TY - RPRT AN - 01507762 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Louisiana North-South Expressway : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(5v),Dsum, Final(5v),Fsum, Final supplement to the final(v.4-5) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507024 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-101 freeway (proposed), Santa Clara County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291348 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01489599 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Bridge Engineering. Volume 2 SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - 266p AB - This issue contains 32 papers that represent proceedings of a conference on bridge engineering conducted by the Transportation Research Board, September 25-27, 1978, in St. Louis, Missouri. Specific topics addressed include: design codes; fatigue tests of prestressed girders; seismic resistance and retrofitting; lateral load distribution; web stresses; dynamic bridge response; wind-induced response; and aerodynamic stability. Additional topics covered include: box girder bridges; pedestrian bridges; suspended span bridges; cable-stayed bridges; bridge design and construction; traffic loads; prefabricated steel decks; deck panels; new construction techniques for concrete bridges; segmental bridge construction; design and installation of driven piles; wave equations; low-volume roads; short-span concrete bridge construction; log stringer bridges; posttenisoning of longitudinally laminated timber bridge; multiple service level railings; catastrophic bridge failues; and early warning collison systems. U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1258477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451588 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - State Project No. 714-22-54, FAP No. RR-022R(002), railroad-highway demonstration project, Metairie, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana : administrative action, final environmental impact statement submitted pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 4332(2) (C), 23 U.S.C. 128(a) PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1220132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451187 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - MA-25 and MA-28, Wareham, Plymouth and Bourne : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final(2v), Final supplement to the final, Final supplement to the finalA KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01411057 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Bridge Engineering. Volume 1 SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - 270p AB - This issue contains 34 papers concerning bridge engineering. The papers represent proceedings of a conference on bridge engineering held by the Transportation Research Board, September 25-27, 1978, in St. Louis, Missouri. Specific topics addressed in this volume include: a computerized bridge inventory; inspection programs; replacement, rehabilitation, and repair; service life extension; bridge widening; viaduct renovation; covered bridges; and railroad bridge design. Other topics covered include: fatigue; ultimate strength; delamination; impregnation of decks with linseed oil; deicing; reliability; overloading; superloads; in-plane and out-of-plane instability; autostressing; and environmental stresses. U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Materials KW - Materials UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354591 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Handbook of Highway Safety Design and Operating Practices PY - 1978 SP - 134p AB - This is a revised and expanded version of the Handbook of Highway Safety Design and Operating Practices, published in 1973. It contains the following chapters: 1. Cross Sections and Slopes; 2. Bridge Design; 3. Signing; 4. Highway Traffic Barriers; 5. Small Drainage Structures; 6. Railroad Grade Crossings; 7. Gores; 8. Lighting; 9. Skid Prevention; 10. Construction and Maintenance Operations; and 11. Special Design Considerations. KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160857 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-51 (FA-740) railroad highway separation construction, 5th Ave to Lakeview Drive, Rochelle : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160855 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 widening, improvement, Fulton County / Clayton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160846 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-27 from I-24 to TN-28, Marlen County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160844 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 4th Ave to 5th Ave transition, Minot : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134001 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-199 construction, James City/York counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-265 at State St interchange construction, New Albany : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01133999 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 1604, I-10 to Babcock Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01133998 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-60 bridge, Big Sandy River, Effects on Dreamland Park in Kerova, Boyd County, KY/Wayne County, WV : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01133997 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Minot east to Surrey, Ward County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01133996 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LA-408, Hooper Road and Harding Blvd-Hooper Road connection, East Baton Rouge Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01133995 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 from Devils Lake easterly to ND-18, Ramsey/Nelson/Grand Forks counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894753 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125632 JO - VHTRC ; AU - McGhee, Kenneth H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of experimental flexible pavements PY - 1978 SP - iv, 38 p. AB - A program of construction and performance evaluation of seven Virginia flexible pavements containing at least some experimental features is reported. The objective of the program is to evaluate the performance of the pavements incorporating new or timely design concepts and to assess the flexibility of these concepts for further use. Among the major findings of the study to this point are the following. 1. Pavements having equivalent design thickness indices are not necessarily equivalent in construction cost or in early structural strength. 2. Very early deflection tests do not give good indications of the ultimate strength characteristics of pavements having cement stabilized layers. 3. Full-depth asphaltic concrete pavements can give excellent performance in very poor soil areas, especially when the design is modified through the provision of a cement stabilized subgrade. 4. An unstabilized sandwich layer placed between a cement stabilized layer and asphaltic concrete layers is effective in significantly delaying the reflection of transverse cracking from the cement stabilized layer through the asphaltic concrete layers. There is some evidence that reflective cracks may develop after many years under heavy truck traffic. 5. Such a sandwich layer is weaker than either of the two layers it contacts and can cause a net reduction in pavement strength as compared with the situation where the weaker layer is on the bottom. 6. Transverse shrinkage cracks reflect from a cement treated stone subbase through 3 inches (75 mm) of bituminous concrete in as little as 18 months and through 7 inches (175 mm) of bituminous concrete in less than 5 years. 7. Cement treatment of stone subbases can be omitted in passing lanes with no detriment to performance. (This may not be true with traffic volumes near capacity because of the change in distribution of truck usage as that point is approached.) The two following recommendations for consideration by administrators of the Highway and Transportation Department seem appropriate at this time. 1. The Department is encouraged to consider the full depth asphalt concept as a desirable alternative in flexible pavement design. In poor soil areas the designs should be modified to provide cement (or lime) stabilization of the native subgrade soil. Although full depth design may be considerably more expensive than many alternatives, there is strong evidence reported herein that the full-depth pavements can provide performance somewhat better than most of these alternatives. 2. In cases where it is deemed appropriate to stabilize aggregate base materials on divided highways with four or more lanes where truck traffic is normally channeled into the outer lanes, it is structurally feasible to omit such stabilization from the inner or passing lanes. While in many cases there may be no economic advantage in such a practice because of construction difficulties, the concept is recommended for cases where it may be practically feasible. KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/78-r31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886582 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125629 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Caldwell, Lawrence C AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An evaluation of the transferability of cross classification trip generation models PY - 1978 SP - 60 p. in various pagings AB - This report describes the results of the application in Virginia of the trip generation procedures described in the Federal Highway Administration report entitled Trip Generation Analysis and published in 1975. Cross classification models, disaggregate regression models, aggregate regression models, and trip rates were developed for three cities. The model for each of the cities was transferred to the two other cities and comparisons were made. The comparisons revealed that models calibrated on aggregate zonal data perform better than models calibrated with disaggregate household data when forecasting with aggregate data. However, if cross classification models are acceptable, they can be transferred between cities if good judgment is used to select cities that are similar enough for transferring models. The report recommends the establishment of a standard procedure for data collection and trip generation analysis in selected studies of the near future so that the transferability question can be properly addressed. The emphasis should be on the development of new prototype models for application in groups of cities. KW - Analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Planning KW - Transportation KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/78-r39.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36319/78-R39.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886579 ER - TY - SER AN - 01119896 JO - VHTRC ; AU - McKeel, Wallace T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of a pilot installation of an energy absorbing bridge rail PY - 1978 SP - vi, 20, A1-A4 p. AB - A newly developed bridge rail which uses steel rings that collapse or deform to absorb the energy of an impacting vehicle was retrofitted to the concrete parapet of an existing interstate highway bridge. It was planned that the installation would be evaluated from the standpoint of design, construction, effectiveness, and maintenance requirements. However, as the rail was not struck during the study period, its in-service performance remains untested, and no maintenance has been required. Information is presented on the cost, man-hours required, and problems encountered in the design and construction of the rail. KW - Bridge railings UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/78-r56.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37739/78-R56.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105994 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sperry Systems Management TI - Reduced visibility guidance systems report photo album PY - 1978 SP - 63 leaves KW - Automobile driving KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - United States KW - Warning signs KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101027 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hwy from Minnies Gap to Colorado state line, Daggett County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101026 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 755 freeway, St.Louis : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft; Report on North-South Distributor B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101025 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-36, Eldorado St-Jasper St intersection reconstruction, Decatur : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101024 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DE-4 reconstruction, relocation, DE-2 to DE-7, New Castle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101023 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 construction, Danville to St. Johnsbury : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101021 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - University Blvd, US-90 to Persons Drive, Mobile : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101020 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lenoir Southwest Loop thoroughfare from NC-18 Business to US-321, Caldwell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101019 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-23 from Tennessee state line to US-19, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101018 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Death Valley Road, CA-168 to Death Valley N.M., Inyo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101015 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternative hwy 12 alignments, Fairfield and Suisun, Solano County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101014 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-5, US-45, Henderson, Chester/McNairy counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-24-27, Albemarle Road, Lawyers Road to Blair Road, Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101012 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-404, Denton Bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cheyenne federal-aid urban system, north portion : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101010 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 1 and I-105 (El Segundo-Norwalk) freeway-transitway (proposed), Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft,Dsum, Final(2v); Memorandum and comments regarding final EIS B1; Draft 4(f) statement B2 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101009 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1, McMinnville to Sparta : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101008 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kalanianeloe Hwy (FAP-72) improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101007 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MI-24 extension, Caro to MI-25, Unionville : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101004 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kuakini Hwy realignment : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101003 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-90, junction SR-5 to vicinity junction SR-405, Seattle : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(v.1A,1B, 2(fol)), Final(v.1-2,3A,3B,4) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101002 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dawson St-McDowell St extension and related Wilmington St South Saunders St improvements, Raleigh : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101001 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 and I-75 improvements, Knoxville, Knox County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Final Appendix, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-101, Shakopee Bypass, Scott County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100999 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-65-3(52)(53) and M-7257(1), Lewisburg to Warrior : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(2v) KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100998 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-264 construction, Ports and Norfolk : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100997 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - St improvements, US-30, WY-150, WY-89, Evanston : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100996 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 through Bear River Valley, Box Elder County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100995 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Main St-Penn Central Railroad grade separation, Elkhart County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100994 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Industries Road extension, Richmond : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100993 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-111 reconstruction, Appalachian hwy corridor J, White/Putnam counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100992 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-980(24) and Route 17 corridor development, Oakland : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100991 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-409, O'Fallon to Sandoval : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100990 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20, Parker/Tarrant counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100988 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, Ferdinand to Craigmont, Idaho County / Lewis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100987 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 7, Norwalk to Danbury : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final(4v in 5pts) KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100985 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-26, Granite Hill-Swan Valley : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100984 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-98, FAP-9, Mississippi line to Wilmer : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100983 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AR-1 White River bridge construction, St. Charles : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100981 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-275-US-81, Norfolk Ave-113th St upgrading, reconstruction, Norfolk : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100980 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WA-16, Cheney Stadium to Tacoma Narrows Bridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-11 and NY-56, Pottsdam Relief Route : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100978 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-35, Lang Drive reconstruction, La Crosse : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100977 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Hilltop Interchange and Frontage Roads : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100976 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-35 widening and relocation, De Kalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100975 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1037, sections 5D and 5E, Allegheny Valley Expressway construction, Allegheny County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Analysis of design features mitigating highway construction on streams B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100974 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-380, Black Hawk County, Location study report : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final, Fsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100973 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-518 state arterial, Lee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100972 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-97 (relocated), Taneytown bypass, Carroll County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100971 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest hwy 23 construction to recreational standards, White Pine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100970 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hilo Bayfront Hwy, Hawaii : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Section 4(f) statement B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100969 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Talladega western bypass proposed construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100967 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Brookwood Station area improvements, including Brookwood interchange (I-85) and arterial connector, Atlanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100965 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-85 improvement, De Kalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100963 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-54 improvement, US-4 to Lulu Ave, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100961 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-215 Southeast belt route completion, Salt Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100960 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northeast inner loop, Sioux City bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100959 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 91 freeway (Redondo Beach freeway), Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100958 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Canton Road-SR-5 relocation, Marietta to I-75, Cobb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100954 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hwy 12, Olathe : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100953 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 17th St improvement, Idaho Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100952 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 185, Franklin/Washington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100951 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lakeport project, Lincoln Way to Gordon Drive : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100950 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-60, Springfield, Greene County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100949 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 463 development, Victoria : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100948 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-12 improvement and relocation, Niobrara area : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100947 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Allen Blvd interchange section construction with hwy 217, Beaverton-Tigard Hwy, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100945 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-595, IL-2 to I-80, Rock Island/Henry counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100944 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3 construction, Clear Creek Road to Poulsbo vicinity, Kitsap County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100943 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UT-68, Redwood Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100942 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian Hwy in north Georgia : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Supplement to the draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100941 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-34, Knowlton Bridge construction at Lake duBay, Dancy to Knowlton, Marathon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100940 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shakwak Hwy improvement, British Columbia and Yukon Canada : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Supplement to the draft, Final; Canadian Environmental Assessment Panel report B1 KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100939 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sunrise Hwy extension, Suffolk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final, Final supplement to the final; Noise study report B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100938 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Del Monte Ave, Washington St, Monterey : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-29, Wausau-Wittenberg Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100935 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Powell Blvd, phase II, Mt.Hood Hwy 26, Multnomah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100934 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 168, Great Bridge bypass construction from Kegman Road to the Oak Grove Road-Battlefield Blvd intersection, Chesapeake : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100933 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-23, North Fork Payette River Hwy, Boise County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100932 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 reconstruction-location study report, Marshall County, Tama County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100931 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate Spur, I-59 to 12th St, Tuscaloosa : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v) KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100929 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20, Fort Robinson east, Sioux/Dawes counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100928 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-54, Leitchfield Road, Owensboro : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100927 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 improvement, Grand Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100926 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-60 reconstruction from Diamond to Hugheston, Kanawha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100914 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-136, Brownville Bridge west : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100913 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Abbott Drive conversion, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100912 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-15, Putnam Road to M-77, 4(f) : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100910 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-219 (Southern Expressway, section 3-4) : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060645 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-15-US-30 improvements, Schuyler : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060639 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 61 improvement, Crawford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft; Final negative declaration B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060618 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-59, Akron Innerbelt construction, Akron : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060606 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-370 construction, Betz Road to Galvin Road, Parkway Drive to Offutt Air Force Base, Bellevue : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060603 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-101 9.5 mile relocation, Candia to Raymond : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060581 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-83, Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060568 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Railroad relocation demonstration project, Carbondale : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060566 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1061, sections 6-10, Blair County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060554 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway and Public Transportation Improvement Act of 1978 (proposed) : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060434 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-640 from TN-33 to I-40, Knoxville : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060427 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-77, Beatrice bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060422 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HWY 12 improvements, Olathe to near Renner Road, Johnson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060276 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 4-lane free access facility connecting Albany to I-75 south of Cordele, Proposed construction D,F;Ecological Report DappD; hydrological report : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft AppendixE KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060204 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-340, west of Grand Junction study area : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060003 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1270 bridge construction, Dundy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00944213 AU - Fenton, Robert E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE CONTROL: INTERIM REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 197 p. AB - This report presents the achievements of the first year of a three year program to develop critical technologies for automatic lateral and longitudinal control for ground vehicles. These technologies are those essential for maneuvers such as switching, lane changing, and merging under both normal and emergency conditions. The vehicles will be capable of operating in high-speed, small time- headway situations through complex guideway networks. Research efforts were focused principally on the development of a physical test facility which would be employed to study control and communication problems at, and below the sector level. These studies would be focused on the automatic control of high-speed (to 28.1 m/ s), traffic operations at time headways as small as 1 s. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic steering control KW - Lane changing KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181962 AU - Lukanen, E AU - Teig, G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ROADWAY WIDENING SECTIONS THROUGH SWAMPS PY - 1978 SP - 49 p. AB - Six methods of floating roadway widening sections over a peat swamp were designed and constructed on a two lane roadway in 1976. The project location was on T.H. 53 between International Falls and Ray. Peat depths ranged from 8 to 15 feet. The investigation to date has shown that widenings can be floated on peat when fill height and loading rates are controlled. Performance of the sections will be monitored for a period of at least three years. KW - Building materials KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Embankments KW - Fabrics KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Floating structures KW - Improvements KW - Loads KW - Minnesota KW - Monitoring KW - Peat KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Roads KW - Swamps KW - Width KW - Wood chips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815900 AU - Anderson, H L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEDERAL APPROACH TO HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - The author briefly discusses the Federal approach to highway safety, as viewed from the Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Research is a vital part of the many Federal programs to improve safety. Three new project areas are highlighted: Roadside safety hardware for nonfreeway facilities; Highway safety program effectiveness evaluation; and Traffic management in construction and maintenance zones. The Federal approach to safety involves, in addition to research, a program for planning and developing highway safety programs at both the State and local level. The research and planning efforts are supported by several safety construction programs intended to reduce the number and severity of accidents through physical improvements of hazardous highway locations and elements. Another FHWA safety consideration is the safety regulation of trucks and buses. Finally, the author discusses some of FHWA's most pressing concerns and possible future approaches. KW - Buses KW - Future KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Planning KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815901 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1978 PY - 1978 SP - 52 p. AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-599), signed into law by President Carter on November 6, 1978, is a significant milestone in federal assistance for the nation's transportation needs. This is the first act, as such, which combines authorizations for highways, highway safety, and public transportation in one piece of legislation. It is the first of the acts related to federal-aid highways which authorizes funds for a 4-year period. Total funding provided in the act is $51.4 billion to become available in fiscal years 1979 through 1982, with $30.6 billion for highways, $7.2 billion for highway safety, and $13.6 billion for public transportation. This booklet provides additional information on the act's most significant provisions. KW - Authorizations KW - Federal aid KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Public transit KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771861 AU - Todosiev, Ernest P AU - Barbosa, L C AU - Fenton, Robert E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - STUDIES OF DRIVER AUTOMOBILE INTERFACES PY - 1978 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This is a collection of nine papers and reports which cover driver- vehicle studies. The following topics are studied: the design of an automobile simulator; the application of an automobile simulator; longitudinal dynamics, specifically, the problem in dealing with the dynamics of a rear vehicle following a lead vehicle; the action point model of the driver- vehicle system; velocity thresholds in car following; proposed model for the driver-vehicle system; velocity thresholds in car following at night; visual motion thresholds for simulated night driving; and, driver- automobile interfaces. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Driving simulators KW - Longitudinal control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772328 AU - Dudek, Conrad L AU - McNees, R W AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS PY - 1978 SP - 4 v. AB - This document provides practical guidelines for the development design, and operation of driver information displays, both visual and auditory, for freeway traffic management. It covers the content format, and placement of messages and is restricted to human factors design considerations. It contains two extensive bibliography volumes which are partially annotated. KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Real time information KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772174 AU - Berger, C AU - Zove, Philip AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS) FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN STUDY : PHASE II, GENERALIZED METHODOLOGY FOR IMIS FEASIBILITY STUDIES PY - 1978 SP - 2 v. AB - Phase I of the IMIS project examined the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Motorist Information System in a corridor located in New York. Under Phase II of IMIS, the methodology for performing an IMIS feasibility study was generalized and put into "handbook" form to provide practicing traffic engineers with a step-by-step procedure for accomplishing such a study. Major topics included in the handbook are: criteria for IMIS application, assembly of the necessary data base, selection and evaluation of candidate routes, equipment trade- offs, development of alternative preliminary designs, and system evaluation on a benefit/cost basis. KW - Driver information systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183758 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Hanson, N W TI - FATIGUE TESTS OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS DESIGNED BY SHEAR-FRICTION SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 145-152 AB - For the elevated structure of Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority's (MARTA) system, bolted connections were designed to provide composite action between the precast concrete deck slab units and the main longitudinal girders. The connections were designed using the shear-friction procedure described in Section 11.15 of the 1971 ACI Building Code, Pretorqued bolts were used as "reinforcement". The paper describes tests of 16 specimens that simulated the joint between the deck and the girder of the MARTA structure. Controlled variables included use of concrete girder, steel girder, different size bolts and different times of grout between deck and girder. The specimens were subjected to repeated loads of either 2 or 5-million cycles. These tests provided a means for determining the behavior of the bolted connection under repeated loading. The test results are compared with values calculated according to the shear-friction concept. Design recommendations are presented. (Author) U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Deck girder bridges KW - Elevated guideways KW - Elevated structures KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Friction KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Grouting KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority KW - Precast concrete KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Slabs KW - Steel UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-019.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=FATIGUE+TESTS+OF+BOLTED+CONNECTIONS+DESIGNED+BY+SHEAR-FRICTION&author=B.+Rabbat&author=N.+Hanson&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318520 AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - National Highway Institute TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR STREET AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS. PARTICIPANT NOTEBOOK (THIRD EDITION) PY - 1978 SP - 275 p. AB - The basic objective of this training course is to provide information, guidelines and tools which will enable those persons with traffic control responsibilities to create safe and cost effective traffic control procedures for the full range of highway worksite situtations. The course addresses the specific areas of worksite traffic control. For each of the following characteristics a broad range of coverage is provided: (1) All road types-including streets, highways and limited access facilities; (2) Construction and maintenance activities and utility operations; (3) Work locations both in and adjacent to the traveled way; (4) Rural and urban environs; and (5) Planning, designing, installing, operating, maintaining and removing functions and emergency and disaster situations. The course is designed for presentation to federal, state and local agency personnel and utility and contracting company employees involved in traffic control. Participants may include engineers, technicians and supervisory personnel who have a responsibility for planning, designing, installing, operating and/or inspecting worksite traffic control procedures. KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Education KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operations KW - Personnel KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Specialized training KW - Streets KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198271 AU - Skinner, L E AU - Urban Institute AU - DTM, Incorporated AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIRECTIONS TO IMPROVE URBAN TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING: CONFERENCE SUMMARY AND WHITE PAPERS PY - 1978 SP - 411 p. AB - Recent research in travel behavior has provided many new insights into the travel needs and actions of the public. The most promising areas for additional research are the application of time and money budgets to planning, increased understanding of location theory (land use, spatial perception, accessibility measures), development of multinomial supply models, and determination of the temporal and geographic stability of demand and supply models used in transportation planning. Also recommended is additional research in data collection procedures, especially diary data and household interactions. KW - Budgeting KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Meetings KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318188 AU - Litz, L E AU - Rutledge, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL HIGHWAY PLANNING SYSTEM. COMPUTER PROGRAM USERS' MANUAL. VOLUME 2 PY - 1978 SP - 189 p. AB - An effective highway transportation planning process is the basis for, and is a necessary continuous part of efficient highway transportation management. A series of manuals and accompanying computer programs were developed to provide guidelines for establishing a system and the basic data collection programs and analysis that are a necessary beginning for accomplishing such a planning process. The object of the manual is to assist with the development of efficient procedures to update the road inventory data and for analyzing adequacy rating data beginning with the receipt of the completed field forms. The tables produced as a result of this analysis are used for determining the highway needs. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Editing KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Needs assessment KW - Office management KW - Regional planning KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Roads KW - Routes KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308342 AU - Ryan, G F AU - Rosenthal, R N AU - Berger, R L AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Washington State University, Puyallup AU - Washington State Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN ROADSIDE VEGETATION ON HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY PY - 1978 SP - n.p. AB - Experiments were conducted at six locations to determine methods for eliminating or controlling existing weeds on highway rights-of-way prior to planting, and preventing weed infestations after planting, without injuring or interfering with normal growth and development of desirable plant material. Four experiments were conducted to determine herbicide programs for eliminating weeds in natural stands of kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprang) and salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) on highway rights-of-way, permitting these plants to form solid covers of uniform attractive vegetation. /FHWA/ KW - Herbicides KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/034.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303404 AU - Lambe, T W AU - Baligh, M M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEGATIVE FRICTION "DOWNDRAG ON A PILE" PY - 1978 SP - 81 p. AB - This summary report was prepared by Miss Karen Castellanos and Mr. Chien-Tan Chang of the Implementation Division. It is based on the videotape presentation made by Professors T. William Lambe and Mohsen M. Baligh of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It summarizes more than 4 years of research effort on negative skin friction. The primary objective of the research was to develop procedures for estimating the magnitude of pile downdrag and eliminating pile downdrag if it proves to be uneconomical in design considerations. The research, conducted by MIT, was sponsored by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this report is to provide interested engineers with a better understanding of the negative skin friction problem and a prediction method to be used in the design of pile foundations. A copy of "A Manual on Prediction of Pile Downdrag on End Bearing Piles" prepared under the above research, is included in the appendix for the convenience of the reader. /FHWA/ KW - Downwash KW - End bearing piles KW - Manuals KW - Negative friction KW - Negative skin friction KW - Pile foundations KW - Structural design KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304790 AU - Corvi, I E AU - Kashuba, E AU - Deigh, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF SCHEDULING AND MONITORING FOR THE MANAGER PY - 1978 SP - 30 p. AB - The scheduling and monitoring of highway and other transportation projects are necessary if transportation managers are to use their agency's resources effectively. The report provides the transportation agency manager with a general idea of how scheduling and monitoring can increase agency effectiveness. Project scheduling and monitoring procedures used by the States of Florida, Iowa, and Utah are described. Specific techniques discussed include the Program Review and Evaluation Technique (PERT), the Critical Path Method (CPM), and the Work Progress Diagram (WPD). KW - Critical path method KW - Energy transfer KW - Florida KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Iowa KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Momentum KW - Momentum transfer KW - Paving KW - Personnel management KW - PERT KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project control KW - Project management KW - Resource allocation KW - Scheduling KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00301226 AU - Nanninga, M G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP BEHAVIOR OF FRICTION-TYPE JOINTS WITH COATED FAYING SURFACES PY - 1978 SP - 115 p. AB - Tests were conducted on a total of 48 specimens, coated with four types of coating systems, and subjected to sustained loading for long periods of time. Influence of coating type, clamping force, and coating thickness on creep behavior was determined. This report documents the behavior of the test specimens for a period of two to three months in length, and subsequent conclusions and recommendations were derived from activity during this period. It is recommended that creep studies be conducted on all coating systems to be used on the faying surfaces of friction-type connections, as behavior under sustained loading may vary significantly from behavior under short term static conditions. /Author/ KW - Coatings KW - Creep KW - Creep tests KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loading KW - Loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00300325 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS--PART VIII-TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1978 SP - n.p. AB - This section of the complete MUTCD includes all authorized traffic control devices and systems which regulate, warn or guide highway traffic at highway-railroad grade crossings. This National Standard covers the following topics relative to Traffic Control Systems at such locations and is divided in four main sections: 1. General: Functions; Use of Standard Devices; Uniform Provisions; Crossing Closure; Traffic Controls During Construction and Maintenance. 2. Signs and Markings: Purpose; Railroad Crossings Sign; Railroad Advance Warning Sign; Pavement Markings; Illumination at Grade Crossings; Exempt Crossing Signs; Turn Restrictions; Do Not Stop on Track Signs. 3. Signals and Gates: Purpose and Meaning; Flashing Light Signal--Post Mounted; Flashing Light Signal--Cantilever Supported; Automatic Gate; Train Detection; Traffic Signals at or Near Grade Crossings; Component Details. 4. Systems and Devices: Selection of Systems and Devices. KW - At grade intersections KW - Flashing lights KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Gates KW - Grade crossing lighting KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Highways KW - Lighting KW - Manuals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00300324 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS, A NATIONAL STANDARD FOR APPLICATION ON ALL CLASSES OF HIGHWAYS PY - 1978 SP - n.p. AB - This 1978 update of the previous Manual, 1971, includes all official revisions which have been made in the earlier Manual by the National Advisory Committee on the Manual and approved by the Federal Highway Administrator. It includes the traffic control devices--signs, signals, markings and other devices--placed on or adjacent to a street or highway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction to regulate, warn or guide motor vehicle traffic. The Manual has been approved by the Federal Highway Administrator as the National Standard for all Highways open to public travel in accordance with Federal Regulations. It is also approved as an American National Standard by the American National Standards Institute. /Author/ KW - Flashing lights KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Grade crossing lighting KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Highways KW - Lighting KW - Manuals KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188984 AU - Miller, E M AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1978 SP - 83 p. AB - Information is presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on natural streams in Virginia. Flood-frequency characteristics are defined for 299 gaging stations in Virginia having 10 or more years of record not significantly affected by man-made changes. The frequency characteristics were related to basin characteristics by multiple regression techniques and the equations derived can be used to estimate the magnitude of future floods with recurrence intervals as much as 100 years on ungaged streams if drainage area and slope for the site is known. At or near gaged sites, a weighted average of the regression results and the gaging station data is recommended. /FHWA/ KW - Areas KW - Drainage KW - Equations KW - Estimates KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189477 AU - Vlasin, R D AU - Davis, P AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing TI - ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION UPON MICHIGAN WOODLOTS AND WETLOADS--PHASE II PY - 1978 SP - n.p. AB - To determine the ecological effects of highway construction upon Michigan woodlots and wetlands, 10 sites located along a 95 mile segment of I-75 between Roscommon and West Branch were studied. In Phase I, these sites were examined in respect to several natural science parameters. Soils hydrology, water quality, forestry and wildlife. This study provided a continued evaluation, analysis and interpretation of data developed during Phase I where required additional data was obtained and correlated. A conceptual framework built in ecological principles for objectively evaluating key interrelationships having natural science parameters, as they relate to environmental impacts resulting from highway construction, is presented in the study. /FHWA/ KW - Ecology KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forestry KW - Hydrology KW - Road construction KW - Soils KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185250 AU - Burce, B J AU - Montana Department of Highways TI - PREDICTING MOISTURE INDUCED DAMAGE TO ASPHALT-CONCRETE DESIGN MIXES (E-MODULUS) IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH PY - 1978 SP - n.p. AB - Many asphalt, aggregate, mineral filler and chemical additive combinations were tested for the correlation of the "E" Modulus Test with visual assessment of the condition of the asphalt aggregate specimen and the results of other tests methods including Marshall Method, Resilient Modulus, Immersion Compression and Maximum Tensile Stress. Specimens used in conventional tests were treated in the manner prescribed by the method. Specimens for "E" Modulus, Resilient Modulus and Maximum Tensile Stress were tested both before and after subjecting them to severe artificial conditions that were conceived as comparable to several years of natural exposure to the elements. "E" Modulus was judged to be too inconsistent with other variables to be used as an acceptable criteria. The data suggests that Maximum Tensile Stress and Resilient Modulus tests would be valid tools for the evaluation of asphalt aggregate susceptibility to moisture damage. Immersion Compression data could be interpreted to provide information about stripping resistance and could serve to aid in the fabrication of mixes with reduced moisture susceptibility. The Marshall Method Testing provided inconsistent indications of moisture susceptibility using either flow or stability values. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Forecasting KW - Immersion compression test KW - Marshall test KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Reliability KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78762 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183769 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - CASSANO, ROBERT C AU - LeBeau, Richard J TI - CORRELATING BRIDGE DESIGN PRACTICE WITH OVERLOAD PERMIT POLICY SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 230-238 AB - Bridge engineers in many states have been designing bridges using working stress methods and AASHTO HS20 live load vehicles for the past 25 years. Recently, the AASHTO Specifications have permitted the use of load factor design for common structure types. During this same period there has been a significant increase in the number of vehicles that greatly exceed legal loads operating with special permits, as well as a marked increase in the weight of legal vehicles. To accommodate these loads, higher stress levels, defined as "operating stresses " in the AASHTO Manual of Maintenance Inspection of Bridges, are allowed at the discretion of the responsible agency. The practice of designing new structures by one set of rules and comuting overload capacities by another results in a peculiar situation. The overload capacity of new structures varies widely depending upon construction materials and span length. It is inefficient to have the load capacity of a route segment limited by one or two structures while others have far greater capacity than can possibly be utilized. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to alert bridge engineers that they will reduce the usability of their highways by adopting load factor design without a corresponding increase in design live loads. Second, to relate how the California Department of Transportation assures uniform overload capacity at "operating stress" levels in new structues by routinely including a family of standard permit vehicles as one of the loading conditions in a load factor design method. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Authority KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Districts and authorities KW - Live loads KW - Maintenance KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Travelers UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-030.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=CORRELATING+BRIDGE+DESIGN+PRACTICE+WITH+OVERLOAD+PERMIT+POLICY&author=R.+CASSANO&author=R.+LeBeau&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80036 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183782 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dhar, C L AU - Chu, K H AU - Garg, V K TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A SINGLE TRACK RAILWAY TRUSS BRIDGE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 73-80 AB - A lumped mass model of a railway truss bridge is developed. The model considers only the vertical degree of freedom of each truss joint. The vehicle system is idealized as a three degree of freedom model consisting of the carbody and wheel-axle sets. Dynamic interaction equations for the bridge-vehicle system are derived and solved using the numerical integration method. Impact factors for member forces and nodal deflections are generated under the action of a single or a series of three moving vehicles. Finally, a limited parametric study is performed to determine the influence of vehicle speed, vehicle suspension characteristics and sprung mass on impact factors. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic tests KW - Equations of motion KW - Impact studies KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic rollers KW - Rollers KW - Speed KW - Stresses KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic speed KW - Train track dynamics KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183784 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - KING, JPC AU - Holowka, M AU - Dorton, R A AU - Agarwal, A C TI - TEST RESULTS FROM THE CONESTOGO RIVER BRIDGE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 90-98 AB - The Conestogo River Bridge is a three span continuous steel plate girder structure with a concrete deck longitudinally prestressed for full composite action. The design live loading was an upper-bound representation of all observed truck loadings in Ontario, and a grid analysis was used instead of the usual live load distribution factors. A new load factor method was employed, and deflection and impact values provided by the AASHTO Specifications were abandoned in favour of a dynamic analysis, resulting in a very flexible structure with low natural frequencies. Other features include the use of high strength bolts as shear connectors, and slab test panels designed for membrane action with greatly reduced reinforcing steel percentages. On the basis of full scale load tests, the advisability of the regular use of these features on future bridges is determined. The testing program was conducted using two test vehicles, each of which could be loaded to 890 kN (200 kips). Static tests indicate good correlation between analytical and experimental strains, with load distribution significantly better than predicted by AASHTO Specifications. Dynamic tests indicate that this very flexible bridge, with a first mode frequency below the usual range of commercial vehicle frequencies, behaves as anticipated. The valuable information obtained from this project is incorporated in the new Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bolts KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Girder bridges KW - High strength bolts KW - Live loads KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Specifications KW - Static tests KW - Trucks KW - Waterloo (Canada) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183799 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sprinkel, Michael M TI - SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR SHORT-SPAN CONCRETE BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 222-227 AB - Systems construction techniques have recently been used in the widening and replacement of numerous substandard or deteriorated short-span bridges in Virginia. The techniques involve the mass production of precast concrete components to one or more standard dimensions. Standard designs have been used for precast slab superstructures in the 3.1-9.1 m (10-30 ft.) span range, and for precast, prestressed single T-beams in the 9.1-20.1 m (30-66 ft.) span range. A modular precast parapet has been developed to accommodate all span lengths. Other modular concrete components that have been used include the channel beam, box beam, I-beam, and permanent bridge deck form. Evaluations have shown that the use of these mass produced components can minimize bridge costs; the same forms can be used many times and costly on-site forming and form removal are eliminated. Also investigations have shown that the use of precast components enables a reduction in on-site construction time that provides motor vehicle fuel savings for construction personnel and the traveling public. The experience in Virginia suggests that systems construction is an economical and operationally efficient method for widening or replacing short-span bridges. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Brick construction KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Maintenance KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Superstructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183801 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Taylor, R J AU - Csagoly, P TI - TRANSVERSE POST-TENSIONING OF LONGITUDINALLY LAMINATED TIMBER BRIDGE DECKS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 236-244 AB - Longitudinally, nail-laminated timber bridge decks are used extensively in northern Canada, where the cold and dry climate discourages the activities of fungi and termites. The load-carrying capacity of these structures is dependent upon their ability to effectively distribute wheel loads among the laminates; this being a function of the friction and the holding power of the nails. Due to overloads, volumetric changes and environmental effects, the holding power tends to diminish resulting in a subsequent reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the bridge. Construction of these nail-laminated systems involves extensive labour, since thousands of nails have to be driven into hundreds of laminates. Quality control is quite difficult as it requires continuous supervision to ensure that all the nails are properly placed and driven. This report describes the application of transverse post-tensioning to an existing longitudinally nail-laminated timber deck structure in Ontario. This 3-span continuous bridge portrayed the delaminating problem, and as such, presented an appropriate test site for a post-tensioning system. Load testing was done before and after post-tensioning to determine its effects on the structure's response. An evaluation of the test results indicated that the structure's load-carrying capacity was increased by at least 100%. Transverse post-tensioning, in effect, replaces the need for nailing and hence reduces the labour required for construction. Quality control extends only to ensuring that adequate post-tensioning forces exist to provide the friction necessary for load distribution, allowing for anticipated losses due to creep. This confined deck system exhibits better resistance to the environment, as it eliminates the penetration of foreign materials between the laminations. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge decks KW - Canada KW - Climate KW - Construction management KW - Creep KW - Laminated wood KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Posttensioning KW - Technology KW - Tensioning KW - Timber KW - Timber trestles KW - Transverse tensioning KW - Trestles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183786 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Scanlan, Robert H TI - METHODS OF CALCULATION OF THE WIND-INDUCED RESPONSES OF SUSPENDED-SPAN BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - p. 108-111 AB - An outline is given of the manner in which expressions for the buffeting forces of the wind, together with those for the self-excited aerodynamic forces due to resulting bridge motion, may be used to predict the random response of a long-span bridge to the action of the natural wind. The problem is examined in terms of the individual responses of the several modes of the structure as they are randomly excited, both in space and in time, by wind gusts. The bridge deck modes in question are each considered to have vertical, torsional and lateral sway components. Recent formulations for wind horizontal and vertical gust spectra are employed. More complete literature references are cited for the details of the methodology used. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Suspension bridges KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183788 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Podolny, Walter TI - CONCRETE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 121-130 AB - This paper presents a comprehensive review on a case-study basis of concrete cable-stay bridges either completed, under construction or in design, with the intent of encouraging designers to consider the feasibility of this type of structure. Evolution of concrete cable-stay bridges is traced from Torroja's Tempul Aqueduct in Spain, completed in 1925, to present day design concepts. Particular attention is given to structure concept, geometric configuration, design considerations, structural details, and method of construction. As late as 1970, the practical span limit of steel cable-stay bridges was considered to be 300 m (1,000 ft). Recently, concrete cable-stayed bridges are considered technically feasible with spans approaching 500 m (1,600 ft). It has been projected that with an aerodynamically shaped composite concrete and steel deck a span of 700 m (2,300 ft) can be achieved. With today's technology of prefabrication, prestressing, and segmental cantilever construction, it is obvious that cable-stay bridges are extending the competitive span range of concrete construction to dimensions that had previously been considered impossible. The technological means exist, they only require implementation. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction management KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Prestressing KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183795 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ballinger, Craig A AU - Podolny, Walter TI - SEGMENTAL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN WESTERN EUROPE--IMPRESSIONS OF AN IRF STUDY TEAM SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 182-191 AB - In April of 1977, under the sponsorship of the International Road Federation, a five-man team of U.S. bridge engineers visited Western Europe to study segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges. The purpose of study was to examine and evaluate the current construction methods and design considerations for this type of bridge. The team visited bridges under construction and completed in West Germany, Austria, Northern Italy, Denmark, Holland, and France. Technical meetings were held with representatives of leading European design firms as well as bridge engineers from the governments of West Germany, Holland, and France. These meetings involved technical discussions of design, construction, and serviceability aspects. This paper presents information gathered during these visits and discussions on the following topics: construction with precast and cast-in-place concrete; erect by balanced cantilever, span-by-span, progressive placing, and incremental launching methods; design considerations relating to live load requirements, segmental joints, allowable tension in concrete, crack control, temperature gradient, shear keys, etc. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Construction management KW - Live loads KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmentation KW - Serviceability KW - Structural design KW - Temperature KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183797 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hunt, Hal W TI - CURRENT PRACTICE IN DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF DRIVEN PILES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 200-208 AB - Tests have proved that H-piles can dependably carry heavier loads than usually are assigned to them. Concrete and timber piles are being loaded heavier. Prestressed concrete piles benefit from improved splicers. Gaining in use are H-pile extensions for precast. The H end, with cast steel protection, can assure penetration into compact material; it can prevent sliding of sharply battered piles or piles driven on steeply sloping rock; it provides protection to the vulnerable end of a precast pile. An import from Europe is an interlocking deep-web H that can be used with sheet piles for cofferdams or a strong wall. Improved mandrels have increased use of corrugated shell piles. The wave equation is increasingly used for determination of driving stresses and selection of the optimum combination of pile and hammer. Dynamic measurement gives instant pile capacity information at minimum cost. More adequate soils investigation and foundation planning can reduce overall cost. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Cofferdams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Foundations KW - Loads KW - Mandrels KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Webbing KW - Wood KW - Wood piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183774 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Csagoly, P AU - Dorton, R A TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ONTARIO HIGHWAY BRIDGE DESIGN CODE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 1-12 AB - At the end of 1975, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications decided to develop a Code for designing Ontario's highway bridges. Structural research in the Ministry, which began in 1969, has been successful in clarifying several aspects of structural behavior and load-carrying capacity. The activities concentrated on proof-testing existing bridges of questionable strength, inspecting and recording a large number of structures for various common faults; many the result of inadequate design practices. The resulting Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code is based on the existing AASHTO Specifications, but with most provisions for working stress design eliminated. For both serviceability and ultimate limit states, an upper-bound representation of all commercial vehicles observed in Ontario through various load surveys is employed. The use of deflection and stiffness criteria has been re-evaluated for each structural material. Impact and dynamic response is treated as a function of resonance frequencies. While introducing provisions for 0.3% deck reinforcement, crack control is made mandatory. The Code will discourage the use of single load path structures. New provisions on hydrology, drainage and various dimensional requirements are intended to achieve low maintenance structures. New sections are devoted to nontraditional analysis, soil-steel structures and the evaluation of existing bridges. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coding systems KW - Deflection KW - Drainage KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydrology KW - Loads KW - Serviceability KW - Specifications KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80041 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183775 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Kaar, P H AU - Russell, H G AU - Bruce, R N TI - FATIGUE TESTS OF PRESTRESSED GIRDERS WITH BLANKETED AND DRAPED STRANDS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 13-21 AB - In pretensioned girders, draping of strands can be avoided by using straight tendons having unbonded "blanketed" lengths at the ends of girders. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effect of repetitive loading on the behavior and strength of girders with draped and blanketed strands. Six full-size Type II AASHTO-PCI girders were tested. Two girders contained draped strands. The other girders had straight strands with four tendons blanketed at each end. The effects of load level, development length, and confining ties were investigated. The test program called for 5-million cycles of loading followed by a static test to destruction. The paper presents results of the investigation and shows that blanketed strands can be used successfully if adequate strand development length is provided. Fatigue fracture of strands was observed in pre-cracked beams where load level produced tensile stress in the precompressed concrete. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Beams KW - Behavior KW - Concrete bridges KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Repeated loads KW - Strands KW - Strength of materials KW - Tendons KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183792 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Suruga, Toshikazu AU - Kushida, Kenichi AU - Maeda, Yukio TI - APPLICATION OF PREFABRICATED HOLLOW STEEL DECKS TO BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 155-163 AB - At the 10th Congress of International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering in Tokyo, in 1976, the authors introduced a prefabricated hollow steel deck as a floor system for long-span suspension bridges. In this paper, they are proposing the application of this new deck to the main structure of smaller bridges. This deck has been used in bridges and floor systems in Japan. Here, the authors discuss the structural features and fabrication of this deck and present examples of its application to bridge construction. They also discuss the problems of design and construction of bridges using this deck, the methods of solving these problems, and the experimental studies conducted on the deck. This hollow steel deck is a prefabricated slab structure made up of two face plates with evenly-spaced core plates arranged diagonally between them. Tests have shown that this deck improves a bridge's lateral and torsional rigidity as well as its shearing resistance and fatigue strength. In that this deck is a prefabricated structure, its application facilitates bridge construction. Furthermore, the total thickness of the bridge structure can be reduced, thus improving its aesthetic appearance. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Fatigue strength KW - Hollow slab KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Shear strength KW - Steel KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183793 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Reed, Robert L TI - APPLICATION AND DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED DECK PANELS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 164-171 AB - The purpose of this paper is to review the development of precast prestressed concrete panels as permanent structurally interacting forms in the construction of reinforced concrete decks for stringer type bridges. This system was used on the Illinois Toll Highway in 1957. In 1963 Texas constructed three bridges in this manner. Many bridges have been subsequently completed using this slab construction technique. Precast prestressed concrete panels are placed to form a deck between adjacent stringers. A mat of reinforcing steel is placed and concrete is cast-in-place on top of the panels. The panels support the weight of the wet concrete and then act compositely with it to resist subsequent live loads. Design of the panel deck system is explained and several aspects of fabrication and construction are reviewed. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction management KW - Live loads KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Stringers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183771 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maeda, Yukio AU - Hayashi, Masa TI - IN-PLANE AND OUT-OF-PLANE INSTABILITY OF A 297 M SPAN STEEL ARCH BRIDGE SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 246-254 AB - Ohmishima Bridge, which is now under construction in Japan, is a steel highway bridge spanning 297 m (974.4ft.) of a half-through two-hinged solid rib arch stiffened by side ties. The two main arch ribs of box section are stiffened respectively, by two side ties. One end of each tie is fixed to the top of an abutment in both side spans. Bending moments and stresses due to live loads or wind loads in the arch ribs can be reduced by the stiffening ties more than those of ordinary two-hinged arches, and the steel weight of the ribs decreases considerably. Therefore, this new type arch is more economical than an ordinary two-hinged or fixed solid rib arch. Since the arch ribs become more slender, geometrical nonlinearity of the arch may be more remarkable. To investigate the geometrical and material nonlinearities of such a long-span and unusual type of steel arch bridge including overall in elastic instability, extensive experimental and analytical studies were carried out. In this paper, the results of the analytical study with discussions are reported. The combined nonlinear analyses are performed by a matrix method based on finite displacement theory for in-plane and out-of-plane instability. It was confirmed that the side ties for stiffening a two-hinged arch bridge are very effective for the reduction of stresses and geometrical nonlinearities and for an increase of overall ultimate strength in-plane or out-of-plane of the arch. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Arch bridges KW - Bending moments KW - Box girders KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metal bridges KW - Ribs (Structural) KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Ultimate strength UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-032.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=IN-PLANE+AND+OUT-OF-PLANE+INSTABILITY+OF+A+297+M+SPAN+STEEL+ARCH+BRIDGE&author=Y.+Maeda&author=M.+Hayashi&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80038 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183778 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Aziz, Tarek S AU - Cheung, M S AU - Bakht, Baidar TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF LATERAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 37-44 AB - A new simplified method for establishing the live load design moments in most common types of bridges is presented. The proposed method was developed by using orthotropic plate theory and was checked by the grillage analogy method. The basis of the method together with the details of development methodology are discussed. Different variables which may affect load distribution in bridges were examined, and the main variables governing the distribution factors were selected for the present study. The study deals mainly with single span right bridges which can be analysed using the orthotropic plate theory or grillage analogy. However the limits of applicability of the distribution factors to continuous and skew bridges and bridges with diaphragms and edge beams are also discussed. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Beams KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Live loads KW - Load transfer KW - Orthotropic KW - Skew bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183789 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Finzi, Leo TI - STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS FOR THE MESSINA NARROWS BRIDGE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 131-139 AB - In the past few years a lot of work has been done in Italy on where and how to build the Messina Narrows Bridge. The main problems were the nature and strength of the soil, dangerous currents, winds, faults and relevant earthquakes. At the same time many solutions for a double "one mile" span stayed or suspension bridge and a simple "two mile" span suspension bridge were suggested. This paper gives a survey of the present state of knowledge with special reference to the technical problems connected with the single span solutions, where aeroelastic stability governs the design of the deck and the cables. On the other hand the 380 m towers are themselves a problem in a heavily seismic area. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cables KW - Construction management KW - Currents KW - Earthquakes KW - Faults KW - Italy KW - Long span bridges KW - Messina (Italy) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Submarine tunneling KW - Suspension bridges KW - Tunneling KW - Underwater construction KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183796 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Brameld, Gerald H TI - SEGMENTAL AND STAGE CONSTRUCTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 192-199 AB - Prestressed Concrete Bridges of uniform or near uniform cross-section are admirably suited to construction by precasting segments and post-tensioning. This form of construction, however, introduces additional design and construction problems--problems of carrying flexure, shear and torsion across joints--the most suitable type of joint,--problems introduced by superelevation and constructional tolerances. As the length of the structure increases, the effective prestress is reduced markedly until it is no longer economical to stress in one operation. The method of stage stressing will overcome these problems, however more complex analysis and design is required. Solutions to these problems are discussed with particular reference to several large prestressed concrete box girder bridges recently constructed in Australia. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Construction management KW - Cross sections KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmentation KW - Superelevation KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183803 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Greneker, Eugene F AU - Eaves, Jerry L AU - McGee, Melvin C TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EARLY WARNING VESSEL/BRIDGE COLLISION SYSTEM SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 258-260 AB - Highway and railway bridges spanning navigable waterways face the real possibility of being accidentally struck by large ocean-going vessels or large barge trains. In many cases, these accidents can result in serious damage to the bridges, blockage of the waterways, economic losses to communities served by the bridges and waterways, and loss of property and life. Two basic types of systems might be used to help prevent ships from striking bridge supports. The fender system is sometimes deployed around vulnerable bridge supports, but this approach is not always practical nor cost effective. An electronic warning system is a viable alternative or complement to the fender system. The electronic system could continuously monitor the ship's position relative to a safe corridor for passage under the bridge and issue an immediate warning of any deviation from a safe-passage course. The system could also issue warnings to the bridge tender and people on the bridge when a collision is determined to be unavoidable. An advanced design concept of such a system was developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Experiment Station (GIT/EES) during a recent study. The study uses a shore-based radar and shore-based display as the most practical concept for an electronic collision avoidance/warning system. The radar would determine the ship's position, and the displays would inform the ship's pilot of the ship's position relative to a safe-passage corridor. The system would continuously assess the potential for collision during the various stages of the ship's passage. Ship speed and trajectory would be monitored as the ship approached the bridge; this information could be displayed for use by the ship crew in navigating the channel. When the ship approached closer to the bridge and entered a critical maneuver zone, the system would continue displaying the ship position while performing trajectory calculations to determine the possibility of a collision with the bridge. Should the system determine that a collision is possible (given the ship's handling characteristics and position in the channel, tide and wind conditions, and distance from the bridge), an alarm would be sounded to alert the ship crew, the bridge tender, and those on the bridge. Safety systems such as gates could be activated to keep additional traffic off the endangered bridge span. Although the design concept was developed for the protection of highway bridges, it could be easily adapted for the protection of railway bridges. U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Audible warnings KW - Barge operations KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Crashes KW - Detectors KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Information display systems KW - Inland waterways KW - Maneuverability KW - Navigation KW - Radar KW - Safety KW - Ships KW - Structural design KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems KW - Waterways KW - Waterways (Transportation) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183770 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodpasture, David W TI - UTILIZATION OF STRESS HISTORY DATA IN BRIDGE DESIGN SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 239-245 AB - A method for checking the adequacy of steel stringer highway bridges for fatigue is presented. Truck types and weights are utilized with stress analyses to predict the fatigue life of bridges. The distributions of truck weights, axle weights and truck types were based on recent field measurements. A simplified method of establishing stress ranges due to typical trucks is summarized and an example is presented. However, any method may be used to obtain the stress ranges and the procedure outlined in the paper may be used. The method may be used in design or in checking existing bridges. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-031.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=UTILIZATION+OF+STRESS+HISTORY+DATA+IN+BRIDGE+DESIGN&author=D.+Goodpasture&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183772 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Carskaddan, Phillip S AU - Haaijer, Geerhard TI - BRIDGE DESIGN BY THE AUTOSTRESS METHOD SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 255-261 AB - The Autostress method has been evolving as an extension to the AASHTO Load-Factor method for rolled-beam and plate-girder steel highway bridges. The Autostress method uses the same three load levels as the Load-Factor method: Service load, Overload, and Maximum Load. However, to satisfy the structural performance requirements, the Autostress method injects two new concepts into bridge design: mechanism formation at Maximum Load and shakedown at Overload. When a structure forms a mechanism, there are sufficient plastic hinges to cause failure. When a structure shakes down, residual stresses and residual moments are automatically developed and assure elastic behavior under subsequent loading--hence the term Autostress. Although results of both methods for a simple span are the same, the Autostress method provides economies in continuous-span bridges; it utilizes the same safety factor against mechanism formation in both simple-span and continuous-span bridges. As part of an AISI-sponsored project, nine Load-Factor bridges were redesigned according to the Autostress method; the average cost saving was 10.7 percent. The objective of the AISI project is to suggest that the Autostress method be incorporated into the AASHTO specification after experimental verification. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Failure KW - Girder bridges KW - Load factor KW - Metal bridges KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Plate girders KW - Rolled beam KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-033.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=BRIDGE+DESIGN+BY+THE+AUTOSTRESS+METHOD&author=P.+Carskaddan&author=G.+Haaijer&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80039 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183779 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Libby, James R AU - Krishnamoorthy, G AU - Revels, John TI - WEB STRESSES IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAMS HAVING DISCONTINUOUS TENDONS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 45-52 AB - Prestressed concrete bridge girders are sometimes designed with prestressing tendons that terminate within the span rather than at the ends of the girders or at their supports. Tendons of this type are normally significantly inclined at their anchorages due to the clearances required for construction because of the inclination of the tendons at their anchorages. Significant vertical components of prestressing are imposed on the girder. The AASHTO Specifications for Highway Bridges and the Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-71) do not specify specific methods of analysis for this condition. A finite element analysis of an actual bridge girder was made to determine the conditions of stress in the vicinity of intermediate anchorages. The results of this analysis were compared to those obtained with a principal tensile stress analysis using methods normally employed by bridge designers. It was found both methods of analysis predicted principal tensile stresses of similar magnitude and orientation. The predicted locations of the greatest principal tensile stresses were different for the two methods of analysis. The fact that the greatest principal tensile stresses occur on planes approximately parallel to the paths of some of the post-tensioning ducts is demonstrated. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Anchors KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tendons KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80046 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183781 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - TILLY, G P TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 65-72 AB - Bridges can be excited by the action of wind, vehicles, or pedestrians. Whereas there are well developed methods to calculate dynamic behaviour, there have been comparatively few correlations with full scale measurements. The Transport and Road Research Laboratory has therefore undertaken a programme of research to measure the response of selected bridges to such loading. The work has also included tests in which the bridges were excited by an energy input device and damping values were measured from free decays. Response to wind has been measured for two steel box girder bridges having orthotropic decks. Automatic self-switching equipment was used to record bridge acceleration, wind speed and direction, when wind speeds exceed a threshold level. Response to traffic has been measured for a multi-span steel box girder viaduct having a concrete deck. Response to pedestrians has been measured for a variety of types of footbridge. Measured values of bridge response are compared with calculated values using procedures recommended in the new British Design Standard. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Footbridges KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Pedestrians KW - Steel bridges KW - Vehicles KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80048 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183804 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tokerud, Roy TI - ECONOMICAL STRUCTURES FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 214-221 AB - Sharp increases in prices and a concurrent decline in highway revenues have forced a re-evaluation of highway projects. Most seriously affected are the old bridges since, unlike the rest of the highway, their life cannot be indefinitely extended by maintenance. A national bridge survey reveals that 105,000 bridges in the U.S. are structurally deficient and/or functionally obsolete and 72,000 of these are on roads that are not on the federal-aid system. The needs on our low-volume roadway system far exceed program funds available. The potential economies suggested in this paper will hopefully lead to better utilization of the funds available. This paper investigates the economics of low-volume structures. It discusses the most economical bridge types being constructed in the Northwest. Although, not primarily addressed to the hydraulics involved in stream crossings, the paper discusses some of the hydraulic considerations that should be made. Attention is directed to actual practice of agencies constructing bridges on low-volume roads. The three principal structural materials of concrete, timber, and steel are discussed. Certain structural details are suggested for economy, as well as structural types. The comments and recommendations contained in this paper are based on a survey made in the Northwestern United States. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Economics KW - Hydraulics KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Revenues KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Timber KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183768 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Agarwal, A C AU - Csagoly, P TI - EVALUATION AND POSTING OF BRIDGES IN ONTARIO SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 221-229 AB - The present system of posting substandard bridges in Ontario with a single load limit serves only as a vague warning to a driver that the bridge is somewhat deficient. Truck drivers generally disregard the posting sign, because they know they can carry heavier loads across without causing any apparent damage to the bridge. The quantitative definition of the posted value is based upon a design load reflecting vehicles in common use three decades ago, and herein lies the problem. Diverse modern traffic cannot be effectively represented by any single value posting which is generally too restrictive on short span bridges, especially for the long vehicles. Specified loads for the purpose of bridge design can be determined through statistically based load surveys to a significant degree of reliability. The procedure employs the concept of the "Equivalent Base Length" to transform actual vehicles into uniformly distributed loads for mathematic manipulations leading to a single truck model which efficiently represents the wide variation in vehicle types. This report describes the development of live loads and a new triple posting system. Both have been adopted as the basis of capacity rating of existing bridges in the new Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. The system employs the philosophy of ultimate limit states in evaluation of three levels of posting using an appropriate loading model for each level. Adjustments to the calculated load-carrying capacity are made to account for the operational overloads beyond legal limits, inherent to human nature, and the unusual distribution of loads on various axles in a partially loaded vehicle. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load limits KW - Mathematical models KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Structural design KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Warning signs KW - Weight UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-029.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=EVALUATION+AND+POSTING+OF+BRIDGES+IN+ONTARIO&author=A.+Agarwal&author=P.+Csagoly&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183783 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Holowka, Michael TI - ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF A TRAPEZOIDAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 81-89 AB - Bridge construction using open steel box girders and a concrete deck slab acting composite is aesthetically pleasing and ideally suited for grade separations and river crossings for spans varying between 21 m and 110 m (70 ft. and 360 ft.). Current design specifications for this construction, however, are considered to be incomplete and do not provide sufficient guidance during construction. In a number of cases, due to lack of bracings and/or diaphragms, excessive displacements have occurred during construction. To clarify this problem, a typical, single span, 2-lane bridge was extensively instrumented and tested. The purposes of the testing program was to investigate the behaviour of a torsionally stiff bridge during and after construction and to compare the experimental data with analytical results. The concrete deck, which was constructed with 0.3% isotropic reinforcement to comply with the AASHTO Specifications, was also monitored. Test data consisted of structural and reinforcing steel strains, deflections, reactions for construction, and live load and temperature effects. The experimental deck was constructed in two stages. A preliminary review of the data indicated that, for this bridge geometry, construction effects were within the predicted values as no excessive deflections or strains were observed. The concrete deck with the dramatically reduced reinforcement was adequate for modern highway traffic provided sufficient diaphragms were present. The overall structural behaviour can be accurately predicted by analysis and, with diaphragms present, can be analyzed by beam theory and proper load distribution factors. U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Instrumentation KW - Live loads KW - Specifications KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design KW - Trapezoidal girders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80050 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183785 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCormick, Fred C TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES OF A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE COMPOSED OF GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 99-107 AB - The design, fabrication, and load-testing procedures are described for girders composed entirely of glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) resin. The girders are 4.9 m (16 ft.) long and have geometric features which include trussed webs, a solid flange plate, and a triangular-shaped cross section. Three of the girders were attached laterally by a GRP cover plate in the laboratory to provide a complete superstructure for a pedestrian bridge 4.9 x 2.1 m (16 x 7 ft.). The lightweight, high strength, and formability of the GRP materials permitted fabrication and handling of both the components and the completely assembled structure without the use of heavy equipment. The weight of the GRP superstructure was approximately 360 kg (800 lb.). Laboratory tests were conducted to ascertain the load transfer characteristics at the GRP plate and concrete deck interface. Live load tests were performed to measure strains, deflections, and the creep behavior of a full-scale girder exposed to prevailing climactic conditions. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental results ranged from nearly zero up to 20% in which the experimental results were usually lower than the predicted values for deflections and strains. The bridge is scheduled for field erection in 1978 and observations will be made for five years to monitor its structural behavior, the effects of weathering, and user abuse. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Field studies KW - Girder bridges KW - Glass KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pedestrians KW - Plastics KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Structural design KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183802 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Herr, Lester A TI - REDUCING THE RISK OF CATASTROPHIC BRIDGE FAILURES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - p. 255-257 AB - The public and engineers alike have become accustomed to the use of a factor of safety to prevent failures. Unfortunately, such factors do not prevent catastrophic failures because of rare or unusual events or circumstances. Such failures could be caused by large floods, earthquakes, poor workmanship, inferior materials, errant sea vessels or insufficient knowledge on which to make design judgments. This paper presents a philosophy, and briefly describes methods, for reducing the risk of catastrophic bridge failures. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Earthquakes KW - Failure KW - Failure analysis KW - Floods KW - Maintenance KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80069 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183773 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hulsey, J Leroy AU - Emanuel, Jack H TI - ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES IN FLEXIBLY SUPPORTED BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 262-270 AB - At present, no rational design method is available to account for movements and stresses in composite-girder bridges supported by flexible stub abutments. Because flexible stub abutments are frequently used, the objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a method for calculating environmentally induced movements and stresses and 2) compare the magnitude of these stresses induced in three types of construction for a 11-26-26-11-m (35-86-86-35 -ft) four span six stringer composite-girder highway bridge located in mid-Missouri. Three types of support connections were investigated; 1) frictionless bearings, 2) non-integral end bents, and 3) integral end bents. Twenty years of recorded weather data were used for selection of upper and lower bound environmental loadings. Using these loadings as boundary conditions to the general heat flow equation, a finite element method was used to calculate resultant temperature distributions within a typical interior girder. These temperature distributions were then used as input to a slab-beam type element for calculation of the thermally induced stresses within the girder. Restraints imposed by the substructure, i.e. the bridge piers and earth embankments were modeled by linear springs. The results show that thermally induced stresses are significant for all three types of construction. Maximum beam stresse for the three supports were approximately 35%, 35%, and 52% of the allowable for frictionless bearings, non-integral abutments, integral abutments, respectively. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Abutments KW - Bearings KW - Bents KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Finite element method KW - Flexibility KW - Girders KW - Motion KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Temperature UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-034.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ENVIRONMENTAL+STRESSES+IN+FLEXIBLY+SUPPORTED+BRIDGES&author=J.+Hulsey&author=J.+Emanuel&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183780 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pama, Ricardo P AU - Nimityongskul, Pichai AU - Pribadi, Daniel Z AU - Lee, Seng-Lip TI - MODEL STUDIES OF DOUBLE-CELL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WITH INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGMS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 53-64 AB - An experimental study on the influence of intermediate cross-bracing diaphragms on the behavior of a simply supported double-cell box girder bridge has been carried out. A perspex model was tested under various loading conditions and the test results, namely the displacements, cross-sectional distortion, longitudinal and transverse normal forces were compared with theoretical values suggested by Nimityongskul, Pama and Lee. In this analysis, the elements in the box section are treated as rectangular plates subjected to lateral and in-plane boundary forces. The end diaphragms are assumed to be infinitely rigid in and flexible normal to their planes. The intermediate diaphragm is assumed to act in such a way that it exerts only concentrated vertical and horizontal reactions on the joints of the box section without introducing resisting moments against joint rotations. Test results indicated that the distortion of the cross-section of a box girder without intermediate diaphragm is more prominent when loaded along the side-joints. With one intermediate diaphragm the distortion at the loaded section remains practically the same when the diaphragm is sufficiently away from the applied loads, but is considerably reduced when the diaphragm is near the load. The use of intermediate diaphragm decreases effectively the cross-sectional distortion, increases the overall stiffness of the bridge and redistributes the longitudinal normal forces. In general, the experimental values confirm the theoretical predictions on the influence of intermediate diaphragms on the load distribution in a double-cell box girder bridge. Careful considerations must be taken in designing these intermediate cross-bracing diaphragms to satisfy the assumptions made in the theory. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Bracing KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cross bracing KW - Cross sections KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Girder bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Longitudinal KW - Model tests KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183787 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bosch, Harold R AU - Cayes, Lloyd R TI - AERODYNAMIC STABILITY OF TWO CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 112-120 AB - The trend in long-span bridge development has been toward increased spans and flexibility and decreased dead weight and damping through use of higher strength materials, refinements in design procedures, and modern fabrication techniques. In some cases, this makes the structure, especially cable-stayed and suspension bridges, sensitive to wind-induced oscillations. Three types of vibrations, namely flexural, torsional (or coupling of the two), and flutter, should be investigated in the design. There is presently no purely analytical or theoretical procedure for the investigation of any of these types of oscillations. Aerodynamic stability information must be obtained from field observations or wind tunnel testing of models. Cable-stayed bridge concepts are receiving popularity in this country. Current cable-stayed designs are subject to the same fundamental wind excitation as the classical suspension bridge; however, the inherent increase in stiffness of the cable-stay box-girder does place it in a different realm of response. With this in mind, several wind tunnel aerodynamic studies have been conducted and recently completed. This paper discusses the results of two such studies. Information is presented regarding vortex shedding response amplitude and acceleration, critical flutter velocity, flutter derivatives, and static force coefficients. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Static tests KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Suspension bridges KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183798 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rausche, Frank AU - Goble, G G TI - A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE WAVE EQUATION SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 209-213 AB - A recent research project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration produced a new wave equation computer program for the analysis of pile driving (WEAP). While the primary purpose of developing this program was to provide a better model for diesel hammers a number of other improvements were included and an extensive correlation study with dynamic measurements was made. This study together with the authors' extensive field experience pointed out several conditions where wave equation predictions will be inaccurate and unreliable. In this paper the capabilities of the WEAP program will be compared with other commonly used programs. The various factors which can influence the accuracy of a wave equation analysis are considered, evaluated and discussed. The specific topics included are: pile model, soil model, hammer model, and static soil analysis. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Chemical analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic tests KW - Forecasting KW - Hammers KW - Pile driving KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil analysis KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80065 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183805 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Michie, J D TI - MULTIPLE SERVICE LEVEL BRIDGE RAILINGS--PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN CRITERIA SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 245-254 AB - The current AASTHO Specification provides designers with static design criteria and/or crash test criteria to qualify a bridge railing system. Accordingly, a bridge railing system meeting the AASHTO specifications is used on any bridge regardless of vehicle mix, traffic volume, and speed and bridge geometry. The Multiple Service Levels Approach (MSLA) procedure for selecting bridge railings is a new approach differing markedly from traditional practice. The objective of the MSLA is to provide a level of motorist protection consistent with the degree of traffic hazards present at a highway site. With the MSLA, the degree of risk is the combined measurement of the probability of an impact occurrence, the probability of collision severity and the consequences of that impact occurrence. Accordingly, the procedures described in this paper consider encroachment rates, traffic volume, vehicle mix, category speed, shoulder widths, and horizontal alignment as these factors relate to probability of an impact occurring and the severity probability of the impacts. Using a collision severity index as an indicator of bridge railing performance requirements, six service levels were established. By setting critical impacts corresponding to a uniform probability factor, service level requirements are determined for a site. Thus, using the MSLA procedures, a designer selects a higher service level device at locations where collisions are numerous and severe; and lower service level devices are indicated for the relatively safe or improbable accident locations. Since the higher service devices are generally more costly to construct, highway safety funds can be more wisely expended by selecting the service level appropriate for each location. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Alignment KW - Bridge railings KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road shoulders KW - Shoulder stabilization KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183776 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Longinow, A AU - Robinson, R R AU - Podolny, W AU - Chu, K H AU - Albert, D S TI - PRACTICAL BRIDGE RETROFIT CONCEPTS TO REDUCE DAMAGE PRODUCED BY SEISMIC MOTIONS SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 22-30 AB - This paper presents design criteria and design details on eight bridge retrofit concepts which were developed for implementation on existing highway bridges so as to minimize damage and hazard to life in the event of an earthquake. Retrofit categories were selected on the basis of observed damage experienced by highway bridges in previous earthquakes. The eight retrofit concepts are: Concrete box girder hinge longitudinal restrainer. Girder longitudinal displacement stopper at abutment. Steel girder vertical displacement restrainer. Steel girder hinge expansion joint longitudinal restrainer. Pier footing strengthening. Reinforced concrete bent column strengthening. Girder bearing area widening. Steel girder pin bearing vertical and lateral displacement restrainer. This narrative describes the bridge retrofit process and illustrates the individual concepts in terms of intended function and structural details. The design method employed is illustrated by including the step by step design of one of the eight retrofit concepts. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Expansion joints KW - Footings KW - Loss and damage KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismology KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80043 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183777 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Degenkolb, Oris H TI - INCREASING THE SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF EXISTING HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 31-36 AB - Prior to the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, bridges in California experienced only minor seismic related damage. The San Fernando event demonstrated that structures designed by AASHTO Specifications in use at that time are vulnerable to seismic shaking. Failure of these bridges during an earthquake could be hazardous to highway users and block vital transportation life-lines. The State of California initiated a bridge retrofitting program in 1971 in order to increase the seismic resistance of bridges built before that time. The most prevalent deficiency of pre-1971 bridges is a lack of longitudinal restraint of girders at hinges and end supports. California has developed devices which will have been used to retrofit more than 649 bridges at a cost of $22 million by 1980. An evaluation of all state owned bridges is currently being made in order to complete the program. Many of the bridge columns which were designed according to specifications prior to 1971 were proven to be seismically deficient because they had too few ties to adequately confine the concrete. This paper and presentation will cover a brief background, philosophy, magnitude of the problem, design criteria, details and costs. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Hinges KW - Railroad ties KW - Reconstruction KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183790 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Knudsen, C V AU - Cain, J F TI - THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW RIVER GORGE BRIDGE SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 140-145 AB - The world's longest steel arch bridge, spanning the New River Gorge in West Virginia, was opened to traffic on October 22, 1977. The overall length of the structure is 923.6 m (3,030 feet), with the main arch spanning a distance of 518.2 m (1,700 feet). During the preliminary design stages, various bridge types were considered. The final decision to build a steel arch was based on a combination of cost and aesthetic considerations. By using a high-strength, corrosion-resistant steel, the weight of the structure was kept to a minimum with the added benefit of maintenance-free steelwork blending with the surrounding rugged terrain. Surface conditions in the coal mining region presented problems during foundation design. Special methods were employed to provide for subsurface stabilization where support bents were located in the proximity of mined-out areas. The computer was a major tool in both the design and erection of the bridge. The computer made it possible to determine the most economical configuration for the main arch, and it was used to study many complicated loading and erecting conditions. Erection of the steelwork presented a tremendous challenge. The height of the structure, 267 m (876 feet) above the river, and the heavy member weights dictated the use of a twin 1,067-m (3,500-foot)-cableway system. Construction of the arch across the gorge proceeded from both sides simultaneously utilizing the unique tieback system to support the cantilevered arch truss halves. The 34-million-dollar structure will be a major link in West Virginia's Appalachian Corridor "L" Expressway System. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Foundations KW - Information processing KW - Metal bridges KW - New River Gorge Bridge KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183791 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Buckland, Peter G AU - McBryde, John P AU - Navin, Francis P D AU - Zidek, James V TI - TRAFFIC LOADING OF LONG SPAN BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 146-154 AB - To estimate the traffic loading on long span bridges two independent statistical techniques were developed. One was purely analytical, the other used a computer to generate random "traffic" and calculate the maximum load on the bridge. The two methods gave remarkably similar results. Further research produced not only maximum loads, but also maximum moments and shears. From this work the following results emerge: With a knowledge of the average mix of traffic, a design loading can be estimated with a good degree of confidence using the techniques developed. The loading can be accurately represented by a uniform load and a concentrated load in the traditional manner. Unlike the AASHO loading, one set of uniform and concentrated loads can be used to represent both maximum moment and maximum shear. As expected, the uniform load per foot reduces as the loaded length is increased. Unlike AASHO and previous assumptions, it is found that the concentrated load increases as the loaded length increases. When several lanes are loaded simultaneously they do not, as suggested by AASHTO, all carry the same load. A simple distribution formula has been found. These results have significant implications for the designers of long span bridges; and typical results have been produced for various types of traffic. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Estimates KW - Long span bridges KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Shear strength KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183794 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tang, Man-Chung TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN CONCRETE BRIDGES SN - 0309026970 PY - 1978 IS - 665 SP - pp 172-181 AB - It is intended to report about various construction methods developed for concrete bridges. They can be briefly listed as follows: (1) Free Cantilevers, (2) Segmental on Sliding Form, (3) Spanwise Segmental, (4) Incremental Launching, (5) Stage Casting, (6) Cantilever on Falsework, (7) Cable-Stayed Cantilever, (8) Segmental with Gantry or Truss. Most of these methods have been employed in the United States for the first time within the last 5 years. Some are under construction right now. Depending on site conditions and requirements, combinations of these methods can be used. This paper will discuss the advantages as well as the design problems of these methods. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Casting KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction management KW - Falsework KW - Gantry KW - Segmentation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183759 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Batchelor, Barrington DeV AU - Hewitt, Brian E AU - Csagoly, P TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF DECK SLABS OF COMPOSITE STEEL/CONCRETE BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 153-161 AB - An investigation of the effects of repeated loads on slabs of steel/concrete composite bridges--the most common type in highway construction--was undertaken to supplement static studies conducted under the Ontario Joint Transportation and Communications Research Program No. Q50. The study which involved tests of a number of 1/8th scale direct models of a typical bridge, was aimed at determining endurance limits of the slabs under repeated concentrated loads. Main variables were stress range, and percentage and arrangement of reinforcement. Emphasis was focused on slabs with 0.2 percent top and bottom isotropic reinforcement, this being the amount recommended for use as a result of the static model testing phase of the program. The study showed that the deck slabs of conventionally designed steel/concrete bridges have large reserves of fatigue strength. An endurance limit of 50 percent of the ultimate capacity can be expected in such slabs. In the case of slabs with 0.2 percent isotropic reinforcement, an endurance limit of 40 percent of the ultimate static capacity can be safely adopted for design. These slabs have also performed adequately in static tests; and adoption of their use, where appropriate, would result in considerable reduction of reinforcement requirements in bridge decks. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deck girder bridges KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Girder bridges KW - Isotropy KW - Metal bridges KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Repeated loads KW - Slabs KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Thinness UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-020.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=AN+INVESTIGATION+OF+THE+FATIGUE+STRENGTH+OF+DECK+SLABS+OF+COMPOSITE+STEEL%2FCONCRETE+BRIDGES&author=B.+Batchelor&author=B.+Hewitt&author=P.+Csagoly&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80026 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183740 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Richards, B L TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTERISED BRIDGE INVENTORY FOR A STATE ROAD AUTHORITY SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 1-6 AB - The Highways Department of South Australia is currently developing a computerised bridge inventory system which will be used by the Bridge Inspection Section to rationalise the approach to the inspection of bridges. It will also be used by the Planning Branch to provide a basis for economic comparison of alternatives in the replacement and strengthening of bridges, by the Construction Branch for the rational allocation of maintenance funds and to provide information to the National Association of Australian State Road Authorities (NAASRA) proposed data bank. One of the most important functions of a bridge inventory is to provide a complete and accurate record of each bridge on a highway system. Maintenance of bridges requires complete records in usable form including history of the structure, all repairs, widening, strengthening or reconstruction, or other actions which have been taken, subsequent to inspections. Information should be easily accessible and readily updated; factors which today are made possible by computerisation. However, conflicting requirements must be dealt with. On the one hand data handling facilities should be large enough to provide sufficient information for managing inspection maintenance, but flexible enough to be used for planning functions both at the regional and national level; yet the system developed should not become cumbersome and difficult to use. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Economics KW - Information retrieval KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-001.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=DEVELOPMENT+OF+A+COMPUTERISED+BRIDGE+INVENTORY+FOR+A+STATE+ROAD+AUTHORITY&author=B.+Richards&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80007 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183741 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - White, Kenneth AU - Minor, John TI - THE NEW MEXICO BRIDGE INSPECTION PROGRAM SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 7-13 AB - The New Mexico bridge inspection program is reviewed for its uniqueness as well as the use of the resulting data. Annual training sessions and field work with college professors has kept the program viable and continuing. Close cooperation with the Civil Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, has led to utilization of bridge capacity data developed within the program into a statewide overload routing and permit system. The system takes an overload wheel configuration and load distribution and computes an equivalent HS loading which is compared to the capacity of each bridge along a given route. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Authority KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Districts and authorities KW - Field tests KW - Highway capacity KW - Inspection KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - New Mexico KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-002.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=THE+NEW+MEXICO+BRIDGE+INSPECTION+PROGRAM&author=K.+White&author=J.+Minor&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80008 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183744 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shirole, Arunprakash M AU - Hill, James J TI - SYSTEMS APPROACH TO BRIDGE STRUCTURE REPLACEMENT-PRIORITY PLANNING SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 32-36 AB - This paper presents a systems appreach to the bridge structure replacement-priority planning. Structural condition and functional adequacy; safety; essentiallity to traffic and other criteria for setting replacement priority are developed and evaluated. Budgetary, environmental, development, policy and other constraints on the replacement priority are identified and analyzed for their possible impact. A quantitative methodology is developed, based upon assignment of weights to the rates criteria and is illustrated step by step through a flow chart. Guidelines are provided to easily adapt use of this methodology to meet the needs of an individual area or policy, for a rational determination of long-range programming. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridges KW - Economics KW - Equipment replacement KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Policy KW - Replacement KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Structures KW - Systems analysis UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-005.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=SYSTEMS+APPROACH+TO+BRIDGE+STRUCTURE+REPLACEMENT-PRIORITY+PLANNING&author=A.+Shirole&author=J.+Hill&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80011 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183748 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vaidyanathan, H AU - Cheung, M S AU - Beauchamp, J C TI - EXTENSION OF LIFE FOR PERLEY BRIDGE SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 64-76 AB - This paper describes a comprehensive evaluation procedure undertaken to decide the future of the 45-year old Perley Bridge, a multi-span, 696.16 m (2284 foot) steel structure, traversing the Ottawa River between Hawkesbury, Ontario and Grenville, Quebec. The bridge was originally designed for approximately H-15 live load and this was to be increased substantially. The bridge consists of an assortment of trestle, deck-truss, through-truss and bowstring-truss spans. The evaluation procedure included a number of phases, such as a review of past performance records and field inspections, theoretical analyses, field and laboratory tests etc. which resulted in recommendations for repairs and/or replacements of deficient members of the bridge. Each phase of the study is discussed in detail, in the hope that it might prove useful as a guide in the evaluation and upgrading of other existing bridge structures. Special attention is drawn to the need for field and laboratory tests to complement the theoretical analyses in assessing the validity of the original design assumptions and procedures in order to develop more realistic analytical models. The load factor design method was employed to assess the theoretical capcity of the bridge. Strengthening measures proposed would extend the life of the bridge at the current traffic level (up to 722.80 kN (162,500 pounds)), while allowing for increases in the future. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Live loads KW - Load factor KW - Metal bridges KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Traffic flow KW - Trusses UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-009.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=EXTENSION+OF+LIFE+FOR+PERLEY+BRIDGE&author=H.+Vaidyanathan&author=M.+Cheung&author=J.+Beauchamp&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80015 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183755 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maeda, Yukio TI - FATIGUE CRACKS OF DEEP THIN-WALLED PLATE GIRDERS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 120-128 AB - Recently in Japan, fatigue cracks have been observed in bridges, cranes and tanks. Generally, there is a possibility of two types of fatigue cracks inherent in thin-walled plate girders. A crack which is initiated at the toe of fillet welds of compressions flange-to-web, is called Type-1 crack. Then, a crack at the toe of fillet welds of vertical stiffener-to-web, is called Type-2 crack. Type-1 and -2 cracks are governing ones in homogeneous and hybrid plate girders, respectively. For the fatigue design of deep thin-walled stiffened plate girders of bridges, the paper presents an extensive study on fatigue strength based on observations at the tests of initiation and propagation of the above-mentioned two fatigue cracks. The outline of girder tests and of coupon-type model tests for Type-2 cracks, and then the outline of girder tests and of plate-type and bar-type model tests for Type-1 cracks, are described and the results are discussed. The mechanism of initiation of Type-1 cracks at the bar-type model tests is discussed from the point of fracture mechanics in connection with unavoidable inherent initial defects due to welding or fabrication. Although the application of the test results to design is discussed, the problem of Type-1 cracks is a matter of structural details subjected to displacement-induced secondary bending stress ranges, and the need of further studies is stated. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Compression KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Metal bridges KW - Plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Welds UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-016.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=FATIGUE+CRACKS+OF+DEEP+THIN-WALLED+PLATE+GIRDERS&author=Y.+Maeda&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183762 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clemena, Gerardo G AU - McKeel, Wallace T TI - DETECTION OF DELAMINATION IN BRIDGE DECKS WITH INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 180-182 AB - The use of infrared thermography to define very accurately variations in surface temperatures was evaluated as a means of defining delaminated areas caused by corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks. Differences in the temperatures of the deck surface, shown in various shades or colors on a cathode-ray tube, were photographed to provide a permanent graphic record of the location of the warmer, distressed areas. In a comparative study of infrared thermography and conventional deck evaluation techniques, including the sounding of the surface with a hammer and chain drag and the use of a rolling delamination detector, all were found generally satisfactory in locating severe to medium delaminations. However, the infrared thermography procedure had important advantages in disclosing incipient delaminations, those in which the cracking is confined to the close vicinity of the reinforcing steel, and in providing detailed records of the separated areas. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Infrared radiation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Thermographs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-023.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=DETECTION+OF+DELAMINATION+IN+BRIDGE+DECKS+WITH+INFRARED+THERMOGRAPHY&author=G.+Clemena&author=W.+McKeel&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183749 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Taylor, Peter R TI - RENOVATION OF LIONS' GATE BRIDGE NORTH VIADUCT SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 77-79 AB - This paper is concerned with the deck replacement of the 670 m (2200 ft) long approach viaduct to Lions' Gate Suspension Bridge in Vancouver, Canada, which was carried out during night closures without affecting peak daytime commuter traffic flows. The structure was built in 1938 and comprised a series of steel plate girder spans supported on steel bents and with a 0.18 m (7 in.) reinforced concrete deck without wearing surface. Under the cumulative effects of road salt and traffic for 35 years, the deck was cracked through in places and the rebar was heavily corroded, resulting in surface spalling and potholes. The support steel had suffered some section loss from corrosion and also corrosion buckling in thin cover plates over long rivet spacings. A solution was required with would reduce the load in the support steel, cut down the corrosion rate, permit wider lanes and a wearing surface, all under the constraint of maintaining the bridge open for daily commuter traffic. This paper discusses the unusual design concepts adopted to satisfy these requirements and explains how they were realized in practice by careful attention to detail in every aspect of the job. Methods used to alert the bridge users to closures and estimated opening times are discussed together with emergency plans in the event of failure to complete a section on time. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Buckling KW - Construction management KW - Corrosion KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Maintenance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Suspension bridges KW - Traffic flow KW - Vancouver (Canada) KW - Viaducts KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-010.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=RENOVATION+OF+LIONS%27+GATE+BRIDGE+NORTH+VIADUCT&author=P.+Taylor&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80016 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183751 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hirt, Manfred A TI - FATIGUE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF RAILROAD BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 86-92 AB - This paper describes a concept for the fatigue evaluation and design of railroad bridges. The primary objective is to account for the number of stress cycles per train, the corresponding stress ranges, and the total number of trains in the lifetime of the structure. Stress recordings from various structural elements of existing bridges were used as input for fatigue tests on beams. The test results are evaluated using the rainflow counting method and Miner's cumulative damage law. These results show good correspondence with constant amplitude test data. The assessment of traffic is based on theoretical traffic models and on measurements of axle loads and axle spacings. The fatigue effect of the traffic models is simulated by computer programs in terms of span length and compared to field measurements. It is shown that a correction factor may be applied to the design live load when used for fatigue considerations. In addition, the fatigue design concept is able to account for the total number of trains in the lifetime of the bridge . Also, a different safety factor may be applied for redundant and nonredundant load path structures. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Railroad bridges KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Simulation KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic density UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-012.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=FATIGUE+CONSIDERATIONS+FOR+THE+DESIGN+OF+RAILROAD+BRIDGES&author=M.+Hirt&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80018 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183766 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kostem, Celal N TI - OVERLOADING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES--INITIATION OF DECK DAMAGE SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 207-211 AB - Various surveys have indicated that highway bridges are subjected to vehicular load levels and combinations far in excess of those for which they were designed. The prediction of the effects of the overloading as well as the over-load permit operations do not reflect the sophistication scientific or technical fields have attained. The paper presents the findings of a parametric investigation employing Program BOVA (Bridge Overload Analysis), that encompasses 45 case studies. Five different commonly encountered overload vehicles and nine different bridge configurations are considered. The bridge superstructures are simple span beam-slab bridges with prestressed concrete I-beams and reinforced concrete deck, and having no skew. The results of the findings are presented in tabular form for the bridges and the overload vehicles. For given bridges and vehicles the gross vehicular weights, axle weights and "equivalent area loads" are defined that will induce cracking in the concrete that will reach the reinforcing bars. It has been found that if a small amount of damage to the bridge deck is permitted, the load levels which the superstructure can carry are usually in excess of the commonly reported permissible overload weights. Recommendations have been made for the use of the tabulated results in overload permit operations. It has been suggested that the findings can be applied to overload permit operations in the absence of reliable methods of predicting the overload response of bridges. It is also indicated that the suggested guidelines are useful for infrequent traverses of vehicles until the completion of research programs that will delineate the permissible and impermissible overloadings that will be based on limited damage criteria. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Load limits KW - Loss and damage KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural design KW - Superstructures UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-027.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=OVERLOADING+OF+HIGHWAY+BRIDGES--INITIATION+OF+DECK+DAMAGE&author=C.+Kostem&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183745 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Koretzky, Heinz P TI - WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED FROM THE FIRST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES--REPAIR OF SUCH BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 37-46 AB - Engineers often wonder to what extent prototype structures have lived up to their expectations. As examples, old construction of the Walnut Lane Bridge, Amdeck section, and one other structure which showed signs of distress over the years will be illustrated. The speaker will discuss the apparent background and reasons for such a distress plus the improvements which may be made to make such effects less severe. Also, methods of repair and what has been learned from these old designs will be described. The lecture is supported with many color slides and viewgraphs which depict old construction details and the increasing severity of distress. Accidental damages caused by vehicles on three different types of prestressed bridge superstructures are also illustrated. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Distress KW - Epoxy resins KW - Loss and damage KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prototypes KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Superstructures UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-006.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=WHAT+HAS+BEEN+LEARNED+FROM+THE+FIRST+PRESTRESSED+CONCRETE+BRIDGES--REPAIR+OF+SUCH+BRIDGES&author=H.+Koretzky&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80012 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183747 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Soto, M H TI - SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN WIDENING AND REHABILITATION OF BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 56-63 AB - Bridge rehabilitation, whether required for repairs, strengthening, or widening, requires an insight into unique structural problems. These problems are compounded if modifications must be accomplished while maintaining traffic and if modifications alter the structural characteristics of the existing structure. This paper deals with solutions employed on two widening and rehabilitation projects. Widening the Hackensack River Bridge on the New Jersey Turnpike required integrating the superstructure with the existing superstructure. Techniques of jacking the widening main members against the existing system, inducing compatible cambers and ensuring proper load distribution, are described. This paper describes foundation additions to main river piers which were integrated by temporarily leaving a gap between the foundations. This permitted elastic shortening of new piles under pier dead load, and prevented overloading the existing piles. A classic example of fatigue failure is illustrated. Welding of fills caused a geometrical notch at the toe of welds, producing a crack through the main members of brackets and floorbeams. Widening the I-83 bridge over the Susquehanna River in Harrisburg required an inspection which revealed rivet failures at bracket tie plates. These failures appear to correlate with findings by researchers at Lehigh University (1). Unfastening the bracket tie plates from the main girders is discussed as well as other design considerations resulting from unfastening tie plates near the girder supports. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Curvature KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Foundations KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement widening KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Structures KW - Superstructures KW - Widening UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-008.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=SOME+CONSIDERATIONS+IN+WIDENING+AND+REHABILITATION+OF+BRIDGES&author=M.+Soto&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80014 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183746 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Berger, R H AU - Gordon, Stanley TI - EXTENDING THE SERVICE LIFE OF EXISTING BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 47-55 AB - This paper briefly discusses background material and statistical data regarding the nation's current bridge problems and the research presently underway that will aid in resolving this problem. Bridge deficiencies as uncovered in the inspection of over 140 bridges located in five states are outlined. These deficiencies are categorized as Structural, Mechanical, Geometric, and Safety and are discussed as they apply to various bridge types and bridge materials. A catalog of deficiencies is included which lists the deficiencies in the order of frequency of occurrence. Bridge rehabilitation techniques presently in use are outlined and some unique techniques discussed. These include techniques to increase live load capacity, correct mechanical deficiencies, and to improve geometrics. Improvements to rideability, to safety, drainage and other miscellaneous repairs are also discussed. Sketches are included depicting the concepts of some of these rehabilitation techniques. "Improvement Factor" curves are developed for various techniques that can be utilized to increase live load capacity. This factor is an indication of the percentage of increase in flexural strength that can be achieved by a particular technique. Cost information for each of these techniques is also provided so that a "Cost Effectiveness Factor" can be computed for each. This provides a convenient means of comparison of various techniques from both a cost and an improvement standpoint. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deficiencies KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexural strength KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Live loads KW - Mechanical properties KW - Metal bridges KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Riding qualities KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structures UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-007.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=EXTENDING+THE+SERVICE+LIFE+OF+EXISTING+BRIDGES&author=R.+Berger&author=S.+Gordon&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183753 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, John W AU - Pense, Alan W AU - Slockbower, Robert E AU - Hausammann, Hans TI - RETROFITTING FATIGUE DAMAGED BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 102-109 AB - This paper examines continuing laboratory and field studies on ways to retrofit fatigue damaged members. Results of a pilot field study on two bridge structures with known fatigue cracks at the ends of cover plates are reviewed. Fatigue damage members were retrofitted by peening and gas tungsten arc remelting the weld toe. The initial retrofit is summarized and the results of subsequent inspection after 1 1/2 years is reviewed. Also discussed is the retrofitting of several more bridges by peening weld toes on a more extensive scale. In recent years many highway and bridge structures have experienced fatigue damage from out-of-plane displacements. This has resulted in web cracking at the ends of transverse stiffeners and floor beam connection plates which were not welded to tension flanges. Cracking as a result of out-of-plane movement is reviewed and several examples of cracking in a number of bridges is discussed. Nearly all of these fatigue damaged members have been repaired and retrofitted by drilling holes in the web plate at the ends of the horizontal cracks. A series of laboratory studies have been carried out to evaluate the fatigue behavior of stiffeners due to out-of-plane displacement. After fatigue cracking from out-of-plane movement these test beams are retrofitted by drilling holes in the web plate. Subsequently the fatigue damaged girder has been cycled to confirm the adequacy of the retrofitting procedures. These results will be summarized and related to bridges with comparable conditions. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridges KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory studies KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Retrofitting KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Webbing KW - Welds UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-014.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=RETROFITTING+FATIGUE+DAMAGED+BRIDGES&author=J.+Fisher&author=A.+Pense&author=R.+Slockbower&author=H.+Hausammann&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80020 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183764 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wilson, Charles H AU - Pope, David H AU - Cundy, Vic A AU - Nydahl, John E AU - Pell, Kynric M TI - A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR DEICING OF BRIDGE DECKS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 189-197 AB - An experimental facility to study the use of gravity operated heat pipes to couple earth heat to a bridge deck for snow and ice control has been developed at a site in southeastern Wyoming. Fifteen heat pipes of three different designs were incorporated in the design and construction of a composite bridge deck. Nine standard heat pipes 24.4 m (80 ft.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) outside diameter were installed transverse to the direction of traffic flow 5 cm (2 in.) below the deck surface on 15 cm (6 in.) centers. These pipes extend from depths of 15 m (50 ft.) in the earth up through the earth surface and through the edge of the deck to the bridge centerline. The performance of the heat pipe system has been monitored and recorded continuously at one minute intervals for over one year using a variety of instrumentation transducers and a digital data acquisition system. In addition the surface conditions on the deck and the adjacent roadway were recorded photographically at five minute intervals during daylight hours. The results obtained demonstrate that heat pipes can be an effective means of snow and ice control on bridge decks. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Couplers KW - Deicing KW - Demonstration projects KW - Ground heat KW - Heat pipes KW - Monitoring KW - Photography KW - Snow and ice control KW - Structural design KW - Traffic flow UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-025.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+DEMONSTRATION+PROJECT+FOR+DEICING+OF+BRIDGE+DECKS&author=C.+Wilson&author=D.+Pope&author=V.+Cundy&author=J.+Nydahl&author=K.+Pell&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80031 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183742 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Porter, James C TI - PRECEPTS OF THE EVALUATION OF FACILITIES FOR HUMAN USE AND THE APPLICATION TO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PRIORITIES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 14-21 AB - Over the years, highway departments have inventoried and appraised their highway systems. One of the concepts that evolved is the sufficiency expressed as a percentage. This concept can be formalized as an inventory and appraisal process for general application. The concept has been applied intuitively to specific inventory needs such as the "Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation's Bridges" and the sufficiency rating formula for bridges developed by the Federal Highway Administration. A generalized process which concisely defines terms required to develop precepts is presented. The methodology is a synthesis developed around the recognition that facilities subject to evaluation are directly or indirectly intended for human use. The process is then applied to a bridge replacement priority process through use of the sufficiency in an abridged example. Other uses are also discussed. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Equipment replacement KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical models KW - Ratings KW - Replacement KW - Strategic planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-003.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=PRECEPTS+OF+THE+EVALUATION+OF+FACILITIES+FOR+HUMAN+USE+AND+THE+APPLICATION+TO+BRIDGE+REPLACEMENT+PRIORITIES&author=J.+Porter&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80009 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183743 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shirole, Arunprakash M AU - Hill, James J TI - SYSTEMS APPROACH TO BRIDGE STRUCTURE REHABILITATION OR REPLACEMENT DECISION-MAKING SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 22-31 AB - This paper presents a systems approach to the difficult bridge structure rehabilitation or replacement decision-making. Essential elements of the data base, or structure information system, supporting this decision-making process are indicated. Adequacy for future use and economic criteria for a rational appraisal of alternates are developed and their application is indicated. Constraints, such as available and projected flow of funds and of local or legal nature are identified and their impact on decisions are analyzed. Analytical decision methods, such as pay-off matrix and decision tree, for evaluation of alternate proposals are presented and illustrated in a systematic, step-by-step procedure. Guidelines are also presented to assist the decision-maker in the selection of a method suitable for individual situations. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridges KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economics KW - Equipment replacement KW - Mathematical models KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Systems analysis UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-004.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=SYSTEMS+APPROACH+TO+BRIDGE+STRUCTURE+REHABILITATION+OR+REPLACEMENT+DECISION-MAKING&author=A.+Shirole&author=J.+Hill&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80010 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183757 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - OKADA, KIYOSHI AU - Okamura, Hirokazu AU - Sonoda, Keiichiro TI - FATIGUE FAILURE MECHANISM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SLABS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 136-144 AB - The aim of the paper is to clarify the fatigue failure mechanism of reinforced concrete slabs under moving wheel loads. Seven slabs with full scale dimensions were tested under static load, central pulsating loads, and moving pulsating loads. To investigate deflection characteristic and reserve fatigue strength of cracked slabs subjected to actual traffic loads, especially, four test slabs were were sawn out from two distressed bridge decks. Experimental findings were mainly as follows: rubbing together of crack faces due to the repeatedly moving loads eventually produced a slit with a narrow opening in the cracked section; the formation of the slit reduced both flexural and shearing rigidities of the slab; if rain water were poured into the cracked section, the reductions of these rigidities were remarkably accelerated and caused the slab surface to collapse prematurely. Three-dimensional stress analysis in the vicinities of cracks predicted their penetration through the entire depth of the slab. It was found that the process of the penetration consisted of two stages: the first stage was a growth of flexural cracks occurring at the bottom surface of the slab, beneath the wheel load, and the second stage was a progression of twisting cracks occurring at the top surface, when the wheel load had moved away. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slenderness ratio KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Thinness KW - Wheel loads UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-018.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=FATIGUE+FAILURE+MECHANISM+OF+REINFORCED+CONCRETE+BRIDGE+DECK+SLABS&author=K.+OKADA&author=H.+Okamura&author=K.+Sonoda&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80024 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183760 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Batchelor, Barrington DeV AU - Hewitt, Brian E AU - Csagoly, P AU - Holowka, M TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF DECK SLABS OF COMPOSITE STEEL/CONCRETE BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 162-170 AB - A theoretical and experimental study of the ultimate strength of the deck slab of composite I-beam bridges is summarized. A theory, based on a mechanical model proposed by Kinnunen and Nylander, for punching failure of simply supported slabs, is developed which permits the calculation of the punching strength of restrained slabs. The theory suggests that a deck slab can be expected to have a high inherent strength due to boundary restraints ensured by the presence of shear connectors, beams, diaphragms and the neighbouring slab areas. One-eighth scale direct models of a 24.4 m (80 ft) span prototype bridge were tested in laboratory studies of both orthotropically and isotropically reinforced slabs. Shear connector behaviour and dead load stresses appropriate to unshored construction were simulated. The results of the tests show that conventionally reinforced deck slabs have very high factors of safety against failure by punching and are wastefully reinforced. From considerations of ultimate strength as well as shrinkage and temperature reinforcement requirements, 0.2 per cent isotropic reinforcement is recommended as being adequate for bridge slabs of the type studied. Although this amounts to approximately 30 per cent of the current reinforcement requirements for such slabs, a high factor of safety can still be expected. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deck girder bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Isotropy KW - Metal bridges KW - Prototypes KW - Safety KW - Shrinkage KW - Simulation KW - Slabs KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Steel bridges KW - Tests KW - Ultimate strength UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-021.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=INVESTIGATION+OF+THE+ULTIMATE+STRENGTH+OF+DECK+SLABS+OF+COMPOSITE+STEEL%2FCONCRETE+BRIDGES&author=B.+Batchelor&author=B.+Hewitt&author=P.+Csagoly&author=M.+Holowka&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80027 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183754 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hsiong, Wei TI - REPAIR OF POPLAR STREET COMPLEX BRIDGES IN EAST ST. LOUIS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 110-119 AB - The web cracks found in the Poplar Street Complex Bridges were located at the top of the web-to-bottom flange fillet weld near the end floor beams. The buckled web was observed at the end of the girders behind the bearing stiffener. This report summarizes the results of the study which intends to determine the proper causes of the distress. It is believed that the main cause of the web crack was due to the out-of-plane movement of the web; and that the cause of the web buckling was from the eccentric reaction induced by the seized bearing pin. The repair method was developed mainly to stiffen the section and to carry the secondary stress induced from the out-of-plane movement of the web and to resist the distortion of the girder due to differential deflection of the main girders. Suggested details for future design are also included. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Buckling KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Distortion (Structural) KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Distress KW - East St Louis (Illinois) KW - Girders KW - Metal bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Thermal stresses KW - Webbing KW - Welds UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-015.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=REPAIR+OF+POPLAR+STREET+COMPLEX+BRIDGES+IN+EAST+ST.+LOUIS&author=W.+Hsiong&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183756 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hopwood, Theodore AU - Havens, J H TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION AND FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL BRIDGE STEELS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 129-135 AB - Acoustic emission monitoring was used during tensile tests of low-carbon structural steels to determine the physical characteristics of the acoustic emission phenomena. Results indicate that acoustic emissions are caused by micro-plastic deformation processes (i.e., dislocation motion). A series of axial-fatigue tests was performed on several types of structural steels, some of which had extensive service in bridges. There was no apparent relation between specimen load histories and subsequent performance in fatigue tests. Tensile tests of specimens subjected to extensive fatigue testing, at stresses below the yield strength of the material, revealed no major difference in mechanical properties or acoustic emission response due to their fatigue histories. Further tests revealed that acoustic emission testing in the frequency range of 100-300 kHz has the physical capability of detecting cracks on large structural steel members. This may prove beneficial for the comprehensive nondestructive evaluation of steel bridges. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Acoustics KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Deformation KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-017.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ACOUSTIC+EMISSION+AND+FATIGUE+CHARACTERISTICS+OF+TYPICAL+BRIDGE+STEELS&author=T.+Hopwood&author=J.+Havens&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80023 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183761 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Csagoly, P AU - Holowka, M AU - Dorton, R TI - THE TRUE BEHAVIOR OF THIN CONCRETE BRIDGE SLABS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 171-179 AB - It has been observed that thin concrete deck slabs supported by beams or girders are generally capable of carrying concentrated wheel loads far in excess of design values established by traditional methods of analysis. This capacity appears to be present even if the concrete has considerably deteriorated or a large percentage of the reinforcing steel is lost due to rusting. The usual failure made is that of punching and not flexure, hence the load-carrying capacity is defined in terms of the former. Under a concentrated wheel load, the present AASHTO Specifications, based on 2-dimensional plate bending theory, over-estimate the maximum tensile reinforcing steel stresses by a considerable margin. It has been found that the load-carrying capacity of the slab is governed by internal arching action, rather than by flexural strength. The net result is that a multiple of the absolute minimum reinforcing is being built into thin concrete deck slabs. In the presence of deicing salt, too much steel too close to the wearing surface usually results in extensive spalling of the concrete decks, leading to a marked reduction in service life. This paper covers the results of an extensive prototype investigation. Field testing of existing bridges, both composite and non-composite, deteriorated and not deteriorated, with a 445 kN (1000,000 lb.) simulated wheel load resulted in non permanent damage or upper surface cracking to the slabs. New prototype deck slabs have been built with as little as 0.2% isotropic reinforcement. The test results indicate sufficient capacity for concentrated wheel loads with steel stresses and deflection being at acceptable levels. These research findings are being incorporated into the new Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Isotropy KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs KW - Specifications KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Wheel loads UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-022.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=THE+TRUE+BEHAVIOR+OF+THIN+CONCRETE+BRIDGE+SLABS&author=P.+Csagoly&author=M.+Holowka&author=R.+Dorton&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80028 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183763 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cady, Philip D AU - Kline, Donald E AU - Blankenhorn, Paul R TI - DEEP IMPREGNATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS WITH LINSEED OIL SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 183-188 AB - The overall objective of the research described in this paper was to evaluate the feasibility of deep impregnation of concrete bridge decks with boiled linseed oil/diluent mixtures. Impregnation is one of the techniques that is currently receiving considerable attention as a means of improving the longevity of bridge decks by reducing or preventing spalling problems associated with corrosion of reinforcing steel. The choice of linseed oil was based on safety (low volatility and high flash point), cost considerations, and the elimination of the polymerization step required for other polymers. Also, many highway agencies are already familiar with linseed oil, since it is commonly sprayed on bridge deck surfaces periodically to retard surface scaling. The latter procedure results in penetration depths of less than 3 mm and has little or no effect on preventing spalling. Deep impregnation requires a drying step to remove water, followed by sufficient contact with the impregnant to permit penetration to the desired depth. Following a period of preliminary laboratory studies, demonstration impregnations were carried out on 5.6 sq m areas on two bridge decks. One of the bridges had been subject to 3 winters of deicer salt application. The other had received no salt. Four days soaking time with a 50-50 mixture of boiled linseed oil/mineral spirits mixture was used in the impregnation step. Examination of cores subsequently removed from the test areas revealed that penetration depths ranging from about 5 to 10 cm were obtained. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field tests KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Linseed oil KW - Oils KW - Pendulum tests KW - Polymerization KW - Reinforcing materials KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Scaling KW - Slabs KW - Spalling UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-024.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=DEEP+IMPREGNATION+OF+CONCRETE+BRIDGE+DECKS+WITH+LINSEED+OIL&author=P.+Cady&author=D.+Kline&author=P.+Blankenhorn&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183750 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Victor, Robert F TI - ORTHOTROPIC BRIDGE SAVES OLD COVERED BRIDGE SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 80-85 AB - When inspection of the Old Covered Bridge at West Cornwall, Connecticut revealed extensive deterioration of its floor system and trusses, a new bridge was proposed to be built just upstream. The old bridge, dating from 1841, would have been left open to pedestrians only. This proposal angered local residents who wanted the old bridge restored. Because of tight vertical clearance restrictions, structure depth was severely limited. Preliminary computer analyses showed that a slender orthotropic steel deck bridge could be independently built within the old bridge and designed for AASHTO HS20 and alternative loadings. The construction consisted of building a parallel temporary bridge, raising the old structure 61 cm (2-ft.) higher to clear future floodwaters, painting, reshingling and whitewashing the interior and, erecting the steel deck bridge within. A timber floor was bolted to the steel deck plate. The total project cost $360,000 which is a savings of more than $1,500,000 over the cost of the proposed upstream bridge. More importantly, a historic nineteenth century structure was preserved as a heritage for the twenty-first century. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Building materials KW - Costs KW - Deterioration KW - Information processing KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steel bridges KW - Trusses UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-011.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=ORTHOTROPIC+BRIDGE+SAVES+OLD+COVERED+BRIDGE&author=R.+Victor&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80017 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183752 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - TILLY, G P TI - FATIGUE PROBLEMS IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 93-101 AB - During the past few years there has been an increasing incidence of fatigue cracking in the welded joints of modern steel bridges. Many examples have occurred in welds on main girders of short or medium span highway bridges having concrete decks, and in welded joints in orthotropic steel decks of temporary bridges and long span bridges. Design of British bridges is checked for lives of 120 years involving up to 7.10 to the 8th power cycles of stress. Calculations to assess fatigue require a realistic loading spectrum, reliable methods to obtain local stresses, and relevant S/N relationships between stresses and numbers of cycles to failure. This paper briefly describes some of the recent research to improve the background to these three steps for design of bridges, particularly those having orthotropic steel decks. The research includes investigation of the influence of surfacing, type of stress cycle, residual stress, plate thickness, cyclic frequency, rest-periods, weathering and consideration of programmed loading. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Bridge decks KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Metal bridges KW - Orthotropic KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-013.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=FATIGUE+PROBLEMS+IN+HIGHWAY+BRIDGES&author=G.+TILLY&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80019 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183765 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Moses, Fred TI - RELIABILITY APPROACHES TO BRIDGE SAFETY AND TRUCK LOADING UNCERTAINTIES SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 198-206 AB - Design decisions for highway structures can utilize probability and statistics to express uncertainties in vehicle loading, analysis, strength and construction control. Structural reliability research is described to provide design codes with consistent risk levels and optimal designs. A detailed reliability approach is presented for deriving load and performance factors for steel element fatigue design. The uncertainties in truck weight, volume, headway, strength distribution (analysis), impact and fatigue life are included. The fatigue load model is extended to strength design by considering two behavior levels. The first level utilizes a limit state format with element-oriented load and performance factors derived for components with failure criteria such as maximum moment. Ultimate strength is recognized in a second level check with system coefficients based on the ratio of the load causing significant bridge distress to the limit state load. Code oriented research is described to derive system coefficients for various types of bridge structures using nonlinear and ultimate load analysis. The goal is to utilize the load margin between an element limit state and major bridge damage to contain load uncertainties in future load growth and overweight vehicle operations. The sparce load data available has inhibited introduction of reliability oriented specifications. A project is desribed for undetected weighing of vehicles in motion using instrumented highway bridge girders. The field results show its feasibility and opportunities for filling in missing data on load history and overweight vehicles. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumentation KW - Load limits KW - Loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Reliability KW - Structural engineering KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-026.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=RELIABILITY+APPROACHES+TO+BRIDGE+SAFETY+AND+TRUCK+LOADING+UNCERTAINTIES&author=F.+Moses&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00183767 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duncan, Michael A G AU - Davis, Stuart G TI - METHOD OF ASSESING HIGHWAY BRIDGES FOR SUPERLOADS SN - 0309026962 PY - 1978 IS - 664 SP - pp 212-220 AB - Technological progress has made it economically beneficial to use larger and heavier industrial components termed "Superloads". These generally involve equipment for electric power and very heavy chemical plants located on coal fields. Because of the absence of inland waterways and the limited capacity of railways in Southern Africa, these loads must travel along the highway network. A current project involves the movement of payloads of up to 400,000 kg (440 tons) over some 500 km (310 miles) of road. In this instance a total of 60 under-bridges of various sizes must be crossed. In order to meet pavement loading restrictions, the transporters carrying these loads may have as many as 288 wheels distributed on 5 m (16 ft) wide axles. The four haulers used to draw these vehicles may give total combination masses of up to 800,000 kg (880 tons) and overall lengths of about 120 m (385 ft). Accurate analytical techniques are required to optimize the effects of these load trains on bridges so that every reserve of strength may be utilised. The multiplicity of structural configurations, construction materials, and original design specifications requires that each structure be assessed individually. Moreover, the variety of vehicle combinations is practically endless. For these reasons the method adopted to make such assessments relies on a load independent computerized influence surface technique involving stresses at critical points. A research program to develop a system termed "Generate-Simulate-Compare" (GSC) is now well advanced and initial analytical results sow good correlation with parallel studies on monitoring techniques in the field. The paper describes the package of analytical programs and field observation methods. /Author/ U1 - Bridge Engineering Conference, 1st, 1978, St Louis, Missouri, USAFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Railroad AdministrationSt Louis,Missouri,United States StartDate:19780925 EndDate:19780928 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration KW - Equipment KW - Heavy load KW - Highway bridges KW - Industrial materials KW - Industrial use KW - Loading and unloading KW - Networks KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Simulation KW - Stresses KW - Structural engineering UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1978/664/664v1-028.pdf UR - https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=METHOD+OF+ASSESING+HIGHWAY+BRIDGES+FOR+SUPERLOADS&author=M.+Duncan&author=S.+Davis&publication_year=1978 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179852 AU - Lukanen, E AU - Teig, G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ROADWAY WIDENING SECTIONS THROUGH SWAMPS. INITIAL REPORT 1978 SN - 9 PY - 1978 SP - 40 p. AB - Six methods of floating roadway widening sections over a peat swamp were designed and constructed on a two lane roadway in 1976. The project location was on T.H. 53 between International Falls and Ray. Peat depths ranged from 8 to 15 feet. The investigation to date has shown that widenings can be floated on peat when fill height and loading rates are controlled. Performance of the sections will be monitored for a period of at least three years. /FHWA/ KW - Floating structures KW - Highway design KW - Pavement widening KW - Peat KW - Swamps KW - Widening pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178790 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Zweig, W D AU - Trumbo, D A AU - Serig, D I AU - Gould, D F AU - Olsen, R A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - COLOR AND SHAPE FOR FREEWAY ROUTE GUIDANCE: VOLUME I--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY; VOLUME II--FINAL REPORT; VOLUME III--APPENDICES A AND B-LITERATURE REVIEW AND LABORATORY STUDIES PY - 1978 SP - 301p AB - The purpose of this research effort was to develop and field test a unique color and shape coding system which offered promise as a supplement to conventional guide signing on problem interchanges. Following a review of the technical literature, a series of laboratory studies was conducted to empirically identify the most appropriate color and shape combinations for symbol signs. The symbol signs were used in various ways in the design of five color/shape coded route guidance systems which were installed and subjected to field evaluation on problem interchanges. With the exception of the intitial system evaluated, all other systems resulted in operations and safety benefits as evidenced by a statistically significant reduction in erratic maneuvers and significant improvement in other operational measures. It was concluded that the color/shape coding concept as applied to freeway route guidance results in sufficient benfit to merit further development and testing of such systems. KW - Color codes KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Laboratory studies KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185283 AU - Abeyesekera, R A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - STRESS-DEFORMATION AND STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPACTED SHALE PY - 1977/12/27 SP - 417 p. AB - This report presents the results of a laboratory investigation to determine the influence of compaction and confining pressure on the stress-deformation and strength characteristics of a mechanically hard but non-durable shale from the New Providence Formation. Some construction guidelines are also recommended. Cylindrical specimens formed by kneading compaction were saturated under a low effective confining pressure, consolidated to the desired effective stress and sheared at a constant rate of strain. The compaction characteristics, the volume changes after saturation, the consolidation characteristics, and the undrained shearing response including pore water pressure changes are reported for triaxial tests. The initial gradation of crushed shale aggregate, the molding water content, the compaction pressure, and the pre-shear consolidation pressure were adopted as the test variables. The effective stress strength parameters were found to be essentially independent of the initial conditions when they were evaluated at maximum deviator stress, except for loose uncompacted aggregate. The volume change characteristics, the induced pore water presures, and the consolidated undrained strength were found to be greatly dependent on the initial conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Compaction KW - Consolidations KW - Deformation KW - Percent saturation KW - Pore water pressures KW - Rates KW - Shale KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Undrained strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382175 AU - Mekemson, J R AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 103 PY - 1977/12/21/Interim Report SP - 51p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the October-December 1977 quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 58.7 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 59.3 mph and 58.1 mph respectively. These overall speeds are an increase over the results of the July-September 1977 quarter (Speed Report No. 102) of 1.2 mph for all vehicles, 1.5 mph for all passenger cars and 0.8 mph for heavy trucks. KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313959 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323177 AU - Van Maren, P A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - CORRELATION OF DESIGN AND CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS WITH ACCIDENTS AT RURAL MULTI-LANE HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS IN INDIANA PY - 1977/12/21 SP - 60 p. AB - Sixty-one rural multi-lane intersections throughout Indiana were studied. Thirty-nine intersections were randomly selected from all such intersections in the state and twenty-two were submitted by the Indiana State Highway Commission. Geometric, accident and traffic volume data were collected from each intersection. The average rural multi-lane highway intersection had four times the number of accidents than the average rural intersection. The following findings were made about the randomly selected rural multi-lane highway intersections: unsignalized intersections were found to have a lower accident rate, median barriers and large intersections were found to increase the accident rate, and as the size of stop sign on the minor road increased, accidents decreased. The following findings are applicable to high accident signalized multi-lane intersections: the presence of stop line pavement markings decreased the accident rate; route markers and/or signal ahead advance warning signs on the minor road reduced the right angle accident rate; and a horizontal curve on the major road and/or a skew of the two roadways were found to increase the accident rate considerably. (FHWA) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Median barriers KW - Road markings KW - Rural areas KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346063 AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT FOR HEAT TREATING INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE - PHASE I PY - 1977/12/08 SP - 96 p. AB - The addition of monomers or the inclusion of wax within highway bridge decks are two methods being used to prevent salt penetration during winter deicing. Both of these methods require the addition of heat until the upper two inches of the concrete deck reaches 160-190 F. This study developed concepts for both a solar powered and a solar assisted system for heat treating internally sealed concrete. The heat transfer characteristics of reinforced portland cement concrete were analyzed, and the critical parameters of thermal diffusivity and conductivity determined. Solar isolation data was collected from six areas of the country during months typical of the construction season, and correlated with ambient temperatures and wind data for the same locations and periods, in order to derive both the net energy input available and the net energy requirement of the system. Three configurations of flat plate solar collectors were investigated and computer analyzed to determine their ability to satisfy the system requirements. A modular collector system was recommended on the basis of its anticipated durability and longevity, ease of handling, and overall lower life-cycle cost. The design was optimized and computer simulations were run on the system to evaluate performance in typical U.S. cities. KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer programming KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Heat sealing KW - Heat treatment KW - Heating equipment KW - Highway bridges KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Metal heating KW - Monomers KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Simulation KW - Solar collectors KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398168 AU - Robertson, H D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Urban intersection improvements for pedestrian safety, vol IV: pedestrian signal displays and operation PY - 1977/12 IS - FHWA-RD-77-145 SP - 172p KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Crosswalks KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398167 AU - Robertson, H D AU - Berger, W G AU - Pain, R F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Urban intersections improvements for pedestrian safety, vol II: identification of safety and operational problems at intersections PY - 1977/12 IS - FHWA-RD-77-143 SP - 111p KW - Highway safety KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Road safety KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398166 AU - Abrams, C M AU - Smith, S A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Urban intersection improvements for pedestrian safety, vol III: signal timing for the pedestrian PY - 1977/12 IS - FHWA-RD-77-144 SP - 175p KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Crosswalks KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398165 AU - Petzold, R G AU - Nawrocki, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Urban intersection improvements for pedestrian safety, vol V: evaluation of alternatives to full signalization at pedestrian crossings PY - 1977/12 IS - FHWA-RD-77-146 SP - 175p KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Crosswalks KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00980119 AU - McBride, J C AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIGHWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/12 SP - 11 p. AB - This report provides a brief overview, conclusions, recommendations and suggested implementation of the study. It is an executive summary and as such does not contain the detailed results of the original research conducted under the study. KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic models KW - Maintenance KW - Snow and ice control KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176029 AU - Clemena, G G AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICABILITY OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY IN THE DETECTION OF DELAMINATION IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1977/12 SP - 40 p. AB - The use of infrared thermography to very accurately define variations in surface temperatures was evaluated as a means of identifying delaminated areas caused by corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks. It was found that because of the vast differences in the volumetric heats of the solid concrete and the air in the cracks around a delaminated area, the separated concrete was warmer when exposed to solar heating than was the adjacent sound material. Differences in the temperatures of the deck surface, shown in various shades or colors on a cathode-ray tube, were photographed to provide a permanent graphic record of the location of the warmer, distressed areas. In a comparative study of infrared thermography and conventional deck evaluation techniques, including the sounding of the surface with a hammer and chain drag and the use of a rolling delamination detector, all methods were found generally satisfactory on locating severe to medium delaminations. However, the infrared thermography procedure had an important advantage in disclosing incipient delaminations, those in which the cracking is confined to the close vicinity of the reinforcing steel. In every case the thermographic technique seemed to provide better detailed records of the delaminated areas, which were confirmed by coring of the concrete. The rationale behind the use of thermography for detecting delaminations, a brief description of the technique, and a discussion of some experimental results are provided. KW - Bridge decks KW - Delaminating KW - Infrared detectors KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Temperature gradients KW - Temperature measuring instruments KW - Thermographs KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181383 AU - Bezouska, T J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION LOSSES IN UNGALVANIZED POST TENSIONING DUCTS PY - 1977/12 SP - 9 p. AB - The report compares the total friction loss encountered with ungalvanized rigid ducts to the loss from similar galvanized ducts. The is no apparent difference in friction resulting from the use of either type of duct. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Ducts KW - Friction KW - Galvanizing KW - Losses KW - Posttensioning KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186098 AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1977/12 SP - 751p-in 5v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186103 AU - Petzold, R G AU - Nawrocki, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - URBAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY. VOLUME V. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO FULL SIGNALIZATION AT PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS PY - 1977/12 SP - 242 p. AB - This report summarizes the research completed in the third phase of a three-phase project. This phase was directed at identifying and evaluating alternatives to full signalization at pedestrian crossings. These pedestrian crossings are located at the intersection of a high-volume arterial street and a low-volume residential street. The selection of alternatives could not include grade-separated pedestrian structures, midblock crossings, or full signalization. Five alternatives were selected for field evaluation with the following traffic devices on the major and minor streets, respectively: Sign and Stop Sign, Flashing Yellow Signal and Flashing Red Beacon, Flashing Green Signal and Stop Sign, (Sg-44) Signal and Stop Sign, and Crossing Guard with stop signs on the residential street. The report compares the five school-pedestrian crossing designs with their fully signalized control sites discussing their relative advantages and disadvantages. Further comparisons were made between the various alternatives. The Crossing Guard, (Sg-44) Signal and Stop Sign, and Flashing Green Signal and Stop Sign were determined to have operating characteristics significantly more desirable than those of a fully signalized intersection. Of these, the Crossing Guard and the Signal and Stop Sign were recommended as alternatives to full signalization at pedestrian crossings. The report includes guidelines for the selection of the alternatives and the appropriate site criteria. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Crosswalks KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrians KW - Signal analysis KW - Signal lights KW - Signalization KW - Stop signs KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182980 AU - Abrams, C M AU - SMITH, S A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - URBAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY--VOLUME III: SIGNAL TIMING FOR THE PEDESTRIAN PY - 1977/12 SP - 175 p. AB - This report presents the final results of the signal timing element of the FHWA research project "Urban Intersection Improvements for Pedestrian Safety." The report discusses the research which was conducted, and recommends improvements in the timing of pedestrian traffic signals both to maximize safety and to minimize delay. Specifically, the elements covered in this volume include the following: Chapter II--Timing for a Combined Pedestrian--Vehicular Interval. This includes discussions of minimum WALK time, minimum clearance interval, and allocation of excess pedestrian time. Chapter III--Alternative Phasing Schemes. This includes an analysis of early and late release of pedestrians with respect to vehicles, scramble pedestrian timing, and signal phasing for the partial crossing of wide, channelized streets. Chapter IV--Other Areas of Pedestrian Signal Research, including time-of-day adjustments of pedestrain signal timing, application of correction factors to the Highway Capacity Manual based on vehicle and pedestrian activity levels, and general observations on pedestrian flow characteristics. /FHWA/ KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182981 AU - Robertson, H D AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - URBAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY--VOLUME IV: PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL DISPLAYS AND OPERATION PY - 1977/12 SP - This repor AB - This report summarizes that portion of the research dealing with pedestrian signal displays and operation which was completed in Phase II of the three-phase project on urban intersection improvements for pedestrian safety. Three evaluation studies were conducted. The first study was a controlled experiment to determine what difference existed between "lunar" and "clear" white WALK lenses in pedestrian signals. The findings indicated that "clear" white had better target value, but that "lunar" white was more readable for three of the four lighting conditions tested. The second study consisted of three experiments, two of which dealt with the clearance interval display, while the third evaluated flashing versus steady WALK. Of the two clearance displays tested, i.e., steady DONT WALK and steady DONT START, neither showed a significant improvement over the standard flashing DONT WALK clearance indication. Flashing WALK was found not to be effective as a means of warning pedestrians of turning vehicles. The third study evaluated the concept of using symbolic pedestrian displays in place of the current word message display. The hand-walking man symbol was found to show a significant improvement over the standard WALK-DONT WALK display. Orange and white were found to be better colors for pedestrian signal indications than red and green. /FHWA/ KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179395 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS: A USERS MANUAL PY - 1977/12 SP - 89 p. AB - The objective of the research project within which this Users Manual was prepared was to develop procedures for indentifying hazardous locations on all highway facilities except freeways and in the Central Business District (CBD). Both accident and non-accident measures, or indicators, are included in the formula proposed for establishing degree of hazardousness at spot locations within the highway system. The Users Manual describes and illustrates the procedure developed. A Hazardousness Rating Formula is presented which provides a means for arriving at a Hazardousness Index for any suspect site. The Formula incorporates data inputs for three accident indicators--number of accidents per year, accident rate (accidents per million entering vehicles), and accident severity; four objective non-accident indicators--sight distance, volume/capacity ratio, traffic conflicts, and erratic maneuver counts; and two subjective non-accidnet indicators--driver expectancy and information system deficiencies. Data requirements and collection procedures are defined, the necessary charts and computation forms are presented, and an illustrative example is provided. /FHWA/ KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Driver information systems KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Hardware KW - High risk locations KW - Highway capacity KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Manuals KW - Problem drivers KW - Ratios KW - Raw materials KW - Reckless drivers KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179508 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Sharp, M C AU - Midwest Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF TAPER LENGTH ON TRAFFIC OPERATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES PY - 1977/12 SP - 43 p. AB - The study dealt with a proposed taper length formula that yields shorter tapers at design speeds below 60 mph than the existing formula, L=WS. Speed, erratic maneuvers, conflicts and encroachment data were collected at four sites, day and night, covering a variety of design speeds and taper lengths. The analyses of the collected data do not implicate the proposed taper lengths as being more hazardous. Erratic-maneuver and slow-moving conflicts rates were never greater with the proposed taper than with the standard or existing taper. There was no indication that the proposed taper lengths resulted in a greater number of passenger vehicle or truck encroachments on adjacent lanes. KW - Construction sites KW - Data collection KW - Highway operations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Taper KW - Tapers (Work zone traffic control) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345378 AU - Fitzpatrick, M W AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST TRAILER FOR HIGH-VOLUME SKID-RESISTANCE SURVEYS PY - 1977/12 SP - 59 p. AB - A skid trailer system was successfully designed, built, and tested to conform with ASTM Designation E274-70. (It also meets the newly adopted ASTM Designation E274-77.) It is now performing its intended function of routinely surveying the statewide highway system. This report describes the design philosophy and evaluation of the system after its construction. The design is concluded to be sound, but some changes should be included by anyone wishing to copy it. Appended are the specifications used to obtain the truck and baffled water tank, and a descriptive list of all the trailer's structural parts. Detail drawings are not included, but are available on request. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Instrumentation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Surveys KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Trucks KW - Water storage KW - Water tanks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305860 AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Lentz, H J AU - Ormsby, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE AS BASE-COURSE PAVING MATERIAL IN WASHINGTON, DC PY - 1977/12 SP - 27 p. AB - The use of municipal incinerator residue as aggregate in bituminous pavement construction was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. A test installation, placed in Washington, D.C. in June 1977, consisted of a 4 1/2-in.(114.3mm) bituminous pavement composed largely of incinerator residue. The base was placed in two lifts and finished over compacted subgrade. The base was covered with 1 1/2-inches (38.1 mm) of a conventional bituminous srface course mixture. Details of the residue production, laboratory evaluation, asphalt plant operation, placement and finishing of the test installation, and recommendations and precautions for future projects using incinerator residue are given in this report. Preliminary results indicate that, with proper precautions, incinerator residue can be used as aggregate substitute or extender in bituminous base construction. However, even though it may be a technically viable aggregate material, its use will be determined by an interplay of economic, environmental, and energy factors. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Incinerators KW - Paving KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Recycling KW - Solid wastes KW - Substitutes KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304717 AU - Pain, R F AU - Petzold, R G AU - Knapp, B G AU - Mace, D J AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION FOR SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1977/12 SP - 149 p. AB - The document describes a special use lane inventory, results of on-site visits to 41 such facilities, information requirements analysis, and recommendations for possible special usage lane signing and delineation systems to be further tested in laboratory and field studies. KW - Bus priority KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Freeways KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway traffic control KW - Inventory KW - Recommendations KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181394 AU - Laguros, J G AU - Jha, K AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILIZATION OF OKLAHOMA SHALES PY - 1977/12 SP - 281 p. AB - Eight Oklahoma Shales representing regional characteristics but differing texturally and mineralogically were selected for stabilization studies. Of the various stabilizing agents used, it was found that 6% hydrated lime, 14% portland cement, and 25% flyash give optimum conditions by imparting acceptable strength levels to the shales. The degree of strength attained varies inversely with the plasticity of shales. On the basis of compressive strength, cyclic loading, and weatherability criteria cement is the most effective additive, flyash the least, and lime moderately effective. Combinations of the three stabilizing agents show that shales can be upgraded strengthwise when the three main stabilizing agents are used conjunctively; in fact, the data suggest that such uses are more economical and more promising. The addition of small amounts (less than 2%) of NaCl, CaCl2, NaOH, and Na2CO3 to the shales which have already been mixed with one of the main stabilizing agents, further enhances the stabilizing benification. With the exception of flyash stabilized shales, delayed compaction appears to produce an overall decrease in the compressive strength properties. Electron microscopic studies indicate that the voids of the stabilizing shales are reduced substantially compared to the raw shales and there is a direct relationship between void domain characteristics and stabilization effectiveness. Shales having higher void cross sectional areas show lower compressive strengths. KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Fly ash KW - Oklahoma KW - Oxides KW - Plasticity KW - Portland cement KW - Repeated loads KW - Shale KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Sodium inorganic compounds KW - Sodium oxide KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Triaxial stresses KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196057 AU - Wu, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE CULVERT PIPES PY - 1977/12 SP - 136 p. AB - A total of 19 culverts were studied to evaluate their field performance. Measurements were made of the stiffness of the backfill soil, culvert deflection and culvert stress. A soil modulus measuring device was built and used to measure the Young's modulus of the soil. The results indicate that Young's modulus varies over a wide range from one site to another and also from one point to another at the same site. The range in measured Young's modulus is from 90 to 3280 psi. Culvert deflections were measured with a dial on a rotating arm which in turn is anchored to a cross brace. The cross brace is positioned inside culverts at sections where deflection measurements are to be made. About 40% of the culvert sections has deflections exceeding the design criterion of 5%. The maximum measured value is about 8% which is well below the value of 20% usually associated with bending failure. Culvert stresses measured by use of a stress-relief technique, indicate that stresses are close to the yield point at deflections of 5% or larger. However, the accuracy of the technique is poor due to large fluctuations in the measured residual stresses. The Iowa formula, widely used for calculation of culvert deflection, was used to calculate the modulus of passive soil resistance, from the measured deflections. Values of the modulus of passive soil resistance range from 300 to 3700 psi. The correlation between the modulus of passive soil resistance and Young's modulus is poor and is strongly infleunced by the stiffness of the culvert relative to the soil stiffness. /FHWA/ KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bending KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Flexibility KW - Measurement KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Performance KW - Pipe culverts KW - Soil resistivity KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195604 AU - Jensen, I B AU - Montana State University, Bozeman TI - RAPID SOIL STABILIZATION AND PERENNIAL VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT WITH USE OF ANNUAL SPECIES, IRRIGATION AND SEEDBED TREATMENTS PY - 1977/12 SP - n.p. AB - Three studies were conducted to determine more effective and reliable methods of rapidly stabilizing and permanently vegetating disturbed roadsides. The first two studies included laboratory and field evaluation of many annual species to determine their suitability for use as temporary stabilization species. The second and third studies included field trials of species and implementation methods. The studies showed that Horsford barley was the most desirable temporary stabilization species of those evaluated. However, the cereal grains wheat and oats were also successful temporary stabilizers. Horsford barley seeded simultaneously with a mixture of seven perennial grasses, two legumes, and a shrub resulted in a well stabilized seedbed within thirty days. During the late summer the barley plants provided over sixty percent ground coverage while all perennial species collectively, provided less than eight percent ground coverage. Only one application of 3.8 cm of irrigation water applied immediately following seeding was required to establish the barley and perennial species when planted during mid July. Effectiveness of other seedbed treatments including woodfiber mulch, straw plus asphalt mulch, straw stubble mulch, paper mulch and gouging were significantly reduced when combined with the temporary stabilizer species. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion control KW - Irrigation KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195952 AU - Tracy, R G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION SYSTEMS. VOLUME II PY - 1977/12 SP - 66 p. AB - One of the most serious and costly problems presently facing highway agencies in many parts of the country is premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks. The major cause has now been linked to deicing chemical "chloride" induced corrosion of the reinforcement. In some cases, bridge decks designed to last 40 years have required major repairs after only 10 years of service due to corrosion related "chuckholing" or spalling. The Minnesota Department of Transportation has become increasingly aware of this problem during the last six years and has initiated a comprehensive program to resolve it. The two basic approaches being used to try and solve the problem are: Keep the salt and moisture out of the decks with protective overlays and membranes, modified concretes or sealers. Protect the steel from corrosion once the concrete's protective nature has been destroyed by chloride contamination, using epoxy coated and galvanized rebars. Bridge decks were constructed or reconstructed using protective membranes, modified concretes and coated bars. Testing and evaluation of field performance consists of visual observations, delamination detection, chloride content determinations, checking depth of concrete cover over rebars and electrical potential measurements. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Moisture content KW - Performance tests KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188963 AU - Quiros, G W AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR AXIALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFTS PY - 1977/12 SP - 176 p. AB - This report represents the culmination of a series of studies that have been conducted on the behavior of axially loaded drilled shafts. Of primary interest are shafts that receive support from the soil along the sides of the shaft. Design procedures established from extensive research on drilled shafts installed in clays, clay-shales, sand, and cemented fine-grained alluvial fan deposits are evaluated and summarized. Revised correlations betwen dynamic penetration resistance and undrained shear strength for clays, and between dynamic penetration resistance and load transfer in sand are presented. The developed computer programs SHAFT1 and BSHAFT were developed to shorten the time involved in computing curves giving ultimate capacity versus depth. Check design problems utilizing SHAFT1 and BSHAFT are included in this report. Uncertainty of in situ soil properties remains a major obstacle in establishing a more generalized design procedure. However, the design procedures presented herein will give satisfactory predictions of shaft ultimate capacities. /FHWA/ KW - Alluvium KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Dynamic resistance KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Load transfer KW - Sand KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185246 AU - Robnett, Q L AU - Burrows, W H AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A POROUS LANE MARKING SYSTEM PY - 1977/12 SP - 161 p. AB - Good wet-night visibility is a major objective of highway delineation. The primary objective of the research project described in this report was to develop a lane marking system that has good visibility, has porosity and texture characteristics similar to open graded asphalt friction courses, and has good resistance to traffic and snowplow activity. The porous marking systems developed are composed of narrowly graded aggregate, binder, pigment, glass beads, and boid space. The scope of the study included binder compound selection, mixture formulation, laboratory evaluation of various systems, and a two-stage field evaluation of promising porous marking systems. Field evaluation of the porous marking systems was conducted on an expressway entrance ramp in Georgia and on a four-lane highway in Virginia. Delineator installation procedures and serviceability examination techniques are described. Wet-night visibility of the porous marking systems was evaluated using an automobile-mounted telephotometer. Based upon the results of the study, it is concluded that the combination of an open-graded asphalt friction course and a special porous delineator centerline strips provide superior wet-ngith delineation compared to conventional beaded paint stripes on a dense asphalt surface. The project results do not establish the life expectancy or overall economy of "optimumly designed and installed" porous delineation systems. Additional field testing must be conducted to establish service life and overall economics. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Glass beads KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Night visibility KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Pigments KW - Porosity KW - Spacing KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185255 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK REPAIR AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1977/12 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes efforts to control bridge deck deterioration in Colorado. A follow up testing program to determine the degree of continued effectiveness of waterproofing membranes has been underway since 1974. Results to date show that the most important factor is how well a membrane is placed. Several projects in Colorado have employed the use of Latex Modified Concrete as a surface wearing and protective course. Recent inspections of latex modified bridge decks indicate that some significant cracking is beginning to take place. Chlorides are entering these cracks and steel corrosion may be in progress at these points. Considerable time may be required, however, to determine if the corrosion progresses laterally and the true value of this design. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Latex KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Waterproofing materials KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183999 AU - Turner, H T AU - Buckner, C D AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge TI - DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILE CAPS PY - 1977/12 SP - 34 p. AB - This study is part of an effort directed to the reduction of short span bridge costs in Louisiana. This particular effort is devoted to the development of precast intermediate pile bent caps and the connection of such elements to precast piles. Both conventionally reinforced and prestressed rectangular shapes are presented. Individual pile caps or capitols are presented for use where piles are superstructure girders with continuity diaphragms permit. Concrete and grout type connections are discussed and an essentially welded connection is presented. /Author/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Girders KW - Grout KW - Pile caps KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182979 AU - Robertson, H D AU - Beger, W G AU - Pain, R F AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - URBAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY--VOLUME II: IDENTIFICATION OF SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1977/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This report summarizes the research completed in the first phase of a three-phase project. This phase was directed at identifying and defining the safety and operational problems associated with the interaction of pedestrians and vehicles at intersections. Both signalized nonsignalized intersections were investigated. Four sources of information were used to define problems and uncover implications for countermeasure concepts. These sources included: accident data, expert opinion, behavioral observations, conceptual investigations. The significant findings from all four sources are presented in terms of the following categories: undesirable pedestrian and vehicle interactions; undersirable pedestrian and/or driver behaviors; undersirable intersection characteristics; and undesirable traffic control device characteristics. Several countermeasure concepts that address some of the above problems were identified. The information required in order to design the specific countermeasures is documented in the body of the report. Likewise, the means for evaluating the effectiveness of the specific countermeasures have been developed and are reported. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181913 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - D.C. TI - IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS PY - 1977/12 SP - 258p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179866 AU - Rankl, J G AU - Barker, D S AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - RAINFALL AND RUNOFF DATA FROM SMALL BASINS IN WYOMING PY - 1977/12 SP - 197 p. AB - Rainfall and runoff data presented in this report were collected in cooperation with the Wyoming Highway Department and the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration for use in design of drainage structures for highways crossing ephemeral streams with drainage areas less than 11.0 sq miles. Precipitation and discharge, in 5-minute increments, are presented for 392 flow events from 22 drainage basins. The data are being published at this time because of demand for this type of basic data by consultants, land-use planners, and government agencies. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage basins KW - Highway drainage KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181348 AU - Dusel, JPJ AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF COATINGS APPLIED TO CONTACT SURFACES OF HIGH STRENGTH BOLTED JOINTS ON SLIP BEHAVIOR AND STRENGTH OF JOINTS PY - 1977/12 SP - 66 p. AB - The research objective was to determine if certain rust inhibiting coatings applied on contact surfaces of friction-type high-strength bolted structural joints could provide sufficient slip resistance under constant or cyclic loads. The performance of various coatings, including a vinyl wash primer, an organic zinc-rich primer and zinc metal applied by hot-dip galvanizing, were evaluated using results of tensile, creep, and cyclic tests on double shear butt spliced specimens. Important parameters considered in the testing program were coating type, hardness and thickness, clamping bolt tension, and method of loading. KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Bridges KW - Concrete finishing KW - Creep KW - Creep tests KW - Design KW - Fabrication KW - Galvanizing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Protective coatings KW - Repeated loads KW - Seal coats KW - Slip resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180896 AU - Moulton, L K AU - Seals, R K AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF BASE AND SUBBASE COURSES - PHASE I PY - 1977/12 SP - 113 p. AB - The preliminary development of an in situ test device, designated the field permeability testing device (FPTD), for determination of the permeability of highway base and subbase courses is described and discussed. The discussion in the report encompasses the three major tasks that were undertaken in the development of the preliminary FPTD; that is: Literature review and evaluation of field test methods; Design and construction of laboratory test areas; and Laboratory investigation of promising techniques. Based on the results of the Task A and Task C studies, it was concluded that the velocity method of in situ permeability determination represents a promising technique. The preliminary device utilizes electrical conductivity probes that also serve as pressure taps for head measurements. It is concluded that additional development work is required to adapt the device for field use and to insure its reliable and accurate operation under various field conditions. This work is to be accomplised in Phase II of the Project and will include both laboratory test area studies and field studies. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Drainage KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Porosity KW - Properties of materials KW - Seepage KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178821 AU - Zak, J M AU - Troll, J AU - Mosler, S H AU - Zak, R S AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst TI - MASSACHUSETTS ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH-1977 PY - 1977/12 SP - 49 p. AB - Project I was phased out late in 1976 after years of research on the establishment of native species. Project II concerned a follow-up on 6-8 year-old plantings of crownvetch, flat pea, and Cicer mikvetch to determine their durability as cover for erosion control on roadsides. The follow-up showed that in areas where soil fertility and pH were adequate, legumes were growing well; areas with only fair stands need both lime and nutrients. Also studied were the effects of gibberellic acid soaking on germination percentage of false indigo seed with the resulting conclusion that the acid did not improve germination, may even have hindered it. Project III was a study of germination of several shrub species and crownvetch in tubes and other plastic containers to determine their survival and growth after having been transplanted onto roadsides. Of the containers used, a large tube (1.5" x 8") was the easiest to use and produced very successful plants. A slow release fertilizer, Osmocote, was effective. Crownvetch grown in tubes survived and developed at the same high rate as crownvetch grown in peat pots or flats. Project IV involved the continuation of the K-31 tall fescue breeding program; a paper mulch was tested for comparison with wood chips and hay mulch on a slope seeded to grasses and performed well; new herbicides and growth retardants were tested; an examination of the effects of road salts on 22 turfgrasses revealed the most salt tolerant grasses in the study to be 3 fescues--Alta, K-31, Golfrood red--and several bluegrass varieties. Project V studied several soil amendments used on fescue plots, with the finding that grasses in plots which received either sewage sludge or bentonite produced the densest cover and best growth. Project VI is a literature review concerning wildflower use on roadsides in other states. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Germination KW - Herbicides KW - Landscape design KW - Mulches KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179502 AU - McBride, J C AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIGHWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/12 SP - 11 p. AB - This report provides a brief overview, conclusions, recommendations, and suggested implementation of the study. It is an executive summary and as such does not contain the detailed results of the original research conducted under the study. /FHWA/ KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179509 AU - Gatling, F P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO IN CONSTRUCTION AREAS PY - 1977/12 SP - 16 p. AB - The subjects sat in a driving simulator and watched a motion of a construction work area that was taken through the windshield of an automobile as the subjects "drove." Simulated radio messages were given that described the features of the work area. Subjects had to indicate their preference between a longer detailed message and a shorter general message format. The messages were presented at three different times before the construction area on the film began. A questionnaire was used to elicit the responses from the subjects. KW - Communication systems KW - Construction sites KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Radio KW - Road construction KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179394 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/12 SP - 22 p. AB - The objective of the research project within which this Executive Summary was prepared was to develop procedures of identifying hazardous locations on all highway facilities except freeways and in the Central Business District (CBD). Both accident and non-accident measures or indicators are included in the formula proposed for establishing degrees of hazardousness at spot locations within the highway system. /FHWA/ KW - Hardware KW - High risk locations KW - Identification KW - Identification systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179396 AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1977/12 SP - 142 p. AB - The principal objectives of the research project were to develop and verify procedures for identifying hazardous locations on all highway facilities except freeways and those systems within the Central Business District (CBD). A Hazardousness Rating Formula (HRF) was developed which incorporates both accident and non-accident measures, or predictors. The intent of such a formula is to supplement, rather than replace, accident record systems in establishing the relative hazardousness at spot locations within the highway system. The formula provides a means for establishing a Hazardousness Index for any suspect site. The HRF incorporates data inputs regarding the number of accidents per year, accident rate (accidents per million entering vehicles), accident severity, sight distance, volume/capacity ratio, traffic conflicts, erratic maneuver counts, and two subjective indicators--driver expectancy and information system deficiencies. The form, control values for establishing three levels of hazardousness (normal, hazardous, and very hazardous), and scaling charts necessary to convert raw data values into a Hazardousness Indicator Value are presented for each indicator. The concept of the Hazardousness Rating Formula to assess relative hazardousness at spot locations appears to be valid, based on the results of workshops conducted as part of the research project, and limited statistical analysis of data from 12 study sites. /FHWA/ KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Driver information systems KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Hardware KW - High risk locations KW - Highway capacity KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Problem drivers KW - Ratios KW - Reckless drivers KW - Sight distance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179483 AU - Murphy, R J AU - Bowers, F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FREEWAY DATA FOR INCIDENT AND NON-INCIDENT CONDITIONS-VOLUME 3-FORTRAN PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR ANALYZING INDIVIDUAL DATA SETS PY - 1977/12 SP - 204 p. AB - The results of the project to collect freeway traffic data for use in developing and verifying incident detection algorithms are presented in three volumes. This volume contains instructions on the usage of a FORTRAN program to analyze data collected in Volumes 1 and 2. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178776 AU - McBride, J C AU - Kennedy, W J AU - Thuet, J H AU - Belangie, M C AU - Briggs, R D AU - McConkie, F R AU - Stewart, R M AU - Utah Department of Public Safety TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIGHWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL: ESIC-USER'S MANUAL PY - 1977/12 SP - 231 p. AB - This report contains the user's manual for ESIC (Economics of Snow and Ice Control) economic model. ESIC is a computer model designed to help both administration and engineers evaluate the economic impacts of their snow and ice control programs. The model covers maintenance, traffic and safety, vehicle corrosion and bridge deck costs along with defining areas of potential environmental damage. The input for maintenance cost, traffic characteristics, worker-wage information and weather data are readily available to the user and should be obtainable with a minimal amount of effort. The maintenance and traffic and safety costs are on a per storm basis. Traffic delay costs for a no maintenance situation are also calculated. KW - Bridge decks KW - Computer programs KW - Corrosion KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Meteorology KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178858 AU - Boutrup, E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTERIZED SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR INDIANA HIGHWAYS, VOLUMES I & II PY - 1977/12 SP - 512 p. AB - This study is a continuation of a previous one by Siegel (1975) and deals with computerized slope stability analysis. All investitations are related to a computer program, STABL, which performs analyses of general slope stability problems. A parametric study was conducted on the STABL program. The study showed that variations in the soil strength parameters c and 0 have the largest influence on the stability of a slope. The STABL program was mdified to provide additional options in terms of a new sliding block surface generator, several piezometric surfaces,and the modified Bishop factor of safety for circular failure surfaces. Results of analysis performed with STABL were compared to results obtained with other methods of slope stability analysis. Results by STABL are in general conservative, but the difference is usually less than 10%. However, for deep circular failure surfaces in soil with strength defined mainly in terms of a strength intercept c, the simplified Janbu method of slices normally applied in the STABL solution may give erroneous and nonconservative results. In such cases, the modified Bishop method should be used. The modified STABL program, STABL2, is written in Fortran IV source language, developed for a CDC 6500 computer, and is also available in a form compatible with the IBM 360 (or 370) computer system. Both versions are verified. KW - Computer programs KW - Failure KW - Parametric equations KW - Piezometers KW - Slope stability KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313961 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313962 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178775 AU - McBride, J C AU - Kennedy, W J AU - Thuet, J H AU - Belangie, M C AU - Stewart, R M AU - Sy, C C AU - McConkie, F R AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIGHWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL PY - 1977/12 SP - 130 p. AB - This report covers an indepth investigation into the economic impact of snow and ice control. The areas covered in the study were maintenance, traffic and safety, environment, structure damage and vehicle corrosion. The maintenance section discusses a method of establishing level of service for winter maintenance based on an economic analysis. Several recommendations for material used in snow and ice control are made. A winter maintenance questionnaire was distributed in Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota and Utah to determine the public attitude toward the maintenance effort in each state. The results of this questionnaire are contained in the appendix of this report. The traffic and safety portion of the study was oriented towards the user costs occurring during winter maintenance. Accident rates, user delay, traffic volumes and vehicle speeds during snow and ice storms were evaluated. A phone survey to businesses to determine loss due to poor traveling conditions was made. Environmental damage to wells, plants and lakes was investigated. The deterioration of roadway, structures and vehicles which can be associated with winter maintenance was covered. The economic computer model (ESIC) developed through the study yields costs for maintenance and traffic and safety on a per storm and level of service basis, written warning for possible environmental damage & annual costs for structural deterioration and vehicle corrosion. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Level of service KW - Motor vehicles KW - Snow and ice control KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176301 AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - Sundquist, C R AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING TRAILER FOR REGIONAL AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT PY - 1977/12 SP - 28 p. AB - Field data on ambient air pollution levels are required to assess transportation systems impact on the regional air quality. A description of the design and development of an air monitoring trailer for measuring ambient levels of air pollution is presented. The analyzers used, their operation, and calibration procedures are discussed. The trailer units are equipped with carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, and hydrocarbon analyzers. Data loggers are used to facilitate reduction of air pollutant data. Calibration equipment and gases for the analyzers were incorporated in the trailer design and installation. KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Assessments KW - Calibration KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Gas detectors KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mobile equipment KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portable equipment KW - Regional planning KW - Trailers KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176584 AU - Saner, J L AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - ZINC ANODES TO CONTROL BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION PY - 1977/12 SP - 22 p. AB - This report described a field investigation of the use of sacrificial zinc ribbon anodes to cathodically protect the reinforcing steel in a bridge deck, thus controlling spalling. After 3 years the zinc anodes were found to be capable of protecting only a three inch (7.62 cm) wide strip each side of the anodes. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Maintenance KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178781 AU - Roberts, R AU - Fisher, J N AU - Irwin, G R AU - Boyer, K D AU - HAUSAMMANN, H AU - Krishna, G V AU - Morf, V AU - Slockbower, R E AU - Lehigh University TI - DETERMINATION OF TOLERABLE FLAW SIZES IN FULL SIZE WELDED BRIDGE DETAILS PY - 1977/12 SP - 427 p. AB - Twenty-four full size beams with welded details and three welded gusset details were fabricated from A36, A588 and A514 steels which met the 1975 AASHTO toughness specifications. The types of beam details tested were cover-plated beams, lateral attachments, transverse stiffeners, and flange transitions. These beam and gusset details were cyclically loaded at room temperature for 2 million cycles and then at temperatures minus 40 degrees F (minus 40 degrees C) and lower until rapid fracture occurred. The fracture resistance of each beam and gusset was estimated using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and compared to the material toughness test results. Current material toughness and fatigue specifications were also checked for applicability to full scale beams. Results of the beam and gusset fracture resistance estimations were in direct correlation with the slow bend (one second loading), 3 point bend, material tests. The residual stresses had a significant contribution to the fracture resistance estimation. Category E of the current AASHTO fatigue specifications was found to be applicable to the 12 in. (304.8 mm) flange attachment. However, this category was observed to overestimate the fatigue strength of the full size cover-plated beams. Categories B and C were found to be applicable to the flange transition and transverse stiffener details, respectively. At the time of fracture most of the fatigue life of the welded girders was exhausted. All beams except those with cover-plated details equaled to exceeded their design fatigue life before brittle fracture occurred. These tests confirm the necessity of an adequate fatigue design in any fracture control plan for bridges. KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Cover plates KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flanges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Gusset plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Repeated loads KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Transverse stiffeners KW - Welded beams KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00173894 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HUMAN FACTORS ASSESSMENT OF DECREASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL BRIGHTNESS PY - 1977/12 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - p. 119-125 AB - This article considers decreased nighttime traffic signal lamp brightness in terms of the effects on safety and efficiency of the highway system. The emphasis is on the reception and use of information from round traffic signals and the effects of reduced brightness on visibility. It is critical to the safety and efficiency of approach locations where signals are warranted, that drivers receive information and respond to traffic signals correctly and rapidly. Accident statistics have shown that driving at night is more hazardous than driving during daylight hours. This results from impaired driving performance due to lack of visibility. The superior night visibility of signals is desirable for several reasons: The possibility of extraneous glare sources; the lack of environmental cues; the potentially adverse effects of rain, snow and fog; and, the probability of fatigue and other factors impairing driver performance. The following recommendations are made: Eight inch (200 mm) signals should not be dimmed; twelve-inch (300 mm) signals may be dimmed at night when conditions warrant, dimming should be implemented on an intersection-by-intersection or signal face-by-signal face basis and based on empirically derived visibility criteria and engineering judgement; empirical research should be undertaken to establish night and day visibility criteria for U.S. traffic signal indications, including arrows and pedestrian signals. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Brightness KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Glare KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/72788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00173897 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Heins, C P AU - Derucher, K N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS AND STRESS SPECTRA FOR STEEL HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1977/12 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - p. 132-139 AB - This article summarizes the results of tests conducted on various types of steel highway bridges to ascertain the induced stresses on various elements caused by random traffic. Vehicle characteristics obtained include truck type, dimensions, and weights. This article further clarifies the experimental and data reduction procedures that were used to collect this information. Bridge types examined include single, three, four and five span bridges, end anchor bridges, suspended-span and semisuspended-span bridges. Stress response of a bridge is influenced by the vehicle crossing the bridge. Observations of truck characteristics and their frequency of distribution during a given time interval were made during most of the load history tests. Data is then used to develop typical truck types. During the load history field tests, the induced strains on various elements of the bridges were monitored. The recording and reduction of strains (stresses) were accomplished by various technqiues and equipment such as a computer system, signal conditioning modules, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converter, a 14-channel oscillograph, a light beam oscillograph, and a 7-channel analog 7-tape recorder. The determination of vehicle loads were generally performed by portable weighing scales or at a permanent weighing station. The vehicle distribution by classification was generally noted visually and recorded. Results of the tests conducted indicate that the recorded stresses are much lower than the design values, and the characteristics of the vehicles which induce such stress also differ from the AASHTO truck loadings. These differences suggest a possible revision in the fatigue design codes. Alternate procedures, which include the information collected from field tests, have been suggested. KW - Anchors KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Loads KW - Oscillographs KW - Stresses KW - Suspension bridges KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/72791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00173895 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Harrigan, E T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED TRAFFIC LANE DELINEATION PY - 1977/12 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - p. 126-131 AB - This article reviews the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) program in highway delineation materials research and attempts to place it in the perspective of the important needs for future delineation systems. A critical problem in the use of traffic paint with reflective glass beads is that at night in the rain the beading becomes flooded and looses its reflectivity. Current research is aimed at providing a snowplow-compatible wet-night delineation system. A commercially developed snowplowable raised reflective marker has been tested and the results have been mixed. An alternative approach has developed from research conducted on pavement grooving to increase wet-night delineation. Several other approaches have been investigated such as low-profile markers, self-luminous markers, radioluminescent and chemiluminescent markers. Although present day traffic paints can be placed economically and with minimal disruption of traffic, they are limited by their susceptibility to wear from traffic, snowplows, and deicing salts, and abrasives. FHWA is sponsoring research in an effort to develop new delineation materials to solve some of the problems of paints and thermoplastics. Further research is also being conducted to develop a more durable, generic marking materials. Research has been successfully concluded on the formulation of yellow traffic paints using organic pigments in place of lead chromatic. Development of installation equipment for the recessed reflective marker system developed by NYDOT is being initiated. Three methods of pavement marking removal were developed as a result of research in this area. The first method was on inexpensive hand-propelled burner assembly using a propane-oxygen flame. The second method used an externally mixed propane-oxygen flame with the residue removed by a scarifier. The third method weakened the paint-pavement bond with a steel cutter which was then broken down with high-pressure water jets. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Glass beads KW - Highway delineators KW - Marking materials KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Removal KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic paint KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/72789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00173896 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Breen, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF SEGMENTAL BRIDGES PY - 1977/12 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-111 AB - This article discusses the general design considerations, design sequence, conceptual and detailed design requirements, and analysis procedures of segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges. It is noted that when constructing a large number of prestressed concrete bridges, precasting has a number of advantages over cast-in-place construction. A box girder is considered a better structural shape for long spans than an I-section girder. The box girder is very compact. It is superior to the I-section girder for long spans in that there is no lateral buckling problem so the compressive capacity of the bottom flange is fully utilized, and the torsional rigidity brings about a more even distribution of flexural stresses across the section under a variety of live loads. When box girder bridges are precast, the casting is generally segmental. The most widely used methods may be categorized as construction on flashwork and cantilever construction. Assembly of the segments, the stage-by-stage erection and prestressing of precast segments, the procedures required for closure, and the adjustment of the distribution of stress is described. The most important reason for the slow adoption of segmental bridge construction is the general division of the engineering and construction responsibilities in the concrete industry. There have been rapid developments in the state of the art in precast segmental box girder technology such as the evolution of the jointing and erection process, the multiple key designs, and the use of wider sections resting on single pies. The article concludes by describing the design sequence for a segmental precast concrete box girder bridge. The main elements of the design sequency are as follows: Conceptual design, preliminary design; detailed design; verification analysis; field support analyses; and change order evaluation. KW - Bending stress KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Buckling KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Falsework KW - Flexure KW - Long span bridges KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - State of the art studies KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/72790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175262 AU - Rankin, A R AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (1977) ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT. A REPORT COVERING AN INVENTORY OF 51 COUNTRIES PY - 1977/12 SP - 750 p. AB - The report contains comprehensive literature surveys in 27 countries and updatings in 24 countries previously surveyed. Material from 16 other countries was requested, but was not obtained by date of publication. The report also includes an in-depth study on Diversion and Corridor Control Systems in Western Europe. KW - Design KW - Foreign KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavements KW - Property acquisition KW - Research projects KW - Reviews KW - Roads KW - Safety engineering KW - Soil mechanics KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169755 AU - Snarponis, J M AU - Glab, J E AU - Institute for the Certification of Eng Technicians AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - National Highway Institute TI - CERTIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS PY - 1977/12 SP - 264 p. AB - This study was conducted by the Institute for the Certification of Engineering Technicians (ICET) in cooperation with an American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Task Force, and resulted in a program concept for certifying transportation engineering technicians. The program provides for 4 levels of certification in 6 transportation disciplines. Under this program technicians will be certified by ICET upon a showing of relevant experience and performance capabilities verified by professional engineers, and qualified technicians, and upon satisfactory completion of tests administered by ICET. KW - Careers KW - Certification KW - Engineering KW - Engineering personnel KW - Experience KW - Knowledge KW - Paraprofessional personnel KW - Performance KW - Personnel development KW - Professional personnel KW - Specialized training KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Transportation KW - Transportation engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382177 AU - Mekemson, J R AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 102 PY - 1977/11/08/Interim Report SP - 80p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the July-September 1977 quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed overall average speed for all vehicles was 57.8 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 57.5 mph and 57.0 mph respectively. These overall average speeds were very similar for passenger cars and 1.2 mph slower for trucks to the speeds found in the April-June 1977 study (Speed Report No. 101). This report is also the 1977 annual speed study of JHRP and is compared with similar studies made during the summer months for the last ten years. Little change from the summer of 1976 is evident for any type of vehicle on any class of highway. Speeds of passenger cars, however, are significantly less on all classes of highway than speeds during the pre-55 mph limit years. On the other hand, speeds of heavy trucks in 1977 are almost exactly the same as speeds of heavy trucks during the pre-55 mph limit years of 1968-1973. KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313956 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413883 AU - Merritt, J O AU - Kerr, S K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Driver's visibility requirements for roadway delineation; volume 2: color identification of yellow highway paint as a function of yellow/white pigment mixture ratio PY - 1977/11 IS - FHWA-RD-77-166 SP - 60p KW - Color KW - Colour KW - Delineation KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Material properties KW - Paint KW - Paint KW - Pavement marking KW - Properties of materials KW - Road markings KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104938 AU - Azar, David G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Interior and Exterior Latex Paints PY - 1977/11//Interim Report No. 3 SP - 22p AB - In general, some of the wood panels that have only one coat of paint over bare wood and one coat of paint over primed wood are showing signs of deterioration. The wood panels that have two coats of paint over bare wood and two coats of paint over primed wood are still performing satisfactorily. The results on the thin film exposure from the second interim report, dated April 1975, will have to be used to determine if the rate of film loss and X-ray monitoring is a satisfactory method of predicting latex paint life. The additional outdoor exposure on the thin film coatings has proven too severe and 90% of the panels that were being exposed have failed radically, leaving no pigment to monitor with X-ray. KW - Deterioration KW - Deterioration by environmental action KW - Latex KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Panels KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Service life KW - Wood UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20113.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176030 AU - Kemp, E L AU - Wilhelm, W J AU - Chen, N J AU - Alke, R B AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING BOND BEHAVIOR WITH A VIEW TOWARDS ESTABLISHING DESIGN CRITERIA. VOLUME I - MAIN REPORT PY - 1977/11 SP - 244 p. AB - Tests of one hundred and forty seven, two and three bar bond specimens are reported. These specimens represent the completion of WVDOH-RCRC Project 46. The entire study has used the specially designed W.Va. University bond testing apparatus. The data are discussed in terms of the strength of the materials used, the specimen geometry and the type and quantity of web reinforcement. The lower bound equations for predicting the limiting bond stress and the development length required are presented in terms of bar diameter (which is the ratio of the bar cross-sectional to surface area), bar strength, concrete strength, web reinforcement and the cover and spacing of the bars. The W.V.U. recommended design equation for development length includes a consideration of dowel force and is compared to the University of Texas-Austin's recommended equation. The report is accompanied by figures and a full set of bondslip curves for all the specimens tested. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bond stress KW - Bonding KW - Concrete curing KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fabrication KW - Loads KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176031 AU - Kemp, E L AU - Wilhelm, W J AU - Chen, N J AU - Alke, R B AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING BOND BEHAVIOR WITH A VIEW TOWARDS ESTABLISHING DESIGN CRITERIA. VOLUME II - APPENDIX PY - 1977/11 SP - 198 p. AB - The data are discussed in terms of the strength of the materials used, the specimen geometry and the type and quantity of web reinforcement. The lower bound equations for predicting the limiting bond stress and the development length required are presented in terms of bar diameter (which is the ratio of the bar cross-sectional to surface area), bar strength, concrete strength, web reinforcement and the cover and spacing of the bars. The W.V.U. recommended design equation for development length includes a consideration of dowel force and is compared to the University of Texas-Austin's recommended equation. This volume contains Appendix A - Experimental Data, Bond-Slip Curves. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bond stress KW - Bonding KW - Concrete curing KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fabrication KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Loads KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175560 AU - Carpenter, P L AU - Hensley, D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Purdue University TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT ON THE ROADSIDE PY - 1977/11 SP - 24 p. AB - The establishment of plants on the roadside is difficult at many sites due to the highly disturbed soils that are present after highway construction. Four Interim reports were prepared during the three year period that this project covered. These reports were on the use of 'slow release' fertilizers as a nitrogen source for landscape plants; the factors that influence nitrogen fixation by woody plant species; the effects of various mulches on the growth of landscape plants; and various methods for establishing plant cover on the roadside by seeding. This report presents summaries of the four Interim Reports that were submitted. KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Landscape KW - Legumes KW - Leguminous plants KW - Moisture content KW - Mulches KW - Nitrogen KW - Nitrogen fixation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plant growth KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Seeds KW - Shrubs KW - Slopes KW - Temperature KW - Trees KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369802 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE OUTLOOK FOR TRANSPORTATION ENERGY--AN OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY OF CONSERVATION PLANS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1977/11 SP - 21 p. AB - This report gives a preliminary evaluation of some of the factors involved in transportation energy and the potential effect of expected changes in the energy situation on the programs and the operations of the Virginia Department of Highways & Transportation. The objective is to provide a general understanding of the broad aspects of the energy problem and to make the Departments administrators and others aware of the ongoing effort directed at the problem by the Research Council. The present program includes a study of the energy conservation opportunities in four general areas: 1. Highway Construction & Maintenance; 2. Highway Operations; 3. Highway Lighting; and 4. Operation of Highway Department Facilities. (FHWA) KW - Energy KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Road construction KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36298/78-R17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167384 AU - US National Committees/Tunnelling Technology AU - National Science Foundation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR SETTLEMENT OF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES PY - 1977/11 SP - 31 p. AB - The Subcommittee on Contracting Practices appointed a Task Group on Arbitration to review methods other than court litigation currently used for settlement of disputes in the U.S., particularly in the construction industry, and to recommend specific procedures for the resolution of disputes and an organizational arrangement under which such procedures could be administered effectively. This report presents the procedures developed by the Task Group on Arbitration. KW - Adjudication KW - Administrative procedures KW - Arbitration KW - Construction KW - Construction industry KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Contract administration KW - Decision making KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Ground settlement KW - Labor relations KW - Labor unions KW - Legal factors KW - Management KW - Recommendations KW - Strikes KW - Subway construction KW - Subways KW - Tunnel excavation KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346116 AU - Schiffer, D K AU - Albany International Research Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RADIO FREQUENCY EQUIPMENT FOR HEAT TREATING INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE PY - 1977/11 SP - 91 p. AB - This report presents the analysis and conceptual design of a radio frequency (RF) heating system for heat treating internally sealed concrete. Design considerations included: control of heating rate and pattern; ease of operation; energy efficiency; and life-cycle costs. Equipment size and maneuvering requirements for large area (2,000 in one section every 8 hours), low rate heating resulted in equipment not being fabricated and tested, however if rapid heating were allowed, RF systems were shown to be practical and energy efficient. This report will be of interest to researchers and operations personnel concerned with portable, high rate heat sources for relatively small areas. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Heat flow KW - Heat treatment KW - Heating equipment KW - Metal heating KW - Portable equipment KW - Radiofrequency heating KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Thermal efficiency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335968 AU - Elias, J AU - Stuart, D AU - Sweet, L AU - Kornhauser, A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRACTICALITY OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS, VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/11 SP - 159 p. AB - The determination of AHS practicality was based on evaluating various design concepts in relation to both technical and socio-economic design considerations. The project included the determination of system objectives, the conceptual design of candidate systems to meet these objectives and evaluation of the most promising candidate systems. This final report is presented in three volumes. Volume I contains a summary of the entire report. The detailed analyses are presented in Vols. II and III. This study has produced a large number of results. These results indicate that there are many positive arguments for developing an Automated Highway System, as well as indicate the areas of design uncertainty. The basic reason for concluding that the AHS is practical is based on the following four facts: (1) The demand analysis clearly indicates that the increased average speed for automobile travel, which is provided by AHS, plays a dominant role in determination of mode split potential. (2) All of the major aspects of AHS design have been analyzed, in a preliminary fashion, and have been found to be technically feasible. (3) There are four major design concepts generated (or reaffirmed) by this study that provide a unique advantage to AHS from either a technological or a cost standpoint. They are (a) use of an existing right-of-way for AHS lane construction, (b) design of a "smart" vehicle to minimize dependence on communication with the wayside, (c) use of an electric motor for private vehicle propulsion on the guideway, and (d) utilization of a system owned "partial pallet" including command and control equipment and, possibly, an electric motor. (4) An indirect benefit of increased lane capacity can be obtained through automated control. This reduces the amount of dislocations needed to support any increase in automobile travel. (FHWA) KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Lane occupancy KW - Modal split KW - Motors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Speed KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335969 AU - Elias, J AU - Stuart, D AU - Sweet, L AU - Kornhauser, A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRACTICALITY OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS, VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1977/11 SP - 329 p. AB - The determination of AHS practicality was based on evaluating various design concepts in relation to both technical and socio-economic design considerations. The project included the determination of system objectives, the conceptual design of candidate systems to meet those objectives and an evaluation of the most promising candidate systems. This final report is presented in three volumes. Volume I contains a summary of the entire report. The detailed analyses are presented in Vols. II and III. This study has produced a large number of results. These results indicate that there are many positive arguments for developing an Automated Highway System, as well as indicate the areas of design uncertainty. The basic reason for concluding that the AHS is practical is based on the following four facts: (1) The demand analysis clearly indicates that the increased average speed for automobile travel, which is provided by AHS, plays a dominant role in determination of mode split potential. (2) All of the major aspects of AHS design have been analyzed, in a preliminary fashion, and have been found to be technically feasible. (3) There are four major design concepts generated (or reaffirmed) by this study that provide a unique advantage to AHS from either a technological or a cost standpoint. They are (a) use of an existing right-of-way for AHS lane construction, (b) design of a "smart" vehicle to minimize dependence on communication with the wayside, (c) use of an electric motor for private vehicle propulsion on the guideway, and (d) utilization of a system owned "partial pallet" including command and control equipment and, possible, an electric motor. (4) An indirect benefit of increased lane capacity can be obtained through automated control. This reduces the amount of dislocations needed to support any increase in automobile travel. (FHWA) KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Lane occupancy KW - Modal split KW - Motors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Speed KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335970 AU - Elias, J AU - Stuart, D AU - Sweet, L AU - Kornhauser, A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRACTICALITY OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS, VOLUME III: SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1977/11 SP - 382 p. AB - The determination of AHS practicality was based on evaluating various design concepts in relation to both technical and socio-economic design considerations. The project included the determination of system objectives, the conceptual design of candidate systems to meet these objectives and an evaluation of the most promising candidate systems. This final report is presented in three volumes. Volume I contains a summary of the entire report. The detailed analyses are presented in Vols. II and III. This study has produced a large number of results. These results indicate that there are many positive arguments for developing an Automated Highway System, as well as indicate the areas of design uncertainty. The basic reason for concluding that the AHS is practical is based on the following four facts: (1) The demand analysis clearly indicates that the increased average speed for automobile travel, which is provided by AHS, plays a dominant role in determination of mode split potential. (2) All of the major aspects of AHS design have been analyzed, in a preliminary fashion, and have been found to be technically feasible. (3) There are four major design concepts generated (or reaffirmed) by this study that provide a unique advantage to AHS from either a technological or a cost standpoint. They are (a) use of an existing right-of-way for AHS lane construction, (b) design of a "smart" vehicle to minimize dependence on communication with the wayside, (c) use of an electric motor for private vehicle propulsion on the guideway, and (d) utilization of a system owned "partial pallet" including command and control equipment and, possibly, an electric motor. (4) An indirect benefit of increased lane capacity can be obtained through automated control. This reduces the amount of dislocations needed to support any increase in automobile travel. (FHWA) KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Lane occupancy KW - Modal split KW - Motors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Speed KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190060 AU - Sutermeister, R E AU - Ensco, Incorporated TI - NORMALIZED PERCENT SKID GRADIENT ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING THE SPEED DEPENDENCE OF SKID NUMBER, COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1977/11 SP - p. 145 AB - The normalized percent skid gradient program addresses the problem of assessing the change of skid number with respect to speed. The program uses skid number, measured at a single speed, in conjunction with a pavement texture measurement as the basis for determining skid numbers at various other speeds. Thus the program provides field personnel, who are responsible for collecting and maintaining inventories of skid number data, a means of reducing skid resistance testing from measurements at two or more speeds to testing at a single speed and collection of a pavement texture measurement. The specific function of the program is to provide skid number estimates at up to three additional speeds based on skid information at one speed together with a texture measurement. At present this is set up for bituminous pavements surveyed during the course of this study. In order to generalize the program's capability to other bases of pavement friction data and texture measurements, a number of supporting capabilities for data reduction, regression and correlation analyses, including evaluation of texture descriptors from profile data are available to the user. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Highway grades KW - Pavements KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188981 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - Kerr, S K AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated TI - DRIVER'S VISIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR ROADWAY DELINEATION. VOLUME II: COLOR IDENTIFICATION OF YELLOW HIGHWAY PAINT AS A FUNCTION OF YELLOW/WHITE PIGMENT MIXTURE RATIO SN - 31 L 3022 PY - 1977/11 SP - 60 p. AB - The yellow highway paint in current use is often not as visible as white paint under adverse lighting and weather conditions. It has lower initial brightness, darkens more rapidly with exposure, and contains lead pigment (PbCro4) which is more toxic and more expensive than white pigment (Ti02). This study showed that up to 50 percent (by weight) of the lead pigment can be replaced by white pigment, without losing yellow color identity under lighting and weather conditions where 100 percent yellow color is normally distinguishable. This maximum dilution which still permits reliable identification of yellow was determined by means of color judgments made by 20 subjects observing a series of paint mixture sample strips (8 ft x 4 in.) from the driver's seat of a parked car at distances of 30, 60, and 90 ft, under both day and night lighting conditions. A cost savings of more than one million dollars could be realized annually in the U.S. by diluting yellow paint with white paint so the a 50:50 pigment weight ratio is obtained. This results in very little color change, providing improved visibility, reduced darkening with age, and reduced toxicity. No change in equipment or procedures is required, and existing stocks of yellow paint can be used by dilution with white paint. /FHWA/ KW - Costs KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Paint KW - Perception KW - Pigments KW - Ratios KW - Toxicity KW - Visibility KW - Whites KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185272 AU - Yen, B C AU - Chow, V T AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF RESEARCH OF LOCAL DESIGN STORMS PY - 1977/11 SP - 280 p. AB - Improved methods for design and pollution abatement evaluation of urban highway drainage facilities require not only the average rainfall intensity of the storm but also the time distribution of the rainfall. Since the temporal pattern of rainfall varies with storms and the patterns of future storms cannot be predicted exactly, the design hyetograph can only be determined probabilistically using statistical values of past events. By using the moments of the statistical values nondimensional hyetographs can be established and then used to produce the design hyetographs. The nondimensional triangular hyetograph method is based on the statistical mean of the first moment of recorded rainstorms and triangular representation of the hyetographs, and nondimensionalized using the rainfall duration and depth. An analysis of 9,869 rainstorms at four locations indicates that for a given season the nondimensional triangular hyetographs for heavy rainstorms are nearly identical, having only secondary effects from the duration of rainfall, measurement accuracies of standard U.S. National Weather Service precipitation data, and insignificant effect of geographic locations. Simple procedures of how to use the nondimensional triangular hyetograph to produce the design hyetograph are outlined. The possibility of using trapezoidal nondimensional hyetographs is also discussed. However, it is recommended that more rainstorms from other locations should be analyzed to verify the conclusions of this study. The computer programs together with user's manual for the statistical analysis of rainstorms are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway drainage KW - Pollution KW - Rain KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Storms KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185252 AU - Ferguson, E J AU - Estes, C B AU - Stewart, J R AU - Center for Local Governmental Technology TI - A USER'S MANUAL FOR A MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR STREET MAINTENANCE PY - 1977/11 SP - 185 p. AB - A management control system for street maintenance is presented for use by small municipalities. The manual describes the elements of the system designed to help plan, schedule, and measure the results of work expended in basic street maintenance activities. A section of the manual provides examples which illustrate typical jobs, their scheduling, control and subsequent development of information feedback for measurement and analysis purposes. /FHWA/ KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Small cities KW - Street maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185366 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Griffin, L I AU - Newton, T M AU - Hunkins, K C AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A WET WEATHER SAFETY INDEX PY - 1977/11 SP - 129 p. AB - This report documents the development of two wet weather safety indices. One, WWSI sub a, is an analytical index developed from a number of preceding analytical and empirical studies of tire-pavement friction, vehicle handling and stability, and potential for hydroplaning and visibility during periods of rainfall which is a site-specific formulation providing highway engineers with a capability of selecting appropriate combinations of road surface geometrics, surface textures and skid numbers for the design of road elements as well as a way to analyze existing sites. The other, WWSI sub e, is an empicial formation based on prediction equations for wet accident rates which were derived by multiple regression techniques from a survey of sixty highway segments in Texas covering a range of wet accident rates from zero to 40 accidents per year per mile. In general, much higher values for wet accident rates and sensitivity to pavement skid resistance is much higher in urban than in rural areas. KW - Crash rates KW - Friction KW - Indexes (Ratios) KW - Pavements KW - Preforming KW - Ratios KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182643 AU - Kasch, V R AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Sarver, W G AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - LATERAL LOAD TEST OF A DRILLED SHAFT IN CLAY PY - 1977/11 SP - 97 p. AB - The behavior of a laterally drilled shaft in clay has been investigated by conducting a lateral load test on an instrumented shaft. Lateral deflection, shaft rotation, and soil resistance were measured for each applied load. Dial gages were used toot measure lateral deflection, while the shaft rotation was determined by means of an inclinometer. Pneumatic pressure cells were installed in the shaft at various depths to measure the soil resistance. The applied lateral load was measured with a strain gage load cell. Structural failure of the shaft occurred before the soil failed and prevented the attainment of the ultimate lateral soil resistance. However, it was possilbe to compare the ultimate soil reactions predicted by several analytical procedures with the soil reaction calcualted form the maxium recorded soil resistance. Also, an ultimate lateral load for the test shaft was predicted by various analytical methods. A comparison was made between the maximum recorded load and the various predicted ultimates. Finally, a comparison was made between two ultimate test loads obtained form the technical literature and the ultimate loads predicted by the analytical methods. A tentative procedure for the design of the rigid, laterally loaded drilled shafts is presented. However, additional load tests are needed before the design can be finalized. /FHWA/ KW - Clay soils KW - Deflection KW - Drilled shafts KW - Load cells KW - Load tests KW - Rotation KW - Soil resistivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175497 AU - Carpenter, P L AU - Hensley, D AU - Newbill, D AU - Levinskas, N AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEVERAL METHODS OF ESTABLISHING PLANT COVER BY SEEDING ON THE ROADSIDE PY - 1977/11 SP - 36 p. AB - Several woody plant species were direct seeded on a roadside slope. Of the species that germinated, seedling survival declined over time. Cercis canadensis and Robinia pseudoacacia appeared to provide some cover, however natural seeding of these native plants also occurred in unseeded plots and buffers. Mixtures of grasses and herbaceous legumes were used for erosion control. Auena sativa provided rapid cover and held the seeds of more desirable species in the bottom of the existing gullies. Coronilla varia established permanent cover and halted erosion by the second season. Wheat straw, shredded hardwood bark and shredded rubber tires were evaluated as mulch materials for newly seeded slopes. Shredded bark and wheat straw gave excellent results, however, shredded rubber was inferior even to the check. The coverage and hardiness of twenty-six grasses and herbaceous legumes were evaluated. Vicia villosa and Trifolium pratense showed excellent cover and hardiness over a two year period. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Germination KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Legumes KW - Leguminous plants KW - Mixtures KW - Mulches KW - Oat plants KW - Plant cover KW - Plant growth KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Seeds KW - Seepage KW - Slopes KW - Survival KW - Trees KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181978 AU - Schroeder, E E AU - Massey, B C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN TEXAS PY - 1977/10 SP - 34 p. AB - Drainage area, slope, and mean annual precipitation were the only factors that were statistically significiant at the 95-percent confidence level when the characteristics of the drainage basins were used as independent variables in a multiple-regression flood-frequency analysis of natural, unregulated streams in Texas. The State was divided into six regions on the basis of the distribution of the residuals from a single statewide regression of the 10-year flood. Equations were developed for predicting the magnitude of floods with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years in each of the six regions. These equations are applicable to unregulated rural streams with drainage basins ranging in area from 0.3 square mile to about 5,000 square miles in some regions. Regression equations were not developed for several areas, particularly in south Texas, because of the lack of definition of the flood-frequency characteristics. (Color illustrations reproduced in black and white) KW - Areas KW - Drainage KW - Equations KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Magnitude KW - Maps KW - Mathematical models KW - Periodic variations KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Regression analysis KW - Slopes KW - Stream gages KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Texas KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0110/report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176028 AU - Davis, S AU - Masser, P AU - Culley, C AU - Edwards, J AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF CARGO TANK INTEGRITY IN ROLLOVERS PY - 1977/10 SP - 319 p. AB - The primary objectives of this program were to assess the accident data gathered from various sources and to determine whether the existing cargo tank specifications in 49 CFR Part 178 need to be revised. A literature search for available cargo tank accident data was conducted, accident data was compiled and analyzed, and recommendations for revision to some sections of the standard were made. In particular, it was concluded that there is a need to improve the MC 306-type standards to reduce the high frequency of leakage in cargo tank overturn accidents. Under a contract modification, horizontal pipe loading, vertical roof loading, and actual tipover tests were conducted to determine the modes of structural failure that result in cargo leakage. Further research, including the collection of detailed accident damage data, and the conduct of additional overturn tests on representative tanks, was recommended to provide the data upon which to base specific standard revisions. KW - Assessments KW - Data KW - Flammable liquids KW - Fuel tanks KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Leakage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety engineering KW - Specifications KW - Tank trucks KW - Traffic crashes KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168929 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS: SUMMARY TO 1975 PY - 1977/10 SP - 297 p. AB - A comprehensive statistical review is made of highway development in the U.S. through 1975. The publication provides a general historical summary of information dealing with highways, their use and financing. Each tabulation includes information for 1975 (except that local finance data end with 1974) and each has been carried back as far as possible, the earliest year being dependent on the availability or relevance of information. Data for Alaska and Hawaii are included in State summaries for 1959 and subsequent years. The data presented have been obtained largely from Federal and State annual reports, and through efforts of Federal, state and local officials. KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315048 AU - Treybig, H J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Smith, P AU - Von Quintus, H AU - JORDAHL, P AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1977/10 SP - 102 p. AB - This manual presents design procedures for overlays of both flexible and rigid pavements. The design procedure includes an evaluation of the existing pavement based on nondestructive deflection testing, condition surveys, and materials sampling and testing. Based on this information the pavement is divided into separate design sections and each section is classified according to its condition of cracking. An analysis to determine the required overlay thickness is then made based on the category to which the existing pavement is assigned. The overlay analysis makes extansive use of elastic layered theory and selects the overlay thickness based on the concept of failure by fatigue cracking or rutting. The design procedure uses three computer programs for the pavement evaluation and overlay thickness design. Input guides and illustrative problems for the use of these programs are presented in this report. (FHWA) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195591 AU - Ruden, R J AU - Wasser, C F AU - Hulbert, S AU - BURG, A AU - MB Associates TI - MOTORISTS' REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTIVE GRADE CROSSING WARNING DEVICES PY - 1977/10 SP - 270 p. AB - This report describes a two-year study of some of the basic problems involved in improving the design of active warning devices intended to make motorists more aware of grade crossing hazards. Emphasis was placed upon improvement of the attention-getting aspect (conspicuity) of active crossing warning devices which was presumed to positively correlate with improvements in grade crossing safety. An indoor laboratory test was conducted in the FAA Low Visibility Research Facility located at the University of California. In excess of 150 subjects gave over 20,000 responses to flashing light displays. Results were analyzed to determine effects of color, flash rate, brightness, size and placement under daylight, darkness and daytime fog conditions. The laboratory tests resulted in development of two improved devices which were field tested on actual grade crossings. The first device consisted of an array of three eight-inch white (clear) strobe lights added to a standard flashing warning system at a high accident rate urban crossing in Richmond, CA. The second was a gate arm add-on device consisting of three small strobes, red, white (clear) and blue in color installed at a rural highway grade crossing with high speed truck and automobile traffic. Due to project constraints, no long term safety improvement analysis could be conducted. Because there was no evidence of driver confusion during the conduct of these field tests, it was concluded that colored lights other than red can be used in moderation as add-on to existing active crossing warning devices to increase the attention getting property of the warning system. The high composite (not from a single source) flash rate devices that were installed did not result in any erratic driving behavior on the part of approaching motorists. /FHWA/ KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Human factors KW - Light KW - Light signals KW - Navigation lights KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Strobe lights KW - Strobes KW - Visibility KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335944 AU - Lubke, R A AU - Sawyer, D D AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION-PHASE III: PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OPTION II: MFG. DRAWINGS AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1977/10 SP - 184 p. AB - The IMP-16C is a 16-bit microcomputer for general-purpose use. The central processor unit (CPU) is built from four 4-bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU) P-MOS technology. An extended instruction set option is available. (FHWA) KW - Bus priority KW - Intersections KW - Microcomputers KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335956 AU - Kennedy, T R AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1977/10 SP - 84 p. AB - With the continued use of deicing salts coupled with the small amount of cover constructed over the top mat of steel in many bridge decks badly deteriorated concrete bridge decks are becoming an increasing problem. To prevent this in the future on structures being constructed now, some means of positively sealing the surface of the concrete deck against the intrusion of moisture and deicing salts is needed. Linseed oil treatments and asphalt seal coats are not 100% effective and improved methods are needed. Researchers under cooperative research study 3-9-71-114, Concrete-Polymer Materials for Highway Application, developed in the laboratory and field tested a method of "polymer impregnating" concrete bridge decks. This report describes in detail the method of polymer impregnating a new 64'8"x751' bridge deck at Big Spring, Texas. A drying method using gas fired infrared radiant heaters for drying the deck and polymerizing the monomer system was developed by the contractor. This method did not require an insulated enclosure, provided uniform heat on the deck and was considered to be an efficient economical construction method. The impregnation depths achieved were generally the 1/2" - 5/8" range. While some minor cracking of the concrete was observed, it did not appear to be more than normal from aging and weathering and while heating and cooling of the deck may have been a contributing factor, cracking was not directly attributed to the heating process by project personnel. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Drying KW - Infrared heating KW - Polymer concrete KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335945 AU - Larson, R M AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION-PHASE III: PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM OPTION II: MFG. DRAWINGS AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT. CLASSIFIER HANDBOOK PY - 1977/10 SP - 309 p. AB - This handbook is directed towards the engineers who will be adapting the Passive Bus Detector/Classifier to new vehicle identification problems. The handbook begins with a discussion of the passive bus sensor characteristics that are important for vehicle identification. Next, the basic ideas of Pattern Recognition are introduced and discussed from a geometric and trial-and-error point of view. The basic theory of optimal classifier design is presented and compared with the preceding geometric discussion by using the idea data set complexity. These ideas and the operation of the Cascaded Threshold Classifier program are illustrated with two detailed numerical examples. The final chapter of the handbook gives a step-by-step description of the design of the original bus classifier, showing the reasoning and method used in developing the classifier equations. This handbook is written with the idea that optimal methods work well for optimal problems, but practical problems need practical solutions. The Cascaded Threshold Classifier program attempts to meet this practical need. It contains a variety of data manipulation subroutines, including optimal classifier solutions, along with a control structure tht allows the user to apply them interactively and thus discover the characteristics of the data and develop the classifier in small steps. A complete flowchart of the program and a fully annotated Fortran listing are included. (FHWA) KW - Bus priority KW - Classifiers KW - Design KW - Handbooks KW - Intersections KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198753 AU - Lubke, R A AU - Putnam, D G AU - Honeywell Incorported AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION, PHASE III: PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. OPTION II: MANUFACTURING DRAWINGS AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1977/10 SP - 301 p. AB - A production prototype 16-channel Passive Bus Detector (PBD) was developed, based on the engineering model Passive Bus Detector/Intersection Priority System. The PBD is functionally the same as the engineering model except that the traffic controller function was not carried along into the production prototype mode. The PBD was repackaged to facilitate production and evaluated in an intersection with a typical traffic controller. Operation in the intersection for a 2-month period was successful. KW - Approach KW - Approach angle KW - Buses KW - Classifiers KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Control devices KW - Drawings KW - Field tests KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Microcomputers KW - Passive detection KW - Traffic control KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198752 AU - Lubke, R A AU - Sawyer, D D AU - Honeywell Incorported AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION, PHASE III: PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. OPTION II: MANUFACTURING DRAWINGS AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME I. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL PY - 1977/10 SP - 145 p. AB - General information regarding the installation, operation and maintenance of the Passive Bus Detector (PBD) is discussed. Installation and operation require no special adjustments except tuning the inductive-loop electronics to the loop and lead-in. When operated with a 6-ft x 6-ft loop, correct classification of mass transit (40-ft) busses should reach or exceed 95% with less than 1% false classification. KW - Approach KW - Approach angle KW - Building KW - Buses KW - Control devices KW - Drawings KW - Facilities KW - Highway traffic control KW - Installation KW - Intersections KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Passive detection KW - Public passenger vehicles KW - Transit vehicles KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00301237 AU - Rosenthal, R N AU - Chaplin, B L AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Washington State Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIVE VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT PY - 1977/10 SP - 23 p. AB - A five-year study was initiated in 1972 to study propogation procedures, artificial soil mixes and season of planting for two types of tubeling containers. A cost comparison, based on plant survival was also made between plant materials grown in the two types of tubeling containers. (Authors) KW - Containers KW - Planting KW - Propagation KW - Soils KW - Vegetation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/029.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00309517 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMED ELASTOMERIC COMPRESSION SEALERS, LIMIT OF SAFE COMPRESSIBILITY (L.S.C.) AND OTHER RELATED MATTERS (SUPLEMENT II) PY - 1977/10 SP - 29 p. AB - This report contains in-depth presentation of an analysis of a variety of attempts to determine the upper limit for a preformed compression sealer working range, otherwise called the Limit of Safe Compressibility (L.S.C.). The determination of the L.S.C., an inherent characteristic of each individual sealer, requires experience and judgment. In New Jersey it is defined as "the border line between closure of essentially all of the air voids (in the sealer) and the beginning of solids compression..." and it is determined directly by visual observation of a pressure-deflection test. During the last few years, various apparently arbitrary means of establishing this upper limit were suggested by both users and industry, and subsequently tested in New Jersey. A statistical investigation of these methods failed to detect any significant differences between the several arbitrary methods and the basic method of visual determination of voids closure. However, the inherent, rarely repeatable, characteristics of the involved pressure-deflection curves makes use of arbitrary methods somewhat precarious. KW - Closures KW - Compressibility KW - Compression seals KW - Determination KW - Elastomers KW - Lane closure KW - Limits KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Ultimate load design KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00309516 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE RECOVERY AND COMPRESSION SET TESTS (SUPPLEMENT I) PY - 1977/10 SP - 53 p. AB - This supplement describes an attempt to develop tests that would rectify certain inadequacies of the current New Jersey Department of Transportation's specification for preformed elastomeric compression joint sealers. This specification in its current form was found to be unable to differentiate between sealers having good and poor functional durability. From consultation with rubber manufacturers it was apparent that the specification needed a mechanism for identifying basic quality deficiencies in the sealer material related to inconsistent manufacturing processes. Two possible quality indicator tests for sealer material were considered--the High Temperature Recovery Test and the Compression Set Test (ASTM D-395-69 Method B). After a joint evaluation effort with the DuPont deNemours Company, the Compression Set Test was selected for possible use by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The ability to isolate, to some degree, inadequate sealer material by the Compression Set Tests was established. For the New Jersey Department of Transportation's laboratory evaluations an upper acceptance limit on Compression Set of 32% based on a sample of not less than 20 pellets is recommended. Unfortunately, use of this test limit by other agencies for sealer acceptance cannot be proposed at this time. (FHWA) KW - Compression seals KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Elastomers KW - High temperature KW - Joint sealers KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Recovery KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303971 AU - McCormick, F C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF A GLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE PY - 1977/10 SP - 20 p. AB - This report discusses the design, fabrication and load testing of girders composed of glass-reinforced polyester resin. Test data from the experimental girder are presented and compared with results predicted from theoretical analysis of the structures. Three of the girders were assembled to form a pedestrian bridge 4.9m (16 ft.) long and 2.3m (7 ft.) wide. The pedestrian bridge will be placed in the field for additional load testing and performance observations. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Field studies KW - Footbridges KW - Girders KW - Glass KW - Load tests KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Polyester resins KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Structural design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36293/78-R15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181389 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THERMAL PAVEMENT CRACKING IN WEST TEXAS PY - 1977/10 SP - 251 p. AB - Transverse cracking is a form of environmental deterioration that accounts for the expenditure of some twenty million dollars a year in maintenance in west Texas alone. This form of deterioration has not been predictable by previous mechanisms. A study of the environment in west Texas and installations of psychrometers beneath new construction show that freeze-thaw cycling is a major factor in west Texas, and acts primarily in the base course. The base course undergoes volumetric contraction upon freezing that is an order of magnitude larger than that of the asphaltic concrete. This contraction is related to the specific surface area of the clay mineral portion of the material with models being developed for predictive purposes. A theory of particle structure and reorientation is proposed from the data and from a theoretical interpretation of the Lennard-Jones Model for interparticle forces. This theory is verified in scanning electron micrographs of base course samples with and without the influence of freeze-thaw cycles. A computer model is developed which uses material properties to predict crack spacing caused by this contraction. The model uses actual climatic data to calculate the rate of crack growth and the change in crack spacing with time. An example is shown for Amarillo and Abilene to illustrate the use of the model. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay minerals KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Contraction KW - Data KW - Electron micrographs KW - Forecasting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Melting KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Periodic variations KW - Psychrometers KW - Simulation KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Temperature gradients KW - Texas KW - Thaw KW - Thermal stresses KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193542 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF WARNING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS PART II, COMMERCIAL RADIO ADVISORIES PY - 1977/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This report evaluates the use of commercial radio as a means of communicating accurate and timely traffic information to the motorist. The objective was to determine whether traffic information derived from the Los Angeles Area Freeway Surveillance Control Project (LAAFSCP) computer could appreciably improve the quality and quantity of commercial radio traffic advisories. It was felt that with the aid of electronic surveillance, the information would be more timely than by existing conventional means. Results of the evaluation have shown that commercial radio can be used effectively for reporting major incident information in which incidents last longer than 15 minutes. Traffic information for short duration incidents of 15 minutes or less proved very untimely. It recommends the use of remote visual verification of incidents such as closed-circuit television for improving the timeliness and quality of traffic advisories. /Author/ KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeways KW - Radio KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189478 AU - Sasar, S R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - DERMINATION OF TRUCK NOISE LEVELS FOR NEW JERSEY PY - 1977/10 SP - 65 p. AB - The truck noise project was initiated for the purpose of more accurately predicting traffic noise levels using the Transportation Systems Center Prediction Program by regrouping highway trucks into two or more classifications. Included is the establishment of reference peak noise levels for these new classifications. Each reference level will be the average peak level determined for trucks in a particular class. Direct measurements will be made of the noise of individual trucks traveling New Jersey's highways. The major part of this interim report covers the measurement methodology developed, including field procedures and equipment, and the measurement sites selected, including criteria for selection. Data reduction and analysis are discussed briefly. Field measurements are still underway, and no experimental results are included in this report. A measurement methodology was developed which will assure that accurate A-weighted noise levels of individual trucks passing the microphone position can be obtained. Thirty-eight measurement sites were selected and the data which will be gathered at them should be representative of New Jersey's truck population. These sites also have the physical characteristics required for the accurate measurement of noise. /FHWA/ KW - Classification KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Sound level KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185423 AU - Bump, V L AU - Gnirk, P F AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRONIC METHOD OF MEASURING SETTLEMENTS UNDER A HIGH FILL PY - 1977/10 SP - 57 p. AB - Experience with existing methods led to the development of an electronic settlement plate by the South Dakota Department of Transportation. Constructed from common hardware and electrical components, the device is acurate, dependable and inexpensive. Installation and operation is straightforward and simple. Ten gauges were fabricated and installed. Performance characteristics have been excellent. Lengthy, maintenance-free operation is proven by successful use of gauges which have been buried under highway fills for up to nine years. The device is limited to measurement of total settlement beneath the plate as opposed to devices capable of measuring settlement at multi-elevations. It is believed that the electronic settlement plate is superior to existing settlement instrumentation devices for measuring settlement of soils beneath a fill. Measurements of moisture and density variation, as relates to settlement of an insitu fill foundation soil, were to have been made. A radioactive down-the-hole probe was used in conjunction with a continuous logger to determine moisture-density variations. Installation of access tubes to depths greater than 20 feet (6.1 m) was found to be impractical and this portion of the study was terminated. /Authors/ KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fills KW - Ground settlement KW - Measurement KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Radioactivity KW - Soil mechanics KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182547 AU - Fletcher, J E AU - Huber, A L AU - Haws, F W AU - Clyde, C G AU - Utah State University, Logan TI - RUNOFF ESTIMATES FOR SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUND DESIGN METHOD: VOLUME II--RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREPARING DESIGN MANUALS AND APPENDICES B, C, D, E, F, G, & H PY - 1977/10 SP - 368 p. AB - Frequency analyses of more than 1,000 small watersheds in the United States and Puerto Rico were used to develop the estimation method for design of peak flow for ungaged watersheds. This method, called the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) method, is conceptually similar to the Bureau of Public Roads (BRP) method developed by W.D. Potter. The FHWA method relates the runoff peak to easily determined hydrophysiographic parameters and is intended for use on watersheds smaller than 50 square miles. The concept test locations near Lexington, Kentucky. Pairs of test is the probability that one or more events will exceed a specified peak flow within the usable lifetime of the drainage structure. The return period of the design flood peak can then be modified according to the risk the designer is willing to take. Another concept dealing with the probable maximum runoff peak derived as a function of watershed area is included. The flow obtained from this relationship is considered to the the upper limit of the design flow that may realistically be expected to ever occur. As such it may be appropriate to use in situations where the consequences of failure are extremely great. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Peak discharge KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182638 AU - Ward, P M AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION: PART III CATHODIC PROTECTION OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK PY - 1977/10 SP - n.p. AB - Part III of this study addressed the use of cathodic protection to prevent Na Cl induced corrosion of reinforcing steel. Construction details of an impressed current cathodic protection installation are presented in this report. Data on stability and electrical resistance of a coke breeze asphaltic overlay are included as well as data concerning voltage drops through the conductive asphaltic concrete and the concrete. Also included are data concerning the polarized potential and current density required for cathodic protection of steel imbedded in concrete. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deterioration KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179871 AU - Schroeder, E E AU - Massey, B C AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN TEXAS PY - 1977/10 SP - 25 p. AB - Drainage area, slope, and mean annual precipitation were the only factors that were statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level when the characteristics of the drainage basins were used as independent variables in a multiple-regression flood-frequency analysis of natural, unregulated streams in Texas. The State was dividied into six regions on the basis of the distribution of the residuals from a single statewide regression of the 10-year flood. Equations were developed for predicting the mangitude of floods with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years in each of the six regions. These equations are applicable to unregulated rural streams with drainage basins ranging in area from 0.3 square mile to about 5,000 square miles in some regions. Regression equations were not developed for several areas, particularly in south Texas, because of the lack of definition of the flood-frequency characteristics. /FHWA/ KW - Areas KW - Drainage KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Precipitation KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179867 AU - Fletcher, J E AU - Huber, A L AU - Haws, F W AU - Clyde, C G AU - Utah State University, Logan TI - RUNOFF ESTIMATES FOR SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUND DESIGN METHOD--VOLUME III, APPENDIX A, FREQUENCY CURVES AND DATA PY - 1977/10 SP - 226 p. AB - Appendix A contains the annual flood frequency curves and the data for each State arranged alphabetically. /FHWA/ KW - Design methods KW - Frequency curves KW - Frequency distributions KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179505 AU - Gatling, F P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FURTHER STUDIES ON AUDITORY MESSAGES PY - 1977/10 SP - 39 p. AB - Two reports on variables related to highway advisory radio are presented. In one study, warning material in short, staccato messages was compared to warning material in long, detailed messages. The long, detailed messages were retained consistently better than the short, staccato ones. The second experiment investigated the effect of route numbers as directions in navigation messages on message retention. The results indicate conclusively that as the frequency of route numbers in messages increases, the frequency of route errors increases. In both experiments, the material was presented visually as well as aurally. The results of both experiments indicate that aural messages are retained just as well as the visual messages presented on highway signs. /FHWA/ KW - Communication systems KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Navigation KW - Radio KW - Routing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176277 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED WEATHERING OF TOUGH SHALES PY - 1977/10 SP - 60 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to find or develop a test that would identify a very tough but relatively rapid weathering type of shale that has caused problems when used in embankments as rock. Eight shales, including the problem shale, were collected and tested by the slake, slake durability, and modified sulfate soundness tests, and a new sulfuric acid test that was thought to simulate the type of weathering that takes place in the field. Quantitatively, the slake and slake durability tests did not differentiate between the shales very well. However, observations of the physical condition of the shales after testing did provide some useful information. The relatively rigorous modified sulfate soundness test and the new sulfuric acid test did differentiate between the shales, and the orders of responsiveness of the shales to the test compared quite favorably. The clay mineral chlorite was dissolved from the shales by the sulfuric acid and the shales underwent considerable physical distress. Thus, it is recommended that dark colored shales should be checked first for the presence of iron sulfide; if it is found to be present, then the shales should be checked for chlorite. If both minerals occur in the same shale, that shale should be considered to have the potential for relatively rapid weathering. The variability determined by the more rigorous tests for shales that appeared to be of the same toughness suggests the need for a classification system for Virginia shales. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Acidic rocks KW - Chlorites KW - Clay minerals KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Highways KW - Leaching KW - Shale KW - Slaking KW - Sulfates KW - Sulfuric acid KW - Virginia KW - Weathering UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36297/78-R20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169778 AU - Ziskind, R AU - Carlin, T AU - Axelrod, M AU - Allen, R W AU - Schwartz, S H AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety TI - TOXIC GASES IN HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCK CABS PY - 1977/10 SP - 111 p. AB - An experimental program was conducted to measure the cab concentrations of several toxic gases throughout a significant cross section of conditions and vehicles comprising heavy duty diesel truck population and use. Ambient and in-cab concentrations were continuously measured for carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Supplemental air bag samples were analyzed for sulfur oxides and total hydrocarbons. These data were used to assess the potential for performance and health degradation due to vehicle self-contamination. A tracer gas, SF6, was used to delineate the relative importance of various emission source locations and cab entrance pathways. The tracer tests showed that cab floor openings serve as a principal pathway for engine compartment gas transmission into the cab. A number of tractors were surveyed by idling and/or road tests. Primary findings included establishing a statistical correlation between vehicle-induced elevated in-cab concentrations of specific gases and several testing parameters including: condition of windows, type of cab configuration and the presence of exhaust leaks and underside cab openings. Many vehicles were found to have in-cab concentrations of greater than 0.5 ppm NO2 which is considered by NIOSH to be a significant occupational exposure concentration. KW - Air pollution KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Diesel fuels KW - Diesel trucks KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Public health KW - Sampling KW - Sources KW - Sulfur oxides KW - Toxicity KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313107 AU - Stansifer, R L AU - Romberg, R A AU - Day, R L AU - Drahos, R W AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS FOR NEED FOR PASSENGER SAFETY BELT REQUIREMENTS IN INTERCITY BUSES. VOLUME I: TEXT AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1977/09/30 SP - 121 p. AB - An analysis was performed to determine the need for passenger safety belt requirements in intercity buses. The analysis included an accident file review of all in-depth investigation reports involving intercity buses for the years 1972-1976 available from the BMCS and the NTSB; a review of all available literature, supplemented by interviews with industry representatives; an assessment of passenger injuries, reduction of injuries through the use of safety belts, seat performance, and bus construction; and a cost/benefit analysis comparing the cost to install safety belts to the benefits, in reduced injuries, received. It was found that none of the safety belt options considered demonstrated a favorable benefit/cost ratio at the anticipated voluntary passenger use rates of safety belts. Thus, requirements for passenger safety belts in intercity buses, as considered in this research project, are not recommended. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger transportation KW - Passengers KW - Reviews KW - Seats KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313108 AU - Stansifer, R L AU - Romberg, R A AU - Day, R L AU - Drahos, R W AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS FOR NEED FOR PASSENGER SAFETY BELT REQUIREMENTS IN INTERCITY BUSES. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1977/09/30 SP - 279 p. AB - The appendices support the research done in Vol. 1 on the safety analysis of passenger safety belts for intercity bus usage. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger transportation KW - Passengers KW - Seats KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188967 AU - Hughes, G W AU - Averett, D E AU - Francingues, N R AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR SAFETY REST AREAS PY - 1977/09/30 SP - 291 p. AB - Design guidelines for rest-area wastewater treatment systems that are capable of complying with the requirements of PL 92-500 are presented. Also presented is guidance for determining wastewater flow and constituent concentration. Each wastewater treatment system presented (septic tanks, lagoons, extended aeration package plants, trickling filters, rotating biological filters, land treatment systems, intermittent sand filter systems, and disinfection) includes a process description, a discussion of the performance, flexibility, reliability, and operational procedures, preliminary design formulations, and references and selected bibliography. Also included is a flow chart showing a general design proceudre for new and existing rest areas with emphasis on water supply needs and wastewater treatment systems. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Filters KW - Guidelines KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382178 AU - Toft, G S AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 101 PY - 1977/09/17/Interim Report SP - 49p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made during April- June 1977. All observations were made of free-flowing vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural and urban highways during daylight and under favorable conditions. KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313954 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456879 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Morgan County, Indiana PY - 1977/09/07/Final Report SP - 57p AB - The engineering soils map of Morgan County, Indiana which accompanies this report was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs used in this study, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000 were taken in July 1939 for the United States Department of Agriculture. A recent set of photography with a scale of 1:24,000 taken in October 1977 and furnished by the Indiana State Highway Commission were used to map the recent man-made features. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. A field trip was made to the area for the purpose of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil texture. No soil samples were collected and tested by the staff of the Joint Highway Research Project but general soil profiles were developed and are shown on the soil map. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Morgan County (Indiana) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314569 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188966 AU - Folks, N E AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated TI - MANUAL FOR SAFETY REST AREA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS PY - 1977/09/01 SP - 296 p. AB - This manual was developed to assist State Highway Agencies in the Planning, Design Operation, survillance, and maintenance of small, on-site water systems for Safety Rest Areas. The manual presents recommendations for good water supply practice. The manual presents recommendations for good water supply practice. The manual is organizaed into the following eight major chapters to provide a ready reference of basic information and guidelines for those involved with water supply systems at Safety Rest Areas: Planning & Design Considerations; Source Development, Storage Systems, Treatment, Hardware & Equipment Selection; Distribution Systems; Operation & Maintenance; and Surveillance. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveillance KW - Water supply structures KW - Water supply systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180865 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL ROADWAY DEFLECTION CORRELATIONS WITH CLIMATE PY - 1977/09 SP - 55 p. AB - A study of seasonal variations in roadway deflections, pavement temperatures, and thaw depths was conducted in the Fairbanks area during 1975 and 1976. Additional pavement deflection and thaw depth studies performed in the Anchorage area during 1976 were also included in this study. Pavement temperature observations show that in early April the average daily pavement temperature will begin to consistently rise above the average daily air temperature. By late April, thawing of the soils beneath a roadway pavement can occur even with average air temperatures as low as +25F. Benkleman Beam deflection levels nearly always continued to rise until thaw depths reached three to four feet, with deflections declining toward summer levels as thawing increased beyond these depths. To determine the highest spring deflection level for a given roadway a series of repeated deflection observations between two and six weeks after the start of thawing is recommended. The installation and use of frost tubes was found to provide a good indication of the progression of thawing and strength loss beneath a roadway. KW - Alaska KW - Deflection KW - Freezing KW - Melting KW - Roads KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Temperature gradients UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_78_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305206 AU - Rosapep, T J AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - COMPARISON OF TRANSPORTATION STRATEGIES: LONG RANGE IMPLICATIONS. SPECIAL REPORT NO. 6 PY - 1977/09 SP - 78 p. AB - The report discusses the range of impacts that could be expected by combining various strategies (e.g. carpooling, rapid transit) to reduce traffic demand, fuel consumption and auto emissions. The analysis is designed to identify limits as to what the projected range of impact would be for the maximum and minimum efforts which could be implemented for each strategy. It is also designed to evaluate combinations of strategies, and to identify those strategies which complement each other. KW - Automobiles KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Carpools KW - Coordination KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maryland KW - Planning KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit railways KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315182 AU - Buth, C E AU - Samuelson, G R AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS AND EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY APPURTENANCES--VOLUME 2. IMPACT ATTENUATORS PY - 1977/09 SP - 186 p. AB - A comprehensive program of full-scale automobile crash tests of highway appurtenances and evaluations of their performance was conducted. Testing was conducted in accordance with fundamental requirements of NCHRP Report 153. 2250 and 4500-lb automobiles were used. Impact attenuators studied were: (1) Corrugated steel pipe attenuator, (2) Scrap tire attenuator, (3) Eyring attenuator, and (4) Tire/sand attenuator. Finally, two tests were conducted to determine the effects of curbs on vehicle trafectory. (FHWA) KW - Automobiles KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Crash cushions KW - Impact tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Sand KW - Scrap KW - Steel pipe KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181909 AU - Aarset, I R AU - Horn, M W AU - Boulware, R L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES PY - 1977/09 SP - 63 p. AB - With the objective of determining factors which contribute to deck cracking, the concrete finishing, forming, reinforcement, and curing were observed on four bridge decks. Each deck was divided longitudinally, placing control areas adjacent to test areas in the same placement. Two crack surveys were conducted over a time span of three years after deck placement. Planned variables included timing of finishing and brooming, variations of lost deck forms, tightness of reinforcement, amount of longitudinal reinforcement, and types of cure. Unplanned variables such as concrete materials, slump, weather, placement conditions, etc. were minimized due to the adjacent location of the test and control areas. The effects of the planned variables are discussed. Variations in lost deck forms and reinforcement had little or no effect on cracking. Late finishing and late brooming, and wet rug cure resulted in the least amount of cracking. Timing and proper application of the cure were instrumental in minimizing cracking. The later cure resulting in the greater amount of small cracking. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete finishing KW - Construction management KW - Curing agents KW - Durability KW - Forming KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196412 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Britton, S C AU - Sarver, W G AU - Furr, H L AU - Epps, J A AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Rhodes, N F AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TECHNIQUES FOR REHABILITIES PAVEMENTS WITHOUT OVERLAYS--A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS VOLUME 1--ANALYSIS PY - 1977/09 SP - 319 p. AB - The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of a variety of innovative techniques for rehabilitating pavements without using thick overlays and to develop these techniques to the point where they could be implemented. A total of 39 potential techiques were identified. To determine their feasibility a systems decision analysis computer program was developed which utilizes utility theory to simutaneously consider 17 different decision criteria under four main attributes (Cost, Performance, Energy and Impact). Using this utility decision analysis program, a total of 19 techniques demonstrated the capability of solving certain problems better than currently used techniques. Included in the 19 promising techiques are a) use of rejuvinating agents for flexible pavements, b) horizontally-bored sleeper slab and joint restoration for rigid pavements, c) precast joint assemblies for rigid pavements, d) change the location of lane markings, and e) reworked surface of flexible pavement. For other specific problems the program indicated presently used techniuqes are better than any of the potential techniques. And finally, the program revealed that 15 potential techniques did not show any promise at this time. Suggestions for further development, implementation, and research have been made. KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Energy KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193732 AU - Jones, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DIFFERENTIAL CAMBER IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1977/09 SP - 196 p. AB - A study was made to determine the cause or causes of differences in cambers that occur in prestressed concrete beams of identical design for highway bridges. Beams of AASHTO Type IV, and State Department of Highways and Public Transportation of Texas Types C, 54, B, and A were studied. Data from elevations taken at construction sites were reduced to camber information on over 4000 beams. Design information and some information on fabrication were obtained from SDHPT on those beams for purposes of isolating the causes of camber differences. A statistical T test was used to identify those beams with unusual camber. A measure of the extent of unusual camber was developed in determining the amount of wasted concrete in using unusually cambered beams in a span. A regression analysis was made to determine the effect of span on the range of camber computed from elevation measurements. Analytical studies were made to determine the effect of variations in tendon forces and positions, variations in concrete modulus in the overall beam, variations of concrete modulus in layers in the beam and in longitudinal sections of the beam, and of time. Camber measurements were made at release on a few beams, and modulus of elasticity measurements were made in the field in an effort to determine variations in the concretes used in beams of the types reported in field data. Four prestressing plants were visited while they were in the process of producing highway bridge beams of the types studied. Procedures that were followed in producing beams to the SDHPT specifications were carefully observed. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Curvature KW - Highway bridges KW - Mix design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189236 AU - Panak, J J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SKEWED MULTI-BEAM BRIDGES WITH PRECAST BOX GIRDERS PY - 1977/09 SP - 101 p. AB - The research completed under this project demonstrates the reduction in required design moment that can be achieved by consideration of the skew angle and aspect ratio of a multi-beam bridge. It is primarily directed toward precast multi-beam box bridges of the type currently built in Texas. Other similar multi-beam or solid slab structures with simple spans can also be handled. A data generator computer input assist was written which provides the data for a previously developed program so that accurate solutions can be obtained with a minimum of input. A field load test was performed on a full-scale skewed bridge. Comparison of the measured values with those predicted by the analysis methods was good. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Box beams KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Load tests KW - Skew bridges KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185275 AU - Veress, S A AU - Hou, MCY AU - Flint, E E AU - Sun, L L AU - Hatzopoulos, J N AU - Jijina, C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MONITORING OF A GABION WALL PY - 1977/09 SP - 73 p. AB - A photogrammetric monitoring method of structural deformation has been developed during the course of this project. The Gabion Wall which is part of the I-90 project has been used as the site for practical tests of the theoretical development. The monitoring consists of photographing the structure from three camera stations with KA-2 f=24" camera. The camera has been modified to a plate camera to provide the maximum accuracy. The methodology consists of the geodetic determination of the camera location and the orientation and photogrammetric determination of targets (natural and artificial) on the structure. During the course of this project more than 100 target ocations were determined by three dimensional coordinates. The maximum error was found to be plus 3/4 inch; the average, 1/2 inch. This represents a relative accuracy of from 1/58,000 to 1/120,000 of the photographic distance. Using the actual construction site for research has permitted immediate implementation. The instrumentation as well as the methodology along with the computer program has been transmitted to the Washington State Higwhay Department & their Photogrammetric Branch has been assisted in the implementation. /FHWA/ KW - Cameras KW - Construction sites KW - Gabions KW - Monitoring KW - Moving target indicators KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photography KW - Target point KW - Walls UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/031.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183993 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - MILLER, R H AU - Ciesielski, S K AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - GUIDELINES FOR USE OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE AS HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PY - 1977/09 SP - 94 p. AB - Incineration of solid waste is a major means of refuse disposal in many major metropolitan areas. There are presently 141 operating municipal incinerator plants in 24 states and the District of Columbia. These plants are responsible for producing approximately 5 million tons of incinerator residue annually. This manual contains background information on the composition and characteristics of basic types of incinerator residues. A recommend classification system is presented. The use of incinerator residues in structural fill, stabilized base, and bituminous paving applications are discussed. Included are specific recommendations for materials handling and preparation, laboratory testing procedures, engineering properties, and design and construction procedures for these applications. This manual also includes recommended laboratory test procedures for determining the loss on ignition and physical composition of incinerator residue samples. A separate section is devoted to a summary of situations which are favorable, as well as unfavorable, to the utilization of municipal incinerator residue in highway or street construction. This manual discusses unfused residues from incinerator and pyrolysis operations. Fused residues from supplementary heat treatment are not considered in this manual. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Building materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Pyrolysis KW - Road construction KW - Solid wastes KW - Stabilized materials KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183994 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - MILLER, R H AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - AVAILABILITY OF MINING WASTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/09 SP - 44 p. AB - This study was performed to determine the availability of mining and metallurgical wastes in the United States and to assess their potential for use in various aspects of highway construction. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to develop information on locations, amounts, compositions, and uses of various mining and metallurgical wastes. Knowledgeable personnel in the mining industry, governmental agencies, trade associations, and universities were contacted to obtain additional unpublished information. The information was used to inventory, classify, and evaluate these wastes. Over 1.6 billion tons of mining and metallurgical wastes are generated each year. Although a small percentage of all this material is actually being used, a number of mining and metallurgical wastes have been successfully utilized as highway construction material. A number of other mineral wastes are potentially useful with some degrees of processing. Materials most highly recommended for use in highway construction are gold gravels, steel slag, lead-zinc chat, phosphate slag, taconite tailings, copper slag, and waste rock from the mining of copper, fluorspar, gold, and iron ore. /FHWA/ KW - Building materials KW - Gravel KW - Metallurgy KW - Mining KW - Road construction KW - Rocks KW - Slag KW - Tailings KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183997 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Betenson, W B AU - Shepherd, L W AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - GRADATION MODIFICATION TO IMPROVE BITUMINOUS MIX PROPERTIES SN - 500-931 PY - 1977/09 SP - 81 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects on asphalt mix properties and performance of proposed specification revisions for gradation, penetration, ductility, and Marshall stability. A factorial laboratory experiment was devised using gradation, asphalt source, aggregate source, and asphalt grade as primary study parameters. Three evaluation techniques were utilized. First, complete Marshall design procedures were followed for all cells and data analyzed. Second, a panel of experts was formed and using modified Delphi analysis techniques basis recommendations were formulated. Finally, specimens from selected cells were tested to determine Creep compliance, permanent deformation and fatigue characteristics. Distress and performance predictions using the VESYS IIM computer program were then generated for average conditions in Utah. A more coarse gradation was adopted for bituminous surface coarses, and the range of air voids was altered to 3-5%. Retained strength was recommended for use in the immersion-compression procedure, and AASHTO Table 2 with ductility modifications was adopted. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Computer programs KW - Creep KW - Ductility KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Gradation KW - Marshall test KW - Pendulum tests KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178777 AU - Schoen, W A AU - Epps, J A AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ECONOMIC BITUMINOUS TREATED BASES PY - 1977/09 SP - 231 p. AB - Research was conducted to determine the technical and economic suitability of using low-quality, lower cost, local aggregates in asphalt treated base courses in Texas. Five marginal aggregates were investigated together with three sands and a sand gravel mixture. Results indicate that several of the marginal aggregates can be utilized as bituminous stabilized base courses provided that strict quality and construction control measures are employed. Additionally, these materials must be used under traffic and environmental conditions which are compatible with the stabilized mixture properties. Cores from several pavements containing asphalt treated materials were obtained and compared with the results from the laboratory study on marginal aggregates. In general the laboratory results are with the range of properties obtained from the field cores. An economic analysis method shows that mixture design and pavement design considerations cannot be separated, if an economic solution is to be provided. KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous bases KW - Economics KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory studies KW - Low cost road construction KW - Pavement design KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175479 AU - Nebgen, J W AU - Edwards, J G AU - Conway, D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Energy Research and Development Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SULFATE-BEARING WASTE MATERIAL FROM FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION OF COALS FOR SOIL STABILIZATION PY - 1977/09 SP - 70 p. AB - The effects of spent bed material from the fluidized bed combustion of coal in the physical and strength properties of selected fine-grained soils has been evaluated. The spent bed material is a mixture of lime and calcium sulfate (together with some fly ash) obtained from a process being evaluated by the Energy Research and Development Administration in which pulverized coal is burned in a fluid bed of finely ground calcitic or dolomitic limestone. Results of the study indicate that spent bed material is an excellent substitute for lime for soil stabilization. The material behaves as a mixture of lime, calcium sulfate, and fly ash towards development of unconfined compression strength when mixed with soils. It has been concluded that use of spent bed material for soil stabilization is a viable alternative to disposal when full-scale fluidized bed coal combustion plants become a reality. KW - Calcium KW - Calcium oxide KW - Coal KW - Combustion KW - Compressive strength KW - Fluidics KW - Fluidizing KW - Fly ash KW - Soil stabilization KW - Sulfates KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178794 AU - Bemis, G R AU - Benson, P E AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - California Department of Transportation TI - AIR POLLUTION AND ROADWAY LOCATION, DESIGN AND OPERATION PROJECT OVERVIEW PY - 1977/09 SP - 147 p. AB - This report gives an overview of an air quality study to establish an extensive data base for primary pollutants emitted from freeways of various configurations, at-grade, depressed and elevated in the Los Angeles Basin. The freeway locations selected for study were in areas carrying extremely high volumes of traffic. Meteorological data were obtained for inclusion in the data base. A line source microscale model to predict the dispersion of pollutants, CALINE 2, was developed, validated, and improved under this project. Two mobile air quality research laboratories were constructed and utilized for this project. Air pollutants sampled include carbon monoxide (CO), reactive and unreactive hydrocarbons (RHC, URHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O3), sulpur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Traffic volume data were obatined. Particulate sampling was conducted to obtain total particulates, lead, and various other elements. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Dispersion KW - Freeways KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrogen sulfide KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Sulfur dioxide KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176543 AU - Rinde, E A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - ACCIDENT RATES VS. SHOULDER WIDTHS. TWO LANE ROADS, TWO LANE ROADS WITH PASSING LANES (SEPT 1977) PY - 1977/09 SP - 65 p. AB - The before and after technique was used to evaluate 37 widening projects representing 143 miles (230 km) of improved road. Widening was essentially completed on existing alignment. Accident rates were reduced for all three shoulder widening widths of 28 (8.5 m), 32 (9.8 m) and 40 feet (12.2 m). The accident rate was reduced 16 percent for 28-feet under 3,000 AADT, 35 percent for 32 feet under 5,000 AADT and 29 percent for 40 feet over 5,000. The reductions were statistically significant for 32 and 40 feet at the 95 percent confidence level. The study of 23 projects with 51 miles (82 km) showed that accidnet rates were reduced for 2-lane roads with a passing lane. The rates were reduced 11 percent for 36 feet (11.0 m) 25 percent for 40 feet (12.2 m) and 27 percent for 42 to 44 feet (12.8 m to 13.9 m). The reductions were significant for 40 and 42 to 44 feet. Forty feet is considered the minimum adequate width for passing lanes. Accident reports show that the one-way barrier stripe (single lane direction permitted to pass) may cause problems. This stripe may create a false sense of security for the drivers. Drivers appear to move into the center passing lane without looking. The one-way barrier stripe should be used with extreme care to prevent the old 3-lane highway situation of severe head-on collisions. KW - Barrier lines KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Before and after studies KW - Cinder fill KW - Crash rates KW - Fills KW - Lane lines KW - One way streets KW - Passing KW - Pavement widening KW - Road shoulders KW - Slag KW - Two lane highways KW - Widening KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176023 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Owen, J R AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT. VOLUME 4. GUIDELINES FOR SPECIFIC LOW-COST ALTERNATIVES PY - 1977/09 SP - 230 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. The research study identifies low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed to give assistance to police, highway, and traffic engineering planners in defining and establishing one or more low cost techniques (alternatives) by providing guidelines for their implementation. KW - Aircraft KW - Closed circuit television KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Freeways KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Police traffic services KW - Radio KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176040 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Dunkle, H D AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF ROAD ROUGHNESS ON TIRE-PAVEMENT FORCES IN BRAKING AND CORNERING PY - 1977/09 SP - 113 p. AB - The research examined through computer simulation, the effect of road roughness on tire-pavement forces in braking and cornering on a road of skid number 50. In addition to the force information, braking performance, measured by stopping distances, and cornering performance, measured by stability factor which indicates understeer, were investigated. Vehicle performance was accessed on five road surfaces: smooth, two actual recorded road profiles, and two periodic profiles. Two vehicles were simulated - (1) 1971 Dodge Coronet passenger car, and (2) 1974 White Road Boss single unit truck. The White truck was loaded to maximum gross weight. The simulation utilized was the Hybrid Computer Vehicle Handling Program (HVHP) which is a nonlinear representation of four wheeled vehicles. KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Loads KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173882 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEICING-CHEMICAL RATES ON OPEN-GRADED PAVEMENTS--FINAL REPORT OF STUDIES IN MAINE, MICHIGAN, UTAH, AND VERMONT PY - 1977/09 SP - 28 p. AB - During the 1976-1977 winter season, the Federal Highway Administration sponsored four studies which were designed to determine if more salt was needed to clear open-graded asphalt friction course during winter storms than was needed to clear conventional asphalt pavements. The four states involved in the study were Maine, Michigan, Utah, and Vermont. Maine, Michigan, and Utah were to observe the snow and ice clearing rates of two open-graded pavement sections and two dense-graded control sections. Vermont was to observe the clearing rates of one open-graded section and single control section. Maine estimated that the amount of salt needed to effectively clear an open-graded pavement was about the same as that needed to clear a conventional asphalt pavement. Michigan agreed but found that slightly less salt per storm would be needed on an open-graded pavement than was needed on a very fine graded asphalt pavement with a light, fine texture. Vermont concluded that less sand and less salt was needed to keep open-graded asphalt pavements in as safe a condition as dense-graded asphalt pavements. Utah observed that more salt was needed to clear open-graded pavements. From the data submitted, it was concluded that more salt was not needed to maintain an equal level-of-service on open-graded pavements during the winter season than was needed on dense-graded asphalt pavements. Skid-resistant characteristics of open-graded pavements appeared to be regularly superior to those of dense-graded pavements. The data also showed that an open-graded pavement cleared faster than a conventional pavement which often remained "icy". KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chemicals KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Friction KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Sand KW - Snow removal KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173245 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - PERFORMANCE OF CULVERT MATERIALS IN VARIOUS COLORADO ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1977/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This report describes various soil and water environments in Colorado in which culvert pipe materials have been placed. The performance of these pipe materials has been observed, recorded and reported. Results of laboratory tests on culvert materials are also reported. Some conclusions and recommendations are made for implementation and future evaluations. Culvert materials listed from the most susceptible to corrosion are standard galvanized, stainless steel, concept Type II and asbestos bonded asphalt dipped. Those materials showing little or negligible corrosion are transite, plastic, aluminum and concrete Type V. Concrete made with Type V cement is the most resistant of the concrete materials to alkali conditions. /Author/ KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Aluminum KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Culvert materials KW - Culverts KW - Galvanizing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Pipe KW - Plastics KW - Soils KW - Stainless steel KW - Structural materials KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00173504 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kemper, W J AU - Byington, S R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE NATIONAL 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT PY - 1977/09 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - p. 58-67 AB - This article summarizes recent research, performed by the Pennsylvania State University, which evaluated the effect of the national 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit on highway safety. It also contains analysis by the authors which shows that the reduction in speeds, brought about in part by the new speed limit, prevented over 4,700 fatalities and 81,000 injuries in 1974. In the university research, fatality rates and injury rates occurring after the speed limit reduction were compared to projected rates based on pre-speed limit data. A comparison was made of nationwide data for various highway systems and for a selected representative sample of States. The study shows that, under the national 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit, fatality rates decreased most on highways where speed limits changed most, particularly the Interstate Highway System. However, injury rates were not generally below expected rates based on past trends, except that the Interstate Highway System did show a large decrease. Additional factors studied were pedestrian fatalities, age of driver in fatal accidents, time of fatal accidents, and type of vehicle involved. The authors' additional effort involved regression and correlation analyses of the effects of various speed measures on corresponding fatality and injury rates. Six years of data were employed in this analysis. /Author/ KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/72585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172040 AU - Smith, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SA-1 PROCESS FOR REDUCTION OF HYDROCARBON USAGE IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1977/09 SP - 52 p. AB - The evaluation consisted of laboratory processing of SA-1 treated and untreated experimental mixtures at high and low temperatures. Four replicate samples of each of the four resultant categories of mixture were tested for pertinent mixture properties and the results compared. Mixture properties of core samples, representative of the SA-1 treated and the untreated portions of a short field test section, were determined to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of SA-1 treatment. The quantities and properties of asphalts recovered from these cores were also determined and compared. In addition, comparisons were made of field and laboratory, SA-1 treated and untreated aggregates by examination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDAX), foaming tests, and infrared analyses of methanol extracts. On the basis of these test results, the SA-1 process does not appear to have a significant beneficial effect on the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete mixtures. Also, the study could not substantiate the claim that the process allows both a reduction of the percentage of asphalt required and a lowering of the mixing temperature in the manufacture of a paving mixture. These results may be due in part to the difficulty in preparing mixtures at specified moisture conditions at elevated temperatures in the laboratory. In view of these results and a comparison of the effects of ACRA-500 and SA-1 treatment on the properties of a bituminous mixture, it would appear that SA-1 would best be classified as an anti-stripping agent, the effectiveness of which remains to be determined. Recommendations for construction of field projects suitable for experimental evaluation are included in this report. /Author/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Electron microscopes KW - Evaluation KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mix design KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167844 AU - Bernard, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENTS--AN UPDATE PY - 1977/09 SP - 17 p. AB - Hot-mix recycling projects in Virginia, Texas, Iowa, North Carolina and several other states are described. In each case, details of the project, the process, and special observations are noted. The names of the investigator, the contractor, and the status of the project are also provided. The number of tons removed recycled and replaced in the various projects described here, vary from 2,500 tons to 90,000 tons. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00167582 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - Boyle, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE LEGIBILITY OF SYMBOLIC PARKING SIGNS PY - 1977/09 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - p. 68-73 AB - This study is concerned with the legibility of symbolic signs proposed for use in Dallas, Texas. Thirty-four experimental subjects viewed the signs and an acuity chart, binocularly with corrected vision. Findings of the study were as follows: Legibility distances of different elements of the signs differed markedly. On the average, symbols were identified at over 5 times the distance of word messages. Messages with large lettering were identified at about twice the distance of messages with small lettering on the same sign. These disparities in legibility may be reduced by shortening messages, employing capital letters, and using larger, more uniform size print, as prescribed in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Symbol threshold visual angle averaged 10.5 minutes, compared to 4.19 minutes for letter lines, and 3.3 minutes for the Snellen E Chart. At maximum seeing distance, symbols would have to be more than twice the size to be identied. These results suggest that symbol legibility can be considerably increased by improving the symbol design. The conventional "parking prohibited" symbol is difficult to read. An experimental symbol with a large slash which extended beyond the circle gave double the legibility distance of the conventional symbol. The legibilities of the four symbols intercorrelated highly, but showed low correlation with visual acuity and word message legibilities. The findings suggest that abilities other than visual acuity are involved in identifying parking symbols. Predicted legibility distances are given in table 3 for signs ranging from 1 to 4 ft (0.3 to 1.2m) in size. These projections are given for the average driver and for the 94th percentile (poorly sighted) driver. /Author/ KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Manuals KW - Parking KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165795 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fitzgerald, J H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EMPIRICAL FORMULATIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF TRENDS FOR STEADY-STATE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATES PY - 1977/09 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 343-353 AB - The general characteristics of steady-state fatigue crack growth rates are discussed. An empirical formulation is described where two constants form a basic crack growth rate versus maximum stress intensity Kmax curve, which is a straight line on a log-log graph. The constants that form the base curves for various materials are correlated to Young's modulus. A third parameter that is sensitive to material alloy and environment is described and methods for obtaining this value are presented. Crack growth rate data for several stress ratios can then be projected to the basic modulus-dependent curve, where straight line scatter bands and statistical information pertaining to the overall accuracy of the formulations can be determined. /Author/ KW - Alloys KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Index properties KW - Index tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Statistics KW - Steady state UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165796 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tu, L K AU - Seth, B B AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE/DESTRUCTIVE TEST CORRELATIONS AND FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS PY - 1977/09 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 361-368 AB - In view of the recent developments in finite element stress analysis and materials processing and testing, the reliability of fracture mechanics analysis on service life prediction is critically dependent on the estimation of the flaws by nondestructive test (NDT) methods. This paper discusses the correlation between NDT indications and actual sizes of natural flaws determined by destructively examining flaws and shows the importance of this uncertainty on component life predictions. A section of a low-alloy steel forging was ultrasonically inspected, saw-cut into cubes containing flaws, and examined by C-scan and X-ray. Successive metallographic polishing was performed to reconstruct the shape, size, and location of the flaws. The flaws were identified by using electron microprobe energy spectrum analysis. The flaw sizes predicted by ultrasonic inspection were underestimated by up to 6.6 times the actual falw area. It was demonstrated that underestimation of the sizes of natural flaws by NDT should be properly corrected to make realistic cycles life predictions. /Author/ KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Destructive testing KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Low alloy steel KW - Mechanical tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165797 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Edil, T B AU - Krizek, R J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PREPARATION OF ISOTROPICALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY SAMPLES WITH RANDOM FABRICS PY - 1977/09 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 406-412 AB - This paper describes equipment and procedures that can be employed to prepare clay samples with a highly random fabric and a known stress history. By appropriate choice of the clay mineral and proper control of pore fluid chemistry, high water content slurries can be consolidated isotropically to produce large size, relatively homogeneous samples for laboratory use in the study of fabric effects on clay behavior. The fabric of the resulting samples has been identified by the complementary use of scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, and the isotropy in the mechanical response of specimens trimmed from the sample in perpendicular directions has been determined by consolidation tests, permeability tests, and consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests. Comparisons in all cases have been made with analogous characteristics of specimens trimmed from anisotropically consolidated samples with a highly oriented fabric, and results have indicated that fabric effects can be significant in some cases. /Author/ KW - Clay KW - Compression tests KW - Diffraction KW - Fabrics KW - Isotropy KW - Microscopy KW - Moisture content KW - Permeability KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168921 AU - Salac, S S AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLLECTION, PROPAGATION, CULTURE, EVALUATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANT MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PY - 1977/08/10 SP - 194 p. AB - Problems related to the culture, maintenance, and propagation of a broad spectrum of woody ornamental plant materials were evaluated. These included variety trials conducted at various locations in Nebraska and several studies comparing roadside establishment of plant materials as influenced by mulches, herbicides, fertilizers, sizes of bare root planting stocks, and methods of handling trees with prominent taproot. The native vegetation of eight counties in western Nebraska was also surveyed to determine the local species which may be of value for landscaping roadsides in that portion of the state. Considerable effort was also devoted to exploring the potential of native wildflowers. 'Eureka' thickspike gayfeather, 'Kaneb' purple prairieclover, and 'Nekan' pitcher sage were developed and released as new cultivars. Likewise, germination response to storage and germination conditions, and tolerance to mowing of several species of wildflowers were investigated. KW - Cultivation KW - Fertilizers KW - Field tests KW - Herbicides KW - Highways KW - Landscaping KW - Maintenance KW - Materials management KW - Mulches KW - Nebraska KW - Ornamental plants KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plant reproduction KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Reproduction (Biology) KW - Roads KW - Shrubs KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182061 AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION PY - 1977/08 SP - 268p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167338 AU - Cady, P D AU - Kline, D E AU - Blankenhorn, P R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - DEEP SEALING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS WITH LINSEED OIL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS PY - 1977/08 SP - 114 p. AB - Deterioration of concrete bridge decks is one of the major problems facing highway agencies today. The major cause of this problem is corrosion of reinforcing steel due to the presence of chloride ions from deicing operations. One means of preventing or retarding reinforcement corrosion is to impregnate concrete with a suitable material to prevent ingress of deicer salts. The major thrust of the research described in this report is to evaluate linseed oil and related compounds as concrete impregnants to prevent or significantly retard rebar corrosion, and to develop and demonstrate techniques suitable for achieving bridge deck impregnation. Laboratory investigations reveal that about 50-50 mixture by weight of boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits optimizes the trade-off between depth of impregnation and sealing properties. One drawback of linseed oil impregnation is a slight decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete (about 5 percent for the 50-50 mixture). However, this may not be serious. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost estimating KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Drying KW - Estimates KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Linseed oil KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303427 AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 166 p. AB - In conducting this investigation, detailed surveys on 85 pavement projects in 7 States were made. These pavements were generally under 15 years old, and reinforced and continuously reinforced pavements. The results of this investigation are contained in the report as prepared by PCA. Some of the aspects of Portland Cement Concrete pavements covered include: 1) Categories and characteristics of PCC pavements; 2) Pavement problems, their causes and required maintenance; 3) A pavement performance and condition survey; 4) A charted summary, design, and construction practices of the states (available separately on request); 5) Construction and maintenance costs, and 6) Design and construction recommendations. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675395 AU - Robertson, R N AU - Allen, G R AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF REMOVAL OF TOLLS ON TRAVEL IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA. VOLUME II - JAMES RIVER BRIDGE PY - 1977/08 SP - 33 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to monitor and report the effects that the removal of the tolls on the James River Bridge had upon travel activity in the Tidewater area. Questionnaire surveys taken prior to and five months after the removal of the tolls were utilized to gather data from the motorists using the facility. Information from mechanical and manual volume counts supplemented the questionnaire data. It was concluded that the tolls had been a barrier to travel across the James River. After the tolls were removed, traffic volumes increased by 20.9%, which was a 15.4% increase over the volumes that would have been expected had the tolls not been lifted. The percentage of delivery and tractor-trailer trucks did not increase during the after period, thus indicating that trade and services have not expanded in the area since the tolls were removed. The vehicular occupancy rate decreased and individuals made trips across the river more frequently after the tolls were removed than they did when the tolls were in force. The percentage of nonessential trips, such as those for shopping, recreation and social activity, increased after the tolls were removed. Retired persons and housewives made many of those trips. The data also indicated that some people in the area changed, or intended to change, their jobs and residences as a result of the end to tolls. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Impact studies KW - Questionnaires KW - Recreation KW - Shopping KW - Social impacts KW - Surveys KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll removal KW - Tolls KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Trip generation KW - Trip rate KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36424/78-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675396 AU - Allen, G R AU - Robertson, R N AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF REMOVAL OF TOLLS ON TRAVEL IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA. VOLUME III - COLEMAN BRIDGE PY - 1977/08 SP - 33 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of the effects of the removal of tolls at the James P. Coleman Bridge at Yorktown. Emphasis is placed upon examining immediate impacts; viz., changes in demand for travel, vehicle occupancy rates, carpooling activity, origin and destination patterns, and changes in jobs and residences. A survey methodology, supplemented with information from mechanical and manual traffic volume and composition counts, was used as the means of data collection. In general, the removal of tolls precipitated some increase in traffic volumes; however, the 3.0% increase over the established historical trend was significantly smaller than the increase for either the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel or the James River Bridge. Vehicle occupancy rates and carpooling did not, however, appear to be significantly affected by the removal of tolls. Similarly, origin and destination patterns remained unaltered after the removal of the tolls. KW - Before and after studies KW - Car pooling (Railroads) KW - Carpooling KW - Data collection KW - Impact studies KW - Origin and destination KW - Surveys KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll removal KW - Tolls KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle mix KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36424/78-R12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373069 AU - Menon, Gopinath AU - Furlong, R W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT FOR NOTCHED ENDS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS PY - 1977/08 SP - 166 p. AB - This study was intended to analyze the shear strength of the notched ends of prestressed concrete girders and to evaluate the ultimate shear capacity by testing a model with reinforcing details simpler than those currently adopted in practice. Various discrete element analyses by a computer program showed that it is possible to identify the most highly stressed regions of an end block and also to predict a likely crack pattern that would occur before failure. One specimen with two different end block details was tested to failure. The failure of the specimen did not occur at either notch, and the notch capacity with uncongested reinforcement was shown to be adequate for the intended load. The end block with the provision of a hanger strap assembly and reinforcement welded to the bearing plate behaved well during the test. As concluded from the observation of crack widths, such a design with hanger straps seems to possess a higher degree of serviceability than a design based on the provision of large web plates embedded at the notched end. A design procedure derived from two potential failure modes has been suggested. The two failure modes involved are (a) a shear friction separation parallel to the inclined hanger strap reinforcement and (b) a shear compression separation from the corner of the notch into the flexural compression zone of the end block. An example design for the end block of a standard highway bridge stringer has been given to illustrate the design procedure. (FHWA) KW - Computer aided design KW - Ends KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Notch KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325387 AU - WICKS, D A AU - ANDREWS, B J AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL, VOLUME 4: PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1977/08 SP - 622 p. AB - This series of volumes documents the work performed to adapt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRAS (INtegrated TRAffic Simulation), is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway surrounding surface street environment. This volume contains the complete subroutine documentation for the INTRAS work. Each overlay is described along with the formats of any peripheral data files required as input to that overlay. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Freeway operations KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172047 AU - Stern, J L AU - Miller, R U AU - Olson, C A AU - Heshizer, B P AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison TI - LABOR RELATIONS IN URBAN TRANSIT PY - 1977/08 SP - 326 p. AB - This study focuses on labor-management relations in the urban mass transit industry from 1960-1975, a period during which most of the major transit systems changed from private to public ownership and began receiving substantial funding from government. A major objective of this study was to evaluate how collective bargaining outcomes--transit wages, labor cost, and work rules--changed with the advent of public ownership and public subsidies. Two chapters of this study examine the development of Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) policies and how they affect practices in the urban transit industry. The political, legal, and economic factors shaping the collective bargaining relationship are explored. Special attention is directed toward such factors as; 1) the labor protection clause, Section 13 (c), of the Urban Mass Transportation Act, and 2) the reliance on "interest" arbitration for the settlement of the terms of new contracts during the past seventy years. Data on wage and selected frige benfit changes in the 1960-75 period are reveiwed. Because this is an exploratory study which relies in part on secondary data, conclusions, of necessity, are tentative. The findings herein are based on several data collection and analysis techniques. Chapter X is based on data primarily for APTA's TRANSIT OPERATING REPORTS; andChapters V and VI reflect information from ATU publications and interviews with the national leadership of that union. The other chapters consist of personal interviews with union/management spokemen of 25 transit system in the U.S. /Author/ KW - Collective bargaining KW - Economic factors KW - Employee compensation KW - Financing KW - Government funding KW - Governments KW - Labor costs KW - Labor relations KW - Labor unions KW - Legal factors KW - Nationalization KW - Ownership KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Private enterprise KW - Productivity KW - Public transit KW - Subsidies KW - Urban transportation KW - Wages KW - Work rules UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181406 AU - Spicher, R E AU - Roskin, M E AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING LONG RANGE HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS AND COSTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 128 p. AB - The procedures included in this report are designed to provide a methodology to identify and quantify required highway improvements over a given period of time. It is anticipated that State and local agencies will find the procedures helpful in their evaluation of highway needs. The system includes the analysis of individual highway sections, structures, and railroad crossings. Each facility is examined to determine deficient elements in relation to predetermined acceptable condition levels. When a deficiency is identified, an improvement is selected to correct that deficiency and the costs associated with the selected improvement are estimated. The user of the system has the opportunity to input controlling criteria rather than using standard nationwide values. Examples of such criteria include: design standards, deficiency levels, and costs. The system provides a detailed output record for each facility evaluated in analysis including the required input data, deficiency and improvement information, and related cost estimates. Also, summary tables are provided displaying the combined costs for all facilities of a given highway group. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Deficiencies KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Structure maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195951 AU - Treybig, H J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Smith, P AU - Von Quintus, H AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated TI - OVERLAY DESIGN AND REFLECTION CRACKING ANALYSIS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 2--DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1977/08 SP - 166 p. AB - This manual presents design procedures for flexible and rigid overlays of rigid pavements as well as a reflection cracking analysis procedure for flexible overlays. The design procedure includes an evaluation of the existing pavement based on nondestructive deflection testing, condition surveys, and materials sampling and testing. Based on this information the pavement is divided into separate design sections and each section is classified according to its condition of cracking into one of the three categories: (1) pavement with no cracking or Class 1 and 2 cracking, (2) pavement with Class 3 or 4 cracking, or (3) pavement that will be mechanically broken up. An analysis to determine the required overlay thickness is then made based on the category to which the existing pavement is assigned. The overlay analysis makes extensive use of elastic layered theory and selects the overlay thickness based on the concept of failure by fatigue cracking. For flexible overlays an analysis can be performed to determine if reflection cracking should be expected occur. The design procedure uses four computer programs for the pavement evaluation, overlay thickness design, and reflection cracking analysis. Input guides and illustrative problems for the use of these programs are presented in this report. KW - Computer programs KW - Failure KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191687 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Association of American Railroads AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - PROCEEDINGS 1977 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSING SAFETY HELD AT SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH ON AUGUST 23-25, 1977 PY - 1977/08 SP - 134 p. AB - The objective of the conference was to promote implementation of grade crossing safety improvement projects authorized by Federal, state, and railroad industry programs. The following topics were discussed: Crossing needs--Bi-modal safety and efficiency; Evaluation of current programs (Strengths and weaknesses of the grade crossing safety program, Labor, media and education roles in crossing programs); Highway grade crossing safety programs, establishing new priorities; Administration of grade crossing programs; New directions (Research projects, Role of the railroad signal department, and Crossing warning systems and surfaces and their proper application). KW - At grade intersections KW - Federal government KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Grade crossing safety KW - Highways KW - Justification KW - Labor relations KW - Mass media KW - Meetings KW - Prevention KW - Problem solving KW - Public relations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad signals KW - Railroads KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188515 AU - Jimenez, E AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NONUNIFORM FOUNDATION SUPPORT ON CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 103 p. AB - Design of continuously reinforced concrete pavements is a procedure that involves numerous complex variables. To accomplish the evaluation of these variables, several steps must be taken, such as observations of the effects of environmental factors and the behavior of soil supports that affect the pavement performance during its service life. Different steps to evaluate the pavement behavior must be followed in an effort to design pavements with longer good service condition life. The laboratory is one of the principal means the designer has for developing relationships for pavement behavior in the field. A precursory laboratory experiment concerning CRC pavement performance was performed under NCHRP Research Project 1-15 with fully supported slabs. This report presents a study of loss of support of small dimension laboratory slabs. The purpose of the experiment is to compare and observe the behavior of experimental laboratory slabs with voids beneath them of various dimensions and to compare these slabs with uniformly supported slabs previously tested under NCHRP 1-15. A theoretical approach is included in the experiment in an effort to model all the laboratory inputs and outputs that can give solutions close to the ones obtained through the experimental physical test. At the end, both the theoretical solutions and the laboratory observations are analyzed and their accuracy is defined. Finally, observations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented in an effort to implement the study solutions within the design of CRC pavements. /FHWA/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Laboratory studies KW - Nonuniform soil foundation KW - Soil structure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185257 AU - Duderstadt, F J AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - CORRELATION OF THE TEXAS CONE PENETROMETER TEST N-VALUE WITH SOIL SHEAR STRENGTH PY - 1977/08 SP - 124 p. AB - Improved correlations have been developed between the Texas Cone Penetrometer Test N-value and the shear strength of both cohesive and cohesionless soils. Correlations were also developed and compared with existing correlations for several shear strength parameters and the Standard Penetration Test N-value. Both field and laboratory investigations were conducted to obtain the necessary data to develop the correlations. Penetrometer test data and undisturbed soil samples were obtained from five test sites for cohesive soils and six test sites for cohesionless soils. Reasonably good correlations were developed between the unconsolidated-undrained shear strength and the penetrometer test N-value for cohesive soils including homogeneous clays of high plasticity and silty or sandy clays of low plasticity. In addition, a reasonably good correlation was developed between the drained shear strength and the penetrometer test N-value for cohensionless soils including poorly graded sands and silty sands. The currently used relationship between the effective angle of shearing resistance of cohesionless soils and the penetrometer test N-value was found to be a lower bound for the data obtained in this study. Finally, correlations were attempted between unit skin friction and unit point bearing obtained from bored and driven pile tests and the penetrometer test N-value. These correlations are considered preliminary because only a limited amount of data was available from the instrumented pile load tests. /FHWA/ KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Granular soils KW - Saturated soils KW - Shear strength KW - Undrained UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185253 AU - Kariotis, G N AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSES PY - 1977/08 SP - 49 p. AB - The Maryland State Highway Administration with the cooperation of the Maryland Asphalt Association through its member contractors began construction of experimental test pavements in conjunction with normal paving contracts. This joint effort, which began in 1972, was an attempt to develop those bituminous mix designs producing the highest possible friction values using locally available aggregates. The results of continuing friction measurements on the various mix designs are evaluated. It appears that there is small difference between Marylands standard SN, St and an open graded plant mix seal when using the same aggregate. Plant mix seals do seem to offer some benefit in the area of reduced spray during rain and some reduction of tire-pavement noise. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Experimental roads KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Plant mix KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182555 AU - Chi, M AU - Neal, E AU - Dennis, B G AU - Chi Associates Incorporated TI - DETERMINATION OF STROUHAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POWER SPECTRUM FOR ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED H-SHAPE SECTIONS PY - 1977/08 SP - 81 p. AB - This document provides results of experimental investigation of Strouhal numbers and power spectral density of H-shaped members. The aspect ratios of the cross-sections of the members examined were approximately 1:1, 3:4 and 1:2, respectively. The specimens were sharp-cornered and mounted on adjustable springs at the ends. The tests were conducted in a wind tunnel having minimum upstream turbulence. The Reynolds number ranged from 1 x 10 to the 5th power to 1.7 x 10 to the 6th power. The results showed that the Strouhal number was 0.12 for sections having a high aspect ratio, but indicated a markedly decreasing trend for those having lower aspect ratios. The power spectra had narrow-bands indicating that subcritical flow prevailed during the tests. There was no evidence of a transition zone which would indicate a random shedding regime. This document is the second in a series of reports discussing the structural dynamics of long slender members of contemporary cross-section shapes. The first report entitled: "Response of Bridge Structural Members Under Wind-Induced Excitation" presents a state-of-the-art discussion and an extensive bibliography of this subject area. /FHWA/ KW - Cross sections KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Power spectra KW - Reynolds number KW - State of the art studies KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182642 AU - Ward, P M AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION: METHODS AND MATERIALS--PART I PY - 1977/08 SP - n.p. AB - The bridge deck deterioration processes of freeze-thaw scale, popout, and corrosion induced spalling are defined and the popular theories accounting for their mechanism are explained. Included is a basic discussion of corrosion. Oklahoma's method for surveying structures for deterioration is presented as well as the results of a statewide survey of structures using this method. Results of an attempt to correlate chloride concentration in concrete at the level of the upper rebar mat against half-cell potential is also included. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Inspection KW - Popout KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Scale (Corrosion) KW - Spalling KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167083 AU - Ross, J E AU - Law, S M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXTURING OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The purpose of this research study is to document and evaluate the findings of the Category II experimental concrete texturing project. Under this plan of experimental study, several texturing techniques were tried and will be compared in order to determine which concrete pavement texture will perform best in regard to skid resistance, durability and uniformity. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Finishes KW - Highways KW - Louisiana KW - Performance tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures KW - Texture KW - Unstable soil UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20098%20C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179848 AU - Craig, G S AU - Rankl, J G AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN WYOMING PY - 1977/08 SP - 88 p. AB - A rainfall-runoff model was used to synthesize long-term records of runoff volume and peak discharge from long-term records (73 years) of rainfall and evaporation. The long-term data was transferred from a base station, Cheyenne, Wyoming, to 13 other weather stations in Wyoming. Volume and peak discharge frequencies were developed for the intermontane areas on 22 drainage basins smaller than 11 square miles relative to rainfall at the nearest weather station. Runoff volumes and peak discharges were related to basin parameters with a high degree of correlation. Flood volumes were related to drainage area, maximum relief and basin slope. Flood peaks were related to drainage area, maximum relief, basin slope, and channel slope. A dimensionless hydrograph was developed to define the characteristics shape of flood hydrographs to be expected from small drainage basins in Wyoming. The method requires a peak discharge in cubic feet per second and a volume in acre-feet to produce a synthetic hydrograph. Some selectivity was used in the development to avoid multipeak events or unusually shaped hydrographs. An investigation of storage behind a highway embankment with a culvert to allow outflow, has shown that the single fast-rising peak is most important in culvert design. Single peaks cause higher water elevations behind embankments than do multi-peak events of the same magnitude and volume. The study was limited to simple box culverts with inlet control. /FHWA/ KW - Areas KW - Box culverts KW - Design KW - Discharge KW - Evaporation KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Parameters KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Slopes KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179864 AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - NUCLEAR CEMENT CONTENT GAGE COMPARISON ANALYSIS PY - 1977/08 SP - 61 p. AB - The study is concerned with the laboratory evaluation of two prototypes of a nuclear gage for measuring the cement content of plastic concrete. The dependence of the gages' responses on aggregate type and proportions, cement content, and temperature were studied. Analysis of variance and other statistical procedures showed that: (1) the sensitivity and accuracy of the gages is greatly affected by the type of aggregate; (2) the accuracy of the gages for siliceous aggregate mixes was better than twice that for calcareous aggregates mixes; (3) separate calibration curves will have to be generated whenever changes in proportion of chemically-different coarse to fine aggregate occur and, unless suitable electronic compensation can be introduced into future instruments, whenever temperature variations are encountered. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calcareous aggregates KW - Calcined aggregates KW - Calibration KW - Cement content KW - Nuclear gages KW - Sensitivity KW - Skewed distributions KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178804 AU - McCreery, R A AU - Spaugh, E A AU - University of Georgia, Athens TI - SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION CONTROL OF ROADSIDE AREAS IN GEORGIA PY - 1977/08 SP - 79 p. AB - One hundred and ninety-two sites distributed throughout Georgia were planted to mixtures of grasses and legumes. The wide distribution allowed sampling of the varied soils, climate, and topography of roadsides. Topsoil was added to half the sites at planting. Treatments of no supplemental fertilization, biennial fertilization, and annual fertilization have been maintained at each site. Observations were made twice yearly during a six year period. Results confirm the location of zone boundaries dividing the state into Mountain, Piedmont, Coastal Plains, and Flatwoods zones as shown in the Phase I report. Initial fertilization has been reduced and topsoil eliminated from grassing contract requirements. Legumes, especially sericea lespedeza, are better adapted in the Piedmont and Mountain zones than the grasses planted in this project. Centipedegrass is the best alternative to the widespread bahiagrass in the Coastal Plains and Flatwood zones. Legumes are difficult to maintain in South Georgia. /FHWA/ KW - Climate KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Grasses KW - Landscape design KW - Legumes KW - Maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Soils KW - Topography KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178787 AU - Ma, Jiaqi AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - CRCP-2, AN IMPROVED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 174 p. AB - CRCP-2 is an extension and revision of the CRCP-1 computer solution for the analysis of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (reported in Research Report NCHRP 1-15). It improves the proficiency and extends the capability of the original model. Small errors in CRCP-1 for extreme values of variable combinations, such as a high-friction value and a high steel percentage, were remedied by extending the original steel stress model to cover situations where development length under the influence of high frictional resistance might exceed half the crack spacing. The stress-strength interaction model in CRCP-1 has been revised such that the maximum concrete stress under minimum temperature is compared with the concrete strength at the time of minimum temperature occurrence, thus allowing for additional strength gain in the concrete. Wheel load and wheel-load stress are included in CRCP-1 as new design variables for when the combined effect of the bending stress under wheel load and the in-plane stress under environmental load are considered. Some minor changes were made in the computer program. In order to be compatible with the mathematical model, which requires at least one increment be contained in the bond slip zone, the initial slab length was adjusted inside the program to ensure that the increment length is within tolerance limits while maintaining the dimensional array for the slab length to one hundred increments. Thus, the computation time was substantially reduced, and errors at high-level studies were eliminated. The revision of the CRCP-1 model and the inclusion of wheel load, provide better predictions of the behavior of CRC pavement. However, to fully portray the state-of-stress in a slab, fatigue due to repetitions of load and warping stress due to temperature differential need to be considered. KW - Computer programs KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178791 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - Doty, R N AU - California Department of Transportation TI - COLD-MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACING PY - 1977/08 SP - 81 p. AB - The increasing attractiveness of emulsified asphalt from ecological and energy conservation viewpoints precipitated this study of the performance of dense-graded and open-graded asphalt concrete surface courses containing emulsified asphalt. A total of two (each) test sections containing dense-graded and open graded cold mix were constructed and their performance monitored for one to five years. In addition, several cold-mix pavements placed in Oregon and Washington were viewed and some laboratory mix design work completed toward the development of an improved mix design procedure for cold-mixed dense-graded asphalt concrete. It was concluded that the field curing problems associated with dense-graded cold-mix AC surfacing would preclude their use for most Caltrans paving and that the use of cold-mix open-graded AC offers the possibility of being a viable alternate to hot mix, particularly in remote locations. The construction of additional cold-mix open-graded test sections is recommended. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Loads KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Triaxial loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178813 AU - Barnes, B D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN MANUAL FOR SECONDARY ROADS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1977/08 SP - 23 p. AB - A procedure for design of new low volume secondary roads and overlays has been formulated. The procedure relys on data obtained from soil surveys published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture rather than conventional field testing. Otherwise the design method generally follows accepted thickness design techniques currently recognized by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. /FHWA/ KW - Geological surveying KW - Low volume roads KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Secondary roads KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179518 AU - Stocker, A J AU - Albert, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - COMPARISON OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY AND PENN STATE UNIVERSITY SKID SYSTEM WATER NOZZLE PY - 1977/08 SP - 70 p. AB - For some years, most skid measurement systems have used a watering nozzle of the divergent type, which has been known as the Penn State University (PSU) design. Due to the divergent nature of the PSU nozzle, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to adjust the water flow rate from the nozzle such that it will satisfy the ASTM Standard E-274-77 for pavement wetting at all speeds. In particular, if the water flow rate is adjusted properly at 40 mph it will be out of specifications at 20 and/or 60 mph. The Ohio State University (OSU) Engineering Experiment Station has developed a working model of a non-divergent nozzle from a previous concept by the State of Virginia. This nozzle was compared to the PSU nozzle for accuracy, precision, and ease of calibration to the ASTM-E-274-77 Standards. It was found that there were no significant differences in the measured SN accuracy and precision at 20 and 40 mph. However, at 60 mph, the SN measurement using the PSU nozzle averaged more than one over those obtained when using the OSU nozzle. This significant difference does indicate the effect of flaring out the water trace by the divergent nozzle and thus placing less than normal water thickness ahead of the test tire. The adjustment of water flow rate of the OSU nozzle was easily accomplished at 20, 40, and 60 mph. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nozzles KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Streamflow KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178789 AU - Ferritto, J M AU - Forrest, J B AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center TI - A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TEST DATA PY - 1977/08 SP - 73 p. AB - The Civil Engineering Laboratory, (CEL) has been involved in seismically induced soil liquefaction studies for several years, both for the Navy and for other organizations. As a result of these previous studies it became apparent that a data base of cyclical soil strength would be of significant assistance in many phases of site evaluation where detailed complete cyclical soil testing was not available or could not economically be obtained. As an example, in planning stages when several sites are under consideration for locating a structure, detailed site soil exploration and testing data are not available. Thus, the liquefaction potential of cohesionless material must be evaluated from limited data such as general soil classification, or possibly from standard penetration data, if available. For many structures costing $100,000 to $200,000 a detailed soil testing program may not be economically possible since a series of triaxial tests involving sampling, sample preparation, testing and data reduction is quite costly. The objective of this study was to develop a partial data base for determining the seismic strength of saturated cohesionless materials and using this data base, to analyze the results to broaden understanding of the mechanism of seismically induced soil liquefaction. The study is in support of efforts to mitigate the effects of earthquakes through improved methods for determining the seismic strength of soils. To assist in this problem, cyclic triaxial test data was compiled from published literature and from commercial and research laboratories involved in cyclic testing of cohesionless soils; the data was organized, reviewed and evaluated. Results were grouped by soil type (unified classification system). This data may assist geotechnical engineers to evaluate the seismic strength of cohesionless materials. A foundation engineer can use the compendium knowing the type of soil, relative density and confinement for each layer in soil profile and obtain a range of the cyclic soil strength as a function of the number of cycles of applied loading (earthquake duration). KW - Cohesionless materials KW - Databases KW - Earthquakes KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Repeated loads KW - Saturated soils KW - Seismology KW - Site investigation KW - Soil penetration test KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178782 AU - Ferritto, J M AU - Forrest, J B AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center TI - DETERMINATION OF SEISMICALLY INDUCED SOIL LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL AT PROPOSED BRIDGE SITES: VOLUME I--THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1977/08 SP - 305 p. AB - The technical report contains two volumes. Volume I gives a technical treatment of seismically induced liquefaction of cohesionless saturated soils. Volume II presents data in a format to be of use as an aid to bridge planners. Specific information is given to estimate earthquake motion and soil strength. Volume I is divided into nine chapters covering soil parameters which affect liquefaction, dynamic properties of soils, summary of methods to predict liquefaction, field and laboratory methods for determining soil parameters, site earthquake motion, soil displacement consequences of liquefaction,and observed bridge damage. Volume I presents a technique for evaluation of probability of liquefaction and possible criteria for siting of bridges. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cohesive soils KW - Earthquakes KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Properties of materials KW - Saturated soils KW - Seismology KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178783 AU - Ferritto, J M AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center TI - DETERMINATION OF SEISMICALLY INDUCED SOIL LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL AT PROPOSED BRIDGE SITES: VOLUME II--PLANNING GUIDE FOR EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION PY - 1977/08 SP - 134 p. AB - This is the second of a two-part guide for bridge planners to evaluate the possible effects of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. Volume I is an extensive study in the areas of soil liquefaction parameters, methods to predict liquefaction, laboratory testing, field exploration, consequences of liquefaction, and damage to bridge structures from observed earthquakes. Volume II presents the results and conclusions of Volume I in a manner designed to be most useful to bridge planners by reviewing alternative sites to minimize the possibility of liquefaction damage. The most important computer programs available for knowledge of the behavior of the soil at a proposed bridge site are discussed, as well as noncomputer methods of site evaluation, assessment, and selection. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Seismology KW - Site investigation KW - State aid KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179510 AU - Creech, M F AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis TI - DEFERRED MAINTENANCE--ROADSIDE VEGETATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES PY - 1977/08 SP - 124 p. AB - The investigations in this study indicated that deferred maintenance was being practiced without adequately considering the consequences of such action. Emphasis in the study was placed primarily on the investigation of the consequences of deferring maintenance activities and the formulation of a methodology for deferred maintenance program development to minimize the negative consequences. The major consequences of deferring maintenance that were reported on in this study were: safety; effect on the condition of highway facilities; liability; social effects; effects on the environment; level of service. The methodology for deferred maintenance program development was formulated in five steps. The five steps are: Identify maintenance objectives; Establish priorities for maintenance activities; Selection of deferment activity; Assigning the deferment prior; and Evaluating the consequences of deferment. The research was accomplished by a combination literature search and field study which included a visitation to six states. KW - Deferred maintenance KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178768 AU - Kaku, D AU - Yamamoto, W AU - Wagner, F AU - Rothenberg, M AU - JHK & Associates TI - EVALUATION OF THE MOANALUA FREEWAY CARPOOL/ BUS BYPASS LANE PY - 1977/08 SP - 125 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation study of the carpool/bus bypass lane on the Moanalua Freeway, located in Honolulu, Hawaii. This priority lane facility is located on the median lane in both directions of the six-lane divided freeway. The effectiveness of this carpool/bus lane is evaluated with nine specific criteria: mode split, vehicular and passenger traffic volumes, traffic performance characteristics, effectiveness of traffic control devices, traffic safety, operational problems related to design features, project economics, public attitudes, and institutional problems. KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Highway traffic control KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178769 AU - Kaku, D AU - Yamamoto, W AU - Wagner, F AU - Rothenberg, M AU - JHK & Associates TI - EVALAUTION OF THE KALANIANAOLE HIGHWAY CARPOOL/BUS LANE PY - 1977/08 SP - 142 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation study of the carpool/bus lane on the Kalanianaole Highway, located in Honolulu, Hawaii. This 2.4 mile (3.9 km) priority lane facility is a contraflow lane on a four-lane undivided highway for 1.9 miles (3.0 km) and a withflow lane for the remainder of its length. The carpool/bus lane is identified with traffic cones and portable signs and is in operation on weekday mornings only. The effectiveness of this carpool/buslane is evaluated with nine specific criteria: mode split, vehicular and passenger traffic volumes, traffic performance characteristics, effectiveness of traffic control devices, traffic safety, operational problems related to design features, project economics, public attitudes, and institutional problems. Data for this evaluation were collected via vehicle occupancy counts, travel time surveys, questionnaire surveys of auto drivers on the facility, interviews with officials, and observation of traffic. KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Modal split KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178341 AU - Moore, J W AU - Welch, R C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF BRINE USAGE FOR HIGHWAY PURPOSES PY - 1977/08 SP - 133 p. AB - The need for effective, economical de-icing and dust palliation agents combined with availability of large quantities of waste brine in Arkansas led to the investigation of the feasibility of using the waste brine for these purposes on primary and/or secondary roads. The brine contains large concentrations of calcium (32,000 mg/1) and magnesium (3,000 mg/1) which are potentially adantageous for de-icing and dust palliation. The feasibility investigation included both laboratory and field studies were conducted. The effectiveness of the brine as a dust palliative was determined by application of the brine to a test road section. Laboratory studies were used for determining the effectiveness of the brine as a de-icing agent and for determining the effect of the brine on concrete, soil properties, run-off water quality and the corrosion rate of metal. The brine is an effective de-icing and dust palliation agent. Application of the brine in the dosages required for these purposes will have little, if any, observable adverse impact. As with any highly concentrated de-icing or dust palliation agent such as calcium chloride or sodium chloride, the avoidance of major spills or application at very large dosage rates is required to minimize or prevent adverse environmental impact. /Author/ KW - Calcium KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Dust control KW - Dust palliatives KW - Environmental impacts KW - Magnesium KW - Metals KW - Properties of materials KW - Runoff KW - Seawater KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2044.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00177307 AU - Treybig, H J AU - Smith, P AU - VonQuintus, H AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated TI - OVERLAY DESIGN AND REFLECTION CRACKING ANALYSIS FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS--VOL. 1. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGN CRITERIA PY - 1977/08 SP - 242 p. AB - Fatigue cracking and reflection cracking criteria were developed and incorporated into a design procedure for flexible and rigid overlays of rigid pavements. Linear elastic layered theory is the basic model used to compute stresses and strains in the pavement system, which are then input to the fatigue and reflection cracking models. The fatigue criteria developments resulted from analyses of the performance of rigid pavements at the AASHO Road Test. A regression analysis was performed to obtain a fatigue equation relating stress and wheel load repetitions prior to Class 3 and 4 cracking. The effects of voids beneath the pavement as well as the condition of joints are also considered in the fatigue criteria. The reflection cracking criteria developed resulted from a study of the mechanics of reflection cracking and literature reviews. Mechanistic equations were derived and incorporated into an analysis model for use in design. /Author/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Accelerated tests KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Repeated loads KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174414 AU - Little, D N AU - Epps, J A AU - Galloway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - MIXTURE DESIGN METHODS FOR EMULSION TREATED BASES AND SURFACES PY - 1977/08 SP - 82 p. AB - Types of tests and criteria for the mixture design of emulsion treated bases and surfaces have been reviewed. A laboratory testing program was conducted to investigate the effort of curing conditions and compaction on the stability and resilient modulus of emulsion stabilized sands. Based on the laboratory study, several sands have been suggested for use as pavement base courses. An interim test method has been suggested for use by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. /Author/ KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Emulsions KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167486 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF THE FHWA IN HIGHWAY SAFETY, 1964-1976 PY - 1977/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) role in promoting highway safety since the highway safety improvement program was initiated in 1964. Highway safety has been an essential objective of FHWA since the beginning of the Federal-aid highway program. However, the emphasis has been increasing since 1964, when FHWA initiated a program to promote highway safety improvements at locations identified as hazardous. The Federal-aid highway safety program activities include the Spot Safety Improvement Program, the railroad-highway crossing improvement program, and the TOPICS Program. Recent Federal-aid legislation have designated categorical funds for specific types of highway safety improvements such as pavement markings and unsafe bridges. Another major effort of FHWA has been the development of improved highway design standards that would provide safer highways. These include both freeway and non-freeway design; roadside features such as impact attenuators and other protection devices; roadway surface improvements in skid resistance and studded tire regulations; traffic control devices; maintenance techniques; improving the driving environment and motorists assistance; and, assessing the potential payoffs of highway safety improvements prior to their installation. KW - Bridges KW - Federal aid KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Hazards KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172056 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - PREDICTING MOISTURE-INDUCED DAMAGE TO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE--FIELD EVALUATION PHASE PY - 1977/08 SP - 20 p. AB - Virginia is one of seven state and federal agencies participating in a field evaluation of a stripping test method developed under NCHRP Project 4-8(3), "Predicting Moisture-Induced Damage to Asphaltic Concrete." The test method is being used to evaluate the efficacy of the method in predicting the degree of stripping that will occur on a 1,000 ft. (300 m) test section constructed with an asphaltic concrete believed to have a tendency to strip. The degree of stripping of the pavement will be evaluated by visual observation of cores taken periodically and by pavement surveys. In the test method resilient modulus and indirect tensile tests are being performed on preconditioned and nonpreconditioned specimens in predicting the potential stripping. The strength or stiffness loss resulting from vacuum saturation preconditioning is used to indicate potential immediate stripping, and the strength or stiffness loss under a more severe accelerated preconditioning indicates potential stripping after a long period of time. The tests have predicted that stripping will occur over a long period rather than a short period. Tests on cores taken 12 months after construction have shown a minor amount of stripping. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Defects KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Residual moduli KW - Striping KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36287/78-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172061 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Harrigan, E T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR CHLORIDE ION IN CONCRETE PY - 1977/08 SP - 25 p. AB - One of the most severe problems facing the highway community is chloride ion-induced reinforcing steel corrosion and the subsequent deterioration of concrete bridge decks and marine structures. This report presents recommended methods for sampling and testing for both total and water-soluble chloride ion in hardened concrete. The methods are updated and expanded revisions of the earlier procedure developed by FHWA and contained in report FHWA-RD-72-12, "Determination of Chloride in Hardened Portland Cement Paste, Mortar and Concrete" by H. A. Berman and report FHWA-RD-74-5, "Evaluation of Portland Cement Concrete for Permanent Bridge Deck Repair." Alternate procedures for sampling the hardened concrete with either a core drill or a rotary impact drill are included. In addition, two alternate methods of chemical analysis are presented, the original potentiometric titration method and a significantly more rapid method employing the Gran endpoint determination procedure. Both are compatible with either chloride or silver ion-selective electrodes. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chlorides KW - Core drilling KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Corrosion KW - Drilling KW - Offshore construction KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Rotary drilling KW - Sampling KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30124/FHWA-RD-77-85.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172142 AU - Londagin, H E AU - Harding, F H AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities TI - RE-VEGETATING SILT CUTBANKS FOR EROSION CONTROL PY - 1977/08 SP - 49 p. AB - Field experiments were conducted at various locations in the State of Alaska, South Central Region of the Department of Transportation in order to evaluate the adaptability of plant species, methods, materials and equipment for establishing a grass cover on silted back slope soils. The field experiments consisted of replicated tests of fertilizer rates, seeding rates, species adaptation, asphalt emulsion, and mulches. The tests included the major erodible glacier silted soils that are encountered in the interior of Alaska. All of the test sites' soils were laboratory tested before any work was commenced. The PH test varied from 6.4 to 8.2. None of the test sites' silts were acid. The tests showed the importance of refertilization and the use of mulch materials. Wood excelsior mulch plus asphalt emulsion proved to be the most effective mulch for fast sod formation by providing the best combination micro environment, and at the same time, slope protection from erosion. /Author/ KW - Backslopes KW - Embankments KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Glacial soils KW - Grasses KW - Mulches KW - pH value KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Silts KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00117489 AU - Chen, M AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Science Foundation TI - NONLINEAR SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF SKEW HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1977/08 SP - 127 p. AB - Presented in this report is a study of the behavior of short, skew highway bridges interacting with their surrounding soils during strong motion earthquakes. The first part of the study defines a three-dimensional, nonlinear mathematical model for the complete bridge-soil system while the second part develops the associated computer program for carrying out time-history dynamic response analysis. The mathematical model consists of (1) linear, elastic, three-dimensional solid finite elements representing backfill soils and abutment walls, (2) linear, elastic prismatic beam elements representing the bridge deck, pier columns, and pier caps, (3) nonlinear friction elements representing the discontinuous behavior of separation, impact, and slippage at the interfaces between backfills and abutment walls, and (4) discrete translational and rotational linear springs representing foundation flexibilities at the bases of supporting columns. In developing the computer program for time-history dynamic response analysis, considerable effort was spent in achieving computational efficiency. Special programming techniques including the use of matrix reduction procedures, iteration procedures, and variable time steps were used. KW - Abutments KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamics KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Finite element method KW - Friction KW - Interfaces KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Skew bridges KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169760 AU - Power, J F AU - Sengpiel, H W AU - Agricultural Research Service AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT FOR WOODY ORNAMENTAL SPECIES IN LANDSCAPE PLANTINGS PY - 1977/08 SP - 23 p. AB - The primary purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of fertilizer nitrogen source on survival and growth of several woody ornamental species used in highway plantings. Even without nitrogen fertilization, very satisfactory growth occurred. All fertilizer sources provided satisfactory plant growth at a 0.4 lb N/cy yds rate. Slow-release fertilizers applied at a 2 lb N/cu yds rate approached the maximum rate of application. The system used to control soil water evaporation appeared to be effective. Direction of exposure appears to have little influence upon the growth of these species. KW - Crash exposure KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaporation KW - Exposure KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Fertilizers KW - Fertilizing KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Highways KW - Landscape KW - Leaching KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Nitrogen KW - Nitrogen fixation KW - North Dakota KW - Ornamental plants KW - Plant growth KW - Planting KW - Rates per time KW - Shrubs KW - Soil water KW - Survival KW - Toxicity KW - Urban growth KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169746 AU - Brekke, T L AU - Korbin, G E AU - Brekke (Tor L) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION OF TRANSPORTATION TUNNELS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1977/08 SP - 28 p. AB - The work reported herein was initiated during the spring of 1977, as a limited task in the more comprehensive program on the response of tunnels to earthquakes. The objective has been to provide guidance for an early installment of relatively simple instrumentation in a few selected tunnels in California. The report is composed of three parts. The first part describes suggested instrumentation programs at four different levels of sophistication. For the immediate and initial program at hand, it is foreseen that the first two levels of instrumentation will be employed. The more sophisticated programs have, however, been included to give an appropriate reference frame for the instruments to actually be installed, and also to provide some guidance for possible future installations. The second part lists the criteria that has been used in selecting tunnel sites. The final part contains a description of the tunnels chosen, including a discussion on the geological environment and the tunnel support systems. KW - California KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Environment KW - Fences KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geology KW - Instrumentation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Seismic response KW - Seismic surveys KW - Seismicity KW - Sensors KW - Soil profiles KW - Surveys KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169267 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Putman, D L AU - Haenel, H E AU - Cervenka, L W AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REPORT ON THE USER'S MANUAL FOR DIAMOND INTERCHANGE SIGNALIZATION--PASSER III PY - 1977/08 SP - 74 p. AB - The report describes the user's manual for PASSER III, a practical computer program developed to assist the traffic engineer in determining optimal traffic signal timings for pretimed or traffic-responsive, fixed-sequence signalized diamond interchanges. The program is applicable to isolated interchanges as well as to a series of interchanges through which progression is desired along the frontage roads. In addition, design engineers may use PASSER III to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed interchange design alternatives. PASSER III can evaluate any signal timing plan that might exist at a signalized diamond interchange. The program also determines the level of service for each phase at the intersections which make up a diamond interchange. PASSER III provides all data required to implement the signal timing plan it calculates. Two typical example programs, an isolated interchange and a frontage road progressive system, were coded and executed by PASSER III. The completed input data card coding forms and the program output, including time-space diagrams for the progression solution, are contained in the report. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Gravel KW - Highway traffic KW - Interchanges KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Services KW - Signalized intersections KW - Substitutes KW - Time signals KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165513 AU - Gress, D L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - BLOW-UPS ON RESURFACED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS-REVISED PY - 1977/08 SP - 131 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine if overlaying a concrete pavement significantly influences blow-up performance and to isolate those variables that affect blow-up distress. The conclusions of this study were based upon the results of a statewide survey of overlaid pavement blow-ups and related factors of the field testing of a bare pavement and an overlayed pavement and laboratory testing of pavement cores taken from various Indiana pavements. The field testing of the vare pavement cores taken from various Indiana pavements. The field testing of the bare pavement and overlayered pavement consisted of monitoring deformation, temperature and moisture as a function of time. Moisture contents were determined by utilizing newly developed moisture gauges imbadded within the concrete pavements. The laboratory testing consisted of a microscopic analysis, and the determination of thermal and moisture properties of selected pavement field cores. The microscopic testing included compositional analysis, general physical condition investigation, and the detection and measurement of infiltration of polished sections taken from the field pavement cores. Coefficients of thermal expansion for the over dry and twenty-four hour saturation moisture states and the effect of moisture on expansion were determined on selected field pavement cores using a special heating chamber in conjunction with a sensitive deformation measuring system. /Author/ KW - Blow up KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deformation KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cores KW - Resurfacing KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/55972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382180 AU - Toft, G S AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 100 PY - 1977/07/06/Interim Report SP - 52p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of sppeds of vehicles on Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the January-March 1977 Quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 57.0 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 57.8 mph and 56.0 mph, respectively. These overall average speeds were similar for passenger cars and trucks to the speeds found in the October-December 1976 Study (Speed Report No. 99). KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313951 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176026 AU - Morre, D J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LOW-COST MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR INDIANA ROADSIDES PY - 1977/07/06 SP - 113 p. AB - This study was to design a minimal, low-cost maintenance program for Indiana roadsides. The principal objective was to combine mechanical and chemical methods in such a way as to maintain healthy turf at lowest possible cost to the Indiana State Highway Commission and the State of Indiana. Roadside weed surveys identified weed problems, weeds missed by conventional spraying schedules, and unnecessary maintenance operations. New herbicide combinations and techniques were developed. Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies were carried out to better understand the modes of actions of the herbicides involved, the physiological responses of the plants to be controlled, and to evaluate or verify environmental safety. The outcome was implementation of an environmentally-safe, two cycle spray schedule combining late fall and early spring applications of amine formulations of 2,4-D. The elimination of unnecessary spraying cycles, reduction from 5-cycle to 3-cycle and further reduced mowing has resulted in cost savings of approximately $800,000 per year for the 5 years of this project. KW - Chlorine aromatic compounds KW - Chlorine organic compounds KW - Cost engineering KW - Field tests KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Maintenance KW - Mixtures KW - Plant growth KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Surveys KW - Turf KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413747 AU - Vedros, P J AU - Barker, W R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Case studies of pavement performance - phase 2, Texas PY - 1977/07 IS - FHWA/RD-77-104 SP - 170p AB - This report is a final report resulting from case studies of pavement performance conducted by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station under contract order with the Office of Research of the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this study was to identify the causes and mechanisms associated with cracking and rutting of flexible highway pavements. This objective was approached through in situ field investigations, laboratory testing, and theoretic analysis. Field tests were accomplished at two test locations - one on Highway 69 near the town of Lufkin and the other on Highway 79 near the town of Buffalo. A test trench was opened at each site, and tests including CBR, moisture, density, cyclic plate tests, vibratory measurements, and surface profile were conducted. Laboratory tests were performed on sampled materials of pavement, base, and subgrade. Resilient and creep characteristics of materials were developed and used to evaluate the existing prediction techniques. Values of measured deflections and those obtained from layer system analysis techniques were generally in good agreement. However, present analysis techniques are not sufficiently advanced to account for all the mechanisms of pavement behavior contributing to the accumulative effects of cracking and rutting of the pavement. This suggests that additional damage models should be developed to supplement and advance present layer system analysis techniques (A). KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413746 AU - Vedros, P J AU - Barker, W R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Case studies of pavement performance - phase 1, Kentucky PY - 1977/07 IS - FHWA/RD-77-103 SP - 170p AB - This report is a final report resulting from case studies of pavement performance conducted by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station under contract order with the Office of Research of the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this study was to identify the causes and mechanisms associated with cracking and rutting of flexible highway pavements. This objective was approached through in situ field investigations, laboratory testing, and theoretical analysis. Field tests were accomplished at two test locations near Lexington, Kentucky. Pairs of test trenches were opened in distressed and nondistressed areas in the pavement for comparative purposes; and tests including CBR, moisture, density, cyclic plate, deflections, vibratory measurements, and surface profiles were conducted. Extensive laboratory tests were performed on sampled materials of pavement, base, and subgrade. Resilient and creep characteristics of materials were developed and used to evaluate existing prediction techniques. Data analysis indicates that there were no apparent differences between test pits to explain why the pavement would be cracked at one test pit but not at the other. Strength of test pit materials indicated no significant differences. The nonlinear elastic finite element program was found to predict the resilient deformation of the pavement system (A). KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102053 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-133 reconstruction, Hotchkiss to Paonia Dam: environmental impact statement PY - 1977/07//Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322735 AU - Page, B G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW AND INNOVATIVE METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1977/07 SP - Apps. AB - This report describes an evaluation and classification of pavement surfaces with respect to skid resistance. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey of agencies within and adjacent to California, and by testing and examination of 45 existing pavement surfaces. The test program included standard skid tests at two speeds and additional tests with a smooth tire at one speed. Surface textures were measured by stereophotographs to obtain a "texture profile." The approximate cost of the surface, the amount of traffic exposure, and vehicle accident data were included in the evaluation. The pavement surfaces were ranked on the basis of skid number, speed gradient, and texture. Systems which ranked well under heavy of medium traffic included open-graded asphalt concretes with and without epoxy modification, textured cement concretes, and expoxy chip seals. Conventional and rubberized chip seals were found suitable for medium or light traffic. Dense- graded epoxy-asphalt concretes generally ranked about the same as the control section of asphalt concrete. The corrective surface treatments considered new and in novative were all quite expensive compared to conventional treatments. Wet pavement accident data did not provide any criteria for establishing minimum levels of skid resistance. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Costs KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165766 AU - Brown, R A AU - Miller, R W AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HEATED STORAGE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1977/07 SP - 21 p. AB - Asphalt hardening in five bituminous concrete mixes was studied after storing at elevated temperatures for periods of 18 to 24 hours in both inert gas and normal atmospheres. Asphalts extracted from the loose mixes before and after storage, and from compacted mixes at the time of placement and after up to 4 years of service, were tested for penetration (77 F), absolute viscosity (140 F) and kinematic viscosity (275 F). Asphalts from the three fine, dense-graded to course mixes (inert gas for 18 hr, inert gas for 48 hr, and normal atmosphere for 24 hr) were not altered by storage, but delayed hardening was measured in one mix after 1 year of service and another after 3 years. No explanation for the hardening was apparent and pavement performance was not affected. Asphalts from the more open-graded base and binder course mixes hardened significantly during storage. These differences persisted through 4 years of service in one of the mixes but disappeared after 3 years in the other. /FHWA/ KW - Admixtures KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Handling and storage KW - High temperature KW - Soil penetration test KW - Storage facilities KW - Testing KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182049 AU - Davis, R E AU - Nix, H D AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT. PHASE 3. CEDAR CREEK. SECTION VII (VOLUME 2): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (MODIFIED METHOD B BACKFILL) PY - 1977/07 SP - 158 p. AB - Finite element analyses were made of the embankment surrounding a 22-ft (6.7 m), reinforced concrete arch culvert under 191 ft (58 m) of overfill, the arch barrel being surrounded by a single bale thickness of straw. The program employed was the most recent version of IPSA (Incremental Plain Strain Analysis, quadrilateral elements, Gauss linear equation solver, UC, Davis), in which earlier versions were modified to: (1) permit analyses of reinforced earth embankments; (2) employ iteration within layered increments; (3) enlarge upon the scope of soil models considered to include a model with an hyperbolic simulation of the stress-strain diagram obtained from triaxial tests. Results of analyses using the soil and straw moduli as measured indicated soil stresses at the arch extrados and vertical embankment displacements which were much lower than theoretical. Correlations of theoretical and measured soil stresses and embankment displacements were greatly improved when measured soil moduli were halved or when the stress-strain diagram for the straw was altered to a 20% strain datum. KW - Arches KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - California KW - Culverts KW - Deformation curve KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Finite element method KW - Highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182048 AU - Nix, H D AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT. PHASE 3. CEDAR CREEK. SECTION VII (VOLUME 1): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (METHOD A BACKFILL) PY - 1977/07 SP - 31 p. AB - Finite element analyses were made of the embankment surrounding a 22-ft (6.7 m), reinforced concrete arch culvert under 191 ft (58 m) of overfill by means of two programs: (1) PYPSIT (constant strain triangles, iterative equation solver; UC, Berkeley); and, (2) IPSA (quadrilateral elements, Gauss linear equation solver; UC, Davis). Soil elastic moduli were determined by Kondner's method; triaxial tests did not permit assessment of Poisson's ratio. Soil stresses acting on the arch extrados for the wH:0.3wH distribution commonly used in design were closely predicted by an analysis with fully fixed boundaries and an assumed ru of 0.35. Lateral soil stresses increased with increasing Poisson's ratio and with release of boundary constraints, due to 'wedging' phenomena. Soil stresses predicted by linear elastic, gravity-turn-on or incremental analyses were similar, but embankment displacements could be reasonably predicted only by incremental analyses. None of the analyses correctly assessed the anomalous soil stress distribution derived from stressmeter readings. KW - California KW - Culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Finite element method KW - Highways KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Soil mechanics KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305868 AU - Reese, L C AU - Allen, J D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRILLED SHAFT MANUAL. VOLUME II. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR LATERAL LOADING PY - 1977/07 SP - 242 p. AB - Drilled shafts have been used on a limited scale for many years as an alternative to driven piles in a variety of foundation problems. However, uncertainty about the behavior of the drilled shaft has forestalled widespread adoption. The subject package is intended for use by bridge engineers, geotechnical engineers, and builders of pile foundations. Volume II presents alternate methods for computing the response of the shaft to lateral loading and presents the structural design of the shaft for axial and/or lateral loading. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Lateral pressure KW - Mathematical models KW - Soil mechanics KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305857 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRESS-LAM TIMBER BRIDGE. INTERIM REPORT NUMBER 1, BRIDGE INSTALLATION AND LOAD TEST PY - 1977/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This report describes the installation and load test of the world's first press-lam timber bridge superstructure. A five-man crew replaced the substandard steel stringer-timber deck superstructure on Rte. 610 over Little Stoney Creek in Shenandoah County with the press-lam superstructure in about four work days, and the road was closed for only eight hours. Results of the load tests conducted two weeks after the 17.5 ft. (5.33 m) span, 2-lane bridge was constructed suggest that the stringer live load distribution specified by AASHTO is conservative. The Research Council will inspect and load test the bridge periodically over a five-year period. KW - Building materials KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field tests KW - Laminated wood KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Virginia KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36292/78-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182549 AU - Vedros, P J AU - Barker, W R AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - CASE STUDIES OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE--PHASE II--TEXAS PY - 1977/07 SP - 115 p. AB - This report is a final report resulting from case studies of pavement performance conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station under contract order with the Office of Research of the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this study was to identify the causes and mechanisms associated with cracking and rutting of flexible highway pavements. This objective was approached through in situ field investigations, laboratory testing, and theoretic analysis. Field tests were accomplished at two test locations--one on Highway 69 near the town of Lufkin and the other on Highway 79 near the town of Buffalo. A test trench was opened at each site, and tests including CBR, moisture, density, cyclic plate tests, vibratory measurements, and surface profile were conducted. Laboratory tests were performed on sampled materials of pavement, base, and subgrade. Resilient and creep characteristics of materials were developed and used to evaluate the existing prediction techniques. Values of measured deflections and those obtained from layer system analysis techniques were generally in good agreement. However, present analysis techniques are not sufficiently advanced to account for all the mechanisms of pavement behavior contributing to the accumulative effects of cracking and rutting of the pavement. This suggests that additional damage models should be developed to supplement and advance present layer system analysis techniques. /FHWA/ KW - California bearing ratio KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675394 AU - Robertson, R N AU - Allen, G R AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF REMOVAL OF TOLLS ON TRAVEL IN TIDEWATER VIRGINIA. VOLUME I - HAMPTON ROADS BRIDGE-TUNNEL PY - 1977/07 SP - 35 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to monitor and report the effects that the removal of the tolls on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel had upon travel activity in the Tidewater area. Before and after questionnaire surveys were utilized to gather data from the motorists using the facility. Information from mechanical and manual volume counts and telephone contacts with many officials from local governments, retail associations, real estate agencies, etc., supplemented the questionnaire data. It was concluded that the tolls had been a barrier to travel across Hampton Roads. After the tolls were removed traffic volumes increased by 41%, which was a 33.3% increase over the volumes that would have been expected had the tolls not been lifted. The increase in the percentage of trucks using the facility during the after period indicated increased trade and services in the region. The vehicular occupancy rate decreased and individuals made trips across the facility more frequently after the tolls were removed than they did when the tolls were in force. The percentage of nonessential trips, such as those for shopping, recreation, and social activity, increased after the tolls were removed. Young people (less than 21 years), retired persons, and housewives made many of those trips. The data also indicated that some people in the area changed, or intended to change, their jobs and residences as a result of the end to tolls. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Impact studies KW - Interviewing KW - Questionnaires KW - Recreation KW - Shopping KW - Social impacts KW - Surveys KW - Toll removal KW - Toll tunnels KW - Tolls KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Trip generation KW - Trip rate KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36424/78-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179498 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Aaron, R AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Peat, Marwick and Partners AU - Casciato, White and Associates TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1977/07 SP - 45 p. AB - This report documents a study of the feasibility of using automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology and automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) technology for purposes of traffic management. Several traffic management strategies for which AVI or AVM may potentially be useful are examined in detail: congestion pricing, traffic restraint, truck restrictions, preferential lane usage, corridor control, and traffic signal control. For each application, the relative costs and effectiveness of AVI or AVM as opposed to the best non-AVI method are compared. General conclusions on the applicability of AVI and AVM to traffic management are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Congestion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Prices KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178770 AU - Allen, J C AU - Rothenburg, M J AU - JHK & Associates TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS PLANS FOR THE COMMUTER LANES ON SHIRLEY HIGHWAY IN VIRGINIA PY - 1977/07 SP - 85 p. AB - The report presents the results of a study to evaluate the impact of an exclusive reversible roadway for preferential treatment of high occupancy vehicles. The objective of the study was to evaluate and document the impacts of implementing operational changes on the Shirley Highway express lanes on the transportation system in Northern Virginia. The study documented the magnitude of the changes which have occurred to the number of persons using the express lanes,the impact on the use of the regular lanes, vehicular and person miles of travel, and occupancy levels of both bus and auto. It was determined that the provision of an exclusive roadway for use by high occupancy vehicles has proved to be a successful incentive for formation of carpools and vanpools; the high minimum size carpool (4 or more) has not proven to be a drawback in the increased use of carpools; and when there is demonstrated time savings, users of the facility will be attracted from zones outside the normal corridor area. KW - Carpools KW - Commuting KW - Incentives KW - Reserved routes KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Routes KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326414 AU - Page, B G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW AND INNOVATIVE METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1977/07 SP - 112 p. AB - The report describes an evaluation and classification of pavement surfaces with respect to skid resistance. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey of agencies within and adjacent to California, and by testing and examination of 45 existing pavement surfaces. The test program included standard skid tests at two speeds and additional tests with a smooth tire at one speed. Surface textures were measured by stereophotographs to obtain a "texture profile". The approximate cost of the surface, the amount of traffic exposure, and vehicle accident data were included in the evaluation. The pavement surfaces were ranked on the basis of skid number, speed gradient, and texture. Systems which ranked well under heavy or medium traffic included open-graded asphalt concretes with and without epoxy modification, textured cement concretes, and epoxy chip seals. Conventional and rubberized chip seals were found suitable for medium or light traffic. Dense graded epoxy-asphalt concretes generally ranked about the same as the control section of asphalt concrete. The corrective surface treatments considered new and innovative were all quite expensive compared to conventional treatments. Wet pavement accidents data did not provide any criteria for establishing minimum levels of skid resistance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Crash rates KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Questionnaires KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Stereophotography KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Stereoscopic photography KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Tests KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308509 AU - Reese, L C AU - WRIGHT, S J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRILLED SHAFT MANUAL--VOLUME I "CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADING" PY - 1977/07 SP - n.p. AB - Drilled shafts have been used on a limited scale for many years as an alternative to driven piles in a variety of foundation problems. However, uncertainty about the behavior of the drilled shaft has forestalled widespread adoption. The subject package, by Dr. Lymon C. Reese of the University of Texas, is intended for use by bridge engineers, geotechnical engineers, and builders of pile foundations. The manual contains rational procedures and practical guidelines for the design and construction of drilled shaft foundations. Volume I presents a rational design procedure for drilled shafts under axial loading and includes guidelines on construction methods, inspection, load testing, specifications, and cost estimates. Volume II presents alternative methods for computing the response of the shaft to lateral loading and presents the structural design of the shaft for axial and/or lateral loading. (FHWA) KW - Axial loads KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Drilled shafts KW - Estimating KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Lateral loads KW - Load tests KW - Manuals KW - Performance based specifications KW - Response KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303970 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRESS-LAM TIMBER BRIDGE, INTERIM REPORT NO. 1, BRIDGE INSTALLATION AND LOAD TEST PY - 1977/07 SP - 17 p. AB - This report describes the installation and load test of the world's first press-lam timber bridge superstructure. A five-man crew replaced the substandard steel stringer-timber deck superstructure on Rte. 610 over Little Stoney Creek in Shenandoah County with the press-lam superstructure in about four work days, and the road was closed for only eight hours. Results of the load tests conducted two weeks after the 17.5 ft. (5.33 m) span, 2-lane bridge was constructed suggest that the stringer live load distribution specified by AASHTO is conservative. The Research Council will inspect and load test the bridge periodically over a five-year period. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Live loads KW - Load tests KW - Performance KW - Steel KW - Stringers KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36292/78-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302190 AU - Wilson, S D AU - Mikkelsen, P E AU - Shannon and Wilson, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION INSTRUMENTATION/INCLINOMETER PY - 1977/07 SP - 55 p. AB - The inclinometer, first introduced to the engineering profession 25 years ago, has developed into a powerful tool for monitoring the performance of embankments and structures during all phases of construction. The purpose of this presentation is to acquaint highway engineers with the application of the inclinometer to problems involving stability of slopes. KW - Embankments KW - Foundations KW - Highway engineering KW - Inclinometers KW - Manuals KW - Performance KW - Road construction KW - Slope stability KW - Soil mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194753 AU - WANG, M C AU - Larson, T D AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTS OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE AND AGGREGATE CEMENT BASE MATERIALS BY THE LIMITING CRITERIA APPROACH PY - 1977/07 SP - 57 p. AB - The structural coefficients of bituminous concrete and aggregate cement base course materials were evaluated using the limiting criteria approach. The limiting criteria were developed by relating the pavement performance to the response of the bituminous concrete and aggregate cement pavements at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility. The pavement response was analyzed using the BISAR computer program. The limiting criteria established were maximum surface deflection, maximum tensile strain at the bottom of the base course, and the maximum compressive strain at the top of the subgrade. Using the BISAR computer program, various combinations of wearing, base, and subbase layer thicknesses which satisfied the limiting criteria were determined. These layer thicknesses provided a basis for computation of the structural coefficients. The analysis assumed the commonly-used wearing course structural coefficient of 0.44 and calculated the required structural number for a pavement life of one million EAL from the equation developed in the AASHO Road Test. The results of this study indicated that the structural coefficients of the base course materials varied with the layer thicknesses of the wearing and base courses. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tension KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194756 AU - WANG, M C AU - Larson, T D AU - Kutz, S A AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - FIELD DATA REDUCTION--THE PENNSYLVANIA TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH FACILITY PY - 1977/07 SP - 234 p. AB - This report presents the primary field data collected during the first and second cycles of research at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility. The data is presented in both graphical and tabular form. The report also contains listings and sample output for the computer programs used for the field data reduction and analysis. The data sets are those available as of June 1, 1978 and were used for the preparation of the second cycle interim reports. Accordingly, this report is not intended to be used by itself, but rather to serve as a reference for the associated reports. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Payment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182548 AU - Vedros, P J AU - Barker, W R AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - CASE STUDIES OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE--PHASE I, KENTUCKY PY - 1977/07 SP - 170 p. AB - This report is a final report resulting from case studies of pavement performance conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station under contract order with the Office of Research of the Federal Highway Administration. The objective of this study was to identify the causes and mechanisms associated with cracking and rutting of flexible highway pavements. This objective was approached through in situ field investigations, laboratory testing, and theoretical analysis. Field tests were accomplished at two test locations near lexington, Kentucky. Pairs of test trenches were opened in distressed and nondistressed areas in the pavement for comparative purposes; and tests including CBR, moisture, density, cyclic plate, deflections, vibratory measurements, and surface profiles were conducted. Extensive laboratory tests were performed on sampled materials of pavement, base, and subgrade. Resilient and creep characteristics of materials were developed and used to evaluate existing prediction techniques. Data analysis indicates that there were no apparent differences between test pits to explain why the pavement would be cracked at one test pit but not at the other. Strength of test pit materials indicated no significant differences. The nonlinear elastic finite element program was found to predict the resilient deformation of the pavement system. /FHWA/ KW - California bearing ratio KW - Creep KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167070 AU - Jones, K E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALINE-2 COMPUTER PROGRAM MODEL SIMULATION PY - 1977/07 SP - n.p. AB - CALINE-2 is a Gaussian line source air pollution dispersion model for estimating concentrations of carbon monoxide downwind from roadways. The computational algorithms in the CALINE-2 model are extracted and assembled in a series of subroutines contained in a controlling subroutine called CAL 2. CAL 2 does not contain any provision for input/output other than as subroutine arguments. The following items are contained on a single file on this tape: (1) CALINE-2 Fortran source program; (2) sample input data (42 test problems); (3) subroutine CAL 2 Fortran source program. Details of the theory and development of CALINE-2 are contained in the report FHWA-RD-77-74, 'CALINE-2: An Improved Microscale Model for the Dispersion of Air Pollutants from a Line Source'. This report should be available from NTIS in September/October 1977...Software Description: This model is written in the Fortran programming language for implementation on an IBM 360/65 computer using the OS/REL operating system. 40K bytes of core storage are required to operate this model. KW - Air pollution KW - Algorithms KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Concentration index KW - Dispersers KW - Dispersing KW - Dispersion KW - Exhaust gases KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Gaussian plume model KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models-simulation KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/58634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181335 AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - OVERLOADING BEHAVIOR OF BEAM-SLAB TYPE HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1977/07 SP - 70 p. AB - The report presents the summary of the research program on the prediction of the overload response of simple span beam-slab highway bridges with reinforced concrete deck and prestressed concrete I-beams. The analytical developments and numerical comparisons pertaining to the investigation were presented in the previous interim technical reports of the research project. This report presents the highlights of the observations made in different phases of the research. Recommendations and conclusions based on the overall research program have been enumerated with appropriate referencing to the detailed description of the relevant program area and technical reports. Any in-depth study of the research program summarized in the report requires close scrutiny of the interim reports of the project. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Finite element method KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Loads KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180827 AU - Maddox, D M AU - Agricultural Research Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF WEED FEEDING INSECTS FOR THE NON-CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT OF PUNCTUREVINE ALONG CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS PY - 1977/07 SP - 23 p. AB - A brief history of puncturevine's introduction, taxonomic position, origin, spread and economic importance in California is given. The foreign exploration, testing, and introduction of the seed and stem weevils (Microlarinus spp.) of puncturevine in California are reviewed. A total of 4,831 weevils were collected and transferred to problem areas along California highways. Plant damage studies were carried out in which it was shown that weevil feeding caused significant differences in seed pod production, stem length, and plant dry weight in a closed system experiment. In an open system experiment, significant seed pod destruction occurred although the plants had received excessive water. Preliminary studies showed that weevils respond to water and methanol-soluble extracts of puncturevine. KW - California KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Insects KW - Loss and damage KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside KW - Seeds KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178807 AU - Starkey, C E AU - Crenson, G A AU - Kalb, M R AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - RIDEABILITY EQUIPMENT EVALUATION PY - 1977/07 SP - 64 p. AB - The principle objective of this study is to find a road roughness measuring system which could be operated at normal highway speeds and be implemented as a suitable replacement for the standard BPR Road Roughness Indicator. Several commercially manufactured road roughness devices including a Mays Ride Meter, A soiltest ML-500B Wisconsin Road Meter, and A soiltest CT-44B Roughness Integrator were evaluated. Results of the testing were subjected to statistical analyses to determine the precision, accuracy and correlation of the devices with the standard BPR Road Roughness Indicator. Recommendations for the implementation of the devices are also made. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Correlation analysis KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178766 AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FAULTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/07 SP - 73 p. AB - This is the fifth and final report on this project. It has been found that faulting begins almost immediately after a pavement is open to traffic. To prevent or reduce the problem, it is necessary to eliminate as many of the factors as possible which lead to faulting. Of utmost importance is elimination of the major sources of transportable fines, i.e., erodible base, and untreated shoulder material. Lean concrete base (LCB) shows great potential for providing a non-erodible base. Some of the experimental shoulder treatments described herein may be effective, but need to be tried in conjunction with the improved base. Rapid removal of free water from under the slab is highly desirable and two types of drainage systems are described. Further research is still considered necessary. In an effort to accelerate findings, plans are under way to construct near full scale laboratory model studies. It is hoped that a faulted condition can be generated in as little as a month or two of repetitive loading. Should this be successful, it will then be possible to evaluate various design features in a similar time span. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Erosion control KW - Faults KW - Free water KW - Lean concrete KW - Lean mix concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repeated loads KW - Road shoulders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180879 AU - Van Zyl, DJA AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - STORAGE, RETRIEVAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIANA SHALE DATA PY - 1977/07 SP - 154 p. AB - This report gives a complete summary of the test data on shales generated by ISHC and Purdue University. Details are given for a very simple storage and retrieval system which is adequate for the small amount of data (163 sets) available at the present time. Results are presented from the different statistical analyses that were performed. These results include histograms, bivariate correlation coefficients and regression equations. Reasonably good bivariate correlations exist between the different indices describing the slaking resistance of shales. These correlations are however improved by using quadratic equations. Various regression equations are proposed for determining CBR from various parameters, usually a combination of five. It became clear during the investigation that it is important to have as many complete data sets as possible for future analyses. The standardization of testing methods is also of utmost importance in order to increase the potential of the data bank. KW - Bivariate analysis KW - Classification KW - Coefficients KW - Correlation analysis KW - Equations KW - Field tests KW - Geology KW - Histograms KW - Indiana KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Planning KW - Regression analysis KW - Resistance KW - Rock mechanics KW - Rock tests KW - Rocks KW - Shale KW - Slaking KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179501 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Aaron, R AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Peat, Marwick and Partners AU - Casciato, White and Associates TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: APPENDIX C--EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1977/07 SP - 27 p. AB - This report documents a study of the feasibility of using automatic vehicle identifications (AVI) technology and automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) technology for purposes of traffic management. Several traffic management strategies for which AVI or AVM may potentially be useful are examined in detail: congestion pricing, traffic restraint, truck restrictions, preferential lane usage, corridor control, and traffic signal control. For each application, the relative costs and effectiveness of AVI or AVM as opposed to the best non-AVI method are compared. General conclusions on the applicability of AVI and AVM to traffic management are presented. This appendix discusses several potential applications of AVM technology to traffic signal control and fleet management. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Congestion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Prices KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179499 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Aaron, R AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Peat, Marwick and Partners AU - Casciato, White and Associates TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: APPENDIX A--REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AND CANDIDATE APPLICATIONS PY - 1977/07 SP - 55 p. AB - This report documents a study of the feasibility of using automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology and automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) technology for purposes of traffic management. Several traffic management strategies for which AVI or AVM may potentially be useful are examined in detail: congestion pricing, traffic restraint, truck restrictions, preferential lane usage, corridor control, and traffic signal control. For each application, the relative costs and effectiveness of AVI or AVM as opposed to the best non-AVI method are compared. General conclusions on the applicability of AVI and AVM to traffic management are presented. This appendix describes several AVI technologies which may be applied for purposes of traffic management. In addition, 16 candidate traffic management applications are identified and discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Congestion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Prices KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179500 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Aaron, R AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Peat, Marwick and Partners AU - Casciato, White and Associates TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: APPENDIX B--EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1977/07 SP - 38 p. AB - This report documents a study of the feasibility of using automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology and automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) technology for purpose of traffic management. Several traffic management strategies for which AVI or AVM may potentially be useful are examined in detail: congestion pricing, traffic restraint, truck restrictions, preferential lane usage, corridor control, and traffic signal control. For each application, the relative costs and effectiveness of AVI or AVM as opposed to the best non-AVI method are compared. General conclusions on the applicability of AVI and AVM to traffic management are presented. This appendix contains a summary of AVI technology for traffic management applications, including estimates of ultimate unit costs. These cost estimates are then used to develop detailed cost and effectiveness estimates of using AVI for five potential traffic management strategies. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Congestion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Prices KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172038 AU - Janoff, M S AU - Koth, B AU - McCunney, W AU - Freedman, M AU - Duerk, C AU - Berkovitz, M AU - Franklin Institute TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY ARTERIAL LIGHTING. DESIGN GUIDE PY - 1977/07 SP - 177 p. AB - This research was undertaken to evaluate the cost-benefits of arterial lighting treatments in terms of traffic safety and eneryg use. As a result, a Design Guide has been developed to assist potential users in conducting cost-benefit analyses of lighting changes at specific locations. This Design Guide provides instructions for using a computer program to determine visibility on arterial streets and a method for conducting a cost-benefit analysis of new and upgraded lighting systems. In addition to this Design Guide, a Final Report (FHWA-RD-77-37) has been prepared to summarize the results of this research. The results have shown that arterial streets with high population density, in CBD areas, with low visibility have higher accident potential than arterial streets with low population density, in Other areas with high visibility. Regression equations have been developed which predict dry, nighttime accident potential based on population density, area type and visibility. In addition, the results have also shown that more cost beneficial lighting systems can be designed using HPS rather than Mercury luminaires. /Author/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Central business districts KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Luminaires KW - Night KW - Residential areas KW - Sodium lamps KW - Sodium vapor lamps KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172048 AU - Saxton, B V AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CRUSHED STONE, AGGREGATE TOP SIZE AND BINDER TYPE ON AETM PROPERTIES PY - 1977/07 SP - 146 p. AB - This study reports the findings of a laboratory investigation to determine the effect of selected parameters on asphalt emulsion treated mixtures (AETM). The modified Marhsall method developed by Dr. Gadallah was used as the evaluation criteria throughout the study. The work is divided into three separate phases. The first is an extension of Dr. Gadallah's work to cover crushed limestone aggregate. In this first phase the effects of curing time, aggregate gradation, asphalt emulsion content and moisture added to the dry aggregate on selected mix parameters were investigated. In the second phase a comparison between asphalt cement and asphalt emulsion binders was made for two aggregate types and three asphalt contents. In the last phase a preliminary investigation of testing large size aggregates in samples six inches (15.24 cm) in diameter was evaluated for the effect of sample size, aggregate top size, gradation and asphalt emulsion content. It was found that only the level of curing, aggregate type and level of binder content had a consistently significant effect on the AETM properties measured by the Marshall test. /Author/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Binders KW - Concrete curing KW - Crushed limestone KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Marshall test KW - Moisture content KW - Sample size KW - Statistical sampling KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172035 AU - Gusakov, I AU - Tapia, G A AU - Bogdan, L AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated TI - EFFECT OF TIRE WEAR ON SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1977/07 SP - 41 p. AB - The Calspan Advanced Tire Research Facility was utilized to measure, under controlled laboratory conditions, the braking traction coefficients of ASTM E501 tires as a function of tread depth, velocity and water film thickness. Data were collected using shaved and used (road worn) tires in the slip ratio range from 0 to -1. At constant speed, braking traction coefficients for shaved tires linearly decreased with decreasing tread depth with the rate of loss of traction increasing with velocity and water film thickness. Test results for the used tires did not correlate with those for the shaved tires. Braking traction coefficients for the former exhibited no consistent sensitivity to tread depth at constant speed. The report discusses certain aspects of the tire specimens which may have affected the test results and presents recommendations for mitigating these conditions in future tests. /Author/ KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Digestion KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Skid resistance KW - Testing KW - Thickness KW - Tires KW - Water KW - Water film UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169776 AU - Stadtherr, R J AU - Newsom, D W AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF GROUND COVERS FOR NON-MOWABLE AND LOCKED-IN AREAS ON LOUISIANA INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS PY - 1977/07 SP - 30 p. AB - This research involved testing the various low-growing, low-maintenance ground-cover plants for their use in plantings along highways in sun and shade for areas which present problems in being unmowable or dangerous-to-mow places. Five sites were used. After 3 years of growing over 200 different groundcover plants, 21 most promising ones have been chosen for a closer study. KW - Acclimatization KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Building sites KW - Erosion control KW - Field tests KW - Ground cover KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Louisiana KW - Maintenance KW - Plant growth KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Ratings KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168918 AU - Peter, R R AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLES AFFECTING AIR QUALITY INSTRUMENT OPERATION PY - 1977/07 SP - 82 p. AB - When an air pollution monitoring system is put into operation, it should be analyzed to determine whether system variables will affect the output of analytical instruments within the system. An analysis of the monitoring system of a Caltrans air pollution research van is presented. This analysis investigates the effects of several system variables on instrument response, including the length of the sample intake lines, variation in instrument supply voltage, van interior temperature, soiling of intake line filters and the retention time of air samples in teflon bags. Where system variables are found to affect instrument response, regression equations were developed which correct for the effects of these variables. KW - Air pollution KW - Building sites KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Gas analysis KW - Gas detectors KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Instrumentation KW - Location KW - Methane KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Numerical analysis KW - Ozone KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Regression analysis KW - Sampling KW - Sulfur dioxide KW - Tables (Data) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166432 AU - Chang, C AU - Feather, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING SYSTEM PY - 1977/06/21 AB - A computer program was written and tested that performs a realistic Wave Equation Analysis of Piles driven by any type of impact hammer. Conventional pile and soil models were used in addition to both a thermodynamic model for diesels and refined mechanical hammer models. The program development was aimed at providing a simple input and both a flexible and extensive output that includes automatic plotting capabilities. Pile Driving Hammer data were prepared and stored in a file for most of the commonly encountered models. The computer language is Fortran IV. The program was extensively tested against measured pile top force and velocity data and against measured diesel combustion pressure and stroke. This program uses a method of analysis known as the Wave Equation. It has been used to predict impact stress in piles at the time of driving. This information makes it possible for the engineer to answer such questions as: Can a given hammer drive a pile to the required depth of penetration; Will excessive stresses be induced in pile or hammer during driving; What cushion is necessary to limit driving stresses. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Diesel engines KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Impact strength KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Shock resistance KW - Software KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing KW - Thermodynamics KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/58632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173228 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN COLLISIONS INVOLVING VEHICLES PARKED OR STOPPED ON HIGHWAY SHOULDERS PY - 1977/06/16 SP - 22 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to highlight the problems which contribute to highway shoulder accidents and recommend possible solutions. Of the 58 accidents investigated, negligent and non emergency parking of vehicles, by both commercial and non-commercial drivers accounted for 21% of the accidents. Drivers dozing at the wheel and allowing their vehicles to travel onto the paved shoulders of the highways accounted for 53% of the accidents. Highway shoulders are intended for use by motorists in emergency situations only, and generally for short periods of time. The study notes that drivers did not awaken in most cases until the collision occurred with the parked vehicle. There were no tire markings until impact which indicates that brake application was not made by the driver prior to collision. The use of rumble strips might be considered on road shoulders thus giving the motorist an audible sound When he leaves the traveled lane of the roadway. The report recommends that a "rumble effect" be studied as a means of alerting dozing drivers. Adequate signing and mapping that provides adequate information about rest areas is necessary. Additional pedestrian advisory information by signing or other means is also recommended. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Noise KW - Parking KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185277 AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - DESIGN OF A ZERO-MAINTENANCE PLAIN JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT, VOLUME ONE-DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1977/06/08 SP - 261 p. AB - Comprehensive procedures for the structural design of "zero-maintenance" plain jointed concrete pavements for heavily trafficked roadways are development. The term "zero-maintenance" refers to the structural adequacy of the pavement lanes and shoulder. Thus, a "zero-maintenance" pavement would not require maintenance such as patching, joint repair, crack repair, grinding, and overlays. The design procedures are based upon results from long-term field studies, comprehensive mechanistic analyses, and laboratory studies. Both a serviceability-performance analysis and a concrete fatigue analysis are used in the structural design. Procedures are developed for designing the concrete slab, subbase, shoulders, joints and subsurface drainage. Example designs are included with sensitivity and incremental cost analyses. A computer program, JCP-1, was written to assist in the design calculations. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01579726 AU - Rossano, August T AU - Bang, Greg AU - Juhasz, Paul C AU - Carsey, Frank AU - Badgley, Franklin I AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Acoustic Radar and its Applicability to Air Pollution Studies PY - 1977/06//Final Report SP - 126p AB - At the request of the Washington Department of Highways two studies have been conducted by a team of specialists at the University of Washington Air Resources Program to determine the applicability of the Acoustic Radar to air quality modeling of mobile sources. Following an exploratory investigation, a comprehensive study was undertaken in which the atmospheric structure was measured by a modified Monostatic Acoustic Radar and the derived stability conditions were compared with the commonly used Pasquill-Turner stability classes, which are based on empirical data. This comprehensive study was performed over a three month period in the fall of 1976, when an unusually persistent air stagnation existed in the study area caused by a stationary high pressure system over the entire Northwest. The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Toll Plaza in Bellevue, Washington was selected for test location. The carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured at six strategically located sampling points and then compared with the computer model predictions utilizing atmospheric stability data derived by both the Pasquill-Turner and the Radar echo methods. The results indicated that the Acoustic Radar method of determining D & E stability classes is a more realistic approach than that of the Pasquill-Turner Method. Furthermore, the Radar method can also provide continuous remote sensing and recordings of atmospheric parameters. The variation of the inversion height, as measured by the Radar echoes has shown a reasonably good correlation with the variation of the measured CO concentration. KW - Acoustic radar KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Bellevue (Washington) KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Measurement KW - Remote sensing UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/012.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01286834 JO - IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 77-16 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - - TI - ENLEVEMENT DES BANDES DE MARQUAGE PAR BRULAGE A HAUTE TEMPERATURE AVEC EXCES D'OXYGENE T2 - STRIPE REMOVAL BY HIGH TEMPERATURE BURNING WITH EXCESS OXYGEN PY - 1977/06 IS - 77-16 SP - 15P AB - CE RAPPORT COMPREND DEUX PARTIES DANS LESQUELLES SONT PRESENTEES LA CONCEPTION, LE FONCTIONNEMENT ET L'ENTRETIEN D'EQUIPEMENTS DEVELOPPES PAR LE "SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE" ET LE "MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE", CES DEUX EQUIPEMENTS ETANT BASES SUR LE MEME PRINCIPE DU BRULAGE AVEC EXCES D'OXYGENE (1 - CHIM.PEINT-SIGN : MLLE SERRES ; 2 - DOC (W)). KW - Calcination KW - Combustion KW - Entretien KW - Equipement KW - Equipment KW - Maintenance KW - MARQUAGE KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1047987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100777 AU - Thompson, Marshall R AU - Kinney, T C AU - Traylor, M L AU - Bullard, J R AU - Figueroa, J L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Report: Subgrade Stability PY - 1977/06//Final Report SP - 110p AB - Subgrade stability is a term which relates to the strength and deformation properties of the soil. Both properties significantly influence 1) the response of a subgrade to the heavy repeated loading of construction traffic and operations, 2) the ability to place and compact overlying material layers, and 3) the long-term performance of the pavement subgrade. Ideally the subgrade should be strong enough to prevent excessive rutting and shoving, and sufficiently stiff to minimize resilient deflection. In this report a) concepts for characterizing field subgrade stability conditions are developed; b) subgrade stability requirements are established for construction (sinkage and compaction considerations); c) remedial actions (undercut and backfill, moisture-density control, lime treatment of subgrades) for inadequate subgrade stability conditions are described and evaluated; and d) assessment guidelines for considering which remedial procedure(s) should be used for a particular situation are presented. Moisture-density-CBR (California bearing ratio) data for five typical Illinois soils are presented in Appendix A. Appendix B presents a documented hypothesis describing the mechanism of subgrade softening under conditions of high moisture content and heavy repeated loading. KW - Backfill soils KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Density KW - Illinois KW - Moisture content KW - Road construction KW - Soil compaction KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade stability UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176003 AU - Doty, R N AU - Mann, G W AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FULL DEPTH AC PAVEMENTS USING LAYERED ELASTIC THEORY PY - 1977/06 SP - 96 p. AB - Full depth AC pavements constructed near Indio, Blythe, and Willits, California, were instrumented during construction and subsequently tested, using slow speed loads, to measure in-situ stress, strain, and deflection. In-situ pavement temperatures and subgrade moisture contents were also measured. An interim report describing the components and procedures used for this instrumentation was published in 1973. The data have now been used to evaluate a theoretical pavement analysis procedure incorporating layered elastic theory that was under consideration as an addition to the Caltrans structural section design procedure. Due to the questionable validity of the in-situ measurements, the accuracy of the layered elastic theory approach studied could not be conclusively determined. It was concluded that the apparent instrumentation difficulties encountered will have to be overcome before a conclusive evaluation of the layered elastic theory approach can be completed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - California KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165185 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Koziol, J S AU - Mengert, P H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SPEED CONTROL SIGNS FOR SMALL RURAL TOWNS PY - 1977/06 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-31 AB - This article describes the results of a comprehensive experiment dealing with speed control and driver behavior when approaching and driving through small town speed zones on a high-speed, rural, two-lane highway. The basic objective of the experiment was to develop safe practical traffic control devices which alert drivers to the need for speed reduction when approaching concentrated areas of rural population and invoke voluntary compliance with the speed regulatory devices, thereby increasing safety in vehicle operation. Twelve different configurations of speed limit signs and warning devices were evaluated. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Speed control KW - Speed control signs KW - Speed signs KW - Traffic control devices KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199089 AU - Huang, B K AU - Chen, Y R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOCUMENTATION ON DIGITAL SIMULATAION ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN PY - 1977/06 SP - 182 p. AB - The research on digital simulation analysis for evaluating earth berm design and vehicle dynamics was initiated in May 1973 to provide realistic dynamic simulation and computer-aided design using several versions of highway-vehicle-object simulation model (HVOSM). During the course of this research, critical evaluation was made on the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety, as well as applicability of HVOSM on various analyses. Calspan versions V-3, V-4, V-7, Texas Transportation Institute version with vehicle-body terrain interactions, University of Michigan version with soft earth routine were extensively applied and both analytical and graphical outputs were improved and enhanced. Shrub impact subroutine was developed to provide an alternate energy-dissipating means for roadside environmental safety. This documentation was written as a manual to provide general information on various versions of HVOSM and shrub impact routine for a user to obtain general understanding of the simulation, to submit a run for obtaining both tabular and graphical outputs, and to interpret the results. The examples are provided to illustrate an effective utilization of the concepts and simulation techniques so as to achieve workable solutions to real problems. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Digital simulation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Evaluation KW - Geometry KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Railroad tracks KW - Safety engineering KW - Shrubs KW - Subroutines KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182050 AU - Nix, H D AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT. PHASE 3. CEDAR CREEK. SECTION VIII: DETERMINATION OF ARCH BARRELL DISPLACEMENT FIELD PY - 1977/06 SP - 120 p. AB - Photogrammetric methods were employed to assess the displacement field for fifteen points along the intrados of a 22-ft (6.7 m) arch culvert buried under 191 ft (58 m) of embankment at Cedar Creek. Photos were taken on astronomical glass plates from two positions by a stereometric camera, and a comparator was used to establish coordinates. Progressive displacements were calculated at intervals of embankment construction. Coordinate planes established in the photogrammetric process differed from those used in the neutral point and finite element analyses so that correlations of observed and quasi-theoretical results required application of a series of transformations to the former. Section VIII of the report describes the transformation algorithm and provides a program listing and plots of transformed displacements. KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Photogrammetric surveys KW - Photogrammetry KW - Pore pressure KW - Soil mechanics KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182039 AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT. PHASE 3. CEDAR CREEK PY - 1977/06 SP - 1798p-in 1 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182040 AU - Davis, R E AU - Nix, H D AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH CULVERT. PHASE 3. CEDAR CREEK. SECTION I: INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1977/06 SP - 94 p. AB - A 22-ft (6.7 m) arch culvert, embedded in a highway embankment under 191 ft (58 m) of overfill, was heavily instrumental to evaluate relative behavior of standard and rigid structural sections subjected to two backfill parameters: (1) Method B backfill (baled straw surrounding barrel); and (2) Method A backfill (no soft inclusion). Section I traces the history of California's arch culvert research, describes the prototype and instrumentation thereof, and discusses third phase objectives, conclusions and recommendations for implementation, viz.: (1) Soil stress-overfill functions were approximately linear; (2) Soil stress profiles at the extrados differed greatly and unconservatively from assumed design distributions; (3) Soil stresses increased after attainment of maximum overfills over sideslope sections but not after embankment completion; (4) Foundation stresses verified vertical, static equilibrium; (5) Embankment soil stresses paralleled neighboring, interface, extrados stresses, but many were sub-hydrostatic; (6) Vertical footing settlements approached 3 ins. (7.5 cm), but differential settlements were small; (7) Characteristic footing rotations occurred, significantly influencing structural behavioral; (8) Expensive, timber cross-bracing proved to be of questionable value; (9) Neutral point analyses correctly assessed barrel moments, displacements and stresses, but axial thrusts appeared to be greatly influenced by thermal stresses; (10) Settlement ratio analyses indicated a 'ditch condition' for Method A backfill with bounds inside the arch barrel; (11) Finite element analyses produced encouraging results for the section with Method B backfill. Distress appeared earlier and was ultimately greater for arch sections under the straw; however, the construction method produces a very predictable soil stress distribution. Based on past experience, the report does not advocate it; however, precautions are offered for potential users. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - California KW - Culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Footings KW - Highways KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Soil mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181429 AU - Nayak, B C AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1977/06 SP - 148 p. AB - Presently there are no overlay design procedures or criteria for determining the structural value of existing pavement and its remaining life and for evaluating how the layers will function in an overlaid pavement. Furthermore, none considers fatigue, a primary failure mode or mechanism. Recently, Austin Research Engineers, Inc., under a Federal Highway Administration contract, developed a design procedure using elastic layered theory in an analytical model for overlays of rigid pavements which takes these factors into account. The procedure includes a computer program, RPOD1, which performs various aspects of the analysis required for the design. Depending on the type of existing surface conditions, void, bond, and materials used in the overlays, 22 combinations of pavements and overlays are possible. RPOD1 involves nearly 17 independent variables and the final response is the overlay thickness suitable for the projected traffic. This report describes a sensitivity analysis to establish the relative importance of the independent variables to the response, i.e., the required thickness. For the analysis, the standard deviation is selected as a basis of sensitivity to facilitate interpretation of the final results. Based on the study of the sensitivity, it is recommended that the method be adapted for use in the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Factor analysis KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity KW - Standard deviation KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167398 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Paulsen, R J AU - Glennon, J C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT AND SPEED STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES PY - 1977/06 AB - The report includes results of two studies of construction zone traffic control. The first study involved analysis of traffic accidents occurring in 79 zones in seven states. Results indicate a before to during accident rate increase of 6.8%. Results also include breakdowns by accident types, severity, light conditions, roadway type, area type, work area roadway type, construction type and state. The second study was field testing of speed reduction methods. Speeds, erratic maneuvers and conflicts were measured at three sites--an urban freeway, a rural freeway, and an urban street. The field studies examined the effect of the following construction zone parameters on vehicle speeds and safety: Sequential flashing arrow boards; speed zoning (advisory and regulatory); enforcement; transverse striping; obliteration of nonappropriate pavement markings; taper length; lane width reduction; and active warning of speed zoning. Recommended guidelines for construction zone traffic controls are also included. KW - Construction KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban areas KW - Warning signs KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/58636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179489 AU - Fiering, M B AU - Sharpin, R E AU - Young, G K AU - Meta Systems, Incorporated TI - ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS PROGRAM: VOLUME I-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1977/06 SP - 226 p. AB - A State-by-State assessment is made of the current status of the National Small Rural Watersheds Program with regard to adequacy of Data collection and analysis. Methodology is recommended for flood frequency estimation to replace currently used biased approaches. Concepts of risk aversion are discussed, and decision criteria based on economic considerations are incorporated into the hydrologic evaluation. Stream gaging programs of various gaging densities for 48 States are evaluated and recommendations made for continuation or termination of the programs based on FHWA objectives of drainage culvert design. /FHWA/ KW - Culverts KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Economic analysis KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179490 AU - Fiering, M B AU - Sharpin, R E AU - Young, G K AU - Meta Systems, Incorporated TI - ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS PROGRAM: VOLUME 2-APPENDICES PY - 1977/06 SP - 295 p. AB - A State-by-State assessment is made of the current status of the National Small Rural Watersheds Program with regard to adequacy of data collection and analysis. Methodology is recommended for flood frequency estimation to replace currently used biased approaches. Concepts of risk aversion are discussed, and decision criteria based on economic considerations are incorporated into the hydrologic evaluation. Stream gaging programs of various gaging densities for 78 States are evaluated and recommendations made for continuation or termination of the programs based on FHWA objectives of drainage culvert design. /FHWA/ KW - Culverts KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Economic analysis KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335947 AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIRE ANALYSIS PROGRAM PACKAGE: COMPUTER PROGRAM MANUAL. VOLUME II PY - 1977/06 SP - 165 p. AB - This report presents the theory and results developed during an analytical and experimental investigation of tire-pavement interaction. An analytical tire model, developed from a finite element computer program, is utilized in a new approach to tire-pavement contact analysis. An analytical model for the deformation and adhesion components of rubber friction is also described. The fast Fourier transform is utilized in calculation of the tire-pavement friction coefficient (as a function of idealized pavement surface characteristics) and in the calculation of the contact pressure distribution produced by the analytical tire model. (FHWA) KW - Adhesion KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Manuals KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Rolling contact KW - Simulation KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335948 AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIRE ANALYSIS PROGRAM PACKAGE: USER'S MANUAL. VOLUME III PY - 1977/06 SP - 143 p. AB - This report presents the theory and results developed during an analytical and experimental investigation of tire-pavement interaction. An analytical tire model, developed from a finite element computer program, is utilized in a new approach to tire-pavement contact analysis. An analytical model for the deformation and adhesion components of rubber friction is also described. The fast Fourier transform is utilized in calculation of the tire-pavement friction coefficient (as a function of idealized pavement surface chracteristics) and in the calculation of the contact pressure distribution produced by the analytical tire model. (FHWA) KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Fourier transforms KW - Manuals KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Rolling contact KW - Simulation KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198210 AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BALTIMORE REGION BIKEWAYS, A DRAFT PLAN PY - 1977/06 SP - 48 p. AB - The recent growth in bicycling has created a need to develop bikeways and other bicycle support facilities in the Baltimore region. Agencies and jurisdictions within the region initially responded to this need by developing bikeway facilities on an individual basis. However, it soon became apparent that a more coordinated approach was necessary for effective bikeway planning. A regional bikeway study was initiated in September 1975 as part of the region's Unified Transportation Planning Program, and the study facilitated the development of the regional bikeways plan. The plan consists of a system of priority and future routes for Baltimore City, Anne Arundel County, Baltimore County and Harford County. The routes are designed to be continous between jurisdictions and to provide a truly regional system. A set of guidelines for bikeway design and construction and recommendations for developing bicycle support facilities are also included. KW - Bicycles KW - Construction KW - Cyclists KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Maryland KW - Recommendations KW - Regional planning KW - Routes KW - Rural areas KW - Suburbs KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00168033 JO - Highway and Urban Mass Transportation PB - Department of Transportation AU - Bade, N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARKETING: TRANSIT'S DELIVERANCE OR PASSING FAD? PY - 1977/06 SP - p. 4-7 AB - Marketing can ultimately strengthen understanding of local transportation needs between the citizenry, governmental officials, planners, highway engineers, and transit operators. After all, its unique tools for gathering and analyzing attitudinal data as well as behavioral information from the entire community offer a way to identify the total community's mobility needs--as the public sees them. Ultimately, then, marketing could be the catalyst pulling highway and transit-development projects together into a total transportation program that fully meets today's urban needs. But it all starts with marketing's fundamental principle: Identify and satisfy people's needs. /GMRL/ KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Community values KW - Marketing KW - Needs assessment KW - Social values KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165216 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Linden, P J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AGGREGATE PLANNING MODEL PY - 1977/06 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - An urban transportation sketch planning procedure is described and three basic requirements of sketch planning techniques including ease of input preparation, efficient use of computers, for those techniques using computers, and relevant and easily understood outputs are discussed. KW - City planning KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Transportation KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00300756 AU - Huang, B K AU - Chen, Y R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - DOCUMENTATION ON DIGITAL SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN PY - 1977/06 SP - 168 p. AB - The research on digital simulation analysis for evaluating earth berm design and vehicle dynamics was intitiated in May 1973 to provide realistic dynamicsimulation and computer-aided design using several versions of highway-vehicle-object simulation modal (HVOSM). During the course of this research, critical evaluation was made on the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety, as well as applicability of HVOSM on various analyses. Calspan versions V-3, V-4, V-7, Texas Transportation Institute version with vehicle-body terrain interactions, University of Michigan version with soft earth routine were extensively applied and both analytical and graphical outputs were improved and enhanced. Shrub impact subroutine was developed to provide an alternate energy-dissipating means for roadside environmental safety. This documentation was written as a manual to provide general information on various versions of HVOSM and shrub impact routine for a user to obtain general understanding of the simulation, to submit a run for obtaining both tabular and graphical outputs, and to interpret the results. The examples are provided to illustrate an effective utilization of the concepts and simulation techniques so as to achieve workable solutions to real problems. /Author KW - Berms KW - Computer aided design KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Earth KW - Environmental engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195595 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Majidzadeh (Kamran) TI - OBSERVATIONS OF FIELD PERFORMANCE OF CONTINOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN OHIO PY - 1977/06 SP - 143 p. AB - This report documents the fact that the Chang-Majidzadeh design criteria can be used to predict crack spacing in CRC pavement structures. The Chang-Majidzadeh model is also found to be in agreement with the NCHRP proposed design criteria. The major points of agreement are as follows: The optimum average cracking spacing in CRC pavements is 5 feet. Crack spacings smaller than 5 and greater than 8 feet are not desirable. Crack spacing is more uniform in thicker CRC pavements (9") than in thin pavements (6"). Depth of steel reinforcement has a significant influence on crack spacing. As the ratio of steel depth to pavement thickness increases, an increase in crack spacing results. That is, the placement of steel at depths above mid-depth results in closer crack spacing. The results of the analysis indicate that the location of steel reinforcement affects the crack opening. The placement of steel reinforcement below mid-depth results in excessive crack opening. This finding is in agreement with the results of field observations. Optimum crack spacing, crack opening and steel stress are greatly dependent on the environmental conditions during the curing period. Air temperature and climatic conditions such as cloud cover (radiation flux) affect the temperature distribution in the pavement concrete during the plastic and hardened states. Temperature variations during early curing periods, and the temperature differential during the service life affect the pavement performance. /FHWA/ KW - Climate KW - Concrete curing KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field performance KW - Forecasting KW - Location KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spacing KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189366 AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - DESIGN DATA AND TRENDS OF CURVED BRIDGES PY - 1977/06 SP - 43 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present a summary of design data used for determining the stress distribution in curved girder bridge systems. This data is divided into two categories, depending on the bridge type, i.e., 1) Curved I Girders, 2) Curved Box Girders. The resulting data permits rapid evaluation of induced forces and diaphragm requirements. /FHWA/ KW - Biology KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - I beams KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188504 AU - Little, R J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE REHABILITATED AASHO TEST ROAD. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/06 SP - 19 p. AB - This report summarizes the performance of rigid and flexible pavements of the Rehabilitated AASHO Test Road under regular interstate traffic over a period of twelve years. Presented is a brief problem statement, objectives, conclusions, research approach and implementation. A list of reports with abstracts included in Phase I is given. /FHWA/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Abstracts KW - Bibliographies KW - Flexible pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185278 AU - Darter, M I AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - DESIGN OF ZERO MAINTENANCE PLAIN JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT, VOLUME TWO-DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1977/06 SP - 161 p. AB - This manual is an engineering guide for the design of heavily trafficked plain jointed concrete pavements to provide "zero-maintenance" performance over a selected design period. The term "zero-maintenance" refers only to structural maintenance such as patching, crack repair, slab replacement, grinding of faults, and overlay. Procedures are included for designing the concrete slab, subbase, shoulders, joints, and subsurface drainage. A computer program (JCP-1) is used to provide serviceability/performance and fatigue data for the structural design of the pavement. These procedures were developed based on nationwide field studies, long term performance data of in-service pavements, comprehensive mechanistic analyses, and results from laboratory studies. The manual includes specific recommendations for obtaining all necessary inputs and for performing the strucural design. A detailed design example for a heavily trafficked freeway pavement is provided, including a sensitivity analysis of the major design factors. Input guides and output listings for the JCP-1 program are included. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Engineering KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Freeways KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188518 AU - Schapery, R A AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - INVESTIGATION OF TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION DURING MANEUVERING PY - 1977/06 SP - 251 p. AB - This report presents the theory and results developed during an analytical and experimental investigation of tire-pavement interaction. An analytical tire model, developed from a finite element computer program, is utilized in a new approach to tire-pavement contact analysis. An analytical model for the deformation and adhesion components of rubber friction is also described. The fast Fourier transform is utilized in calculation of the tire-pavement friction coefficient (as a function of idealized pavement surface characteristics) and in the calculation of the contract pressure distribution produced by the analytical tire model. A computer program manual and a user's manual, FHWA-RD-78-102 and FHWA-RD-78-103, respectively, are available separately from NTIS. /FHWA/ KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Rolling contact KW - Simulation KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188503 AU - Little, F J AU - McKenzie, L J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENT TEST SECTIONS IN THE REHABILITATED AASHO TEST ROAD PY - 1977/06 SP - 99 p. AB - The performance of the original portland cement concrete pavement sections from the AASHO Test Road has been studied. Findings indicate that the original AASHO performance equation for rigid pavements predicted a greater servcie life expectation for the thicker pavement slabs than was being observed. To agree with the observed performance, a modified performance equation that slightly increased the performance expectation for the pavement sections 8.0 in. (203 mm) thick and reduced the expectation for the pavement sections 9.5 in. (241 mm), 11.0 in. (279 mm) and 12.5 in. (318 mm) thick was developed. Stabilized aggregate subbases, expecially the BAM, improved rigid pavement performance. On the BAM subbase, rigid pavement sections developed fewer major cracks, and pavements with joints spaced at 100 ft (30.5 m) had the most uniform winter joint opening. Dowel bar corrosion was the primary cause of joint lockup in the rigid pavement test sections. Stabilized aggregate mixtures, used as the base course in flexible pavements, had variable effects on pavement behavior. On the BAM base, the flexible pavements were smoothest. On the CAM base, transverse cracks formed which "tented" in freezing weather. On the granular base, area cracking was the primary form of pavement distress and the deepest ruts formed. But formation was reduced on the rigid base and the least rutting developed where asbestos fiber filler was used in lieu of part of the filler. /FHWA/ KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Asbestos KW - Asbestos fillers KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Service life KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subbase materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185249 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Majidzadeh (Kamran) TI - PAVEMENT CONDITION EVALUATION UTILIZING DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS PY - 1977/06 SP - 189 p. AB - In this study, the research efforts were directed toward the development of pavement condition evaluation techniques and analysis procedures for flexible and rigid overlay pavement design. This investigation also included a detailed field evaluation of an experimental portland cement concrete pavement and the analysis of deflection responses of various test sites. A stepwise regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the relative significance of various design and construction variables on the pavement deflection under load. Various techniques recommended for pavement condition evaluation of pavement structures is reviewed and the Lin-Majidzadeh investigation of dimensional analysis using the pi term concept is presented. It is shown that the dimensional analysis provides a simple graphical solution to the design of flexible pavements utilizing the results of field investigation. A stepwise regression analysis of pavement deflection parameters indicated that the subgrade modulus, base course thickness and base type and drainage are among the most important parameters affecting deflection. The investigation of pavement joint movement as a result of temperature variation indicated that pavement movement due to expansion or contraction is linear. In this study a typical analysis procedure for overlay design of rigid pavements is presented. The results of deflection measurements are translated into pavement layer moduli and pavement stresses are calculated. Furthermore, temperature correction curves were developed using pavement deflection parameters, such as SCI, W sub 1 and SP. A relationship between pavement moduli and temperature was also developed. The procedures for determination of a temperature correction factor using the temperature dependency curves of the deflection parameters is recommended. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Contraction KW - Drainage KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Regression analysis KW - Rigid pavements KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185258 AU - Snethen, D R AU - Johnson, L D AU - Patrick, D M AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXPEDIENT METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPANSIVE SOILS PY - 1977/06 SP - 48 p. AB - This report concludes an evaluation of expedient methodology for identifying and qualitatively classifying potentially expansive soils. Seventeen published techniques used for identification/classification purposes were reviewed and evaluated using data collected from an extensive laboratory testing program. A definition of potential swell that is more consistent with field simulation requirements and more representative of in situ volume change behavior is presented. The results of the evaluation of published techniques reveal that the best techniques and thus the best indicators of potential swell are the liquid limit and plasticity index. Other significant indicator properties ranked in descending order are: liquid limit and natural water content combined; shrinkage limit and plasticity index; and shrinkage limit and linear shrinkage. The results of the statistical analysis of the laboratory data confirm the findings of the evaluation of the published techniques. A classification system more consistent with the definition of potential swell and using the liquid limit, plasticity index, and natural soil suction was developed and is presented. Guidelines for the recommended usage of the classification system are given. /FHWA/ KW - Linear elasticity KW - Linear shrinkage KW - Liquid limits KW - Plasticity index KW - Reviews KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage limit KW - Soil classification KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Swell KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55861/FHWA-RD-77-94.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182640 AU - Behn, F E AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT TEXTURE ON SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1977/06 SP - 38 p. AB - This report covers the results of an investigation into the characteristics of typical Ohio pavement surfaces relative to surface texture. By means of measurement of surface texture depth by the sand patch method, and by skid tests at 40 and 55 miles per hour speeds, information on typical values of speed gradients and wear factors was developed. Some conclusions are drawn on the skid resistance levels found on typical pavements and on the use of these parameters to describe pavement surface friction properties, Recommendations are made for reducing in the future the number of pavements which exhibit skid resistance problems. /FHWA/ KW - Depth KW - Highway grades KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178797 AU - Steward, J AU - Williamson, R AU - MOHNEY, J AU - US Forest Service TI - GUIDELINES FOR USE OF FABRICS IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS PY - 1977/06 SP - 171 p. AB - Engineering fabrics for highway construction and maintenance, are increasingly being used in a variety of ways: as filters for subsurface drainage; as separation barriers to prevent the contamination of base courses; as subgrade restraining layers for weak subgrades; as earth reinforcement for retaining walls; as erosion control barriers; and for other uses. To facilitate greater uses of these fabrics, this publication has been published. Written by the Forest Service for its employees, this publication is a compendium of information and advice on the many uses of fabrics in roadway construction. Although written for low-volume roads, the principle expounded apply to all roads. /FHWA/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Erosion control KW - Fabrics KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Road construction KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178767 AU - Crumley, J A AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - FATIGUE AND REPEATED-LOAD ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INSERVICE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1977/06 SP - 62 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of an investigation of the resilient elastic and fatigue behavior of inservice concrete from pavements in Texas. Static indirect tensile tests were conducted in order to estimate the average tensile strength of each of the four projects tested. Repeated-load indirect tensile tests were conducted to determine the fatigue and resilient characteristics and the relationship between fatigue life and stress/strength ratio. Deformation measurements were taken during fatigue testing in order to determine the resilient elastic properties of the material and the changes in these properties during the test period. In addition, estimates of the variation in fatigue life and elastic properties were made. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Deformation KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatalities KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repeated loads KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179491 AU - Fiering, M B AU - Sharpin, R E AU - Young, G K AU - Meta Systems, Incorporated TI - ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS PROGRAM: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/06 SP - 19 p. AB - A State-by-State assessment is made of the current status of the National Small Rural Watersheds Program with regard to adequacy of data collection and analysis. Methodology is recommended for flood frequency estimation to replace currently used biased approaches. Concepts of risk aversion are discussed, and decision criteria based on economic considerations are incorporated into the hydrologic evaluation. Stream gaging programs of various gaging densities for 48 States are evaluated and recommendations made for continuation or termination of the programs based on FHWA objectives of drainage culvert design. /FHWA/ KW - Culverts KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Economic analysis KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179494 AU - Masch, F D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SUMMARY REPORT FROM WORKSHOP ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS PY - 1977/06 SP - 84 p. AB - American highway organizations are constantly faced with complex problems regarding stream crossings with the more challenging situations lying in low gradient streams common in the southeastern United States. Conventional and empirical one-dimensional methods are sometimes found to be inadequate and may eventually be supplanted by more sophisticated two-dimensional analytical methods. The subject workshop was conducted in order to consolidate ideas and opinions covering the feasibility of future development of two-dimensional mathematical models as might be applied to hydraulic problems. It was determined during the Workshop that finite difference and finite element models are both viable and comprehensive approaches, with the latter appearing to offer considerable promise for adaptability to a wide range of problems. Two-dimensional models are not adequately developed for highway problems and are in need of further investigation and study. Physical models are useful, but expense and facility requirements limit their use to less than that possible with mathematical models. Data requirements for mathematical model development and operation are substantial and more programs should be established to collect information for these efforts. Insurance, disasters, and environmental programs demand a furtherance in the field of mathematical models as applied to highway hydraulic problems. While future funding commitments are necessary but remained unspecified in the subject workshop, the idea of a future conference on this subject, after some specific studies have been made, was well received. A positive spirit of cooperation and unity of purpose was evident from the Workshop. KW - Bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Hydraulics KW - Mathematical models KW - Streams KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179496 AU - Saxton, L AU - Schenck, C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - DIVERSION AND CORRIDOR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE PY - 1977/06 SP - 33 p. AB - The report describes the Atlantique Corridor System which is a major traffic corridor diversion system in the west to southwest area of France. A high quality traffic diversion system was also reviewed in the Frankfurt-Darmstadt area of West Germany. This system is not as large geographically as the system in France but is more sophisticated in design and operation. Finally, a detailed review of a highway radio information system in West Germany, known as ALI, is also presented. The report includes a number of items on other traffic control systems which were observed during the study. KW - Driver information systems KW - Foreign KW - Radio transmission KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transmission KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176286 AU - Missouri State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A ONE-POINT COMPACTION TEST FOR MISSOURI SOILS. STUDY 76-1 PY - 1977/06 SP - 25 p. AB - A family of curves for use with a one-point compaction test was developed from over 500 AASHTO T-99, Method C laboratory moisture-density relations tests. The family of curves is considered applicable to all Missouri soils, except those defined as coarse grained or organic, within a maximum dry density range of 88-120 pcf. Accuracy of field test procedures and methods of compaction control were related to laboratory results. KW - Accuracy KW - Compaction tests KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Missouri KW - Reproducibility KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil compaction test KW - Soil tests KW - Soil water KW - Test procedures UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP76-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178334 AU - Underwood, J P AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY SAVING METHODS OF RESTORING PAVEMENT SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1977/06 SP - 35 p. AB - The need to conserve natural resources has become a major concern to highway engineers everywhere. This concern has manifested itself in several ways, one of which is the attempt to restore the functional characteristics of a pavement without consuming large amounts of additional resources such as aggregates, asphalts and fuel. This study investigated several procedures and techniques which were designed to upgrade pavements without the expenditure of large amounts of additional resources. Asphaltic pavements were recycled with both open-flame heating and radiant heating, treated with rejuvenating agents, and sprinkled with skid resistant stones. Resulting structural integrity ranged from dubious to fair. Skid resistance was generally improved but it had a tendency to quickly drop on the sections which had not been treated with skid resistant stones. The Portland cement concrete pavement test section was blasted with high pressure water sprays in an effort to improve the skid resistance. The technique proved effective but the improvement was short-lived. /Author/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Conservation KW - Energy KW - Heating KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenation KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176038 AU - Tallard, G R AU - Caron, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL GROUTS FOR SOILS. VOLUME II. ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE MATERIALS PY - 1977/06 SP - 400 p. AB - The essence of this research is the search for more economical grouts not directly dependent on petroleum. The study has required an extensive investigation of 75 years of knowledge on chemical grouts in order to clear out the present diaspora of products. From this, a general classification of chemical grouts has been proposed, based on the nature of the major component. The grout materials were evaluated on the basis of several factors: injectability, permeability, setting time, strength of pure grout, strength of grouted soil, durability, toxicity. Grout families of substantial interest have been tested following these standards; further, a selected number of grouts have been tested for possible improvement. These tests indicate that lignochrome gels and furan resin derivatives are particularly promising. Volume II defines seven criteria to be used in grout evaluation: viscosity, setting time, permeability, intrinsic strength, strength of treated ground, durability and toxicity, and recommends standard testing procedures for each. KW - Acrylamides KW - Analysis KW - Bentonite KW - Carbonates KW - Chemical composition KW - Chemical properties KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Emulsions KW - Furans KW - Furfurals KW - Groundwater KW - Grout KW - Injection KW - Mechanical properties KW - Minerals KW - Permeability KW - Silica gel KW - Silicates KW - Soils KW - Sulfites KW - Tests KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174424 AU - Tallard, G R AU - Caron, C AU - Soletanche and Rodio, Incorporated TI - CHEMICAL GROUTS FOR SOILS--VOLUME I: AVAILABLE MATERIALS AND VOLUME II: ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE MATERIALS PY - 1977/06 SP - 605 p. AB - The essence of this research is the search for more economical grouts not directly dependent on petroleum. The study has required an extensive investigation of 75 years of knowledge on chemical grouts in order to clear out the present diaspora of products. From this a general classification of chemical grouts has been proposed based on the nature of the major component. The grout materials were evaluated on the basis for several factors: injectability, permeability, setting time, strength of pure grout, strength of grouted soil, durability, toxicity. Grout families of substantial interest have been texted following these standards; further, a selected number of grouts have been tested for possible improvement. These tests indicate that lignochrome gels and furan resin derivatives are particularly promising. /Author/ KW - Chemical grouts KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Gels KW - Injection KW - Permeability KW - Resins KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176775 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - SKID RESISTANCE STUDY PY - 1977/06 SP - 92 p. AB - This report covers work accomplished in two phases for the above named project and contract number. Phase I presents the skid characteristics of 19 hot mixed dense-graded, asphaltic concrete overlay projects placed primarily to improve the riding surface. The deterioration of the skid resistance with time and traffic, mix properties and their skid characteristics, and the merits of photo-interpretation of the surface texture are discussed. Phase II presents a statistical and economical evaluation of running statewide skid resitance inventory for Louisiana. The final method of running such an inventory is presented. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Inventory KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Photointerpretation KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20112.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165915 AU - Post, T J AU - Robertson, H D AU - Price, H E AU - Alexander, G J AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USERS' GUIDE TO POSITIVE GUIDANCE PY - 1977/06 SP - 164 p. AB - Positive Guidance is a high payoff, short-range way to enhance safety of substandard facilities. This report presents three types of information to guide the user in applying Positive Guidance. Part I of this report discusses the principles, concepts and terminology underlying Positive Guidance. Part II presents the procedures for performing the eighteen activites required to accomplish Positive Guidance objectives. Part III presents three case studies to show procedure application and product variation brought on by site differences. The three case studies are urban, signalized intersection; interstate freeway segment; and, a rural two lane road. KW - Design load KW - Freeways KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban areas KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174730 AU - Comeau, C M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM MILEAGE AND TRAVEL SUMMARY FROM THE 1976 NATIONAL HIGHWAY INVENTORY AND PERFORMANCE STUDY PY - 1977/06 SP - 232 p. AB - The purpose of the report is to present nationwide functional classification mileage and travel data from the 1976 National Highway Inventory and Performance Study (NHIPS). The tables were compiled from data furnished by the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Mileage and travel data for the functionally classified systems for 1975 and 1980 and projected travel for 1990 are included. In general, tabulations are by state for rural, small urban, and urbanized area types. Certain tables contain data by small urban area population group and by individual urbanized area. Mileage and travel density characteristics are tabulated for 1975, while mileage by jurisdiction and connecting link data are reported only for the 1980 systems. KW - Classification KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Mileage KW - Puerto Rico KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Travel KW - Urban areas KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69520 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165191 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tignor, S C AU - Payne, H J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED FREEWAY INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS PY - 1977/06 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-40 AB - This article presents the results of a study on the development of improved incident detection algorithms for freeway surveillance systems. A total of 10 algorithms were defined, calibrated, tested, and evaluated. False alarm levels previously experienced with incident detection algorithms have been significantly reduced as a result of this new research. New algoirithm results are also presented relative to sensor configuration, geometric anomalies, and weather considerations. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic incident detection KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Freeways KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Incidents KW - Marshes KW - Mathematical models KW - Testing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172059 AU - Runkle, S N AU - Mahane, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SKID NUMBERS, PAVING MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN, AND ACCUMULATED TRAFFIC PY - 1977/06 SP - 14 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to determine the periods of time over which materials used in pavement surfaces provide adequate skid resistance and to classify various aggregate sources on the basis of the skid resistance qualities of the materials they produce. The objectives were achieved by evaluating the relationship between skid numbers from the Department's skid resistance survey program and various traffic volume measurements. As expected, skid resistance was found to be related to traffic volumes. It appears that total accumulated traffic volume and accumulated truck traffic volume both relate well to the skid resistance potential of aggregates. The skid resistance potential as related to accumulated traffic volumes of aggregates from various sources varies, but in most cases it is good. It is recommended that a continuing study be undertaken by the Materials Division to utilize survey skid data for aggregate sources as was done in this project. Rankings in this report should, of course, be utilized as initial information for the Materials Division program. It is further recommended that the use of aggregates be judged on the basis of the ranking for the source and the consideration of the SN sub 40 needs outlined in the report. Since most aggregates are rated "good", very little restriction in aggregate use would occur. Also, it is felt that "poor", very little restriction in aggregate use would occur. Also, it is felt that "poor" and marginally rated aggregates could be utilized in situations where high skid resistance is needed, provided projected accumulated truck traffic volumes for the life of the mix indicate that sufficiently high SN sub 40 values would be maintained. /Author/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Building materials KW - Comparative analysis KW - Mix design KW - Paving KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36288/77-R57.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172041 AU - Carey, D E AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - EVALUATION OF VACUUM PYCNOMETER PY - 1977/06 SP - 30 p. AB - This report is concerned with the evaluation of the Yale vacuum pycnometer to determine the feasibility of its use for the rapid determination of maximum specific gravity and asphalt content of bituminous paving mixtures. Asphalt contents of plant-mixed samples from four Louisiana mix types were calculated from the pycnometer determined maximum specific gravities. A comparison of these asphalt contents with both the known and the reflux extraction asphalt contents of these samples would indicate: (1) the accuracy and precision of the Yale pycnometer in determining asphalt content was equivalent to that of the reflux extraction for 3 of 4 mix types tested; and (2) the poor results obtained with the fourth mix type were caused by the inconsistent effective specific qravities associated with a highly absorptive expanded clay aggregate. /Author/ KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Evaluation KW - Expansive clays KW - Fluxes KW - Instruments for measuring density KW - Pycnometers KW - Refluxing KW - Specific gravity KW - Testing UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172052 AU - Lai, D M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF STEEL (PHASE I) PY - 1977/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This final report (Phase I) discusses the nondestructive inspection methods used by the California Department of Transportation, Transportation Laboratory for the inspection of steel bridge structures during construction. These methods are radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant. It concludes that no one method by itself will provide the assurance of a structurally sound bridge. Although the Transport Laboratory will be unable to complete Phase II of this project, it feels it is important enough to recommend it be performed by others. Additional information is included in this report on acoustic emission and the acoustic crack detector and magnetic crack definer developed by Southwest Research Institute. The information contained herein is of an informative nature similar to a "state of the art" type report. /Author/ KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Cracking KW - Liquids KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic particle testing KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Penetrants KW - Radiography KW - State of the art studies KW - Steel bridges KW - Testing KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172054 AU - Roberts, K M AU - Lareau, E W AU - Welch, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCEPTUAL FACTORS AND MEANINGS OF SYMBOLIC INFORMATION ELEMENTS VOLUME II--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1977/06 SP - 136 p. AB - A laboratory evaluation of 108 symbolized and printed message traffic signs was conducted. Sign efficiency was measured utilizing five dependent variables. An efficiency index was calculated for each sign based on the summed values of the five variables for that sign. This index permitted a relative comparison of the performance of signs within each message group. The investigation also attempted to assess the effects of subject learning on improvements in performance for the measures employed. In addition, the empirical findings of the study suggested some crude but usable principles for future symbol design and usage. /Author/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Industries KW - Symbols KW - Thickness KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169762 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SINGLE-TEE BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES PY - 1977/06 SP - 101 p. AB - This report discusses in detail the construction of the first five precast, prestressed concrete, single-tee beam bridge superstructures to be let to contract in Virginia. The data suggest that this single-tee beam enables efficient construction of the superstructures of bridges in the short-span range, because the contractor can move from the bridge seat stage of construction to the forms-in-place stage by erecting beams mass produced at a fabricating plant. Using a 45-ton crane, several men can erect, connect, and overlay the tee beams at the rate of about one 42 ft. x 44 ft. (12.6 m x 13.2 m) span per week. With the addition of precast parapets, superstructure form work at the bridge site is almost eliminated. On-site construction time for the single-tee superstructure is controlled primarily by the time required for the site-cast concrete used in the diaphragms, overlays, and backwalls to attain the design strength. Single-tee bridge construction should be continued in a manner consistent with the conclusions of this report. Some additional research is recommended. KW - Beams KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Superstructures KW - T beams KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36279/77-R50.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169756 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS FOR REDUCING INCIDENCES OF WRONG-WAY DRIVING PY - 1977/06 SP - 23 p. AB - On the basis of previous research, raised pavement markers were installed at two interstate off-ramps known to have experienced incidences of wrong-way driving to further evaluate their effectiveness in alerting motorists entering from the wrong-way of their mistake. Descriptions of these installations are given in the report along with the results of the evaluation, which included a subjective investigation of the visibility and alerting characteristics of the markers and a determination of their durability qualities. Based on the results it is felt that the configurations of markers used are effective in alerting drivers as a result of their viewing an unexpected phenomenon. It is recommended that the raised pavement markers, placed in configurations as noted in the report, be considered for placement in ramp areas or similar locations where wrong-way entries have been a problem. KW - Freeway ramps KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Markers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markers KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Wrong way driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36280/77-R58.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169759 AU - Cechetini, J A AU - Doty, R N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE PRODUCED BY THE DRYER-DRUM MIXING PROCESS PY - 1977/06 SP - 44 p. AB - Due to the increasing popularity of the dryer-drum method of mixing asphalt concrete and the lack of information regarding the effect of mixing and laying hot mix at temperatures as low as 200F (93C) and moisture content as high as 3 percent, a study was initiated to evaluate, thru laboratory testing and field performance, the quality of AC mixed in a dryer-drum plant. From 1973 to 1975, four California Department of Transportation projects were investigated to evaluate a dryer-drum (C.M.I.) mixer. The results from this study clearly showed that the C.M.I. dryer-drum plant studied could provide satisfactory asphalt content and aggregate gradation uniformity. The asphalt concrete was uniformly mixed and no problems were encountered during the spreading and compaction operations. The C.M.I. dryer-drum plant had problems meeting County emission standards even after pollution control devices were used in conjunction with a cyclone dust collector. Periodic condition surveys were made since these projects were completed. The performance of the pavements to date is considered good. Even though some distress has been noted, this distress cannot be attributed to the mixing process used. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - California KW - Drums chemical engineering KW - Dryer drum process KW - Drying apparatus KW - Dust KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixing plants KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Pollutants KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169753 AU - Ward, C E AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALINE 2 - AN IMPROVED MICROSCALE MODEL FOR THE DISPERSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS FROM A LINE SOURCE PY - 1977/06 SP - 111 p. AB - In order for transportation planners and engineers to evaluate the air quality impact of a proposed project, mathematical means are required to describe the dispersion of air pollutants from a line source. CALINE2, the California Line Source Dispersion Model, is presented and discussed as one such mathematical approach. CALINE2 is based on the generalized Gaussian dispersion theory, and simulates the dispersion of carbon monoxide from a uniform line source. A sensitivity analysis of the model relates the behavior of its predictions as a function of the input parameters. A preliminary verification study using carbon monoxide data from the Los Angeles region gives the user an estimate of CALINE2's predictive capabilities. An earlier version of the model, which was distributed nationwide in 1972, is compared with the present version. KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution forecasting KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Atmospheric diffusion KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Dispersion KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Numerical analysis KW - Simulation KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165729 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY OF VACUUM EXTRACTOR, VACUUM PYCNOMETER, AND NUCLEAR PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING ASPHALT CONTENT IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1977/06 SP - 97 p. AB - This report documents a study of three test procedures used to determine the asphalt content of bituminous mixes. The primary equipment used for the three procedures were a vacuum extractor, a vacuum pycnometer (Yale), and a Troxler Nuclear Asphalt Content Gage (Model 2226). The test equipment, accuracy, cost, and repeatability are discussed for each procedure and recommendations regarding procedure selection are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Extractors KW - Instruments for measuring density KW - Nuclear testing KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pycnometers KW - Testing KW - Vacuum KW - Vacuum apparatus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168382 AU - La Chapelle, E R AU - Marriott, R T AU - Moore, M B AU - Taylor, P L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CENTRAL AVALANCHE HAZARD FORECASTING PY - 1977/06 SP - 116 p. AB - This report reviews the second year of work on the Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways project Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting (WSDH Agreement Y-1700) to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain passes and adjacent area. The possibilities and techniques for improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDH during winter operation in the mountain passes were further explored, and, secondarily, the usefulness of an area-wide forecasting service to other cooperating agencies. This report defines the significant changes from the first year of operation in collection, assimilation or transmission of snow, weather and avalanche data by the Forecasting Office, and details modifications of the data network itself, especially new instrumentation and telemetry equipment. Weather and avalanche forecasting accuracy and reliability are assessed by comparing daily weather and avalanche forecasts with field data. The conceptual framework and analytical methods used by forecasters to deduce current and probable future avalanche activity from the available data network input and current and extrapolated meteorological data are presented. A general preliminary guide to forecasting methodology for the Washington Cascades is defined and discussed. /Author/ KW - Avalanches KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Instrumentation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mountains KW - Reliability KW - Snow KW - Telemetry KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/023.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168961 AU - Roston, J P AU - RAD, P F AU - Roberts, F L AU - Clemson University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Carolina State Highway Department TI - A PROGRAM FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS ON SOUTH CAROLINA SECONDARY HIGHWAYS PY - 1977/06 SP - 135 p. AB - This project is concerned with the improvement in the design and construction specifications of surface treatments for secondary roads in South Carolina. Field trial sections were selected from projects scheduled for construction during the 1974 season and represented the Piedmont, Sand Hills, and Coastal Plain areas of the state. A set of designs were selected to permit an evaluation of the designs as well as several variations in materials and construction procedure. Several standard DHPT designs as well as a special design were utilized in the test sections. The construction variables were selected to determine the effect of prime, the effect in change of asphalt emulsions from RS-2 to CRS-2, the effect of rubber additive (Pliopave), and the effect of modified construction procedure to determine if placing the mat stone before the application of asphalt affects performance. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surface treatments KW - Concrete finishing KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction specifications KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rubber KW - Rubber content KW - Seal coats KW - Secondary roads KW - South Carolina KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Testing KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169224 AU - Roberts, K M AU - Lareau, E W AU - Welch, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCEPTUAL FACTORS AND MEANINGS OF SYMBOLIC INFORMATION ELEMENTS. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/06 SP - 33 p. AB - A laboratory evaluation of 108 symbolized and printed message traffic signs was conducted. Sign efficiency was measured utilizing five dependent variables. An efficiency index was calculated for each sign based on the summed values of the five variables for that sign. This index permitted a relative comparison of the performance of signs within each message group. The investigation also attempted to assess the effects of subject learning on improvements in performance for the measures employed. In addition, the empirical findings of the study suggested some crude but usable principles for future symbol design and usage. KW - Alphabets KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coding systems KW - Color KW - Composing KW - Comprehension KW - Computer programming languages KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Empirical methods KW - Highway traffic control KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168926 AU - Burgi, P H AU - Gober, D E AU - Bureau of Reclamation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS STUDY. VOLUME 1. HYDRAULIC AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED GRATE INLETS ON CONTINUOUS GRADES PY - 1977/06 SP - 288 p. AB - Eleven drain inlet grates were tested to evaluate their safety characteristics for bicycle as well as pedestrian traffic. Four of the grates that rated highest were selected for hydraulic testing. Three other grates with designs and bar spacings similar to grates proven safe were also selected for hydraulic testing. Test results show that two of the grate designs (a cast and a steel fabricated grate) are nearly as hydraulically efficient as the parallel bar grate and considerably more efficient than the other grate designs tested. One other design (a steel fabricated grate) shows high hydraulic efficiencies at longitudinal slopes up to 6 percent. These three grate designs are recommended for additional testing. A grate's ability to handle debris without clogging was shown to be most dependent on the spacing of its longitudinal bars. KW - Bicycles KW - Continuous grading KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Fluid mechanics KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Pedestrians KW - Roads KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167113 AU - Johnson, N B AU - Tyndall, L H AU - Anderson, R L AU - Dynamic Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARGO TANKS, BOTTOM LOADING OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. VOLUME II. REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF LIQUID LEVEL CONTROL SYSTEMS USED IN BOTTOM LOADING OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS INTO CARGO TANKS PY - 1977/06 SP - 79 p. AB - Bottom loading systems of flammable liquids into cargo tanks are investigated with two overall objectives: (1) Review the mechanical aspects of bottom loading of cargo tanks with regard to devices or procedures for removing liquid products from loading lines under tanks and protection of loading lines from underride accidents; (2) Review liquid level sensing systems presently available, with special emphasis placed on: safety characteristics, compatibility and adaptability of systems used as they differ from tank vehicle to loading terminal, failsafe features built into the systems, and longevity of these systems with a view to possible retest criteria. The volume summarizes the work performed on the second objective. This includes a review of available design, an analysis of the safety features of each design, a review of existing standards and recommended procedures, and recommended performance criteria. KW - Bottom fittings KW - Cargo handling equipment KW - Cargo tanks KW - Control devices KW - Control systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Earthwork KW - Fail safe systems KW - Fittings KW - Flammable liquids KW - Flammable liquids transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Impact vulnerability KW - Indicating instruments KW - Liquid cargo handling KW - Liquid level control KW - Liquid level indicators KW - Liquids KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading procedures KW - Loading processes KW - Marine safety KW - Measuring instruments KW - Petroleum products KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Sensors KW - Tank trucks KW - Tanker safety KW - Tankers KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Transportation KW - Unloading processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167112 AU - Tyndall, L H AU - Anderson, R L AU - Dynamic Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARGO TANK BOTTOM LOADING OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. VOLUME I. REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ON CARGO TANK TRUCKS USED IN BOTTOM LOADING WITH REGARD TO IMPACT PROTECTION PY - 1977/06 SP - 117 p. AB - The overall purpose of the program was to develop performance criteria for (1) protecting bottom loading tank systems in underride accidents and (2) for safe and reliable operation of liquid level sensors (Sensor study reported in Volume II). The program commenced with an industry survey to obtain state-of-the-art technology in bottom loading system manufacturing and carrier operations and a survey of pertinent literature. An effort to obtain underride accident data was maintained throughout the program, and the statistical probability of tanker involvement in accidents was postulated. A systems analysis was conducted to define the impact vulnerability of the system after establishing component functions and interrelationships. Emphasis was placed on shear section performance, protection guards and loading line location, product evacuation, etc., during the analysis. The performance criteria stress the need for primary and secondary system protection which are realizable with several crashworthiness concepts presented in the report. KW - Bottom fittings KW - Cargo handling equipment KW - Crashworthiness KW - Earthwork KW - Fittings KW - Flammable liquids KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Impact strength KW - Impact vulnerability KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loading procedures KW - Loading processes KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Petroleum products KW - Protection KW - Protective devices KW - Reviews KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Shock resistance KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering KW - Tank trucks KW - Traffic crashes KW - Unloading KW - Unloading processes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155441 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1975 - SECTION 3. LOCAL HIGHWAY FINANCE AND HIGHWAY STATISTICS CHARTS, 1975 PY - 1977/06 SP - 149 p. AB - The publication presents the 1974 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. The charts are a visual supplement showing relationships among highway finance, mileage, vehicles, fuels, and drivers. KW - Charts KW - Drivers KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - Transportation KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151760 AU - Davis, J L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION PILE RESISTANCE STUDY PY - 1977/06 SP - 70 p. AB - This 1976 research study presents a rational application of empirical methods of estimating the driving resistance of prestressed concrete, steel and timber piling into the recent alluvial soils of Oregon, through the use of the Standard Split-Tube Sampler and an Oregon Miniature Pile testing tool. Blow counts obtained from the driving of the testing tools ('N' and 'M' designations) at varying depths in the foundation investigative work are correlated against the ton per foot driving resistance ('R'), as determined by the Engineering News Record formula and its modifications, in 3717 tests on piling driven on Oregon State Highway Division bridge projects in most of Oregon's 36 counties. The correlation is accomplished through a computer-plotter presentation of both the investigative and project data in the form of 20 Resistance Charts of pile type versus Unified Soil Classifications. An example of the use of the Resistance Charts in the estimate of pile lengths for Oregon State Highway bridge projects is included. KW - Bridges KW - Friction piles KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Oregon KW - Penetration resistance KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Resistance KW - Soil classification KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Timber KW - Timber piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912765 AU - Toft, G S AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 99 PY - 1977/05/16/Interim Report SP - 52p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on intestate, four-lane and two-lane highways througout the state during the months of November and December 1976.. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 57.3 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 58.0 mph and 56.1 mph, respectively. These overall average speeds were similar for passenger cars and 0.9 mph slower for trucks than the speeds found 1n the July-September 1976 Study (Speed Report No. 98). This decrease in truck speeds resulted from a 2.0 mph decrease in the average speeds of heavy trucks on the interstate system. KW - Automobiles KW - Indiana KW - Traffic surveys UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313947 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178815 AU - Harr, M E AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/05/16 SP - 159 p. AB - The motion of vehicles over pavements makes the problem of predicting consequent effects time dependent. Present design procedures, however, account for this motion as a sequence of equivalent static conditions reduced to passes or coverages. A solution to this problem was obtained by verifying the following hypothesis: A pavement system operated upon by a vehicular input produces an output response. Relating the two is a time dependent transfer (TDT) function that contains within it the properties of the system. This function is obtained, in a mathematical sense, using Laplace transformations, without the need to simulate respective material performance or to determine values for preselected descriptors. The TDT functions can be employed to predict a pavement system's response and performance when subjected to an imposed load. The investigation was carried out by extending transfer function theory in connection with a finite convolution procedure to define the pavement's TDT functions. Full scale dynamic tests (moving trucks and aircraft) were performed in service environments (6 highway and 2 runway cross-sections). It has been shown that the TDT functions obtained do represent the characteristics of flexible pavements. Changes in parameters of the TDT function reflect changes in pavement performance and conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Dynamic tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway pavement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419630 AU - Stanley, A F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Value engineering study of highway shoulder maintenance PY - 1977/05 IS - FHWA-TS-77-210 SP - 29P AB - Reprinted under the United States. Department of transportation. Technology sharing program, 1981-09. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Improvement KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Road shoulders KW - Shoulder KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187428 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01391919 AU - Hoff, G C AU - Godwin, L N AU - Saucier, K L AU - Buck, A D AU - Husbands, T B AU - Mather, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Identification of candidate zero maintenance paving materials: vol 2 PY - 1977/05 IS - FHWA-RD-77-110 SP - 264-634 KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cement KW - Cement KW - Ceramic KW - Ceramic materials KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Fibers KW - Fibre KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement materials KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1159685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158087 AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS: A SUMMARY OF NEW YORK STATE RESEARCH PY - 1977/05 SP - 25 p. AB - This report summarizes pavement making materials research conducted by New York from 1960 through 1975. Work concentrated on three general classes of marking materials -- traffic paints reflectorized with glass beads, raised reflective markers, and alternative pavement markings including thermoplastics. Many paint families and formulations were investigated in several pavement test installations. Modified alkyds with and without chlorinated-rubber provided the best service, with modified alkyds generally the most cost-effective. Pavement pretreatments (acid etching and primery) proved ineffective for improving paint durability on concrete pavements. Studies of hot-applied traffic paints determined that these dried much faster than cold-applied paints, eliminating the need for coning; durability was generally close to that of cold paints. While raised reflective markings have shown promise for wet-night delineation, several problems have prevented their widespread use. The metal casting are subject to damage by carbide-tipped snowplow blade, and damage the blades. In addition, reflector durability has been poor, due to damage by snowplow blades and nose shoes. Hot-extruded thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic glue-down marking haveprovided highly variable performance on portland cement concrete pavement. While they have generally performed well on asphalt cement concrete pavement, their use has been limited by high initial cost. Based on this research, and on performance and cost experience gathered through the years, New York's standard pavement marking material (adopted in 1973) is a hot-applied modified-alkyd traffic paint with a specified drying time of 20 seconds, reflectorized with glass beads having a refraction index of 1.50 to 1.65. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Glass beads KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Relationships KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178809 AU - Huang, T AU - Lehigh University TI - PRESTRESS LOSSES IN IN-SERVICE BRIDGE BEAMS AND REFINEMENT OF PREDICTION METHOD PY - 1977/05 SP - 75 p. AB - Long term concrete strains in pretensioned beam members in an experimental bridge were examined for an indication of the loss of prestress in these members under an outdoors in-service condition. The observations were used to test an existing prediction procedure for prestress losses. For the highly prestressed members used in this study, prestress losses were found to be insensitive to the characteristics of the prestressing steel, whether stress-relieved or stabilized. The outdoor specimens showed slightly higher shrinkage and creep strains than their indoor counterparts, however, the differences were not large. The long term concrete strains predicted by the existing procedure agreed reasonably well with the field measured data. A refinement in the estimation of creep strain due to applied loads resulted in improvement agreement. Based on this refinement, prestress may be treated as remaining constant over a short period of time after application of external loads. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete creep KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Forecasting KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176542 AU - Law, D A AU - Anania, G L AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING OF STRUCTURAL PAINTS PY - 1977/05 SP - 23 p. AB - This report describes an investigation of acceptance sampling procedures for structural paints. The general paint manufacturing process is briefly described. Historical data on frequency of rejections under specifications formerly in force were analyzed, resulting in some changes in those for viscosity. New York State Materials Method 6 and Federal Test Method Standard 141a (Method 1021, which cover paint acceptance testing, are compared. Current sampling plans are discussed and analyzed and a suggested revision to the container sampling scheme is presented. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Manufacturing KW - Paint KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Specifications KW - Structures KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190168 AU - Bryden, J E AU - McCarty, W M AU - Cocozzo, L J AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - MAINTENANCE RESEALING OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS SN - Res. Project 105-1 PY - 1977/05 SP - 44 p. AB - Transverse joints in an existing concrete pavement were resealed to evaluate a number of sealers and sealing methods. Six liquids were installed, including asphalt cement, field-mixed rubber-asphalt, two premixed rubber-asphalts, polyvinyl-chloride coal-tar, and tar-modified polyurethane, as well as three preformed neoprenes. Liquid sealers were placed 2 to 2-1/2 in. deep in some joints, and restricted to 1/2 in. in others. Some joints were sandblasted to determine the effect of clean joint faces on sealer performance. Three joint types were resealed--1-in. expansion joints spaced at 100 ft, 1/4-in. sawed contraction joints at 60 ft 10 in., and 3/8 in. insert-formed contraction joints also at 60 ft 10 in. Sealer performance has been evaluated over three winters and pavement cores and sealer samples taken to observe sealer condition. The neoprenes are all effectively sealing their joints except along spalls; some compression set has occurred in one brand, but has not yet affected performance. The polyvinyl-chloride sealer has generally performed best of the liquids, and the asphalt and field-mixed rubber-asphalt sealers generally performed poorly. Loss of adhesion between sealer and joint face is the most common failure mode for liquids, with entrapment of incompressible debris a serious problem for asphalt and field-mixed rubber-asphalts. Thorough joint cleaning was essential for some tested materials, but had no apparent effect on others. Generally, sealers placed 1/2 in. deep did not perform as well as those placed 2 to 2-1/2 in. deep. /Authors/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Coal tars KW - Concrete pavements KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165779 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Irwin, R J AU - Amsler, D E AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES FOR BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION SN - Res. Proj. 59-1 PY - 1977/05 SP - 48 p. AB - Measurements of electrical potential and resistance on 44 rehabilitated reinforced concrete bridge decks in New York State are reported. Twenty included a two-component, liquid-applied bituminous-epoxy waterproofing membrane--New York's standard from 1958 through 1974. Ten others included a modified polyester-resin, and 14 had a variety of experimental membranes. While the bituminous-epoxy membrane system failed to perform as hoped, it has probably been no more nor less effective than membranes in general use before 1970 in other parts of the United States. Other membrane types used experimentally in New York have performed better, as a group, than the bituminous-epoxy, but not outstandingly so. None of the membranes evaluated was successful in preventing continuation of corrosion of steel reinforcement where chlorides were already present in the decks. The degree of roughness of the concrete surface on which the membranes were placed appeared to be an important factor determining their successful performance. /FHWA/ KW - Bitumen KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epoxy resins KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Structural members KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168898 AU - Urban Interface Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTOR PLACEMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED, ISOLATED TRAFFIC-ACTUATED INTERSECTION CONTROL PY - 1977/05 SP - 298p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/58667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168920 AU - Dehgan, B AU - Tucker, J M AU - Takher, B S AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPAGATION AND CULTURE OF NEW SPECIES OF DROUGHT-TOLERANT PLANTS FOR HIGHWAYS PY - 1977/05 SP - 182 p. AB - This report contains findings of a research project which was carried out from January 1973 to June 30, 1975. The primary objective of the project was to find and introduce a much wider array of drought tolerant-low maintenance, native and exotic trees, shrubs and ground covers. These plants are specifically intended for highways in those areas of California that are characterized by mediterranean climate. Ninety-two cultivated but rarely or never introduced species (including a few that are shade tolerant) were evaluated on site and selected on the basis of several criteria. Techniques for vegetative propagation of the majority of these species by means of leafy stem cuttings were worked out. Seeds of 127 species which were obtained through the University of California at Davis (UCD) Arboretum seed exchange program or collected in the field were germinated. Plantings of these seedlings in the UCD Arboretum and selected sites by the California Department of Transportation should prove their feasibility in the future. KW - Aesthetics KW - Attractants KW - Building sites KW - California KW - Climate KW - Crops KW - Cultivation KW - Drought KW - Fruits KW - Germination KW - Highways KW - Insect control KW - Insects KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pest control KW - Plant diseases KW - Plant reproduction KW - Plants KW - Reproduction (Biology) KW - Shrubs KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerances physiology KW - Trees KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168901 AU - Sackman, H AU - Monahan, B AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Trevino, A F AU - Urban Interface Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTOR PLACEMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED, ISOLATED TRAFFIC-ACTUATED INTERSECTION CONTROL. VOLUME 3. CASE STUDY: LOCAL FIELD TEST AND EVALUATION PY - 1977/05 SP - 104 p. AB - The study was undertaken to improve understanding of how to place vehicle detectors at high-speed (at least 35 mph), isolated, traffic-actuated intersections, and how to test and evaluate alternative detector/controller configurations for intersection traffic safety and efficiency. A definitive before/after field test was conducted at two high-speed, isolated, traffic-actuated intersections in Kentucky, using each intersection as its own control. An advanced form of detection was found to substantially and reliably reduce the incidence of traffic conflicts compared to conventional signalization. Methodology and statistical results are described in detail within this volume. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Actuating systems KW - Actuation KW - Before and after studies KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Highway traffic KW - Installation KW - Intersection speed control KW - Intersections KW - Kentucky KW - Location KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Placement KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198209 AU - Goodman, C R AU - Rosapep, T J AU - Bent, M D AU - Mordecai, J M AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SHORT-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED TRANSPORTATION POLICY ALTERNATIVES PY - 1977/05 SP - 63 p. AB - The Continuing, Comprehensive, and Cooperative (3-C) Transportation Planning Process recently completed an analysis of travel demand likely by the year 1985. The primary conclusion of the analysis is that peak traffic is likely to continue increasing. In many locations, traffic conditions will significantly deteriorate unless actions are taken to reduce the growth in peak vehicular traffic or to construct and improve highways. Several alternatives could reduce the projected increase in vehicular traffic volumes, The purpose of this report is to determine how effective each alternative would be in reducing traffic demand, fuel consumption and auto emissions. Each alternative was explored independently to provide a thorough understanding of the potential ramifications. The implications of seven alternatives are estimated for the year 1985. KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic KW - Maryland KW - Parking facilities KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Policy KW - Pollutants KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit railways KW - Strategic planning KW - Substitutes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308359 AU - STANLEY, A F AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, THIRD REPORT: SHOULDER MAINTENANCE PY - 1977/05 SP - 29 p. AB - This report is the third in a series on Optimizing Maintenance Activities. These studies using Value Engineering Techniques are being sponsored by the Implementation Division and Conducted by teams of maintenance and operations engineers from several State highway agencies. The third study was conducted in Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, and West Virginia. The recommendations in the report have been limited to those which should be useful to all State and local maintenance organizations with maintenance responsibilities. If applicable, immediate savings can be obtained by adopting those recommendations concerning equipment modifications, use of alternate equipment, and changes in the type of material. Implementation of the recommendations in the four study States would result in a total estimated improved service value in excess of $1,000,000 annually. /FHWA/ KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Optimization KW - Recommendations KW - Road shoulders KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194758 AU - NELSON, D D AU - Greene, D M AU - Systems Technology Associates, Incorporated TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED TO ANALYZE WIND AND BRIDGE DATA ACQUIRED AT SITKA, ALASKA PY - 1977/05 SP - 241 p. AB - Twelve of the most significant Fortran programs and their subroutines are presented as a catalog. The presentation is enhanced by flow charts, variable name lists and output listings. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Catalogs KW - Computer programs KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194757 AU - NELSON, D D AU - Greene, D M AU - Keay, N S AU - Systems Technology Associates, Incorporated TI - WIND AND BRIDGE MOTION DATA RECORDED AT THE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE, SITKA, ALASKA PY - 1977/05 SP - 42 p. AB - Wind velocity and bridge motion data recorded at Sitka, Alaska are presented as an addendum to a previous report. Methods of Double Integration are discussed. Wind spectrum is also presented. /FHWA/ KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Motion KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189361 AU - Buth, C E AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - IMPROVED END TREATMENT FOR METAL BEAM GUARDRAIL PY - 1977/05 SP - 94 p. AB - Since Texas and many other states have literally thousands of turned down end guardrails installed on their highways, Texas Transportation Institute and Texas highway engineers have been seeking a relatively simple method of modifying the turned down end treatment which would eliminate or greatly minimize the probability of a vehicle ramping and rolling over. Recent tests conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute indicate that a relatively simple solution has been found. To modify the standard rail the 5/8 inch diameter bolts were removed from the first five (5) posts. With these bolts removed the rail will drop to the ground when the turned down terminal piece is struck by a vehicle. This action eliminates the undesirable vehicle ramp and roll over behavior. In order to hold the rail at the proper height (27 inches in Texas) before and during vehicle angle impact along the "length of need", "back-up plates" are bolted to the first five (5) posts. The test program includes the four (4) crash tests recommended by NCHRP 153 for longitudinal barrier terminals and two other additional tests. All tests have been successful and no vehicle roll over has resulted. /FHWA/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Rollover crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185260 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLINOIS PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Determining, improving and prolonging pavement friction in Illinois were the principal objectives in this five-phase study, which is summarized in this report. The friction tester developed and modified in Phase 1 measured the friction of pavements evaluated in the remaining phases. Phases 2 and 3 provided considerable insight into the pavement friction characteristics of existing interstate, primary, secondary, and local highways and have outlined geographical areas where a need for upgrading a particular type of pavement is greatest. Phase 4 demonstrated that satisfactory friction characteristics in bituminous sand mixes and in dense-graded bituminous concrete depend on the type, size, and amount of high-friction aggregate used in them, while Phase 5 reported information necessary to reduce wet-weather accidents. A list of published reports and their abstracts, emanating from this study, also is included. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Friction KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185247 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING WET PAVEMENT ACCIDENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1977/05 SP - 41 p. AB - In Illinois a disproportionate number of wet-weather accidents are associated mostly with intersections, curves, hills, railroad crossings, and interchange areas where a driver's maneuver demand exceeds the available pavement friction. Review of 226 such sites indicated that friction numbers (FN) ranged from 18 to 53. Of the total number of sites, 59 percent had an FN below 30, and 34 percent ranged between 30-36 while only 7 percent exceeded an FN of 36. An equally important finding was that one-third of the high-accident sites not having a disproportionate number of wet-pavement accidents also had friction numbers below 30. A long-term strategy for reducing wet-weather accidents involves upgrading and prolonging friction characteristics in new as well as in existing pavements. Recent specification changes limit the use of crushed stone and require either slag or a 50-50 blend of slag and crushed dolomite or slag and crushed gravel in bituminous surface courses depending on highway class and traffic volume. A portland cement concrete special provision requires that the final finish be obtained by use of an artificial turf drag immediately followed by a mechanically operated metal-comb transverse grooving device. In existing surfaces, friction can be improved by bituminous resurfacings containing coarse aggregates with high friction characteristics or by grooving, planing, milling, profiling, repaving, and acid etching. Sometimes, wet-pavement accidents can be reduced by lowering driver demand instead of improving friction characteristics. /Author/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Friction KW - High risk locations KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Texture KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167138 AU - Walton, N E AU - Mounce, J M AU - Stockton, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNS AND MARKINGS FOR LOW VOLUME RURAL ROADS PY - 1977/05 SP - 148 p. AB - Warrants and guidelines for warning and regulatory signs and markings in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) are evaluated for functional, economical, and aesthetical applicability to low volume rural roads. The research involves classifying the types of low volume rural roads and identifying driver information needs on the various classifications. Supplemental guidelines to the MUTCD based on safety, costs, and aesthetics are developed and validated. KW - Aesthetics KW - Arkansas KW - Costs KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Louisiana KW - Low volume roads KW - Markers KW - Oklahoma KW - Road markings KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176554 AU - Keck, W D AU - Roberts, A W AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - EFFECT OF DOTTED EXTENDED LANE LINES ON RIGHT SINGLE DECELERATION LANE USE PY - 1977/05 SP - 37 p. AB - With the use of dotted extended lines at tapered and parallel single deceleration lanes at right hand freeway exits, a significantly greater proportion of exiting traffic entered the deceleration lane earlier in nine out of ten study sites. Two foot (0.6 meter) lines with 25 foot (7.6 meter) gaps were placed in the neutral area of five tapered and five parallel decleration lanes on interstate freeways in New Jersey. The application followed a before study while leaving a sufficient time prior to an after study at each location. Two control sites were also studied and did not receive dotted lines. Four additional exits were treated with dotted lines to help relieve a possible novelty effect. The installation of dotted lines appeared to have a more pronounced effect on the paths of exiting traffic using the longer deceleration lanes. KW - Bearing pads KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Lane lines KW - Ramps (Interchanges) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175276 AU - Huck, P J AU - Iyengar, M N AU - Illinois Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS PY - 1977/05 SP - 96 p. AB - The mechanical response of soil may be characterized as stiff, transition, or fluid, depending upon its consistency at various moisture contents. This program was charged with the development of test method and hardware not having the disadvantages of traditional plasticity tests. In particular, the test method should not require removal of aggregate or drying to near zero moisture content. It should test the soil under conditions similar to earthquake in the field, yet have the potential for determining the effect of any stabilization or other treatment that might be used in highway construction. After reviewing numerous parameters, it was determined that the most attractive approach is to measure strength or stiffness of soil specimens compacted for moisture-density determination (AASTHO T-99 or ASTM D-698). Subsequent testing with 13 soil types indicated that the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K sub O) is appropriate both as a classification test and for use in earthwork design. The K sub O test device and procedure are fully described. KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Atterberg limits KW - Bearing capacity KW - Compressive strength KW - Consistency KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Design KW - Earthwork KW - Field tests KW - Hardware KW - Highways KW - K sub zero (Coefficient of earth pressure at rest) KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Plasticity KW - Pressure KW - Properties of materials KW - Rheological properties KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil classification KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Stiffness KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69668 ER -