a literature review and three surveys of local, state and federal agencies to evaluate current practice and existing research on the performance of HDPE pipe. A total of 45 HDPE pipes were inspected throughout South Carolina. The sites were statistically selected based on geographical location, diameter, use and age. The condition of each pipe was not known prior to selection for inspection. Pipe performance was evaluated with respect to AASHTO specifications, measurements of pipe deflection with a mandrel set to 5% deflection and visual inspections using a video camera. The video camera inspections revealed circumferential cracks in 18% of the pipes, localized bulges in 20% of the pipes and tears or punctures in 7% of the pipes. End damage was observed in 13% of the pipes. Deflections greater than 5% were observed in 20% of the pipes. Installation problems such as poor preparation of bedding soils, inappropriate backfill material, and inadequate backfill cover appear to be significant in the performance of HDPE pipe in South Carolina. Overall, the pipes were performing well, maintaining a relatively round shape with limited structural distress. This study did not reveal any HDPE pipe installations that have failed such that they need to be removed and replaced. Recommendations to improve the performance of HDPE pipe in South Carolina include training maintenance crews in the laying of plastic pipe, following ASTM D-2321 installation procedures, inspecting the pipes after installation, and developing a plan to inspect a percentage of pipes each year. KW - Backfilling KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Drain pipe KW - High density polyethylene KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastic pipe KW - South Carolina KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys KW - Tearing KW - Training KW - Video cameras UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806931 AU - Chojnacki, T AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FIBER-REINFORCED UNBONDED OVERLAY PY - 2000/12 SP - 59 p. AB - Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite material consisting of portland cement concrete (PCC) and discontinuous natural, steel or plastic fibers. The inclusion of fibers in concrete results in improved energy absorbing characteristics of the concrete. Energy absorption is directly or indirectly related to properties such as crack propagation resistance, ductility, impact resistance, fatigue performance and durability. A concrete unbonded overlay was constructed on I-29 in Atchison County. Eight test sections were established in the unbonded overlay. Three of the test sections were reinforced with steel fibers, three of the test sections were reinforced with polyolefin fibers and two of the test sections were non-reinforced PCC. There were fiber-reinforced test sections 9 in., 6 in. and 5 in. thick for each type of fiber reinforcement. Transverse joint spacing varied in the fiber-reinforced sections from 15 ft to 200 ft. The two non-reinforced PCC test sections were 9 in. and 11 in. and all transverse joints were spaced 15 ft. The overlay was diamond ground at least 21 days after construction to provide the finished texture. The profilograph readings of the finished pavement measured less than 11 in./mi with a zero blanking band. The International Roughness Index (IRI) averaged 67. Both of these measures are indicative of very smooth pavement. The compressive and flexural strength of polyolefin fiber-reinforced samples were slightly lower than the non-reinforced concrete. The compressive and flexural strength of the steel fiber-reinforced concrete were comparable to the non-reinforced concrete. Some transverse cracking has appeared in the fiber-reinforced sections of the unbonded overlay. In general, more cracking has developed in the steel fiber-reinforced sections than the polyolefin fiber-reinforced sections. Thinner sections exhibited more cracking than the thicker sections and longer panels exhibited more cracking than shorter panels. KW - Atchison County (Missouri) KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete overlays KW - Diamond grinding KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - International Roughness Index KW - Interstate highways KW - Polymer fibers KW - Profilographs KW - Spacing KW - Steel fibers KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints KW - Unbonded overlays KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri97015/RDT00015c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806937 AU - Dailey, Donald J AU - Meyers, D AU - Pond, L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SELF-DESCRIBING DATA TRANSFER METHODOLOGY FOR ITS APPLICATIONS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 2000/12 SP - 30 p. AB - A wide variety of remote sensors used in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications (loops, probe vehicles, radar, cameras) has created a need for general methods by which data can be shared among agencies and users who own disparate computer systems. In this paper, the authors present a methodology that demonstrates that it is possible to create, encode, and decode a self-describing data stream using the following: (1) existing data description language standards; (2) parsers to enforce language compliance; (3) a simple content language that flows out of the data description language; and (4) architecture neutral encoders and decoders based an ASN.1. KW - Data sharing KW - Data transfers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Self describing data UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/463.2.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17900/17923/PB2001105102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806909 AU - Chong, S-L AU - Yao, Y AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND TEST-SITE TESTING OF MOISTURE-CURED URETHANES ON STEEL IN SALT-RICH ENVIRONMENT PY - 2000/12 SP - 75 p. AB - Three 3-coat moisture-cured (MC) urethane commercial products formulated for protecting new steel (SSPC-SP 10) and power tool-cleaned steel (SSPC-SP 3) surfaces against corrosion were evaluated; the total coating film thickness was about 75 microns. Zinc-rich MC-urethane primers were used for SSPC-SP 10 steel surfaces whereas the primers for SSPC-SP 3 surfaces contained zero or a small amount of zinc; the same midcoats and topcoats were used for both steel surfaces. Sealers with film thickness of 25 microns were also studied for any potential effect on coating performance of the coating systems for power tool-cleaned surface. The volatile-organic-compound content of all the coating materials was below 340 g/L. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)-developed cyclic testing method was conducted to compare the performance of these coating systems. The test included freeze, ultraviolet light/condensation, and salt-fog/dry-air cycles. An aggressive outdoor marine exposure at Sea Isle City, New Jersey, was also performed for all the coating systems for comparison. A number of physical and chemical properties of the MC-urethanes were examined to study their effect on coating performance. All of the coating systems maintained their total film thickness, topcoat hardness, and adhesion strength throughout the 4,000-h test period. The three commercial products were found to contain different chemical compositions and performed differently. All the coating systems had an adhesion strength about 10.5 MPa. No surface failures were observed on any of the test panels after the 4,000-h laboratory test; however, all of them developed creepages at an intentional scribe (undercutting). The laboratory test results in conjunction with the chemical analysis results suggested that pigment particle size distribution in the primers played a more important role than other factors in the formation of creepage at the scribe. A proper pigment particle gradation improved the coating performance. A chloride concentration of 20 micrograms per sq cm on the steel surfaces was found to be significant to reduce the coating performance at the scribe of SSPC-SP 10 steel surfaces; however, the chloride effect was found to be minimal for SSPC-SP 3 steel surfaces. Interestingly, all the scribe creepages increased linearly with the laboratory test time up to 4,000 h. Furthermore, the addition of a sealer to the primer/midcoat/topcoat systems unexpectedly impaired the performance at the scribe on SSPC-SP 3 steel surfaces when compared with those systems without a sealer. On the other hand, a coating system with sealer/primer/topcoat without a midcoat developed severe underfilm corrosion probably due to insufficient film thickness. KW - Adhesive strength KW - Chemical composition KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion protection KW - Creep KW - Field tests KW - Hardness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Particle size distribution KW - Performance tests KW - Pigments KW - Protective coatings KW - Seal coats KW - Steel KW - Thickness KW - Urethane KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Zinc UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11588/009914.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17800/17876/PB2001104848.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806887 AU - Tia, M AU - Roque, R AU - Popik, M AU - Collins-Garcia, H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE SOLVENT FOR EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT TO REDUCE HEALTH HAZARDS PY - 2000/12 SP - 196 p. AB - The asphalt extraction and recovery procedure is a vital part of the quality control and assurance of asphalt pavement recycling projects in Florida. This study investigated the suitability of using EnSolv, a n-Propyl Bromide based solvent produced by EnviroTech International, as a replacement for the hazardous solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in the asphalt solubility, extraction and recovery tests. The reclaimed EnSolv obtained from the recovery process was also evaluated for its possible re-use in the extraction and recovery procedure. The standard asphalt solubility test (ASTM Test Method D2042) was conducted on eight different asphalt binders using EnSolv and TCE. The results indicated that there was no practical difference between the two solvents. The maximum difference in results from the two solvents was 0.11%. In addition, this test method does not need any modification when using EnSolv as the solvent. The reclaimed EnSolv was not significantly different from the fresh EnSolv. From the health and safety information available, EnSolv appears to be a viable alternative to TCE, a known carcinogen and environmental hazard (depletion of ozone layer). EnSolv should, however, still be considered hazardous and appropriate precautions should be exercised during its storage, transportation, handling and use. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bromides KW - Carcinogens KW - Environmental impacts KW - Extraction and recovery tests KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Recycling KW - Solvents KW - Trichloroethylene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806868 AU - Turner, S M AU - Carlson, P J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN CROSSING GUIDELINES FOR TEXAS PY - 2000/12 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of this document is to recommend guidance and criteria on the provision of safe and effective pedestrian crossings. The guidelines should be useful to engineers and planners responsible for planning, designing, operating, and maintaining pedestrian facilities in Texas. The guidelines are intended to outline the numerous alternatives that are available to address pedestrian safety problems or public concerns at roadway crossings. The guidelines describe the following crossing treatments: Pedestrian Crossing Examples - examples of good and bad design at pedestrian crossings; Basic Pedestrian Crossing Signs and Markings; Innovative Pedestrian Crossing Signs, Markings, and Other Treatments; Traffic Calming Measures - used to control vehicle speeds near crossings; Proposed Revised Warrants for Traffic Signal Control; Grade Separation - guidance on providing pedestrian overpasses or underpasses; Special Conditions: School Crossings and Special Events; and Education and Enforcement Activities. KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Grade separations KW - Guidelines KW - Innovation KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Road markings KW - School crossings KW - Special events KW - Texas KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Underpasses KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/2136-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806871 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - Barbosa, M AU - Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL REPAIR TECHNIQUES FOR CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 2000/12 SP - 297 p. AB - This study presents the findings of a comprehensive assessment of conventional methods of condition evaluation and repair of concrete bridges. Case studies involving different techniques practiced in the United States and Europe are presented in the report. The causes of deterioration of concrete are identified along with the methods of repair. The procedures for the recommended repair methods are outlined for the superstructure and substructure. The repair procedures include: patching, deck patching, crack injection, overlays, sealers, expansion joint repair, repair of prestressed concrete bridge girders using longitudinal external post tensioning and metal sleeve splice, bearings, scour, abutments, footings and pier rehabilitation. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Case studies KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Crack injection KW - Deterioration KW - Europe KW - Expansion joints KW - Footings KW - Girders KW - Metal sleeve splicing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Scour KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806434 AU - Hoppe, Edward J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF VIRGINIA'S FIRST HEATED BRIDGE PY - 2000/12 SP - 33 p. AB - This study is a contribution to the Heated Bridge Technology Program established in 1991 under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. The goal of the program was to find durable and environmentally friendly heated bridge technologies for ice and snow removal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the first heated bridge built in Virginia. The bridge is on Route 60 over the Buffalo River in Amherst County. The project was monitored from its construction in 1995 through winter operations terminating in spring 2000. Data were collected remotely using an electronic datalogger interfaced with various temperature and environmental sensors. In addition, an infrared camera was used to examine heat distribution across the bridge deck. The results of the study demonstrated that heat pipe technology could provide a feasible option for heating decks. However, substantial problems were encountered in getting the system to perform as designed. It appears that the control aspect of this technology requires additional improvements to ensure reliable operation under field conditions. KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heat distribution KW - Heat pipes KW - Heating systems KW - Infrared analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Reliability KW - Remote sensing KW - Snow and ice control KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/01-r8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806436 AU - Buckler, James G AU - Barton, Furman W AU - Gomez, Jose P AU - Massarelli, Peter J AU - McKeel, Wallace T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF GIRDER SPACING ON BRIDGE DECK RESPONSE PY - 2000/12 SP - 23 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of the commercial finite element code ABAQUS for analysis of reinforced concrete bridge decks and to employ this analysis package to determine the effect of girder spacing on deck response. A field test was conducted on the Willis River Bridge, and the response, including displacements and strains on the girders and deck surface, was measured. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed to predict the overall structural response of the bridge. Model accuracy was verified with the response data acquired from the field test. Girder displacements, longitudinal and transverse deck strains, longitudinal deck strains, and natural frequencies of vibration were predicted with reasonable accuracy. The techniques used in the validated finite element model of the Willis River Bridge were implemented to model the Route 257 Bridge over Route 81 in Rockingham County, Virginia. This new model was used in a parameter study to investigate the effects of girder spacing on the stress that develops in the concrete deck. Future phases of this project will include studies that investigate the effect of other parameters such as skew and the need for top reinforcement in reinforced concrete bridges. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge decks KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Girders KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Spacing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Vibration UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/01-r6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806362 AU - Nagendra, Prashanth B AU - Falcone, Thomas W AU - Mohamed, A Amin AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A LEARNING ORGANIZATION PY - 2000/12 SP - 18 p. AB - The report pertains to the long-term project undertaken by District 10-0 of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to understand and promote the concepts of a learning organization using the principles espoused by MIT Professor Peter Senge. The training, as well as the instruction and facilitation of the year-long project, were done by three professors from the Department of Management at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The project was intended to improve the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for organizational development and to integrate the principles of systems thinking in the organization. The results of the project and the training program, as evidenced by several testing and observation tools, show significant improvement in all the three aspects for the participants -- knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The report outlines the details of the project including the training program, the pedagogy, the composition of the groups of trainees, the tests, assignments, and results of the program. The report also outlines recommendations for the future. KW - Attitudes KW - Education and training KW - Employees KW - Knowledge KW - Learning KW - Motor skills KW - Recommendations KW - Senge, Peter KW - Systems thinking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17600/17634/PB2001102669.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806361 AU - Edgar, Rob AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INFRARED TREATMENTS FOR MANAGING ROADSIDE VEGETATION PY - 2000/12 SP - 154 p. AB - Environmental concerns have prompted many agencies to seek alternatives to herbicides in controlling vegetation on roadway shoulders. This study was implemented to evaluate the potential for infrared technology to address this need. Infrared technology uses radiant energy to kill unwanted vegetation. Intense heat generated by liquid propane coagulates plant proteins and bursts cell walls, killing seedling plants and destroying the tops of established vegetation. Repeated treatments at regular intervals deplete the root reserves of established plants and lead to their decline and eradication. Infrared treatments were applied at three rates (8, 6 and 4 treatments/year) along Oregon highways from November 1996 through June 1999. These treatments were compared to shoulders treated with herbicides and to shoulders where vegetation was left unmanaged (control sites). Results suggest that infrared technology can keep vegetation under control on roadway shoulders. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Herbicides KW - Infrared heating KW - Oregon KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside flora KW - Vegetation control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10500/10534/infrared_veg.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10500/10536/infrared_app.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806355 AU - Alampalli, Sreenivas AU - O'Connor, Jerome AU - Yannotti, Arthur P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN, FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING OF AN FRP SUPERSTRUCTURE PY - 2000/12 SP - 59 p. AB - New York engineers have been seeking alternatives to steel and concrete for bridge construction and rehabilitation that may be less vulnerable to environmental damage. In addition, rising public concerns about traffic delays experienced during the construction have increasingly influenced engineers to design bridges with materials and details that can be built rapidly. At the same time, life-cycle costs must be competitive with traditional materials because of limited resources available to maintain the highway infrastructure. Fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composites are one such alternative material. New York has recently begun using and evaluating FRPs for bridge repair to strengthen deteriorated components, remove load postings, and prolong service life. This report describes one such application, that allowed a bridge superstructure to be replaced in significantly less time than a conventional bridge project, in a cost-effective manner. The bridge design, fabrication, installation, proof-testing, long-term monitoring program, and cost-benefit details are documented in this report. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Composite materials KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Fiber reinforced polymers KW - Life cycle costing KW - Monitoring KW - New York (State) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Time UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/sr134.pdf UR - https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/page/portal/divisions/engineering/technical-services/trans-r-and-d-repository/sr134.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806346 AU - Blomberg, Jason M AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - U.S. HIGHWAY 36, SUPERPAVE OVERLAY OF SAND ANTI-FRACTURE LAYER OVER AC/PCC PAVEMENT PY - 2000/12 SP - 46 p. AB - The sand anti-fracture (SAF) technology was implemented on U.S. 36 in DeKalb County, Missouri, during the summer of 2000. The SAF layer is a fine aggregate graded asphalt mixture using highly polymerized asphalt binder that gives the SAF layer the ability to withstand more strain compared to a conventional asphalt mix. The SAF layer was incorporated into the Missouri Department of Transportation's (MoDOT's) rehabilitation strategy as a stress relieving membrane. The project includes two test sections that will be used to monitor the performance of the SAF layer. These test sections will be compared to each other to determine the SAF layers' effectiveness in reducing reflective cracking, decreasing future maintenance costs, and extending the life of an overlay. This interim report contains information regarding the construction of this project and initial SAF performance. Visual distress surveys and automated road analyzer (ARAN) data were conducted on the original pavement surface before construction to identify distressed pavement areas, and they also were conducted after construction to evaluate initial SAF performance. Visual distress surveys and ARAN data will be conducted annually until the performance of the SAF can be compared and evaluated to MoDOT's conventional methods, at which time a final report will summarize the findings. KW - Automated road analyzer KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Membrane interlayer KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Sand anti-fracture layer KW - Service life KW - Stress relieving KW - Superpave KW - Test sections KW - Visual surveys UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri97045/RDT0001B.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30700/30710/RDT0001B.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806347 AU - Chandrashekhara, K AU - Nanni, Antonio AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND MODELING OF A FRP BRIDGE PY - 2000/12 SP - 68 p. AB - An all-composite bridge, 9.14 m (30 ft) long and 2.74 m (9 ft) wide, has been designed and built. The bridge was constructed using pultruded glass and carbon tubes. The performance of pultruded tubes, tube assembly, and quarter portion of the bridge deck were evaluated. The fatigue test on a quarter portion of the bridge served as a simple baseline of the long-term durability of the composite deck. The sample showed almost no reduction in stiffness or strength after 2 million cycles of fatigue loading in excess of the design load. The bridge was installed at the University of Missouri, Rolla, campus on July 29, 2000. The bridge is equipped with integral fiber optic sensors, and the response of the bridge will be remotely monitored. KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite structures KW - Durability KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fiber optics KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pultruded glass KW - Remote sensing KW - Sensors KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Tubing UR - http://transportation.mst.edu/media/research/transportation/documents/003-cr.pdf UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/Ri98032/RDT00-016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806315 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS PY - 2000/12 SP - 16 p. AB - The publications listed in this document report the results of research conducted by the Geotechnical Team, a part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Infrastructure R&D in McLean, Virginia. This document also collates, categorizes, and integrates geotechnical information developed by other units of the FHWA; this material complements and aids in the implementation of geotechnical research outputs. The list of publications is organized by the following categories: Foundations - Bridge Foundations, Drilled Shafts, Pile Foundations, and Spread Footings; Ground Improvement - Chemical Grouting, Slope Stability, Earth Retaining Systems, Slurry Walls, Soil Nailing, Stone Columns, Geosynthetics, and Vertical (Wick) Drains; Soil and Rock Behavior - Expansive Soils, Frost Action, Shale, Soil Compaction and Stabilization, and Rock Slopes; Tunneling; and General - Computer Programs, Remote Sensing, Reviews-Workshops-Risk Analysis-Seismic-Earthquakes-etc., Testing, and Waste Utilization. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Chemical grouts KW - Computer programs KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earth walls KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Expansive clays KW - Foundations KW - Frost action KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Ground improvement KW - Pile foundations KW - Publications KW - Recycling KW - Remote sensing KW - Rockfalls KW - Shale KW - Slope stability KW - Slurry walls KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spread footings KW - Testing KW - Tunneling KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Vertical drains KW - Waste products UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9900/9909/00-167.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806312 AU - Hoerner, T E AU - Darter, M I AU - Khazanovich, L AU - Titus-Glover, L AU - Smith, K L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED PREDICTION MODELS FOR PCC PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS, VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 2000/12 SP - 220 p. AB - The current performance-related specifications (PRS) methodology has been under development by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for several years and has now reached a level at which it can be implemented by State highway agencies. PRS for highway pavements depend heavily on performance prediction models to determine the impact of varying levels of construction quality. This study focused on the improvement of the key distress and smoothness prediction models used in the PRS for jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). Performance models for transverse joint faulting, transverse slab cracking, transverse joint spalling, and smoothness [International Roughness Index (IRI)] were evaluated and then improved substantially. This was accomplished using a comprehensive national database of JPCP performance data, along with sound statistical and engineering techniques. Performance model calibration guidelines were also developed so that a State can calibrate any of these models specifically to its pavement performance data. The PaveSpec PRS demonstration software was upgraded to Version 3.0 under this study. Some of the specific improvements incorporated in PaveSpec 3.0 include: 1) incorporation of the improved distress indicator models, as well as the ability to calibrate or modify the default models, 2) sensitivity analysis capabilities, 3) expected pay charts, and 4) online help. Volume II (Appendix A) of this report contains a complete updated PaveSpec User's Guide. KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Databases KW - Faulting KW - International Roughness Index KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Smoothness KW - Software KW - Spalling KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10200/10253/00130.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806311 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Council, F M AU - Hauer, E AU - Hughes, W E AU - Vogt, A AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF THE EXPECTED SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS PY - 2000/12 SP - 197 p. AB - This report presents an algorithm for predicting the safety performance of a rural two-lane highway. The accident prediction algorithm consists of base models and accident modification factors for both roadway segments and at-grade intersections on rural two-lane highways. The base models provide an estimate of the safety performance of a roadway or intersection for a set of assumed nominal or base conditions. The accident modification factors adjust the base model predictions to account for the effects on safety for roadway segments of lane width, shoulder width, shoulder type, horizontal curves, grades, driveway density, two-way left-turn lanes, passing lanes, roadside design and the effects on safety for at-grade intersections of skew angle, traffic control, exclusive left- and right-turn lanes, sight distance, and driveways. The accident prediction algorithm is intended for application by highway agencies to estimate the safety performance of an existing or proposed roadway. The algorithm can be used to compare the anticipated safety performance of two or more geometric alternatives for a proposed highway improvement. The accident prediction algorithm includes a calibration procedure that can be used to adapt the predicted results to the safety conditions encountered by any particular highway agency on rural two-lane highways. The algorithm also includes an Empirical Bayes procedure that can be applied to utilize the safety predictions provided by the algorithm together with actual site-specific accident history data. KW - Algorithms KW - At grade intersections KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Calibration KW - Crash data KW - Driveways KW - Empirical methods KW - Geometric design KW - Grade (Highways) KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Left turn lanes KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Passing lanes KW - Right turn lanes KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Skew angle KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/99207/99207.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806313 AU - Hoerner, T E AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED PREDICTION MODELS FOR PCC PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS, VOLUME II: PAVESPEC 3.0 USER'S GUIDE PY - 2000/12 SP - 125 p. AB - The current performance-related specifications (PRS) methodology has been under development by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for several years and has now reached a level at which it can be implemented by State highway agencies. PRS for highway pavements depend heavily on performance prediction models to determine the impact of varying levels of construction quality. This study focused on the improvement of the key distress and smoothness prediction models used in the PRS for jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). Performance models for transverse joint faulting, transverse slab cracking, transverse joint spalling, and smoothness [International Roughness Index (IRI)] were evaluated and them improved substantially. This was accomplished using a comprehensive national database of JPCP performance data, along with sound statistical and engineering techniques. Performance model calibration guidelines were also developed so that a State can calibrate any of these models specifically to its pavement performance data. The PaveSpec PRS demonstration software was upgraded to Version 3.0 under this study. Some of the specific improvements incorporated in PaveSpec 3.0 include: 1) incorporation of the improved distress indicator models, as well as the ability to calibrate or modify the default models, 2) sensitivity analysis capabilities, 3) expected pay charts, and 4) online help. This volume, Volume II (Appendix A), contains a complete updated PaveSpec User's Guide. KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Databases KW - Faulting KW - International Roughness Index KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Smoothness KW - Software KW - Spalling KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10117/00131.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00804724 AU - Mueller, D S AU - Landers, M N AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION FOR REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT OF SCOUR AT BRIDGES PY - 2000/12 SP - 87 p. AB - Portable scour-measuring systems were developed to meet the requirements of three different applications: bridge inspections, limited-detail data collection, and detailed data collection. A portable scour-measuring system consists of four components: (a) the instrument(s) for making the measurement, (2) a system for deploying the instrument(s), (3) a method to identify and record the horizontal position of the data collected, and (4) a data-storage device. Commercially available instruments were evaluated for use in measuring scour at bridges during floods. The systems developed consist primarily of commercially available instruments, which were modified and interfaced to achieve the required functionality. The bridge-inspection system is intended for use by bridge inspectors to measure the streambed elevation around piers and abutments to ensure the stability of bridge foundations. The system developed and described here uses a low-cost echo sounder to measure the water depth and a tethered float to deploy the transducer around the bridge piers and abutments. Data are recorded on a chart-recording echo sounder or in a notebook if the echo sounder has only a graphical or numerical display. The U.S. Geological Survey has been collecting limited-detail data on scour at bridges for several years. The only additional development for limited-detail data collection was to use a float to deploy the transducer of an echo sounder, which allows data to be collected beneath the bridge and along the sides of the piers. The detailed data collection system allows collection of detailed channel bathymetry and hydraulic data at the bridge and in the approach and exit reaches. Channel geometry is measured using a digital echo sounder; three-dimensional velocity profiles are collected using a broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (BB-ADCP); and the position of the data collected is measured using either a range-azimuth positioning system or a differential global positioning system. All data are transmitted to shore where they are stored on a field computer. Because of the spatial coverage required of detailed data, the instruments must be deployed from a boat. Although manned boats are frequently used on some streams, safety and access considerations, particularly on small streams, led to the development of a remote-control boat. The remote-control boat consists of a flat-bottom jon boat powered by an outboard engine with servos and switches mounted directly on the engine to allow control of the engine by use of standard recreational remote controls. All systems developed have been used successfully during major floods and allow data to be collected more efficiently and in more detail than was previously possible. KW - Acoustic Doppler current profiler KW - Bathymetry KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Floods KW - Hydraulics KW - Measuring instruments KW - Portable equipment KW - Real time information KW - Remote-control boat KW - Scour KW - Sounding UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17500/17526/PB2001102040.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00804722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES (MUTCD) 2000. MILLENNIUM EDITION (INTERNET VERSION) PY - 2000/12 SP - v.p. AB - The "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD) defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all streets and highways. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655, Subpart F. Although the MUTCD is routinely updated to include amendments that clarify new standards and incorporate technical advances, it has been more than 20 years since the manual was entirely rewritten, and the most recent edition was published in 1988. The new MUTCD is published in 3-ring binders for easy updating, on CD-ROM, and on the Internet. Redesigned text format in columns will help users identify STANDARDS -- "shall" conditions; GUIDANCE -- "should" conditions; OPTIONS -- "may" conditions; and SUPPORT -- descriptive and/or general information for designing, placing, and applying traffic control devices. Measurements are presented in both metric and English units. This Internet version contains sections in PDF format. For best results it is recommended that they be viewed using Netscape Navigator, version 4 or higher, Internet Explorer, version 4 or higher, and Adobe Acrobat Reader, version 4. Instructions for printing are given. The sections are as follows: Cover and Introduction; Table of Contents; Part 1 - General Provisions; Part 2 - Guide Signs; Part 3 - Markings; Part 4 - Traffic Signals; Part 5 - Low-Volume Rural Roads; Part 6 - Work Zones; Part 7 - Traffic Controls for School Areas; Part 8 - Traffic Control for Highway-Rail Grade Crossings; Part 9 - Traffic Controls for Bicycle Facilities; Part 10 - Highway-Light Rail Transit (LRT) Grade Crossings; and Appendix A. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Guide signs KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Schools KW - Standards KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno-millennium.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00812557 AU - Stonex, A AU - Anderson, D A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FB-3 MODIFIED WEARING COURSE PY - 2000/11/30 SP - 89 p. AB - A number of municipalities and townships throughout Pennsylvania have reportedly been using a thin surface layer (2 in. thick) of cold-mixed bituminous concrete material called FB-3 Modified Wearing Course to maintain and/or improve the surfaces of low-volume rural and residential roadways. However, FB-3 Modified Wearing Course is not listed in PennDOT Bulletin 15, "Approved Construction Materials," and thus cannot be purchased with Liquid Fuels Tax money. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance and suitability of FB-3 Modified Wearing Course, and its mixing and placement requirements, and to compare its performance to wearing course materials currently approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) for low-volume roads to provide a rational basis for PennDOT to reject or approve the use of FB-3 Modified Wearing Course by local municipalities. Three private firms participated in this study by suggesting locations, supplying FB-3 Modified Wearing Course material for the selected respective test sections, located in three different parts of Pennsylvania, and paving the test sections in 1999. A total of six test sections were paved using two distinctly different families of FB-3 Modified Wearing Course materials. This report presents information on test section site selection, pre-construction condition surveys, observations of paving operations, and visual condition evaluations performed in spring and fall 2000, for each of the respective test sites. The surface of each test section was videotaped during each condition survey/evaluation. Results of tests on samples of component materials and on samples of the FB-3 Modified mixtures obtained during construction are presented and analyzed. The FB-3 Modified mixtures have generally performed well and it is recommended that FB-3 Modified Wearing Course be approved for use by local municipalities on low-volume and residential roadways. A draft specification and proposed usage guidelines suitable for incorporation into PennDOT Standard Specifications or other pertinent standards or policy documents are included as part of the conclusions and recommendations of this report. These are based on existing specifications for other types of FB mixtures, observed test section performance to date, and material characteristics as determined by laboratory testing. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Condition surveys KW - Low volume roads KW - Pennsylvania KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Residential streets KW - Specifications KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Videotapes KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18000/18065/PB2001106544.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/680616 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459682 TI - Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center (HITEC) Studies AB - The objective of this project is to establish and operate a national center for the evaluation of innovative highway technology. KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highways KW - Innovation KW - Research projects KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227897 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464655 TI - Technical Support for the AASHTO Task Force on Roadside Safety (TFRS) AB - Background: In 1993, following the publication of NCHRP Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, the Federal Highway Administration adopted the recommended procedures by referral as the national standard through the rule-making process. At the time, the full impact of this action was not understood by the states. The cost of such mandates became clear after the September 1994 FHWA memo mandated large-scale changes in the application of common guardrail end treatments. To meet the mandate, states found themselves needing to replace numerous roadside devices that seemed to be performing adequately. Many states found the costs of meeting this mandate to be tens of millions of dollars. This unexpected expense and the time required to assess the states' current barrier hardware against the 350 requirements delayed the development and acceptance of new hardware. Only limited efforts were focused on developing new non-proprietary hardware, and although a few new proprietary hardware designs did reach the market, there was little competition in the market to keep the prices low.

The NCHRP, following a long history of being responsible for developing and maintaining recommendations for crashworthiness evaluations, initiated Project 22-14 in 1996. The research of Project 22-14 will involve reviewing NCHRP Report 350 and identifying areas where updates are needed to address changing conditions (e.g., greater numbers of light trucks in the fleet). The results of this effort are likely to illustrate a need to develop a successor to NCHRP Report 350 over the next 5 years.

AASHTO organized a "Special Task Force for 350 Implementation" to address the impacts of the federal mandates on the state DOTs. This task force was successful in clarifying the federal mandates and in reaching agreement on what could and could not be achieved by October 1, 1998. One outcome of these task force efforts was the recommendation that AASHTO play a stronger role in future development, approval, and maintenance of the procedures through the Task Force on Roadside Safety (TFRS). The TFRS represented the most appropriate body to take on this responsibility, but because very few state DOT employees were involved in the development or crash testing of new hardware, they needed technical assistance to effectively comply with the federal mandates. Furthermore, the time required to meet these new responsibilities made it difficult for the committee volunteers to complete other assignments, such as the updating of the Roadside Design Guide. Therefore, some means of support was necessary, particularly over the initial years of the handling this responsibility.

Objective: The objective of this research is to provide the resources necessary for TFRS to undertake the critical efforts associated with the development, approval, and maintenance of procedures for the crashworthiness evaluation of roadside features.

Tasks: Efforts to support the Task Force on Roadside Safety may include the following: (1) Formulation of a plan for periodic or continual updating of the procedures for the evaluation of highway safety features in conjunction with TRB and other interested parties. Once a plan has been made a part of the TFRS responsibility, there will be the need to undertake the analyses, reviews, and evaluations necessary to monitor trends, identify new hardware types, update crash testing procedures, analyze the potential impacts, and solicit feedback from affected parties. (2) Crash testing of roadside hardware to validate the effectiveness and/or impacts of new crash testing procedures to address changing conditions or improved safety criteria. (3) Support efforts to update the Roadside Design Guide and other materials intended to aid DOT staff in making rational and cost-effective decisions relative to the application of devices. (4) Evaluation of the impacts of proposed changes to testing requirements to assess the short- and long-term impacts, particularly where safety benefits may be marginal. This might involve detailed analyses of crash reports, field studies, or cost-benefit analyses. (5) Identification of critical data elements and development of an information resource, to include at least an oversight of the management of information related to roadside safety in a central repository (e.g., a website). The information included in the central resource might involve crash reports, crash testing results, in-service evaluations, and simulation results. (6) Coordination with other committees and agencies relative to crash test requirements. For example, it is important that requirements for post-embedment be consistent with other standards. The TFRS might be called upon to support the FHWA in decisions relative to the acceptance of crash test results for particular hardware items. (7) Development of research needs and identification of priorities for them. (8) Undertaking of other analyses as needed to promote effective roadside safety policy and programs.

It is critical that the TFRS make appropriate decisions relative to roadside safety on behalf of AASHTO. Since the issues are complex and the primary means of getting answers highly technical or costly, it is necessary that the task force have resources to seek answers. Furthermore, since only two states are equipped to undertake crash testing and no state has the capability to conduct finite-element simulations, it is necessary that access to these services in a timely manner be provided. It is also appropriate that a group like TFRS play an integral role in maintaining data and information on the crashworthiness of typical roadside hardware. Therefore, it will be necessary to formulate a plan for information gathering, maintenance, and distribution.

Status: Tasks 1through 4 have been completed. Task 5 was cancelled.

Task 1, Publication of the Year 2000 AASHTO Roadside Design Guide

Consultant: Trauner Consulting Services
Principal Investigator: Michael Radbill
Effective Date: November 15, 2000
Completed: November 30, 2001
Funds Allocated: $35,000

In the past, updates of the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide (RDG) have been accomplished through the volunteer efforts of the AASHTO Task Force on Roadside Safety. The task force met in September 1999 to discuss preliminary chapter drafts and has made many decisions regarding the intended revisions. Subsequently, revised chapter drafts have been prepared. Despite these efforts toward a Year 2000 revision to the RDG, the task force believes that without assistance, publication will be delayed.

The objective of this task was to provide assistance to the Task Force on Roadside Safety and the AASHTO Publications staff in publishing a year 2000 edition of the RDG.

Status: This task has been completed and the final deliverables have been submitted to AASHTO for inclusion in the 2002 Roadside Design Guide.

Task 2 Identification of Specific References Used in Developing Criteria and Recommendations in the Roadside Design Guide

Consultant: Nystrom Consulting
Principal Investigator: Kimberly Nystrom
Effective Date: July 8, 2002
Completed: March 31, 2004
Funds Allocated: $55,900

The objective of this study was to identify original research studies and other source material used in the Roadside Design Guide.

Status: This task has been completed. A list of research studies and other source material has been developed for each chapter of the Roadside Design Guide. A CD containing the resource materials has been delivered to the Task Force on Roadside Safety.