TY - RPRT AN - 00381778 AU - Yu, S L AU - Gropen, S L AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF RAINFALL LOSSES IN VIRGINIA: THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION PY - 1983/07 SP - 59 p. AB - The effects of urbanization on the Corps of Engineers' HEC-1 rainfall-runoff model parameters were examined. Data on rainfall events and corresponding streamflow hydrographs were gathered for five watersheds in rural and highly urbanized areas in Virginia. These data were used in the HEC-1 program to obtain optimal estimates for the loss rate, unit hydrograph, and runoff hydrograph parameters. Regression analyses were then performed to derive prediction equations for these parameters in terms of the percent imperviousness of a watershed, which was used as the index of urbanization. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Flow KW - Hydrographs KW - Losses KW - Permeability KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Urban areas KW - Urbanization KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/84-r2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378572 AU - Moreland, P B AU - Automated Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION SERVICES FOR PAVEMENT SURVEY EQUIPMENT PY - 1983/07 AB - Pavement survey equipment was investigated to determine what equipment is in use, what calibration services are required, and how these services can be provided. The major pavement survey equipment in use are the locked-wheel skid tester, response-type road meters, and dynamic-structural-capacity equipment. Other equipment in use or under development are profilometers, British Pendulum Testers, sand-patch gear, outflow meters, Mu Meters, falling-weight deflectometer, and keyboard-pavement-distress survey equipment. Calibration needs of these types of equipment are identified. Candidate Calibration Services are identified and evaluated through use of a rating scheme devised for this purpose. A mobile calibration scheme was selected which provides services to skid testers, roughness meters, structural-capacity devices, and microtexture and macrotexture equipment. A Pilot Plan and a Full Program Plan were developed for the national implementation of these services. Analysis and recommendation of a funding scheme are also included. Report No. FHWA/RD-82/134 is the Executive Summary report. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Surveying instruments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379056 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL REVIEW OF STATE HIGHWAY AGENCIES' PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT PRACTICES PY - 1983/07 SP - v.p. AB - The scope of this review encompasses procedures and techniques used by State Highway Administrations (SHA's) for public involvement during project development, particularly during location and design. (In some instances FHWA Direct Federal projects were also included.) However, it recognizes that a State's public involvement program is interrelated from systems planning through construction, and any division is, to some extent, artificial. The data base for the review was constructed from several sources, including State Action Plans and other State manuals or documents which describe public involvement procedures. At least one State in each of the nine FHWA Regions was visited. During the site visits, State public involvement staff and certain FHWA Region and Division Office staff were interviewed. Selected public hearings, meetings, and other public involvement activities were also observed. Briefly, this report provides (1) an overview of SHA's public involvement techniques, (2) references to some highly successful public involvement activities, (3) some perspectives on the future direction of public involvement programs, and (4) a listing of the more prevalent reported issues in these areas. Also included in the report sections are relevant listings of abridged bibliographical abstracts, mostly extending from mid-1982 to the early 1970's and primarily compiled from a recent (Nov. 1982) Transportation Research Board bibliography on citizen participation. Additionally, the report contains a "Summary of Findings," "Conclusions and Recommendations" and an "Appendix" with further guidance material and references to selected case studies. (Author) KW - Bibliographies KW - Case studies KW - Highway planning KW - Public participation KW - Revenues KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379477 AU - Post, T J AU - Alexander, G J AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRPORT PAVEMENT BULLETIN. EVALUATION USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND OVERLAY DESIGN PY - 1983/07 SP - 115 p. AB - This bulletin updates and supercedes FAA-74-1, "Airport Pavement Bulletin, Nondestructive Testing". Bulletin 74-1 was limited to nondestructive testing (NDT) and evaluation procedures. This bulletin describes the NDT procedures, airport pavement evaluation procedures to obtain load-carrying capacities, overlay design procedures to determine required thicknesses of overlays for existing pavements and also economic analyses of pavement rehabilitation alternatives. NDT is used as a basis for pavement evaluation, since it is efficient and suitable for testing airport pavements. The 16-kip NDT equipment developed and used by the U.S. Army Engineer, Waterways Experiment Station (WES) is cited in this bulletin, since it was used in the development of the evaluation procedures. With the 16-kip vibrator, testing time per test point is two to four minutes. Benefits of NDT are that runway downtime is minimal, and tests may also be conducted during nighttime hours when there is no scheduled aircraft traffic. The evaluation procedures are based on past research and development efforts that provided correlations of NDT results with the allowable single wheel loads (ASWL) determined by direct sampling and field and laboratory testing of various types of pavement. Computer programs, which may be used to obtain the results of the evaluation and overlay design are provided. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Bearing capacity KW - Computer aided design KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Route guidance KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Thickness KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419652 AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Friberg, B F AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Prestressed pavement: volume 3 - construction manual PY - 1983/06 IS - FHWA/RD-82-092 SP - 45P KW - Anchorage KW - Anchorages KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Roadbase KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419651 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Colley, B E AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Prestressed pavement: volume 2 - thickness design PY - 1983/06 IS - FHWA/RD-82-091 SP - 45P KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Stress KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457054 AU - SMITH, S A AU - Purdy, J E AU - McGee, H W AU - Harwood, D W AU - Glennon, J C AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION, QUANTIFICATION AND STRUCTURING OF TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. VOLUME II--PHYSICAL AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 274 p. AB - This document is a resource document, providing a detailed accounting of the physical and safety characteristics of the two-lane rural highway system in the United States. The following are discussed: Physical inventory of the two-lane highway system; a comparison of safety characteristics and problems on two-lane highways; and future conditions on two-lane rural highways. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Rural highways KW - State of the art studies KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457052 AU - SMITH, S A AU - Purdy, J E AU - McGee, H W AU - Harwood, D W AU - Glennon, J C AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION, QUANTIFICATION AND STRUCTURING OF TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. VOLUME I--TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 246 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to identify safety problems on two-lane rural highways through the review and analyses of existing data and to determine the cost-effectiveness of possible highway-related solutions to those problems. An extensive review of literature was conducted and existing research data bases were analyzed to provide state-of-the-art information on the current safety performance of two-lane highways and the potential benefits of highway accident countermeasures. An important emphasis of this study was to provide some general guidance for investing highway safety expenditures on two-lane rural highways in future years, and to provide additional data and procedures to state and local highway engineers to enable them to select safety improvement projects more effectively. The study covers the entire two-lane rural system, consisting of over 3 million miles of highway, and includes the range of countermeasures which would ordinarily be considered for use on the system. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Rural highways KW - State of the art studies KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453718 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARNING SIGNS AND ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS - REEVALUATION OF PRACTICE. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 185 p. AB - This project included a survey of state traffic engineers, an unobtrusive "local familiar" driver study and an instrumented vehicle testdriver study which measured driver eye fixation and vehicle measures such as velocity, lane position, gas pedal deflection and brake pedal activations. The two field studies were conducted on rural two-lane highways at two curves and at an intersection. The results of the survey indicate substantial discrepancies in practices among states and within states and a need for more uniform signing policies and practices. The velocities of the "local familiar" drivers are in general slightly higher than the velocities of the test drivers. The analysis of the test driver eye movement and the vehicle data indicates that there are in general no statistically significant differences between run 1 and run 2, between "experience" drivers, between the presense and the absence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs (exception: avg. intersection approach vel. 3-10 mph slower at night with Stop Ahead signs). Statistically significant differences for some of the measures were observed between the day and the night conditions. One may conclude that the presence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs does not influence driver eye fixation or driver behavior in a statistically and practically significant manner. It is recommended that Table S-1 be adjusted and modified and that a more effective practice for curve warnings and for intersection warnings be developed. (Author) KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design standards KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Field studies KW - Intersections KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Standardization KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450616 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Upchurch, J E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEFT TURN SIGNAL WARRANTS FOR ARIZONA PY - 1983/06 SP - 77 p. AB - A warrant was developed to choose the appropriate type of left turn signal phasing: permissive, exclusive/permissive, or exclusive. Time-lapse photography was used to observe volume and delay data at a total of six arterial-arterial signalized intersections in the Phoenix metropolitan area. From the time-lapse film, data on volume, number of vehicles stopping, total delay, average delay per stopped vehicle, and average delay for all vehicles was obtained for each turning movement. The effect of the type of left turn signal phasing onleft turn delay and through delay was analyzed. A three year history of Accident rates for the three types of left turn phasing were also reviewed. The developed warrant chooses the type of left turn phasing based on left turn volume, opposing volume, number of opposing lanes, cycle length, approach speed, sight distance restrictions, and accident history. (Author) KW - Agricultural drains KW - Drains KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468733 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF EROSION CONTROL MATERIALS FOR SLOPES IN HIGHWAY CORRIDORS IN MISSOURI. FINAL REPORT. MISSOURI COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1983/06 SP - 50 p. AB - The study considered the use of ground fibers as a hydraulic mulch to replace Type 2 mulch (vegetative mulch with emulsion as a tackifier) and the use of ground fibers, cooked fibers, and slick paper as mulch oversprays to replace emulsion as a tackifier, in Type 2 mulch. Some cost savings are anticipated as a result of allowing the alternate. KW - Costs KW - Erosion control KW - Fibers KW - Highway corridors KW - Mulches KW - Savings KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP81-4_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468734 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF EROSION CONTROL MATERIALS FOR DITCHES IN HIGHWAY CORRIDORS IN MISSOURI. FINAL REPORT. MISSOURI COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1983/06 SP - 41 p. AB - Plastic mat (Enkamat), Mulch Blanket (Hold Gro), Excelsior Blanket (Curlex Blanket), and Lightweight Mulch Blanket (Roll Lite) were installed and evaluated as alternates to concrete ditch liner, sod, and plastic netting over straw used for erosion control in ditches. The materials included in this study were only the materials promoted to the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department and are not claimed to be representative of all materials available. KW - Blanket KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Highway corridors KW - Mats KW - Mats (Footings) KW - Mulches KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP81-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379062 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - This is the final report of a study of the application of statistical concepts to specifications for hydraulic cement concrete as used in highway facilities. It reviews the general problems associated with the application of statistical techniques to hydraulic cement concrete, and discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages to applying such techniques to concrete used in the construction of transportation facilities. During the course of the research reported here, it was found that for the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation, contracts for concrete structures generally involved small volumes of concrete, and that the usual frequency of sampling and testing did not provide sufficient test results for establishing specifications based on usually recommended risks to both the contractor and the state. Increases in the frequency of testing to provide the recommended risks would result in excessive increases in costs. Accordingly, procedures for acceptance of concrete on the basis of small-to-medium sample sizes at increased statistical risks, but based on sound engineering judgement, were developed and are included in the report. Also included are complete recommendations for a revised specification for hydraulic cement concrete and a discussion of the statistical significance of the recommended changes. Recommended revisions to the Virginia Test Manual and the Instructions to concrete inspectors that would be needed should the revised specification be accepted are included in the appendices. Also included as an appendix is a resume of practices and requirements in other states using statistical concepts in their specifications for hydraulic cement concrete. (Author) KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Concrete KW - Concrete structures KW - Contractors KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Portland cement KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36513/83-R36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474932 AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nagai, I M AU - Bishop, R W AU - Hale, P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE IMPACT TESTS OF A SEE-THROUGH, COLLAPSING RING, STRUCTURAL STEEL TUBE, BRIDGE BARRIER RAILING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 136 p. AB - California has used a 32-inch high concrete parapet bridge rail with a New Jersey profile as the standard for most bridges in the past 10 years. A few transportation districts requested an alternate design that would allow motorists to see through the rail better in scenic areas. With this impetus, Caltrans proceeded to develop and crash test a new bridge barrier railing. Two crash tests were conducted. Static crush tests were also conducted on two steel pipe rings. The new design called Metal Railing (Tubular) Type 18 has been adopted as a standard and is ready for trial use. KW - Aesthetics KW - Barrier design KW - Bridge railings KW - Collapse KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Rings KW - Structural steel KW - Testing KW - Tubular structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472128 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARNING SIGNS AND ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS - REEVALUTION OF PRACTICE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 4 p. AB - This project included a survey of state traffic engineers, an unobtrusive "local familiar" driver study and an instrumented vehicle test driver study which measured driver eye fixation and vehicle measures such as velocity, lane position, gas pedal deflection and brake pedal activations. The two field studies were conducted on rural two-lane highways at two curves and at an intersection. The results of the survey indicate substantial discrepancies in practices among states and within states and a need for more uniform signing policies and practices. The velocities of the "local familiar" drivers are in general slightly higher than the velocities of the test drivers. The analysis of the test driver eye movement and the vehicle data indicates that there are in general no statistically significant differnces between run 1 and run 2, between "experienced" and "inexperienced" drivers, between the presence and the absence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs (exception: avg. intersection approach velocity 3-10 mph slower at night with Stop Ahead signs). Statistically signifcant differences for some of the measures were observed between the day and the night conditions. We may conclude that the presence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs does not influence driver eye fixations or driver behavior in a statistically and practically significant manner. It is recommended that Table S-1 be adjusted and modified and that a more effective practice for curve warnings and for intersection warnings be developed. KW - Advisory speed signs KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Field studies KW - Intersections KW - Speed signs KW - Stop ahead signs KW - Stop signs KW - Surveys KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472129 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARNING SIGNS AND ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS - REEVALUTION OF PRACTICE. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 185 p. AB - This project included a survey of state traffic engineers, an unobtrusive "local familiar" driver study and an instrumented vehicle test driver study which measured driver eye fixation and vehicle measures such as velocity, lane position, gas pedal deflection and brake pedal activations. The two field studies were conducted on rural two-lane highways at two curves and at an intersection. The results of the survey indicate substantial discrepancies in practices among states and within states and a need for more uniform signing policies and practices. The velocities of the "local familiar" drivers are in general slightly higher than the velocities of the test drivers. The analysis of the test driver eye movement and the vehicle data indicates that there are in general no statistically significant differnces between run 1 and run 2, between "experienced" and "inexperienced" drivers, between the presence and the absence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs (exception: avg. intersection approach velocity 3-10 mph slower at night with Stop Ahead signs). Statistically signifcant differences for some of the measures were observed between the day and the night conditions. We may conclude that the presence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs does not influence driver eye fixations or driver behavior in a statistically and practically significant manner. It is recommended that Table S-1 be adjusted and modified and that a more effective practice for curve warnings and for intersection warnings be developed. KW - Advisory speed signs KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Field studies KW - Intersections KW - Speed signs KW - Stop ahead signs KW - Stop signs KW - Surveys KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385332 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF WORK ZONE FLAGGER'S VEST PY - 1983/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This report concerns the specifications of a work zone flagger's vest, for inclusion in the U.S. Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The work involved a number of research activities. Related scientific and technical studies were analyzed, current flagging operations were observed and a large number of vest designs were examined under day, dusk, and night viewing conditions. For use during the day, the vest should be constructed of a fluorescent orange material. For night use, white or silver retroreflective tape triming is required. The tape pattern should be recognizable from the front, side and back. (The flagger is observed by the motorist from all these aspects). To be distinguished as representing a flagger, the tape pattern should outline the flagger's figure. A plan of an acceptable vest is illustrated in the report. (FHWA) KW - Clothing KW - Fluorescence KW - Personnel KW - Retroreflectors KW - Specifications KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386462 AU - Johnson, J B AU - Geophysical Institute AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE LOAD EFFECTS ON ALASKAN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1983/06 SP - 57 p. AB - Falling Weight Deflectometer measurements from four Alaskan pavement section types and a reverse iterative technique, assuming a four-layer model pavement structure were used to calculate a dynamic elastic modulus for each layer as a function of load. The four-layer model pavement structures and fatigue criteria for the asphalt and base support layers were used to determine the relative damage potential for heavy loads on Alaskan pavements in terms of a comparative damage factor. For pavement categories and load ranges tested, the damage factor (ratio) between any two loads was found to be proportional to the axle weight ratio raised to the 2.2 power. Calculate damage factors for tandem axle configurations were just twice as large as those for single axle configurations with the same per axle load. This indicates that Alaskan pavements are generally too thin to support a continuous deflection basin between multiple axles and that multiple axle loadings should be evaluated separately regardless of axle spacing. KW - Axles KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_84_05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461719 AU - Plinsky, R AU - Miley, S AU - Manes, R AU - Russell, E AU - Bennett, C R AU - Mather, R AU - Allard, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO IMPROVE THE VISIBILITY OF RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSING SIGNALS. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 126 p. AB - The purpose of this project is to investigate alternative ways to improve the visibility and conspicuity of flashing signal lights at about 54,400 railroad-highway crossings with flashing lights or flashing lights and gates. This purpose is transposed into a scope of work by means of the following objectives: 1) To analyze and evaluate current signal specifications, practice, and equipment, and to document their evolution and bases; 2) To develop performance specifications for improved signal light dispersion and intensity; 3) To develop, analyze and evaluate various alternative methods of obtaining improved light dispersion and intensity, within the existing railroad-highway crossing signal system, in order to improve the visibility and conspicuity of the signals; 4) To determine the hardware modifications or accessories needed to improve the visibility of existing signals; and 5) To construct and test a prototype of the proposed modification. A presentation of this study's findings, technical details, tables and figures which support related documentation and conclusions are included in this volume. This volume is the second in a series of three. The others are an Executive Summary and Volume II: Data and Appendix. KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Improvements KW - Performance based specifications KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad signals KW - Specifications KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460355 AU - Gomez, M AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTS AND THICKNESS EQUIVALENCY RATIOS PY - 1983/06 SP - 52 p. AB - Structural coefficient and thickness equivalency ratio concepts are evaluated. Pertinent studies reported in the literature are reviewed. ILLI-PAVE structural model analyses are utilized to establish thickness equivalency ratios for typical materials and flexible pavement sections. There are large variations in suggested structural coefficient values. In general, the original AASHO values seem to be somewhat conservative. It is shown that the structural layer coefficients vary with respect to layer thickness, material type, material quality, layer location (base, subbase), traffic level, and limiting criterion (stress, strain, deflection, etc.). It is apparent that layer coefficients are not "constants". It is concluded that it is not feasible or practical to develop a comprehensive procedure for establishing "adjustment factors" for modifying structural coefficients. Further efforts to refine/modify the current Illinois DOT coefficient based flexible pavement design system offer very limited benefits and should be discontinued. It is recommended that future IHR-510 activities be directed toward the development of mechanistic pavement design concepts for asphalt concrete + granular, asphalt concrete + stabilized base, and full depth asphalt concrete flexible pavement systems. KW - Accuracy KW - Building materials KW - Coefficients KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness KW - Thickness equivalence KW - Traffic loads KW - Variance UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460297 AU - Hawkins, N M AU - Clark, J H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL AND LIVE LOAD STRESSES IN DENNY CREEK VIADUCT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 337 p. AB - The span by span, stage constructed, prestressed concrete box girder bridge, known as the Denny Creek Viaduct, was instrumented during construction with Carlson gages. This report describes information on long term creep and shrinkage strains, and on live load and thermal strains collected using those gages in a two-year period starting approximately two years after completion of the bridge. Relevant literature on creep and shrinkage deformation predictions, live load stress predictions, and thermal load predictions for stage constructed bridges is reviewed. The predictions of accepted state-of-the-art procedures are compared with the strains and temperatures recorded by the Carlson gages. Significant temperature gradient strains, caused by diurnal temperature changes, are reported. A procedure is developed for predicting those temperature-induced strains based on environmental and material property parameters and design scenarios recommended for critical temperature events. The stage constructed cross-section responded to live loads similarly to a homogeneous section. However, tension strains still existed in regions where compression strains were predicted as a result of creep and shrinkage effects. KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Construction management KW - Creep KW - Forecasting KW - Live loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Stage construction KW - Strain gages KW - Thermal stresses KW - Viaducts UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/058.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454362 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARNING SIGNS AND ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS - REEVALUATION OF PRACTICE - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/06 SP - 4 p. AB - This project included a survey of state traffic engineers, an unobtrusive "local familiar" driver study and an instrumented vehicle test-driver study which measured driver eye fixation and vehicle measures such as velocity, lane position, gas pedal deflection and brake pedal activations. The two field studies were conducted on rural two-lane highways at two curves and at an intersection. The results of the survey indicate substantial discrepancies in practices among states and within states and a need for more uniform signing policies and practices. The velocities of the "local familiar" drivers are in general slightly higher than the velocities of the test drivers. The analysis of the test driver eye movement and the vehicle data indicates that there are in general no statistically significant differences between run 1 and run 2, between "experienced" and "inexperienced" drivers, between the presence and the absence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs (Exception: avg. intersection approach vel. 3-10 mph slower at night with Stop Ahead signs). Statistically significant differences for some of the measures were observed between the day and the night conditions. One may conclude that the presence of Advisory Speed signs or Stop Ahead signs does not influence driver eye fixations or driver behavior in a statistically and practically significant manner. It is recommended that Table S-1 be adjusted and modified andd that a more effective practice for curve warnings and for intersection warnings be developed. (Author) KW - Advisory speed signs KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reaction time KW - Rural highways KW - Speed signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453644 AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WILDLIFE POPULATIONS UTILIZING RIGHT-OF-WAY HABITATS ALONG INTERSTATE 95 IN NORTHERN MAINE--FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/06 SP - 31 p. AB - From 1975 to 1982, the impact of constructing Interstate 95 in northern Maine on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of birds, rodents, and other mammals was assessed. Populations and activities of breeding birds and mammals were examined before, druing, and after construction of I-95 along sections adjacent to various forest habitat types. Movements and densities of birds and mammals adjacent to and away from I-95 did not differ significantly during and after construction. The use and avoidance of newly created edges by some species was examined. Immediate losses of habitats for breeding birds were noted, and the long-term effects on population of birds and mammals are discussed. KW - Animals KW - Birds KW - Interstate highways KW - Right of way KW - Signs KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396572 AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOW DEVELOPERS BENEFIT FROM RIDESHARING PY - 1983/06 SP - 11 p. AB - Ridesharing has become the focus of developers and city planners. Many developers have incorporated ridesharing into construction plans, enabling them to reduce the amount of parking space required. Ridesharing programs are required by some city or county zoning ordinances. Programs may also be used as marketing tools. By setting up ridesharing in return for reduced parking requirements, thousands of dollars may be saved. The cost of building and maintaining parking facilities, coupled with the scarcity of land for them, makes reduction in parking requirements enticing. Some cities have recently changed zoning ordinances to include ridesharing. If traffic reduction is a primary concern, regulations may state that ridesharing must be instituted in order for building permits to be issued. Company image and community support are other benefits. Marketing to prospective tenants and buyers has included developments located outside city limits or beyond transit routes where ridesharing can be a viable option to commuting alone or an added amenity in the form of a convenient, economical way to travel to work. Four major types of developments--residential, industrial, mixed-use, and multiemployer office facility--are described in the form of case studies. KW - Building codes KW - Development KW - Employers KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Office buildings KW - Parking demand KW - Parking facilities KW - Private enterprise KW - Residential areas KW - Residential development KW - Ridesharing KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396573 AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTIPLE-USE OF RIDESHARING VEHICLES PY - 1983/06 SP - 14 p. AB - While many companies purchased vehicles for ridesharing during morning and evening commuting hours, a number are now looking into multiple-use programs that allow alternative uses for ridesharing vehicles during non-rush hours. Vans used for morning and evening commuting might be used during the day to operate shuttle services, pick up and deliver materials, run errands or even be loaned or leased to social service agencies. There are descriptions of 13 programs for ridesharing vehicles used for a variety of innovative operations. Some organizations are using fleet vehicles for ridesharing; in other cases a ridesharing agency participates and/or operates a multiple-use vehicle program through a third-party vanpool operation. There are discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of a multiple-use program as well as a section of of program profiles. KW - Delivery service KW - Employers KW - Leasing KW - Multiple purpose projects KW - Origin and destination KW - Shuttle service KW - Social service agencies KW - Vans KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393802 AU - Roschke, P AU - Bamgboye, O AU - Carlson, E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS SECTION VII VOLUME 2: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS PY - 1983/06 SP - 124 p. AB - A finite element analysis of an 84-inch (2134-mm), reinforced concrete culvert, under approximately 190 ft (58 m) of embankment, made with full consideration for asymmetric canyon boundaries (see Section VII, Volume 1), is repeated, for the five zones previously analyzed, using a greatly simplified, symmetric, rectangular mesh. The objective of this additional work, which was requested by the FHWA, is to establish comparisons between parameters significantly affecting culvert behavior, as predicted by the complex and simplified analyses. Consideration of full boundary conditions requires pre-survey potential culvert sites, which may make such analyses prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. The simplified analysis and comparative predictions are discussed in this volume. (Author) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Rigid pipes KW - Rigid structures KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385344 AU - Lewis, R M AU - Lewis (Russell M) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF CHANNELIZING DEVICES FOR TWO-LANE TWO-WAY OPERATIONS PY - 1983/06 SP - 59 p. AB - Two-lane, two-way operation (TLTWO) is the situation created when one directional roadway of a divided, four-lane highway is closed for construction or maintenance operations and the traffic which normally uses that roadway is crossed over the median and shares the other roadway with opposing traffic. The remaining open roadway is operated with one lane in each direction with passing prohibited. This report examines the use, maintenance practices and cost factors for existing TLTWO channelizing devices. Modified and new device concepts are identified and evaluated with the assistance of a study panel composed of representative potential users (highway agencies and traffic services contractors), national organizations, researchers, consultants and device manufacturers. Eight candidate concepts were prioritized as to the potential value of the concept and the potential payoff for including the concept in the second phase of the study. Two channelizing device concepts were selected for further study: (1) an improved flexible, durable, self-restoring device of modest size having a post or paddle shape, and (2) a continuous, raised median with intermittent, high-visibility devices mounted thereon. This document presents the findings from the first of a two-phase study. A second report, "Performance Criteria for Channelizing Devices Used for Two-Lane Two-Way Operations," will cover the development of functional requirements, performance criteria and testing procedures for the two TLTWO channelizing devices described above. (FHWA) KW - Channelization KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Medians KW - Performance KW - Self-restoring KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control devices KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392212 AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA'S THIN BONDED PCC OVERLAY PY - 1983/06 SP - n.p. AB - Details of a thin bonded PCC overlay of a 17 year old PCC pavement are presented. The location was on I-80 near Truckee at 6500-7000 ft elevation. Due to the extent of bond failure, the project is considered to have "failed", and was overlaid with AC. Results of the failure investigation to date are also given. (FHWA) KW - Bonding KW - Experimental roads KW - Failure KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390996 AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - Paul, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE FOR PAVEMENT REPAIR AND REHABILITATION PY - 1983/06 SP - 128 p. AB - Polymer concrete has been used for several years to repair concrete bridges. This report summarizes research performed to develop materials and procedures for repairing concrete pavements. Optimization studies were performed to develop monomer formulation which would cure in one hour or less over a wide range of ambient temperatures and still provide good flexural strength. Methyl methacrylate was the primary monomer. The effects of aggregate size and type, casting temperature and testing temperature on strength were investigated. The use of thickener and colorants was studied to provide a polymer concrete similar in workability and appearance to commercially-available materials. The use of steel fiber reinforcement was investigated. A large number of field repairs are reported. Repairs included cracks, spalls and punchouts. Several methods of placing polymer concrete were used, saturation of preplaced aggregate by pouring or injecting monomre, and mixing commercially-available and user-formulated materials in concrete mixers. Costs for many of the repairs are shown. Repair evaluations, including before and after deflection measurements, were made. (Author) KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Methlymethacrylate KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Polymer concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391001 AU - Nemeth, Z A AU - Mekemson AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR LEFT-TURN TREATMENTS AT SIGNAL CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/06 SP - 284 p. AB - The main objective of this research was to identify a procedure by which the impact of left turns and left turn control method on performance of the whole intersection can be quantified. A step by step procedure was developed for: 1) Field data collection at intersections; 2) Evaluation of the need for left turn bays; 3) Evaluation of the need for left turn phasing. The same procedure, of course, will help the traffic engineer to recognize the capacity problem that requires the consideration of left turn control prohibition. This research involved both computer simulation studies and field studies. The field studies produced results which clearly established that very significant site to site variations exist in the operational performance of seemingly similar signalized intersections. It is, therefore, suggested that a comprehensive field study is needed in order for the traffic engineer to fully understand the complex interaction of geometrics and signal timing with the traffic streams. It is recommended that the guidelines, which include instructions for field data collection, and assume the application of a signal operation analysis program, such as SOAP, be followed in the evaluation of left turn control needs at fully actuated signalized intersections. (Author) KW - Bays KW - Field studies KW - Geophysics KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn bays KW - Left turn lanes KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389038 AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHTS AS RELATED TO PAVEMENT DESIGN IN ALABAMA PY - 1983/06 SP - 63 p. AB - The number of trucks, truck axle weights and lane usage were measured at ten weigh-in-motion sites in Alabama. From this data, the truck distribution factor defined as the average number of equivalent 18k axle loads per truck was determined for purposes of both rigid and flexible pavement design for each site and for all sites combined. The total traffic count and percent trucks was determined. The percent trucks using the outside lane was computed for each four lane site. The results indicate that the truck distribution factors previously used for pavement design in Alabama were too low. Updated factors were adopted for use. The results also indicates that the lane distribution factor for the design lane of a four lane facility should be at least 85 percent. (Author) KW - Axle loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Lane distribution KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388786 AU - Wood, D S AU - Hendriks, R W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER'S INSTRUCTIONS FOR SOUND32 (CALTRANS VERSION OF FHWA HIGHWAY NOISE PREDICTION AND BARRIER COST REDUCTION PROCEDURE, STAMINA 2.01 OPTIMA) PY - 1983/06 SP - n.p. AB - The FHWA Barrier Cost Reduction (BCR) Procedure was modified to be compatible with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) timeshare computer system and current policies and procedures in highway noise prediction and barrier design. In the modification process the FHWA programs STAMINA 2.0 and OPTIMA have been merged into one program named SOUND32. Major modifications and improvements in the Caltrans version include: program's ability to calculate correct accoustic results in multiple barrier situations such as barriers behind top of cut sections or overlapping barriers; zero height barrier yielding same accoustical results as no barrier; earth berm calculations per FHWA-RD-77-108; 1980 California barrier cost factors for various materials; revised input to permit greater compatibility with input files of earlier Caltrans programs; development of a separate program, Line of Sight (LOS), which uses SOUND32 input data files and calculates line of sight breaks between 11.5' truck stack heights and receivers along the barrier alignment (a current California requirement); and greater program versatility through expanded data change options. SOUND32 is now operational and accessible on the California statewide VM/CMS timeshare computer system. This report comprises the user's instructions for SOUND32 and its applications. The User's Manual was used to conduct four training courses for Caltrans personnel in July 1983. It is anticipated this procedure will save 5 to 15 percent in the cost barrier design and construction. (FHWA) KW - Acoustics KW - Berms KW - Building materials KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Earth KW - Forecasting KW - Height KW - Noise barriers KW - Savings KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388845 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - Mottola, V AU - Mehalchick, G AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION CRITERIA FOR NEW JERSEY PAVEMENT DESIGN. VOLUME I-INVESTIGATIONS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN PY - 1983/06 SP - 194 p. AB - This volume I report of a three-volume series, in conjunction with guides, supplements and technical notes, describes a concerted effort to resolve the problem of internal (subsurface) road drainage. Field investigation of the existing conditions on New Jersey highways indicated a definite need for such solutions. The fundamental objective of this project was to formulate the design methods and the construction and maintenance procedures for such a drainage system. In this report an assessment of the state-of-the-art is presented along with a description of laboratory efforts to identify optimal materials for pavement drainage layers. As a result of those efforts, non-stabilized open-graded and bituminous-stabilized open-graded materials were developed. (FHWA) KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Frost action KW - Maintenance KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - State of the art studies KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377254 AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL DESIGN STORM: VOLUME II. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1983/06 SP - 204 p. AB - Recently developed improved methods for highway storm water drainage require information on the temporal distribution of rainfall (i.e., hyetograph) in addition to the average rain intensity. The triangular design hyetograph method is developed as a practical method to provide the local storm hyetograph for design of small highway drainage facilities. The method is based on the methods of moments, using and preserving the statistical mean of the first time moment of rainstroms. The method is proposed as a trade-off between theoretical sophistication and practical simplicity. A total of 293.946 rainstroms from the hourly precipitation data of 222 National Weather Service stations and 5 to 60 minute data of 13 raingage stations of USDA Agricultural Research Service were analyzed to provide the statistical values of the hyetograph parameters for the United States. In Volume II existing methods to describe the temporal distribution of the rainfall of a design storm are first briefly reviewed. Next, different definitions of rainstorms are discussed. The theory of the first-moment triangular design hyetograph method is presented. Details of the rainstorm data utilized are described. The results of the statistical analysis of the data are summarized and discussed. From these results a national map of the value of the nondimensional peak rain time of the triangular hyetograph is developed for use in highway storm drainage designs. (FHWA) KW - Design methods KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Rainfall KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386710 AU - Rand, D W AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TENSILE STRENGTH OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - 1983/06 SP - 32 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate factors that influence the tensile strength of bituminous concrete. The variables considered when making these measurements were grade of asphalt, asphalt content and testing temperature. Three grades of asphalt cement were used; AC-5, AC-20 and AC-40. The asphalt content for the specimen were varied from 5.0 to 7.0 percent of mixture. The specimens were tested at three temperatures; 140, 72 and 0 deg F. The analyses of the indirect tensile strength indicated that asphalt content had little or no influence but the asphalt viscosity grade showed some influence. As the temperature of the specimens were lowered the indirect tensile stresses increased generally in a direct logarithmic proportion. A determination of indirect tensile stiffness was evaluated relative to the three independent variables. This facet of the study indicated that the AC-20 samples had a stiffness value of 750,000 psi versus 400,000 psi for the AC-5 samples. This indicated the AC-20 had a stiffness nearly twice the value of AC-5 at the same temperature. This statement could be interpreted to mean that the AC-5 mix will be as stiff at -20 deg F as the AC-20 will be at -4 deg F using AC-20, then thermal cracking for AC-5 should not develop until -40 deg F. Based on these results the AC-5 asphalt provided the greatest resistance to tensile stresses at very cold temperatures. The results of this study indicated that while asphalt may be graded by viscosity at warm temperatures, 140 deg or 275 deg F, the properties are not predictable at cold temperatures. (Author) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt grading KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385320 AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Friberg, B F AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION MANUAL, VOLUME 3 PY - 1983/06 SP - 45 p. AB - This manual presents information on procedures and materials for prestressed pavement construction that differ significantly from those used with conventional pavements. Figures illustrate details of bulkhead construction, anchorage assemblies, jacking accessories, and joint hardware placement. The manual may be used to supplement standard specification for concrete pavement construction. (FHWA) KW - Anchorages KW - Bulkheads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Hardware KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Location KW - Manuals KW - Paving KW - Placement KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Prestressed pavements KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385485 AU - Kiernan, K AU - Brown, C AU - Benjamin, M AU - FERGUSON, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECREATIONAL VEHICLE WASTE DISPOSAL STATIONS AT HIGHWAY REST AREAS PY - 1983/06 SP - 166 p. AB - A study of recreational vehicle waste disposal at highway rest areas was conducted from 1980-1982. RV wastewater is significantly stronger than restroom wastewater in BOD, COD, and suspended solids. It also contains preservative compounds, most of which contain formaldehyde or a formaldehyde derivative. With adequate dilution, these wastes shold not interfere with waste treatment by mixed cultures of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria or algae. There is potential that waste treatment facilities will be affected by improper use of the disposal stations, such as for disposal of hazardous wastes. In addition, improper use may lead to temporary unsanitary conditions around the station. Equations to estimate disposal station use and loading factors, and design equations for treatment of RV wastes are presented. The public perceives the stations to be beneficial and cost-effective provided they are paid for by RV owners. RV owners are willing to pay an annual fee which will cover the costs of construction, operation and maintenance of the stations. (Author) KW - Formaldehyde KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage treatment KW - Toxicity KW - User charges KW - Waste disposal facilities UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/060.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380345 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Schlag, B AU - Riediger, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTONOTFUNK - EMERGENCY VOICE RADIO IN AUTOMOBILES: THE SYSTEM AND SOME OF THE PROBLEMS PY - 1983/06 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-25 AB - This article describes the emergency voice radio system Autonotfunk developed in the Federal Republic of Germany. Some of the nontechnical problems associated with the system and test and evaluation of the system are discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Communication systems KW - Evaluation KW - Highway transportation KW - Radio KW - Radio equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381336 AU - McGrath, T J AU - Heger, F J AU - Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN MANUAL FOR IMPROVED INLETS AND CULVERTS PY - 1983/06 SP - 338 p. AB - This manual provides structural design methods for culverts and for improved inlets. Manual methods for structural analysis are included with a complete design procedure and example problems for both circular and box culverts. These manual methods are supplemented by computer programs which are contained in the Appendices. Example standard plans have been prepared for headwalls, wingwalls, side tapered, and slope tapered culverts for both single two cell inlets. Tables of example designs are provided for each standard plan to illustrate a range of design parameters. (FHWA) KW - Box culverts KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Manuals KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/ip83_6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380344 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Balmer, G G AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROPLANING - HOW TO REDUCE IT PY - 1983/06 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-19 AB - This article discusses controls, such as vehicle operation restrictions and pavement design, to decrease hydroplaning, which is affected by pavement cross slope, texture, rut depth, surface drainage, drainage path length, precipitation intensity and duration, tire inflation and tread pattern depth, and vehicle traveling speed. The recommended vehicle and pavement design controls are based on analyses of simulation, laboratory, and full-scale tests. The results are applicable to vehicle operation, tire construction, and highway pavement design, construction, and rehabilitation. KW - Automobiles KW - Ground effect KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texture KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle restrictions KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381366 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BMCS NATIONAL ROADSIDE INSPECTION OCTOBER 18-22, 1982 PY - 1983/06 SP - 11 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS), assisted by state law enforcement officials, conducted roadside vehicle inspections at 66 sites in 35 States during the week of October 18, 1982. The Essential Elements Examination (EEE) procedure was followed to detect those violations and defects most often identified as causing or contributing to the severity of truck accidents. During this 5-day activity 5,679 vehicles were inspected and 38 percent (2,144) placed out of service. There were 7,378 vehicle defects discovered, of which 32 percent (2,403) were out-of-service defects. Forty percent of the out-of-service defects were attributable to the service brake system. KW - Brakes KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Out of service KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380743 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Balmer, G G AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROPLANING--HOW TO REDUCE IT PY - 1983/06 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-19 AB - This article discusses controls, such as vehicle operation restrictions and pavement design, to decrease hydroplaning, which is affected by pavement cross slope, texture, rut depth, surface drainage, drainage path length, precipitation intensity and duration, tire inflation and tread pattern depth, and vehicle traveling speed. The recommended vehicle and pavement design controls are based on analyses of simulation, laboratory, and full-scale tests. The results are applicable to vehicle operation, tire construction, and highway pavement design, construction, and rehabilitation. KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Slip resistance KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texture KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379638 AU - Maslin, W R AU - Stephens, L B AU - Arnoult, J D AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS PY - 1983/06 SP - 105 p. AB - Poorly built and maintained roads are both expensive and inconvenient to taxpayers. The quality of work performed on roads and streets directly influences the useful life of the facility, maintenance costs, levels of service and user costs. The techniques being promoted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are primarily for State highway agency use. Realizing that these techniques could not be implemented at the local level without significant revisions, FHWA approved the preparation of this manual to develop a program for improved highway construction management, including development of a highway quality control and testing program for use by local government units. (FHWA) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379641 AU - Spero, PAC AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORDING OF HISTORIC TRANSPORTATION SITES PY - 1983/06 SP - 101 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of documentation drawings prepared from close-range terrestrial photogrammetry and to compare them with the results of traditional documentation techniques which depend on hand measurements. The photogrammetric research was organized to coincide with equipment resources available within the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. The sites studied on a case-by-case basis illustrate the types associated with transportation improvements that are likely to be affected by federal requirements which demand documentation of certain historically significant sites. The variety of sites also demonstrates the adaptability and limitations of the photogrammetric method. Documentation drawings executed by the photogrammetric method are presented in several stages of completion to illustrate the process. These drawings are considered successful documentation delineations, with certain limitations inherent in the process. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Drawings KW - Historic preservation KW - Photogrammetry UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36519/83-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378580 AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CALIFORNIA TRANSPORTATION ABSTRACT PY - 1983/06 SP - 231 p. AB - The California Transportation Abstract is the culmination of an extensive review of hundreds of documents on the subject of transportation. In addition, there were numerous verbal and written interchanges with transportation experts, both within government and from the private sector. The abstract is intended to fill a need for a single, comprehensive publication which covers, in depth, as many areas of transportation information as possible. The very broad subject of transportation in California has been separated into five major divisions called transport mediums. These mediums are road, rail, air, water, and pipeline. Each medium has been further subdivided by the type of carrier service and, finally, by the specific carrier modes. Modes are defined here to be the vehicle or craft by use type (such as intercity bus, school bus, transit bus, or taxi). This publication begins with an introductory section which includes information pertaining to all mediums, followed by sections corresponding to the five major divisions of transportation. (Author) KW - Abstracts KW - Air transportation KW - Data KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Pipelines KW - Railroad transportation KW - Reviews KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378790 AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT JOINT DESIGNS, VOLUME 1 PY - 1983/06 SP - 88 p. AB - This report presents four transverse joint designs for Prestressed Concrete Pavements. Designs I, II, and III are for an 8-in (203 mm) thick pavement with main slab lengths of 350 ft (107 m). A short prestressed gap slab and a single active joint is used between main slabs. Design IV is for a 7-in (178 mm) thick pavement with main slab lengths of 250 ft (76 m). A tied concrete shoulder is used. Gap slabs are 10 in (250 mm) thick and are conventionally reinforced. An active joint is provided at each end of the gap slab. Design calculations are presented in Appendix A and results of laboratory tests are presented in Appendix B. (Author) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Length KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378866 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Colley, B E AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN, VOLUME 2 PY - 1983/06 SP - 43 p. AB - A computerized procedure for the thickness design of "zero-maintenance" prestressed pavements is presented. Factors considered in developing the design procedure include traffic loading, temperature and moisture variations in concrete slab, loss of subbase support, properties of concrete, subbase and subgrade, and effective mid-slab prestress. The procedure is based on flexural stress analysis and prevention of bottom transverse cracking that may initiate from the longitudinal edge of the slab in the vicinity of midslab. Input for the computer program include axle load distribution, wheel placement, traffic distribution during the day, temperature data, load transfer effectiveness, and effective prestress at mid-slab. Program output is in terms of total fatigue consumption at the end of design life. If the fatigue consumption is less than 100 percent, then the thickness meets design criteria. A design example is presented for a rural four-lane highway in Illinois. (FHWA) KW - Bending stress KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Prestressed pavements KW - Service life KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse cracking KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376384 AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS RELATING TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS--VOLUME 5 PY - 1983/06 SP - 47 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of three methods for post-tensioning concrete pavements without embedded steel tendons. All methods permit joint movement while maintaining slab prestress at the pavement joint. One method consists of thin-wall hydraulically presurized bellows as stressing elements. The second uses a pnuematically charged rubber bladder. The third method makes use of stacked Belleville springs. Three prototypes were constructed and tested in the laboratory. Test conditions included joint movement and simulated traffic loading. The Belleville spring system was selected as most promising for use in prestressed pavement overlays on the basis of performance and cost. (FHWA) KW - Bellows KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Motion KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376909 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATUS OF THE NATION'S HIGHWAYS: CONDITIONS AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1983/06 SP - v.p. AB - This is the seventh in a series of reports submitted to Congress pursuant to Section 3 of P.L. 89-139 (Section 307(a) of Title 23, United States Code) which specifies a requirement for biennial reports on the present condition of the Nation's highways and the Nation's future highway needs. The purpose of the 1983 report is to describe what has transpired during the recent past in terms of highway financing and the resulting changes in highway conditions and performance achieved by capital investment during those years. The report also contains projections of investment-performance relationships through the end of the century and a discussion of issues specifically related to the Federal-aid highway program. It should be noted that the observations in this report were made well in advance of the passage of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982. Thus, the additional highway revenues which will be provided by the 5 cent equivalent user fee increase, and their expected significant impact on the condition of the Nation's highways, could not be entirely reflected. (Author) KW - Capital KW - Federal Aid Highway Act KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Investments KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376383 AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT ACCELERATED TESTING PROGRAM. VOLUME 4 PY - 1983/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This report presents a test program to evaluate performance of prestressed concrete pavements. Effects of climatic exposure, prestressing, and traffic loading on features unique to prestressed pavements are considered. Instrumentation types and installation locations are discussed along with measurements to be obtained. Factors to be evaluated from field measurements on full scale slabs include the following: (1) Slab movements; (2) Temperature and moisture distribution; (3) Slab edge curling and warping; (4) Internal slab restraints; (5) Prestress losses; and (6) Response to traffic loading. A schedule for field measurements is provided. Data acquisition is initiated with construction. An accelerated traffic load test program is planned to be performed within one year. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Temperature KW - Traffic loads KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362957 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvement of U.S. 218 from Near the South Urban Area Limits of Washburn Northwesterly to Approximately One Mile South of U.S. 20/I-380 Interchange: Black Hawk County IX-218-7 Environmental Assessment Submitted Pursuant to 42 USC(2)(c) PY - 1983/05/19 SP - 30p AB - This environmental assessment discusses a project on the southerly extension of U.S. 218 from the I-380/U.S. 20 interchange to Washburn. The project is identified as a priority element in the area comprehensive urban transportation plan and is part of the I-380 Interstate Substitution Program for the Waterloo metropolitan area. Since the proposed improvement is a Type II action as defined by the Iowa Department of Transportation's Action Plan, it requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) outlining anticipated impacts on the human and natural environments within the project corridor. The EA will determine whether a full Environmental Impact Statement will be required. The EA indicates that the proposed project will have no significant adverse social, economic, or environmental impacts and that the improvement is necessary for safe and efficient travel within the project area. KW - Black Hawk County (Iowa) KW - Construction projects KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental risk assessment KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Reconstruction KW - Social impacts KW - Waterloo (Iowa) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384460 AU - Wood, L E AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Pore Size Distribution on Permeability and Frost Susceptibility of Selected Subgrade Materials PY - 1983/05/17/Final Report SP - 47p AB - It is the thesis of this project that the fabric of a soil, i.e., the composition and arrangement of constituent particles, controls its engineering behavior. In addition, it is believed that the fabric can be described quantitatively by its pore size distribution. Magnitudes of properties can be predicted using pore-size distributions. Results of this study also clearly show that criteria for frost susceptibility based upon grain-size distributions are inadequate; pore-size based criteria are far superior for they acknowledge that a given soil can, and will, exist at many different pore sizes in its existence. A technique has been presented for the useful prediction of the in-service equilibrium water content of compacted clay. Pore size measurements in clean sand have been made for the first time by the use of trace amounts of thermally sensitive polymers which allow retention of the sand fabric. The results of this study suggest we are on the threshold of being able to assure a given property magnitude, in-service, of field compacted soil. The pore size distribution will allow the determination of the compaction procedures that will create the suite of properties that the engineer desires for the project. Thus it is felt that these results are of sufficient importance and promise to warrant an implementation program. KW - Frost KW - Frost KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Porosity KW - Porosity KW - Subgrade KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314055 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455862 AU - Gefell, E M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Hamilton County, Indiana PY - 1983/05/04 SP - 72p AB - The Engineering Soils Map of Hamilton County, Indiana, which accompanies this report was prepared primarily from 1941 aerial photography using accepted principles of interpretation. A photomosaic was assembled of the area and the land form - parent material associations delineated through stereoscopic inspection. Extensive use was made of the Agricultural Soil Survey of Hamilton County as a cross-reference to check soil boundaries. The pedalogical soil series were grouped according to parent material and delineated on the agricultural map sheets using a color code. These areas were then found on the photomosaic and modification of soil boundaries made where evidence found with re-examination of the airphotos warranted it. The agricultural map was particularly useful in locating sand and gravel deposits, areas of peat and muck, and gravel pits and ponds not present on the 1941 aerial photographs. Several field trips were taken to the county to verifv the soil boundaries and resolve ambiguous details. Many samples were taken, extending to a depth of approximately 4.5 feet in order to correlate near-surface texture with aerial photographic patterns. The results of the field sampling also supplemented roadway and Agricultural Soil Survey borehole information in preparing the general soil profiles shown on the left-hand side of the engineering soils map. The Engineering Soils Map of Hamilton County was part of an on-going effort to complete a comprehensive and contiguous engineering soils survey of the State of Indiana using a standard set of symbols. Boundaries of map units in any given county were to correlate with the soil boundaries of all adjacent counties. In the process of airphoto interpretation, some subjective disagreements may occur as to the nature of a given soil unit and the location of its boundaries. Where this author was not in total agreement with others of adjacent counties, an attempt was made to close off a disputed map unit within Hamilton County without losing the continuity of the land form pattern perceived by the other author. In some instances, these areas were terminated abruptly, very near to the Hamilton County Line. Most of the disputed areas were controversial due to a lack of adequate relief, (ie., commonly less than 5 feet), on which to base a judgement for boundary placements by stereocopic inspection, leaving photo tones and surface textural appearance, both subject to personal interpretation, as the primary criteria determining boundary locations. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Hamilton County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314584 UR - http://ia600403.us.archive.org/4/items/engineeringsoils00gefe/engineeringsoils00gefe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389350 AU - Mordecai, J M AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Department of Energy TI - SCENARIO PLANNING: ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE LONG RANGE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1983/05 SP - 253 p. AB - This report documents an 18-month study funded by the Department of Energy and the Department of Transportation which aimed at incorporating energy conservation in regional planning framework. The study was a prototype application of scenario analysis in the public planning context. The scenario technique is a comprehensive approach which allows consideration of the interaction of energy issues with transportation as well as other planning concerns such as land use, technological change, and economic development. The project created several hypothetical futures typified by varying levels of oil availability, and constructed sets of policy responses designed to deal with the problems typifying those future conditions. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Economic development KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Land use KW - Policy making KW - Regional planning KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480933 AU - Dickens, R AU - Johnston, W AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL AND MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAY VEGETATION AND LARGE SCALE HERBICIDE EVALUATION ON HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/05 SP - 80 p. AB - Part I- HPR #90: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate sericea lespedeza cultivars for use on roadsides. One experimental selection proved to be lower growing than the currently recommended cultivar, "Interstate". In other tests karbutilate, tebuthiuron, Baymet 1486, and EL-171 controlled mixed grass and broadleaf weeds along guardrails. Asulam showed good safety to common bermudagrass while giving johnsongrass control equal or superior to that achieved from MSMA. Two growth regulators, mefluidide and MBR 18337, controlled growth and seedheads in tall fescue when applied prior to heading. The fancage sprayer system (Span-Spray) performed well in herbicide application studies and resulted in savings in vegetation control costs over conventional mowing practices. Part II - HPR #94: Large scale tests were conducted on highway right-of-ways to further evaluate the potential of certain herbicides for vegetation control. Additional tests were conducted to determine the utility of certain herbicide application equipment. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Grasses KW - Growth regulators KW - Herbicides KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside KW - Sprayers KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468714 AU - McBride, M C AU - Sterngerg, Y M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STORM WATER MANAGEMENT INFILTRATION STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/05 SP - 139 p. AB - An alternative to surface stormwater control is a subsurface infiltration scheme, referred to as Stormwater Management Infiltration Structures (SWMIS). Storage is provided in the pore spaces of the gravel body and infiltration is promoted out of the sides and bottom of the SWMIS, reducing the total volume of storage required while augmenting the water table. A site selection procedure is developed for use in determining the applicability of a specific location for infiltration storage and provides for standardized comparisons between several feasible sites. Following the selection of a site, the SWMIS volume is determined in a design procedure that routes incremental time steps of a runoff hydrograph through the SWMIS, using an infiltration equation to predict the expected outflow for each time interval. The SWMIS was found to be limited to controlling relatively small volumes of runoff due to size constraints imposed by site locations such as highway median and "clover-leaf" areas. KW - Cloverleaf interchanges KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Equations KW - Hydrographs KW - Infiltration KW - Location KW - Medians KW - Runoff KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468212 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF SIZE AND WEIGHT VARIABLES ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY TRUCKS - VOLUME III. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/05 SP - 232 p. AB - This study has determined the influence of variations in truck size and weight constraints on the stability and control properties of heavy vehicles. The size and weight contraints of interest include axle load, gross vehicle weight, length, width, type of multiple-trailer combinations, and bridge formula allowances. Variations in location of the center of gravity of the payload were also considered as a separate subject. The influence of these parametric variations on stability and control behavior was explored by means of both full-scale vehicle tests and computer simulations. In Volume I, the findings of the study were presented in a manner which is intended to inform the non-technical reader and, specifically, the persons concened with formulating policies and laws regarding truck size and weight. Volume II presents the methodology and summary results from the full-scale test program. The test findings relating size and weight variables to vehicle dynamic behavior are compared with those derived from simulation results. Volume II also presents the results of a special set of experimental measurements showing the dynamic loads which heavy trucks impose on the pavement. Volume III contains appendices of test and simulation data. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axle loads KW - Center of gravity KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Payload KW - Policy making KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle tests KW - Weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468395 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - JOINT CENTER CREATED TO EXPLORE FINANCING TECHNIQUES PY - 1983/05 SP - 2 p. AB - The Joint Center is a research program of Rice Center, a Houston based not-for-profit research organization affiliated with Rice University. The Joint Center was established in September 1982, through the multi-year sponsorship of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation and local public and private leaders. The primary focus of the Joint Center is to research innovative solutions to the planning, developing, operating and financing of transportation systems in U.S. cities; to explore their applicability to a range of mobility and financial needs; and to assist public agencies and private sector leader in applying them. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Financing KW - Joint Center for Urban Mobility Research KW - Mobility KW - Private enterprise KW - Technical assistance KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457716 AU - JAMES, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF ASTM C 850 CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS PY - 1983/05 SP - 75 p. AB - Two ASTM 850 7 x 5 reinforced concrete box culverts were fabricated, assembled without shear connectors, and loaded with simulated wheel loads. Measured deflections and reinforcing steel strains are compared with predicted deflections and moments. Crack patterns are also reported. (Author) KW - Box culverts KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - Load tests KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394475 AU - GOLENBERG, M AU - Howard, J A AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A SHORT RANGE TSM SUBAREA PLANNING CASE STUDY PY - 1983/05 SP - 73 p. AB - This case study is one in a series of three case studies which illustrate approaches for specific types of subarea planning studies. This study, for the downtown area of Lewiston, Maine, is an example of short range TSM highway circulation system and highway deficiency improvement planning for an activity center. The approach used for this study was developed by applying the general principles contained in the Principles and Procedures Guide to a specific problem in a specific setting. The approach is developed in six steps, which are described in this report. In Define the Problem, the integration of transportation issues, and urban design objectives into a problem statement are discussed. In Define the Study Area, issues relating to defining the geographic extent of impacts related to the project are treated. Analyze Existing Conditions describes the tasks of evaluating physical and operational conditions, analyzing travel demand, and synthesizing the results of the physical and demand analysis. Analyze Future Conditions describes the greatly simplified approach taken in this slow growth area, resulting in the decision to base plan development on existing conditions. Four steps are discussed in Develop and Evaluate the Transportation Plan. First, policy guidelines for plan development are established, from which detailed evaluation criteria are described. The plan is then developed to insure that the criteria are met. Finally, specific improvement actions are detailed. In Develop Implementation Program, a critical path for action implementation is discussed. Other case studies in this series represent different approaches taken to address other types of subarea planning problems in other specific settings. KW - Central business districts KW - Maine KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Small cities KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic restraint KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392177 AU - McKeel, W T AU - Akins, R E AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF WIND TURBINES TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY FOR HIGHWAY BUILDINGS PY - 1983/05 SP - n.p. AB - To determine the feasibility of using wind turbines to generate electrical power, measurements of wind speeds were made for a period of one year at three installations of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. Unfortunately, the wind speeds were not sufficiently high to allow the economical use of a wind turbine at any location, and no further work is recommended. KW - Electric power KW - Turbines KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind power generation KW - Wind turbines KW - Wind velocity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36530/83-R37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388849 AU - Madden, D A AU - Revue de Metallurgie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT SMOOTH VERSUS RIBBED TIRES PY - 1983/05 SP - 23 p. AB - This publication is a final report for an HP&R, Part II Federally sponsored, multi-year research project. The report addresses the relationship of frictional values obtained with the ribbed (E-501) and the smooth (E-524) test tires. The equipment used in the study was in conformance with E-274 specifications and all values were obtained at 40 mph. All wearing surfaces used by the Maine Department of Transportation were incorporated in the study but the emphasis was placed on the three primary types; "C" mix, a dense graded bituminous mix, "G" mix, a coarse open graded bituminous mix and Portland Cement Concrete. The results indicated that the coarse open graded mix was greatly superior to all other pavements in minimizing frictional loss resulting from smooth tire testing. On all pavement types there were large variation in the percent of frictional loss from the use of smooth tires. Therefore, predicting frictional levels for either the smooth or ribbed tires based upon values obtained with the other cannot be considered valid. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Forecasting KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Ribbed tires KW - Skin resistance KW - Tires KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387383 AU - Hoadley, P W AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF THE FATIGUE LIFE OF A TEST BRIDGE FROM TRAFFIC DATA PY - 1983/05 SP - 140 p. AB - Fatigue studies were conducted on a twin-girder, multilaned highway bridge. Two types of stress histories were measured at several locations on the bridge. One type of stress history was measured during the passage of a test truck of known weight. Stress histories were measured for velocities of the test truck of 5, 35, and 50 m.p.h. The second type of stress history was measured under normal traffic conditions. An effective stress range, S sub RE, and number of cycles were computed from each measured stress history using the Rainflow Cycle Counting method in conjunction with Miner's linear damage rule. Other cycle counting methods are considered and compared with the Rainflow Cycle Counting method. The values of S sub RE and number of cycles are used to compute fatigue-life estimates for the bridge. The fatigue-life estimates were computed as a function of the amount of fatigue damage occurring per hour and per day, and future increases in traffic and axle loads were considered. The longitudinal-transverse stiffener intersection, LTSI, detail was found to control the fatigue life of the bridge. The estimated fatigue life for this detail was 50 to 85 years. A modified LTSI detail increased the fatigue life by a factor of three. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girder bridges KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Longitudinal-transverse stiffener intersection KW - Loss and damage KW - Stresses KW - Traffic KW - Transverse stiffeners KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387376 AU - Pass, J D AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE STIFFENER INTERSECTION PY - 1983/05 SP - 100 p. AB - The fatigue performance of a twin girder steel bridge in Dallas was investigated in this project. The fatigue life of the bridge was estimated using the results of field tests to determine the bridge's response to traffic loads and analytical and experimental studies to determine the fatigue performance of the structural details on the bridge. These studies indicated that the bridge's fatigue life was controlled by the detail used at the intersection of the longitudinal transverse stiffener. This final report presents the results of an experimental fatigue study of this detail and tests upon a retrofit detail designed to improve the fatigue life of the bridge. The experimental fatigue results confirmed the analytically estimated poor fatigue performance of this detail. The results indicate that the retrofit detail will increase the fatigue life of the bridge by a factor of at least two. (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue life KW - Field tests KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Longitudinal-transverse stiffener intersection KW - Retrofitting KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse stiffeners UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386709 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT SMOOTH VERSUS RIBBED TIRES PY - 1983/05 SP - 23 p. AB - This publication is a final report for an HP&R, Part II Federally sponsored, multi-year research project. The report addresses the relationship of frictional values obtained with the ribbed (E-501) and the smooth (E-524) test tires. The equipment used in the study was in conformance with E-274 specifications and all values were obtained at 40 mph. All wearing surfaces used by the Maine Department of Transportation were incorporated in the study but the emphasis was placed on the three primary types; "C" mix, a dense graded bituminous mix, "G" mix, a coarse open graded bituminous mix and Portland Cement Concrete. The results indicated that the coarse open graded mix was greatly superior to all other pavements in minimizing frictional loss resulting from smooth tire testing. On all pavement type there were large variation in the percent of frictional loss from the use of smooth tires. Therefore, predicting frictional levels for either the smooth or ribbed tires based upon values obtained with the other cannot be considered valid. (Author) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Evaluation KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skin resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385776 AU - Dever, R J AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/05 SP - 8 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related nonpoint source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent modules. This report is the Executive Summary for this study. It presents the major findings of the study and describes the computer programs that have been developed and the uses to which these programs may be put. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Drainage KW - Highway drainage KW - Simulation KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381772 AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL DESIGN STORM: VOLUME II. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1983/05 SP - 205 p. AB - Recently developed improved methods for highway storm water drainage require information on the temporal distribution of rainfall (i.e., hyetograph) in addition to the average rain intensity. The triangular design hyetograph method is developed as a practical method to provide the local storm hyetograph for design of small highway drainage facilities. The method is based on the methods of moments, using and preserving the statistical mean of the first time moment of rainstorms. The method is proposed as a trade-off between theoretical sophistication and practical simplicity. A total of 293,946 rainstorms from the hourly precipitation data of 222 National Weather Service stations and 5 to 60 minute data of 13 raingage stations of USDA Agricultural Research Service were analyzed to provide the statistical values of the hyetograph parameters for the United States. In Volume II existing methods to describe the temporal distribution of the rainfall of a design storm are first briefly reviewed. Next, different definitions of rainstorms are discussed. The theory of the first-moment triangular design hyetograph method is presented. Details of the rainstorm data utilized are described. The results of the statistical analysis of the data are summarized and discussed. From these results a national map of the value of the nondimensional peak rain time of the triangular hyetograph is developed for use in highway storm drainage designs. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Design methods KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Graphs KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Hyetographs KW - Maps KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381773 AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - Chen, B-LM AU - Chen, S-T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL DESIGN STORM: VOLUME III. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1983/05 SP - 95 p. AB - Recently developed improved methods for highway storm water drainage require information on the temporal distribution of rainfall (i.e., hyetograph) in addition to the average rain intensity. The triangular design hyetograph method is developed as a practical method to provide the local storm hyetograph for design of small highway drainage facilities. The method is based on the methods of moments, using and preserving the statistical mean of the first time moment of rainstorms. The method is proposed as a trade-off between theoretical sophistication and practical simplicity. A total of 293,946 rainstorms from the hourly precipitation data of 222 National Weather Service stations and 5 to 60 minute data of 13 raingage stations of USDA Agricultural Research Service were analysed to provide the statistical values of the hyetograph parameters for the United States. In this Volume, a user's guide of the procedure to establish the local design hyetograph is presented. In addition, user's guides and listings of two computer programs to perform statistical analysis of rainfall moments for triangular hyetographs and for frequency analysis of rainfall depth-duration-return period relation are also presented. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Depth KW - Design methods KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Frequency distributions KW - Graphs KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Hyetographs KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Rainfall KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381774 AU - Cheng, B-LM AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL DESIGN STORM: VOLUME IV. TABULATION OF SAMPLE DETAIL RESULTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PY - 1983/05 SP - 102 p. AB - Recently developed improved methods for highway storm water drainage require information on the temporal distribution of rainfall (i.e., hyetograph) in addition to the average rain intensity. The triangular design hyetograph method is developed as a practical method to provide the local storm hyetograph for design of small highway drainage facilities. The method is based on the methods of moments, using and preserving the statistical mean of the first time moment of rainstorms. The method is proposed as a trade-off between theoretical sophistication and practical simplicity. A total of 293,946 rainstorms from the hourly precipitation data of 222 National Weather Service (NWS) stations and 5 to 60 minute data of 13 raingage stations of USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) were analyzed to provide the statistical values of the hyetograph parameters for the United States. The results of statistical analysis of the mean, standard deviation, and range of rainstorm parameters for each class of duration and depth range for each of the 235 stations are summarized in 3600 tables which are stored at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Results of two sample stations, one each from the NWS and ARS stations, are presented in 84 tables in this Volume IV. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Design methods KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Graphs KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Hyetographs KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381229 AU - JAMES, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF ASTM C850 CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS PY - 1983/05 SP - 75 p. AB - Two ASTM C 850 7 x 5 reinforced concrete box culverts were fabricated, assembled without shear connectors, and loaded with simulated wheel loads. Measured deflections and reinforcing steel strains are compared with predicted deflections and moments. Crack patterns are also reported. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Patterns KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Simulation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381771 AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL DESIGN STORM: VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/05 SP - 8 p. AB - Recently developed improved methods for highway storm water drainage require information on the temporal distribution of rainfall (i.e., hyetograph) in addition to the average rain intensity. The triangular design hyetograph method is developed as a practical method to provide the local storm hyetograph for design of highway storm drainage facilities. The method is based on the methods of moments, using and preserving the statistical mean of the first time moment of rainstorms. The method is proposed as a trade-off between theoretical sophistication and practical simplicity. A total of 293,946 rainstorms from the hourly precipitation data of 222 National Weather Service stations and 5 to 60 minute data of 13 raingage stations of USDA Agricultural Research service were analyzed to provide the statistical values of the hyetograph parameters for the United States. Volume I is the executive summary of the project report. It briefly describes the background and objectives of the research project, the methodology and procedure of the first-moment triangular design hyetograph method, and results of statistical analysis of the rainfall data. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Design methods KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Graphs KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Hyetographs KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382219 AU - Byrne, A S AU - Brisbin, G H AU - Diaz, Seckinger and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AGENCIES. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 62 PY - 1983/05 SP - 148 p. AB - This document shows how transportation agencies can take advantage of the microcomputer resolution. It provides an introduction to the new microcomputer technology (hardware and software) and explores the ways in which microcomputers can be used to meet traffic engineering needs. It is also intended to help those planning and implementing a microcomputer-based information system. Cost estimates are provided. Seven steps to developing a microcomputer system and described. The requirements of a computer consultant/systems analyst are discussed. Approaches to system design are discussed and cover the examination of data about physical facilities and characteristics about agency services or the use of such data for program evaluation, program monitoring, or agency planning. Traditional big-system approahces are described, as well as the modular design for traffic engineering applications. Choosing and using the right software is discussed in some detail. Areas of traffic engineering where the use of a microcomputer would be of assistance are discussed. Sample basic programs are presented. KW - Costs KW - Information systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Software KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381546 AU - GOLENBERG, M AU - Howard, J A AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Multisystems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED AIDS FOR TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS: A MAJOR CAPITOL IMPROVEMENT SUBAREA PLANNING CASE STUDY PY - 1983/05 SP - 96 p. AB - This case study is one in a series of three case studies which illustrate approaches to specific types of subarea planning studies. This study of medium and long range highway planning in Hudson, Massachusetts illustrates plan development for localized transportation needs carried out within the context of on-going regional system planning. The approach used in this study was developed by applying the general principles outlined in the Principles and Procedures Guide to a specific problem in a specific setting. The approach includes six basic steps, described in this report. KW - Case studies KW - Highway transportation KW - Massachusetts KW - Public transit KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381547 AU - GOLENBERG, M AU - Howard, J A AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Multisystems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED AIDS FOR TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS: A SHORT RANGE TSM SUBAREA PLANNING CASE STUDY PY - 1983/05 SP - 83 p. AB - This case study is one in a series of three case studies which illustrate approaches for specific types of subarea planning studies. This study, for the downtown area of Lewiston, Maine, is an example of short range TSM highway circulation system and highway deficiency improvement planning for an activity center. The approach used for this study was developed by applying the general principles contained in the principles and procedures Guide to a specific problem in a specific setting. The approach is developed in six steps, which are described in this report. KW - Capital KW - Capital improvements KW - Case studies KW - Central business districts KW - Improvements KW - Maine KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381548 AU - GOLENBERG, M AU - Howard, J A AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Multisystems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED AIDS FOR TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS: A SHORT RANGE TSM CORRIDOR PLANNING CASE STUDY PY - 1983/05 SP - 86 p. AB - This case study is one of a series of three case studies which illustrate approaches to specific types of subarea planning studies. This study for the Lisbon Street arterial corridor in Lewiston, Maine is an example of short range TSM corridor improvement planning in a low to moderate growth area. The approach used for this study was developed by applying the general principles contained in the principles and procedures Guide to a specific problem in a specific setting. This approach includes six basic steps, as presented in the chapters of this case study. KW - Case studies KW - Central business districts KW - Corridors KW - Maine KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381545 AU - GOLENBERG, M AU - Howard, J A AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Multisystems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED AIDS FOR TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR SUBAREA PLANNING PY - 1983/05 SP - 89 p. AB - The Guide provides the planner with guidance in designing the planning analysis and selecting the techniques for carrying out specific types of subarea planning studies. The guide addresses the many variations of subarea planning problems including: (1) short and long range studies; (2) use of TSM operational and low cost as well as major capital improvement actions; amd (3) planning at the corridor level, for activity centers such as CBD's and for localized sites and facilities. The study approach includes seven steps discussed in this report: Define the Problem: Define the Study Area; Organize the Technical Approach; Base or Existing Conditions Analysis; Future Conditions Analysis; Generating, Testing and Evaluating Alternatives; and Recommendations and Preparation of Implementation Program. Three case studies accompany this guide which illustrate applications of the Principles and Procedures to a short range TSM corridor planning study, a short range TSM subarea (CBD) planning study, and a major capital improvement planning study. KW - Capital KW - Capital improvements KW - Central business districts KW - Corridors KW - Decision making KW - Highway transportation KW - Improvements KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377005 AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG HIGHWAY STRUCTURES WITHOUT EXPANSION JOINTS PY - 1983/05 SP - n.p. AB - Because of the initial cost and inherent problems with expansion joints, especially at abutments, it has been the general practice in California since about 1970 to construct highway structures without expansion joints. Consequently, most structures less than 350 feet long built since that time are jointless. California has over 100 jointless structures with length exceeding 350 feet. Even on most structures with expansion joints, the abutments are jointless. California has continued to review the jointless structure as its length increased. This is the fifth formal report issued on the subject. Two identified some approach fill settlement and erosion problems, but none found any significant overstress problems. This report confirms the approach fill settlement and erosion problems and identifies some minor overstress problems. It also provides measured movement data, which includes shrinkage and prestress deformation, and lists some parameters to be considered in determining the life cycle cost of jointed and jointless structures. (FHWA) KW - Deformation KW - Erosion KW - Fills KW - Ground settlement KW - Jointless structures KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377269 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schamber, R A AU - Engineering Computer Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BRIDGE BEARINGS. VOLUME I--CONCEPTS PY - 1983/05 SP - 310 p. AB - This is the first volume of a two volume sequence on a study which identifies and evaluates the current state-of-the-art of using bearings to increase the earthquake resistance of bridges. Classical uses of bearings and current trends in applying bearings to earthquake resistance are discussed. Among the concepts considered for increased earthquake resistance are isolation, energy dissipation and displacement restraint. The analyses of bearing force and displacement levels in three bridges that experienced bearing failure during earthquakes are discussed. The results of the analyses are interpreted in light of the bearing failures observed after the earthquakes. A criteria for selecting the performance characteristics for earthquake-resistant bridge bearings is developed. Based on this development, a qualitative evaluation of bearing characteristics is made. Several bearing design concepts that satisfy the performance characteristics to varying degrees are presented and discussed. The most promising concepts were tested and these results are presented. Finally, design guidelines for seismic-resistant bridge bearings are presented. (FHWA) KW - Bridge bearings KW - Concepts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dissipation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Guidelines KW - Innovation KW - Isolation KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377270 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schamber, R A AU - Engineering Computer Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BRIDGE BEARINGS. VOLUME II--NEABS COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1983/05 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the second volume of a two volume sequence on a study which identifies and evaluates the current state-of-the-art of using bearings to increase the earthquake resistance of bridges. This volume contains the user instructions, source documentation and program listing of the NEABS (Nonlinear Earthquake Analysis of Bridge Systems) computer program that is used in the study. The computer program NEABS is a FORTRAN IV Program developed for performing nonlinear dynamic analysis of long, multiple-span bridge systems. The program can evaluate dynamic time history response to applied dynamic loadings and/or support excitations (rigid or multiple) prescribed at the base of the bridge columns and abutments. In order to analyze a bridge structure efficiently, modeled with both linear and nonlinear elements, a linear/nonlinear element indication array is defined for monitoring the behavior of these elements throughout the analysis process. The program uses a step-by-step direct integration procedure. Either the constant acceleration or the linear acceleration method can be chosen for integration. (FHWA) KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge bearings KW - Columns KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377268 AU - Fowler, G AU - Gulden, W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF LOCATION OF DOWEL BARS PLACED BY MECHANICAL IMPLANTATION PY - 1983/05 SP - 32 p. AB - The report describes the results of work conducted as a phase of a study concerned with the restoration of load transfer to existing jointed concrete pavements. Five projects were selected for study to determine the location of dowel bars placed by mechanical implantation and in basket assemblies. A one percent stratified random sample of bars were selected for coring to determine depth, horizontal and vertical rotation and vertical alignment. Measurements were also made with a metal detector on additional bars. The study found substantial problems with the mechanically placed dowels with respect to alignment and rotation with much better results being obtained with the basket assemblies. It was noted that saw-cut location affected longitudinal alignment to a large extent on both basket and implanted dowels. It was noted that no pavement distress related to dowel bar misplacement had occurred after three years of traffic even for locations with dowel bars with extremely large horizontal and vertical rotation. (FHWA) KW - Alignment KW - Boring KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - Defects KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint construction KW - Location KW - Location of borings KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Rotation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376808 AU - Chien, C H AU - Martin, W N AU - Meyer, A H AU - Aggarawal, J K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION OF CRACKS ON HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/05 SP - 61 p. AB - In a maintenance management program for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), it is desirable to determine the rate of change of the crack spacing. When the crack spacing becomes smaller, than the designed spacing there is a potential for failure and therefore preventive maintenance may be considered. Since field measurement of crack spacings of highway pavements is impractical in areas with high traffic densities, image processing techniques using aerial photographs have been explored as a means for automating this process. Algorithms for detection of cracks of highway pavements in aerial photographs are presented in this report. In an aerial photograph of the pavement, edge points are identified and potential boundaries of water marks are labelled. Water marks can then be approximately located and crack spacing estimated. (FHWA) KW - Aerial photography KW - Algorithms KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614937 AU - Paulson, Conrad AU - Frank, Karl H AU - Breen, John E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Fatigue Study of Prestressing Stand PY - 1983/04 SP - 124p AB - This study reviews the literature which reports on fatigue studies of prestressing strand and also presents the results of a series of strand fatigue tests. The fatigue tests compared tests on samples of strand from several manufacturers with tests on a sample of strand to be used in construction of girder fatigue specimens. Strand fatigue data from the literature and from the tests were combined to form a strand fatigue data base which was analyzed using regression analysis techniques. A stress range vs. fatigue life curve for prestressing strand was developed and was used as the basis for a strand fatigue design equation. The design equation was compared with current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) code provisions for fatigue of structural steel and was found to lie midway between Category A and Category B curves for redundant structures. Category B is recommended for checking the allowable fatigue stresses in uncracked girders. Designing to this category provides an extreme lower bound to all the strand data collected and should ensure no fatigue problems regardless of the size, strength, and relaxation properties of the strand. Girders which are cracked and then subjected to fatigue loads may produce fatigue failures at much lower strand stress ranges than Category B. Recommendations for cracked girders will be developed from the girder tests to be performed as part of the research project. The results also indicate that Category B is satisfactory for designing strand tension systems, such as cable stays, when considering the life of the strand. The fatigue performance of the socketing or grip system must be evaluated separately. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Fatigue tests KW - Girders KW - Literature reviews KW - Prestressing KW - Regression analysis UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/300-1-CTR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1426372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581029 AU - Little, Lys M AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Mar, Brian W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Pollutant Loadings and Concentrations in Highway Stormwater PY - 1983/04 SP - 51p AB - This report presents the final form of the Washington State highway runoff pollutant loading model, incorporating data from the five years of study. It also features a probabilistic analysis of concentration and loading data designed to express the chance of exceeding specific values in a given case. Other topics include further assessment of the toxicity of highway runoff and its causes and mitigation. KW - Databases KW - Mathematical models KW - Pollution concentration KW - Runoff KW - Toxicity KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.12.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548308 AU - Caldwell, Charles W AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Feasibility Study of Pressure Sensitive Paint for Highway Applications PY - 1983/04//Final Report SP - 34p AB - A newly announced material, pressure sensitive paint (PSP), was investigated for potential in a large area weight sensitive transducer. Various geometries of sensors and paint types were analyzed. The results were that this material is neither sufficiently sensitive nor stable to provide a reIiabie indication of applied loading. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Materials tests KW - Pressure sensitive paints KW - Sensors UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2075.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468640 AU - Potgieter, I C AU - Gamble, W L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES TO NONLINEAR TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/04 SP - 311 p. AB - The effects of nonlinear temperature distributions resulting from solaar radiation on highway bridge decks are investigated. A finite-difference heat flow-model was developed and used to determine the distributions of temperatures to be expected in various highway bridge structures, and the general validity of the model was established by means of comparisons between measured and predicted temperature distributions in the Kishwaukee River Bridge, a large box girder structure. Weather data from 26 stations in the United States were studied in order to determine the limiting values of probable temperature differences over the depths of girders in different geographical regions. The bending moments induced in various continuous bridges were studied, with the aim of isolating the most critical cases. Recommendations about design are made, as are recommendations for additional study of some factors relating to the design process. KW - Bending moments KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Finite differences KW - Geography KW - Heat flow KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Recommendations KW - Solar radiation KW - Structural design KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468211 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Sayers, M AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Fancher, P S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF SIZE AND WEIGHT VARIABLES ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY TRUCKS - VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/04 SP - 179 p. AB - This study has determined the influence of variations in truck size and weight constraints on the stability and control properties of heavy vehicles. The size and weight contraints of interest include axle load, gross vehicle weight, length, width, type of multiple-trailer combinations, and bridge formula allowances. Variations in location of the center of gravity of the payload were also considered as a separate subject. The influence of these parametric variations on stability and control behavior was explored by means of both full-scale vehicle tests and computer simulations. In Volume I, the findings of the study were presented in a manner which is intended to inform the non-technical reader and, specifically, the persons concened with formulating policies and laws regarding truck size and weight. Volume II presents the methodology and summary results from the full-scale test program. The test findings relating size and weight variables to vehicle dynamic behavior are compared with those derived from simulation results. Volume II also presents the results of a special set of experimental measurements showing the dynamic loads which heavy trucks impose on the pavement. Volume III contains appendices of test and simulation data. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axle loads KW - Center of gravity KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laws KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Payload KW - Policy making KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle tests KW - Weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462263 AU - Bush, R J AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE PEDESTRIAN STUDY. PHASE I REPORT: MARYLAND'S OVERALL PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT SITUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This report covers a statewide evaluation of the pedestrian accident situation in Maryland. Nationwide, Maryland was found to have a high pedestrian accident rate on both a 100 MVM and on a 10,000 per population basis. Maryland's pedestrian accident problem falls into two basic situations. In the urban areas of high population densities the number of pedestrian accidents are relatively high, but due to overall lower speeds, the number of fatal accidents is low. In contrast, in the rural areas of the state where the population densities are low, fewer pedestrian accidents occur; but because of higher overall speeds, the number of fatal accidents is higher. It was assessed that vehicle speed is a significant factor in pedestrian deaths, and speeds generally can be related to the class of roadway and its appropriate assigned speeds. In comparing the injury/fatal ratio (total injury accidents divided by the total fatal accidents) of the different systems of highways in Maryland, the following differences were found: state system - 8.5; county system - 26.8; local system - 51.5; and Baltimore City streets - 59.7. Those state highways, local streets, and sections of roadways that are experiencing a high frequency of pedestrian accidents were identified and will be evaluated in phase 2. KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393803 AU - Bamgboye, O AU - Carlson, E AU - Semans, F AU - Roschke, P AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION VII VOLUME 3: NEUTRAL POINT ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT AND OBSERVED TRACTIONS PY - 1983/04 SP - v.p. AB - Normal and tangential soil tractions acting on the external periphery of an 84-in (2134-mm), reinforced concrete pipe at Cross Canyon have been measured experimentally (see Section II) and derived by finite element analyses using: 1) a full mesh considering canyon wall boundary conditions and presence of a second pipe (see Section VII, Volume 1); and, 2) a greatly simplified, symmetrical, rectangular mesh with no second pipe (see Section VII, Volume 2). In this volume are discussed results of inputting to the neutral point analysis (see Section V, Volume 1) tractions derived from field measurements and from the two levels of finite element analysis. Various output parameters and maximum pipe stresses are compared among the three outputs for relative validity. (Author) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Finite element method KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Rigid pipes KW - Rigid structures KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Stresses KW - Test procedures KW - Traction KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393874 AU - McKenzie, R D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POST CAST HEADERS AT HIGHWAY STRUCTURE EXPANSION JOINTS PY - 1983/04 SP - 94 p. AB - A method is needed on most decks having an asphalt concrete (AC) surfacing and expansion joints to prevent the AC from breaking up over the joint. In California, a dam type device called a "header" is used. Headers are narrow strips on each side of the expansion joint that the AC butts against. They are usually relatively thin (about 3 inches). Consequently, they need to be very tough to withstand traffic impact and forces caused from compressed debris trapped in the joint. Many materials have been tried in California in a search for the most durable and inexpensive. This report discusses most of the materials used and their performance. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Expansion joints KW - Fusion KW - Heat KW - Heat of fusion KW - Impact strength KW - Shock resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390997 AU - Poston, R W AU - Diaz, M AU - Breen, J E AU - Roesset, J M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF SLENDER, NONPRISMATIC, AND HOLLOW CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS PY - 1983/04 SP - 416 p. AB - This report contains detailed recommendations for desirable revisions in the AASHTO Specifications design approach for slender columns, and introduces second order analysis computer codes for electronic computation to improve design of slender concrete bridge piers and bents. The computer codes contain designer-oriented input provisions so that automatic application of load factors and simplified reinforcement distribution patterns can be selected. Separate verification showed the programs to be accurate for a wide range of pier configurations and loading. Input guides and several examples are included. The programs were developed to cover a wide range of variables indicated from a survey of highway departments. This survey is also summarized in this report. (Author) KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design methods KW - Distraction KW - Hollow structural sections KW - Load factor KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387118 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY FOR REACTIVE BLENDS OF ASPHALT AND ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES PY - 1983/04 SP - 10 p. AB - When subjected to elevated temperatures, some blends of asphalts and antistripping additives undergo a reaction that causes the additive to be ineffective. The frequency of occurrence of reactive asphalt-additive blends used by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation was determined to ascertain the level of testing that is necessary to prevent acceptance of their use in asphaltic paving mixtures. Samples of asphalt cement were collected, combined with the two additives used most frequently by the Department, heat treated, and tested. Bottle and stripping tests were used to evaluate the reactivity of the blends. Although approximately 50% of the asphalts reacted with an additive, the reactions were not detrimental when normal additive doses were used. It was concluded that no modifications to the present test procedures and frequency of tests are needed. (FHWA) KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Reactive blends KW - Temperature UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36507/83-R33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385255 AU - Torres, F AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOID DETECTION AND GROUTING PROCESS PY - 1983/04 SP - 194 p. AB - In recent years, it has been found that one of the most significant factors in the reduction of the life of concrete pavements is the presence of voids beneath the slab. In the design of pavements, it is assumed that there is full support throughout the length of the pavement. When a void develops, this assumption is no longer valid. Studies presented in the report illustrate that increasing void size results in a significant increase in the slab stress. Also, with increasing void size, tandem axle loads have a very significant increase in stress. Thus, the combination of existing voids and increasing tandem axle loads results in significant pavement life reduction. Based on information collected from an experiment performed at Victoria, Texas, in 1981 on a CRCP, this report is intended to establish a procedure which provides the optimum method for detecting voids and a grouting operation to fill them. In this respect, various alternatives involving field observation of pumping and several combinations of deflection measurements recorded by means of the Dynaflect device were evaluated. Among these, it was found that the optimum results were obtained with a combination of field observation of pumping and a normalized version of the deflection measurements recorded with sensor 1 and sensor 5 of the Dynaflect device. Using discriminant analysis, an equation was obtained to weight the different variables involved in the alternative. (FHWA) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Equations KW - Field measurements KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Grouting KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pumps KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385259 AU - Caylor, L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A CERTIFIED ASPHALT PLANT MIX CONTROL PROGRAM PY - 1983/04 SP - n.p. AB - This project has as its objective the development of a system for placing the responsibility of asphalt plant mix quality control on the producer by establishing a certified asphalt plant mix control program. Another objective is to investigate and evaluate various means of obtaining quality control of the asphalt plant mix. A proposed certified asphalt plant mix control program was developed and tested. This test program involved requiring the contractor to develop a quality control plan to control his mix subject to GDOT approval. The quality control plan specified what tests the contractor would run and at what frequency. The Department continued to run acceptance tests and closely monitor the contractor's progress in controlling his plant. A special provision was developed that required the contractor to use the pilot test program. This special provision was incorporated into four paving projects. Previously six other projects were completed using the pilot test program by contractors who had volunteered to use it. It was concluded that contractors are capable of adequately controlling their asphalt plants without relying on GDOT's test results. However, since there were only ten test projects with six of those done by volunteer contractors (which probably biased those tests) it was not concluded that this program couuld be applied on a statewide basis. A larger test on a statewide basis was recommended. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Contractors KW - Mixing plants KW - Quality control KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382214 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1983 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1983/04 SP - n.p. AB - This report presents detailed information on accident rates, accident costs, demonstration programs (rail-highway crossings, hazard elimination, and pavement markings), the effectiveness of completed highway safety improvement projects in reducing the number and severity of highway accidents, state recommendations relative to highway safety improvement programs, and the Section 402 safety program. The various chapters cover the legislative background, the highway safety problem, highway safety construction, highway safety rulemaking and evaluation of Section 402 activities. Appendices provide further information on the following: procedural information on processes by state; available funds and obligations by state; pavement marking demonstration by state; railroad grade crossing MUTCD compliance by state; selected state from 1982 annual reports; evaluation information; and glossary. This report is based upon data obtained from (a) the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam, (b) the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) fiscal control records, (c) FHWA field offices, and (d) other sources. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Recommendations KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201502 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379633 AU - Wortman, P H AU - Matthias, J S AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOR AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/04 SP - p. 117-139 AB - Time-lapse photography was used to study driver behavior associated with the traffic signal change interval at a total of six intersections in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. In addition, nighttime studies were conducted at two of these intersections. An evalaution of the time-lapse film permitted the determination of the approach speeds of the vehicles, the average deceleration rates of the stopping vehicles, the perception-reaction times of the drivers of the stopping vehicles, and the distance that the vehicle was from the intersection at the onset of the yellow interval. The distance from the intersection was measured for both the stopping vehicles as well as those that proceeded through the intersection. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and Streets, held at Arizona University, April 28-29, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Behavior KW - Deceleration KW - Drivers KW - Reaction time KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic signal cycle UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196252 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379631 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR ARIZONA PY - 1983/04 SP - p. 83-97 AB - The report summarizes procedures used to develop a methodology for the structural design of asphaltic pavements in Arizona. The design details are for rural interstate highways and consider (a) traffic evaluation, (b) material characterization, and (c) environmental effects. The basic procedure uses the Chevron Computer Program to calculate stresses and strains of selected points in a three-layered system and subroutines are utilized to determine the fatigue life for trials of assumed surface and unbound base thicknesses. The utility of the design procedure is enhanced by the establishment of equivalent axle load factors and entering into design charts; therefore, eliminating the need of a computer. Examples of the procedure employing the charts are presented. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and Streets, held at Arizona University, April 28-29, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement design KW - Rural highways KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380475 AU - Russell, E AU - Narum, B AU - Amos, C L AU - Schercinger, J M AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - COMPILATION OF STATES' LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON MATTERS AFFECTING RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS PY - 1983/04 SP - 425 p. AB - This is a compilation of State laws, ordinances and regulations pertaining to rail-highway crossings organized by State, key word, and subject. This document is intended as a reference tool for those working in the Rail-Highway Crossing Safety Field. This is NOT a legal document. It is written in everyday language for use by laymen. (Author) KW - Laws KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379630 AU - Monismith, C L AU - Finn, F N AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADMINISTRATORS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1983/04 SP - p. 9-81 AB - It is the purpose of this paper to briefly review some developments in the pavement area, outline analytical approaches which can provide more effective design of new (and/or reconstructed) and overlay pavement, and briefly discuss some of the newer alternatives for maintenance and rehabilitation. Design is considered in its broader sense and, as noted, includes overlay as well as "new" design. Emphasis will be placed on asphalt type pavements. Analytical developments are emphasized and evaluated and an attempt is made to place them within a coherent framework of pavement management. (Author) U1 - This paper was presented at the 32nd Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and Streets, held at Arizona University, April 28-29, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379640 AU - Garfinkel, A P AU - Lister, B L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGH EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS PY - 1983/04 SP - n.p. AB - This report presents a field study conducted by Caltrans to determine the effects of constructing a 75 foot high embankment over a simulated Native American artifact site on Interstate 15 north of San Diego. The study consisted of excavating two small test units and placing three layers of artifacts in each simulated excavation unit. Artifacts were placed and mapped in each of the two units by Caltrans archaeologists with observers from the Luiseno tribe. Both units were instrumented with soil pressure meters and settlement platforms. A 60-inch culvert pipe with a 72-inch "T" section was used to provide access for the retrieval of the artifacts. A vertical well was drilled into the access pipe at the "T" section to monitor the ground water. Soil pressure meters were also placed near an actual artifact site on an adjacent project which was to be covered under deep embankment of height similar to the test site. The results of this study supported the findings of a preliminary laboratory study performed by Caltrans District 11. The soil surrounding the artifacts consolidated one to two inches within the test sites. Fragile artifacts such as shell and bone suffered some minor damage while the stone artifacts were generally not affected. Guidelines for preservation of archaeological sites on future construction sites are provided. (FHWA) KW - Archaeology KW - Construction KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater level KW - Guidelines KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Loss and damage KW - Native Americans KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194105 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00379632 AU - Schmitt, L A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA'S WEIGH-IN-MOTION PROGRAM PY - 1983/04 SP - p. 109-116 AB - During November and December 1982, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) tested a portable, total electronic weigh-in-motion scale developed by the Golden River Corporation of London, England, with offices in Kensington, Maryland. The DOT tests were designed to evaluate the capability, accuracy and durability of the weigh-in-motion device. While some shortcomings have been reviewed, ADOT is quite pleased with this preliminary testing program. Some changes are needed to bring the system up to its full potential; but the system, given the addition of the calibration equation, at this state of development is more than adequate for most heavy vehicle surveillance requirements. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of teh 32nd Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and Streets, held at Arizona University, April 28-29, 1983. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Durability KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance tests KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379583 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1982 FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/04 SP - 41 p. AB - This 1982 report on the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research and Development is the ninth in a series of annual reports on the joint activities and achievements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the States in Highway research and development (R&D). This report presents a general picture of accomplishments in the FCP during the past year, the programs that coordinate the varied research activities in highway transportation, and the organization and facilities of the FHWA Offices of Research, Development, and Technology. KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379582 AU - Bramlett, N K AU - Cooper, T W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FINANCE--THE EVOLUTION OF THE HIGHWAY-USER CHARGE PRINCIPLE. STATE HIGHWAY FINANCE TRENDS PY - 1983/04 SP - 96 p. AB - This publication contains two reports on highway finance. The first report, "The Evolution of the Highway-User Charge Principle," examines the financing concept that, for the most part, pays for building our highways, their maintenance and other related highway costs. It examines the history of road and highway financing in the U.S. and the development of the "user-pays" concept. The user-nonuser debate is described, including who benefits from highways. It explores various definitions of what a user tax is and is not, according to various authorities. What might be called grey areas are discussed: elements of vehicle-related government income which may or may not be highway-user in nature. Finally, how and how much highway beneficiaries pay for the highways are discussed. The second report, "State Highway Finance Trends," examines the means of fiscal revival in State highway programs. It identifies and analyzes representative fiscal mechanisms of the several States which are responsible for the fiscal recovery. It also discusses implications such as the broadening of the scope of State transportation programs, including multimodal financing, highway-user subsidization of public transportation, and the nonuser revenue support of highway and transportation programs. KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highway user costs KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - History KW - Public transit KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - User benefits KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379531 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ENGINEERING ECONOMY: A WORKBOOK PY - 1983/04 SP - 64 p. AB - This workbook sets forth the basic objectives and principles of engineering economy, and presents methods and procedures to follow in solving for the economy of proposed improvements to highways. Analyzing the economic consequences of proposed highway facilities brings into study a variety of complex factors each of which is deserving of consideration in the two basic decisions: (1) whether to build a new facility or to let the status quo prevail, and (2) a decision for each design element (e.g., location, geometrics and materials) of the facility. The single main objective of the economic analysis is to furnish the decision maker with aids, tools and information which are pertinent to his deliberations leading up to a decision of whether to build, and if to build, to what design and specifications. The workbook presents in two main groups the basic factors involved in the economic analysis--the market factors and the non-market factors. The market factors are the road user factors which can be priced on the market and thus the analysis for engineering economy can be made on the basis of dollar values. The non-market factors include road user factors which cannot be market priced and the general economic, social and community consequences that may or may not be priceable. KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway engineering KW - Highways KW - Improvements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376775 AU - Waller, M J AU - Huck, P J AU - Baker, W H AU - Hayward Baker Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL GROUTING. VOLUME 1--CONSTRUCTION CONTROL PY - 1983/04 SP - 130 p. AB - This report presents the results of a laboratory and field research program investigating innovative methods for design and control of chemical grouting in soils. Chemical grouting practice is reviewed and standard evaluation and measurement techniques are presented. Problems particular to chemical grouting design and construction control are also discussed, and interviews with experts in the grouting industry are abstracted. Results of laboratory and field efforts to remotely evaluate grouting procedures and processes, including geophysical grout evaluation systems such as electrical resistivity, acoustic velocity, borehole radar, geotomography and acoustic emission techniques to monitor hydraulic fracture, are also presented. Finally, proof-of-concept tests were carried out on several on-going grouting jobs to evaluate the use of procedural controls to monitor grouting progress, and the application of acoustic emission techniques to detect and control hydraulic fracture. (FHWA) KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Boreholes KW - Chemical grouts KW - Construction management KW - Control KW - Evaluation KW - Hydraulic fracturing KW - Radar KW - Resistivity method KW - Soil stabilization KW - Speed of sound KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377271 AU - Messina, A D AU - Bullin, J A AU - Nelli, J P AU - Moe, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATES OF AIR POLLUTION NEAR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/04 SP - 174 p. AB - Air pollution levels in the vicinity of simple signalized intersections were investigated. A thorough review of the literature was performed and a new, simplified predictive model was developed. The new model is known as the Texas Intersection Model (TEXIN) and incorporates the MOBILE-2 and CALINE-3 computer programs with a set of established "short-cut" traffic and excess emissions techniques. The result is an efficient computer program capable of estimating carbon monoxide levels near simple, signalized intersections given minimal geometrical, meteorological and traffic parameters. The TEXIN Model was compared to experimental data near intersections and to corresponding simulations by the Intersection Midblock Model (IMM) and other existing intersection models. The TEXIN Model only requires approximately 10 per cent of the inputs and the computer time required by the Intersection Midblock Model (IMM). The new model also perdicts pollution levels with slightly more accuracy than the IMM. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Exhaust gases KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377217 AU - Baker, W H AU - Hayward Baker Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL GROUTING. VOLUME 3--ENGINEERING PRACTICE PY - 1983/04 SP - 128 p. AB - Recent improvements in the engineering practice of chemical grouting have provided increased confidence in this method of ground modification. Designers can siignificantly improve the success of chemical grouting by defining their grouting program objectives and focusing on the geotechnical conditions controlling the process. New developments in analyzing the structural behavior of grouted soil masses permit numerical performance predictions prior to construction for more realistic designs and better project economy. Detailed planning of injection locations, staging of grout volumes and injection sequencing is required for an effective work program and facilitates good quality control management. New geophysical methods are explained for evaluating chemically grouted soils, utilizing subsurface radar and cross-hole acoustic velocity profiling. Illustrative case histories and guide specifications are also presented. (FHWA) KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Case studies KW - Chemical grouts KW - Control KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Grouting KW - Injection KW - Performance KW - Radar KW - Specifications KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377249 AU - Sabnis, G M AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INNOVATIVE METHODS OF UPGRADING STRUCTURALLY AND GEOMETRICALLY DEFICIENT THROUGH TRUSS BRIDGES PY - 1983/04 SP - 135 p. AB - This study consists of (a) investigation of current practices in several states to upgrade truss bridges; (b) literature search for state-of-the-art perspective; (c) evaluation of information from the FHWA bridge inventory; and (d) search for examples of truss bridge rehabilitation. The information is used to develop and evaluate various methods to rehabilitate through truss bridges. Methods or rehabilitation are formulated, analyzed and designed to suit the most general condition of truss bridges. Several problems exist with through truss bridges; these are presented in the report. The methods are applied to the one existing, typical bridge to demonstrate proposed methods, and to identify problems, limitations, and construction procedure as applied to actual bridges. Both specifications and drawings are included, and cost comparisons between rehabilitation and replacement are made. Recommendations for future research are given. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Reviews KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377218 AU - Baker, W H AU - Hayward Baker Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL GROUTING. VOLUME 4--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This report focuses on the engineering practice of chemical grouting, summarizing the findings of a study to improve design and control techniques for chemical grouting in soils. Improved methods for the planning, control and evaluation of chemical grouting are now available. These include a better understanding of injection behavior, grouted materials, electronic process monitoring for better field performance and improved geophysical testing methods to measure grouting quality. (FHWA) KW - Chemical grouts KW - Control KW - Design KW - Geophysics KW - Grouting KW - Injection KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376776 AU - Krizek, R J AU - Baker, W H AU - Hayward Baker Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL GROUTING. VOLUME 2--MATERIALS DESCRIPTION CONCEPTS PY - 1983/04 SP - 204 p. AB - This report consists of three major parts that deal with (a) specimen preparation and testing procedures for grouted soils, (b) effects due to sampling, and (c) concepts related to determining whether or not a soil is groutable. In the initial part over three hundred unconfined compression tests and more than thirty creep tests were conducted on laboratory prepared grouted specimens to investigate the influence of preparation and testing methodology on the magnitude and reproducibility of the strength and deformation characteristics of grouted soils. Then specimens subjected to different grouting histories and stress paths were tested to evaluate the effect of various sampling and testing conditions on the material properties. And finally, the groutability of a given soil by a particular chemical grout was examined by performing several series of permeability tests where the grout was under low (on the order of unity) to high (more than 200) gradients and injected into laboratory models wherein the flow regime was linear, cylindrical, or spherical. (FHWA) KW - Chemical grouts KW - Control KW - Evaluation KW - Permeability KW - Sampling KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Test procedures KW - Unconfined compression tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01353885 AU - Young, J F AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Slump Loss ans Retempering of Superplasticized Concrete PY - 1983/03//Final Report SP - 23p AB - The influence of mix design and material selection on the slump gain and subsequent loss of superplasticized (flowing) concrete was studied. It was determined that the dose of the superplasticizer was the most critical factor and the optimum amount depends on both the admixture type and cement type. An overdose of admixture can lead to severe segregation and bleeding. Suggestions are given for developing superplasticized concretes that will maintain high workabilities until the time of placement without desirable bleeding. Superplasticized concretes can be satisfactorily air-entrained. Some adjustments may be needed for loss of air after superplasticizing, bit if the final air content is within the usual recommended range then the concrete should be frost-resistant. KW - Admixtures KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Slump loss KW - Superplasticizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450200 AU - Reynolds, R G AU - Ellington, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNCHROCHECK - TRAFFIC OFFSET TIMER: DESIGN AND OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1983/03 SP - 38 p. AB - A battery powered digital stopwatch has been developed specifically tailored to the needs of the traffic engineer. The SYNCHROCHECK - Traffic Offset Timer' is a hand-held portable timer, pre-settable to count on the basis of cycle length. The SYNCHROCHECK is particularly useful in checking the performance of coordinated traffic signal systems; reducing labor required and improving accuracy. Basic operating instructions are provided for the unit, as well as complete design and construction details. KW - Accuracy KW - Clocks KW - Timers KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic signal cycle UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766196 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program AU - National Research Council TI - INTERCITY BUS SERVICE PLANNING PY - 1983/03 SP - 248 p. AB - This report presents guidelines, procedures, and policy options for assessing the feasibility and desirability of continuing existing intercity bus services or promoting the initiation of new or revised services, particularly to rural areas and small urban areas. The guidelines and techniques address the following types of issues: potential ridership on such services; capital operating costs, revenues, and operating subsidies of the services; types and levels of services for cost-effectively meeting the intercity travel needs of specific rural areas; types of federal, state, and local regulatory, taxation, financial, and technical support policies that may promote intercity bus services to rural and small urban areas; and procedures and data for monitoring and evaluating the operation and benefits of such services. The report documents several major state actions to deregulate intercity bus service, including Florida in 1980 and Arizona in 1982. An evaluation of the ridership, revenues, and costs of alternative types of fixed-route intercity bus services was conducted for several rural travel corridors in California, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. The report also identifies and evaluates alternative federal and state regulatory, taxation, financial, and technical support policies and programs that could promote financially sound intercity bus service that meets the transportation needs of rural areas. The strengths, weaknesses and implementation considerations associated with these policies and programs are documented. These alternative policies and programs are examined in relation to intercity bus service problems in rural areas. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transit operations KW - Capital costs KW - Deregulation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Intercity transportation KW - Intercity travel KW - Needs assessment KW - Operating costs KW - Operating subsidies KW - Public policy KW - Regulations KW - Revenues KW - Ridership KW - Rural areas KW - Small cities KW - State departments of transportation KW - Taxation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469235 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL TRAFFIC CHANNELIZING DEVICES. VOLUME I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 28 p. AB - Five channelizing devices were evaluated for safety via full scale crash tests at 60 mph using a minicompact sedan, a Volkswagen Rabbit. The five channelizing devices tested were the Plastibarrel 400-PB, the Channelizer, 55 gallon drums, the Wyoming WC-4 Barricade and the Virginia Simulated Barrel Panel. All impacts were survivable by the vehicle occupants. Impact accelerations, occupant velocity, and occupant displacement data and plots of the vehicle accelerations for each device tested are included. Windshield impacts were also performed using a warning light. The light opened a hole in the test windshield but did not pass through at speeds between 40 mph and 60 mph. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barricades KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Channelization KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Impact tests KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Occupant velocity KW - Simulated barrel panel KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469236 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL TRAFFIC CHANNELIZING DEVICES. VOLUME II - RESEARCH RESULTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 162 p. AB - Five channelizing devices were evaluated for safety via full scale crash tests at 60 mph using a minicompact sedan, a Volkswagen Rabbit. The five channelizing devices tested were the Plastibarrel 400-PB, the Channelizer, 55 gallon drums, the Wyoming WC-4 Barricade and the Virginia Simulated Barrel Panel. All impacts were survivable by the vehicle occupants. Impact accelerations, occupant velocity, and occupant displacement data and plots of the vehicle accelerations for each device tested are included. Windshield impacts were also performed using a warning light. The light opened a hole in the test windshield but did not pass through at speeds between 40 mph and 60 mph. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barricades KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Channelization KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Impact tests KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Occupant velocity KW - Simulated barrel panel KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Windshields UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46700/46730/SafetyAssessmentOfSeveralTrafficChannelizingDevices_Vol2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381329 AU - Miller, J H AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY-APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION FACILITIES PY - 1983/03 SP - 108 p. AB - Traditional construction techniques, as utilized in current designs for Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) facilities, evolved through the years when fossil fuels were plentiful, fuel conversion equipment efficiencies were nominal, and costs for both were low. The contemporary and future challenges to energy utilization must recognize and cope with freshly perceived, finite limits to the available supply of fuels. These limits to supply result in a steady pattern of unit cost increases. Coping takes many forms, including more efficient conversion, loss reduction, waste energy recovery, and increased use of alternate energy sources. One of these alternate sources is solar energy. The utilization of solar energy is governed by a completely different body of rules and characteristics. The high cost of collection and utilization systems makes it mandatory to limit demand. This is balanced by a source of energy which, although irregularly available, has a low intensity, has no cost and no finite limit on supply. This report will analyze the feasibility of utilizing solar energy in certain SHA facilities. (FHWA) KW - Alternate fuels KW - Conversion KW - Energy conservation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Solar energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462400 AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FILL SLOPE EROSION CONTROL I 70--STRAIGHT CREEK CORRIDOR PROJECT I 70-3(99). FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 36 p. AB - This report documents the performance to date of the various features installed in test sections to control sedimentation of Straight Creek from erosion associated primarily with the fill slopes of I 70 along this seven mile corridor. The test sections were constructed in the fall of 1979 on south facing 1 1/2 to 1 fill slopes at an elevation of 10,000 to 10,500 feet above sea level. Recommendations are also presented for features to be installed on the first construction projects for erosion and sedimentation control in this corridor. Features installed to control runoff from the roadway include wide paved shoulders with either a six inch asphalt curb or type 4 barrier, a valley gutter, and timber erosion checks. These features were used in conjunction with drainage pipes extended down the slopes to sediment collection facilities. Surface treatments to promote revegetation of the fill slopes included jute mat, paper mulch net, and soil binder in conjunction with top soil, seed, fertilizer, and hay mulch. Additionally, standard sections with and without top soil were evaluated. KW - Erosion control KW - Fills KW - Highway drainage KW - Landscape design KW - Mulches KW - Runoff KW - Sedimentation KW - Slopes KW - Surface drainage KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391667 AU - Lovell, C W AU - Sharma, S AU - Carpenter, J R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION TO SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH STABL4. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 6 A p. AB - The report is an introduction to the two-dimensional slope-stability program STABL and its use in analysis of highway slopes. Background of the program development is followed by a description of its options and other features. Use of the program is illustrated by an example in Appendix A. Documentation is given as Appendix B. Tapes and program references are being distributed to various state highway agencies by the FHWA, US DOT, as a part of an implementation program. Appendix C lists the agencies which have requested and received the tapes and references. Appendix D gives a brief explanation of why factor of safety (FOS) values can vary with the random number generator. Appendix E recommends a revised use of the pseudo-static earthquake option, while Appendix F makes it more convenient to use near-horizontal tieback boundary forces in the STABL program. (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Safety factors KW - Slope stability KW - Tiebacks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388782 AU - PANDALAI, K AU - Muley, S AU - Pandalai, B AU - Pandalai Coating Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAMINATION REBONDING PRIOR TO CATHODIC PROTECTION PY - 1983/03 SP - 30 p. AB - A research project was undertaken to develop a rebonding material for delaminated bridge decks prior to cathodic protection application. A literature survey revealed that development work along these lines has not been attempted in the past. Therefore all the efforts in this study was devoted to the experimental development of a material that would be compatible with concrete. The approach taken in this study was to start with a material with good bonding properties and has a porous structure which wouuld allow the passage of water vapour and other ionic species. The developed material performed well during the initial period of testing, but after the first three weeks it gradually deteriorated. Prolonged passage of current increased the resistivity twenty eight times in the rebonding material. (FHWA) KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Delamination KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Porosity KW - Rebonding KW - Resistivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387776 AU - Tia, M AU - IIDA, A AU - MCKINNEY, J AU - WOOD, L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF RECYCLING BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/03 SP - 59 p. AB - Interest in cold-mixed in-place recycling of asphalt pavements is becoming more widespread. This final report summarized the findings of four major studies conducted over a period of 5 years. Guidelines were developed that would enable the paving engineer to determine if an existing pavement was a candidate for certain recycling methods and to assist the construction engineer in implementing the recycling method previously identified. The effects of amount and type of added binder (AE-150, AE-90, MC-3000 and AC2.5), amount of added moisture, added virgin aggregate, the compactive effort and curing time on the behavior of cold-recycled asphalt mixtures were studied. A creep test was used to evaluate the long range behavior of recycled mixes. Different softening agents were used--AE-150, AE-300, AC2.5, Reclamite and Mobilsol. It was determined that indices obtained from the gyratory compactor could be used to determine the optimum binder content of a recycled mix and that most of the rejuvenating action took place during the compaction process. A short term investigation was conducted to determine the effect of gradation on the behavior of recycled mixtures, 3 different gradations, two binder types (EA and Foamed Asphalt) and two levels of binder content (0.5% and 1.0%). Some differences in behavior were observed. These differences were primarily due to the difference in surface area. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Binder content KW - Binders KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Creep tests KW - Gradation KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Softening agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389034 AU - Shiv, K-N AU - Daniel, J I AU - Russell, H G AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF SEGMENTAL CANTILEVER CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1983/03 SP - n.p. AB - Three segments of the Kishwaukee River Bridge were instrumented to measure concrete strains, temperatures, and vertical bridge deflectiosn for a period of five years. Simultaneously, tests to measure short-term and long-term physical properties of concrete used in the bridge segments were performed. Using the measured concrete properties and the detailed construction records, time-dependent deformations of the instrumented bridge segments were calculated by a computer program using a step-by-step numerical procedure. Comparisons were made between measured and calculated values. Comparisons of the measured and calculated results verified numerical procedure for calculating long-term behavior of segmental box-girder bridges. Using the numerical procedure, effects of time-dependent behavior of conncrete on axial deformations, prestress losses, moment redistribution, and concrete stresses on continuous box girders were investigated. Influence of concrete ages at times of erection on bridge behavior was discussed. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete properties KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Measurement KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Physical properties KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressing KW - Segmental construction KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Temperature KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387386 AU - Bashore, F J AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE MORE ECONOMICAL REPAINTING SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1983/03 SP - 47 p. AB - The primary objective of this project was to determine by field evaluations whether a structural steel coating system based on a one or two-coat application could provide a rust-preventive system whose service life protection would be comparable to the Department's then-specified (1976) four coat system when applied at equivalent dry-film thickness. This report describes the application of the coatings on the structure and discusses observations from periodic inspections made over six years. In an effort to lower maintenance repainting costs, a one-coat and two-coat system was tried, utilizing petroleum wax based vehicles. A two-coat inorganic zinc-rich primed, vinyl topcoated system was included, as well as Michigan's four-coat system. Unfortunately, the primary objectives of the project were not achieved to our satisfaction due to inadequate or incomplete surface preparation, and the lack of good application technique on the part of the painters. Certain observations concerning maintenance repainting were reinforced, and this project and others have helped in the development of our current coating systems (non-leaded, two-coat). Michigan's current specifications are attached as appendices. (FHWA) KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field performance KW - Maintenance KW - Metal bridges KW - Performance KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387382 AU - Miller, David AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF LOADING HISTORIES FOR STEEL BEAMS OR GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1983/03 SP - 54 p. AB - In this study the nature of actual random traffic stress histories in steel beam or girder highway bridges has been investigated. Quantitative field test results have been used to develop mathematical models that can be used ot represent the stress histories for such bridges. The beta distribution function has been found to be an effective mathematical model for the actual stress-range histograms and has been used to establish random stress factors and can be used in fatigue design to account for the random nature of loadings in highway bridges. (FHWA) KW - Girder bridges KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Steel beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388837 AU - Eisenberg, J F AU - Way, G B AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLAY DEFLECTION DESIGN METHOD FOR ARIZONA PY - 1983/03 SP - 49 p. AB - A new Structural Overlay Design for Arizona (Soda) was developed. This design method is based upon Dynaflect deflection data being correlated to field performance. To derive the best fit equation, over thirty (30) variables and 170 observations were reviewed. The recommended equation contains five variables including traffic, spreadability index, roughness, region, and the number five geophone deflection. The correlation was acceptable and the final equation appears practical to use. (FHWA) KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Equations KW - Field performance KW - Geophones KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Regions KW - Roughness KW - Spreadability KW - Spreading KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388829 AU - Adamus, P R AU - Center for Natural Areas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR WETLAND FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT: VOLUME II FHWA ASSESSMENT METHOD PY - 1983/03 SP - 138 p. AB - The manual provides a rapid assessment procedure for screening functional values of wetlands. Functions covered include groundwater recharge and discharge, flood storage and desynchronization, shoreline anchoring and dissipation of erosive forces, sediment trapping, nutrient retention and removal, food chain support (detrital export), habitat for fish and wildlife, and active and passive recreation. The method can be used for all wetland types in the 48 coterminous states, and uses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service definition and classification scheme. The assessment method is qualitative and not based on a series of weights and scores. It can be used to evaluate the importance of a single wetland or to compare several wetlands. It may be applied to choices regarding reasonableness of mitigation, replacement ratios for compensation wetlands, priorities for site-specific reshearch, and route alignment. It may also be used for decisions regarding route widening or realignment. It can use "office-type" data, data from cursory field visits, and/or detailed data, with corresponding increase in the predictive validity. Social as well as scientific factors are incorporated, and a framework is also provided for inclusion of mitigation cost data. Contributions of wetlands versus their basins are differentiated, and seasonal variability is taken into account. Net primary productivity data for wetland plants is catalogued by region. Wetland type preferences of all harvested waterfowl, 120 species of other wetland-dependent birds, 133 marine fishes and invertebrates of commercial or sport value, and 95 freshwater or anadromous fishes of commercial or sport value, are described. The method also can be used to evalaute functions of many rivers and lakes. (FHWA) KW - Aquatic life KW - Erosion KW - Evaluation KW - Floods KW - Groundwater KW - Lakes KW - Nutrient content KW - Productivity KW - Rivers KW - Routes KW - Sedimentation KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388828 AU - Adamus, P R AU - Stockwell, L T AU - Center for Natural Areas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR WETLAND FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT: VOLUME 1 CRITICAL REVIEW AND EVALUATION CONCEPTS PY - 1983/03 SP - 181 p. AB - The manual presents a state-of-the-art reviw of wetland functions. Functions covered include groundwater recharge and discharge, flood storage and desynchronization, shoreline anchoring and dissipation of erosive forces, sediment trapping, nutrient retention and removal, food chain support (detrital export), habitat for fish and wildlife, and active and passive recreation. The manual covers all wetland types in the 48 coterminous states, and uses the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service definition and classification system. It examines the validity, interactions, and possible significance thresholds for the functions, as well as documenting their underlying processes. With appropriate qualifying information, wetland types are ranked for each function. Wetland types ideal for each function are identified and illustrated. Potential impacts of highways upon each function are described and, where available, possible thresholds are given. Factors which regulate impact magnitude, such as location, design, watershed erodibility, flushing capacity, basin morphology, biotic sensitivity (resistance and resilience), recovery capacity, and refugia, are explained. Cumulative impacts and social factors on wetland function are documented: contiguity, shape, fetch, surface area, area of watershed and drainage area, stream order, gradient, land cover, soils, depositional environment, climate, wetland system, vegetation form, substrate, salinity, pH, hydroperiod, water level fluctuations, tidal range, scouring, velocity, depth, width, circulation, pool-riffle ratio, vegetation density, flow pattern, interspersion, human disturbance, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and biotic diversity. (FHWA) KW - Aquatic life KW - Erosion KW - Evaluation KW - Floods KW - Groundwater KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Nutrient content KW - Recreation KW - Sedimentation KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387384 AU - Anderson, K O AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE FACTORS RELATED TO PAVEMENT CRACKING IN WEST TEXAS PY - 1983/03 SP - 78 p. AB - This report presents the results of research intended to define the influence of various properties of the asphalt concrete on pavement cracking due to low temperatures experienced on several projects in West Texas. Six pavement sections were selected in District No. 6 (Odessa) exhibiting various degrees of pavement cracking. Field samples of the pavement surface were obtained from each of the sections for detailed laboratory testing. Age of the pavements at the time of sampling ranged from four to five years. Cracking due to thermal shrinkage can be predicted by methods that have been used in the colder climates of Canada and elsewhere. The computer based prediction model for low temperature cracking referred to as COLD (Computation of Low-Temperature Damage) was used to analyze data from this project. Two sections were compared, one which exhibited cracking, with the other having no cracking. Thermally induced stresses that exceeded the tensile strength were obtained for the one section, but were far less than the expected strength for the other section exhibiting no cracking. Use of the COLD program to predict cracking by thermal shrinkage yields results which are compatible with observed field performance of these two pavements in West Texas. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Field performance KW - Forecasting KW - Heat KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Performance KW - Shrinkage KW - Simulation KW - Thermal degradation KW - Thermal shrinkage KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386880 AU - Kelly, P D AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOUVRE TYPE GLARE SCREEN PY - 1983/03 SP - v.p. AB - This paper reports on the cost, installation, effectiveness, and maintenance of louvre type glare screens. In the fall of 1978, 1046 units were installed on two safety improvement projects, some on concrete median barriers and some on corrugated beam type barriers, in Onondaga County, New York. The screen consists of individual plastic louvres, or baffles, approximately 36 in. high, mounted vertically on guiderail or median barrier. When placed on 2-ft. centers, they form a continuous barrier. Cost was about ten dollars per ft. There were only minor installation problems which were adequately dealt with. The glare screens performed as expected and maintenance costs to date are $3,500. KW - Anti glare screens KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378793 AU - Kawasaki, Kunihiro AU - Gruol, V AU - Osterkamp, T E AU - Jurick, R W AU - Geophysical Institute AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION SITE FOR GROUND ICE DETECTION PY - 1983/03 SP - 27 p. AB - An artificial ice mass has been constructed for the purpose of testing various geophysical methods of ground ice detection. Details of its construction may be found in the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Report No. FHWA-AK-RD-82-13 (Gruol, et al., 1981). In this final report, the construction details are summarized and additional information on the site is given, including a description of soil types, temperature measurements and results from some measurements made on the ice mass with geophysical exploration devices. This background information on the artificial ice mass will provide a guide for its use as a known target embedded in a known background for the purpose of testing other geophysical methods of exploring for permafrost or different versions of methods that have already been investigated. (Author) KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Geophysical measurements KW - Geophysics KW - Groundwater KW - Ice KW - Measurement KW - Simulation KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Temperature KW - Test facilities UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_27.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378903 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION: SOFTWARE AND SOURCEBOOK, MARCH 1983 PY - 1983/03 SP - 117 p. AB - The Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation provide training and technical assistance in the new and rapidly changing area of transportation application of microcomputers. These two agencies maintain up-to-data microcomputer references for transit and paratransit operators, transportation planners, and traffic engineers. This document contains information pertaining to: 1) microcomputer references and training and; 2) descriptions of software in the areas of transit operations, transportation planning, traffic engineering, and paratransit planning and operations. KW - Bibliographies KW - Computer programs KW - Microcomputers KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Software KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377881 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Harrigan, E T AU - Lentz, H J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SULFUR PAVING BINDERS PY - 1983/03 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - p. 125-131 AB - Information on the development, characteristics, and use of Sulphlex binders in paving mixtures is reviewed. This article discusses in detail the properties and use of one material, Sulphlex binder number 233(S-233). S-233 has been tested extensively in the laboratory and used in the construction of experimental pavement sections at seven locations in the United States. KW - Binders KW - Experimental roads KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377883 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Machan, G AU - Squier, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BITUMEN COATING ON PILES TO REDUCE DOWNDRAG PY - 1983/03 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - p. 142-151 AB - The paper deals with the construction of road embankments by using pile foundations. This article describes the project and presents the predictions of downdrag loads on both uncoated and bitumen-coated pipe piles, and describes the use of a unique pile uplift test to evaluate the anticipated downdrag on the bitumen-coated production piles. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Coatings KW - Downwash KW - Embankment foundations KW - Pile foundations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195180 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377882 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - BISSELL, H H AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Mason, J M AU - Woods, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY CROSS SECTION AN ALINEMENT PY - 1983/03 VL - 46 IS - 4 SP - p. 142-151 AB - This article summarizes the relationships between safety, as measured by accidents, and the geometric cross section and roadway alinement elements. Five recent studies described have been conducted to determine the relationship of cross section features with accident data. KW - Alignment KW - Crash rates KW - Cross sections KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Highway safety KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377267 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDIDATE SIGNAL WARRANTS FROM GAP DATA--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/03 SP - 80 p. AB - This report describes a method of determining the need for a traffic signal using site-specific information on gaps in the major road traffic. Formulas relating delay to the ratio of side street volume and gaps available on the major road (analagous to the volume/capacity ratio) were derived from data collected at 43 intersections using automatic gap counters. The formulas were further validated at 18 intersections. The results show that the volume to gap ratio is an accurate estimator of side street delay and that the gap based warrant is an accurate indicator of signal need when compared to engineering judgement. The gap based warrant is generally more restrictive than existing signal warrants. The method consists of collecting the number and size of gaps during a four hour period using a modified volume counter or commercially available gap counter. Using known information about driver gap acceptance, the gap data is converted to an equivalent number of adequate gaps (known as the gap availability parameter). The side street volume and gap availability parameter are plotted on an analysis diagram which shows average side street delay. If the average side street delay exceeds the threshold value of tolerable delay for the community (e.g., 25 seconds per vehicle) then a signal may be warranted. Gap-based signal warrants for peak hour conditions and pedestrian considerations are also included. (FHWA) KW - Gap acceptance KW - Highway capacity KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373813 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING METHODS PY - 1983/03 SP - 44 p. AB - This sourcebook is intended as a reference for the use of transportation planners in determining what publications, training courses, etc., are available from the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) or the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation to help solve analysis problems related to urban transportation. This report is an updated and expanded version of an earlier publication and plans are to review and redistribute it annually. Each reference cited includes a description of the material and specifically how to obtain it. This sourcebook provides information in the following subject areas: UMTA/FHWA Training Courses; UTPS, PLANPAC and Microcomputer Programs; Transportation Planning -- General; Data Collection & Inventories; Trip Generation and Distribution/Modal Split; Trip Assignment; General Demand Estimation; System Evaluation; Environmental Impact; Land Use; Other Planning Techniques; Impacts of Rail Rapid Transit; Transportation for Elderly & Handicapped Persons; Transit Operations Management; Transportation System Management (TSM) Planning; and Energy. KW - Aged KW - Bibliographies KW - Computer programs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Land use KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Rapid transit KW - Training KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377266 AU - McDonald, C AU - Wilson Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ROUTING SIGN PY - 1983/03 SP - 67 p. AB - This report presents a study to select signs for hazardous cargo routing. Sign designs were developed and the most promising were tested experimentally. The signs tested experimentally are to be used in both a positive "route marker" form and in a negative "hazardous cargo carriers not allowed" form. The experimentation tests for both meaning and preference. The subjects were tested at several locations in the United States and include truckers, police, and representatives of the general driving public. A design is suggested for marking hazardous cargo routes based on the experimental results. (FHWA) KW - Consumer behavior KW - Design KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Hazardous materials KW - Reaction time KW - Routing KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Truck drivers KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376396 AU - Mays, L W AU - Walker, M E AU - Bennett, M S AU - Arbuckle, R P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF CULVERTS WITH SAFETY GRATES PY - 1983/03 SP - 342 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to establish through an experimental study, the hydraulic characteristics of culvert end treatments (safety grates) on both box and pipe culverts. A significant amount of work has been performed in the past to establish the hydraulic characteristics of culverts, but there has been very little effort to study the hydraulics of culverts with grates. A 1:4 scale model was built to simulate flow conditions in a 5 x 8-ft box culvert. Investigators also tested a 1:4 scale model simulating flow in a 60-in. helical corrugated metal pipe culvert. The slopes of the culverts, the flowrates and the elevations of the tailwater were varied to simulate the various types of flow conditions which can exist in a highway culvert. The box culvert was tested with no safety grates, pipe safety grates and bar safety grates. The pipe culvert was tested with no safety grates and pipe safety grates. A regression analysis of the experimental data was performed so as to relate (1) for outlet control, the various hydraulic parameters to the entrance headloss coefficient, and (2) for inlet control, the headwater depth to the discharge. (FHWA) KW - Box culverts KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Flow KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Performance KW - Pipe culverts KW - Safety KW - Scale models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373171 AU - Marynowski, C W AU - Jones, J L AU - Boughton, R L AU - Tuse, D AU - Cortopassi, J H AU - Gwinn, J E AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE (CMA) PY - 1983/03 SP - 72 p. AB - SRI International screened alternative processes and alternative biomass feedstocks to identify a preferred process and feedstock for commercial production of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), a candidate chemical for noncorrosive, environmentally acceptable selective replacement of sodium chloride for highway and bridge deicing. The process identified as having the greatest economic potential was one that used the anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium, Clostridium thermoaceticum to ferment biomass-derived sugars to acetic acid, and reacted the acetic acid with dolomitic lime to make CMA. Corn grain was identified to be the most favorable biomass feedstock in the tonnages projected to be required; high-glucose corn syrup was a slightly less favorable choice. Preliminary process designs were prepared and detailed economic analyses were carried out for three alternative CMA processes: (1) from corn grain by hydrolysis and fermentation, (2) from high glucose syrup by fermentation, and (3) from purchased synthetic acetic acid. Cost sensitivity analyses were included for the effects of: (1) plant size, (2) feedstock costs, (3) plant facilities investment, and (4) plant on-stream time. For the base case, the estimated selling price (plant gate) of CMA was 18-19 cents/lb (40-42 cents/kg), or about 7-8 times the current cost of road salt. The experimental effort to develop the process to permit scale-up to a pilot plant was hampered by delays in obtaining a seed culture of C. thermoaceticum and by subsequent indications that the seed culture received probably contained the spores of another organism. Recommendations are made for further work judged necessary to attain the performance of the process assumed for the base economic analysis. (FHWA) KW - Acetates KW - Acetic acid KW - Biomass KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical processes KW - Costs KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Dolomite KW - Dolomitic quicklime KW - Feedstock KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Manufacturing KW - Raw materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373061 AU - Cording, E J AU - Fernandez, G AU - MacPherson, H H AU - Cording (EJ) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SECOND EISENHOWER TUNNEL INSTRUMENTATION RESULTS PY - 1983/03 SP - 114 p. AB - The results of programs conducted by the Colorado Department of Highways and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to measure strains and convergence of steel ribs in the top heading and bench excavation and to measure pressures on concreted drifts in the multi-drift excavation for the Second Eisenhower Tunnel (I70) are reviewed. Three instrumented ribs out of a total of 45 ribs were selected for detailed study. Significant behavior of the support system was measured by the instrumentation and results correlated well with ground conditions and construction details. Information from other sections not reviewed may produce useful information when analyzed in detail. Recommendations are made for reducing the data and assessing potential instrument errors. Further studies of the data should consider time-rate of buildup of stress and deformation in the lining and the influence of ground and support conditions on moments in the ribs. Future studies that summarize significant aspects of the tunnel performance, both from the instrumentation data and from general observations would be of significant benefit. Factors that should be emphasized in future tunnel instrumentation programs are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Convergence KW - Deformation KW - Instrumentation KW - Ribs (Structural) KW - Steel beams KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455969 AU - Gruen, Harold Allen AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Peats as Embankment Foundations : Interim Report PY - 1983/02/09 SP - 174p AB - Dealing with peat as an engineering material has been avoided in the past whenever possible. This is reflected in the lack of knowledge most engineers have concerning peat for use as a foundation material. This report is presented as an aid to the engineer faced with the problem of building on peat, and should shed light on the unique properties and behavior of this organic material. The report proposes a classification system for Indiana peats, which is in basic conformance with that developed in Committee D 18 of the American Society for Testing and Materials. It further proposes sampling, testing, and analysis procedures which will produce reasonable predictions and control of embankment settlements where peat is the foundation. KW - Classification KW - Consolidation KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Peat KW - Sampling KW - Shear strength KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314061 UR - http://ia600404.us.archive.org/2/items/useofpeatsasemba00grue/useofpeatsasemba00grue.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455863 AU - Huang, Chen-Tair AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Pike County, Indiana PY - 1983/02/09 SP - 37p AB - The engineering soils map of Pike County, Indiana which accompanies this report was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs used in this study, having an approximate scale of 1:24,000, were taken on October 17, 1977 by the Indiana Department of Highways. Aerial photographic interpretation of land forms, parent materials and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference A field trip was made to the area for the purposes of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil texture. The final land form and parent material boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering soil map (1 inch = 1 mile). Standard symbols were employed to delineate land forms, parent materials and soil textures. Parent material symbols were grouped according to land form and origin, and textural symbols were superimposed to indicate the relative compositions of the parent materials. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. The map also includes a set of soil profiles which indicate the general soil profiles in the various land form-parent material areas. The soil profiles were compiled from the agricultural literature and from the boring data of roadway soil surveys along S.R. 57, S.R. 64, and S.R. 25 (Appendix B). These data were supplied by the Indiana Department of Highways. Liberal reference was made to the "Formation Distribution and Engineering Characteristic of Soils" KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Pike County (Indiana) KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314582 UR - http://ia600402.us.archive.org/20/items/engineeringsoils832huan/engineeringsoils832huan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455859 AU - Van Wijk, Adriaan Adriaan AU - Shanteau, Robert M AU - Stafford, George K AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana Department of Transportation TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 116 : Interim Report PY - 1983/02/09 SP - 68p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made during the summer months, viz. June, July, August and September, of 1982 in Indiana. All observations were made of free-flowing vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural and urban highways under favorable conditions. All the observations were made during daylight. This is the second report with exclusively summer observations since 1975. From 1976 until 1980 (Traffic Speed Reports Nos. 95 through 114) 14 primary and secondary stations as well as another 14 randomly selected stations were monitored every quarter. During 1981 and 1982 only 14 primary stations were monitored. A total of 14 speed monitoring stations were used for the study reported herein. These stations are divided into four categories, including four rural interstate locations, four rural four-lane locations, four rural two-lane locations and two urban interstate locations. These 14 locations are the same as the primary and secondary control stations monitored since 1975 in Indiana. Prior to 1975 only the twelve rural stations were monitored. The locations of the 12 rural stations are essentially the same since 1970 except for stations 4L-32 (old number 6 on US 52) and 2L-54 (old number 11 on US 31), which changed in 1975. The speed limit at all the stations is 55 mph. The vehicles were classified as Indiana or Non-Indiana Passenger Cars and light (less than 5000 lbs. gross weight) or heavy (equal to or more than 5000 lbs. gross weight) trucks. Analysis was performed for each vehicle classification and for combined passenger cars or trucks. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314581 UR - http://ia700401.us.archive.org/8/items/trafficspeedrepo116vanw/trafficspeedrepo116vanw.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576261 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dynamic Deflections to Determine Roadway Support Ratings PY - 1983/02//Final Report SP - 23p AB - The Benkelman Beam structural test of flexible pavements was replaced in 1976 by dynamic deflection testing with a model 400 Road Rater. The Road Rater is used to determine structural ratings of flexible pavements. New pavement construction in Iowa has decreased with a corresponding increase of restoration and rehabilitation. A method to determine structural ratings of layered systems and rigid pavements is needed to properly design overlay thickness. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using the Road Rater to determine support values of layered systems and rigid pavements. This evaluation was accomplished by correlating the Road Rater with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Thumper, a dynamic deflection testing device. Data were obtained with the Road Rater and Thumper at 411 individual test locations on 39 different structural sections ranging from 10" of PCC pavement and 25" of asphalt pavement to a newly graveled unpaved roadway. A high correlation between a 9000 pound Thumper deflection and the 1185 pound Road Rater deflection was obtained. A Road Rater modification has been completed to provide 2000 pound load inputs. The basin, defined by four sensors spaced at 1 foot intervals, resulting from the 2000 pound loading is being used to develop a graph for determining relative subgrade strengths. Road Rater deflections on rigid pavements are sufficient to support the potential for this technique. KW - Deflection tests KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Iowa KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road raters KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16233 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420407 AU - Thiruvengadam, A P AU - Mayhall, R H AU - Bankard, M G AU - Hochrein, A A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a high water jet for the rapid removal of concrete PY - 1983/02 IS - FHWA/TS/83-206 SP - 75P KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Damage KW - Design KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Removal KW - Water KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342705 AU - Sprinkel, Michael M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Construction and Performance of Polymer Concrete Overlays on Five Bridges PY - 1983/02//Interim Report No. 1 SP - 40p AB - The installation of thin polymer concrete overlays of five bridges on I-64 near Williamsburg, Virginia, has demonstrated that an overlay of low permeability and high skid resistance can be successfully installed by a contractor with a minimum of disruption to traffic of approximately eight hours per lane.The initial condition of the overlays was excellent from the standpoint of permeability, skid resistance, and bond, although some overlays were better than others. All were in good to excellent condition after one year of service, but the permeability had increased and the bond strength and skid resistance had decreased significantly. Based on the data collected during the first year it is projected that the overlays constructed with LB183 resin will have a useful service life of at least five years ad that the MMA overlay will fail in less time. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Concrete overlays KW - Data collection KW - Highway bridges KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Resins KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic disruption KW - Williamsburg (Virginia) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36506/83-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108750 AU - Olsen, Mikael P J AU - Janssen, Donald J AU - Dempsey, Barry J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - D-Cracking in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements PY - 1983/02//Final Report SP - 34p AB - A study was conducted to determine the mechanisms involved in the Iowa Pore Index Test and investigate ways to modify and supplement the testing procedure to increase its accuracy and sensitivity. In the study a modified IPIT was developed which utilizes chamber pressures up to 1379 kPa (200 psi). Instead of using the volume of water entering the aggregate pores over a specified time period the degree of saturation which occurred in the aggregates at various chamber pressures was used. Relationships between degree of saturation and chamber pressure were developed and found to provide a general index of the aggregate freeze-thaw durability properties. KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399294 AU - CRAWFORD, W L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS AIDED DESIGN SYSTEM-GENERAL SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1983/02 SP - 167 p. AB - This third interim report documents the user interface concepts for the Interactive Graphics Roadway Design System (IGRDS) portion of the overall package of programs that make up the Interactive Graphics Aided Design System (IGADS). IGRDS provides designers with interactive graphics input/output capabilities for use with the Roadway Design System (RDS). RDS is an integrated system providing the user with calculation tools for most areas of highway design. IGRDS utilizes graphics terminals to allow the user to input data for processing with RDS in an interactive environment and to view the graphics results of the calculation immediately. This report gives the interrelationship of all of the programs that make up IGADS and the definition of interactive graphics computer systems used. The definition discusses response to the user as a measure of interactivity of computer systems and the difference between interactive systems and interactive graphics systems. The concepts that interactive graphics could provide in the process of designing a highway from location studies to construction of the facility are provided. They are the result of interviews with engineering users and include the priority the users placed upon the development of the various interactive graphics functions. (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Highway design KW - Interactive graphics KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391803 AU - Dane County Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Department of Energy AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ESTIMATING TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTIAL LAND TYPES PY - 1983/02 SP - 122 p. AB - A demonstration project to examine the relationships of residential land use development and transportation related energy consumption is reported. Simple factors were developed for transportation energy consumption per dwelling unit for differing residential land use densities and locations in Dane County, Wisconsin. The process used to develop these factors is described. The process used to report these energy consumption factors and impacts to the public, local officials and implementing agency officials is also described. The results of the study include trip frequency rates, average trip length, annual vehicle miles travelled, the gallons of fuel consumed and the costs of that fuel. These factors are produced for single family and multi-family dwelling units and is presented in 2 categories: community class (towns, villages, 4th class cities, and City of Madison), and geographic area (rural, satellite communities, central urban area). A before-and-after survey of key officials revealed that the study served to increase their overall level of awareness by 20%. KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Households KW - Impact studies KW - Land use KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Population KW - Residential areas KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation KW - Trip frequency KW - Trip length KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468736 AU - Davis, T D AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION ZONE SAFETY AND DELINEATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/02 SP - 123 p. AB - The Construction Zone Delineation study was conducted to find methods for improving delineation in construction zones with long term overnight closures or diversions. The need for improved delineation was established through two means: (1) a committee of traffic, construction, design, research and specifications engineers, and (2) positive guidance, a technique that develops highway information system improvements from the driver's viewpoint. Once the need for improved delineation was established, delineation concepts were developed and tested in actual construction zones and evaluated for effects on traffic performance and driver visibility. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Field tests KW - Highway delineators KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance evaluations KW - Visibility KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468641 AU - Besha, J A AU - McGrew, C I AU - McGuffey, V C AU - Fraser (J. Kenneth) and Associates, P.C. AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RICHMONDVILLE STREAM MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/02 SP - 171 p. AB - Construction of I-88 through Richmondville, N.Y., impacted 1.5 miles of the town's watershed and passed within 150 feet of their two reservoirs. An earthen berm was constructed between the reservoirs and highway to divert highway runoff/spills in the vicinity, however, this was infeasible for the remainder of the watershed. Therefore, the consultant was retained to devise a stream monitoring system for two streams feeding the reservoirs, and a control system that ensured water quality of the reservoirs would not be significantly affected. The monitoring system provided a hard copy of turbidity, conductivity, and pH levels for NYSDOT to document the construction as well as traffic impacts (or in this case, the lack of impacts) on the water supply. KW - Conductivity KW - Control systems KW - Environmental impacts KW - Monitoring KW - pH value KW - Reservoirs KW - Road construction KW - Runoff KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Streams KW - Traffic KW - Turbidity KW - Water quality KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396685 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Havens, J H AU - Deen, R C AU - Newberry, D C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A THICKNESS DESIGN SYSTEM FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This report covers the merger of criteria used in the Portland Cement Association's and AASHTO's pavement thickness design systems. The combined criteria is coupled witht heprinciple of equal work as defined in classical physics to produce thickness design curves for portland cement concrete pavements. The thickness of portland cement concrete varied by approximately 0.15 inches for the same CBR and design EAL when the thickness of crushed-stone base varied from 3 to 6 inches. Therefore, the design thickness of the portland cement concrete is relatively insensitive to change in thickness of the crushed stone base. (Author) base. (Author) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391002 AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RUTTING BEHAVIOR (PAVRUT) PY - 1983/02 SP - 72 p. AB - Rutting is one mode of failure in flexible pavements. Described herein are laboratory models that predict a rut depth for a particular pavement structure using a given set of traffic and environmental conditions. A number of rutting charts have been developed and are presented herein that can be used to estimate rutting in a particular structure after an assumed number of equivalent axleloads. These charts can also be used for overlays on flexible and rigid pavements. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Simulation KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474941 AU - Welch, R C AU - Dantin, T J AU - Caldwell, C W AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRESSES AND STRAINS IN ACHM OVERLAYS ON PCC PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 51 PY - 1983/02 SP - 268 p. AB - An instrumentation system which is capable of measuring both static and dynamic performance of pavement systems has been designed and implemented. Pavement deformations are measured by using induction coil pairs. Stresses are measured by strain gage pressure cells and temperatures are measured by thermistors. The behavior of several different overlay sections was measured under various axle loadings and speeds and at different times of the year. The results are to be used in the development of a design procedure to minimize reflection cracking in overlays. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature measurement UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393779 AU - Agent, K R AU - Crabtree, J D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF LOST TIMES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/02 SP - 33 p. AB - When determining the capacity of a signalized intersection, knowledge of certain traffic parameters is necessary. The previous investigation conducted under this study dealt with an analysis of saturation flow values. The objective of this investigation was to determine appropriate values to use for lost times at signalized intersections. The lost times at the beginning and ending of the phases were analyzed, as well as lost times during the phase due to the interference of pedestrians, local buses, and opposing traffic for left turns. Factors affecting those lost time values were identified. The lost time values, along with the previously identified saturation flow values, permit the calculation of capacity at signalized intersections and may be used as input when using computer models to simulate and optimize signal systems. Base values of 1.40 and 1.67 were found for beginning and ending lost time, respectively. Formulas were given that considered the effect of several factors on beginning and ending lost times. Case studies illustrating the use of those formulas are given. (Author) KW - Buses KW - Case studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Left turns KW - Losses KW - Optimization KW - Pedestrians KW - Percent saturation KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Time KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392175 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAY ON BEULAH ROAD BRIDGE INTERIM REPORT NUMBER I--INSTALLATION AND INITIAL CONDITION OF OVERLAY PY - 1983/02 SP - 45 p. AB - The installation of a thin polymer concrete overlay on the Beulah Road bridge demonstrates that an overlay of low permeability and high skid resistance can be successfully installed by maintenance forces with a minimum of disruption to traffic, approximately 8 hr. per lane, and at about half the cost of alternative service-life-extending measures. Subsequent laboratory tests have indicated that thermal stress at the bond interface can cause the formation of cracks in the overlay, the bond interface or the base concrete. The problem could be minimized by the application of a more flexible PC overlay. KW - Bonding KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Installation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Skid resistance KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36631/83-R28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392176 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION & PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON FIVE BRIDGES--INTERIM REPORT NUMBER I--CONSTRUCTION AND CONDITION OF THE OVERLAYS INITIALLY AND AFTER 1 YEAR IN SERVICE PY - 1983/02 SP - 38 p. AB - The installation of thin polymer concrete overlays on five bridges on I-64 near Williamsburg, Virginia, has demonstrated that an overlay of low permeability and high skid resistance can be successfully installed by a contractor with a minimum of disruption to traffic of approximately eight hours per lane. The initial condition of the overlays was excellent from the standpoint of permeability, skid resistance, and bond, although some overlays were better than others. All were in good to excellent condition after one year in service, but the permeability had increased and the bond strength and skid resistance had decreased significantly. Based on the data collected during the first year it is projected that the overlays constructed with LB183 resin will have a useful service life of at least five years and that the MMA overlay will fail in less time. KW - Bonding KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Evaluation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Resins KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387565 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IOWA NOISE BARRIER: SOUND LEVELS, AIR QUALITY AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE PY - 1983/02 SP - 52 p. AB - This report describes the development of Iowa's first Type II (retrofit) noise wall, including background information, pre- and post-barrier construction environmental and attitudinal surveys, and a general assessment of the success of the project. After its first three years the steel wall is judged to be an exceptionally effective traffic noise screen and its appearance is generally acceptable to the affected residents. Air quality monitoring indicates the wall has a minimal effect on transportation-related air pollutant concentrations near the affected homes. This report was prepared for the information of the sponsoring transportation agencies and the City of Des Moines. Further information may be obtained from the Office of Project Planning at the Iowa Department of Transportation. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Consumer behavior KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Residential areas KW - Sound level KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388840 AU - Hutter, W AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TRUCK WEIGHT ON PAVEMENT DETERIORATION PY - 1983/02 SP - n.p. AB - This report was intended to investigate the effect of truck weights on pavement deterioration. The major tool in this effort was a computer program developed by Austin Research Engineers, Inc. (ARE). Program "NULOAD" was to perform the analysis of effects of legal load limit changes on pavement performance. A test network of highways impacted by energy development was to serve as the initial model. However, inconsistencies of the program exeuction with the sample data provided by ARE prompted termination of the study. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Load limits KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Sensitivity KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381857 AU - Steinberg, M L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HORIZONTAL PLACEMENT OF A GEOTEXTILE ON A SUBGRADE TO CONTROL A SWELLING SOIL PY - 1983/02 SP - 26 p. AB - Geotextiles may control swelling soils that cause considerable damage to Amnerica's highways. In 1980, expansive soils caused an estimated $7 to $9 billion damage in the United States, half occurring on roads, streets and highways. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) conducted field testing of early generation fabrics on a San Antonio project. The fabrics were placed on an active subgrade with a high potential vertical rise using adjacent roadway sections as controls. Five years of testing with field elevations, dynaflect observations, photologging, and profilometer measurements computerized to serviceability indices give strong indications that fabrics contribute to reduced movement, increased strength, reduced pavement cracking, and generally smoother riding characteristics. KW - Geotextiles KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Soil swell KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379519 AU - Thiruvengadam, A P AU - Mayhall, R H AU - Bankard, M G AU - Hochrein, A A AU - Daedalean Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH PRESSURE WATER JET FOR THE RAPID REMOVAL OF CONCRETE PY - 1983/02 SP - 75 p. AB - The objective of this program was to design, build and demonstrate a prototype concrete removal unit that utilized water cavitation erosion technology to accomplish the work. This final report presents an in-depth discussion of the significant elements of the program; specifically, the design considerations, the fabrication and laboratory testing and finally the field demonstration. In addition, there are separate sections which include a cost analysis and system comparison and the conclusion and recommendations that resulted from this program. This program has promoted the advancement of water cavitation technology and has demonstrated its cost effectiveness and feasibility to be employed in large scale systems for concrete removal. (FHWA) KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Erosion KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High pressure KW - Pressure KW - Rapid methods KW - Removal KW - Waterjets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379573 AU - Flynn, D R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: RELATIONS AMONG FREQUENCY RATING PROCEDURES PY - 1983/02 SP - 57 p. AB - A series of calculations was performed to ascertain how well one frequency-weighted rating, such as weighted sound level, loudness level, or perceived noise level, may be predicted from another such rating. A total of 103 average sound level spectra, measured at several distances from different types of highways, were used in these calculations. It was found that knowing a single noise rating, such as the A-weighted sound level, enables one to predict other outdoor ratings in this set of 103 spectra with a standard deviation of the order of 1 to 2 dB. If, in addition, traffic speed and mix and the distance to the highway are taken into account, these standard deviations can be reduced to 0.5 to 1 dB, depending upon the particular noise rating of interest. Equations are given for predicting one rating from another; the associated standard deviations are presented as a measure of how well any given rating can be predicted from a single measured, or otherwise known, noise rating. It is concluded that it is not very critical which frequency-weighting procedure is used in conjunction with highway noise criteria since one descriptor can be predicted from another with a rather small statistical uncertainty. Thus, if human response criteria, or stimulus-response relationships, have been developed in terms of one frequency-weighting procedure, these may be translated into equivalent criteria expressed in terms of a metric that is easier to measure or predict. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Ratings KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377257 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Zweig, W D AU - Gabel, R J AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC EVALUATOR SYSTEM USERS MANUAL. VOLUME I--OVERVIEW AND FIELD DATA ACQUISITION GUIDE PY - 1983/02 SP - 149 p. AB - This document focuses on the hardware/field equipment components of the total Traffic Evaluator System (TES). It presents details of the relationships between components; planning requirements for a TES deployment; interpretive discussions of measures; procurement, preparation and installation of hardware elements; and finally, operations and maintenance in the field. A tutorial, question and answer format is employed to facilitate the needs of users who vary widely in their familiarity with the system. A comprehensive index is provided to direct users to specific areas of interest or concern. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Hardware KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377259 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Zweig, W D AU - Gabel, R J AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC EVALUATOR SYSTEM USERS MANUAL, VOLUME III, APPENDIX--DOCUMENTATION FOR TES PROGRAMS PY - 1983/02 SP - 129 p. AB - This volume presents documentation for the Traffic Evaluator System (TES) program battery. This includes a utility program to interpret and cleanup raw data (EDIT) and an analysis program (TRACE). Documentation is provided in a number of useful forms including flow charted macro-relationships of the subroutine structure; "plain language" logical flow within subroutines; detailed treatments of dimensioned variables addressed through common blocking; and, finally complete, well commented FORTRAN source code listings for each program. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377258 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Zweig, W D AU - Gabel, R J AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC EVALUATOR SYSTEM USERS MANUAL. VOLUME II--DATA PROCESSING GUIDE PY - 1983/02 SP - 59 p. AB - This document presents the computer programs needed to interpret and analyze the large quantities of data produced by the Traffic Evaluator System (TES) hardware. The program battery consists of a utility program to interpret and cleanup raw data (EDIT) and an analysis program (TRACE). Program functions, input requirements and output options are discussed in detail for each program. Illustrative examples of Job Control Language (JCL) and control card decks are presented. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373059 AU - Bampton, MCC AU - Ramsdell, J V AU - Strope, L A AU - Athey, G F AU - Abbey, O B AU - Batelle Memorial Institute/Pacific Northwest Labs AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASCO-KENNEWICK CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE WIND AND MOTION DATA PY - 1983/02 SP - 62 p. AB - This report presents wind and motion data for the Pasco-Kennewick cable-stayed bridge collected over a period of approximately two years. Objectives, in addition to the data collection, included processing to show wind turbulence characteristics, bridge vibratory characteristics and possible relations between wind and deck motions. The data reduction process is described. Wind data is formulated as spectra and coherence functions for three directions relative to the bridge. Acceleration spectra for the same winds are presented, and it is observed that acceleration responses are low (less than 0.01g) and sensitive to wind direction. The bridge fundamental mode shapes and frequencies are derived and shown to be consistent with calculations. Cable frequencies are also determined. Damping estimates are made for the deck and cables by the half bandwidth method. It is recommended that additional testing be performed to establish damping-amplitude relations for this type of bridge configuration. (FHWA) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Data analysis KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motion KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373173 AU - Janoff, M S AU - Nick, J B AU - Ketron, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING AND QUANTIFYING USER PERCEPTION OF PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY PY - 1983/02 SP - n.p. AB - The overall objective of this investigation was to determine the validity of using physical measures of road roughness obtained by a Mays Road Meter as a surrogate of human responses in order to predict the user perception of ride quality or serviceability of various highway surfaces. Three types of psychometric scaling methods for obtaining subjective ride quality ratings were evaluated in a Pilot Study. Since it was found that there was essentially no difference among the results provided by either method, the scale originally used in the AASHO Road Test was selected for use in the Main Study. The Main Study consisted of having 36 subjects rate 100 test sites representing roads from five functional classes, three major surface types, and spanning a wide range of roughness. It was found that a moderately strong, linear relationship existed between mean panel ratings and the logarithm of the normalized cumulative axle displacement expressed in inches/mile as predicted by Fechner's Law. Other results showed that a single predictive regression formula could be applied across all regions of Pennsylvania, to all classes of roads, and to all surface types. Finally, regression formulas were derived which could be used to establish threshold road roughness levels for various classes of roads. (FHWA) KW - Axles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Road meters KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373060 AU - Cermak, J E AU - Bienkiewicz, B AU - Peterka, J A AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACTIVE MODELING OF TURBULENCE FOR WIND-TUNNEL STUDIES OF BRIDGE MODELS PY - 1983/02 SP - 181 p. AB - A new method of turbulence generation for wind-tunnel studies of bridge models is investigated in the present study. In this method an additional energy is supplied to the mean flow by stirring air in an active manner. Two arrays of symmetric airfoils are placed in the smooth, uniform flow and oscillate pseudorandomly driven by an oppropriate servo-system and input driving signals. Vertical and horizontal velocity components are of main interest. Various configurations of the generator were considered and velocity measurements were taken in the near wake downstream of the generator. Turbulence intensities, scales and spectra were evaluated at different locations. Generation of turbulence of given characteristics for the two velocity components of interest was possible provided that the experimental configuration of the generator was correctly selected. Measured velocity spectra were in good agreement with the target spectra, especially in the low-frequency range. The integral scales of turbulence were approximately one order of magnitude larger than the scales of a typical grid turbulence generated in the same wind-tunnel conditions. (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Simulation KW - Turbulence KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373082 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS, VOLUME V, SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST RESULTS FROM CHICAGO O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1983/02 SP - 63 p. AB - This fifth and final report dealing with the design and construction of longitudinal joints in slip-formed concrete pavements presents a summary of findings from tests conducted at Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Tests performed include nondestructive tests performed with several types of vibrator and impulse loading devices, and loading with commercial aircraft. Pavement responses under the various loading conditions were measured using the geophones normally used with the NDT type equipment, and with deflection gages and strain meters installed in the pavement slabs. In these tests particular emphasis was placed on measuring the load transfer efficiency across transverse and longitudinal joints and the effect of load transfer efficiency on the behavior of the pavement system. Results from these tests clearly show the importance of load transfer on certain types of distress in concrete pavements, as loss of load transfer efficiency can lead directly to corner breaks and pavement faulting. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slip form pavers KW - Slip forms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373072 AU - Fruggiero, R L AU - Fera, J D AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHLORIDE INHIBITOR FOR CONCRETE BARRIERS PY - 1983/02 SP - 112 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of currently available liquid surface sealers as protection against the intrusion of moisture and highway deicing salts into concrete barriers. A total of 18 sealers were evaluated in laboratory tests designed to simulate exposure of the vertical structures to salt-laden water at their base and to freeze-thaw cycling overall. The test program included (1) A time-to-corrosion study of inhibitor-coated, steel reinforced concrete block specimens partially immersed in deicing salt brine, (2) A water absorption test of inhibitor-coated, concrete block specimens immersed in tap water and (3) A freeze-that weatherability test utilizing a Model CT-110 Soil test Freeze-Thaw Tester. Chloride intrusion sampling of selected specimens was conducted in order to substantiate and further clarify the time-to-corrosion results. Shortcomings of the test methods are discussed and improvements suggested. Upon consideration of overall performance in the test program and cost effectiveness, one product, a two-component, water-based epoxy, is recommended for use on Rhode Island highway median barriers. (FHWA) KW - Absorption KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion protection KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371800 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Luther, M S AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PATCHING GUIDELINES PY - 1983/02 SP - 78 p. AB - This report presents guidelines for pavement patching. "How to-do-it" recommendations are presented for constructing patches during cold weather (emergency basis), cold weather (routine basis), and warm weather (routine basis). Patching of flexible, rigid, and composite pavements is addressed. Recommended patching techniques include use of bituminous and portland cement patching materials. Pavement distress and causes are indexed to the recommended repair procedures. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Cold weather KW - Composite pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Hot weather KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373078 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF DEO'S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ON ROCK PY - 1983/01/31 SP - 32 p. AB - The use of Deo's classification system was evaluated using a Virginia shale from Route 23 in Wise County, and the lowest percentage of concentrated sulfuric acid that would rapidly break down a Millboro type shale was determined. It was concluded that Deo's system should be made more severe for use on shale found in Virginia by running at least five cycles of the various tests, and by giving precedence to observation of the physical condition of the rock that has been tested over the indices for the various tests. The solution of 25% of concentrated sulfuric acid was the lowest concentration that would rapidly break down the Millboro type shale. A methodology by which a Millboro type shale could be identified was recommended for adoption as part of the preliminary engineering procedures. (FHWA) KW - Classification KW - Physical properties KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Shale KW - Sulfuric acid KW - Test procedures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36502/83-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420013 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement damage functions for cost allocation, executive summary PY - 1983/01 IS - FHWA/RD-84-117 SP - 32P KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Financing KW - Frost KW - Frost KW - Funding KW - Load damage relationship KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Material fatigue KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Repeated loads KW - Repetitive loading KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding resistance KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Water KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371526 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION: GETTING STARTED IN MICROCOMPUTERS: SELECTED READINGS: VOLUME 1 PY - 1983/01 SP - 124 p. AB - The Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation provide training and technical assistance in the new and rapidly changing area of transportation application of microcomputers. These two Federal agencies maintain up-to-date microcomputer references for transit and paratransit operators, transportation planners, and traffic engineers. This document is the starting point for those interested in microcomputers. This document is one in a series of selected readings covering technical aspects of microcomputer equipment, software, data communications and other topics. The first section of this report serves as a primer designed to help the human service administrator or worker learn about microcomputers and about how to harness their capabilities. The section is directed at the interested reader who is familiar with human service work but unfamiliar with the arts of electronics, systems analysis, or data processing. Simple examples are used throughout, and technical language is kept to a minimum. The second section of this report provides basic information that can be used to evaluate and select a microcomputer. It contains a description of twelve microcomputer characteristics, including a detailed description of microcomputer software, and a review of twenty-nine models of computers. The third section provides reference readings. A related report titled Microcomputers in Transportation: Software and Source Book is available from UMTA (URT-41) or FHWA (HHP-22). KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Paratransit services KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475132 AU - Albrecht, P AU - Sahli, A AU - Vannoy, D W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - END-BOLTED COVER PLATES. TASK B: FATIGUE STRENGTH OF RETROFITTED COVER PLATE ENDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/01 SP - 79 p. AB - A total of 32 cover plate ends were spliced with a high-strength bolted friction-type connection when the tension flange was noncracked, or after it had been half precracked or fully precracked. The first condition applies to upgrading rolled beams with cover plates for increased truck weight and traffic volume. The others apply to retrofitting cover plate ends that exhibited fatigue cracking. All splices were designed to resist the flange's portion of the moment in the beam. Under subsequent stress cycling, the mean fatigue life of the noncracked details exceeded the Category B mean and was a factor of 18.2 larger than the Category E mean. The difference in the fatigue lives of the half precracked and fully precracked details was statistically insignificant. Their combined mean life fell short of the Category B mean, but it was a factor of 12.9 longer than the Category E mean. The fatigue strength of the precracked details can be raised to that of Category B by designing the splices to resist the total moment in the beam. Web cracks were arrested by installing a high-strength bolt in a hole drilled at the crack tip in the web. If the web crack is longer than one-sixth of the beam depth, the web may need to be spliced. Cover plate ends retrofitted as recommended in this study would be fatigue proof when subjected to highway bridge loading. KW - Bolting KW - Bolts KW - Cover plates KW - Ends KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Flanges KW - High strength bolts KW - Highway bridges KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461820 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Parker, M R AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR UTILITY POLE ACCIDENTS. APPENDIXES A-N. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/01 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis procedure for the optimal selection of countermeasures for utility pole accidents. It involved the collection and analysis of accident, traffic and roadway data for over 2,500 miles of urban and rural roads from four states. The results of the data analysis showed that lateral pole offset, traffic volume, and pole density were the factors most highly related to utility pole accidents; and a utility pole accident predictive model was developed. Based on the cost-effectiveness analysis, undergrounding and pole relocation were found to be cost-effective for telephone and electric distribution lines under various traffic and roadway conditions. Reducing pole density through multiple use was also cost-effective in some instances, but increasing pole spacing was generally not cost-effective. No countermeasures involving large transmission poles and lines were cost-effective within the limits of the analysis. General guidelines were developed for selecting cost-effective countermeasures, and a manual and computer procedure were developed to allow for selecting optimal countermeasures for roadway sections. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - Density KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Replacing KW - Spacing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377132 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS' GUIDE TO USING THE 1980 CENSUS PY - 1983/01 SP - v.p. AB - This document describes data available from the 1980 decennial Census which is of value to the transportation planner. An important part of the document is related to uses of Census data for analytical and model purposes. Chapter One serves as a summary of the information contained in Chapters Two through Six and provides information for the Executive who is considering the Census data and its uses for planning. Chapter Two describes information available and reporting mechanisms used by the Census Bureau in their normal decennial data distribution. Chapter Three presents the content of a special Urban Transportation Planning Package which brings together, in one tape release for each metropolitan area, those data items most useful to transportation planners. This tape is not a normal Census Bureau release and must be purchased. The most important features of this package include data available on a tract or zone basis and the trip information available for the journey-to-work. Chapter Four describes some data collection efforts which may be considered by the planner to supplement the Census data. Chapters Five and Six present uses of the Census data for analysis and model-related purposes, respectively. Uses covered include assessing the current situation, evaluating trends, transit planning, accessibility analysis, locating park-and-ride lots, land use and arterial spacing considerations, providing input to planning models as well as model calibration and development. KW - Accessibility KW - Census KW - Databases KW - Land use KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Park and ride KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Work trips KW - Zone UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/CNS.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391361 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAY SAFETY FEATURES PY - 1983/01 SP - n.p. AB - This notebook provides information regarding the safety performance requirements of highway safety features and their function. The objectives of this notebook are to: (1) Describe how the various highway safety features work and why they are used; (2) Identify the factors that will adversely affect the intended performance of each; and (3) Illustrate, through examples of good and bad installations, what field personnel should look for to identify safety problems in field installations. The notebook should be beneficial to construction, maintenance, and operations engineers and technicians responsible for selecting, installing and/or maintaining highway safety features or devices. KW - Functional analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388785 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATED BRIDGE SLABS INTERIM REPORT--CONDITION OF SLABS AFTER THREE YEARS OF SERVICE LIFE PY - 1983/01 SP - 7 p. AB - After three years of service life, polymer impregnated bridge slabs exhibit a permeability to chloride ion which is 18% of that of control slabs that were not impregnated. Electrical half-cell and resistance measurements were the same for the impregnated and control slabs. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Slabs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36722/83-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388823 AU - Lytton, R L AU - Shanmugham, U AU - Garrett, B D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS FOR THERMAL FATIGUE CRACKING PY - 1983/01 SP - 276 p. AB - Transverse cracking of asphalt pavements can be the result of temperature changes and it was once thought that temperature induced transverse cracking of asphalt pavements was entirely the result of low temperatures causing the pavement material's tensile strength to be exceeded by tensil stresses--a mechanism now termed "low-temperature cracking". Although models for low temperature cracking have been used with somome success in northerly regions, where the temperature drops low enough to cause a pavement to reach its "fracture temperature", in many cases, transverse cracking is quite common even though relatively moderate temperatures prevail. A mechanism that accounts for thermally induced cracking of asphalt pavements in relatively moderate climates is "thermal-fatigue cracking" due to temperature cycling that eventually results in the fatigue resistance of the asphalt concrete being exceeded. This report describes the development of a design procedure for asphalt pavements to resist thermal fatigue cracking. The first step is the development of a computer model based on fracture mechanics for predicting transverse cracking due to thermal fatigue cracking in asphalt concrete pavements. It uses Shahin's and McCullough's revision of Barber's Equations (Bulletin 168, Highway Research Board, 1957) to compute pavement temperatures but extends upon mechanistic methods of Chang, Lytton, and Carpenter, based on fracture mechanics to predict crack growth and spacing. The effectiveness of the model developed is demonstrated by comparing its results with field data from Michigan. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cracking KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Simulation KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388839 AU - Abel AU - Brown AU - Donnelly AU - O'Connor AU - Peterson AU - Bos, van den AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/01 SP - 73 p. AB - A project panel was established to provide guidelines for the rehabilitation of concrete pavements in Colorado. Techniques used by other state highway agencies were compared to the type and severity of concrete pavement distress observed in-state. Representatives from the concrete and asphalt pavement paving organizations were also invited to provide input to the study. Suggested methods are provided to renew the design life of deteriorated concrete pavements. Alternative methods of construction from which to choose are included along with examples for comparing life cycle costs. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384743 AU - Hayes, C J AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHRINK AND SWELL OF EXCAVATED EARTH MATERIALS PY - 1983/01 SP - 52 p. AB - This study is an attempt to determine from laboratory tests the shrink or swell characteristics of excavated pedological soils. Twenty-six benchmark soils of various particle size classes were selected for study. It was found that sandy loam soils shrink the most. They shrink about 14 percent. Clay soils may not shrink at all. Standard Proctor densities (AASHTO T99) were used as the compactive effort to induce the reduction in soil volume. The amount of shrinkage relates to the natural pore sizes and shapes as well as moisture content. Liquid limit values correlate fairly well with shinkage factors. This report will be useful to design engineers when making estimates of soil shrinkage or verifying estimates derived from other information. Savings of up to $30,000 may be realized on a typical grade and drainage project, based on the information provided in this report. KW - Clay soils KW - Density KW - Excavated material KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liquid limits KW - Loam KW - Moisture content KW - Pore size distribution KW - Sandy soils KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil swell KW - Soils KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384770 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERAL AND TECHNICAL PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES: FOUR STATES' EXPERIENCES PY - 1983/01 SP - 59 p. AB - The general and technical aspects of the highway programming processes for Minnesota, Wisconsin, Idaho, and South Dakota are described. Minnesota, which has a well-documented process, evaluates projects based on clearly defined program objectives. Minnesota's programming process is described in 6 steps. Both evaluation criteria and measures are based on explicit program objectives. Minnesota's project evaluation calculations are done manually. The Wisconsin programming process consists of 10 steps and the program development process consists of 5 steps. Alternative construction concepts for a deficient highway section are also developed. All of these are evaluated with a broad range of supplemental environmental criteria in addition to the more traditional criteria. The Idaho pavement management system and the State's use of the HWYNEEDS and HIAP models are described. The use of the models to evaluate tradeoffs between BR and capital improvements is also described. South Dakota's use of its data base to develop needs reports and rank improvement projects is described. Pavement deterioration relationships provide estimates of the year when improvements will be needed. South Dakota's lowered design standards for improvements are reviewed. KW - Criteria KW - Design standards KW - Environment KW - Evaluation KW - Highway programming KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement management systems KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381511 AU - Kelley, W J AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSIT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1983/01 SP - 291 p. AB - This report examines major issues, concepts and methods of bus transit performance evaluation and suggests procedures and guidelines for internal and external monitoring in Washington State. In support of suggested procedures, data analysis on six years of operational and financial characteristics of Washington State systems, 1979-80 Section 15 data, and collected samples of small community/rural systems from other states was conducted. The major objective of the analysis was to test methodologies for developing and assessing transit "peer groups" relative to size and scale of operations, and prior to comparative within-group evaluation. KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Paratransit services KW - Peer groups KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Umta section 15 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/057.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380129 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION: SOFTWARE AND SOURCE BOOK, JANUARY 1983 PY - 1983/01 SP - 80 p. AB - The Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation provide training and technical assistance in the new and rapidly changing area of transportation application of microcomputers. These two agencies maintain up-to-date microcomputer references for transit and paratransit operators, transportation planners, and traffic engineers. This document contains information pertaining to: 1) microcomputer references and training and; 2) descriptions of software in the areas of transit operations, transportation planning, traffic engineering, and paratransit planning and operations. Much of the information contained in this document will probably be rapidly replaced by newer or better material. An update to this edition of Microcomputers in Transportation will be published within the near future. KW - Computer programs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Microcomputers KW - Minicomputers KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Paratransit services KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Routing KW - Scheduling KW - Software KW - Traffic engineering KW - Training KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377304 AU - Aronson, M N AU - Homburger, W S AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE LOCATION AND DESIGN OF SAFE AND CONVENIENT PARK AND RIDE LOTS PY - 1983/01 SP - n.p. AB - Park-and-ride lots are places where tripmakers may leave their vehicles when changing to a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) mode. They are most often used by carpool, vanpool, public transit, or subscription bus commuters who drive to these lots because HOV access is inconvenient or not available within walking distances of their homes. The lots themselves may be specially constructed for this purpose (usually state-owned) or portions of existing parking lots at shopping centers, churches etc. ("joint-use") where an agreement between the owner and the state to formalize the park-and-ride activity has been concluded. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) operates more than 200 owned or joint-use lots. In 1982, Caltrans conducted a questionnaire survey at 37 park-and-ride lots of both types throughout the state. Results of this study and subsequent research confirm previous reports showing that park-and-ride lots constructed along major highways in commuting corridors are well patronized and make a substantial contribution to saving vehicle-miles and related travel costs. Available data indicate that highest priority should be given to constructing lots more than 20 miles from major employment centers for ridesharing programs, and more than 10 miles from such centers for transit stops. Where possible, lots should be paved, clearly marked, landscaped, lighted, provided with passenger shelters, bike lockers, and public telephones, maintained in a clean condition, and be easily accessible and visible from roads interchanging with the major commuter highway. (FHWA) KW - Commuting KW - Design KW - Joint use KW - Location KW - Park and ride KW - Ridesharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373175 AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Turgeon, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM INSITU PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTILES PY - 1983/01 SP - 42 p. AB - Although substantial research of geotextiles (on physical properties, testing procedures, specification requirements, etc.) has been accomplished, the majority of this work dealt basically with the original fabric properties before installation. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation foresaw the potential usefulness of fabrics early on and undertook one of the earliest field evaluation aimed specifically at monitoring the characteristics of the in-place fabrics over a period of years. Initial fabric properties were well documented before installation in a longitudinal pavement edge drain system. Fabrics were exhumed and tested for permeability and strength properties at one, two and six year intervals after placement. Results indicated that, even though some reductions in fabric permeabilities and strengths were evident, all fabrics were still substantial enough to perform the intended drainage and filtration functions better than the standard control section without fabric. Permeabilities of each of the six fabric types were still at least .01 cm/sec. after six years. The minimum average tensile strength in the weakest direction was still 82 lbs. after six years of service. (FHWA) KW - Drainage KW - Field performance KW - Filtration KW - Geotextiles KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372481 AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TIME FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF GRADE 60 REINFORCING STEEL PY - 1983/01 SP - n.p. AB - Design requirements to prevent fatigue fracture of reinforcing steel stated in the AASHTO Specifications for Highway Bridges are based on the mean fatigue limit at 5 million cycles. An experimental investigation was performed to determine long-time fatigue properties of Grade 60 reinforcing bars at stress ranges just below the fatigue limit at 5 million cycles. Fatigue tests were conducted on beam specimens containing reinforcing bars. Six bars from five U.S. manufacturers were evaluated. Each bar was embedded as main reinforcement in a concrete beam. Five bars were evaluated at target stress ranges of 2 ksi (13.8 MPa) below the mean fatigue limit at 5 million cycles. One bar was loaded at a target stress range of 4 ksi (27.6 MPa) below the mean fatigue limit. Bars in five specimens fractured due to fatigue. Failures occurred between 31 and 471 million cycles of repetitive loading. One bar survived over 1 billion cycles. It is concluded that at a stress range below the fatigue limit set in the AASHTO Specifications, straight reinforcing bars will survive the stress induced cycles during the service life of a highway bridge without fracture. Further research is needed to determine the fatigue properties of reinforcing bars at bends. Deflection measurements during fatigue loading showed creep under cyclid loading. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Dredging KW - Load tests KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Repeated loads KW - Steel beams KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512281 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Marine Drive corridor improvements, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509750 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-60 improvements, Worthington to St. James : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final, FDsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509547 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor G, Chattaroy to Miller Creek : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508650 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - North Rome connector, Redmond Road to GA-53, Floyd County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507668 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CA-49-CA-108 Sonora bypass construction, Tuolumne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507666 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-109 reconstruction near Anderson, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451279 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-12, Michigan Ave proposed reconstruction, Dearborn : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418527 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Parker, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost effectiveness of countermeasures for utility pole accidents; volume 2, final report PY - 1983 IS - FHWA/RD-83-063 SP - 166P KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident rate KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Location KW - Location KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161056 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-32 (Patuxent Freeway) construction from MD-32 to MD-3, Anne Arundel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161055 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 Blue Water Bridge and Plaza reconstruction, St.Clair County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161054 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAU-7145, Windsor Road combined location and design study, Champaign County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161053 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Umatilla-Stanfield Hwy, Stanfield north city limits to I-84 Stanfield interchange, Stanfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161052 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80 improvement, Auburn : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161051 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Charles Town bypass construction on US-340 and WVA-9, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161050 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Springfield railroad relocation demonstration project extending from US-36 (South Belt Hwy) east and north to near the Sangamon River, Sangamon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161049 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-83 construction from Gay St to I-95, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draft2, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161047 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Minnesota TH-60 and Wisconsin SH-25 Mississippi River bridge and approaches replacement from US-61 at Wabasha to SH-35 at Nelson (MN,WI) : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161045 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alsea Bay Bridge replacement, Oregon Coast Hwy (US-101), Waldport, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161030 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 580-Route 238 operational analysis from Western Pacific Railroad on Route 238 near Hayward to Route 680 in Dublin, Alameda County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Historic properties survey report B1 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161024 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 1, Jefferson Davis Hwy corridor study, Alexandria : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161018 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 36, Forest Hwy 4 widening and realignment from the west boundary of Six Rivers National Forest to Lower Mad River Road, Humboldt County / Trinity County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160995 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-82 construction from US-75 in Sherman to Loop 286 in Paris : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160989 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-164 improvements from SR-66 to US-41 at Southlane Drive, Vanderburgh County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pennsylvania St corridor improvement and extension, Marion : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160956 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Elton B. Stephens Expressway extension, 3rd Ave to I-20-59, Birmingham : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160923 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bossier Red River Parkway improvements from LA-511 to I-20, Bossier City : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160889 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-13 construction from I-95 to Bay St, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160878 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20 bypass development, St.Joseph/Elkhart counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160870 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cohoes-Waterford arterial construction, I-787 Maplewood interchange to Mohawk River, Albany County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160859 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-129 extension between SR-48 and SR-46, Ripley County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160858 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Romence Road extension from Westwedge Ave to Portage Road, Kalamazoo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160856 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-820, Hollywood Blvd widening, Broward County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160854 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-17A, Eugene Talmadge Memorial Bridge removal, replacement, Savannah : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160841 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wolf Creek Pass east, Mineral County / Rio Grande County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160836 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-3 corridor study, proposed I-297 from US-50-301 to MD-32, Anne Arundel/Prince George's counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134126 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Valley River crossings, Coors Road to I-25, Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft(3v), Final(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134124 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fayetteville CBD loop completion, Hay St to US-301 : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134083 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-250 relocation, Cadiz to St. Clairsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134062 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corvallis bypass construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894820 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01120087 AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration Region 3 TI - SIxteenth Quality Assurance Workshop PY - 1983 SP - 32 p. U1 - Quality Assurance WorkshopWilliamsburg, Va. StartDate:19830000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cost control KW - Design KW - Maintenance KW - Quality control KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101145 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 220 from I-43 to I-60, Alleghany/Botetourt counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101006 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OH-8 relocation, Hudson Drive to OH-303-OH-8 : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061557 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-45-37 and SR-48-37 intersection improvements, Bloomington : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061554 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-85 improvements, Spartanburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061553 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-476, LR-1010 (Mid-County Expressway) completion, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061552 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - N-47 Gothenburg Viaduct (proposed), Dawson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061549 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chinden-Broadway corridor improvement, Boise : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061548 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 24 (Banks-Lowman Hwy) improvements, Boise County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061546 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 31 relocation, Gates/Ogden : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061545 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Charlotte-Douglas International Airport entrance road, Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061544 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-490 gap closure, West 14th St to East 55th St, Cleveland : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061543 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-508, I-88-81 connector completion, Broome County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061542 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mildred St, 6th Ave to North 17th St, Tacoma : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061538 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Broadway Ave-Macedonia Ave improvement from south Muncie bypass (SR-67) to north Muncie bypass (SR-6), Muncie : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061537 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Taconic State Parkway reconstruction, Westchester County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061536 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95-US-278 interchange (proposed), Jasper County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061534 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ-31 improvements from US-202, Flemington to I-78, Clinton : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061533 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cross Country Hwy construction from Colerain Ave to Galbraith Road, Hamilton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061527 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-53 upgrading between Rice Lake and Trego, Barron/Washburn counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061526 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5-I-90 construction, Seattle : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061525 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 bridge construction across Lake Champlain from Rouses Point to Alburg (NY,VT) : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061524 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-393 and approach, NH-106 to NH-9-4-202, Concord, Pembroke, Chichester : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061521 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intercounty connector and Rockville facility construction from west of I-270 to Baltimore-Washington Parkway, Montgomery/Prince George's counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061519 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fort Wayne circumurban route proposed development, US-30 to I-69, Allen County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061516 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 freeway transit, Santa Ana Freeway corridor construction, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061515 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-110 completion from US-90 to Chartres St, Biloxi : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061503 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-595 construction linking I-95 and I-170, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061492 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Carthage bypass construction, SR-53 to SR-25, Smith County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061489 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-241 relocation, Oberlin Road extension, US-30 to SR-21, Massillon : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061463 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - County State Aid Hwy 18 construction from I-494 to TH-13 and TH-101, Hennepin/Scott counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061459 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 61, Route 486, Flathead County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061453 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 35, Forest Hwy 4 widening and realignment from the west boundary of Six Rivers National Forest to Lower Mad River Road, Humboldt County / Trinity County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061433 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington St-Maryland St one-way pair and Washington St transit mall developments : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061429 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Makai Blvd construction to improve Nimitz Hwy from Middle St to Pier 18, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061404 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-55, Hiawatha Ave reconstruction and CSAH-62 extension, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061361 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 upgrading from Leeds to Devils Lake, Benson/Ramsey counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061349 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-295 sections 1W,1X, upgrade from Hessian Ave to Repaupo Road, Gloucester County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061343 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-395 construction from Lake Tahoe junction to Arrowhead Drive, Carson City : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061320 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ-24 freeway construction, Brooklake Road to I-287, Morris County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061280 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-169, Mingo Valley Expressway construction, 51st St to US-64-91st St-101st St junction, Tulsa : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061274 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20 widening, SH-153 to IH-35W, Tarrant County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061237 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 ramp construction at 220th St interchange, Mountlake Terrace, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061223 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Great Seneca Hwy corridor study, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061171 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 72 construction through Plainville and Bristol : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060754 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East St project from 9th St to I-70, Frederick County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060746 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 20 connector construction from I-80 to CBD Loop Road, Paterson : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060683 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-287 construction from near Ennis west city limits to I-45 near Ennis (Ennis bypass), Ellis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060549 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Harrison St-Giles Road-I-80 interchange construction, Douglas/Sarpy counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1983///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450015 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT REVIEWS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983 SP - 148p AB - The foundation engineering practices of State transportation agencies and the Federal Highway Administration's Direct Federal Offices were reviewing druing a 5-year period, 1977-1981. The reviews were performed by means of personal interviews with appropriate agency personnel. Due to the extensive survey period, all data was verified annd appropriate modifications made in June 1981. The prinipal objectives of the survey were: 1. To determine current agency procedures related to the design and construction of structural foundations; 2. To assess the effectiveness of these procedures in constructing safe, economical, and environmentally acceptable facilities; 3. To document innovative foundation practices which could be transferred to other agencies; and 4. To establish needs necessary to improve the foundation engineering capabilities of the reviewed agencies by providing followup technical assistance and training packages. The survey data has been compiled in two formats; a comprehensive final report and an executive summary. The executive summary highlights only the more important findings by comparing recommended and existing practices and by suggesting corrective actions to improve the deficiencies. The final report is divided into three parts: Part I - Conclusions and Recommendations; Part II - Data Tabulations; and Part III - Question Summaries and Appendices. Part I is organized in the following manner: survey conclusions, findings, and specific recommendations. Part II, consists of four data sheets which provide the individual agency response to each survey question. Part III provides a percent type summary for most questions and additional design and construction information which was made available during the review. The nature of the review questions permitted all data to be placed in one of the four sections: Organization, Subsurface Investigation, Design Procedures, and Construction and Training. (Author) KW - Administration KW - Construction management KW - Data collection KW - Design methods KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geological surveying KW - State departments of transportation KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Surveys KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399503 AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1983 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT PY - 1983 SP - 138 p. AB - The Motor Vehicle Laws of state of Washington require that the standard accident report forms be submitted by the operator of any vehicle in an accident resulting in injury or in death of any person or damage to the property of any person to an apparent extent of three hundred dollars or more. The accident information in this report is extracted and summarized from tapes supplied to the Department of Transportation's Planning, Research and Public Transportation Division by the Washington State Patrol. These tapes contain the complete traffic collision data extracred from the Traffic Accident Report forms. The first part of the report contains tables showing accidents, population, travel and other relevant data for state highways. The second part of the report contains graphs and charts of driver and environmental factors involved in accidents for the year on our state highways. The third part of the report shows the accident experience within the described sections listed by milepost sequence. The highway system has been divided into sections of various lengths. The section limits are based primarily on traffic volume breaks and are located at junctions of state highways, major county roads, major city streets and interchange areas, as well as some jurisdictional boundaries. The section limits, therefore, are expected to remain relatively constant from year to year for comparison validity. Traffic volumes are based on data developed by the Travel Data unit. The fourth part of the report is a summary of traffic accidents and injuries by type of occurence. (Author) occurence. (Author) KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - State highways KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00948876 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION: UMTA/FHWA ACTIVITIES IN MICROCOMPUTER SUPPORT FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TRANSIT OPERATIONS.. PY - 1983 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Planning KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/601861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771845 AU - Mammano, Frank J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF STATUS AND TRENDS IN MOTORIST AID COMMUNICATIONS PY - 1983 SP - 25 p. AB - This report briefly describes the types of systems used for motorist aid, e.g., call boxes (coded pushbutton and voice), telephones patrols, and mobile communications. The report provides their current status based on information primarily obtained from FHWA Region and Division Offices. Also included in the report are descriptions of several CB motorist aid systems and potential future in-vehicle communication systems which have potential for motorist aid. KW - Motorist aid systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485585 AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IOWA HIGHWAY PROJECT OPEN HOUSE - SEPTEMBER 1983, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, AMES PY - 1983 SP - 94 p. AB - This publication contains the proceedings of a one-day conference which reviewed Iowa's rehabilitation programming. The Iowa DOT pavement rehabilitation efforts are a growing part of the total Primary and Interstate System Program. The allocation of resources by the Transportation Commission in priority order is: (1) day-to-day maintenance; (2) preservation of existing pavements and structures; and (3) system improvements. Included in the proceedings is information on Iowa's current efforts with PCC inlays, thin bonded PCC overlays, and unbonded PCC overlays. KW - Bonding KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Iowa KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement layers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Programs KW - Rehabilitation KW - Thin bonded KW - Thin films KW - Unbound pavement courses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460125 AU - Glennon, J C AU - Neuman, T R AU - Leisch, J E AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF RURAL HIGHWAY CURVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983 SP - 339 p. AB - This research was performed to study the safety and operational characteristics of two-lane rural highway curves. A series of interdependent research methodologies was employed, including (1) multivariate accident analyses; (2) simulation of vehicle/driver operations using HVOSM; (3) field studies of vehicle behavior on highway curves; (4) analytical studies of specific problems involving highway curve operations. Among the study findings are recommendations regarding design of the highway curves. The research indicated important trade-offs among curve radius, curve length and superelevation. The value of spiral transitions was demonstrated by the studies of driver behavior. Significant path overshoot was observed at all sites regardless of the curve radius; this behavior was also modeled by HVOSM. Studies of accidents on highway curves showed single-vehicle run-off-road accidents to be of paramount concern. Roadside treatment countermeasures were found to offer the greatest potential for mitigating the frequency and severity of accidents on rural highway curves. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Curvature KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Length KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273415 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390202 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barbatti, John AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON SYSTEMS OPERATIONS. SYSTEMS OPERATIONS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 43 AB - Demand analysis methods usually predict transit travel by using models derived from highway planning practice. Until the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962, highway and transit planning were done separately; The legislation required comprehensive, continuing and coordinated planning. Traditional transportation planning is based on aggregate sequential demand models which forecast the number of trips being produced or attracted to a particular location; the trips are then allocated to travel zone by mode and logical travel routes. Predicting transit travel demand has resulted in an overemphasis on capital investment and underemphasis on service design. Transit demand analysis should be based on the fact that transit is a commodity to be packaged, priced and sold. Techniques for analyzing transit demand must be compatible with a systems management planning process. Unlike the highway demand methods, transit systems have the potential to compile a complete data set daily which could allow adjustments based on a trend. The difficulty is that equipment and techniques for doing this are usually beyond the resources of the average transit system. Because future transit services will be competing in a more deregulated environment, analytical methods must recognize that there are numerous transit products, including taxis, vans and regular transit vehicles. Operations managers require a market-oriented approach to travel demand that postures alternatives in terms of service variables. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Cooperation KW - Highway planning KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Market research KW - Operating strategies KW - Paratransit services KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209773 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390204 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Broeg, Werner AU - Ampt, Elizabeth AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON DATA NEEDS AND COLLECTION. STATE OF THE ART IN THE COLLECTION OF TRAVEL BEHAVIOR DATA PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p. 48-62 AB - This paper describes the state of the art in data collection for travel behavior by using examples that represent the most recent advances in several areas of measurement. Sampling methods, the design and implementation of different survey instruments, the correction of travel data and the use of interactive measurement techniques are approached in this manner. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Data collection KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209775 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390223 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maring, Gary E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES. STATE OF THE PRACTICE: INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 189-196 AB - Financing of transportation improvements emerged as a significant issue in the latter part of the 1970s and is becoming the key issue of the 1980s. Financing mechanisms at the local level are the primary focus, looking at medium and longer-range financial planning (5-15 years) and not at near-term accounting and budgeting. Local financing mechanisms for highway and transit are categorized: Local highway financing--User-pay mechanisms, and nonuser mechanisms; Local transit financing--Broad based taxes and revenue sources, charges on motor vehicle users, charges on property benefitting from transit, borrowing strategies, joint ventures with the private sector. States and localities are faced with problems in existing revenue sources: Revenue base is not sensitive to inflation, fluctuating fuel consumption, fluctuating construction costs, sensitivity to social and political pressures, and increasing demands for transportation facilities, services and maintenance. Specific solutions to financing are unique to each local area; new state and local revenue sources must be found. Some interaction will be necessary among transportation plans, financial plans and land use plans. Intergovernmental responsibilities for budgeting, short-range fiscal analyses and long-term financial planning must be clarified. Responsive analytical techniques are needed. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Fees KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Institutional issues KW - Joint development KW - Land use KW - Local government KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Needs assessment KW - Politics KW - Private enterprise KW - Public transit KW - Social factors KW - Taxation KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390457 AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL CRASH STUDY IOWA, 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is a continuing yearly study of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes in the State of Iowa. The primary objective is to ascertain and evaluate the number and proportion of statewide alcohol-related fatal crashes. The secondary objectives are to present information on the characteristics of alcohol-related fatal crashes as well as to examine the extent of drinking pedestrian involvement. In this study, the types of roads where alcohol-related crashes occurred and those counties where the involvement was higher were identified to aid with planning effective countermeasure programs. Data were collected from reports furnished by the Department of Public Safety and by the Department of Transportation. A fatal crash was alcohol-related if the investigating officer reported that the driver or the pedestrian had been drinking. The degree of drinking was classified under 3 categories and was possibly verified by a blood test. A blood test greater than 0.000 percent alcohol resulted in the "drinking" pedestrian classification. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206110 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390206 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tischer, Mary Lynn AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p. 72-73 AB - The orientation was a review of alternative analytical approaches to the traditional planning and modeling process. Several areas were identified where applications can be found: Transit marketing studies; impact assessment; ridesharing agency reviews, and service for elderly and handicapped. Survey strategies and market segmentation are reasonably well utilized in practice and attitudinal analyses have been performed in a few transit, carpool and pedestrian planning studies. The workshop determined that the methods that could be incorporated into planning practice with high short-term benefits are (1) small scale data collection; (2) simulations with small groups; (3) segmentation and activity concepts and derivative analytical techniques. Planning levels for which travel behavior analysis techniques are most suited are strategic planning and project planning. Research affects practice in many more ways than through technology transfer. Although it is essential for planners to review the transfer of research into practice, it is important to also establish new research horizons. Social and behavioral sciences, in providing a larger framework for understanding travel behavior, can be of assistance in providing information tools for better planning and anticipating directions for future work. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Data collection KW - Marketing KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209777 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390208 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Golob, J M AU - Golob, Thomas F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS. CLASSIFICATION OF APPROACHES TO TRAVEL-BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 83-107 AB - Approaches to the analysis of travel behavior are reviewed. Each approach is categorized. The categories are cross-classified according to 5 subjects: (1) Activity-based approaches; (2) Approaches using subjective variables (attitudes); (3) Approaches using population segmentations; (4) Approaches using controlled experiments; (5) Approaches directly involving choice models. A full matrix cross-classification scheme is used. A number of conclusions have emerged. Known biases in perceptions of distance, time and cost could be used to improve models involving trip hours, trip chains and activity decisions. Some nonlinear perception functions have been introduced in mode-choice models but this has not been extended to the more activity-based choice models. The estimation of logit-type choice models by using controlled simulations represents a cost-effective alternative to revealed-preference estimations. In the short term, there appears to be a possible problem with choice-based sampling techniques. In the longer term, further development of models of activity-pattern choice are particularly relevant to many modern policy questions. Attention in laboratory-experiment studies of the functional-measurement or cojoint-measurement type could usefully be directed away from mode choice and related decisions and toward activity-pattern choice. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Demographics KW - Logits KW - Mathematical models KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Policy making KW - Psychology KW - Travel behavior KW - Trip chaining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209779 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390213 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fleet, Christopher R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON LONG-RANGE AND STRATEGIC FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 137-139 AB - This workshop was to identify travel-forecasting methods that could be applied to reach long-term planning solutions and to discuss the relation between strategic and facility-planning methods. Methods discussed were summarized and matched against a summary of the almost 30 issues from the context workshops. The methods discussed in this workshop were related to the other workshops in this framework: (1) Strategic planning should identify preferable transportation strategies or policies as an input to plan development; (2) Long-range planning should identify corridors or subareas that are deficient, identify priorities and outline a range of feasible improvements; (3) Long range regional land use and transportation planning provide a basis for subsequent use of windowing or focusing; (4) Planning should provide base-year data models; (5) Long range data base should provide immediately usable information; (6) Programming implementation depends on a project-level assessment of impacts. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Corridors KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Policy KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209784 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390215 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stuart, Darwin G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON LONG-RANGE AND STRATEGIC FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. STATE OF THE PRACTICE: TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS IN LONG-RANGE AND STRATEGIC PLANNING PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 145-155 AB - Because most regions can no longer finance major highway and transit capital improvements, much less emphasis is now being given to long-range planning. In this paper, two case studies--Milwaukee and Dallas/Fort Worth--are used to examine travel analysis and long range and strategic planning methods currently in use. Work of the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NTCOG) is representative of most medium-sized and larger urban regions. The Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC) has been one of the stronger metropolitan planning organizations in terms of local political support and technical capability. The two organizations are contrasted in three ways: (1) Evolving methods for strategic planning; (2) Reasons for the state-of-the-practice being generally weak; (3) Possibility of closing the apparent gap between state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice. Practitioners can make better use of travel-analysis technical capability if actions are taken at state, federal and/or regional and local levels. These include the following: (1) Reduce analyst and decision-maker communication barriers; (2) Address inadequate funding problems; (3) Understand that short-range planning issues have long-range planning implications; (4) Stress quick-response, simpler travel analysis methods. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Capital KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Regional planning KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209786 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390217 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sosslau, Arthur B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON QUICK-RESPONSE AND SKETCH-PLANNING TECHNIQUES. QUICK-RESPONSE AND SKETCH-PLANNING TECHNIQUES: STATE OF THE ART PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 157-166 AB - Urban travel analysis historically has been designed to evaluate regional transportation systems and provide design volumes. Emphasis has moved to methods to aid in making quick decision trade-offs of projects. There is also a need to screen alternatives quickly so more detailed analysis can concentrate on the most feasible transportation improvement alternatives. The paper examines the state of the art and then addresses: (1) What quick response is; (2) What some examples of currently available methods are; (3) How to take advantage of current technology. It is concluded that at one end of the scale, quick response is as simple as taking known methods and converting them to quick-response methods, giving little attention to accuracy. The ideas of quick response need to be institutionalized with manuals, training sessions and case studies. Rapid adoption of modern technology should occur--microcomputers, digitizing and plotting capabilities. Research funding should be provided for projects to develop quick response techniques in data collection, travel estimation, and use of new technologies. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Microcomputers KW - Regional planning KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209788 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390219 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Weiner, Edward AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRANSIT AND HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 171-173 AB - The focus was on methods to estimate near-term demand changes due to typical automobile, transit and paratransit projects. A number of operating and management techniques were examined to determine whether travel-analysis methods are available and used in planning. Options included transportation system management, freeways, reserved lanes, priority parking, transit fare and service changes, express bus operation and demand responsive services. Methods of travel demand analysis include traditional models, the newer disaggregate methods, and pivot-point and other hybrid procedures. The gap between state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice is primarily institutional. It was determined that three steps can be taken: (1) Make new travel analysis methods more usable; (2) Increase the capability of practicing planners through training and retraining; (3) Improve communication between those with knowledge and those who need it. For many highway and transit operations where projects are small and benefits are not large, there is still a need for simple, accurate and easily usable travel analysis methods. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Highway planning KW - Paratransit services KW - Public transit KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209790 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390187 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hartgen, David T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 3-4 AB - Shifts in transportation planning requirements in the 1980's will result from greater responsibilities being given states and local governments with the consequent need for simpler and less cumbersome analytical methods. This Conference was organized around 2 sets of workshops. The first focused on 5 levels of planning and determining what issues and problems at each level would require new travel analysis methods. The second set then reviewed the state of the art for 7 analytical methods. For each workshop overview papers were prepared. The Conference findings: (1) Transportation investment decisions will require continued development and application of travel analysis methods; (2) Travel analysis methods now available are suitable for most problems and can be used immediately; (3) Newer methods are now being used extensively; (4) The 1980s should focus on technology tranfer; (5) Research on selected topics should continue. The research topics include development of simplified travel demand methods; understanding of travel behavior--particularly as influenced by social concepts; specific subjects such as goods movement, parking, pricing, ridesharing, pedestrian circulation and revenue forecasting; basic needs for travel data collection and system operations monitoring; application and use of microcomputers; forecasts of basic determinants of travel; distribution of impacts on users and nonusers. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Capital KW - Data collection KW - Investments KW - Microcomputers KW - Technology transfer KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr201/201-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209758 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390200 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bautz, James A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON URBAN-MICROSCALE PLANNING. URBAN-MICROSCALE PLANNING FOR THE 1980S PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 37-40 AB - The roles of the individual and of the public and private sectors must change to meet the realities of present-day life. The new social order should have a dramatic impact on highway and public-transit planning. Because past planning for public facilities and transit was often influenced by how much money was available and an almost limitless amount of available land, local decisions tended to be in the direction of whatever the government would pay for. In the 1970s changing demands for public transit were ignored and most attention was on fixed-route transit. Mathematical planning models will become relatively less important with many major service impacts caused by changes in legal, regulatory and institutional environments. Fixed-route transit needs to be seen as a service concept developed in the 19th century to meet travel needs of that time. It is conceded that fixed-route service is still the most effective means of moving large numbers of people along defined corridors. There is a tendency to think it essential that only one transit operator serve an urban area and that allowing more will lead to fragmentation and destruction of the system. Key elements for today's transportation planning are management and control of parking, transportation pricing, targeting recipients of subsidy, recognizing the roles of the pedestrian and cyclist, and control of autos in central zones. Examples are given to indicate that institutional changes are already taking place. It is stressed that it is no longer affordable only to fine-tune current systems. The planner of the 1980s will be faced with need for creative development of new approaches for providing transportation, focusing on market needs and services to meet them. Conventional solutions will be appropriate in many circumstances. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Competition KW - Corridors KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Pricing KW - Public transit KW - Subsidies KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209771 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390191 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Oliver, Ian V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. PANEL REMARKS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p. 8 AB - There are two major areas in which we see a critical need for more appropriate analytical tools to support transportation decisionmaking at the strategic policy and systems-planning levels. These are the areas of urban transportation and intercity goods movement and personal travel. In the urban area, we need to be better equipped to test policy or system-level decisions by answering a series of "what if" questions, which would need to address the whole range of exogenous, as well as endogenous, variables affecting our traditional views of the transportation supply-and-demand relationships. In the intercity area (nonautomobile mode), we are entering a period in which state or provincial levels of government in North America are identifying a role for themselves that is significantly different from the traditional regulatory one. We do not have the same in-depth knowledge and understanding of this essentially private-enterprise domain as we do of urban transportation and rural highway sectors. (Author) U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Intercity transportation KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Travel analysis KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209762 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390198 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Skinner, Robert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON PROJECT PLANNING. TRAVEL DEMAND ANALYSIS NEEDS FOR PROJECT PLANNING PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 28-33 AB - This paper reviews travel analysis needs for project planning and provides a starting point for subsequent conference discussions. The concern is project planning for both highway and transit facilities in urban and rural contexts. There are 3 interrelated objectives of project planning: feasibility determination, impact estimation, and design inputs. Requirements are changing in the 1980s with a shift toward maintaining and making better use of existing infrastructure, with greater dependence of private and nonfederal financing; with greater concern over freight movements; and with less rigidity in federal planning guidelines. There are two general approaches to project-planning travel demand: (1) Surveys and counts of existing conditions; and (2) Chains of travel demand models frequently maintained as part of the urban transportation planning process (UTPP). Both forecast approaches use special procedures and techniques to produce final demand estimates. Desirable attributes of demand analysis methods are derived from different perspectives: (1) Sound modeling practices; (2) Output requirements; (3) Emerging requirements; (4) Practical concerns. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Private enterprise KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public transit KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209769 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390205 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stopher, Peter R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON DATA NEEDS AND COLLECTION. DATA NEEDS AND DATA COLLECTION--STATE OF THE PRACTICE PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p. 63-71 AB - The state of the practice in data collection for travel forecasting is examined with particular emphasis on behavioral travel-forecasting procedures and models. A secondary purpose is to provide data for improving or updating forecasts or for direct use in existing calibrated and validated models to predict current or future values. It is concluded that there is an extremely large gap between knowledge and practice. Some issues have not been resolved with specific concern to behavioral models of travel demand. There is also need to remove much of the indifference that exists with respect to data collection. It is necessary to recognize that the most effective data collection is finely tuned to the principal purposes of that data collection. It is important to address the problem of nonresponse to surveys. The author concludes that the most important requirement is that transportation professions recognize that there is an extensive discipline of survey design and execution, and that the undertaking of a survey is neither a diversion or a game. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209776 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390216 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Paules, Granville E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON QUICK-RESPONSE AND SKETCH-PLANNING TECHNIQUES. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 156-157 AB - This workshop covered planning methods that can be applied in quick-response decision making, often called sketch-planning. Such techniques are defined as those that support the required decision making time frame within the given cost and staff resource constraints. Quick-response techniques were reviewed on each of five levels of planning. Strategic and long range systems planning are intended to monitor surveillance and trend analysis, anticipating problems. Quick-response methods applicable to long-term planning include what-if scenario testing and pivot-point methods. The status of quick-response methods is quite advanced. Project planning focuses on major capital-intensive transportation proposals analyzed in comparison with alternatives involving less capital or no action at all. Quick-response methods are more applicable to project planning than to other areas. Urban-microscale planning focuses on subareas. In systems operations, studies usually have a non-capital-intensive outcome, although they may affect a variety of local rules, regulations and procedures. The status of quick-response methods is similar to that of microscale planning. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Long term KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209787 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390194 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Spielberg, Frank AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON STRATEGIC PLANNING. ISSUES IN STRATEGIC PLANNING PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 12-16 AB - An implicit assumption in transportation has been that there is temporal stability in travel behavior relationships. However, shifts are occuring in many of the implicit elements. Travel habits of women have changed as their role in society has shifted. Automobile ownership and operating costs have risen in real terms, affecting not only mode choice but also decisions regarding trip length and destination. The transportation issue that has the greatest public attention is the cost and supply of transportation energy, especially gasoline. Data suggest a continued trend to low-density living, although signs of a moderation or reversal may possilby be discerned. Age is related to individual travel patterns, as is the shift in population from the northeast and north central regions to the South and West. Cities of the North and East developed at densities that permit reasonable transit service and have established transit systems. New cities lack both transit systems and population densities conducive to transit use. In contrast to general assumptions, many central business districts are growing rapidly in office space and the trend is expected to continue. The most rapid growth has occurred in suburban regions where trip patterns differ from those in cities. Many freeways constructed under the Interstate program will be reaching the end of their design life during the 1980s, requiring major reconstruction and maintenance. Telecommunications may come to substitute for work trips and other travel. While existing methodologies are applicable to some of the impending planning problems, others will have to be addressed by techniques that are not presently widely adopted. In allocation of costs or benefits, demand forecasting is not the primary product, but an intermediate step. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Automobile ownership KW - Forecasting KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Public transit KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Suburbs KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban transportation KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209765 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390195 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stuart, Darwin G AU - Schofer, Joseph L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON LONG-RANGE URBAN SYSTEMS PLANNING. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 17-18 AB - A principal finding of the workshop was that the rate of development of new techniques for travel forecasting has outstripped the rate of innovation in planning and policy analysis practice, which has resulted in use of inappropriate, ineffective and inefficient procedures in some aspects of practice. The essential problem with respect to travel forecasting in long-range planning is failure to implement potentially more effective tools. In the U.S. the policies of federal, state and local governments provide no incentives for forecasts to be right and no penalties for being wrong. While technology is the main issue, such accomplisment is not easy and it is not apparent how to go about it. Uncertainty associated with forecasts seems to be increasing, yet the ability to define that uncertainty is exceedingly poor. Three areas need action: (1) Implementation of improved but existing methods; (2) Demonstration of application of new methods to show their utility to potential users and test their effectiveness; (3) Several key research areas need further investigation. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Development KW - Forecasting KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209766 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390209 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Paaswell, Robert E AU - Michaels, Richard M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS. TRAVEL BEHAVIOR MODELS: STATE OF THE PRACTICE PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 107-113 AB - Because society is undergoing rapid change in population composition, economic structure and geographic distribution, the state of practice of behavioral models at both short-term and long-term levels of planning was examined. Use of behavioral techniques in transportation planning, analysis and evaluation has been limited. However, examples of some of the applications are detailed. Application techniques should find their way into application more rapidly than is occurring. A basic relationship between social, structural and transportation systems does exist. Social forces have become the driving force for both structural and infrastructure development over the past 20 years, as would be expected in a post-industrial society. The esential forces in determining future transport requirements are the life-style goals and attitudes that people--as individuals and groups--hold toward social organizations and institutions. Without understanding these processes, there is no way to predict the transportation technology to build for the long-term future. Transportation modeling activities have been embedded in tactical planning to produce optimal deployment of a set of given technologies. As organization of American society is undergoing major industrial and social changes, it becomes apparent that transport technologies now in place are at least obsolescent and that planning methods of the past quarter century are irrelevant for creating the cost-effective infrastructure that the emerging society will require. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Demographics KW - Forecasting KW - Life styles KW - Needs assessment KW - Social factors KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209780 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390186 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - 203 p. AB - The assessment of planning methods, in particular travel analysis methods and their applications, is the subject of this conference, which is a follow-up to the Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980s, held at Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia, in November 1981. At the 1981 meeting new requirements for urban transportation planning were identified and issues requiring planning attention were discussed. These requirements and issues formed the basis for the 1982 conference. It is also a natural outgrowth of four international conferences on travel behavior and travel demand modeling. This conference, as have others, attempted to consolidate and codify the growing body of literature on travel analysis procedures. By bringing together practitioners and researchers to share ideas and concerns, it also focused on the interaction between theory and practice. The aim of the conference was to determine how travel analysis methods can and should be applied to various problems. Therefore, identifying methods, defining the state of the art, describing how methods can and have been applied, identifying gaps between art and practice that require greater dissemination of current knowledge, and developing research were the focal points of the four-day meeting. The state of the art and the state of the practice of travel analysis procedures were assessed and evaluated with the express intent of determining their applicability to critical issues for the 1980s. (Author) U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Travel KW - Travel analysis KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209757 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390201 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Echols, James C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON SYSTEMS OPERATIONS. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 41-42 AB - This workshop reviewed travel analysis methods for transit fare and service proposals, including system retraction and mode substitution; the relation of supply and cost to travel demand; and strategies for maintaining revenues. Transit service marketing has been difficult because regulatory restrictions have prevented operation of services that may be justified. These critical issues were identified: (1) Deregulation impacts; (2) Financial consequences; (3) Market segmentation; (4) Social goals; (5) User side subsidies; (6) Equity. There is a wide barrier between what is known and what is done in the areas of data-collection and analysis methods. Techniques are not put into practice because of the following: (1) Inadequate computer capacity; (2) Pay levels too low to attract necessary skills; (3) Inadequate information dissemination; (4) Analytical methods too complicated for general use; (5) Lack of management support and acceptance of outputs; (6) Failure to recognize limited skills and experience in data collections; (7) Lack of documentation of survey and data-base content. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Data collection KW - Deregulation KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Marketing KW - Needs assessment KW - Service discontinuance KW - Social factors KW - Technology transfer KW - Travel demand KW - User side subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209772 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390203 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Biciunas, Aristede E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON DATA NEEDS AND COLLECTION. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 47-48 AB - The workshop was to assess the state of the art and current practice in the areas of data needs and collection for travel forecasting and plan development. It was found that there is need to reduce the gap between available data-handling and collection methods and current practice. There are problems with maintaining appropriate data bases in a financially constrained environment. Also in question is the accuracy, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of data collection. There is the issue of equity in transportation planning. It was concluded that data collection is one of the most ignored areas of transportation planning. There is a lack of documentation of data-collection procedures. The Transportation profession as a whole must recognize that there is an extensive discipline of survey design and execution. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390218 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schoener, George E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON QUICK-RESPONSE AND SKETCH-PLANNING TECHNIQUES. QUICK-RESPONSE AND SKETCH-PLANNING TECHNIQUES: STATE OF THE PRACTICE PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 166-170 AB - Many successful applications have been made of quick-response (q-r) procedures. These were made with a full understanding of the limitations of the procedures and results were viewed in the proper context. Although some accuracy may have been sacrificed, the general consensus is that q-r techniques do provide reasonable results in a realistic time frame. Recommendations are made for enhancements and further development: (1) Simplify methods for defining networks for computerized traffic assignment; (2) Develop easy-to-use software for microcomputer applications; (3) Select transferable parameters in q-r applications; (4) Given the common problem of evaluating traffic impact of new development, more complete information is needed on trip-making characteristics of shopping centers, industrial parks and similar facilities; (5) Determine transferability of data from external traffic analysis; (6) Case studies should illustrate applications of q-r procedures. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Industrial location KW - Industrial parks KW - Microcomputers KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Shopping centers KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Software KW - Traffic assignment KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209789 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390220 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miller, Gerald AU - Kirby, Ronald AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRANSIT AND HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS: THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 173-178 AB - This paper discusses the usefulness of recent summaries and syntheses of travel response to short-term actions. A large set of state-of-the-art travel analysis methods are then briefly reviewed, yielding comments on their application, ease of use and data needs. Some issues are then suggested which need to be addressed as researchers and planners strive to improve the travel analysis methods needed for short-range transportation planning in the 1980s. It is concluded that improved communication between practitioners and researchers is an essential first step in improving the state of current practice and provide guidance for needed developments in the state-of-the-art. The uniform long-range modeling approaches developed in the 1960s for large-scale planning are clearly inappropriate for management and operations planning. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Management KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209791 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390188 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Robertson, Richard B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. OPENING SESSION. KEYNOTE ADDRESS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 4-7 AB - At a time when there has been significant change in national priorities and federal involvement, good planning practice must be based on sound methods and continuing attention to improvement of these methods. At the federal level two studies reflect changing priorities: (1) Comprehensive review of the urban transportation planning process undertaken jointly by FHWA and UMTA and (2) review of FHWA role in providing technical assistance to state and local planning agencies. The comprehensive review that looks at all requirements established by the 1962 Highway Act has to be accompanied by determination of the appropriate federal, state and local roles in urban transportation planning. New federal regulations do substantially reduce the heavy federal hand in planning activities that are essentially state and local concerns. Such groups conducting transportation planning are now allowed to recognize that distinct differences exist among urban areas and that there can be flexibility in meeting these needs. A unified planning work program endorsed by the Metropolitan Planning Organization will still be required to support requests for federal planning funds for communities of 200,000 population or more, but there is a significant change in provision for federal and local self-certification. The increased flexibility for state and local decisions on how to conduct the planning process is likely to result in a call for more technical assistance and sharing of procedural information. The FHWA role should be that of a central clearinghouse for dissemination of information and technology with the goal of cost effectiveness. Computer planning technology Microcomputers) supporting urban transportation planning methodology will expand at an enormous rate over the next few years. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Administration KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Information dissemination KW - Information processing KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Microcomputers KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209759 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390190 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shunk, Gordon A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. PANEL REMARKS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 7 AB - The crux of the most important issue before us today, and certainly for several more years and probably for many years thereafter, is how to cope with constraints on urban interaction. The list of constraints is endless, but it is headed by limitations of funding, available land, human tolerance (both physical and emotional), and natural resources. These contraints are increasingly affecting our ability to move people, to transport goods, and to effect many more types of interaction. The problem is worse in urban areas because more people and activity are located there, but it is also important in rural areas and for intercity activities. The most important advantages we have in this situation are intellectual creativity and the human will to overcome. It is time, and this conference is an appropriate point of departure, to begin refocusing on the problems caused by these constraints and to develop creative ways to apply old and new technology to these situations. This does not mean that we should develop new tools, for too often we look for a new method to solve an old problem. We need to make better use of techniques we now have to solve the real problems. This reflects constraints on both funds and time available to solve these problems. The charge to us all is to better understand both existing situations and technology in order to attain the best fit of solution to problem. (Author) U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Constraints KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209761 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390197 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gendell, David S AU - Skinner, Robert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON PROJECT PLANNING. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 25-27 AB - Project planning is the stage in planning processes at which facility and service alternatives are analyzed in sufficient detail to make firm implementation decisions. Project planning is (1) multimodal (highway and transit); (2) applicable in urban and rural contexts; (3) involves consideration of capital-intensive alternatives; and (4) focuses on corridors or subareas. Two fundamental approaches to demand analysis in project planning are identified as survey-based approaches, and four-step model-based approaches. The four-step model approach has been used most often in urban areas on project-planning studies for major transit or highway capital projects. The survey-based approach is associated primarily with highway and toll-road projects but is also used in operational and short-range transit planning. Key findings of the workshop were that (1) survey-based approaches are becoming more desirable; (2) integrated forecasting approaches are particularly promising; (3) existing forecasting methods handle unconventional alternatives with difficulty; (4) project planning methods should be consistent with systems-planning methods; (5) demand estimates should be expressed as ranges; (6) need for quick-response techniques in project planning is increasing; (7) basic issues must be faced in maintaining urban travel data bases. The planning process must respond adequately to information needs of decision makers, not being just a facility-improvement plan but have information useful to investment and priority-setting processes. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Capital KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209768 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390199 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Steinmann, Richard P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON URBAN-MICROSCALE PLANNING. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 34-36 AB - Serving demands in the urban-microscale context will be made difficult in the 1980s by constraints on funding for new facilities and services. More private involvement in transportation in the microscale environment is seen likely. Concern has been expressed about the gap between the state of the art and the state of the practice. Often planning has concentrated on design of specific solutions without adequate consideration to defining the problem to be addressed. Barriers in such a process include; (1) lack of knowledge by planner and decision maker about available alternatives; (2) institutional arrangements prohibit planner from broad considerations of alternative solutions; (3) objectives for planning are often poorly or inexplicitly specified by the decision maker; (4) decision makers often select among alternatives; (5) analytical techniques are often inadequate to assess all alternatives. Work is necessary in the travel demand impacts of the following microscale strategies: Parking management, transit fare policies, ridesharing incentives, automobile use restrictions; pedestrian demand accommodation; and alternative transit-service types. It was felt that methods were in existence to properly assess the following with the primary need being to disseminate methods and results: Fixed-route transit service; demand-management measures, bicycle enhancement, and goods-movement data collection. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Institutional issues KW - Paratransit services KW - Parking KW - Private enterprise KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209770 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390222 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heathington, Kenneth W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES. WORKSHOP SUMMARY INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS IN TRANSPORTATION IN THE 1980S PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 184-188 AB - Analytical tools for investment and financial analysis in the highway and transit fields are generally good, although there are weak areas. The majority of areas do not need much additional research. The state of the practice is generally limited and there are barriers to implementation in virtually all areas. Even though there has been a reasonably good level of development of analytical tools in addressing critical issues, the technology transfer has been so poorly conducted that the analytical tools have almost never been utilized, particularly at the local level. Analytical tools developed often require such enormous computer and resource capabilities that local planning agencies simply are unable to use them. Models have not routinely been made readily available through time sharing or other means. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Information processing KW - Investments KW - Public transit KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389894 AU - HDR Systems, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UMTA GEOGRAPHIC DATA BASE MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983 SP - v.p. AB - The workshop was to evaluate and synthesize recent experience with Geographic Data Base Management (GDBM) technology and to determine whether: (1) data base management technology can be used to effectively promote data sharing among agencies, and (2) geography can be used as an effective common denominator in support of agency applications. The specific objectives were to: Assess current geographic data base management technology and its potential impact on the transportation planning process during the next decade; Evaluate current implementation strategies of UMTA contractors; and Synthesize current experience and arrive at a consensus on appropriate approaches for data base design and implementation. The workshop was organized into four major sessions of contributed papers and discussion concerning the following topics: (1) GDBM Opportunities for Transportation Planners: Needs and Requirements for the 1980's; (2) Data Base Management Directions and Alternatives; (3) GDBM Experience and Current Research; and (4) GDBM Implementation Scenarios. This final report reviews major highlights of the workshop in context of its objectives; identifies major workshop themes: and determines a series of recommendations to guide UMTA/FHWA in future research and investments in this area. KW - Census KW - Coding systems KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geography KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Paratransit services KW - Routing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208767 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390189 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bowser, Lee H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. PANEL REMARKS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 7 AB - In summary, the key to successful program development in Pennsylvania has been the department's ability to bring together programming and budget functions at the very top level of management. Information and monitoring systems have been instituted that allow top management to be involved not only in decisionmaking but also in monitoring implementation. This is accomplished by active involvement of metropolitan and county planning organizations in the program development process and continuous liaison with the General Assembly. The department's integrated organizational approach to programming has enabled Pennsylvania, within 20 months, to nearly double the amount of federal aid obligated to more than half a billion dollars. During this same period the department focused limited resources toward restoration of its extensive existing highway system. Finally, open, effective programming has been one of the key contributing factors to rebuilding the department's credibility with the General Assembly. Two years ago a disenchanted General Assembly considered legislation to dissolve PennDOT. For the first time in a decade, the General Assembly as a body understands and endorses the department's program, believes that it will actually be accomplished, and because of this has provided the revenues to finance it. (Author) U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Cooperation KW - County government KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Programming KW - State government KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209760 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390196 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schofer, Joseph L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON LONG-RANGE URBAN SYSTEMS PLANNING. LONG-RANGE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: ARE WE CREATING NEW LIFE OR RESUSCITATING A DINOSAUR? PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 18-24 AB - A large fraction of long-range transportation planning is in response to existing federal regulations and with much federal support. With a relaxation of federal requirements and growing constraints on state and local government, local decision makers will increasingly look to the cost-effectiveness of long-range planning. Some long-range planning agencies may be phased out. The existence of long-range planning institutions and activities has made possible much of the short-term decision-responsive planning that is done. Assembly and maintenance of data bases and periodic calibration of travel behavior models takes place primarily within the long-range planning agencies. Long-range planning professionals and institutions can fulfill at least 5 feasible roles: Preparation, monitoring, exploration of options, long-range budgeting, and ombudsmanship. These roles are parts of several added technical challenges for the coming years: Defining travel needs, characterizing travel benefits, evaluating distributional consequences, predicting development implications, producing inverted models for inverted planning, and reducing uncertainty in forecasting. Long range planners can help decision makers if their planning is done properly. Issues are technical, political, ethical, and interpersonal. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Budgeting KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Local government KW - Long range planning KW - Long term KW - Needs assessment KW - Social benefits KW - Social factors KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209767 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390207 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Klausner, Samuel Z AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS. SOCIAL SCIENCES AS CONCEPTUAL RESOURCE FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 74-82 AB - Social sciences have the potential for making contributions to transportation research. Five fallacies impede thinking about transportation research and planning: (1) Transportation (mobility) and land use (settlement) are distinct events; (2) The social benefit of a transportation system is the rate at which it moves people or goods through the system; (3) Transportation is an industry; (4) Transportation is corporately proprietary; (5) Transportation is politically and culturally neutral. These fallacies become apparent when transportation is conceived as an institutionalized social activity functioning in a milieu of social organizations. Social sciences do not constitute a single discipline. The author draws a parallel between the style of thinking of social and natural scientists. He then describes the interfaces between sociology and demography, human ecology, economics, political science, anthropology, psychology and humanistic studies. It is concluded that transportation research may be conducted with the concepts proposed at the interfaces previously listed. Transportation planning is a problem of the practical intersect of the sciences of man. Studies at any intersect contribute to the understanding needed for planning. Transportation research may expand from travel behavior to matters of economic and political national policy. Social science will contribute only the cognitive elements to the knowledge. Planners must look elsewhere for moral guidelines and commitment to action. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Demographics KW - Ecology KW - Economics KW - Land use KW - Mobility KW - Politics KW - Psychology KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209778 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390214 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Creighton, Roger L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON LONG-RANGE AND STRATEGIC FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. LONG-RANGE STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES: THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 140-144 AB - This paper discusses methods and techniques for long-range strategic planning and forecasting which are at the frontier of current knowledge and will give clues as to the direction in which transportation planning will proceed in the future. Individual techniques are identified as estimation of financial resources, freight modal study, highway pavement maintenance, published master plans and performance monitoring. After examining the state-of-the-art examples, certain qualities were identified as indicating the direction of future techniques: (1) Repetitive computer operation; (2) internal comprehensiveness; (3) external linkages; (4) process orientation; (5) data base expansion; (6) retroactive checking. Success, usefulness and innovation will occur whenever there is a transportation agency that has the wit to nurture technique and the strength to submerge technique as a utilitarian part of a dynamic program. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Linkages KW - Links (Networks) KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209785 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390221 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ryan, James M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON TRANSIT AND HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. TRANSIT AND HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. STATE OF THE PRACTICE PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p. 178-183 AB - Emphasis in transportation planning has shifted to shorter-term, lower-cost improvements. The need is to adapt the procedures and analytical tools developed for planning long-range, capital-intensive projects to this new environment. Four subjects are discussed: Identification of planning applications within each of the five context areas where analysis of operations and management are important, a survey of methods currently used to examine these issues, some thoughts on gaps between the states of the art and the practice, and suggestions on priorities for the planning community in addressing these emerging planning issues. Nearly all Transportation System Management and transit management actions fall in the microscale range and 3 major groups of activities are discussed: Transit operations, traffic engineering, and ridesharing and paratransit. Three discrepancies between state-of-the-art and state-of-practice suggest priorities for the transportation planning community: (1) Closer association must be established with transportation professionals (traffic engineers, city planners and transit operations staff) whose responsibility involve travel demand issues; (2) More attention must be given to upgrading the capabilities of transportation professionals at local jurisdictions and transit agencies; (3) Correlation, synthesis and distribution of information on various management and operating strategies as they are implemented. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Paratransit services KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Short term KW - Technology transfer KW - Time duration KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209792 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390192 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ruhl, Aad AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL ANALYSIS METHODS FOR THE 1980S. PANEL REMARKS PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 8 AB - If we look at transport from a European perspective, it should be kept in mind that in most European countries, and certainly in the Netherlands, the role of the private car is different from that in the United States. For most journeys there is an alternative to car use formed by a combination of public transport, cycling, and walking. Research needs can be qualified as follows: 1. Financial analysis methods for transit and highway operations linked to an evaluation of effects of policies on users; 2. Information on travel needs and their importance (not all needs can be satisfied--giving financial constraints and choices in transport policy will work to the advantage of some and the disadvantage of others; in France a proposal for inland transport law is based on the concept of satisfaction of needs); 3. Behavior of travelers in situations where available income declines; and 4. Development of life-styles and influences of opinion leaders in this respect. (Author) U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Foreign KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Income KW - Needs assessment KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209763 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390193 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schultz, Debbie AU - Spielberg, Frank AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON STRATEGIC PLANNING. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 11 AB - This summary of the Workshop on Strategic Planning identified the main components of strategic analysis as: (1) Sensing and analyzing the environment; (2) Anticipating changes and assessing their implications; (3) Specifying objectives; (4) Providing direction; and (5) Allocating resources. It was concluded that methods appropriate for strategic analysis are available. Any failings are in the lack of an institutional climate receptive to the strategic planning function and availability of data relevant to strategic analyses. Planning agencies at all levels allocate some resources to strategic planning but issues addressed in this function must be relevant to the agency. Results of strategic studies should be made available to agencies at other levels and illustrated with samples of successful applications. A process for monitoring, analyzing and describing the societal contexts should be established. It should include and analyze forecasts from other fields (individual and institutional behavior, technology, economy, physical environment). The process should maintain, monitor and analyze multi-period data related to perceptions, tastes and values as they relate to travel behavior. The workshop recognized the need to spur interest and communication between practitioners and decision makers. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Institutional issues KW - Needs assessment KW - Resource allocation KW - Social factors KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209764 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390210 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Koppelman, Frank S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES AND UNCERTAINTY. WORKSHOP SUMMARY PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - p 114 AB - Mathematical choice models representing travel behavior and based primarily on individual-choice theory were examined. Methods currently available can generally support decision-making for a wide range of planning problems. Current models are deficient in two areas: (1) Barriers need to be overcome to current use of the best available techniques for specific purposes, and (2) the behavioral content and accuracy of existing techniques needs to be improved. The models have generally failed to move into practice. It is suggested that methodological manuals, software support, instructional programming and documentation of successful applications be developed. Also important will be simplified applications (such as pivot-point methods), improved issue sensitivity, higher levels of precision and ability to apply model systems at differing levels of complexity. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Mathematical models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209781 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390211 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lerman, Steven R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP ON MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES AND UNCERTAINTY. MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF TRAVEL DEMAND: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW PY - 1983 IS - 201 SP - pp 114-127 AB - The modeling of transportation systems has evolved rapidly since the early highway studies of the 1950s. The author has divided the travel demand modeling field into 5 areas: Behavioral theory; measurement; model structure; estimation; and forecasting. In contrast to the rapid progress made in estimation and model structure, there has been little change in behavioral theory because it is extraordinarily complex and difficult to model. The progress in measurement has been somewhat mixed. In the area of forecasting, it is safe to argue that the problem of aggregating demand models across individuals is probably a major concern. There remain serious questions regarding travel demand modeling which has lost much of the momentum that characterized it in the 1970s. The research community sees progress being made only in fringe areas of model structure and estimation with no great applicability; the users of new methods find recent results increasingly unintelligible. U1 - Conference on Travel Analysis Methods for the 1980sFederal Highway AdministrationUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationEaston,Maryland,United States StartDate:19821003 EndDate:19821007 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Behavior KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387778 AU - Kistler, C W AU - Benton, B F AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNAL SEALING OF CONCRETE WITH DEGRADABLE POLYMER BEADS PY - 1983 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes the selection, screening, fabrication, and testing of solid polymer beads and capsules for use as internal sealants which degrade insitu in a wet concrete mix without the application of external heat. Known sealant material candidates such as linseed oil or silane were combined with carrier/release agents such as bentonite, ammonium stearate, or degradable polymers and tested in Ca(OH)2 or NaC1 solutions or neat cement bars for release of sealant. Materials showing release and having suitable fabrication characteristics were fabricated into beads. Beads with and without degradable polymer coatings were incorporated into actual concrete mixes for evaluating air entrainment, slump, strength, freeze thaw, and chloride penetration characteristics. Beads which gave an acceptable combination of properties were used to prepare a field mix in a redi-mix truck, which did not give the same reduction of chloride penetration observed in laboratory mixes. Although this work has shown that chloride penetration can be reduced two-fold or more by 4 v/o (volume percent) beads, other properties are sacrificed and even at this loading the concrete is not fully sealed. The use of internal sealants which are themselves compatible with the concrete is recommended to obtain maximum sealing efficiency with minimal effect on strength and othe rproperties. (FHWA) KW - Air entrainment KW - Beads KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Degradation KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Glass beads KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Polymers KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slump test KW - Sodium chloride KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387759 AU - Dole, E H AU - Barnhart, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1982 PY - 1983 SP - 181 p. AB - This publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The arrangement of contents follows this general order, with the first three sections devoted to motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies; the fifth section provides data on highway mileages and performance; and the sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway travel KW - Highway user taxation KW - Infrastructure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Ownership KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382983 AU - Saver, V B AU - Thomas, W O AU - Stricker, V A AU - Wilson, K V AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN WATERSHEDS IN THE UNITED STATES. WATER SUPPLY PAPER PY - 1983 SP - 63 p. AB - Through statistical analysis of presently available small urban watersheds data, equations for estimating flood peak discharge from small ungaged urban watersheds are presented for use in the United States. Tests show they are simple to use and provide reasonably accurate estimates if applied within the specified limitations. They should be of great value to States and local governments in designing their highway drainage structures in urban areas, especially in areas where procedures have not previously been developed to account for the hydrologic effects of urbanization. (Author) KW - Estimating KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Hydrology KW - Peak discharge KW - Regression analysis KW - Urban areas KW - Urbanization KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382491 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 1--IMPROVED HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 1, Improved Highway Design and Operation for Safety. It contains information on the following Projects: 1A, Traffic Engineering Improvements for Safety; 1J, Improved Geometric Design; 1K, Accident Research and Countermeasure Effectiveness; 1M, Operational Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Highways; 1N, Safety of Pedestrians, Moped Operators, and Bicyclists; 1O, Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings; 1P, Visual Guidance for Night Driving; 1R, Speed Zoning and Control; 1S, Cost-Effective Geometric Design for Changing Vehicles and Limited Resources; 1T, Advanced Vehicle Protection Systems; 1U, Safety Aspects of Increased Size and Weight of Heavy Vehicles; 1V, Roadside Safety Hardware for Non-Freeway Facilities; 1W, Measurement and Evaluation of Pavement Surface Characteristics; 1X, Highway Safety Program Effectiveness Evaluation; and 1Y, Traffic Management in Construction and Maintenance Zones. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Roadside structures KW - Rural highways KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Weight KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382496 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 6--IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1983 SP - 107 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 6, Improved Technology for Highway Construction. It contains information on the following Projects: 6C, Use of Waste as Material for Highways; 6D, Structural Rehabilitation of Pavement Systems; 6E, Rigid Pavement Systems Design; 6F, More Significant and Rapid Test Procedures for Quality Assurance; 6G, Performance-Related Specifications for Highway Construction and Rehabilitation; 6H, Methods of Construction; 6I, Construction Personnel; and 6J, Construction Management. KW - Construction management KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Pavement design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Personnel KW - Quality assurance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Technology KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382497 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 7--IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PY - 1983 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 7, Improved Technology for Highway Maintenance. It contains information on the following: Project 7A, Improved Highway Maintenance Practices; and Project 7C Maintenance Management. KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 3--ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY DESIGN, LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION PY - 1983 SP - 40 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 3, Environmental Considerations in Highway Design, Location, Construction, and Operation. It contains information on the following Projects: 3E, Reduction of Environmental Hazards to Water Resources Due to the Highway System; 3F, Pollution Reduction and Environmental Enhancement; and 3H, Social and Economic Concerns in Highway Development and Improvement. KW - Air pollution KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Location KW - Noise KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382494 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 4--IMPROVED MATERIALS UTILIZATION AND DURABILITY PY - 1983 SP - 159 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 4, Improved Materials Utilization and Durability. It contains information on the following Projects: 4D, Remedial Treatment of Soil Materials for Earth Structures; 4G, Substitute and Improved Materials to Effect Materials and Energy Conservation in Highways; 4H, Improved Foundations for Highway Structures; 4J, Coating Systems for Controlling Corrosion of Highway Structural Steel; 4K, Cost-Effective Rigid Concrete Construction and Rehabilitation in Adverse Environments; and 4L, Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) as an Alternate Deicer. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Durability KW - Earth materials KW - Energy conservation KW - Engineering soils KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Materials KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural steel KW - Substitutes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382492 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 2--REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND IMPROVED OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1983 SP - 55 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 2, Reduction of Traffic Congestion and Improved Operational Efficiency. It contains information on the following Projects: 2C, Requirements for Alternate Routing to Distribute Traffic Between and Around Cities; 2J, Practicality of Automated Highway Systems; 2K, Metropolitan Multimodal Traffic Management; 2L, Detection and Communications for Traffic Systems; 2M, Arterial Flow and Control; 2N, Improved Traffic Signing and Motorist Information Systems; 2P, Improved Utilization of Available Freeway Lanes; and 2Q, Exploiting New Technology to Improve Performance and Reduce Costs of Urban Signal Systems. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Communications KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Freeway usage KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Routing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382495 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1982. CATEGORY 5--IMPROVED DESIGN TO REDUCE COSTS, EXTEND LIFE EXPECTANCY, AND ENSURE STRUCTURAL SAFETY PY - 1983 SP - 126 p. AB - This is the annual progress report for fiscal year 1982 on the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development Category 5, Improved Design to Reduce Costs, Extend Life Expectancy, and Ensure Structural Safety. It contains information on the following Projects: 5A, Improved Protection Against Natural Hazards of Earthquake and Wind; 5B, Tunneling Technology for Future Highways; 5E, Premium Pavements for Zero Maintenance; 5H, Protection of the Highway System from Hazards Attributed to Flooding; 5I, Improved Structural Design and Construction Techniques for Culverts; 5K, New Bridge Design Concepts; 5L, Safe Life Design for Bridges; 5M, Low Volume Roads; and 5N, Pavement Management Strategies. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Culverts KW - Development KW - Earthquakes KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Floods KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement management systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design KW - Wind KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380730 AU - Thornton, S I AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF SUBGRADE REACTION WITH CBR, HVEEM STABILOMETER, OR RESILIENT MODULUS PY - 1983 SP - 126 p. AB - Westergaard's modulus of subgrade reaction (K-value) is used for designing rigid (concrete) pavements. K-value is obtained from an expensive and time consuming field Plate Bearing Test. In order to investigate the correlation of K-value with laboratory tests, fifteen values of field K ranging from 96 psi/in to 667 psi/in were obtained. The K-values, taken at ten sites, were all fill embankments underconstruction. For the samples, CBR ranged from 4.8 to 27.6, R-value from 17.9 to 74.2, and M sub R from 4,790 psi to 32,500 psi at principle stress = 15 psi. The samples were classified from A-2-4 to A-6 (AASHTO). A correlation study between K-value and laboratory test results did not show any correlation between the K-value and CBR, R-value, or M sub R, when tests are performed by standard ASTM procedures. However, a relation between K-value and CBR at Field moisture (not optimum moisture) for A-4 and A-6 soils had linear regression of K = 13.8 CBR + 80.6 with a determination coefficient equal to 0.7785. The relations for A-4 and A-6 soils is based on 7 samples taken at 4 sites. (FHWA) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Embankments KW - Fly ash KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Soot KW - Stresses KW - Westergaard formula UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381313 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINANCING FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS PY - 1983 SP - 57 p. AB - The basic process of financing federal-aid highways is described in this report. The report follows the financial process from inception in an authorization act to payment from the Highway Trust Fund, and includes discussion of the congressional and federal agency actions which occur. Details are described of the congressional procedures, the Federal-Aid Highway Act, and the federal-aid financing procedures. Limitations on obligations and appropriations are also discussed. In capsule form, the cycle begins with authorization legislation which sets the upper limits on the liabilities the federal government can incur. After deductions for administration of the program, the remaining amounts are apportioned among the states. The states request the FHWA to obligate specified amounts of this authority (i.e. acquire rights-of-way, award contracts, etc.) for specific highway projects, subject to the availability of apportionments and allocations and to any limitations on obligations which may have been imposed for that fiscal year. Once the funds are obligated and a project is underway, progress payments may be made to the states for completed work. This liquidating cash is appropriated annually by Congress and is derived from revenue accruing to the Highway Trust Fund. KW - Appropriations KW - Federal aid KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Laws KW - Liabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379059 AU - Lee, J K AU - Froehlich, D C AU - GILBERT, J J AU - Wiche, G J AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL STUDY OF BACKWATER AND FLOW DISTRIBUTION AT THE I-10 CROSSING OF THE PEARL RIVER NEAR SLIDELL, LOUISIANA PY - 1983 SP - 60 p. AB - A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow modeling system based on the shallow-water equations was used to study the effect of Interstate Highway 10 (I-10) on water-surface elevations and flow distribution during the flood of April 2, 1980, on the Pearl River near Slidell, Louisiana. The model can be used to simulate both lateral and longitudinal velocities and variations in water-surface elevation, highly variable flood-plain topography and vegetative cover, and geometric features such as highway embankments, dikes, and channel bends. Geometric features of widely varying sizes are easily accommodated within a single finite-element network. A finite-element network was designed to represent the topography and vegetative cover of the study reach. Hydrographic data collected for the April 1980 flood were used to calibrate the flow model. The finite-element network was then modified to represent conditions without I-10 in place, and the hydraulic impact of I-10 was determined by comparing results with and without I-10. Model results show that, without I-10 in place, much of the flow shifts from the west side of the flood plain to the east side upstream from the site of I-10. With I-10 in place, this flow shift occurs somewhat farther upstream than it does without the roadway in place. Upstream from the roadway, maximum backwater at the west edge is 1.1 feet, but backwater extends farther upstream along the east edge of the flood plain than along the west edge. Backwater ranging from 0.6 to 0.2 foot extends more than a mile downstream from the Pearl River bridge opening in I-10 at the east edge of the flood plain, and drawdown of 0.2 foot or more occurs along approximately 2 miles of the west edge of the flood plain downstream from I-10. The capability of the modeling system to simulate the significant features of steady-state flow in a complex multichannel river-flood-plain system with variable topography and vegetative cover was successfully demonstrated in this study. These features included lateral variations in discharge distribution and backwater or drawdown. (Author) KW - Backwaters KW - Calibration KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Lateral loads KW - Longitudinal KW - Mathematical models KW - Physical distribution KW - Rivers KW - Surface waters KW - Two dimensional KW - Velocity KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384594 AU - Boutrup, E AU - Holtz, R D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fabric reinforced embankments constructed on weak foundations PY - 1982/12/15 SP - 267p AB - A two-dimensional nonlinear, large displacement finite element program called GEONON (a modification of N0NSAP) for the static analysis of embankments on weak foundations has been .developed. Both linear and elasto-plastic stress-strain soil models are included, and incremental and stage construction and the process of compaction can be simulated. The program GEONON, however, is not developed herein as an adaptable design tool for the practicing highway engineer. The research investigated the response in terms of stresses and displacements of a low embankment constructed on soft muskeg soils in Alaska (Bell, Greenway, and Vischer, 1977). Both unreinforced and reinforced cases were considered for drained and undrained foundation conditions of varying stiffness. Single and multilift construction was investigated and the effect of compaction was simulated. The influence of embankment dead load and a simulated live load were studied, and both single and multiple layers of geotextiles of varying moduli were considered. It was found that the geotextile reinforcement significantly reduced the shear stresses in the foundation and decreased the vertical differential settlements at the top of the embankment, especially for the undrained case. This influence was more pronounced as the modulus of the geotextile was increased. Total settlements were only slightly affected by the presence of the reinforcement. Multiple layers of fabric in the embankment also reduced foundation shear stresses and differential settlements. The report also discusses the practical aspects of the design and construction of geotextile-reinforced embankments on weak foundations. KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314058 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381331 AU - Sharaf, E A AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION AND COST SAVINGS RELATED TO HIGHWAY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1982/12/15 SP - 105 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study aimed at the identification of fuel consumption by various types of equipment used in highway routine maintenance activities in the State of Indiana. Two basic groups of results are discussed: (1) fuel consumption rates for all possible activity-equipment combinations as well as total fuel consumped per production unit of each activity; and (2) the effect of factors such as location (subdistrict), highway type, and season on fuel consumption. The first group of results will be of direct use to the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH) in the planning of the annual maintenance program, while the second group will be useful in evaluating the actual fuel use (in the field) by different management units (subdistricts). (FHWA) KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Savings KW - Seasons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380669 AU - Richards and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS 1982 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAILROAD/HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1982/12/01 SP - v.p. AB - The papers published here were presented at the nine sessions of the above conference. Session A (Current Legislation) included papers which described the role of the National Transportation Safety Board in rail-highway grade crossing accident investigation and recommendations for safety improvements, current and potential legislation related to rail-highway safety funding programs, the impact of federal legislation upon the administration and implementation of grade crossing improvement programs, and views regarding future crossing safety programs. Session B (Current Research) highlighted research on rail freight car reflectorization and the selection and evaluation of alternative train activated grade crossing warning systems (traffic control) devices. Session C on creditability, reliability and maintenance of warning devices described current technology in this area. Session D focused on how "Operation Lifesaver" is involved in driver education and training of school bus operators and hazardous material vehicle operators. Session E (Laws, Regulations and Standards) covered federal regulations applicable to rail-highway grade crossing safety, the need for uniformity with regard to grade crossing regulations, law enforcement issues, and the pros and cons of additional regulations. Session F covered human factors in rail/highway crossing evaluation. Session G covered new ideas in program implementation. Session H included 5 workshops which covered the following areas: hazardous materials, traffic control in work zones, rail/highway crossing closures, accident prediction and resource allocation, and state rail programs. KW - Closures KW - Crash investigation KW - Forecasting KW - Freight cars KW - Hazardous materials KW - Human factors KW - Improvements KW - Lane closure KW - Laws KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety KW - Warning systems KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420141 AU - Byrne, A S AU - De laski, A B AU - Courage, K G AU - Wallace, C E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Handbook of computer models for traffic operations analysis: final report PY - 1982/12 IS - FHWA/TS-82-213 SP - 287P KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Management KW - Management KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Traffic control KW - Transport management KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607559 AU - Fowler, D W AU - Beer, G P AU - Meyer, A H AU - Paul, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF A SURVEY ON THE USE OF RAPID-SETTING REPAIR MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 42 p. AB - The report summarizes the current state-of-the-art for rapid-setting materials used to repair concrete in Texas and selected other states. Typical specifications used for rapid-setting materials by the Materials and Tests Division (D-9) are included, and a summary of D-9 test results is given. Districts were surveyed for a listing of rapid-setting materials they have used over the past 10 years. Twenty-seven materials were reported. The districts also provided an evaluation of the materials based on their use in different types of repairs, cost, use in different climatic conditions, durability, bond to concrete, and appearance. Nine states were asked to provide the same information requested of districts; eight responses were received. Districts and states were also asked to provide a ranking of material characteristics and properties. KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Climate KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Materials KW - Materials characterization KW - Materials specifications KW - Properties of materials KW - Rapid-setting materials KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486135 AU - Larsen, D A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT IN CONNECTICUT. PHASE I - FEASIBILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 109 p. AB - This report outlines and discusses elements of a total Pavement Management System (PMS) for Connecticut. Preliminary background information on existing pavement-related data is also gathered and presented. A large section in an Appendix is devoted to areas that require additional investigation. The work accomplished during this feasibility phase is merely a foundation that should provide guidance toward development and implementation of a total PMS. Such a system will have nearly limitless application in the Connecticut Department of Transportation and should provide for optimum use of public money in the area of pavements. KW - Connecticut KW - Expenditures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Governments KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479417 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION. VOLUME 3 IN A SERIES ON POSITIVE GUIDANCE PY - 1982/12 SP - 222 p. AB - This is the third volume in the Positive Guidance Series. Its purpose is to augment and supplement Volume I (2nd Edition of the Users' Guide to Positive Guidance) and Volume II - Evaluation. This volume consists of two parts. Part 1 provides a detailed description of the Planning and Field Data Collection Phase of a Positive Guidance project. It describes the various activities needed to develop a data base for the Engineering and Human Factors procedure. Part 2 presents information on measurement techniques, procedures, and equipment for collecting performance data in the field. Guidelines are provided for traffic volume and counts; speed; erratic maneuvers; traffic conflicts; intersection delay; and travel time. KW - Data collection KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Human factors KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468737 AU - Weed, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL SPECIFICATION DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 326 p. AB - This report, which combines material from more than a dozen recent TRB papers with a substantial amount of new material, provides guidance in all phases of statistical specification development. Written at a level that assumes the reader has a familiarity with basic quality assurance principles and terminology, it develops several original concepts in detail. A new conversational computer program for the development and analysis of statistical acceptance procedures is described. Also included is the Fortran coding for several subroutines useful for computer simulation and a variety of other statistical applications. Finally, much of the preceding material is used to develop a statistical specification for portland cement concrete. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474940 AU - Sananez, J C AU - Botha, J L AU - Bryant, R S AU - Abbas, M AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ON TWO-LANE, TWO-WAY RURAL HIGHWAYS: RESEARCH SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 175 p. AB - This report summarizes the work of three separate research projects. In the first project, a microscopic simulation model was developed to evaluate the performnce of a climbing lane. The model was used to determine an "optimum" length and location of a climbing lane on a specific upgrade and also to determine general guidelines for the most cost-effective location of climbing lanes when various upgrades are considered. In the second project refinements were made to the input and output routines of the model. The model was then modified to count potentially hazardous maneuvers and combine them into a single potential hazard index. Also, a macroscopic model for traffic analysis on rural roads was constructed. Finally, the third project was directed toward evaluating the acceleration capability of five-axle trucks along grades of a gradient from minus 7 percent to plus 7 percent. An analytical model was developed to evaluate truck acceleration performance. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Climbing lanes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Highway grades KW - Highway operations KW - Length KW - Location KW - Operations research KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Traffic operations research KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457554 AU - Moser, B C AU - Kelly, R J AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE SURVIVAL OF NEW HIGHWAY PLANTINGS (ROOT REGENERATION PORTION). FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 52 p. AB - Root regeneration in several species of plants was enhanced by a five minute preplant root soak in from 1,000 to 3,000 mg/liter aqueous solutions of indolebutyric acid (IBA). Positive responses were confined to coarse rooted difficult-to-transplant species such as tulip tree, red oak, black walnut, white oak, black tupelo and redbud. Fibrous rooted species such as silver maple and sugar maple did not respond to the auxin treatment and two species of pine were adversely affected. Root soaks were the most effective technique utilized to apply auxin. Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L) was selected as a model system for in depth studies on root regeneration under controlled conditions as well as field sites. Root regeneration was greater in the spring than in the fall but was not affected by photoperiod. There was a strong interaction between root regeneration and subsequent shoot growth. Plant survival following transplanting in the field was enhanced in IBA treated plants compared to untreated plants. Root regeneration and subsequent shoot growth was influenced by soil temperature with little growth occurring below ten degrees C. IBA accelerated root regeneration only when soil temperature was above 21 degrees C. Carbohydrate reserves (primarily starch) in the taproot were depleted as new roots formed. This depletion was accelerated by IBA treatment and reached critically low levels at the highest concentrations of IBA used. KW - Indolebutyric acid KW - Planting KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Roots KW - Roots, plants KW - Temperature KW - Trees KW - Vegetation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314059 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385356 AU - Byrne, A S AU - Courage, K G AU - Wallace, C E AU - Diaz, Seckinger and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER MODELS FOR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ANALYSIS PY - 1982/12 SP - 287 p. AB - This document provides a general explanation of computer modeling concepts, discusses some of the practical considerations in selecting computer models for traffic operations analysis in urban areas, and describes ten (10) of the more practical computer models. These include: 1-SOAP (Intersection Signal Optimization Model); 2-TEXAS (Intersection Simulation Model); 3-PASSER II (80) (Arterial Signal Optimization Model); 4-PASSER III (Diamond Interchange Signal Optimization Model); 5-SUB (Arterial Bus Simulation Model); 6-TRANSYT-7F (Arterial Network Signal Optimization Model); 7-SIGOP III (Network Signal Optimization Model); 8-NETSIM (Arterial Network Simulation Model); 9-PRIFRE (Freeway Simulation Model); 10-PREQ3CP (Freeway Optimization Model). Each model is presented with a discussion of model use, input requirements, significant computational algorithms, output reports, and example applications. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Freeway operations KW - Handbooks KW - Highway operations KW - Optimization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385357 AU - Byrne, A S AU - Courage, K G AU - Culpepper, T H AU - Wallace, C E AU - Diaz, Seckinger and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER MODELS FOR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ANALYSIS-TECHNICAL APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF MODELS AND REFERENCES PY - 1982/12 SP - 219 p. AB - This document presents a synopsis of over 100 computer models for traffic operations analysis which were identified during a survey of related literature. The models have been grouped for presentation based upon the geometric configuration they were primarily designed to model, i.e., intersections, arterials, arterial networks, freeways and transportation corridors. Included in the synopsis is a brief description of the purpose, modeling approach, programming language and structure, model application, input and output characteristics. The appendix contains an annotated bibliography of all references which were identified. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Highway operations KW - Intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385256 AU - Smith, C W AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIND POWERED HIGHWAY SIGNS PY - 1982/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This study was designed to evaluate the use of a wind powered electrical system to provide power for highway warning lights at a remote location. The location was at the Red Creek slide area on S. H. 50 east of Gunnison, Colorado. The electrical system was intended to provide electrical power to two flashing yellow highway beacons to alert motorists to an unpaved rough section of the roadway. The generator selected was a 2 KW wind generator manufactured by the Whirlwind Power Co. The installation was completed in September 1981. During the winter 1981-1982 the system had numerous failures. On June 28, 1982, the system suffered major damage and in September 1982 the decision was made to terminate the study. (FHWA) KW - Electric power supply KW - Field tests KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Reliability KW - Warning signs KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381787 AU - Hitz, J AU - Cross, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE, USER'S GUIDE PY - 1982/12 SP - 83 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976 and the Surface Transportation Act of 1978 provide funding authorizations for individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. Safety improvements frequently consist of the installation of active motorist warning devices such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates. To assist states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing improvements, the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. The procedure consists of the DOT accident prediction formula, which predicts the number of accidents at crossings, and the resource allocation model, which nominates crossings for improvement on a cost-effective basis and recommends the type of warning device to be installed. This guide provides interested users with complete information for application of the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. (FHWA) KW - Crash rates KW - Federal aid KW - Guidelines KW - Improvements KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380595 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMAFROST PRETHAWING BY SUFACE MODIFICATION PY - 1982/12 SP - 40 p. AB - To minimize post-construction settlements of roadway embankments in thaw stable permafrost areas, one approach is to thaw and consolidate the permafrost soils as far as possible prior to, or during construction. Six test plots were established near Fairbanks in April of 1980, to determine how various surface modifications may be used to accelerate thawing of permafrost by increasing the solar heat gain. The various surface modifications examined included surface clearing and stripping, thin gravel pad construction, gravel pad surface darkening with asphalt, and the use of clear polyethylene film to create a "greenhouse effect" on both gravel pad and stripped sections. Each section simulated a 60' roadway width with adjacent uncleared vegetation. Instrumentation used to monitor performance included heat flow meters, windspeed and radiation recorders, and thermocouples for subsurface temperature observations. Thaw depths and surface settlements were recorded monthly at nine points on each section. Differences between thaw depths achieved with the different treatments were as great as 28% during the first thawing season, and 31% during the second and third seasons. At the study site, total surface settlements averaged one foot during the study period. Benefits of this approach would include reduced post-construction settlements and the use of thinner thermally stable embankment structures. The benefits are indicated to far outweigh the costs of the prethawing modifications. KW - Asphalt KW - Clearing and grubbing KW - Consolidations KW - Embankments KW - Gravel KW - Ground settlement KW - Instrumentation KW - Permafrost KW - Polyethylene KW - Post construction KW - Prethawing KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379586 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROADWAY ELEMENTS--VOLUME 1 PY - 1982/12 SP - 193 p. AB - This synthesis is published in two volumes. Each of the 17 safety research subject areas is presented as an individual chapter. Subject areas included in Volume 1 are: roadway cross section and alinement; pavement surfaces; roadside features; access control and driveways; intersections; interchanges; one-way streets and reversible lanes; priority for high occupancy vehicles; and on-street parking. Volume 2 subject areas include: construction and maintenance zones; adverse environmental operations; roadway lighting; railroad-highway grade crossings; commercial vehicles; bicycle ways; pedestrian ways; and speed zoning and control. An overall 17-chapter subject index is included in both volumes of the synthesis for finding specific areas of interest. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Alignment KW - Bus priority KW - Cross sections KW - Driveways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - One way traffic KW - Parking KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379587 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROADWAY ELEMENTS--VOLUME 2 PY - 1982/12 SP - 177 p. AB - This synthesis is published in two volumes. Each of the 17 safety research subject areas is presented as an individual chapter. Subject areas included in Volume 1 are: roadway cross section and alinement; pavement surfaces; roadside features; access control and driveways; intersections; interchanges; one-way streets and reversible lanes; priority for high occupancy vehicles; and on-street parking. Volume 2 subject areas include: construction and maintenance zones; adverse environmental operations; roadway lighting; railroad-highway grade crossings; commercial vehicles; bicycle ways; pedestrian ways; and speed zoning and control. An overall 17-chapter subject index is included in both volumes of the synthesis for finding specific areas of interest. KW - Bikeways KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Environment KW - Highway design KW - Maintenance practices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic control KW - Walkways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378796 AU - PRC Voorhees Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER CONTROLLED TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS PY - 1982/12 SP - 343 p. AB - From a standpoint of meeting national goals, it would appear that signal modernization should be a high priority activity for the traffic engineering community. The purpose of this book is to provide the technical and management information required for the development of an efficient traffic signal system. This textbook discusses the technical issues associated with computerized traffic control. This discussion is used as the basis for describing the steps needed to develop a successful computerized traffic control system. The steps used in the management of a system are also presented. This textbook has been prepared for traffic engineering personnel who have a general familiarity with signal system operation. For this reason, the introductory material is followed by chapters on controllers and detectors. These chapters present a brief overview of this equipment, followed by a more detailed discussion of the manner in which they are used with a computerized traffic control system. The remaining chapters do not assume any previous knowledge of the hardware and software elements of a computerized traffic control system. They describe the theory of operation and the manner in which they are applied to traffic signal control. The final chapter describes the activities associated with the system implementation from the identification of the need for system upgrading through the feasibility study, system design, installation, operations, and maintenance. Appendices include a bibliography of available documentation and a glossary of terms. (Author) KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hardware KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Installation KW - Manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379433 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Parker, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERSECTION CONTROL AND ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MICHIGAN PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 102-105 AB - A study has been conducted in selected counties of Texas, New York, and Florida to investigate the use and need for stop control at low volume intersections. The findings of the study were as follows: (1) stop signs do not reduce accident experience at low volume intersections, and (2) stop signs are being used even where there is adequate sight distance. However, the sample size in this study was small--only 140 intersections. This article reports on a similar, but more extensive, study conducted in rural Michigan. In the Michigan study sample of almost 900 low volume nonsignalized intersections, 96 percent were stop controlled. Other findings from the Michigan study are as follows: (a) stop signs are being used where there is adequate sight distance; (b) there is no relationship between the number of approaches on the minor roadway and accident experience for major volume under 1,000 vpd; and, (c) accident experience at stop controlled intersections is neither better nor worse than at uncontrolled intersections under 1,000 vpd. The findings of the Michigan study substantiated those of the Texas, New York and Florida study. The results of both studies suggest that the extensive use of stop control at rural intersections may not be necessary. KW - Crash rates KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural areas KW - Sight distance KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic volume KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379440 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY OF LOCKED-WHEEL SKID RESISTANCE TESTER CONFIRMED PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 92-101 AB - Highways play a major role in the economy of industrialized nations by facilitating high speed transportation of passengers and goods. To safeguard the initial investment, it is essential to provide for continuing and periodic upgrading. Periodic evaluation of pavement skid resistance is one of the requirements of pavement management. This article examines the problems in pavement friction measurement and the results of a Federal Highway Administration staff study on the reliability of the locked-wheel skid resistance tester. The objective of the staff study was to determine if different test modes rank pavements similarly, and if pavement friction measurements in any one test mode are valid for all the different vehicle maneuvers. To answer these questions, a few different test modes were considered to be necessary. In addition to the standard locked wheel tests, these included testing at longitudinal slip values that give the peak friction force and testing with a yawed wheel to determine maximum side friction force. Similar tests would also have to be made under transient conditions, which resemble driving conditions better than steady state testing does. KW - Coefficients KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reliability KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip coefficient KW - Steady state KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379438 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Romano, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION MODELING FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND ABATEMENT OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-91 AB - Environmental assessments of highway related noise are based on analytic prediction models. Because the application of current noise models is limited to freely flowing traffic and simple site characteristics, the Federal Highway Administration is developing refined noise models that will have application to a greater variety of highway noise assessments that must be performed. Noise models have been designed to assess noise propagation over asymmetric barriers and nonuniform ground cover, noise generated by stop-and-go traffic in urban settings, and construction noise impacts. Computer versions, capable of predicting the energy-averaged equivalent sound level, L sub EQ, have been prepared for each model and are undergoing test and evaluation. KW - Construction sites KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Road construction KW - Simulation KW - Sound level KW - Terrain KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376386 AU - Babcock, P S AU - May, A D AU - Auslander, D M AU - Tomizuka, M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY SIMULATION AND CONTROL PY - 1982/12 SP - 469 p. AB - A macroscopic freeway simulation model is developed to evaluate and compare various freeway control strategies. The resulting model, FRECON, is a properly discrete extension of the dynamic FREFLO model. The discretization enables the model to realistically simulate all traffic conditions, including bottlenecks and congestion. It is performed internally in the model and adapts to minimize simulation costs while maintaining accuracy. True point detectors and performance measures are available. The model is calibrated and validated on five days of data from the Santa Monica Freeway. Control Strategies are divided into three configurational groups: pretimed, local traffic responsive, and segment-wide traffic responsive. Simulation evaluations, without vehicle diversion or priority treatment, are performed for one pretimed strategy (Linear Programming) and two local strategies (Percent Occupancy and Demand-Capacity). By not responding to daily variations in the traffic demands, the quality of the pretimed strategy's performance is limited. The local view of freeway conditions used by the local traffic responsive strategies limits their ability to control the freeway. A preliminary analysis of segment-wide traffic responsive strategies is also made. (FHWA) KW - Freeways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376777 AU - Albrecht, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WEATHERED STEEL BRIDGE COMPONENTS PY - 1982/12 SP - 173 p. AB - A total of 176 specimens with transverse stiffeners or 102-mm (4-in) attachments were fatigue tested as they were originally fabricated, after they were weathered two years, and after they were weathered four years. It was found that weathering reduced the fatigue life of the stiffeners as much as 22 percent, and the life of the attachments as much as 10 percent, as compared to their nonweathered counterparts. The loss in life was attributed to rust pitting. The data points and, for the most part, the lower confidence limits for the stiffener and attachment data, fell above the AASHTO allowable Category C line. On the other hand, a statistical analysis of acceptance sampling shows that the weathered stiffeners would not meet an acceptance standard based on a f percent risk to the bridge supplier and 0.1 percent risk to the bridge owner. A combined analysis of the present data and of 1,019 fatigue tests from previous studies shows that the loss in life due to weathering prior to stress cycling decreases with increasing severity of the detail, that is from 62 percent for Category A base metal down to 11 percent for Category C 51-mm (2-in) attachments. A design equation for allowable stress ranges is proposed. It would account for both the observed loss in life due to weathering prior to stress cycling and an estimated loss in life due to corrosion fatigue during the service life of the bridge. Design tables of recommended allowable stress range versus cycles of loading are presented. (FHWA) KW - Components KW - Corrosion KW - Design standards KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Metal bridges KW - Pitting KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rusting KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Transverse stiffeners KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377265 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Messer, C J AU - Whyte (HG) Associates, Incorporated AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS FOR RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1982/12 SP - 51 p. AB - The objective of this work was to determine the passenger car equivalent value for fourteen different vehicle types under varying traffic and roadway geometry conditions. This was accomplished by analyzing field data collected in several states on both two-lane and four-lane highways. Data included headways, speeds and travel time by vehicle type, traffic volume condition, and roadway section type. An analytical model was developed to estimate passenger car equivalent values based upon speed distributions, traffic volume, and vehicle type. The calibrated model was used to estimate passenger car equivalent values for fourteen vehicle types under the specified typical conditions for two-lane and four-lane rural highways. (FHWA) KW - Four lane highways KW - Geometric design KW - Headways KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377299 AU - Hayden, R L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MT. VERNON CANYON RUNAWAY TRUCK ESCAPE RAMP PY - 1982/12 SP - n.p. AB - A gravel arrester bed type Runaway Truck Escape Ramp was built on a 5.2% downgrade along I-70 in Mt. Vernon Canyon, Colorado. The ramp was completed in July 1979 and to date it has stopped fifty-three runaway or potentially runaway trucks. Only two trucks sustained damage and there were no injuries or fatalities in the escape ramp. During the same period at this location there were eighteen accidents involving runaway trucks that did not use the escape ramp, resulting in seven fatalities and twenty-four injuries. A closed circuit TV surveillance system was included as part of the project, and twenty-three trucks were recorded on video tape as they used the escape ramp. Analysis of the tape indicated the rolling resistance to a truck in the gravel decreased as the speed increased. Further research is needed to verify and expand this finding for design purposes. Research is also needed to develop the methodology to predict the maximum probable entry speed of a runaway truck. Research is currently underway to predict the deterioration or contamination rate of the aggregate materials used in arrester beds. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Arrester beds KW - Closed circuit television KW - Escape lanes KW - Forecasting KW - Motor vehicles KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376387 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Zweig, W D AU - Gabel, R J AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN FREEWAY TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1982/12 SP - 195 p. AB - This report contains three major elements (1) an inventory of urban freeways contained in the 20 most populous Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States; (2) truck problems and management strategies as they relate to urban freeways; and (3) empirically-derived distributions of urban freeway traffic characteristics. Source material used for compilation of the inventory and truck-problem sections was restricted to existing published reports. The inventory details both physical and operating characteristics (e.g. lane, shoulder, and right-of-way widths; percent trucks during peak, etc.) in statistical summaries. Truck problems (i.e. capacity reduction, off-tracking, etc.) and management strategies (e.g. lane-use restrictions, etc.) are discussed. Distributions of urban freeway traffic characteristics (speeds, headways, volumes, etc.) are based upon field data collection at 11 sites in four urban areas representing ramp weaves, basic, merge and diverge sections. Using the Traffic Evaluator System, over 240 observation hours yielded detailed trajectories on more than 561 thousand vehicles. A companion publication "Passenger Car Equivalents," Report No. FHWA/RD-81/156, August 1982 contains an analysis of PCE truck effects observed on a sample of the sites studied. A report documenting the total data base plus a set of 40 data files contained on seventeen 2400-foot magnetic tapes is available from FHWA (HSR-40). (FHWA) KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Traffic flow KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376391 AU - Denson, K H AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STEADY-STATE DRAG, LIFT AND ROLLING-MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR INUNDATED INLAND BRIDGES PY - 1982/12 SP - n.p. AB - Model studies were performed on three different two-lane bridges to determine drag, lift and rolling-moment coefficients for subcritical approach velocities. Inundation depth was varied in nine increments and velocity was varied in five increments. Final results are presented in dimensionless form with force and moment coefficients plotted against dimensionless inundation depth and dimensionless velocity. Drag coefficients were in the range reported by other investigators for the most part while lift and moment coefficients have not been previously published. A numerical example is included. (FHWA) KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Bridges KW - Coefficients KW - Drag KW - Force KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Rolling KW - Steady state KW - Submerged conditions KW - Underwater structures KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373845 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Parker, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERSECTION CONTROL AND ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MICHIGAN PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 102-105 AB - A study has been conducted in selected counties of Texas, New York, and Florida to investigate the use and need for Stop control at low-volume intersections. This article reports on a similar, but more extensive, study conducted in rural Michigan. In the Michigan study almost 900 intersections were examined based on type of control and related accident experience. KW - Crash rates KW - Emergency measures KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Low volume roads KW - Roads KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373843 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Romano, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION MODELING FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND ABATEMENT OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AND CONSTRUCTION NOISE PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-91 AB - Noise models described have been designed to assess noise propagation over asymmetric barriers and nonuniform ground cover, noise generated by stop-and-go traffic in urban settings, and construction noise impacts. KW - Forecasting KW - Ground cover KW - Highway systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Road construction KW - Sound KW - Sound KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic surveys KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373846 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Heydinger, A G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OBSERVATIONS OF FULL-SCALE PILE GROUP PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 106-111 AB - The capacity of an isolated control pile and pile group capacity, or "failure load," is evaluated to assess efficiency and settlement ratio. Four methods used by the authors in their analysis of the literature listed in the bibliography are described. In the terminal linearity method, point of failure is defined as the point on the load-settlement curve where the curve assumes a final linear shape. KW - Breaking loads KW - Construction KW - Failure KW - Foundations KW - Linearity KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Reviews KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373844 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY OF LOCKED-WHEEL SKID RESISTANCE TESTER CONFIRMED PY - 1982/12 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 92-101 AB - This article examines the problems in pavement friction measurement and the results of a Federal Highway Administration staff study on the reliability of the locked-wheel skid resistance tester. Tire-pavement friction measurement methods are described. KW - Friction KW - Highway systems KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Locked-wheel KW - Measuring instruments KW - Reliability KW - Roads KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372390 AU - Heisey, J S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF IN SITU SHEAR WAVE VELOCITIES FROM SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES PY - 1982/12 SP - 292 p. AB - A method for determining elastic moduli at soil and pavement sites was proposed and tested. Surface receivers were utilized to evaluate the Rayleigh wave motion created by a vertical, impulsive source that could excite a wide range of frequencies with a single impact. Analysis was facilitated by using a portable spectral analyzer to study the magnitude and phase of the frequency content of the recorded wave pulse. Results from field testing at two flexible pavement sites and two soil sites indicate that the spectral analysis of surface waves provides an accurate estimation of the velocity (and hence modulus) profile at a site. Moduli calculated from wave propagation velocities were generally comparable to moduli calculated by deflection measurements from Dynaflect testing. (FHWA) KW - Deflection tests KW - Dynaflect KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Rayleigh waves KW - S waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373127 AU - Erickson, A E AU - Davis, M L AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SANITARY SEWAGE SYSTEMS AT FREEWAY REST AREAS PY - 1982/12 SP - 264 p. AB - The Michigan Department of Transportation policy of providing modern flush type sanitary facilities at all freeway rest areas requires that sewage treatment and disposal facilities be constructed wherever a municipal sewer is not available. Septic tanks for treatment and drainfields to polish and dispose of the effluent have been the preferred facility when the soil and landscape characteristics are satisfactory. When conditions are not satisfactory, other land treatment systems can be designed to fit the particular site characteristics. This project was a study of four land treatment systems which were designed to polish and dispose of lagoon effluents at four exiting rest areas. The systems included a overland flow-evapotranspiration system, a barriered landscape water renovation system on a shallow water table, a seepage pond on a fine-textured soil with a shallow water table and a long vegetated ditch. Chemical and biological analyses were made on the effluents before and after land treatments as well as on the soil and aquifer water. All systems polished and disposed of the wastewater in a environmentally and public healthwise acceptable manner that was cost effective. The preferred and often required methods of spreading wastewater on land treatment systems is with sprinklers. An intensive laboratory and field study of aerosol transport showed that with low-pressure, low-angle sprinklers which produce a large drop size and with the judicious use of vegetation to reduce wind, the potential for airborne infection from vegetative bacterial aerosols is minimal. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental protection KW - Freeway rest areas KW - Freeways KW - Irrigation KW - Lagoons KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Public health KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Seepage KW - Septic tanks KW - Sewage treatment KW - Sewerage structures KW - Sprinklers KW - Waste disposal KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371253 AU - Koerner, R M AU - Lord, A E AU - Drexel University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS TO PREDICT GROUND STABILITY PY - 1982/12 SP - 167 p. AB - This research utilizes the acoustic emission (AE) method of sensing, monitoring and interpreting noises generated by soil and rock movement and attempts to relate it to the material's potential instability. Both soil and rock materials were investigated in the laboratory and in the field. In the field both open cut and tunnels were investigated. Laboratory work succeeded in identifying several rock signatures and in relating this information to the basic mechanics of rock strength. It also showed that both soil and rock retain a stress history of past phenomena which is detectable by AE monitoring. This suggests that the method be used in the field for this purpose. Field work revealed that AE signal frequency is in the 1 kHz to 30 kHz range but that no unique frequency exists whereby a frequency filter can be used as an early warning system for predicting failure. One field site was monitored whereby a small roof failure was predicted. The fall occurred about 1.5 days after peak AE rate was recorded. A multichannel AE monitoring system is currently available for geotechnical monitoring of a wide variety of soil and rock structures. (FHWA) KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Open cut excavation KW - Open cuts KW - Rock mechanics KW - Slope stability KW - Soil mechanics KW - Strength of materials KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371799 AU - Kenyon, W D AU - Gurney, G F AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE OF REFLECTIVE SIGNS PY - 1982/12 SP - 32 p. AB - This study examined deterioration of reflective sign sheeting in New York State, and assessed the effectiveness of sign washing and clear-coating for restoring or preserving reflectivity of enclosed-lens engineer-grade sheeting. Generally, little benefit was achieved by washing all signs in the fall. However, changes in sign brightness, as measured by a retroreflectometer, indicate that significant brightness loss may occur during winter due to dirt accumulation, but that most signs recover after spring rains. Those few that do not recover are readily identified by daytime visual inspection, and would be the best candidates for washing. A large portion of these chronically dirty signs are located along high-volume highways, close to the pavement, and in industrial areas. The practice of clear-coating could not be shown to help maintain sheeting brightness. In fact, for the small sample included in this study, it had a detrimental effect. Candidates for replacement can be determined by a nighttime visual inspection. Daytime cosmetic appearance alone should not determine need for replacement, because signs with cracked or otherwise deteriorated sheeting may still provide adequate night visibility. Average sheeting life could not be determined in this study because no records were available of signs that had been replaced. An examination of those still in service determined that service lives of 15 years in New York State are not unusual for enclosed lens sheeting. Sign replacement rates reported by maintenance engineers confirm that engineer-grade sheeting may retain adequate reflectivity for 15 years or more. (FHWA) KW - Coatings KW - Dirt KW - Effectiveness KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Service life KW - Soils KW - Washing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369800 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHEM-CRETE--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/12 SP - 10 p. AB - Two test sections, one on new construction and the other on a maintenance resurfacing project, were installed in the fall of 1980 to evaluate the proprietary product Chem-Crete. Laboratory tests and dynaflect and density measurements were performed on the experimental and control mixes and the performance was evaluated over a two-year period. Raveling was noticed, especially in the Chem-Crete mix, approximately two months after paving; however, the deterioration appeared to stabilize shortly thereafter, and traffic healed the surface of the control sections but not that of the Chem-Crete sections. Significant additional cracking and raveling appeared in both Chem-Crete sections after the second winter, whereas the control sections continued to perform satisfactorily. (FHWA) KW - Chemical agents KW - Concrete KW - Density KW - Economic activity KW - Economic conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Resurfacing KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36496/83-R20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372396 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PCEMS)--IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1982/11/15 SP - v.p. AB - This manual describes the Preconstruction Engineering Management System (PCEMS) and provides instructions to be used by highway agencies in implementing the system. Chapters I and II provide background information concerning the project and an identification of preconstruction engineering management information needs that the PCEMS is designed to satisfy. A description of the PCEMS, including one of its major components, the multiple project scheduling system, is contained in Chapter III. Chapter IV provides a listing of inputs required to drive the system as well as a listing of the types of reports that will be produced. Chapter V contains instructions for an implementing highway agency to use in establishing an implementation organization and developing the data necessary for installing the system. The complexity of the preconstruction function and the large number of preconstruction projects that are undertaken by most highway agencies dictate that the PCEMS be computerized. A prototype computer system has been developed that is available to implementing highway agencies to be adapted to fit their individual circumstances. The PCEMS is based on the expertise that was generously provided by thirty-three States. However, the system is structured with sufficient flexibility to enable use by any agency that accomplishes highway preconstruction work. KW - Civil engineering KW - Construction scheduling KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Preconstruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354014 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Glennon, John C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Missouri State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Manual on Identification, Analysis and Correction of High Accident Locations PY - 1982/11 SP - 135p AB - This manual describes how streets and highways are vital to the well-being of a community. Inefficiencies in the street and highway system cause human suffering and death, low productivity and higher costs. For this reason, those charged with the design, construction, and maintenance of streets and highways have the continuing responsibility of making these roads more safe and efficient. Although not all accidents are due to poor design or construction of the highway system, a concentration of accidents at one location implies that there has been a failure of the system. Detailed study of accident records can identify these high-accident locations and point out improvements that will reduce the number and severity of future accidents. This manual describes the high-accident location (HAL) system that will allow the highway user to identify, analyze, and correct HALs. The manual was prepared for smaller cities in Missouri that do not have traffic engineers but realize that there is a need for a local capability to deal with traffic accident issues. KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - High risk locations KW - Highway design KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Missouri KW - Small cities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381334 AU - Dale, J AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP A LOW COST RAISED PAVEMENT MARKER FROM EPOFLEX PY - 1982/11 SP - 25 p. AB - This research project was undertaken to develop and evaluate an inexpensive raised reflectorized marker from epoxy thermoplastic pavement marking material (EPOFLEX) to guide traffic through temporary construction zones under wet-night conditions. The scope of the project included analysis and formulation modification, optimization of retro-reflective materials, development of placement equipment, installation of field test sections and evaluation. Standard commercial EPOFLEX and highly modified EPOFLEX formulations were prepared and methods and equipment were developed to form these materials inplace as 3/4 in. high by 4 in. round temporary markers appropriately reflectorized. Over 200 of these markers were installed in an actual construction zone. Methods were developed for removal of the markers and after three months the markers were removed. It was found that none of the EPOFLEX formulations could hold their shape as installed. The heavy overriding of markers as takes place in construction zones resulted in mashing the thermoplastic EPOFLEX markers into pancakes 6-8 in. in diameter and destroying their capacity to perform as raised markers. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Low costs KW - Moisture content KW - Night visibility KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Wet conditions KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378576 AU - Hagen, M G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION AND RESTORATION PY - 1982/11 SP - 43 p. AB - The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) conducted a comprehensive research program in response to the problem of bridge deck deterioration. This program placed emphasis on protecting newer decks as well as repairing damaged ones. Two basic approaches were applied to protecting bridge decks: 1. Prevent the penetration of chloride ions to the rebars by using special concrete overlays, deck sealers and waterproof membranes. 2. Use galvanized or epoxy coated rebars to protect the steel after chloride ions have contaminated the surrounding concrete. Bridge decks were constructed or repaired using the systems mentioned above. The decks covered by this study were built or repaired from 1974 to 1978 and were tested annually through 1981. Testing consisted of visual observations, electrical potential corrosion measurements, measuring depth of concrete cover over rebars, delamination detection and determining chloride ion content. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Electric potential KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Galvanizing KW - Ions KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Protection KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Restoration KW - Sealing compounds KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191797 ER - TY - SER AN - 00377264 JO - Publication of: California Department of Transportation PB - California Department of Transportation AU - Uematsu, T T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PREFERENTIAL LANES FOR HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES AT METERED RAMPS SN - E76T013 PY - 1982/11 SP - n.p. AB - This Project was initiated to evaluate the concept of Preferential Treatment for High Occupancy Vehicles (PTHOV) at metered ramps. The corridor selected was the Golden State Freeway (I-5) Corridor between Route I-10 and State Route 170 in the Los Angeles area. Included in the study was an analysis of all collected data, (Before, After and Control Section Elements) in determining the effectiveness of the preferential bypass lanes. On 13 of the 47 metered freeway on-ramps, bypass lanes were provided for buses and carpools with two or more occupants. The time saving was small and, although the number of carpools increased, the increase attributable to the meter bypass lanes alone is not considered significant. Nonetheless, the bypass lane is seen as a useful and effective means to visibly support formation of carpools and the usage of transit modes for commuting. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Carpools KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Public transit KW - Ramp metering KW - Reserved lanes KW - Savings KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377302 AU - Button, J W AU - Epps, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FABRIC INTERLAYERS PY - 1982/11 SP - 105 p. AB - Fabric underseals were placed in asphalt concrete overlay systems in four different regions of Texas in 1979 and 1980. The overlaid pavements included asphalt concrete, portland cement concrete and a freshly cold-milled asphalt concrete. Relative reflection cracking has been evaluated annually on these test sections for up to three years. Laboratory tests on the construction materials have been performed. At this time, there is no substantial evidence from which one could conclude that one fabric offers an advantage over another fabric or that fabric, in general, is better than none at all. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Evaluation KW - Fabrics KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376807 AU - Reckard, M AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HIGH SPEED GRAVEL ROADS PY - 1982/11 SP - 83 p. AB - The report examines the comparative costs of gravel-surfaced and paved roads capable of carrying traffic safely at 55 m.p.h. Gravel surfaces are found to be a practical alternative to asphalt concrete pavement for rural highways in many areas in Alaska. Construction costs are significantly less as a result of the elimination of paving costs and differences in the requirements for embankment material quality and thickness. Maintenance costs are found to favor paved roads where the embankment and original ground conditions are very good, but favor gravel surfaces where these conditions are fair to poor, and especially where permafrost thaw settlement is a maintenance problem. Dust control treatment of gravel-surfaced roads is found to be necessary for providing safe, high speed travel. The expense of such treatment is found to be partially, if not entirely, offset by the resulting reduction in the need for maintenance grading and surfacing gravel replacement. The report recommends taht gravel-surfaced roads be given greater consideration in transportation planning for Alaska. It further recommends that the state adopt standard specifications for gravel surface course material, that a regular regraveling program for unpaved highways be initiated, and that Alaskan design limits on road embankment fines content be reexamined where the highway will not be paved. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Content KW - Costs KW - Dust control KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Gravel roads KW - Ground conditions KW - Ground handling KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Paved roads KW - Pavements KW - Permafrost KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Speed KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377260 AU - Mace, D J AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Pollack, L AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNS IN COMPLEX VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1982/11 SP - 81 p. AB - The effects of sign luminance on detection and recognition of traffic control devices is mediated through contrast with the immediate surround. Additionally, complex visual scenes are known to degrade visual performance with targets well above visual threshold. A laboratory study was conducted to determine ways of measuring visual complexity and to assess the capability of changes in sign luminance to offset decrements in performance resulting from added complexity. Positive results were found for yellow warning, construction, and stop signs but not for the black on white regulatory sign. Regression equations using complexity factors, contrast, and target variables suggested that in complex scenes, complexity is a more significant determinant of sign detection than brightness or contrast. A field study also was conducted to determine if these findings could be observed in real world driver performance. The effects of visual complexity were observed in the field and increasing sign brightness improved sign recognition under specific conditions. (FHWA) KW - Backgrounds KW - Brightness KW - Contrast KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Equations KW - Luminous intensity KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372395 AU - Maag, R G AU - Parcells, William H AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT MIX RECYCLING GRAY COUNTY, KANSAS PY - 1982/11 SP - 67 p. AB - The objective of this demonstration project was to evaluate the hot-mix recyling process as a method of renovating a badly cracked and otherwise deteriorated section of road-mixed bituminous paving in southwestern Kansas. The equipment used on the project included a cold milling machine to reclaim the upper portion of existing pavement; a drum dryer hot-mix plant modified to process the material; and other standard hot-mix laydown and compaction machines. Analysis and comparison of the costs of this recycling project (cold milling 4" and replace with 8" hot recycled mix and 0.75" BM-1) was made to other reconstruction methods: 1. crack repair w/3" BM-2 overlay, 2. crack repair with fabric membrane w/3" BM-2 overlay, 3. cold milling 4" and replace with 8" BM-4 and 0.75" BM-1, 4. cold milling 4" and replace with 8" BM-2 and 0.75" BM-1, 5. another hot mix recycling project. Hot recycling is initially more economical than alternates 3 and 4 having the same thickness with all new material. Hot recycling on this project has nearly the same initial cost and thickness as hot recycling on Alternate 5. The hot mix recycling (8" recycled + 0.75" BM-1) has a higher initial cost than Alternates 1 and 2 which involve only 3" of new hot mix. Annual costs cannot be compared until the pavement lives become known. Energy consumption comparisons in equivalent gallons of fuel indicate a savings of 17.8% when the recycled method is compared to using all new aggregate. The energy saving is primarily due to less asphaltic cement required and less fuel needed to mill and reuse the existing pavement than to quarry and haul in an equivalent quantity of new aggregate. Over 80,000 tons of hot recycled mix (50:50 blend) were produced. This resulted in a saving in natural resources of 1,604 tons of AC and 38,379 tons of virgin aggregates. Clean air standards were met during the hot recycling of the old cold mixed roadway at an average production rate of 293 tons per hour. (FHWA) KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt plants KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Costs KW - Equations KW - Fabrics KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372393 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE PY - 1982/11 SP - 22 p. AB - This report is the 12th in a series on optimizing maintenance activities. These studies using Value Engineering techniques are conducted by teams of maintenance and operations engineers from several highway agencies. This study was conducted by Iowa, Mississippi, Pennsylvania and the National Park Service. The report includes recommendation in the areas of equipment selection, size of work crews and the disposal of excavated material. The use of the proper combination of equipment can result in a substantial reduction in the cost of drainage maintenance. (FHWA) KW - Disposal KW - Drainage KW - Equations KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Value engineering KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373174 AU - Halverson, A D AU - Hagen, M G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT INVENTORY PY - 1982/11 SP - 24 p. AB - A typical concrete pavement has expansion and contraction joints across and along the pavement surface. The joints allow the pavement to change in dimension with changes in temperature. A continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) does not have expansion or contraction joints. Random, closely spaced cracks are expected to develop naturally and allow for expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. The many random cracks eliminate expensive joint maintenance. This maintenance-free service life feature has not occurred in Minnesota. During past years, an increasing number of CRCP's have exhibited deterioration where pieces of concrete separate from the surface of the pavement and potholes result. This is termed spalling. The frequency and extent of this deterioration has progressed from isolated and random to widespread and frequent. A comprehensive program was initiated by Mn/DOT to study this problem and develop possible solutions. This CRCP inventory is a physical evaluation of the extent of corrosion on random sections of pavement. It is related to concurrent efforts which will evaluate CRCP rehabilitation techniques. (FHWA) KW - Concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Inventory KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371804 AU - Eagleson, B AU - Heisey, S AU - Hudson, W R AU - Meyer, A H AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISION OF THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER AND THE DYNAFLECT FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1982/11 SP - 167 p. AB - A comparison between the Dynaflect and a Falling Weight Deflectometer was made. Field testing on pavements of (1) continuously reinforced concrete, (2) jointed reinforced concrete, (3) asphalt cement concrete, and (4) continuously reinforced concrete with an asphalt concrete overlay was performed with both instruments. The testing was performed to investigate the suitability of a Falling Weight Deflectometer to Texas conditions and to determine if the dynamic load it can provide could yield information not available from Dynaflect measurements. The data from each field test are recorded in the Appendix for those who wish more complete analyses. This test, although not broad enough to be totally conclusive, did not seem to indicate significant benefits of a Falling Weight Deflectometer over the Dynaflect for determination of inplace structural properties. It is recommended that more complete studies be made. The particular concerns which were not addressed by these tests were the effects of varying temperature and moisture conditions on concrete pavements and thick asphalt pavements. Also the effect of measurement error for very small deflections (very stiff pavements) when the Dynaflect is used was not considered. A study of an improved wave propagation technique was also made. This technique is based on determining the velocities of Rayleigh waves propagating through the pavement structure at different frequencies. The various moduli of elasticity of the pavement system are related to the wave velocities. After the velocity versus depth relationship is established, a modulus versus depth relationship is defined. Thus, layer thickness can be determined by examination of the modulus profile. The prospect of using a Falling Weight Deflectometer to generate the Rayleigh waves is examined in this report as is the use of a smaller drop hammer for similar comparative purposes. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Thickness KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371168 AU - Weber, H H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPRINKLE TREATMENT OF ASPHALT SURFACES (STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW) PY - 1982/11 SP - 96 p. AB - Demonstration Project No. 50, Sprinkle Treatment of Asphalt Pavements, was announced in November 1977. Fourteen participating agencies have constructed 25 separate demonstration installations in connection with this project, and one more is planned for later this year. This report presents a comparative summary of these projects, the history and background of sprinkle treatment, design considerations and construction guidelines, economic considerations, and specific construction and performance data for each project. Information from sprinkle treatment projects and corresponding control sections is tabulated and analyzed. Recommendations are made based on the experience gained from these projects. Aggregate types, aggregate gradations, coating rates and asphalt cements used for precoating, construction controls, equipment requirements, weather conditions during construction, placement problems and solutions, construction costs, sprinkle aggregate retention, and skid performance with texture measurement and speed gradients are a few of the subject areas covered in detail. From the performance data gathered to date on the various demonstration installations, it can be concluded that sprinkle treatment is a viable alternative construction method for obtaining improved skid resistance characteristics on asphalt pavement surfaces, especially in areas where polish resistant aggregates are not locally available or are expensive. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Coatings KW - Economics KW - Equipment KW - Irrigation KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Performance KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Sprinkling KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Watering KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369806 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING MATCHING TECHNIQUES FOR RIDE SHARING PY - 1982/11 SP - 73 p. AB - Several matching techniques for ride sharing are available to serve a wide range of operating conditions. There is a need for guidelines to aid ride-sharing agencies in Virginia in selecting the most appropriate matching technique. The objective of this research was to develop such guidelines. Information on the state of the art of ride-share matching techniques was obtained through a literature review and telephone requests of ride-sharing agencies and selected state department of transportation. Interviews were conducted with personnel of the eleven ride-sharing agencies operating in Virginia to obtain information for an analysis of their ride-share matching techniques. Factors that identify the threshold point at which a computerized matching technique should be considered in lieu of a manual technique were defined. Guidelines that provide a procedure for selecting a matching technique by comparing the ride-sharing agency's matching needs with the capabilities of a selected group of matching techniques were developed. (FHWA) KW - Guidelines KW - Matching KW - Ridesharing KW - State of the art studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36492/83-R18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384459 AU - Carpenter, P L AU - Masiunas, J B AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Techniques to Increase Survival of New Highway Plantings (Seeding Portion) PY - 1982/10/26/Final Report IS - FHWA/IN/JHRP-82-18 SP - 65p AB - Seeding studies were conducted on two roadsides and one farm site to evaluate the effectiveness of various seed mixtures on the rapidity of establishment. Fall seedings performed better than spring seedings with the latter having severe weed problems. In June seedings seed mixtures containing warm season grasses and legumes provided more rapid cover than cool season grass mixtures. A soil temperature study was conducted on north and south facing slopes using mulched and non-mulched plots. The maximum temperature observed was 51°C at 2 p.m. on July 13 on the south slope's surface. A straw mulch modified the temperature by an average of 5°C. The north facing slope averaged 5°C cooler than the southern exposure. Laboratory studies were conducted using pregerminated seed of 12 common herbaceous erosion control species. Negligible growth occurred at 47°C. Radicle growth was slight between 12 and 17°C. Optimal growth occurred at 22°C for Lolium multif lorum Lam , (annual ryegrass), at 27°C for Bromus inermis Leyss. (smooth bromegrass) , and at 32°C for Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) , Andropogon gerardii Vitman. (blue bluestem) , and Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. (Korean lespedeza) . In the other species optimal growth occurred over the 22-32°C range. The potential use of prairie vegetation was investigated. Influence of cold soaking treatments of seeds was compared for prairie species and standard highway species. In the second year after seeding, mixtures containing warm season grasses and legumes (especially Medicago sativa (alfalfa)) performed the best. The current and previously used highway mixes had very little growth, especially on plots which were not fertilized. Prairie forbs contribuged only slightly to cover. KW - Roadside KW - Roadside KW - Roadside management KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314056 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450020 AU - Floyd, D W AU - Sutton, C D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE AT TURKEY RUN: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/10/26 SP - 149 p. AB - The results of a field study of the precast prestressed semental box girder bridge at Turkey Run, Indiana are presented in summary form. Experimental data have been collected using an ad-hoc instrumentation system in order to determine certain features of the behavior and performance of the bridge. The study is specifically concerned with transverse bending; bridge temperatures and associated effects, and long-term deformations. Details of a comprehensive load test to determine transverse bending responses are reported, as are the results of these tests. The results of all phases of the research are discussed and summarized. The principal findings and conclusions drawn from the project are given. (Author) KW - Bending KW - Box girders KW - Deformation KW - Force KW - Girder bridges KW - Long term forces KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Temperature KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582317 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Terrel, R L AU - Cook, J C AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Pavement Evaluation in the State of Washington: SR 270 Highway Pavement Performance PY - 1982/10//Final Report SP - 50p AB - This report summarizes the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) near Pullman, Washington. The report includes a summary of the mixture and structural designs and construction details. This is followed by a discussion of the data collection and analysis accomplished over a three year evaluation period (1979 - 1982). A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios (sulfur/asphalt ratios are expressed as weight percents) in the experimental paving mixtures. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pullman (Washington) KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Test sections UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/056.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547283 AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Portable Weigh-In-Motion System PY - 1982/10//Final Report SP - 34p AB - The objective of the project was to examine the feasibility for development of a portable weigh-in-motion system. If such a system were sufficiently accurate, it could be utilized for screening of overweight trucks. Its portability would allow it to be used at locations selected so that avoidance by an overweight vehicle would be very difficult. Hopefully, the cost of such a system would be low enough to allow the state to procure and utilize many units. The findings and conclusions resulting from the research are: 1) No inexpensive, easily handled transducer exists at present which would be suitable for a portable weigh-in-motion system; and 2) A single hose filled with a non-compressible fluid does not provide pressure readings from which the passing wheel load can easily be determined. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Portable equipment KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2064.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419326 AU - Zove, P AU - Berger, C AU - Dematte, J F AU - Gales, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated motorist information system (IMIS), phase 3: development of detailed design and ps&e PY - 1982/10 IS - FHWA/RD-82-108 SP - 101P KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Driver information KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Route KW - Routes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Transport corridor KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104974 AU - Temple, William H AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Full Depth Asphaltic Concrete Pavements PY - 1982/10//Final Report SP - 29p AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the full depth asphaltic concrete pavement design concept by observing the performance characteristics of two 13-inch pavements constructed in 1970. Pavement performance measurements, over the 11 year period, included Dynaflect deflections, Mays Ride Meter serviceability measurements, as well as documentation of rutting, cracking, and patching. At five years of age one of the pavements (interstate I-20) had experienced surface raveling and intermittent wheelpath cracking. By 1977 the raveling and cracking had intensified to the extent that the pavement required resurfacing to restore surface continuity and to seal out surface water. During the same period the full depth pavement on Interstate 12 developed longitudinal and transverse cracking along with surface raveling but has not required resurfacing.Both pavements are beginning to require spot patching in the wheelpaths and have carried approximately 35% of their designed traffic loads. Roadway cores indicated a fatigue failure of the wearing and binder course layers. Rapid oxidiation of the AC-40 wearing course and an unstable binder course layer are cited as contributing to the early failures. A change in asphalt type (AC-40 to AC-30) along with the addition of antistrip additives is expected to enhance performance of subsequent full depth pavements beyond the level observed in this study. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Cracking of asphalt concrete pavements KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Patching KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20162.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390014 AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Dudek, C L AU - Dorsey, W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT GUIDE. FINAL REPORT AUGUST-DECEMBER, 81 PY - 1982/10 SP - 42 p. AB - Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) provides traffic operating agencies with the capability to communicate traffic and travel related information to motorists using the vehicle's AM radio receiver. This report presents recommended HAR message development principles. Included are a set of programming principles for constructing messages and examples of messages which apply the principles to specific situations. The examples include: construction zones, lane blockages, route diversions, special events including parking control, inclement weather advisories, and tourist information. Specifically, guidelines are provided for message content, format, length, load, and delivery style. The guidelines are based on a research program which included a survey of the techniques currently employed by operational HAR systems. The report also emphasizes message construction procedures and the common pitfalls to be avoided. KW - Computer programming KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Highway advisory KW - Manuals KW - Programming KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474937 AU - Botha, J L AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF CLIMBING LANES ON TWO-LANE TWO-WAY RURAL ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/10 SP - 483 p. AB - This research was directed toward determining general guidelines for the construction of climbing lanes with respect to length and location. A microscopic simulation model was developed to evaluate the performance of a climbing lane. The model was calibrated and validated using data collected at two climbing lane sites in California. This model was used to determine an "optimum" length and location of a climbing lane on a specific upgrade and also to determine general guidelines for the most cost-effective location of climbing lanes when various candidate upgrades are considered. Travel time savings per mile of climbing lane was the sole performance measure examined in this report. A complete documentation of the computer program developed in this research was included in this report. KW - Climbing lanes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Length KW - Location KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Travel time KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381332 AU - Lever, W F AU - Lever (William F) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY STORM WATER PUMPING STATIONS--2 VOLUMES PY - 1982/10 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to provide a comprehensive source of design information on storm water pumping stations for highway facilities. However, users are cautioned to use proper engineering judgment and must themselves be entirely responsible for any interpretations and applications of the data and opinions set forth herein. An initial field survey was conducted to determine the present practices and experiences in several States, which proved to be extremely varied, with some basic differences in design concepts. All States were invited to submit information on their installations and most did so. Some of the data presented have been taken from these submittals, and some from relevant literature. Some have been drawn from manufacturers' catalogs. Examples from actual pumping stations have been inncorporated whenever possible, by reproducing photographs or construction drawings in simplified form. Various types of pumping stations are discussed in the early chapters, with guidance as to which might be expected to be most suitable for various conditions. Later chapters deal with station machinery and features, including electrical systems. A number of appendices cover specifications, construction costs, energy economics, and maintenance. (FHWA) KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Equipment KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Pumps KW - Railroad stations KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379571 AU - Yaniv, S L AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1982/10 SP - 38 p. AB - This report summarizes, at the request of the Federal Highway Administration, a multifaceted research program carried out by the acoustics staff of the National Bureau of Standards. The program was designed to (1) identify and quantify the important physical parameters associated with time-varying highway noise caused by various densities of both free-flowing and stop-and-go traffic conditions; (2) investigate, evaluate and compare measures and computational procedures for rating time-varying noise in terms that are relevant to human response; and (3) determine by means of a laboratory study which among several time-varying rating schemes best predicts the acceptability and annoyance caused by traffic noise as heard both outdoors and indoors. The results of this program are briefly described and the implications of the major findings discussed. KW - Annoyance KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory studies KW - Ratings KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic noise KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377263 AU - St John, A D AU - Glauz, W D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUTURE VEHICLE EFFECT ON TRAFFIC STREAS: VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/10 SP - 17 p. AB - Projections of vehicle performance and fuel consumption characteristics were made through 1995. These projections were then examined using very sensitive computer simulation techniques. Traffic flows were simulated on two-lane, two-way roads; multilane facilities with sustained grades; and in merging situations. The impacts of future, lower performance vehicles on traffic flows were measured in terms of service, safety, and fuel economy. On two-lane roads, there should be no substantial effects unless the traffic stream includes a sizeable fraction (10%) of very low performance "urban" cars. Reduced service and degraded safety would then result at lower flow rates in rolling terrain and on sustained upgrades. Capacity should not be affected, except possibly on steep upgrades in the absence of trucks. Impacts on one-directional flow upgrade on multilane facilities should be comparable--only the very low performance urban cars should produce sizeable changes in services, safety, and capacity. These vehicles will also experience more difficulty in merging, but they should not be overly disruptive of traffic flow in general. This volume is the first in a series. Volume II is the detailed Technical Report. (FHWA) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Grades KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377253 AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Dudek, C L AU - Dorsey, W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT GUIDE PY - 1982/10 SP - 38 p. AB - Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) provides traffic operating agencies with the capability to communicate traffic and travel related information to motorists using the vehicle's AM radio receiver. This report presents recommended HAR message development principles. Included are a set of programming principles for constructing messages and examples of messages which apply the principles to specific situations. The examples include: construction zones, lane blockages, route diversions, special events including parking control, inclement weather advisories, and tourist information. Specifically, guidelines are provided for message content, format, length, load, and delivery style. The guidelines are based on a research program which included a survey of the techniques currently employed by operational HAR systems. The report also emphasizes message construction procedures and the common pitfalls to be avoided. (FHWA) KW - Content KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Highway advisory KW - Radio KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373121 AU - Gentry, C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLAR ENERGY FOR HIGHWAY USES--DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 52 PY - 1982/10 SP - n.p. AB - During the Fall of 1979 the Alaska Railroad, under subcontract to the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOTPF), installed a Solar Energy System for powering flasher signals at the highway-railroad grade crossing at Summit, Alaska located at Milepost 170.91 on the Parks Highway, latitude 63 deg 20 min North. This solar energy demonstration project was designed as an alternative method for activating electric flasher signals at crossings in remote locations where line power is not available and existing energy systems are expensive to install, maintain, and replace. The overall performance of the Solar Energy System has proved to be satisfactory during the first three years of its life. The System provides sufficient energy to maintain the battery bank at maximum capacity for at least 6 months of each year. It has proved sufficient to accommodate lighter traffic during the winter months when the battery bank is not fully charged. A cost analysis indicates the Solar Energy System is more cost effective than the system it replaced. The Alaska Railroad has installed Solar Energy Systems at three additional remote locations to furnish energy for signals at highway-railroad crossings and at three microwave repeater locations as a part of their communication system, Railroad personnel report satisfactory operation for all of the six additional installations. The Solar Energy System as described in this report should be considered as a cost effective, viable alternative for providing energy at remote locations. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Solar energy UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372392 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SNOWPLOWABLE MARKERS PY - 1982/10 SP - 38 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate available snowplowable markers under similar traffic and snowplowing operations. There were five different markers tested which included the following: 1) Stimsonite 96, 2) Dura-Brite, 3) recessed, 4) Kingray, and 5) Prismo Roadstud. The Stimsonite 96, Dura-Brite, and recessed markers were found to be acceptable snowplowable markers. All three of these markers were found to have adequate reflectivity during both dray and wet nighttime conditions. This reflectivity was maintained over the test period and the markers proved to be durable when subjected to snowplow operations. However, considering all available input, the recessed marker is the most functional and cost-effective. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Markers KW - Night KW - Reflectivity KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373115 AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE ABUTMENTS SUPPORTED BY SPREAD FOOTINGS ON COMPACTED FILL PY - 1982/10 SP - 54 p. AB - A visual inspection was made of the structural condition of 148 highway bridges supported by spread footings on compacted fill throughout the State of Washington. The approach pavements and other bridge appurtenances were also inspected for damage or distress that could be attributed to the use of spread footings on compacted fill. This review, in conjunction with detailed investigations of the foundation movement of 28 selected bridges, was used to evaluate the performance of spread footings on compacted fills. It was concluded that spread footings can provide a satisfactory alternative to piles especially when high embankments of good quality borrow materials are constructed over satisfactory foundation soils. None of the bridges investigated displayed any safety problems or serious functional distress. All bridges were in good condition and many were found to be in very good condition. In addition to the performance evaluation, cost-effectiveness analyses and tolerable movement correlation studies were made to further substantiate the feasibility of using spread footings in lieu of expensive deep foundation systems. Cost analyses showed spread footings were 50-65 percent cheaper than the alternate choice of pile foundations. Foundation movement studies showed that these bridges have easily tolerated differential settlements of 1-3 inches (25-75 mm) without serious distress. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Bridge abutments KW - Compacted soils KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fills KW - Foundations KW - Highway bridges KW - Motion KW - Spread footings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372475 AU - Gurney, G F AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSVERSE GROOVES IN RIGID PAVEMENT PY - 1982/10 SP - 83 p. AB - Transverse grooves were installed at 11 intersection approaches on worn rigid pavement to reduce a high rate of wet-road accidents. A portable grooving machine equipped with carbide-tipped flails installed grooves 3/16- to 3/8-in. wide and 5/32- to 5/16-in. deep, with eight grooves per foot on a random spacing. After 3 years, all grooves were still at least 3/32 in. deep. Groove wear was greater in the driving lane, especially in the wheelpaths. Sites with limestone coarse aggregate wore faster than those with slag or gravel aggregates, and deeper grooves wore faster than shallower ones. Grooving resulted in small but measurable improvements in pavement friction as measured by a locked-wheel friction trailer and vehicle stopping tests. Greatest improvements occurred on gravel sections, which had the best microtexture. More improvement was achieved at 50 mph than at 30 or 40 mph, because the improved macrotexture produced by the grooves reduced dynamic hydroplaning effects. When tested with an unribbed tire, the grooves caused a large improvement in friction relative to adjacent ungrooved pavement. Grooved sites produced a significant decrease in wet-road and right-angle accidents, as shown by a 3-year before-and-after accident analysis. Compared to the test road's ungrooved portions, wet-road accidents were 33 percent lower than expected, and right-angle accidents 45 percent lower for the 3 years after grooving. However, not all intersections benefited. In most cases, accident reductions were experienced only at intersections with multiple negative operational characteristics, including higher approach speeds, limited sight distances, and frequent vehicle stopping for turns or stop signs. Intersections with no more than one negative characteristic generally did not benefit from grooving. (FHWA) KW - Depth KW - Gravel KW - Hydroplaning KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Macrotexture KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371683 AU - ZOVE, P AU - Johnson, W E AU - DeMatte, J F AU - Gale, W C AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS): PHASE III--DEVELOPMENT OF DETAILED DESIGN AND PS&E PY - 1982/10 SP - 101 p. AB - Phase I of the IMIS project examined the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Motorist Information System in a corridor located in New York (Long Island). The results are documented in report numbers FHWA-RD-77-47, 48, and 49. Subsequently, Phase II of IMIS generalized and put into "handbook" form the methodology for performing an IMIS feasibility study. These results were documented as report numbers FHWA-RD-78-23 and 24. Under Phase III of IMIS (the present phase), a detailed design of the IMIS for the Northern Long Island corridor was performed, and Plans, Specifications, and Estimates (PS&E) were generated for a subsequent letting of the contract for the construction phase. This final report documents the development of the PS&E, and the design of IMIS by subsystem. These subsystems are: surveillance, signing, ramp metering, arterial control, control center (including operator interface), central computer subsystem, remote sites, and communications. Operating procedures as they apply to freeway and arterial control, failure management, and incident management are summarized. Operational requirements regarding staffing, training, and equipment maintenance are also discussed. (FHWA) KW - Communications KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Equipment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371679 AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/10 SP - 76 p. AB - Conceptual techniques are discussed for the proximity measurement of vehicle characteristics as detected on freeway entrance and exit ramps. These characteristics, such as magnetic profile and wheelbase, would be recorded over a contiguous set of entrance and exit ramps defining a freeway section. At a later time, these data would be processed to develop correlations for predicting the entrance and associated exit points of individual vehicles for the purpose of conducting freeway origin-destination surveys by automatic means. This report is a feasibility study for the described techniques. (FHWA) KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Freeway ramps KW - Origin and destination KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370596 AU - Lever, W F AU - Lever (William F) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY STORM WATER PUMPING STATIONS (2 VOLUMES) PY - 1982/10 SP - 404 p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to provide a comprehensive source of design information on storm water pumping stations for highway facilities. However, users are cautioned to use proper engineering judgment and must themselves be entirely responsible for any interpretations and applications of the data and opinions set forth herein. An initial field survey was conducted to determine the present practices and experiences in several States, which proved to be extremely varied, with some basic differences in design concepts. All States were invited to submit information on their installations and most did so. Some of the data presented have been taken from these submittals, and some from relevant literature. Some have been drawn from manufacturer's catalogs. Examples from actual pumping stations have been incorporated whenever possible, by reproducing photographs or construction drawings in simplified form. Various types of pumping stations are discussed in the early chapters, with guidance as to which might be expected to be most suitable for various conditions. Later chapters deal with station machinery and features, including electrical systems. A number of appendices cover specifications, construction costs, energy economics, and maintenance. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Machinery KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Pumps KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369336 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF TWO FREEZE-THAW APPARATUS PY - 1982/10 SP - 15 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the results of rapid freezing and thawing tests conducted in machine A with results from machine B, which is intended to replace the aging machine A. Concrete samples were prepared to attain levels of resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing. For comparison purposes, tests were conducted using the Research Council's procedure that is a modified version of ASTM C666 Procedure A. The modifications are the addition of one week of air drying following the two week moist cure and testing the specimens in a 2% NaC1 solution rather than water. Also in machine B, because of its large size, some specimens were tested using the standard ASTM C666 Procedure A. The results indicate that both machines satisfactorily determine the relative freeze-thaw durabilities of concretes and that the data from one machine can be related to the data from the other. In addition, the study showed that the use of salt in test water enables the differentiation of concretes resistant to severe environments from those resistant to moderate conditions. Also, modifications to the present acceptance criteria are given to differentiate between the moderate and severe exposure conditions. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Concrete KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Freezing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Seawater KW - Testing equipment KW - Thaw UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36481/83-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369792 AU - Lytle, R J AU - Laine, E F AU - Lager, D L AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA PROCESSING APPLIED TO SITE CHARACTERIZATION PY - 1982/10 SP - 40 p. AB - Geophysical methods are commonly used for remotely inferring the character of a construction or excavation site. To acquire this inferential data, geophysical equipment has undergone extensive development. However, the data processing procedures by which this data is interpreted has undergone much less development. This report describes a number of procedures that have been developed to aid the interpretation process. Examples are given of how one can appropriately couple equipment-generated "squiggly-line" data with a mathematical description of the physical interaction. Under certain circumstances it is possible to generate an image (a picture) of the geophysical properties of the site. This picture can be more meaningful to non-geophysicists than a "squiggly-line" presentation. Such pictures have the potential promise of providing detailed data of the site character. KW - Geophysics KW - Imagery KW - Images KW - Information processing KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369795 AU - Kastman, K AU - Lukas, R AU - Venema, T AU - Soil Testing Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSING SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN GROUND MASSES, VOLUME 2, SUBTITLE: "IN SITU TESTING WITH THE MENARD PRESSUREMETER" PY - 1982/10 SP - 89 p. AB - The Menard pressuremeter is an in situ testing device which can be used to provide design parameters for nearly all soil and soft rock formations. Currently, its use is rather limited due to difficulties in obtaining valid results, primarily due to inexperience of the user and lack of information regarding U.S. evaluation methods. This report discusses some U.S. testing experiences, prime uses of the equipment, its limitations and methods of evaluation. In addition, nine case histories are included to point out typical usage and conditions where the pressuremeter was an appropriate, in situ measuring device. KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Mass KW - Measuring instruments KW - Physical properties KW - Pressure gages KW - Rock mass KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Sensors KW - Site investigation KW - Soft rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369796 AU - Miklofsky, H A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VULNERABILITY OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TO EARTHQUAKES--U.S. PY - 1982/10 SP - 113 p. AB - This report describes the damage to transportation systems during past U.S. earthquakes and correlates the degree of damage with published M.M. isoseismal information for the earthquakes. The author considers the threshold of critical damage to highways and railroads to start at a Modified Mercalli intensity rating of VIII-IX, although limited damage has occurred in earthquakes with a M.M. intensity as low as VI. (FHWA) KW - Earthquakes KW - Highways KW - Loss and damage KW - Railroads KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369791 AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates, Chartered AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF FIELD RESEARCH EXPERIMENT AT THE FOREST GLEN (MARYLAND) TEST SITE PY - 1982/10 SP - 221 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration sponsored an evaluation of in-situ site investigation techniques in the Forest Glen (Maryland) Field Research Experiment. Fourteen different organizations participated in the experiment using three general approaches--1) Acoustic and seismic techniques, 2) electromagnetic survey techniques, and 3) mechanical techniques. Nine of these organizations submitted written research reports. Edited versions of all but one of the reports submitted are presented in the appendices to this document. The missing submitted report contained data in the form of colored photographs which, unfortunately, could not satisfactorily be presented in a black and white document. A conference documenting some of the results from this experiment was held in March 1978, in Alexandria, Virginia. The proceedings of this conference are contained in a previously published report, FHWA-TS-79-221. The results of acoustic and seismic tests by five different organizations indicated that two investigation techniques provided satisfactory results. Results from three electromagnetic site investigation systems indicated that two of the devices used yielded promising results. Finally, the mechanical devices used in this study, the pressuremeter and borehole jack, can be used effectively in the proper geologic setting. (FHWA) KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Boreholes KW - Electromagnetism KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Pressure gages KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismoacoustic methods KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369793 AU - Ramage, J AU - Williams, S S AU - CH2M HILL AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSING SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN GROUND MASSES: VOLUME 4, STATIC PENETROMETER PY - 1982/10 SP - 104 p. AB - This report describes the use of the Begemann type static cone penetrometer as a subsurface soil investigative tool. Applications, methods of interpretation, accuracy and limitations are discussed and five case histories are presented. The case histories are from Oregon and Washington. The case histories examined make use of the static cone penetrometer data to solve the following types of problems: Subsurface soil profile identification; Shallow footing design (settlement); Deep foundation design (capacity); and Construction control (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geological surveying KW - Mass KW - Measuring instruments KW - Penetrometers KW - Rock mass KW - Rocks KW - Sensors KW - Soil profiles KW - Static conditions KW - Statics KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369405 AU - Dodge, K S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPEN FRICTION COURSES ON AN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE BASE: A SEVEN-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1982/10 SP - 29 p. AB - This report documents the performance of two open-friction courses (OFC)--having 1/2-in. and 1/4-in. maximum-sized aggregates--and their adjacent conventional New York State 1A top-course (control) over the final 4 years of their 7-year design lives. These mixes were placed in August 1973 on the northbound lanes of Rte 9 in Clifton Park, Saratoga County. An evaluation of the first 3 years of service was reported in Research Report 58, Performance of Open-Graded Friction Course Overlays. The pavements were evaluated by analysis of mix properties and surface performance. The physical properties examined by means of extracted pavement cores were aggregate gradation, binder penetration and viscosities, and void content. Testing of frictional performance, rut depths, microtexture and macrotexture, rideability, and cracking were used to evaluate the pavement's surface performance. Overall results indicate that the physical properties of the OFC mixes have deteriorated to a greater extent than in their controls, with no apparent detriment to surface performance. The OFCs have maintained equal or better surface performance than their controls. The extent to which the OFCs improve friction appears dependent on traffic volumes, with higher volumes providing greater improvement. The finer OFC gradation provides more frictional improvement than the coarser gradation. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binders KW - Depth KW - Experimental roads KW - Friction KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pendulum tests KW - Riding qualities KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic volume KW - Viscosity KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369789 AU - Lacasse, S M AU - Ladd, C C AU - Baligh, M M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSING SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN GROUND MASSES: VOLUME 3, VANE SHEAR AND CONE PIEZOMETER PY - 1982/10 SP - 168 p. AB - Reasonable estimates (plus or minus 25%) of the in situ strength of most saturated sedimentary clays can be obtained from field vane results "corrected" according to Bjerrum's relationship with plasticity index and the test can be used to help evaluate the stress history of clay deposits. The electrical Dutch cone test is better suited than the field vane to investigate strength variability, as it provides continuous data more economically, but gives somewhat less reliable design strengths (plus or minus 35% using N sub c=14). Pore pressures developed during penetration of a cone, as measured by the piezometer probe, give a clear picture of soil variability, especially regarding the presence of sand or clay layers located within an otherwise homogeneous deposit. This device can also investigate variations in the in situ coefficient of consolidation. (FHWA) KW - Clay KW - Cones KW - Consolidations KW - Mass KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanical properties KW - Piezometers KW - Plasticity index KW - Pore pressure KW - Rock mass KW - Rocks KW - Sand KW - Sedimentary clays KW - Sediments KW - Sensors KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Stressing KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369407 AU - Dodge, K S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OPEN FRICTION COURSE ON A PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BASE: A FOUR-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1982/10 SP - 31 p. AB - This report documents the first 4 years of performance of a 1-in. thick open-friction-course (OFC) and its adjacent conventional dense-graded top course (control), placed directly over a portland cement concrete pavement. The control section was placed on the eastbound lanes of Rte 17 in the Town of Kirkwood, Broome County, during the fall of 1975, and the OFC section in the adjacent westbound lanes during June of the following year. The pavements were evaluated by analyzing changes in properties of the in-place mixes and by tracking changes in condition of the surfaces. The physical properties of the mixes were examined in extracted pavement cores, including aggregate gradation, binder penetrations and viscosities, and mix void content. Pavement surfaces were monitored for frictional performance, micro- and macro-texture, rut depth, rideability, and cracking. Results indicate that the control mix provides better performance as a composite material, but the OFC exhibits better surface performance with the exception of joint cracking severity and rideability. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Binders KW - Depth KW - Experimental roads KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pendulum tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369790 AU - Slebir, E J AU - Bureau of Reclamation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONITORING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION IN THE EISENHOWER TUNNEL PY - 1982/10 SP - 274 p. AB - The objective of this study was to generate data on rock properties both in situ and in the laboratory, and of the interaction between the in situ rock and the support-lining-system during the construction of a vehicular tunnel. These data could then be utilized by others to assist in determining if an appropriate tunneling method or a magnitude of load on the support-lining-system can be predicted for future tunnels. The first phase of the study involved obtaining the in situ properties of a rock mass at two locations within the tunnel. The second phase included the monitoring of the rock and/or support-lining-system to the tunnel excavation process at the location of the in situ tests. Concurrent with the field work, laboratory tests were performed on rock core specimens from the in situ test and monitoring sites. These tests provided information on standard rock properties. The data from this total study when combined with data from other tunnel studies, may assist others to improve designs and reduce cost of underground construction. Results have not indicated any new major parameter correlations. The largest loads on the support system occurred in areas of highest in situ stress and poorest in situ and core rock quality. (FHWA) KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring KW - Physical properties KW - Rock excavation KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Tunnel lining KW - Tunnel supports KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384729 AU - Verkade, S D AU - Hamilton, D F AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Techniques to Increase Survival of New Highway Plantings Using Mycorrhizal Inoculation PY - 1982/09/09/Final Report SP - 113p AB - Effects of fertility and endomycorrhizal inoculation on growth of Liriodendron tulipifera L., Acer platanoides L., Forsythia x intermedia Zab., and Lolium perenne L. were determined. Plants were inoculated with endomycorrhizal Glomus fasciculatus and Glomus mosseae and grown in a greenhouse at three fertility levels (0, 2, or 4 g/1 Nitrogen) of soil medium. A. platanoides, F. x intermedia , and L., perenne did did not respond to mycorrhizal inoculation and grew best at 2 g/1 N. Growth of L. tulipifera was increased by mycorrhizal development, and shoots were heaviest at 4 g/1 N. Mycorrhizae did not enhance growth of unfertilized plants. The effects of temperature and endomycorrhizal inoculation on growth of L. perenne were determined. Inoculated plants had slight mycorrhizal development, but were not larger than noninoculated plants. The influence of mycorrhizal inoculation on root initiation and growth of cuttings of Ligustrum obtusifolium Var. regelianum (Koehne) Rehd. was determined. Amendment of the rooting medium with inoculum resulted in mycorrhizal development and increased root growth, but did not enhance root initiation. The effects of Benlate fungicide on growth of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal L_. tulipifera were determined. Benlate increased growth of noninoculated plants, but decreased growth of inoculated plants. The numbers of mycorrhizal spores in newly disturbed soil and revegetated highway soils were determined. A newly disturbed soil had virtually no mycorrhizal spores, but a soil revegetated with herbaceous plant species and one revegetated with woody and herbaceous species had very high numbers of mycorrhizal spores. KW - Roadside KW - Roadside management KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314052 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373114 AU - WINSLOW, D N AU - Dolch, W L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER TREATMENT OF NON-DURABLE AGGREGATES PY - 1982/09/09 SP - n.p. AB - An attempt to improve the freeze/thaw durability of several non-durable aggregates was made. The approach was to impregnate the aggregates' pores with a polymer. The polymers were selected on the basis of their low cost. The aggregates were treated by briefly dipping them in polymer-containing liquids. Four polymers (polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde) were tried and urea formaldehyde was found to be the best. It significantly reduced the water absorption of aggregates. Freeze/thaw test results were inconclusive. Its cost is competitive with shipping better aggregates from as far away as fifty miles. (FHWA) KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Formaldehyde KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Improvements KW - Phenol KW - Phenol formaldehyde KW - Polymers KW - Polymethyl methacrylate KW - Polystyrene KW - Pores KW - Pores (Geology) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Urea KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376388 AU - McEwen, E E AU - Ursitti, V AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF DOWEL REINFORCEMENT IN REPLACEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1982/09/01 SP - 88 p. AB - This report presents results of forty pull-out tests of reinforcing bars grouted into holes formed in existing concrete. Test parameters include embediment length, hole diameter and bar size. An epoxy grout, a high strength non-shrink grout and an experimental mortar grout were investigated. Slip measurements were taken at both the loaded and unloaded ends of the bar. Bond stress versus slip curves are presented. Recommendations are made for selecting the type grout, hole diameter and embedment length. (FHWA) KW - Anchoring KW - Bonds KW - Concrete structures KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Embedment KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Equipment replacement KW - Grout KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Replacement KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581129 AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Pavement Evaluation PY - 1982/09//Final Report SP - 17p AB - This summary report overviews two previously issued study reports. One report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures. The second study report concerned a laboratory oriented testing program which was principally used to examine the durability and aging characteristics of SEA paving mixtures. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Durability KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pricing KW - Product availability KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/053.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581125 AU - Nelson, Thomas L AU - LeClerc, R V AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Implementation of Washington State's Pavement Management System PY - 1982/09//Final Report SP - 278p AB - This report describes the pavement management system developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data to determine the most cost effective type and time of fix. The network-level program then summarizes the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition. It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement. KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data files KW - Economic benefits KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/050.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581124 AU - Babaei, Khossrow AU - Terrel, Ronald L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Decks and Review of the WSDOT Bridge Deck Program PY - 1982/09//Final Report SP - 135p AB - This report reviews the program developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to minimize premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks subject to chloride deicing chemicals. The review includes WSDOT's deck rehabilitation strategy, deck protective systems, deck evaluation techniques, and research and special investigations. The report includes a number of recommendations based on information obtained from previous research relative to the WSDOT program. Among protective systems used or proposed for use, cathodic protection appeared to be the most promising approach, short of removal of all chloride-contaminated concrete, that will stop active corrosion of steel in bridge decks. Information evolving from the study also pointed to waterproofing membrane and asphalt concrete overlay as a relatively inexpensive approach to protect existing bridge decks against corrosion. However, there appears to be a lack of hard data to support the effectiveness of this system. It is recommended that half-cell corrosion detection be included in the evaluation of bridge decks in combination with other techniques such as chloride analysis and chain dragging delamination detection. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Washington (State) KW - Waterproofing materials UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/055.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581041 AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Mar, Brian W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guide for Water Quality Impact Assessment of Highway Operations and Maintenance PY - 1982/09//Interim Report SP - 85p AB - Procedures particularly applicable to Washington State have been developed to assist the highway designer in evaluating and minimizing the impacts of highway runoff on receiving waters. The guide provides computation procedures to estimate pollutant concentrations and annual loadings for three levels of analysis which depend on the watershed, the discharge system and traffic. It further provides means to judge the potential impacts of the runoff on receiving waters. KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Runoff KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581039 AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Channel Reconstruction in the Pilchuck River PY - 1982/09//Interim Report SP - 41p AB - A five-year study was performed to compare conditions in the Pilchuck River before and after channel reconstruction associated with rerouting highway SR-2. The study focused on sediment particle-size analyses, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Substrates comparable to control areas developed in all portions of the new channel within one year after construction. The available data on invertebrates and fish gave no indication of deterioration in diversity, quantity or size in the reconstructed channel. The report provides recommendations for further improvements in the design of stream channel changes should there be no alternative to their construction. KW - Before and after studies KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Highways KW - Macroinvertebrates KW - Reconstruction KW - Rerouting KW - Rivers KW - Sediments KW - Substrates (Waterways) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581038 AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Ferguson, John F AU - Spyridakis, Dimitris E AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary -- Highway Runoff Water Quality Study, 1977-1982 PY - 1982/09//Final Report SP - 139p AB - A highway stormwater runoff pollutant loading model has been developed based on results from composite sampling of approximately 600 storms at nine locations in the State of Washington over five years. The model expresses total suspended solids (TSS) loading in proportion to the product of highway segment length, average runoff coefficient, and vehicles traveling during storm periods. It was demonstrated that loadings of contaminants such as chemical oxygen demand, nutrients and trace metals could be estimated from TSS loadings using ratios derived from the data. The model described was developed and validated for assessing total loadings over a time span encompassing a number of storms (monthly or annually). To predict pollutant concentrations and loadings in runoff from a given storm, cumulative distributions were plotted and analyzed to determine the probability of exceeding specific concentration and loading values in a given case. Bioassay studies using highway runoff indicated toxicity to aquatic life when elevated metals deposition from high traffic volumes (in excess of 10,000 - 20,000 vehicles per day) or high metals concentrations in rainfall caused runoff concentrations to exceed lethal levels. Draining highway runoff through grass channels 60 meters in length greatly reduced TSS and metals concentrations and the consequent toxic effects. The major product of this research is a guide to assessing and mitigating the impacts of highway runoff to receiving waters. KW - Aquatic life KW - Bioassay KW - Biochemical oxygen demand KW - Mathematical models KW - Metals KW - Runoff KW - Total suspended solids KW - Toxicity KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01497799 AU - Duston, C J AU - Young, J F AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Influence of Superplasticizers on the Early Hydration of Portland Cement and Cement Compounds PY - 1982/09//Interim Report SP - 108p AB - The interaction of superplasticizers with Portland cement, pure alite (C3A) was studied using adsorption studies, calorimetry, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Three different superplasticizers—Mighty 100, Melment L-10A, and Mulcoplast—were used. The superplasticizers were strongly and rapidly adsorbed by all cements and cement compounds. Adsorption was greatest into C3A, but in the presence of gypsum the rate of adsorption was slower. No correlation was observed between adsorption and initial slump or slump loss. Slump loss was greatest for mortars made with pure alite. The very early hydration reactions were retarded by the superplasticizers. In the case of C3A the composition of the hydration products was unchanged in the first hour of hydration, but morphological differences were observed. Changes in the hydration of alite and cements during the first hour could not be adequately documented using the available techniques. KW - Adsorption KW - Hydration KW - Portland cement KW - Superplasticizers KW - Tricalcium aluminate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1268032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457043 AU - Datta, T K AU - Parker, M R AU - Randolph, D A AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF URBAN ARTERIAL ROAD AND STREET ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE. VOLUME IV--APPENDIXES E-I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 201 p. AB - The purpose of this research study was to examine the specific characteristics of urban arterial traffic accidents, and to identify general causal elements and related countermeasures that can be used to reduce the rate and severity of these accidents. Accident, geometric, traffic control, and volume data were collected and analyzed for 8,678 one-tenth-mile (0.16-km) roadway segments located in 19 metropolitan areas. The result of the analyses provides further evidence that sprcific geometric, traffic control, volume, and environmental conditions influence accident frequency and rate on urban roadways. Guidelines that can be used to identify accident problems and to select countermeasures are provided in this report. One important product of this research was the development of a comprehensive computerized accident and roadway data base that can be used to explore in greater detail specific urban arterial accident problems and possible solutions. KW - Arterial highways KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457042 AU - Datta, T K AU - Parker, M R AU - Randolph, D A AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF URBAN ARTERIAL ROAD AND STREET ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE. VOLUME III--APPENDIXES A-D. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 299 p. AB - The purpose of this research study was to examine the specific characteristics of urban arterial traffic accidents, and to identify general causal elements and related countermeasures that can be used to reduce the rate and severity of these accidents. Accident, geometric, traffic control, and volume data were collected and analyzed for 8,678 one-tenth-mile (0.16-km) roadway segments located in 19 metropolitan areas. The result of the analyses provides further evidence that sprcific geometric, traffic control, volume, and environmental conditions influence accident frequency and rate on urban roadways. Guidelines that can be used to identify accident problems and to select countermeasures are provided in this report. One important product of this research was the development of a comprehensive computerized accident and roadway data base that can be used to explore in greater detail specific urban arterial accident problems and possible solutions. KW - Arterial highways KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457041 AU - Datta, T K AU - Parker, M R AU - Randolph, D A AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF URBAN ARTERIAL ROAD AND STREET ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE. VOLUME II--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 148 p. AB - The purpose of this research study was to examine the specific characteristics of urban arterial traffic accidents, and to identify general causal elements and related countermeasures that can be used to reduce the rate and severity of these accidents. Accident, geometric, traffic control, and volume data were collected and analyzed for 8,678 one-tenth-mile (0.16-km) roadway segments located in 19 metropolitan areas. The result of the analyses provides further evidence that sprcific geometric, traffic control, volume, and environmental conditions influence accident frequency and rate on urban roadways. Guidelines that can be used to identify accident problems and to select countermeasures are provided in this report. One important product of this research was the development of a comprehensive computerized accident and roadway data base that can be used to explore in greater detail specific urban arterial accident problems and possible solutions. KW - Arterial highways KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457036 AU - Datta, T K AU - Parker, M R AU - Randolph, D A AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF URBAN ARTERIAL ROAD AND STREET ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE. VOLUME I--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 24 p. AB - The purpose of this research study was to examine the specific characteristics of urban arterial traffic accidents, and to identify general causal elements and related countermeasures that can be used to reduce the rate and severity of these accidents. Accident, geometric, traffic control, and volume data were collected and analyzed for 8,678 one-tenth-mile (0.16-km) roadway segments located in 19 metropolitan areas. The result of the analyses provides further evidence that sprcific geometric, traffic control, volume, and environmental conditions influence accident frequency and rate on urban roadways. Guidelines that can be used to identify accident problems and to select countermeasures are provided in this report. One important product of this research was the development of a comprehensive computerized accident and roadway data base that can be used to explore in greater detail specific urban arterial accident problems and possible solutions. KW - Arterial highways KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600479 AU - Quinn, W J AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF IMPROVED STRUCTURAL MATERIALS SYSTEMS IN MARINE PILING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 107 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing precast, prestressed marine pile from polymer concrete, polymer impregnated concrete, internally sealed concrete and latex modified concrete. Included in the report are (1) a description of the laboratory work that preceded the preparation of the specifications, (2) a description of the manufacturing process and problems with each system, and (3) the initial results of the short term performance of the various structural concretes. KW - Concrete KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Manufacturing KW - Marine engineering KW - Marine piling KW - Performance evaluations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymer impregnation KW - Polymers KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488159 AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC STRIPING IN ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 66 p. AB - Painted traffic markings have, in the past, been the major form of pavement marking in Alaska. Demand for improved delineation has resulted in the use of raised pavement markers and preformed thermoplastic striping. This report reviews the performance of thermoplastics as an alternative to conventional painting. This study found that while thermoplastic striping may last considerably longer, they may not be cost effective depending upon traffic, pavement life, etc. Each project should be evaluated on an individual basis. The study suggests that construction techniques be changed to enhance the life of thermoplastics. These include offsets from joints and application temperatures. KW - Alaska KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Frigid regions KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road markings KW - Striping materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking UR - http://www.uctc.net/papers/031.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373123 AU - Kercher, K J AU - Gulen, S AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING INDIANA PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1982/09 SP - 63 p. AB - This report describes the activities, data analysis, conclusions and recommendations of a four (4) year study to evaluate the seasonal effects on measured pavement friction. Eighteen road sections were tested over a four (4) year period from the fall of 1977 through the spring of 1981. Traffic usage, climatological data, material samples and friction tests were collected on these sections throughout the study. An attempt was made to determine the individual effects of pavement age, traffic, temperature and rainfall on pavement friction. No statistically significant relationship was found between pavement friction and temperature and rainfall. Pavement age and traffic were found to be related to pavement friction and highly interrelated, and therefore, traffic was found to be the most appropriate indicator of pavement friction. Predictor models were developed using dummy variables to account for seasonal variations in pavement friction for seven different pavement types in use in Indiana. Coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 0.63 to 0.88. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Optimization KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Temperature KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472206 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY EFFECTS OF DRIVING ON PAVED SHOULDERS IN TEXAS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/09 SP - 31 p. AB - In Texas, paved shoulders are used by many drivers for a large variety of traffic maneuvers and for satisfying numerous driving task demands. Unfortunately, there is little information as to the types and frequency of this usage and the impacts and conditions under which they occur. The objective of this report is to provide answers to some of these questions. In order to quantify the benefits and/or disbenefits of paved shoulder usage, both operational and safety studies were made on three types of Texas highways: two-lane highways without paved shoulders, two-lane highways with paved shoulders, and undivided four-lane highways without paved shoulders. As a result of this investigation, it was recommended that priority for adding shoulders to two-lane highways without them should be given to those highways carrying one-way traffic volumes in excess of 200 vehicles per hour. KW - Benefits KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway operations KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Paved shoulders KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460324 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Wyman, J AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION EQUIPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 116 p. AB - The project was directed to an evaluation of currently available systems capable of doing automatic vehicle classification. A prototype system developed by the United Kingdom's Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) was also tested. Systems (and appropriate sensing devices) were subjected to basic accuracy tests, tests of internal logic, and 1-2 month (continuous use) field tests at various Interstate sites. All currently marketed systems were found to have serious problems in performing the classifications. Classification systems measuring overall length report numerous errors (discrepancies greater than + or - 5 feet) and systems that counted axles report numerous errors by undercounting. The TRRL prototype unit, however, was found to perform considerably better and was more versatile than other systems. Technical specifications, references, and a proposed classification scheme are also included. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Axles KW - Field performance KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451499 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - O'Connell, K AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIDESHARING ELEMENT OF PARKING FACILITIES FOR INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT CENTERS PY - 1982/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report's intent is to provide evidence to support the concept of trading off parking requirements for viable ridesharing programs at industrial employment centers (IECs), The study entailed determining the role of ridesharing in the planning, design, provision, and economics of parking facilities at IECs. The role of local zoning and planning agencies in reducing parking requirements for employers and developers who institute active ridesharing programs was also examined. Ridesharing was defined as the use of multiple-occupancy vehicles for commuting purposes. IECs were defined as mixed-use facilities that are predominantly industrial. They were studied to provide information for revision of the Institute of Transportation Engineers' (ITE) report "Parking Facilities for Industrial Plants." A literature illustrating the importance of parking to ridesharing was conducted; it also indicated some of the significant variables that must be taken into account in analyzing parking facility requirements. Data for the study came from four questionnaires: University of Maryland Questionnaire 1, sent to employers known to have ridesharing programs; Questionnaire 2, sent to planning/zoning agencies; the ITE/NAVPO (National Association of Vanpool Operations) Survey of Parking Facilities at Major Employment Centers, sent to over 200 NAVPO members; and the NAVPI/ITE Employee Home-Work Travel Survey, distributed by some of those members to their employees. The data indicate that decreased parking requirements result from active ridesharing programs and that many zoning/planning agencies consider ridesharing an alternative to increasing parking requirements. These agencies' major concern involved monitoring programs and enforcing regulations. Case studies illustrate parking reduction and the economics of ridesharing programs at IECs, as well as local zoning agency involvement. Also documented are changed commuting habits of IEC employees because of ridesharing programs. Local planning and zoning agencies have incorporated potential ridersharing benefits into planning by providing exemptions or amending existing ordinances. The differences between these developments and the trends outlined by the ITE in its 1969 report warrant a revision of the report. References and appendices are included. The appendices consist of questionnaires, examples of results of SPSS analysis, the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission Survey, and sample legislation. KW - Design KW - Economics KW - Industrial plants KW - Paratransit services KW - Parking facilities KW - Planning KW - Ridesharing KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399785 AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIDESHARING PROGRAMS OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES PY - 1982/09 SP - 19 p. AB - Ridesharing programs at educational facilities must serve various customers, including students, faculty, and staff. Providing ridesharing for students, the largest group of customers, is complicated by variations in their arrival and departure times, in the calendar intervals at which they attend classes, and by their need for especially inexpensive transportation. Solving pertinent problems, as well as fulfilling the needs of faculty and staff, depends on such things as the nature of the facility's locale--urban or rural; the availability of public transportation; and the availability of funds to begin a ridesharing program. This study descrbes various approaches that have been developed to staisfy the needs of thei broad-based ridership. They encompass four types of ridesharing activities: vanpools, carpools, shuttles, and cooperation with existing public transportation systems. Each of these activities is summarized and described. Successful ridesharing programs that make use of these activities at 10 educational facilities around the country are profiled. They are the College of Southern Idaho, Twin Falls; Kirkwood Community College, Cedar Rapids, IA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Southeast Community College, Milford, NE; Syracuse University, SUNY College of Environment, Science, and Forestry, and State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center--all in Syracuse, NY; University of California at San Diego, La Jolla; University of Maryland, College Park; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Washington, Seattle; and Wisconsin Indian Technical Institute, Rice Lake. KW - College students KW - Pooling KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Shuttle service KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395197 AU - KIDDER, A E AU - Syracuse University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF SHIPPER/RECEIVER MODE CHOICE IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES, 1980-1981 PY - 1982/09 SP - 140 p. AB - The study offers two new sets of data against which to compare a previous study (1979) of rural freight service in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia undertaken during the pre-1980 Motor Carrier Act period. The new data sets include: (1) interviews with 290 firms collected in summer and fall, 1981; those interviewed were from a subset of the same southern firms contacted in the earlier study to ascertain whether important changes had been observed in rates, shipping conditions, evaluation of service, or availability of competing carriers. (2) Interviews with 243 firms in Maine, New York and Pennsylvania collected in fall and winter, 1980-81 to gather baseline data similar to those collected in the original study of southern states to determine mode choice, evaluation of service, availability of carriers, and shipping charges. The first year follow-up study of southern firms shows on balance that little change has occurred in shipping conditions. That there are more, rather than fewer carriers competing for rural business, and that freight rates have risen moderately in these areas. Respondents perceive these rate increases to be associated with general inflation, rather than due to regulatory changes. The baseline data for northern firms show results similar to the baseline data for southern firms, but with some greater apprehensions about regulatory reform. (Author) KW - Consumer behavior KW - Freight transportation KW - Interviewing KW - Level of service KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Rates KW - Regulations KW - Rural areas KW - Shippers KW - Traffic managers KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392217 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MODEL TO CALCULATE THE ROAD USER COSTS AT WORK ZONES PY - 1982/09 SP - 120 p. AB - This report presents a model, QUEWZ, which can be used to calculate the user costs resulting from lane closures through a work zone. QUEWZ calculates the delay costs and speed-change cycling costs of slowing down to go through a work zone and the change in vehicle running costs through the work zone. If a queue forms, the delay costs, speed-change cycling costs, and change in vehicle running costs in the queue are also estimated. The model also estimates the average length of queue each hour. The model can examine a variety of lane closure strategies, which fall into two general categories; lane closures in a single direction of travel, and crossovers, where one or more lanes are closed in both directions of travel. QUEWZ represents an improvement of previous models by using hourly traffic volumes, and recent data concerning capacities and average speeds in and around work zone sites in Texas. The increased accuracy of the user cost calculations will provide improved information for selecting the appropriate closure strategy through a work zone. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Average spot speed KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Crossovers KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Queuing KW - Road user costs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel budgets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377303 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WIRE COMBED PCC PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1982/09 SP - 80 p. AB - This report involves PCC Pavements constructed with surface textures produced by a wide variety of wire combs. A small amount of testing was also performed on PCCP with other textures as a follow-up of previous research on frictional properties. A limited amount of noise evaluation by rating panels and sound level (DBA) meters was conducted to assist in selection of an optimum tine spacing for wire combs on future PCC Pavement projects. Included in this report is a brief description of each major project with summaries of friction number tests, sandpatch texture depth tests, and sound level measurements. (FHWA) KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sand patch method KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wire UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP78-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377262 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - Dauber, G W AU - Pollack, L E AU - Levine, S AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF DRIVER NEEDS IN WORK ZONES PY - 1982/09 SP - 113 p. AB - The objectives of the study were: (a) to determine what information drivers need to travel through work zones safely and efficiently; (b) to determine how this information can best be conveyed to the drivers; and (c) to determine where improvements to the present system of work zone traffic control are needed. The study began with an analysis of driver tasks for eight major work zone types: lane closure, shoulder closure, roadside, lane diversion, crossover, temporary detour, detour to alternate routes, and reduced lane width. From this effort, a set of information content needs was identified for each work zone type. A further analytic effort using the principles of the Positive Guidance Procedure and the concept of Decision Sight Distance, resulted in the identification of recommended information presentation locations for the various types of information. These analytic efforts were combined into information requirements which were then evaluated for applicability by exercising each on a series of actual work zones. The requirements were modified where necessary and were then used as the basis for the development of a procedure for the derivation of work zones signing plans. Another aspect of the project involved the evaluation of individual construction-related signs, in which each device was evaluated with respect to several criteria and problems were identified. (FHWA) KW - Crossovers KW - Detours KW - Driver information systems KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Needs assessment KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Road shoulders KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic lane widths KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signs KW - User needs KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377261 AU - Quinn, W J AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF IMPROVED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN MARINE PILING PY - 1982/09 SP - 107 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing precast, prestressed marine piles from polymer concrete, polymer impregnated concrete, internally sealed concrete and latex modified concrete. Included in the report are (1) a description of the laboratory work that preceded the preparation of the specifications, (2) a description of the manufacturing process and problems with each system, and (3) the initial results of the short term performance of the various structural concretes. (FHWA) KW - Concrete KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Latex KW - Offshore construction KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Polymer concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377252 AU - Torres, J F AU - Payne, H J AU - Halati, A AU - Mikhalkin, B AU - Berenji, H AU - Atabaki, H AU - JFT Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION PY - 1982/09 SP - 114 p. AB - A set of guidelines have been developed for nationwide application to the conservation of fuel on urban and rural freeways in the near-term (1985) and for the long-term (2000). The thrust has been on identifying which freeway control and management strategies have the greatest potential for energy conservation. These preferred strategies have been identified by the application of computer simulation models for the evaluation of all potential freeway control strategies. The models were exercised against a set of representative freeway test sites. As a part of the analysis, the various freeway control strategies have also been rank-ordered in terms of their fuel cost-effectiveness and the nationwide fuel savings have been estimated. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Energy conservation KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Savings KW - Simulation KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372478 AU - Apanian, R AU - Sadler, J P AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF THE CAPTIVE COLUMN CONCEPT TO HIGHWAY RELATED STRUCTURES PY - 1982/09 SP - 238 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to establish the detailed structural properties of captive columns and to investigate the applicability of the captive column concept to the design and construction of highway related structures. The investigation was carried out in two separate but complimentary phases; one involving analytical development and another involving physical testing. Each of the two phases focused on the properties and behavior of captive column elements and their assemblage. Following this initial thrust, attention was also directed to application of the captive column to highway related structures. Results of this research project demonstrate that captive column structures can be mathematically modelled for computer analysis of their structural response and that they may provide an effective alternative to conventional building materials for construction of highway structures. The research was conducted by faculty and students of the School of Engineering and Mines at the University of North Dakota and administered by the Engineering Experiment Station. (FHWA) KW - Atmospheric pressure KW - Barometric pressure KW - Captive columns KW - Design methods KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373116 AU - Moulton, L K AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Halvorsen, G T AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES: VOLUME I--INTERIM REPORT PY - 1982/09 SP - 126 p. AB - This investigation included (a) the collection of field data on bridge movements, structural damage, and tolerance to movements for a large number of bridges in the United States and Canada; (b) a series of analytical studies to evaluate the effect of different magnitudes and rates of differential movement on the potential level of distress produced in a wide variety of bridge structures of different span lengths and stiffnesses; and (c) the development of a methodology for the design of bridges that embodies a rational set of criteria for tolerable movement of steel bridges based on strength and serviceability. This volume is an interim report on the entire study. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Motion KW - Moving industry KW - Serviceability KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373065 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SETTLEMENT STUDY PY - 1982/09 SP - n.p. AB - This report is a result of a study to determine how three predictive efforts for the time of settlement correlate with field measurements. Predictions for time of settlement were based on--1. Log-time using representative cores from each stratum. 2. Log-time using every core sampled from the hole. 3. Square root of time using representative cores plus some of the secondary consolidation. The last method was developed at Louisiana State University and reported in a study done by Ray, et al. The purpose of this research was to check the LSU method (square root of time) againts the La. DOTD method (log-time). The results demonstrated that while the LSU method of predicting time rate of settlement was much closer to the actual times than either of the other two, it still left much to be desired. From the six fills checked in the field, two standard errors of the estimate for 75% of consolidation was over 15 months. The results showed the amounts of settlement to be 4.2 inches maximum. (FHWA) KW - Computing KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Sampling KW - Settlement rate UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20159.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372391 AU - Kasinskas, M M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF A SEA PAVEMENT USING ELEMENT SULFUR PY - 1982/09 SP - 27 p. AB - A sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavement using molten elemental sulfur "Flower of sulfur" was placed in a commuter parking lot. This report is devoted to the design, mixing, and placement of the SEA material. Problems associated with temperature-maintenance of the liquid sulfur from holding tank to mixing drum are outlined in detail. The appearance and color of the mix were virtually identical to those of a conventional ConnDOT Class I. Measurements indicated insignificant emissions of noxious gases at both the plant and paver. The service life of the SEA pavement will ultimately determine the cost effectiveness of the further use of this material in ConnDOT construction and maintenance activities. (FHWA) KW - Location KW - Mix design KW - Parking lots KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Placement KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372385 AU - Lane, K R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL COLD-IN-PLACE RECYCLED BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1982/09 SP - 83 p. AB - A cold-in-place recycled bituminous concrete pavement was constructed on a two-mile section of Route 66, Marlborough, Connecticut. The report describes the design and construction activities of this two-lane, 30-foot wide, 6000 ADT (1979) roadway. One mile of the section was recycled and the other was given the standard treatment (an overlay) and used as a control. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold plant KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Recycling KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373120 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTABLE POWERED PROBE FOR PERMAFROST PY - 1982/09 SP - n.p. AB - A system of probe rods driven by a small commercially available rotary impact drill was developed through field testing, which will permit a single operator to drive and retrieve the probe at depths as great as thirty feet in thawed silt. An enlarged tip on the probe rod was found to be essential in reducing driving resistance and simplifying retrieval. Different tip shapes and sizes were tested and found to significantly affect the driving rate. For the 0.5 inch diameter probe rods used, a tip of 0.625 inch diameter having a conical tip angle of roughly twenty degrees was found most suitable. The smallest driver-drill tested, weighing less than nine pounds, proved satisfactory for most applications. A heavy-duty model drill, weighing 23 pounds, was needed to penetrate some drier silt soils and thin layers of seasonal frost. The system described provides a simple means of determining depths to hard layers such as frozen ground or bedrock, without resorting to heavy drillng equipment. (FHWA) KW - Drilling machines KW - Field tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Permafrost KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resistance KW - Rotary drilling KW - Silts UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370595 AU - Chollar, B H AU - Appleman, B R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RESULTS AND REVISED SPECIFICATION PY - 1982/09 SP - 35 p. AB - This report presents the results of an extensive laboratory program to establish a specification for an epoxy thermoplastic (ETP) striping material which was developed in a contract research study for the Federal Highway Administration by Southwest Research Institute. The Interim report for this study, Report No. FHWA/RD-80/069, developed laboratory test procedures to evaluate the properties of ETP, studied the effect of variations in ETP component ratios, and established an interim specification based on proprietary components for the ETP. The present report summarizes the results of an investigation of the effects of alternate pigments and resins on the ETP properties. The test methods and analytical procedures were modified and improved and were evaluated in an interlaboratory test program. A revised specification was prepared which provides generic rather than proprietary description of the components of the white and yellow ETP's. Statistical procedures were used to establish confidence limits for the repeatability and the reproducibility of the various test procedures. The details of the experimental findings and the data analyses are contained in a separate document as Report FHWA/RD-81/145. (FHWA) KW - Epoxy resins KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pigments KW - Reproducibility KW - Road marking materials KW - Specifications KW - Striping materials KW - Test procedures KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370590 AU - Pfister, P AU - Evers, G AU - Guillaud, M AU - Davidson, R AU - Soletanche and Rodio, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS--SOLETANCHE DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1982/09 SP - 205 p. AB - The primary purpose of this report is to define and explain the design criteria used by Soletanche for permanent ground anchors, particularly in its most advanced form, the IRP anchor, which can be regrouted after installation is complete, if necessary to improve its capabilities. Details are given for various types of anchor load and proof testing. The Soletanche design procedure, using computer programs to optimize ground anchor support system, is explained in detail, using actual printouts of these computer programs, as used for a sample problem furnished by the FHWA. Finally, three case histories were chosen from Soletanche files to illustrate ground anchor design in differing conditions. Companion reports on the design of permanent ground anchors are: FHWA/RD-81/151 Nicholson Design Criteria; and FHWA/RD-81/152 Stump Design Criteria. (FHWA) KW - Anchors KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Ground KW - Information processing KW - Loads KW - Proof tests KW - Support systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370591 AU - Nicholson, P J AU - Uranowski, D D AU - Wycliffe-Jones, P T AU - Nicholson Construction Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS--NICHOLSON DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1982/09 SP - 147 p. AB - This study discusses the methods used by Nicholson Construction Company in the design of permanent ground anchors specifically as related to retaining walls. Basic soil parameters, design concepts, drilling and grouting methods for ground anchors are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on anchors founded in soil rather than rock formations. Also, soil properties necessary for the proper design of anchored retaining walls are detailed. The second chapter of the report is devoted to a general discussion of retaining wall and anchor design. In addition, a design example of an anchored retaining wall is presented in a step by step manner. Three documented case histories of anchored retaining wall projects are presented. All are permanent walls constructed by different methods (steel sheet pile, H-beam and timber lagging with concrete facing, and tangent reinforced concrete drilled shafts) and all are supported by permanent ground anchors. Companion reports on the design of permanent ground anchors are: FHWA/RD-81/150 Soletanche Design Criteria; and FHWA/RD-81/152 Stump Design Criteria. (FHWA) KW - Anchor walls KW - Anchors KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drilling KW - Ground KW - Grouting KW - Properties of materials KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Wall anchors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371036 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cohen, S L AU - Little, JDC AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAXBAND PROGRAM FOR ARTERIAL SIGNAL TIMING PLANS PY - 1982/09 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - p. 61-65 AB - This article discusses the MAXBAND model, a portable bandwidth optimization computer program written in FORTRAN IV that can be used to develop signal timing plans for signalized arterials and simple networks of three intersecting arterials. The program can optimize signal offset, cycle length, and left turn phase sequence. KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Intersections KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Optimization KW - Roads KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370592 AU - Otta, L AU - Pantucek, M AU - Goughnour, R R AU - Stump/Vibroflotation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS--STUMP DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1982/09 SP - 131 p. AB - This document summarizes the main design methods used by the principal investigators in the design of permanent ground anchors, including basic concepts, design criteria, and analytical techniques. The application of these design methods are illustrated in the step-by-step design of a permanent ground anchor system for an example problem. Companion reports on the design of permanent ground anchors are: FHWA/RD-81/150 Soletanche Design Criteria; and FHWA/RD-81/151 Nicholson Design Criteria. (FHWA) KW - Anchors KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Ground KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370285 AU - Carmichael, R F AU - Hudson, W R AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: VOLUME 1--SUMMARY FINDINGS PY - 1982/09 SP - 60 p. AB - The feasibility and implementation recommendations for a Pavement Evaluation and Management (PEMS) for the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) are presented in this two volume report. A staged development process is outlined whereby network level PEMS activities have priority but project level PEMS activities can be adequately implemented in the future. Cost and time estimates are presented considering the current manpower, cost, and time constraints particular to RIDOT. Recommendations are made concerning the four primary areas of pavement evaluation measurements; visual condition surveys, deflection measurements, roughness measurements, and skid resistance measurements. Recommendations are also made concerning the collection of additional related data such as traffic. Ideas and concepts concerning the establishment of a PEMS data base are also presented. This information will be of interest to other state DOTs considering the development of pavement management system. Volume 2 of the two volume final report contains a compendium of ten technical memoranda which support the technical reasons behind the conclusions and recommendations in this volume. This volume of the final report presents a concise summary of all the final implementation plans and the recommendations concerning PEMS development in the State of Rhode Island. (FHWA) KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Deflection tests KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Measurement KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Personnel KW - Recommendations KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Stage construction KW - Surveying KW - Time KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183816 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370921 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Freitas, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF ACCIDENT RESEARCH INVOLVING TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT PY - 1982/09 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-52 AB - This article reviews 10 key accident studies relating to increased truck size and weight in order to resolve conflicting study results and put them into proper perspective. It begins with a review of accident research terminology, defining such terms as motor vehicle accident, accident involvement, exposure, accident rate, accident involvement rate, and accident severity. Next the 10 key accident studies are reviewed. In general, the trucks involved were large and included single-unit trucks with at least six tires and gross weights of more than 10,000 lb empty and 20,000 lb loaded and all combination trucks (singles, doubles and triples). In conclusion it is stated that often, apparently conflicting results actually involve different issues or different populations of trucks, and the quality of the data or analysis is also sometimes questionable. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Double trailers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369794 AU - Ruff, J F AU - Abt, S R AU - Mendoza, C AU - Shaikh, A AU - Kloberdanz, R AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AT CULVERT OUTLETS IN MIXED BED MATERIALS PY - 1982/09 SP - 115 p. AB - The study of localized scour at culvert outlets has been on-going to control and manage erosion along highway embankments. Herein is presented an investigation of scour at culvert outlets which refines and extends the state-of-the-art of predicting the dimensions of scour holes. Over 100 experiments ranging from 20 to 1000 minutes in duration were conducted in cohesive and non-cohesive bed materials. Culverts having 4-inch (10.2 cm), 10-inch (25.4 cm), 14-inch (35.6 cm) and 18-inch (45.7 cm) diameters were tested with discharges from .11 cfs (.003 cms) to 29.13 cfs (.83 cms). Tailwater elevations were maintained at zero, 0.25D and 0.45D plus or minus 0.05D above the culvert inlet where D is the diameter of the culvert. The results yielded a series of empirical relationships expressing the depth, width, length and volume of scour as a function of the culvert diameter and discharge. Parameters including the shear number, equivalent depth, pipe shape, soil gradation and extent of scour were investigated. General observations concerning scour, hole formation, growth and stabilization were reported. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Culvert outlets KW - Discharge KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Forecasting KW - Granular soils KW - Hole size KW - Holes KW - Scour KW - Size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369334 AU - Allen, G R AU - Lisle, F N AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MAINTENANCE COSTING WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CONTRACTING VERSUS USING STATE FORCES PY - 1982/09 SP - 140 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a study to develop a methodology for analyzing decisions of whether to perform ordinary maintenance, maintenance replacement, and incidental construction by contract or by using state forces. In developing the method, the authors interviewed resident engineers and examined the techniques most frequently used by the private sector in arriving at make-versus-buy decisions. In arriving at a decision to use contract maintenance, most resident engineers examine the magnitude of work, the time constraints faced, and whether the necessary state personnel and equipment are available. Routine cost analysis is not performed; thus contract maintenance has not been utilized to a significant degree as a manpower planning tool. The private sector, on the other hand, considers cost, quality of work, and quantity of work as major factors in make-versus-contract decisions. The methodology developed is depicted in flowchart form for easy application by decision makers in the budget preparation process. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Contractors KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - State highway departments UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36479/83-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369337 AU - Saylak, D AU - Ho, K K AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSES WITH SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT BINDERS PY - 1982/09 SP - 211 p. AB - The combination of the anticipated shortage of asphalt cement and the projected abundance of sulfur has led to the investigation of the potential for substituting this element for the former in the paving industry. This research study was conducted to incorporate sulfur with asphalt to form Sulfur-Extended Asphalt (SEA) binders for use in Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mixtures. The experimental design variable included aggregate type, asphalt cement, level of sulfur contents in the binder and method of preparing SEA binders. The studies indicate that, with minor modifications, the existing FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) mix-design procedure may also be used for preparing SEA-OGFC mixtures. In an analysis of variance study, it was found that minimal differences existed between binders produced by direct-substitution method and emulsification. Test results also showed that SEA-OGFC system exhibited improved structural drainage and freeze-thaw properties over conventional OGFC systems. Based on the test results obtained in this study, a proposed SEA-OGFC mix-design procedure, patterned after the existing FHWA method, has been developed. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Drainage KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Mastics KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365739 AU - Coulombre, R AU - Poage, J AU - Farr, E AU - Hitz, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT PREDICTION FORMULAS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL PY - 1982/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976, and the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978, provide funding authorizations to individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. The installation of active motorist warning devices, such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates, is an important part of crossing safety improvements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) assists states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing safety improvements. This report describes the resource allocation procedure developed to assist in the allocation of funds among crossings to achieve maximum crossing safety benefits for a given level of funding. The procedure consists of two parts. The first is an accident prediction formula which computes the expected number of accidents at each crossing. The second part is a resource allocation model designed to nominate crossings for improvement consideration on a cost-effective basis and to suggest the type of warning device to be installed. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety equipment KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379448 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1980-1981 PY - 1982/08/27 SP - 104 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations require accident reports to be filed whenever an accident occurs that involves a motor vehicle engaged in the interstate, foreign or intrastate operations of a motor carrier subject to the Department of Transportation Act and meet the established reporting criteria. The accident statistics reported in the publication were generated by motor carriers of property filing 63,695 accident reports with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety in the calendar years 1980 and 1981. These statistics do not represent all accidents that have occurred within the regulated motor carrier industry. The statistics were compiled from those accidents that meet the reporting criteria as "reportable accidents." This report contains various types of data relating to accidents, fatalities, injuries, property damage, and accident type. The 63,695 accidents reported upon resulted in 5,338 fatalities, 55,682 injuries and over $666 million property damage. The report is divided into seven sections, statistical data summary accidents, the driver, the vehicle, highway environment, time and place, the accident, and trends. KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369410 AU - Tia, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - United States Congress AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF COLD-RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1982/08/02 SP - 290 p. AB - In this study, the long-term behavior of the cold-recycled asphalt mixtures was investigated. The scope of the study covered two types of pavement material, three levels of oxydized condition of the old binder and one type of virgin aggregate. The added softening agents included a high-float asphalt emulsion AE-150, a foamed asphalt, and the rejuvenating agents, Reclamite, Mobilsol and DUTREX 739. Specimens of the recycled mixes were compacted with the gyratory machine, and gyratory indices were obtained during the compaction process. The Resilient Modulus, Hveem Stabilometer R-Value and Marshall parameters were obtained on the compacted recycled mixes. The Water Sensitivity Test was used to evaluate the resistance of the recycled mixes to water. The results of the study indicated that most of the rejuvenating action of the added agents on the old binder took place during the compaction process. The binders of the recycled mixes which underwent the initial softening during the compaction process generally increased in stiffness with increasing curing time. The results indicated that the gyratory indices could be used to determine the optimum binder content of a recycled mix. The structural performance of these recycled mixes was compared to that of an asphalt concrete using a linear elastic multilayer analysis. A mix design for cold recycled asphalt mixtures was recommended from the results of this study. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder content KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Compaction tests KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Optimization KW - Oxidation KW - Recycled materials KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Rejuvenation KW - Soil compaction test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581131 AU - Jacobson, Robert C AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Land Use Changes on Major Highway Facilities-Alternative Approaches to Their Mitigation PY - 1982/08//Final Report SP - 118p AB - In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local land use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington State to compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by interagency cooperation has been limited. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies. KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Interagency relations KW - Land use KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Urban growth KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/054.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581046 AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transportation Problems Associated with Uneven Growth Rates: A Case Study in Portland and Vancouver PY - 1982/08//Research Report SP - 108p AB - Within Clark County, Washington population has grown at a much higher rate than employment. Clark County is a part of the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan area but is separated from the remainder of the counties in the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) by the Columbia River and it is in another state. Since an increasing number of Clark County, Washington residents work in Oregon this uneven growth rate -- between population and employment -- has imposed unique transportation requirements. Statistical analysis verified the influence of population growth on Columbia River crossing travel demand. A survey of key informants and other investigations led to a conclusion that a number of factors will modify growth patterns in the future so that employment growth rates in Clark County can be expected to "catch up" with population growth. This study, together with other reports concerning transportation demand and facilities, provides an assessment of the future conditions and developments of Clark County that will help determine the basic transportation needs. Likewise, this study provides information about those social, economic, and land use factors that is of value in determining the type and general location of improvements. More specifically, it substantiates previous studies which concluded that additional major Columbia River crossing facilities will not be needed in the near future. KW - Clark County (Washington) KW - Columbia River KW - Economic development KW - Employment KW - Land use KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Population growth KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Travel demand KW - Vancouver (Washington) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/047.1.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/047.1A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443300 AU - Davis, T D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction zone safety and delineation study PY - 1982/08 IS - FHWA/NJ-83/005 SP - 114p KW - Construction site KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Pavement marking KW - Road engineering KW - Road maintenance KW - Road markings KW - Sign KW - Signs KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365733 AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMIC ARTERIAL-RESPONSIVE TRAFFIC SYSTEM (DARTS) PY - 1982/08 SP - 72 p. AB - DARTS is an auxiliary solid-state electronic timing and switching device which can be connected directly to any modern (NEMA Standards) full-actuated traffic signal controller for the purpose of coordinating the timing of pairs of such controllers at adjacent intersections in such a way that progressive movement is provided for platoons of traffic traveling along an artery. No modification of the basic controller installation nor traveling along an artery. No modification of thebasic controller installation nor timing is required, and only one pair of conductors is needed to transmit the necessary platoon identification information from the upstream intersection. Functioning of the platoon identification and progression timing sequence provided by DARTS is described in the report along with functions which monitor traffic on conflicting phases in order to preclude excessive delays and queue buildups from occurring on these approaches. KW - Coordination KW - Cordination KW - Highway transportation KW - Intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365741 AU - McKenzie, D W AU - Hudson, W R AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THE USE OF ROAD PROFILE STATISTICS FOR MAYSMETER CALIBRATION PY - 1982/08 SP - 148 p. AB - The use of profile statistics from designated road sections has proved to be an effective method of Maysmeter calibration. For best results, the statistic used must be tailored so that it quantifies what Maysmeters, as a class, actually measure regardless of the intended use of the measurements. For this purpose, a family of profile summary statistics based on the concept of Root-Mean-Square Vertical Acceleration (RMSVA) was developed. Some of these statistics have been found to correlate strongly with Maysmeter response. Moreover, the relationships are linear, much as the relationships between different Maysmeter units are linear. When selected RMSVA indices are combined to form a serviceability index representing 'Maysmeter roughness,' an effective calibration standard results. This RMSVA-based reference, termed SIV, exhibits distinct advantages over the profile statistic (SI2) used previously for calibration. KW - Calibration KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468735 AU - Post, E R AU - Chastain, P A AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF CABLE GUARDRAIL VS. W-BEAM GUARDRAIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 153 p. AB - Because of certain advantages of cable guardrail in comparison to W-beam guardrail this research was conducted to investigate the possibility of using a much larger percentage of cable guardrail. The computer program in this study was developed to expedite the lengthy and tedious cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost computations for (a) installing cable guardrail on roadside embankment, (b) installing W-beam safety guardrail on roadside embankments, and (c) making embankment modifications. The findings in this study showed that in all situations investigated the installation of cable guardrail was more attractive than the installation of W-beam guardrail. The findings also showed that the configuration of the roadside embankment was a very significant factor in justifying the installation of guardrail. The work accomplished has demonstrated that the cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost computer program shows great potential as a managerial tool and the authors recommend that the program be incorporated into road design systems currently being used. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cables KW - Computer programs KW - Configuration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Guardrails KW - Roadside KW - Shape KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468715 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Dolf, T J AU - Arnold, A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARYLAND TURNED-DOWN GUARDRAIL TERMINAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 197 p. AB - Since the late 1960's the Maryland State Highway Administration has used the turned-down terminal on its guardrails. In the late 1960's the California Division of Highways and Southwest Research Institute conducted several tests which indicated this turned-down terminal could potentially launch an impacting vehicle and cause it to roll over. A relatively simple method of modifying the turned-down end guardrail terminal has been developed which will eliminate or greatly minimize the probability of a vehicle ramping and rolling over. Two different designs were developed and evaluated by full-scale vehicle crash tests. KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact tests KW - Prevention KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372114 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DIAMOND PATTERN FOR USE ON WORK ZONE BARRICADE RAILS PY - 1982/08 SP - 27 p. AB - A controlled field study was conducted to evaluate recently developed work zone channelization panels. Two designs were considered: the first showed an orange diamond on a white background; the other a white diamond on an orange field. Test subjects viewed the orange and the white diamond panel designs and made judgements concerning the legibility, effectiveness and acceptability of the panels. Twenty test subjects viewed the panels during the day, and twenty observed at night. The orange diamond design was more legible than the white diamond design under both day and night viewing conditions. It was also preferred to the white diamond design. The new designs were well accepted by the test subjects. Overhalf the subjects rated the diamond designs either "highly satisfactory" or "superior". At a distance, the panel designs were seen in terms of basic shapes - circles, squares and lines. Fine pattern details were not resolved. The implication is that traffic control devices should show large, bold patterns. Also, the distant appearance should be considered even during the early developmental stages of a traffic control device. KW - Barricades KW - Barrier rails KW - Diamond pattern KW - Effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Guardrails KW - Highway maintenance KW - Legibility KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460074 AU - Mactavish, D AU - Neumann, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION CASE STUDY FOR THE HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM PY - 1982/08 SP - 108 p. AB - The results are presented of the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Vehicle Classification Case Study which covers data on the seasonal, daily, and hourly variation of vehicle types in the traffic stream in both rural and urban areas. This data, in combination with other data sources can be used to determine the thickness of new pavements and overlays for existing pavements, calculate ton-miles of freight, assess the cost responsibility of various users, evaluate pavement deterioration, and estimate energy consumption. Variations in vehicle distribution were measured across functional systems including interstate and other principal arterials, minor arterials, and collectors. The data are presented as collected, and simple averages are used to present a description of the distribution of vehicles in the traffic stream. The data presented here are stratified by state, rural/urban areas, functional system, and highway design type in order to provide vehicle distributions of interest to diverse groups of users. KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Energy consumption KW - Highway design KW - Monitoring KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rural areas KW - Service life KW - Streets KW - Thickness KW - Ton miles KW - Traffic distribution KW - Urban areas KW - User charges KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle distribution KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454475 AU - Olin, D A AU - Bingham, R H AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIZED FLOOD FREQUENCY OF URBAN STREAMS IN ALABAMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Equations have been developed for estimating future floods for 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals on urban streams in Alabama with drainage areas of about 0.15 to 85 square miles. One equations were derived by multiple regression analyses of flood magnitudes obtained from synthetic discharge data generated with a calibrated rainfall-runoff model and basin characteristics. The regression analyses indicated that drainage area size and percent of the basin occupied by impervious materials are the most significant basin characteristics affecting flood frequency and magnitude of urban streams. Mathematical procedures used to analyze the observed and synthetic data are described. Also included are flood-frequency datta for stations used in the analyses and example computations demonstrating application of the regression equations to urban streams in Alabama. (Author) KW - Drainage basins KW - Equations KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Mathematical models KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Streams KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388817 AU - Crabtree, J D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SIZING PY - 1982/08 SP - n.p. AB - A critical examination is made of the conventional method for highway sizing, that is, determination of lane requirements. Ranked hourly traffic volume distributions, obtained from 1977 Kentucky volume stations are examined to test certain assumptions common to the conventional approach. Several of these distributions have no distinct "knee" (point or zone of sharper curvature) and, for those which do, the knee is most frequently found outside the normally anticipated range. Of equal importance, the knee location can be arbitrarily altered simply by changing the number of highest volume hours that are examined. The knee historically has been taken to represent a volume upon which to base capacity designs. The fundamental fallacy of the conventional procedure is its focus on a single design hour and its orientation toward conditions experienced by the highway rather than the user. This can readily be overcome by basing size decisions on an alternate criterion such as the percentage of vehicles that suffer congestion during the design life. An example demonstrating this concept is presented. More significant improvement can be achieved by directly computing the economic efficiency of investment in additional lanes. An example is presented to demonstrate current capabilites for such computations. The example also demonstrates that current procedures do not always yield the most economical designs and that the most economical highway size is affected by the specific shape of the traffic volume distribution. Use of economic efficiency analysis as a standard tool in evaluating critical sizing decisions is highly recommended. KW - Economics KW - Highway sizing KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385312 AU - Knoblauch, K AU - Hucke, W AU - Berg, W AU - IOCS AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAIL HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT CAUSATION STUDY VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1982/08 SP - 145 p. AB - This study examines the contributing factors of rail highway crossing accidents at crossings with flashing light and crossbuck warning devices. Included are a literature review, review of data sources, study plan, methodology for the accident analyses and the results of the indepth accident investigation. After a review of available data an accident sample was choosen for an indepth investigation. The detailed accident investigation innvolved accident reconstruction utilizing data from North Carolina and Wisconsin State accident reports, the Federal Railroad Administration Rail-Highway Grade Crossing Accident/Incident Report, the United States Department of Transportation-Association of American Railroads Crossing Inventory Information report and accident site investigations. The accident analysis methodology involved a two step approach. For each accident the accident type was determined based on the event sequence which led to the accident. Then an evaluation was made regarding those contributing factors which, based on the event sequence, were judged to have contributed to the accident. (FHWA) KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378571 AU - Moreland, P B AU - Automated Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION SERVICES FOR PAVEMENT SURVEY EQUIPMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/08 SP - 17 p. AB - Pavement survey equipment was investigated to determine what equipment is in use, what calibration services are required, and how these services can be provided. The major pavement survey equipment in use are the locked-wheel skid tester, response-type road meters, and dynamic-structural-capacity equipment. Other equipment in use or under development are profilometers, British Pendulum Testers, sand-patch gear, outflow meters, Mu Meters, falling-weight deflectometer, and keyboard-pavement-distress survey equipment. Calibration needs of these types of equipment are identified. Candidate Calibration Services are identified and evaluated through use of a rating scheme devised for this purpose. A mobile calibration scheme was selected which provides services to skid testers, roughness meters, structural-capacity devices, and microtexture and macrotexture equipment. A Pilot Plan and a Full Program Plan were developed for the national implementation of these services. Analysis and recommendation of a funding scheme are also included. Report FHWA/RD-82/135 is the Final Report, the companion volume. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Surveying instruments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380405 AU - Crabtree, J D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION DATA PY - 1982/08 SP - 26 p. AB - As part of an attempt to calculate accident rates for different vehicle types on various kinds of roads, it was necessary to determine the percentage of each vehicle type in the traffic stream for each type road. This was accomplished by summarizing Kentucky's Vehicle Classification File. The procedure used in summarizing the file and the results of the summary are presented in this report. Vehicle distributions are reported by number of lanes, by functional classification, by administrative classification, by federal-aid system, by hour of day, by day of week, and by month of year. It is believed this report provides the most extensive and accurate data currently available on vehicle type distributions in Kentucky. KW - Crash rates KW - Data KW - Traffic distribution KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle distribution KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378795 AU - Mactavish, D AU - Neumann, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION CASE STUDY FOR THE HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEMS PY - 1982/08 SP - 108 p. AB - This report documents the results of the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Vehicle Classification Case Study. It provides information on the seasonal, daily, and hourly variation of vehicle types in the traffic stream in both rural and urban areas. This information plays a vital part in pavement design, cost allocation, and the determination of highway needs. The data, in combination with other data sources, can be used to determine the thickness of new pavements and overlays for existing pavements, calculate ton-miles of freight, assess the cost responsibility of various users, evaluate pavement deterioration, and estimate energy consumption. This case study measured variations in vehicle distribution across functional systems. The functional systems covered in both rural and urban areas were Interstate (plus other freeways and expressways in urban areas), other principal arterials, minor arterials, and collectors. (Author) KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Streets KW - Thickness KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic loads KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377329 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC REVIEWS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1982/08 SP - 56 p. AB - Inefficiencies in the existing transportation system can be attributed to a number of causes including inaccurate traffic forecasts, changed travel patterns, insufficient maintenance or changes in land use. These inefficiencies may create hazards or simply produce congestion without necessarily being unsafe. In either case, they will usually result in energy waste, time loss to drivers and passengers, and needless generation of pollutants. Numerous studies have shown that identification and elimination of traffic operational inefficiencies can significantly contribute to the energy conservation effort. The objective of the material presented herein is to establish a step-by-step approach to identify traffic operational inefficiencies. Using the suggested approach should produce a uniform review process that can be conducted on a continuing basis at a frequency deemed appropriate by the conducting agency. Determination of precise solutions to eliminate or lessen identified problems will usually require further analysis. Suggestions in this regard are given in the "Additional Procedures" section. Implementation and evaluation, while not discussed fully here, are also important components of a traffic operation improvement effort. (Author) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Reviews KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377236 AU - Knoblauch, K AU - Hucke, W AU - Berg, W AU - IOCS AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAIL HIGHWAY CROSSING ACCIDENT CAUSATION STUDY--VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/08 SP - 26 p. AB - This volume synopsizes the investigation of contributing factors of accidents at crossings with flashing light and crossbuck warning devices. The data sources utilized, accident site investigation and methodology for the accident analysis are briefly discussed. Accident type event sequences and their contributing factors are presented. For each accident, the accident type was determined based on the event sequence which led to the accident. Then an evaluation was made regarding those contributing factors which, based on the event sequence, were judged to have contributed to the accident. Possible countermeasures, grouped by education, enforcement and engineering, are analyzed and discussed. (FHWA) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Education KW - Enforcement KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376904 AU - Hillson, B A AU - Rodgers, L M AU - Storch Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME BASED COORDINATION UNIT SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1982/08 SP - 39 p. AB - This report provides model specifications for a time based coordination unit. Included are recommended minimum acceptance tests and typical application diagrams. (Author) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376905 AU - Hillson, B A AU - Rodgers, L M AU - Storch Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROLLER SYNCHRONIZER FIELD TEST AND EVALUATION PY - 1982/08 SP - 75 p. AB - In May, 1977, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) designed a solid state time-based coordinator and control unit, the Traffic Controller Synchronizer (TCS). While this unit is not the first attmept at cableless interconnection with an auxilliary means of maintaining correct time during AC power outages, all previous attempts were limited by high power consumption, low battery standby time, relatively small program capacity, large size and poor time keeping ability. The TCS provides control and synchronization signals to the local controller solely on the basis of the time and timing accuracy between units, without cable connection or radio or optical linking. This report will discuss the testing and evaluation of the TCS unit which was begun in October, 1979 and completed in January, 1981. Also included in separate volumes are the applications manual and procurement specifications. (Author) KW - Field tests KW - Synchronization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377297 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Maxwell, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING VANPOOLING DEMAND PY - 1982/08 SP - 33 p. AB - It has been found that allowing vanpools to use high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes is an effective means of increasing the vehicular utilization of those facilities. Vanpools are readily identifiable and, as a result, can be relatively easily controlled. They are compatible with the Houston philosophy that only "authorized vehicles" be permitted to use the HOV lanes. Vanpools have increased rapidly in Texas over the past several years. In planning high-occupancy vehicle lanes, if vanpools are to be potential users, it is critical to be able to obtain "ballpark" estimates of potential vanpooling. This report develops techniques for estimating vanpool demand primarily using data from Houston, Texas. (FHWA) KW - Demand KW - Estimating KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372386 AU - Hellriegel, E J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHOULDER REHABILITATION EVALUATION (I-78, FROM VICINITY OF COKESBURY ROAD TO WEST OF BUNNS ROAD) PY - 1982/08 SP - 45 p. AB - This report describes the construction phase of a shoulder rehabilitation evaluation on Route I-78 in Hunterdon and Somerset Counties, New Jersey. The installation consisted of the placement of six distinct sections varying in degrees of effort, ranging in price from $3.45 to $44.80 per lineal foot. These sections incorporated the use of plain concrete, stone bases stabilized with lime-fly ash and cement, inlays of lime-fly ash and bituminous concrete, and recycled bituminous surface courses of two and four inch thicknesses. A description of the designs, methods of construction, problems encountered and the solutions thereof are presented. The methods for reducing the amount of oversized material in the milling of severely cracked pavement, the prevention of air contamination by lime and fly ashes, compaction of inlaid material in narrow trenches and other ancillary problems should be of interest to other agencies engaged in pavement rehabilitation. (FHWA) KW - Building materials KW - Compaction KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Paving KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road shoulders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373586 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC REVIEWS FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1982/08 SP - 58 p. AB - This booklet is designed to assist in reviewing existing facilities to identify items which create or contribute to inefficient traffic operations. The Traffic Reviews for Operational Efficiency is a step-by-step procedure to review traffic operations and those features which directly affect traffic flow. It consists of an office review, a field review which can be completed in one day, and preparation of a report. The traffic review described in this booklet can be performed by government transportation agencies, cooperatively or independently, or by non-government organizations, provided they have the appropriate technical capability. A publication with the same title was prepared in 1973 to assist States, counties, and other governmental units in making traffic reviews for operational efficiency. This booklet is designed to replace that publication, not only for updating, but to relate the review to the monetary, environmental, and energy concerns which have assumed prominence. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highway operations KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373073 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Darter, M I AU - Carpenter, S H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING SUBDRAINAGE AND SHOULDERS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS--STATE OF THE ARTS PY - 1982/08 SP - 250 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report reviews the existing literature and current practices relating to subdrainage, shoulder structures, and maintenance of existing pavement systems. Methods for classifying the various types of pavement subdrainage are presented. Problems related to subdrainage are discussed in detail. The flow equations which describe saturated and unsaturated water movement in pavement materials and subgrades are discussed. Procedures presently being used for subdrainage design and construction have been presented. The function, problems and design of pavement shoulders have been described in detail. Examples of shoulder designs used by several States are presented. Maintenance practices affecting shoulder performance and mositure related distress are presented. A number of maintenance practices presently being used to decrease the effects of moisture on pavement distress are thoroughly discussed. The general findings of the literature review are summarized and future research needs are recommended. (FHWA) KW - Defects KW - Flow equations KW - Highway drainage KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Percent saturation KW - Road shoulders KW - State of the art studies KW - Subdrains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373165 AU - Johnston, D W AU - Zia, P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BOND CHARACTERISTICS OF EPOXY COATED REINFORCING BARS PY - 1982/08 SP - 176 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the flexural bond characteristics of epoxy coated reinforcing bars in comparison to uncoated bars under static and fatigue loadings. Comparative tests were conducted between reinforcing bars with epoxy coated, normal mill scale and blast cleaned surface conditions. Both #6 and #11 bars were included. Forth flexural bond specimens of the beam end type were tested in static and fatigue loadings. Three embedment lengths were used in the tests. In addition, six slab specimens were tested to evaluate the effect of epoxy coating on concrete crack spacing and crack width. Behavior is assessed in terms of influence on crack spacing, crack width, bond strength and bond fatigue. Suggestions for design criteria modification are proposed. (FHWA) KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Epoxy resins KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spacing KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373077 AU - Carpenter, W A AU - Heisler, R L AU - Curling, S F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER MODELS FOR PREDICTING THE PROBABILITY OF VIOLATING CO AIR QUALITY STANDARDS--THE MODEL SIMCO PY - 1982/08 SP - 117 p. AB - This report presents the user instructions and data requirements for SIMCO, a combined simulation and probability computer model developed to quantify and evaluate carbon monoxide in roadside environments. The model permits direct determinations of the probability of violating the one- and eight-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standards for carbon monoxide. It also provides information on the magnitude and frequency of carbon monoxide concentrations. The probability of violating an air quality standard is a function of the random influences of meteorology, traffic volumes, emission patterns, and background pollution levels. SIMCO simulates carbon monoxide concentrations based on these parameters. Generally ten years of hourly concentrations are simulated for each analysis. The input data required by SIMCO are the source and receptor coordinates, representative historical meteorological records, temporal vehicle traffic volume and emission patterns, and representative background pollutant statistics. The model can be used to provide a comprehensive microscale analysis for highway environmental impact studies and state implementation plan hot spot analyses, and for monitor-siting studies to determine the attainment and maintenance of the standards for carbon monoxide. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Meteorology KW - Pollutants KW - Probability theory KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Traffic volume KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36476/83-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372477 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEATED ABRASIVES ON SNOW AND ICE COVERED ROADS PY - 1982/08 SP - n.p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of using heated abrasives versus cold, wet abrasives in snow and ice control. It was concluded that: (1) sand is blown or whipped off the road only a small percentage of the time under specific conditions, (2) the traveling public adjusts to driving conditions rather well in the Colorado Rockies, (3) covered sand sheds would be a definite advantage but should have mechanisms for filling from the top. (FHWA) KW - Abrasives KW - Containers KW - Heating KW - Sand KW - Snow and ice control KW - Storage bins KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373117 AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOIL--REVIEW OF INDEX TESTS PY - 1982/08 SP - 117 p. AB - Methods of determining the frost susceptibility of soils are identified and presented in this report. More than one hundred criteria were found, the most common based on particle size characteristics. These particle size criteria are frequently augmented by information such as grain size distribution, uniformity coefficients and Atterberg limits. Information on permeability, mineralogy and soil classification has also been used. More complex methods requiring pore size distribution, mositure-tension, hydraulic-conductivity, heave-stress, and frost-heave tests have also been proposed. However, none has proven to be the universal test for determining the frost susceptibility of soils. Based on this survey, four methods are proposed for further study. They are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Frost Susceptibility Classification System, the moisture-tension hydraulic-conductivity test, a new frost-heave test, and the CBR-after-thaw test. (FHWA) KW - Atterberg limits KW - Coefficients KW - Criteria KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture tension KW - Permeability KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Pore size distribution KW - Reviews KW - Soil classification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Standardization KW - Stresses KW - Tension KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373064 AU - Leite, AJFP AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF BUTT-WELDED SPLICES PY - 1982/08 SP - 224 p. AB - The fatigue performance of flange transition butt-welded splices has been evaluated. Analytical solutions for the stress gradient correction. F sub G, are generated using a finite element method. The 1 to 2-1/2 slope transition recommended by the AASHTO Specifications is compared with the 1 to 5 slope transition used in the bridge being investigated. The 1 to 5 slope increases the estimated fatigue by a factor of 2 and is recommended for future construction. The data generated under normal speed traffic in the field study of the bridge show the significance of the induced-vibration cycles superimposed to each major cycle due to a single truck. The dynamic vibrations have amplitudes of the same order of magnitude as the static stress range. Solutions for the fatigue life of surface, corner, and interior cracks are presented in tabular form. These solutions can be applied to any desired stress range and initial flaw size. The results of the analytical fracture mechanics study and the field study of the bridge indicate that quite large initial flaw sizes would be required to produce a fatigue failure in the butt welds of the bridge. Such large initial flaws would be unlikely in the welds due to the radiographic inspection required in fabrication. Therefore, no fatigue cracking is likely to occur at the flange butt welds used in the bridge. (FHWA) KW - Butt welds KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flanges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Splicing KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372199 AU - Nungesser, L G AU - Nordstrom, J A AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN TEXAS PY - 1982/08 SP - 122 p. AB - Public transportation in rural areas and small cities is of increasing concern as various agencies compete for scarce public funds. Currently ten Texas rural and small city transportation systems receive FHWA Section 18 funds. This report documents the findings and recommendations of the transit management evaluations performed on these systems. The results show the basics of good transportation systems to be in place. Several significant problems do exist, centering on the goals and objectives, fares, service standards, data collection, and utilization and marketing. Recommendations are intended to provide direction to the governing boards and management of the systems, assisting in improving efficiency and effectiveness. KW - Data collection KW - Financing KW - Level of service KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Marketing KW - Paratransit services KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Politics KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Texas KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365823 AU - Jayaprakash, G P AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Ramamurti, K AU - Gilliland, W J AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVAL OF CHLORIDE FROM CONCRETE AND FOR EMPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE SEALANTS PY - 1982/08 SP - 66 p. AB - Chloride ion from bridge deck concrete can be removed by application of a direct current potential between bridge reinforcing steel(-) and a copper screen(+) conductor on the bridge surface. Soaring prices of all types of energy would make removal of all chloride prohibitatively expensive. The importance of verification of all electrical connections prior to the treatment is emphasized by the demonstration of concrete cracking when the steel was made a positive instead of a negative electrode. Our data on effectiveness of calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor added to the concrete overlay placed on electro-treated concrete is not extensive due to accidental damage to the test slabs. Therefore no definite conclusions are made. Attempted impregnation of electrically treated but unheated concrete with a claimed penetrating epoxy, sealing of concrete pores with in situ formation of cellulose by bacteria, and development of Cl- sensitive coated wire electrodes were unsuccessful. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete cracking KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Cracking KW - Deicing KW - Direct current KW - Electroosmosis KW - Ions KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371167 AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Epps, J A AU - Little, D N AU - Button, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING AGENTS FOR RECYCLED BITUMINOUS BINDERS--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/08 SP - 7 p. AB - Salvaged asphalt treated pavement materials were obtained, analyzed and combined with recycling agents. Laboratory tests were performed on the field aged mixtures, field aged asphalts, recycling agents, aged asphalt-recycling agent blends and recycled mixtures. Results from these tests suggest that recycling agents can restore aged asphalts to desired consistency levels and can be used to produce recycled mixtures with acceptable properties. However, the type of recycling agent and the nature of the aged asphalts will determine the temperature susceptibility of the blended binder. Potential aged asphalt-recycling agent compatibility problems exist. Tests and/or criteria need to be developed to more accurately recognize this potential problem. In the interim a laboratory oven aging test conducted on the blend of the aged asphalt and recycling agent is suggested for use. Recycled mixture properties can be adjusted by controlling the amount of recycling agent added. The properties of recycled mixtures are dependent upon the method and temperature of sample preparation as the blending of the recycling agent with the aged asphalt is both time and temperature dependent. Pavement performance has been predicted from existing pavement design methods using recycled mixture characterization data. A recommended specification for recycling agents and a method for the design of recycled mixtures is contained in the unabridged final report (FHWA/RD-82/010, NTIS No. PB82-197856). (FHWA) KW - Aging KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Blending KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Specifications KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370287 AU - Drennon, C AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATEX IMPROVEMENT OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1982/08 SP - n.p. AB - The investigation compared the performance of a single unmodified milled recycled asphalt concrete to milled asphalt concrete modified by addition of three types of rubber latex. Latex was added at 2, 3, 5, and 8 percent latex by weight of asphalt in the asphalt concrete. Latices used were a styrene-butadiene (SBR) a natural rubber (NR), an acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR), and four varieties of out-of-specification SBR latices. Marshall tests, while indecisive, showed a modest improvement in properties of SBR and NR-added material at 3 and 5 percent latex. Addition of NBR latex caused deterioration in Marshall stability and flow over that of control. Repeated load tests were run using the indirect tensile test, analyzed by the VESYS program, which computes "life" of pavements. Repeated load tests showed improvement in asphalt concrete "life" when 3 and 5 percent SBR was added. Improvement was also shown by the out-of-specification SBR. Natural rubber showed no significant improvement, probably due to mixing difficulties. The addition of rubber in latex form to recycled hot-mix as a method to improve pavement characteristics shows promise, but proof of practicality is not yet adequate. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Computer programs KW - Improvements KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Latex KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Repeated loads KW - Rubber KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Service life KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368917 AU - McCullagh, F R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SULFUR ASPHALT PATCHING MATERIALS PY - 1982/08 SP - 12 p. AB - Patching deteriorated pavement is an important maintenance function. Presently used procedures and materials for patching are not always effective due to adverse weather, materials used, and procedures. Sulfur Asphalt Sand (SAS) materials have the potential for producing superior patches since they are pourable, require no compaction, and are highly stable. SAS patching materials were developed in the laboratory using marginal aggregate sources and sulfur. Field trials using the Mini Cycle and the SAS patching materials were not satisfactory because of high SO2 (greater than 50 ppm) emissions. The Mini Cycle will not be used to place any SAS patches but it was effective in placing recycled asphalt patches. (FHWA) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pollutants KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Sulfur dioxide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369408 AU - Long, J A AU - Belangie, M C AU - Anderson, D I AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF PAVEMENT RIDEABILITY IN UTAH SN - 500-937 PY - 1982/08 SP - 65 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine ways to improve the rideability of Utah roads by (1) increasing the effectiveness of present methods and (2) applying new methods using available surface quality measuring equipment. Ride measuring devices utilized by Utah were tested and found to be inadequate by themselves as standard measurement tools for construction acceptance testing. The Mays Ride Meter is recommended, however, for use in conjunction with construction acceptance testing with the stringline on all new bituminous concrete pavements. Mays roughness data would identify and locate, by station, rough pavement areas that may be in violation of surface tolerance specifications. These areas would then be tested with the stringline according to Utah's existing surface tolerance specifications. This procedure should make the use of the stringline in identifying surface deviations more efficient and effective than random site selection. The Cox Profilograph is recommended for similar surveys on all new portland cement concrete pavements prior to construction acceptance testing with the stringline or the straightedge. It is recommended that the Mays Ride Meter be used as a pavement roughness survey tool to evaluate deteriorated pavements programmed for rehabilitation or major maintenance. This would identify rough pavement areas that should be considered for lane-leveling or planing prior to an overlay or other activity. Proper preparation of the surface prior to the activity at the identified locations should result in improvement of the rideability of the pavement following the surfacing activity. A limited correlation was found to exist between accident rates and pavement roughness for certain classes of roads in Utah. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Riding qualities KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367463 AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEM FOR INVENTORYING ROAD SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (SIRST) PY - 1982/08 SP - 269 p. AB - An experimental trailer-mounted instrumentation system which surveys and records data on the roadway topography while being towed at normal highway speeds has been developed and tested. The system uses non-contacting electro-optical sensors to measure the relative height of the roadway surface along 12 selected paths which are spaced at intervals across the 12-ft. width of a normal traffic lane. Data on the cross slope and longitudinal slope of the surface and the direction of travel are obtained from a gyro-type inertial reference unit mounted on the instrumentation trailer. Compensation for vehicular bounce is obtained through use of a double integrated vertical accelerometer. At intervals of one (or two) feet along the roadway a solid-state data acquisition system samples the output from each height sensor; the roll, pitch and azimuth signals from the inertial reference system; the output from the accelerometer and the double integrated accelerometer signal. This data is digitized and recorded on a digital cassette type magnetic tape recorder. The cassette tape is used to provide an input to a computer for analysis and plotting purposes. Programs to permit computer plotting of the data to show the topography of the roadway surfaces were developed. Preliminary tests of the system have indicated height sensing accuracy to better than 0.01-in. (0.25mm) and the slope measurement accuracy to better than 0.2 deg. The tests have also demonstrated the capability of the system to collect data at 1-ft. intervals while being towed at speeds up to 35 mph and at 2-ft. intervals at speeds up to 55 mph. Further evaluation is needed to establish the accuracy under dynamic conditions and the correlation of the data on roadway surface topography with that determined by other measurement techniques. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptical devices KW - Instrumentation KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Inventory KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sensors KW - Slopes KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Topography KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373113 AU - Prapaharan, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF SOIL EQUILIBRIUM WATER CONTENT AND MINERALOGY EFFECT ON PERMEABILITY USING PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION PY - 1982/07/13 SP - n.p. AB - Natural soils and artificial mixtures of silt and kaolin were used. The natural soils were provided by researchers at the University of Illinois; they also provided the associated soil-moisture characteristic curves (as physically measured). Pore size distributions were obtained by mercury-intrusion procedures on freeze-dried specimens. The soil-moisture characteristic curve can be used to predict soil equilibrium water content. This curve relates water content and soil suction. Instead of using the time consuming physical measurement procedures, this study created techniques to predict the curve from pore size distribution data in much less time. The effect of soil mineralogy on permeability is examined by comparing soil permeability to air and to water. Pore size distribution models can predict air permeability or water permeability but not both; this is the mineralogy effect. A correlation was effected between activity and the air to water permeability ratio; this factor is used to correct for the effect and, thus, account for it. Mineralogy effects on clays of low plasticity are relatively small. Predictive equations already created for frost heave rate in such soils require no modifications. (FHWA) KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Kaolin KW - Mineralogy KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Silts KW - Soil suction KW - Soil water KW - Soil water content UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420266 AU - Klinger, D AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Liss, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Household travel PY - 1982/07 IS - 9 SP - 104P KW - Automobile ownership KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Household KW - Households KW - Income KW - Income KW - Journey length KW - Location KW - Location KW - Modal choice KW - Mode choice KW - Motivation KW - Motivation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Transport mode KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Trip length KW - Usa KW - Vehicle ownership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173146 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study: Household Travel PY - 1982/07//Final Report SP - 114p AB - This report is one of a series prepared from the findings of the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). The report examines the relationship between household travel patterns and characteristics of the household. Vehicle trips and vehicle miles per household are presented relative to income, number of vehicles owned, household location and composition of the household (e.g., number of persons, workers, drivers). In some tables, rates are shown in terms of two household characteristics, such as income and number of vehicles owned. Findings from the 1977 NPTS are compared to those from the 1969 NPTS to trace changes over time in vehicle trips and travel per household. KW - Households KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys KW - Trip generation KW - Trip purpose KW - Trip rates KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33348/33348.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365742 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Elmitiny, R AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - LONG TERM OBSERVATIONS OF PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENTS IN OHIO PY - 1982/07 SP - 150 p. AB - This report presents long term evaluation data and analyses for eight (8) experimental pavement projects constructed in Ohio. The study projects include both rigid and flexible pavements and are scattered throughout the state. Pavement age is currently approaching 10 years for some projects. The pavements were extensively monitored and tested at the time of construction, and during 1979 and 1980 as part of this research study. Collected data included pavement condition rating (PCR) of visible distress, Dynaflect deflection, test properties of core and subgrade samples, and estimated remaining structural life and overlay requirements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Ohio KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815868 AU - Behrens, R G AU - Marshalla, R AU - Handel, W AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF WELDING PROCEDURES ON WELD QUALITY PY - 1982/07 SP - 191 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop welding procedures that would help to minimize the occurrence of cold cracking, hot cracking, porosity, slag inclusions, and lack of fusion in shielded metal arc welding. A literature survey was conducted to identify the welding variables related to each of the discontinuities, and relationships between the welding variables and the occurrence of discontinuities were examined in detail. These relationships were then used to establish preliminary welding requirements. A test program was conducted to verify the validity of the preliminary proposed requirements. Recommended welding requirements were then developed on the basis of the preliminary proposed requirements and the test results. KW - Cold cracking KW - Cracking KW - Fusion KW - Hot cracking KW - Literature reviews KW - Porosity KW - Quality control KW - Shielded metal arc welding KW - Slag inclusions KW - Steel KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475429 AU - Rood, S A AU - National Association of Counties Research, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO BENEFIT THE NATION'S HIGHWAY INVESTMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/07 SP - 156 p. AB - This report describes the second phase of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)-funded project of the National Association of Counties Research, Inc. (NACoR) to institute a process of technology transfer to assist counties in developing or implementing cost-effective, energy-efficient highway and transportation programs. The report discusses the five tasks outlined in NACoR's contract with FHWA and how they were fulfilled: newspaper supplement on highway programs; technical manuals; regular information dissemination; technical assistance linkages; and monitoring federal regulations. The conclusions cite recommendations for improving the process of technology transfer to counties in this area. The body of the report contains examples of newsletters and other dissemination techniques used throughout the course of this project. Two manuals which were developed as part of the project are attached as appendices to the report. KW - Counties KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Information dissemination KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Newspapers KW - Regulations KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396686 AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Cain, D H AU - Southgate, H F AU - Havens, J H AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS IN KENTUCKY PY - 1982/07 SP - 64 p. AB - Over two hundred pavement sections in Kentucky have been periodically measured for pavement roughness over a period of several years. This pavement service-life historical data can be used to assess quality of construction, pavement service-life, present and anticipated pavement condition. Road users perception of ride quality can be related to these measurements. Response-type road roughness measuring systems have been used to collect roughness measurements and correlation studies have been performed to relate measurements from current systems. Several factors influence pavement roughness. An early factor is construction workmanship. Other factors are traffic loading, environment, geology, and age. (Author) KW - Age KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Geology KW - Pavements KW - Perception KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic loads KW - Workmanship UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474826 AU - Albrecht, P AU - Wattar, F AU - Sahli, A AU - Vannoy, D W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - TASK "A" END-BOLTED COVER PLATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/07 SP - 195 p. AB - Twenty-two beams were tested to determine if end-bolting the cover plate ends would increase the fatigue life as compared to conventional end-welding. The cover plates were welded to the flanges over a 914-mm (3-ft) fixed length. They were extended beyond the weld ends by the amount needed for high-strength bolting them to the flanges with six, four or two bolts. These three types of detail exhibited, on average, a fatigue life of 16 times, 25 times and 14 times, respectively, that of the end-welded cover plate (Category E). The results indicated that bolting the cover-plate end raised the fatigue strength of the detail by three stress Categories, from E to B. Recommended design and fabrication methods for end-bolted cover plates are presented. A parametric analysis of simple span and two-span continuous highway bridges indicated that girders with end-bolted cover plates would be fatigue-proof and cheaper to build than end-welded cover plates. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bolting KW - Bolts KW - Cover plates KW - Design KW - Fabrication KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girders KW - High strength bolts KW - Metal bridges KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Steel bridges KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285560 ER -