TY - RPRT AN - 01082631 AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - Tennessee Department of Safety AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - State of Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan PY - 2007/08 SP - 25p AB - The State of Tennessee's Strategic Highway Safety Plan was developed by the Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Committee with the goal of reaching a 10% fatality rate reduction, based on CY 2002 data, by the end of CY 2008, with a projected saving of 127 lives in CY 2008. The Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Committee's vision of having all roadway users safely arrive at their destinations may be accomplished through its mission: reducing the number of crashes on Tennessee's roadways resulting in fatalities, injuries, and related economic losses through coordination of emergency response initiatives, engineering, enforcement, and education. KW - Crash injuries KW - Education KW - Emergency management KW - Fatalities KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Prevention KW - Safety engineering KW - Tennessee KW - Tennessee Strategic Highway Safety Plan KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/incident/TNStrategicHwyplan07.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/27000/27000/27015/TNStrategicHwyplan07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842021 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522252 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Gruberg, Richard TI - Drug and Alcohol Testing Survey: 2005 Results PY - 2007/07 SP - 6p AB - It is estimated that 1.7 percent of drivers with commercial driver’s licenses (CDLs) in 2005 used controlled substances, and 0.2 percent used alcohol (0.04 BAC) while performing their duties. On the basis of these findings, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) required that testing rates for CDL drivers in calendar year 2007 remain at 50 percent for controlled substances and 10 percent for alcohol. KW - Alcohol use KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drug use KW - Motor carriers KW - Surveys KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51303/FMCSA-RRA-07-014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01079308 AU - Kreeb, Robert M AU - Nicosia, Brian T AU - Alibrahim, Hussam S AU - Silvani, Sebastian AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Development and Evaluation of Alternative Concepts for Wireless Roadside Truck and Bus Safety Inspections PY - 2007/07//Final Report SP - 84p AB - This study focused on developing and analyzing various concepts of operation that would link advanced onboard vehicle and driver monitoring technologies with a means of wirelessly communicating such information to local enforcement agencies in order to improve the quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of the North American Standard (NAS) roadside safety inspection program. The hypothesis which prompted the study was that wireless inspection technology could be widely deployed at both traditional and “virtual” inspection sites to dramatically increase the number of “inspections” completed, and to improve pre-screening of vehicles for more detailed manual inspections. Information about the condition of the vehicle and the driver would be assembled electronically in a standard “safety data message set” and then transmitted to the infrastructure, using dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology. Concepts developed were differentiated from current electronic pre-screening programs in that real-time information about the vehicle and driver would be conveyed. Based on a review of inspection and crash data, as well as discussions with the commercial motor vehicle (CMV) industry, the high-level requirements for a wireless commercial vehicle inspection concept should focus on gathering data related to the brakes, tires, lighting systems, Hours-of-Service (HOS), commercial driver’s license (CDL) information, carrier identity, and vehicle identification number (VIN). All of this information already exists on the vehicle (via discrete sensor systems or electronic control modules) and, by using conventional technologies, could be electronically linked to the serial databus for subsequent transmission to the infrastructure access points. This information, when combined with the historical information already available on carriers and drivers—accessible via Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) and/or State CMV databases—would provide the enforcement community with a very powerful decision support tool for screening vehicles and/or implementing virtual, automated, wireless inspection sites. KW - Advanced vehicle inspection KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver monitoring KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Roadside KW - Tires KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety inspections KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51385/wireless-inspection-report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/836927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138307 AU - Howarth, Heidi D AU - Alton, S AU - Arnopolskaya, N AU - Barr, Lawrence C AU - Di Domenico, Tara E AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Issues: Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Literature Review PY - 2007/06 SP - 219p AB - The objective of this project was to provide the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) with a more complete understanding of the non-regulatory factors which make for safer commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. Through the review of available literature, the relationship between the CMV driver and the motor carrier was explored with respect to safety outcomes. A tailored Haddon Matrix was used as a means to structure the literature and provide clear direction for the development of future intervention strategies. Haddons Matrix provides a framework for identifying factors that influence an event by dividing the event in terms of timeframe (i.e., pre-event, event, and post-event) and the actors and/or environments involved in the event. The Haddon Matrix was adapted for the current project by considering the driver and the motor carrier as the major actors/environments, and identifying events in the driver-motor carrier relationship that are important for improving driver safety. Two separate reviews were conducted. Review No.1 examined literature relating to the selection of safe drivers; its outcomes pointed to employee turnover as a primary focus of the data-driven research conducted over the past decade, as well as a primary concern highlighted in trade and industry sources. Review No.2 investigated research and trade publications as related to improving driver safety; its outcomes demonstrated that recent literature has largely concentrated on the identification and comprehension of driver characteristics and motor carrier practices as they relate to safety outcomes (e.g., age and CMV driving history). General conclusions derived from the literature and future research needs are also discussed. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver experience KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/49000/49800/49840/Driver-Issues-CMV-Safety-Literature-Review-June2007.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/49000/49800/49840/Driver-Issues-CMV-Safety-Literature-Review-June2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111289 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Williams, David AU - Raman, Mala AU - Vercoe, Derrick AU - Erlandson, Peggy AU - Wittpenn, Jennifer AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Expanded Satellite-based Mobile Communications Tracking System PY - 2007/06//Final Report SP - 188p AB - This U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) project was authorized in the 2004 Senate Conference Report 108-401: As proposed by the Senate, the conference agreement directs $2,000,000 from funds provided for the high-priority initiative program for an expanded satellite-based mobile communications system to monitor and track hazardous materials and high-value cargo in uncovered areas of the United States. As a result, a regional assessment and 3-month pilot test was conducted to test a wireless, satellite-based mobile communications tracking system to monitor hazardous materials and high-value cargo in order to improve communications in certain regions of Alaska and Hawaii, where satellite-based tracking services were only partially available. This document represents the Final Report for this pilot test of an Expanded Satellite-based Mobile Communications Tracking System. KW - Alaska KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Hawaii KW - Hazardous materials KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Security KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51299/Expanded-Satellite-based-Mobile-Communications-Tracking-System-Final-Report-June2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/869430 ER - TY - SER AN - 01055489 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Corsi, Thomas M AU - Cantor, David E AU - Grimm, Curtis M AU - Sienicki, Dale M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Factors Underlying the Adoption of New Safety Technologies by U.S. Commercial Motor Carriers PY - 2007/06 SP - 6p AB - New safety technologies for commercial motor vehicles have drawn increased awareness among carriers, shippers, insurers, and government in terms of the potential benefits of the technologies. In order to identify factors contributing to the adoption of new safety technologies, this survey explored the relationship between motor carrier organizational factors and the rate of safety technology adoption. The results of the survey provide insight into both the levels of adoption of specific types of safety technologies and how they are being adopted by motor carrier organizations of different types. The results indicate that the U.S. motor carrier industry is in the early stages of adopting most of the safety technology management dimensions that were the subject of the survey. The empirical evidence suggests that those firms with the organizational resources to adopt safety management technologies are initiating their adoption. For example, it is apparent that large firms operating over long distances are the leaders in safety technology adoption. Many of the firms surveyed reported that they had adopted at least three different types of safety technology. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deployment KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Long haul KW - Motor carriers KW - Organization KW - Organizations KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Technology KW - Truck lines KW - Trucking safety KW - United States UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/analysis/FMCSA-RRA-07-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/813959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359714 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Report to Congress on the “Review of Federal and State Laws Regarding Vehicle Towing” PY - 2007/05/21/Final Report SP - 52p AB - This report summarizes current federal and state law and jurisprudence regarding nonconsensual motor vehicle towing, and also provides an overview of information obtained from major stakeholder groups regarding this topic. Major issues related to nonconsensual towing are highlighted, and some potential remedies to the problems identified are discussed. KW - Federal laws KW - State laws KW - Towed vehicles KW - United States Congress KW - Vehicle impoundment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42800/42819/Predatory_Towing_Final_Report_to_Congress.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138323 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commerical Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Deployment Workshop: Solving the Issues. Summary Report. Baseline Issue PY - 2007/05 SP - 60p AB - In the summer of 2006, states suggested that the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) plan a face-to-face workshop to tackle Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) deployment concerns and issues related to data integrity, data quality, and data availability, and to discuss common business rules related to maintenance and usability of the data that is exchanged via the Safety and Fitness Electronic Records (SAFER) System. After months of preparation by FMCSA, the states, and Volpe, the CVISN Deployment Workshop: Solving the Issues was held March 2022, 2007, at the National Training Center in Arlington, Virginia. The workshop accomplished the objective of bringing together leaders of the federal and state CVISN community for a productive discussion of issues that have been hampering successful Core CVISN deployment nationwide. It provided a unique opportunity for FMCSA to meet in person with multiple state CVISN champions and work directly with them to resolve issues. More than 30 jurisdictions participated either directly or through their CVISN contractors and 17 federal staff participated in at least part of the three-day workshop. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data quality KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lessons learned KW - Performance monitoring KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108892 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Cardiovascular Disease and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Expedited Review) PY - 2007/04/27/Evidence Report SP - 517p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third highest fatality rate, accounting for 12% of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of workers killed in the trucking industry are the consequence of highway crashes. According to statistics from the United States Department of Transportation, there were 4,932 fatal crashes involving a large truck in 2005 for a total of 5,212 fatalities. In addition, there were 137,144 nonfatal crashes; 59,405 of these were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual (for a total of 89,681 injuries). The purpose of this evidence report is to examine the relationship between cardiovascular disease and the risk for a motor vehicle crash. KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30123/Final_CVD_Evidence_Report_v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138197 AU - Eskandarian, Azim AU - Sayed, R AU - Delaigue, Pierre AU - Mortazavi, Ali AU - Blum, Jeremy AU - George Washington University, Ashburn AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Advanced Driver Fatigue Research PY - 2007/04//Final Report SP - 211p AB - This report summarizes the findings of the Advanced Driver Fatigue Research project conducted by the Center for Intelligent Systems Research (CISR) of the George Washington University (GWU), and funded by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). The goal of this project was to develop an unobtrusive drowsy driver detection system for commercial motor vehicles. CISR previously developed an effective drowsiness detection system for automobiles that relied solely on the drivers steering patterns for input. This projects evaluation of this system confirms that this approach is equally valid for truck drivers, despite the differences between truck and automobile driving. The drowsy driver detection system exhibited expected false positive and false negative readings and an ideal warning rate before crashes. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51269/Advanced-Driver-Fatigue-Research-Final-Report-April2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01090222 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Comparison of Certain Variables in the Large Truck Crash Causation Study with Variables Coded in a Review of the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Case Materials PY - 2007/04//Special Report SP - 27p AB - The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) is the largest and most ambitious effort to date to collect data on medium and heavy truck crashes. The purpose of the LTCCS is to identify and understand the factors that contribute to truck crashes in order to develop crash countermeasures that will be effective in reducing the number and severity of truck crashes. The University of Michigan’s (UMTRI) Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) survey covers all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal crash. Nominally, all fatal crashes in LTCCS should appear in TIFA. LTCCS fatal crashes were matched to TIFA cases. Then the TIFA cases were re-examined independently, using the police report and any other information available, to attempt to code certain central crash variables in the LTCCS. The purpose was to determine the extent to which the central LTCCS variables could be coded using only the materials available in the TIFA survey. The results were mixed. At the highest level, agreement was quite good. Critical reason category agreed in 90.1 percent of the matched cases for which critical reason could be determined. Critical event category agreed in 86.1 percent of cases. However, there were higher rates of disagreement between LTCCS and TIFA at finer levels of detail and missing data rates were higher in the TIFA review cases. This result is not surprising in light of the much greater resources devoted to each case in the LTCCS project. KW - Casualties KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway transportation KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Large trucks KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/57180 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076640 AU - Jarossi, Linda AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2003 PY - 2007/04//Special Report SP - 116p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2003. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55213 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522366 AU - Lepofsky, Mark AU - Balducci, Patrick AU - Greenberg, Arthur AU - Ahmed, Aftab AU - Kall, David AU - McSweeney, Thomas AU - Rizek, Jodi AU - Wik, Erik AU - Murray, Daniel AU - Hershey, David AU - Keppler, Steve AU - Bomgardner, Paul AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Potential Applicability of Financial Responsibility Requirements to Private Motor Carriers PY - 2007/03//Final Report SP - 87p AB - This report presents the results of a study to assist the United States Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration assess the potential benefits and costs of implementing provisions of Section 4120 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) regarding private motor carrier public liability insurance. These provisions would require private passenger and property carriers to have financial responsibility in the same amounts as are currently required by sections 31138 and 31139 of the United States Code. The work performed for the study involved conducting a literature review, collecting data, and developing a plan to interview and collect data and information from state agencies and stakeholders. All information obtained was examined and fed into safety and economic models to determine the benefits and costs that could be expected from implementation of the new private motor carrier financial responsibility requirements. The primary benefit associated with the expanded insurance requirements examined in this study stems from avoiding the high costs of crashes involving unsafe private carriers that would find it difficult or impossible to obtain public liability coverage at the new, higher levels. Estimated costs for insurance and reporting exceed estimated benefits in 26 of the 27 scenarios considered in this study, indicating that extending the current minimum financial responsibility requirements for for-hire motor carriers to private motor carriers is not cost-beneficial under the assumptions used. However, the financial responsibility requirements examined within this study may be justifiable given equity considerations. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Financial responsibility KW - Liability insurance KW - Literature reviews KW - Motor carriers KW - Private carriers KW - Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users KW - Stakeholders UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51300/Financial-Responsibility-Requirements-to-Private-Motor-Carriers.doc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321157 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Transportation Data Center Data Set Codebook: UMIVOR Update 20 PY - 2007/03 SP - 526p AB - The University of Michigan In-depth Vehicle and Occupant Report (UMIVOR)1 is a form for the field recording of vehicle damage and occupant injuries sustained in motor vehicle traffic accidents. The report is intended to be used primarily for passenger cars, light trucks and vans. It is designed for data entry and subsequent computerization and all field measurements are recorded in metric units. The primary data sources for the UMIVOR data sets are the Washtenaw (UM) and Oakland County (OK) accident investigation teams which have collected data using the UMIVOR since July 1, 1978 under sponsorship of the American Automobile Manufacturers Association. The Oakland County team ceased data collection in April, 1980, while the Washtenaw County team continues to investigate cases and add them to the UMIVOR data sets. In addition, the Ann Arbor team (AA) has documented approximately 100 cases using the UMIVOR. The twentieth release (Update 20) of these data sets contains 3,879 vehicle, 6,038 occupant, and 27,210 injury records. KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/UMIVOR_Update20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/987579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01151212 AU - Zaloshnja, Eduard AU - Miller, Ted AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Unit Costs of Medium and Heavy Truck Crashes PY - 2007/03//Final Report SP - 21p AB - This study provides the latest estimates of unit costs for highway crashes involving medium/heavy trucks by severity. Based on the latest data available, the estimated cost of police-reported crashes involving trucks with a gross weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds averaged $91,112 (in 2005 dollars). These costs represent the present value, computed at a 4 percent discount rate, of all costs over the victims’ expected life span that result from a crash. They include medically related costs, emergency services costs, property damage costs, lost productivity, and the monetized value of the pain, suffering, and quality of life that the family loses because of a death or injury. KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/carrierresearchresults/pdfs/crash%20costs%202006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076647 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2005 South Dakota Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/03//Special Report SP - 28p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of South Dakota. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the South Dakota Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. The South Dakota crash file appears to supply all the information needed to identify cases that qualify for reporting to the MCMIS Crash file. Overall, it appears that South Dakota is reporting 66.4 percent of involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. Reporting rates were related to crash severity, with fatal involvements more likely to be reported than less severe crashes, but this difference was not statistically significant because of the small number of cases. Reporting rates also varied by the type of vehicle and the type of investigation agency (highway patrol, county sheriff, or city police). Missing data rates are low for most variables, although were 20.1 percent for driver license class and 67.4 percent for road access. Consistency between data as recorded in the South Dakota file and as reported to the MCMIS Crash file was excellent. KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Data completeness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Police departments KW - Reporting KW - Sheriffs KW - South Dakota KW - State highway patrol KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles by motive power KW - Vehicles by speed KW - Vehicles by weight UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55397 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/836001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076630 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Green, Paul E AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2004 (Version March 23, 2007) PY - 2007/03//Special Report, Task A, March 23, 2007 SP - 156p AB - This report provides documentation for UMTRI’s file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2004, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2004 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55178 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55400 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01050457 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - The Importance of Sharing Data PY - 2007/03 SP - 12p AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), and Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), are Administrations that are represented on the U.S. DOT Traffic Records Coordinating Committee (TRCC). These Administrations collect data from the States for use in a variety of data-driven systems. The data collected is used extensively for basic research; identifying problem areas; identifying program and rulemaking needs; developing and evaluating programs, rules, and standards; evaluating new technologies; and allocating grants. The 4 Administrations and the entire highway traffic safety community use the data to quantify emerging traffic safety issues and problems, determine priorities, support decision-making and target resources where they will be most effective. Data allows for complete understanding of the nature, causes, and injury outcomes of crashes; and the strategies and interventions that will reduce crashes and their consequences. This paper describes all of the data systems and programs that are supported by data from each of the aforementioned Administrations. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - U.S. Research and Innovative Technology Administration UR - http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810687.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/809336 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522382 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Effective Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Management Techniques PY - 2007/02 SP - 4p AB - This Tech Brief is a review of the synthesis study, “Effective Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Management Techniques,” published by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) and sponsored by Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). This synthesis study identified major safety management problems of concern to motor carrier (large truck and bus) safety managers and other industry experts. More importantly, it described available approaches to enhanced safety, cited evidence for their effectiveness, and generated hypotheses for new research and development (R&D) on commercial truck and bus fleet safety management practices. Truck driving is the most hazardous occupation in the United States; more than 5,000 fatalities occur annually in truck crashes, and per-vehicle crash costs for tractor-trailers are more than four times those of other vehicle types. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Fleet safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety management KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51382/Truck-and-Bus-Safety-Management-feb-2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306426 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522238 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety Belt Usage PY - 2007/02 SP - 4p AB - Although the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requires the use of safety belts by commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers, research cited by FMCSA showed that less than half of CMV drivers actually used safety belts. In 2003 FMCSA completed a study of CMV safety belt usage, conducted by the Center for Applied Research, Inc. (CFAR). The study estimated an overall safety belt usage rate of 48%. (Large national fleets averaged a usage rate of 54% and the independent and local fleets usage rate was estimated to be 44%.) This usage rate compared with a national safety belt usage rate of 79% for passenger car drivers. FMCSA also reported that in 2002, of the 588 CMV drivers killed in crashes, more than half were not wearing safety belts. Of those drivers ejected from their trucks, 80% were not wearing safety belts. Other countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom have experienced similar results and have undertaken programs to encourage CMV drivers to wear safety belts as a part of their daily operating practices. As a part of its goal to reduce fatal truck-involved crashes to 1.65 fatalities per 100 million truck vehicle miles traveled by 2008, FMCSA is seeking to increase safety belt use among CMV drivers. To this end, in December 2003, the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) announced that it had established the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Belt Partnership (Partnership). The Partnership conducted outreach activities promoting safety belt use and implemented safety belt-related research. FMCSA initiated this research project so that it could learn about motivating factors that influence CMV drivers in deciding whether to wear safety belts and about any research and best practices that address the use of safety belts. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Seat belt use KW - Seat belts KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51276/CMV-Driver-Safety-Belt-Usage-feb-2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306422 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522188 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Training of Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers A Synthesis of Safety Practice PY - 2007/02 SP - 4p AB - In 2004, large trucks accounted for 3% of the nation’s registered vehicles, 8% of traffic volume, and 12% of all fatal crashes (Federal Highway Administration [FHWA], 2004, and Fatality Analysis Reporting System [FARS] 2004). To reduce the incidence of preventable crashes, training programs are offered as a countermeasure to improve fleet safety by improving the skills and knowledge of commercial drivers. There are many schools − some operated commercially, and some operated privately by large carriers − with differing objectives, facilities, and staff orientation. FHWA provides a list of discriminating factors in its Commercial Vehicle Preventable Accident Manual: A Guide to Countermeasures (Uzgiris et al., 1991): curriculum content, adequacy of facilities, compatibility of training vehicles with company fleet, staff qualifications and experience, certification, referrals, and hours of actual driving instruction and practice. This synthesis focuses upon similarities and differences in training strategies and curricula among existing driver training programs, with a goal of identifying those commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver training tools and techniques that hold the greatest potential to improve CMV safety. In particular, the need to ensure adequate knowledge and skills for entry-level drivers guided this research effort. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Education and training methods KW - Fleet safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51372/Training-of-CMV-Drivers-feb-2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111278 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Large Truck Crash Facts 2005 PY - 2007/02 SP - 66p AB - This annual edition of Large Truck Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 2005. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. This year’s report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. The Trends chapter shows data for 2005 in the context of available historical data for past years. In the other chapters, the 2005 data are shown in different ways, according to what is being counted. The Crashes chapter counts numbers of crashes; the Vehicles chapter counts vehicles in crashes; and the People chapter counts persons of all types involved in crashes. Four different types of counts are shown: (1) Crashes: Numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types. (2) Vehicles in Crashes: Numbers of vehicles involved in crashes. These counts may be larger than the number of crashes (fatal, injury, or property damage only), because more than one vehicle may be involved in a single crash. (3) People in Crashes: Numbers of people killed or injured in crashes. These counts generally are larger than the number of crashes (fatal or injury), because more than one person may be killed or injured in a single crash. People killed or injured may be occupants of a truck, occupants of another vehicle, or nonmotorists (pedestrians or pedalcyclists). (4) Drivers in Crashes: Numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. These counts generally are equal to the numbers of vehicles involved in crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/test/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/LargeTruckCrashFacts2005.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19700/19799/large-truck-crash-facts-2005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/869434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076652 AU - Green, Paul AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Revised Ratio of Crash Severities Reportable to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/02//Special Report SP - 18p AB - The Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file has been developed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to serve as a census file of trucks and buses involved in traffic crashes meeting a specific crash severity threshold. Each state is responsible for identifying cases that meet the MCMIS Crash file criteria and reporting the required data through the SafetyNet system. UMTRI has completed a set of evaluations of state reporting and found that reporting rates range from over 80 percent to less than 10. The present report provides a method of predicting, given a known number of fatal involvements, the number of crash involvements a state should be reporting. In each state, the number of fatal involvements is well-known, so all states will start with a known quantity, the number of fatal truck and bus crash involvements. It is then hypothesized that the ratio of reportable crash severities, that is, the ratio of fatal involvements to nonfatal involvements, will apply across all the states. Data from eight states that provide all the information necessary to identify MCMIS-reportable cases were used. A weighted log-linear model is fit to MCMIS data for the eight states that have information recorded for both fatal and nonfatal crashes. The model is then used to estimate the number of nonfatal crashes for a new state in which only the number of fatal crashes is known. Prediction intervals are presented. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Ratios KW - Reporting KW - States KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55181 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01076639 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of 2005 Nebraska Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2007/02//Special Report SP - 34p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Nebraska. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Nebraska Crash file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Nebraska is reporting 86.8 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the MCMIS Crash file. However, since Nebraska overwrites the vehicle type information on the main crash report with the configuration information from the truck/bus supplement, it is not possible to verify that all trucks and buses have been identified. Reporting rates were linearly related to crash severity, with fatal involvements most likely to be reported, and tow/disabled crashes least likely. Reporting rates also varied by the type of investigation agency (state police, county, or city police). Missing data rates are low for most variables, although they were 100 percent for driver license class and GVWR class. It appears that the GVWR information is available but just not uploaded. Some inconsistencies between data reported to the MCMIS file and recorded in the Nebraska data were also noted. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Data completeness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Nebraska KW - Reporting KW - Statistics KW - Towed vehicles KW - Truck crashes UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/55188 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/835974 ER - TY - SER AN - 01047587 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Highway/Heavy Vehicle Interaction: A Synthesis of Safety Practice PY - 2007/02 SP - 4p AB - This tech brief provides an overview of the publication, "Highway/Heavy Vehicle Interaction" (CTBSSP Synthesis of Safety Practice No. 3, TRB, 2003). Highway features and improvements have a very large effect on the safety of heavy vehicle operations. This synthesis is a comprehensive literature review that looks at the safety interactions of commercial trucks and buses with these highway features, and identifies highway upgrades that can be made to improve the safety of heavy vehicle operations. Information is also based on surveys of State departments of transportation and the trucking industry. The following factors are addressed: Physical and performance characteristics of heavy vehicles that interact with highways; Geometric design criteria based on vehicle characteristics; Traffic control devices and traffic regulations; and Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and their use to communicate more effectively with heavy vehicle drivers and provide real-time information concerning safe vehicle operation. The specific issues considered in regards to these factors are those that have a direct relationship to interactions between heavy vehicles and roadway features, roadside design features, traffic control devices, or traffic regulations, and those that have a direct relationship to safety. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Geometric design KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Literature reviews KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the practice KW - Surveys KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic regulations KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51314/Highway-Heavy-Vehicle-Interaction-feb2007.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51314/Highway-Heavy-Vehicle-Interaction-feb2007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/807167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522250 AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Nicosia, Brian AU - Long, Larry AU - Gefke, Gardell AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Vehicle Systems Integration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Testing and Assessment of a Full Scale J1939 Network Model PY - 2007/01//Final Project Report SP - 160p AB - This project is one of several performed under the provisions of Section 5117 of the Transportation Equity Act of the 21st Century (TEA-21). The primary objective of this project was to explore the capacity of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1939 network. The work performed under the project included: (1) Collecting information from the commercial vehicle user, original equipment manufacturer (OEM), equipment supplier, and laboratory research. (2) Profiling high-level functional requirements of component electronic control units (ECUs), which were sourced from industry, as well as surveying and interviewing key industry stakeholders. (3) Developing the test matrix based on the input from industry and government. (4) Developing a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) heavy-duty vehicle J1939 network simulator. (5) Identifying and estimating the issues related to the implementation of safety related technologies on the J1939 network on heavy-duty commercial vehicles. The network testing conducted for this Task Order demonstrated that the commercial ECUs used in the network testing, that are representative of a generic and complex network on a commercial truck, implemented J1939 well within the standards. The results from the HIL simulator indicate the network appears to have 2.5 to 3 times the capacity currently used by the majority of commercial heavy vehicles in the United States today. This capacity should allow additional networked system controllers to be safely added to the J1939 network such as electronic stability control systems, roll stability control systems and wireless vehicle inspection systems. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communication systems KW - Electronic control KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Hardware in the loop simulation KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51403/J1939-Final-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522198 AU - Brady, Stephen AU - Nicosia, Brian AU - Kreeb, Robert AU - Fisher, Peggy AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Fleet Tire Consulting TI - Tire Pressure Monitoring and Maintenance Systems Performance Report PY - 2007/01//Final Project Report SP - 132p AB - The overall objective of this research is to document the performance and operational characteristics of leading-edge technological approaches for monitoring and maintaining commercial vehicle tire pressures. Previous work sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has documented the effects of improper tire inflation on both safety and direct operating costs. Improper tire inflation leads to accelerated tire wear (which subsequently leads to compromised braking, poor handling, and reduced stability), increased fuel consumption, increased propensity for catastrophic tire failures (blowouts), increased dangerous roadside debris, and increased road calls to repair deflated tires. In addition, FMCSA’s research has shown that despite these well-understood consequences, many fleets do not practice or enforce adequate tire maintenance practices—mostly because checking and maintaining proper inflation is a time-consuming, inconvenient chore. As a result, fleet operators are often unaware of tire pressure issues with their vehicles. Tire pressure monitoring and inflation systems provide a means for greatly simplifying the task of checking and maintaining tire pressure. However, there is significant product diversity in the marketplace in terms of tire inflation and monitoring system design and technological approach. Further, the performance, accuracy, and overall adequacy of these systems has not been well documented in a controlled and systematic fashion. This study focuses on testing and documenting the overall performance of a representative sample of commercial tire inflation and monitoring products. The study presents a technical examination of the accuracy, responsiveness, resolution, and reliability of the various tire pressure inflation and monitoring systems. This knowledge should prove useful to fleet operators in evaluating the capabilities and limitations of alternative approaches to tire pressure monitoring and maintenance, and may be helpful in determining specifications for future truck purchases. The information should also be useful to tire pressure maintenance and monitoring system suppliers and commercial vehicle manufacturers that are developing new tire pressure monitoring systems. To this extent, the objectives for the study include providing fundamental research results to industry stakeholders concerning various means of monitoring tire pressure. KW - Accuracy KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Reliability KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire pressure monitoring systems KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51408/Tire-Pressure-Monitoring-Jan07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306391 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01594536 TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Roadside Technology Consortium AB - The Commercial Motor Vehicle Roadside Technology Consortium (CMVRTC) is a partnership of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), State departments of safety and transportation, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the University of Tennessee. Together, this consortium works to enable FMCSA testing of current, new-to-market, and emerging commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety technologies and to promote their usage and acceptance by the transportation industry. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing KW - Transportation UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/technology/roadside-technology-consortium/commercial-motor-vehicle-roadside-technology-consortium UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1401963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01387455 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Guidelines for developing a high-visibility enforcement campaign to reduce unsafe driving behaviours among drivers of passenger and commercial motor vehicles: a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) based on the Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT) pilot project PY - 2007 IS - DOT HS 810 851 SP - 39p AB - In 2004 the United States Congress directed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to work together to educate drivers of passenger vehicles on how to share the road safely with commercial motor vehicles. In response to this directive, these agencies worked with the Washington Traffic Safety Commission (WTSC) to develop and fully evaluate a demonstration project based on the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) model. This guide is intended for State highway safety, law enforcement, and other professionals who work in the field of commercial vehicle safety. It provides guidelines for implementing a STEP to reduce unsafe driving behaviors among drivers of commercial and passenger motor vehicles. It draws on examples and lessons learned from the successful high-visibility enforcement campaign known as TACT (Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks), which was developed in Washington State. KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Car KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Road safety KW - Road safety (human factors) KW - Washington State, USA UR - http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/HS810851.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1155220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138225 AU - Econometrica, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Audit Cost Estimation PY - 2007 SP - 13p AB - The purpose of this report is to provide cost estimates of conducting an average New Entrant Safety Audit. These estimates are used by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and State commercial motor vehicle enforcement agencies to help budget and allocate monetary resources. These estimates are also used for policy formulation. Costs are developed for both enforcing agencies and for motor carriers. KW - Compliance KW - Cost estimating KW - Crash rates KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety audits KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucking KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.ai.volpe.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/20071010_SA_Report_FINAL.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898611 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055568 AU - Marcotte, Thomas D AU - Rosenthal, Theodore AU - Roberts, Erica AU - Scott, J Cobb AU - Meyer, Rachel AU - Allen, R Wade AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Simulator Performance Across the Lifespan: A Preliminary Study SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 174-175 AB - Normal aging is associated with decline in abilities that may put an individual at increased risk for a crash. Older individuals may have slowed processing speed and motor responses, a reduced useful field of view (Ball et al., 1988), and greater difficulty with mental rotation (Armstrong et al., 1998). Although collision rates increase with age (Transportation Research Board, 1988), it has been argued that specific age-related functional impairments, and not age itself, put one at risk (Ball & Owsley, 2003). The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between aging and performance on driving simulations assessing specific components of driving— accident avoidance, divided attention, and navigation—and the degree to which they predict on-road driving performance. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Attention KW - Crash avoidance KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of view KW - Functional impairments KW - Highway safety KW - Human information processing KW - Life span KW - Motor reactions KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814535 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055567 AU - Young, Richard A AU - Schreiner, Chris AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Conversations on an Embedded Phone While Driving: Predicted vs. Observed Real-World Airbag Deployment Crash Rates SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 75-76 AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate hypotheses that may help explain the discrepancy between the predicted vs. observed real-world airbag-deployment crash rates during conversation on a mobile phone embedded in a vehicle. It is concluded that the observed real-world airbag-deployment crash rate during conversations on an embedded hands-free device is substantially lower than predicted by previous simulator, closed-road, or epidemiological studies. Several hypotheses, if validated, may help resolve the discrepancy. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Air bags KW - Conversation while driving KW - Crash rates KW - Deployment KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Mobile telephones KW - Observations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055566 AU - Uc, Ergun Y AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - Anderson, Steven W AU - Sparks, JonDavid AU - Shi, Qian AU - Rodnitzky, Robert L AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Predicting Driver Safety in Parkinson’s Disease: An Interim Report of an Ongoing Longitudinal Study SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 253-256 AB - This article summarizes the baseline results of an ongoing longitudinal, NIH-funded study on prediction of driver safety in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Patients with even mild to moderate PD who drive and live independently suffer from visual and cognitive dysfunction, which appear to be the main contributors to decreased driving performance and safety, rather than the motor dysfunction for which PD is known. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Longitudinal studies KW - Parkinson's disease KW - Vision disorders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814595 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055564 AU - Edwards, David J AU - Sirois, Bill AU - Dawson, Todd AU - Aguirre, Acacia AU - Davis, Bill AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluation of Fatigue Management Technologies Using Weighted Feature Matrix Method SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 146-152 AB - Operator fatigue is one of the most prevalent root causes of accidents, both on the highway and in workplaces where heavy equipment is used and 12- hour shifts are employed, such as in the mining industry. In response to this concern, a growing number of Fatigue Management Technologies (FMT) are becoming available to help maintain operator alertness and performance levels by detecting operator fatigue and interfacing with the operator and/or supervisor to prevent accidents and incidents (Williamson et al., 2005, Barr et al., 2005). In light of the numerous competing technologies, the research community, as well as industry, could benefit from the flexible evaluation tool proposed here. It will assist industries as a whole, and corporations more specifically, in identifying the best FMT solutions for different work and/or driving situations. This project was specifically focused on the needs of operators of heavy equipment in the mining industry, but could also be of value to other like industries where shift work is necessary and maintaining high levels of alertness are crucial for ensuring workplace safety and productivity. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Alertness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Excavating equipment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Industrial accidents KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Mining KW - Mining machinery KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Shifts KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814518 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055563 AU - Fricke, Nicola AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Adaptive Information Presentation SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 292-298 AB - Several new approaches to assisting the driver in dealing with the complex task of the driving situation are being developed. One possibility is to give support in the secondary task with the aim of facilitating the primary driving task. In this study, the author tested whether a situation-dependent change of modality presentation for a secondary task can support time-sharing and enhance performance in the primary task. In an experiment, 42 subjects were engaged in a computer-simulated tracking task, which is a continuous task like driving a car. From time to time they also had to perform a decision-making task, which was to identify special numerical series. The task was an analogy to receiving a phone call while driving. The independent variables consisted of 1) demands of the situation (low vs. high) and 2) presentation modality of the secondary task (visual, auditory, visual + auditory; adaptive, non-adaptive). Performance was assessed through mistakes in the tracking task (lateral deviation from the central line). Additionally, the participants were asked for their subjective opinion of this system-driven change of modality presentation. Findings do not support the assumption that changing from bimodal (visual + auditory) to auditory-only presentation under high situational demands leads to best performance in the driving task. Rather, auditory-only information presentation was best under all conditions and led to the fewest mistakes in the tracking task. Moreover, subjective ratings revealed that 50% of the subjects favoured auditory-only presentation and 75% of the subjects generally preferred non-adaptive information presentation. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adaptive control KW - Auditory tasks KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Decision making KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Human information processing KW - Human subject testing KW - Information presentation KW - Performance KW - Secondary tasks KW - Simulation KW - Task demands KW - Visual presentations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055562 AU - Schmidt, Eike A AU - Kincses, Wilhelm E AU - Schrauf, Michael AU - Haufe, Stefan AU - Schubert, Ruth AU - Curio, Gabriel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Drivers’ Vigilance State During Monotonous Driving SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 138-145 AB - The differential effects of three hours of monotonous daytime driving on subjective (sleepiness, inattention, monotony), performance (choice reaction time), and physiological (EEG alpha power, P300-amplitude, heart rate) vigilance measures were examined. A linear degradation of drivers’ subjective state, mean long reaction times (as opposed to short ones), P300-amplitude and parietal alpha power with time spent on the highway was identified. An improvement of the subjective measures towards the end of the driving task was not accompanied by any improvement in performance or physiological measures. This dissociation of self-assessment and objective vigilance measures has important implications for the design of modern driver assistant systems that aim to adapt to the driver’s state. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention lapses KW - Boredom KW - Daylight KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Human subject testing KW - Measurement KW - Monotonous tasks KW - Performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Reaction time KW - Sleepiness KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814513 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055561 AU - Engstrom, Johan AU - Markkula, Gustav AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distraction on Lane Change Test Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 199-205 AB - Driver errors related to visual and cognitive distraction were studied in the context of the Lane Change Test (LCT). New performance metrics were developed in order to capture the specific effects of visual and cognitive distraction. In line with previous research, it was found that the two types of distraction impaired driving in different ways. Visual, but not cognitive, distraction led to reduced path control. By contrast, only cognitive distraction affected detection and recognition/response selection. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Lane changing KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Tests KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814580 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055559 AU - Park, George D AU - Ware, J Catesby AU - May, Jennifer F AU - Rosenthal, Theodore J AU - Guibert, Matthew R AU - Allen, R Wade AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Simulator Driving as Compared with Other Psychomotor Tests SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 257-264 AB - A dose-response sleep deprivation study was performed using 14 participants of normal health (7 males, 7 females, age 19-57 years). Participants completed 3 separate 24-hour visits where they were allowed to sleep for either 8, 4, or 0 hrs and then asked to complete a test battery that included three psychomotor test measures known to be sensitive to the effects of fatigue and extended wakefulness. The psychomotor performance measures included the standard deviation of lateral lane position (SDLP) for a driving simulator, the Critical Tracking Task (CTT), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). While all psychomotor test measures provided a significant main effect for the within-subjects variable sleep condition, subsequent pairwise comparisons between the three sleep conditions provided clear differences in the strengths of the psychomotor measures. SDLP measures provided the best discrimination between the sleep conditions when utilizing the full 60-min driving task time, but indicated a better sensitivity at lower levels of sleep loss. The CTT provided the contrary, with better sensitivity at higher levels of sleep loss. The PVT measures of mean reaction time and number of lapses and slowest 10% reaction time failed to discriminate between the different sleep conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Ability tests KW - Critical tracking task KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane position KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Psychomotor vigilance task KW - Sleep deprivation KW - Standard deviation KW - Wakefulness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814596 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055558 AU - Akinwuntan, Emmanuel Abiodun AU - Devos, Hannes AU - Feys, Hilde AU - Verheyden, Geert AU - Weerdt, Willy De AU - Baten, Guido AU - Kiekens, Carlotte AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Short and Predictive Assessment Battery of Fitness-to-Drive After Stroke SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 265-268 AB - The objective of this study was to confirm the accuracy of a previously identified short assessment battery to predict fitness-to-drive after stroke in a new cohort of stroke survivors. This was a prospective study that included 43 (39 males and 4 females) participants who performed the pre-driving assessment that included a standardized on-road test at the Belgian Road Safety Institute in Brussels, Belgium. Participants were on average six months post stroke, not severely physically disabled, possessed valid drivers’ licenses and actively drove prior to stroke onset. Fitness-to-drive decisions made based on performance in 15 tests of a full scale assessment battery were predicted using only scores in three previously identified predictive tests. Performance in the three tests (figure of Rey, visual neglect (lateralized mean reaction time) and on-road test) was used to correctly predict 37 (86%) of the 43 participants’ driving fitness. The sensitivity and specificity of the predictions were 77% and 92% respectively. The outcome of this study shows that the short assessment battery is indeed a good predictor of fitness-to-drive in stroke survivors, especially those without severe deficits. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Ability tests KW - Accuracy KW - Belgium KW - Driving KW - Fitness to drive KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Stroke patients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814613 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055557 AU - Lai, Chien-Jung AU - Yen, Kuo-Duan AU - Wang, Duan-Bing AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Chinese Font Style and Color on Variable Message Signs SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 167-173 AB - Variable message signs (VMS) are important traffic control devices for increasing road utility and decreasing traffic accidents. This study investigated the effects of Chinese font style (Hei, Ming, and Kai) and font color (red, green, and yellow) of VMS on subjects’ response performance (response time and accuracy) from an ergonomic viewpoint. Computer-generated VMS stimuli were merged with driver’s-view driving video and projected onto a screen while subjects made responses. The results showed that Chinese font style and font color both were significant factors in subjects’ response performance. Subjects took less response time for Hei style than for Kai and Ming styles, and exhibited higher accuracy for Hei and Ming styles than for Kai style. Subjects responded faster and more correctly for yellow and green font colors than for red. Additionally, the interaction of font style and font color had a significant effect on subjects’ response performance. Response times for yellow and green colors were shorter than for red on each font style. Subjects had the longest time for Ming style in red color, while they had the least correct for Kai style in red color. The results from this study may assist in adopting appropriate Chinese font and color on VMS and in improving safe and efficient driving for motorists on the freeway. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Accuracy KW - Countermeasures KW - Ergonomics KW - Font color KW - Font style KW - Green KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Reaction time KW - Red KW - Sign fonts KW - Taiwan KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Variable message signs KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814533 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055556 AU - Leonard, S David AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Some Negative Effects of Warnings SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 119-125 AB - Warnings provide important information about hazards that may be encountered by individuals exposed to them. Some warnings may not be effective because they are not interpreted correctly, require people to perform unrealistic activities, are not recognized, or are ignored because they have lost their attention-getting capabilities. A common occurrence in the USA, and perhaps other countries as well, is the use of signs to warn of work being performed on the roadway ahead. Often such signs are not removed after the work has been done. Consequently, drivers who have had the experience of seeing the signs with no workers may come to ignore them, and when there is a work crew on the road, some accidents may occur. In the context of modern learning theory, the extinction of cautionary behavior would be expected under such circumstances. The present study surveyed the behaviors of 224 respondents, many of whom indicated they tended to ignore such signs. The present study examined behavior reported to occur under various conditions and found evidence that the greater the frequency of unfulfilled expectations, the greater the reported likelihood of ignoring the warnings. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Driver expectations KW - Drivers KW - Extinction (Learning theory) KW - Highway safety KW - Learning KW - Warning signs KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814505 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055555 AU - LeBlanc, David J AU - Sayer, James AU - Winkler, Christopher AU - Bogard, Scott AU - Devonshire, Joel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Field Test Results of a Road Departure Crash Warning System: Driver Utilization and Safety Implications SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 246-252 AB - The Road Departure Crash Warning System Field Operational Test (RDCW FOT) was conducted to assess the safety impacts, driver acceptance levels, and the maturity of road departure crash warning systems as installed on a light vehicle platform. This paper presents the experimental design, performance of the road departure system in naturalistic use, and analyses of safety impacts of the technology using surrogate measures. Use of the system led to a 50% reduction in the observed rate of events in which the equipped vehicle came within 0.1 m of a lane edge in steady-state lane-keeping situations. Lane changes performed without the use of a turn signal were reduced by 43% on freeways and ramps and 24% on surface roads. Levels of lateral acceleration in curves was not significantly different, except on ramps, where a significant change in the 90th percentile values of lateral acceleration were observed for a within-subject comparison. There were no observed effects of risk homeostasis and no evidence of significant negative unintended consequences. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acceptance KW - Automatic steering control KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Lane changing KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Light vehicles KW - Ramps KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Turn signals KW - Utilization KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814593 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055554 AU - Becic, Ensar AU - Kubose, Tate AU - Kramer, Arthur F AU - Dell, Gary S AU - Garnsey, Susan M AU - Bock, Kathryn AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Aging and the Effects of Conversation with a Passenger or a Caller on Simulated Driving Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 98-104 AB - A total of 96 pairs of older and younger drivers participated in a study assessing the effects of conversation on the driving performance of older and younger drivers in a simulated city environment. These effects were investigated while drivers conversed with an in-vehicle passenger or an outside-vehicle caller. All of the passengers completed three separate, counterbalanced blocks of tasks that consisted of two single-task blocks (driving only and conversing only) and one dual-task block (driving and conversing). The results showed greater variability in velocity, lane keeping and steering control under single-task than under dual-task conditions. Drivers also showed greater average velocity and greater deviation from the center of the lane under single-task than under dual-task conditions. However, when crossing an intersection, a task requiring greater attentional resources, drivers exhibited a cost due to the dual task. The authors' data are consistent with the literature, which suggests that a secondary task may aid in the performance of a routinized task but may also impose costs if the primary task requires significant attentional resources. Older drivers exhibited greater variability in velocity, stayed closer to the center of the lane, and waited longer to cross intersections than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they compensate for their declining perceptual and cognitive abilities through changes in driving behavior. Drivers exhibited greater variability in steering under single-task conditions when talking to an outside-vehicle caller, and older drivers showed greater variability in velocity when conversing with an outside-vehicle caller. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Automatic steering control KW - Behavior KW - Cellular telephones KW - Cognition KW - Compensatory behavior (Psychology) KW - Conversation while driving KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Passengers KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Steering KW - Urban areas KW - Velocity KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055553 AU - Davis, Gary A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Indirect Clinical Evidence of Driver Inattention as a Cause of Crashes SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 217-223 AB - A recent report from the 100-Car Study identified driver inattention as a significant risk factor for involvement in crashes or near-crashes. If in fact inattention is a cause of crashes, it should be possible to find at least indirect evidence of it by reconstructing actual crashes. This paper describes reconstruction of two rear-ending crashes on an urban freeway, one left-turn cross-path crash on a suburban arterial, and one vehicle/pedestrian collision. Bayesian reconstruction methods were used to estimate driver reaction times, and these were then compared to reaction time measures from the literature. The working hypothesis was that atypically long reaction times on the part of the colliding drivers would provide indirect evidence for driver inattention. It turned out that an atypically long reaction time was shown by only one of the four colliding drivers, but that other indications of inattention were found in two other crashes. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Arterial highways KW - Attention lapses KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Left turns KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reaction time KW - Rear end crashes KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814588 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055552 AU - Chen, Chao-Hua AU - Ho, Wen-Chu AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - On the Construction of a Safety Gap Prediction Model for Freeway Bus Lane-Changing Maneuver Using Driving Simulator Data SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 416-422 AB - Lane-change crashes are not only responsible for an important portion of vehicular fatalities, but also for crash-caused traffic delays, often resulting in congestion. The type of discretionary lane change was the focus of this research, in which a safety gap prediction model was constructed for potential application in the development of lane-change support systems. Data for analysis and model fitting were collected from a fixed-based bus driving simulator. The experimental scene designed for the driving simulator consisted of a straight section of two-lane freeway mainline with daylight and vehicular flows traveling at different speed levels on the road. Ten professional coach drivers were recruited to perform lane-change experiments. Results of two-way ANOVA revealed a significant lane-change direction × vehicle speed on the target lane interaction, and further analyses demonstrated that there was a simple effect for vehicle speed on the target lane in the left-to-right group of the type of lane-change direction factor. A safety gap forecasting model with the time gap between lead and lag vehicle on the target lane as the forecasted variable was constructed, and tests of true out-of-sample forecast accuracy of the prediction model showed promising results for its potential application in the development of lane-change support systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Analysis of variance KW - Bus crashes KW - Bus drivers KW - Bus driving KW - Daylight KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Gap acceptance KW - Highway safety KW - Lane changing KW - Speed KW - Time KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055551 AU - Chisholm, Susan L AU - Caird, Jeff K AU - Lockhart, Julie AU - Fern, Lisa AU - Teteris, Elise AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Performance while Engaged in MP-3 Player Interaction: Effects of Practice and Task Difficulty on PRT and Eye Movements SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 238-245 AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of iPod interactions on driver performance over several sessions to determine the distraction effect of iPods on driver performance, as well as to see if performance decrements declined with practice. Nineteen younger drivers (mean age = 19.4, range 18 to 22) participated in a seven-session study in the University of Calgary Driving Simulator. Drivers encountered a number of critical events such as pedestrian incursions, lead vehicle braking, and pullout vehicle events, on the roadways. These events were encountered both while driving alone and when performing iPod tasks of varying difficulty. Participants’ hazard response, frequency of collisions and eye movement measures were examined to determine if there were any changes in performance related to iPod distraction and practice effects. Increases in perception response time (PRT) and frequency of collisions were found during the difficult iPod interactions. The number and duration of glances made into the vehicle increased significantly while performing the difficult iPod interactions, reducing the number of glances made to the roadway. Over the course of the sessions, performance improved significantly in all secondary task conditions, but performance decrements still remained in the difficult iPod condition compared to the baseline. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Crashes KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Highway safety KW - iPod (Digital music player) KW - Performance KW - Practice KW - Task complexity KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814592 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055550 AU - Horrey, William J AU - Lesch, Mary F AU - Garabet, Angela AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Awareness of Performance Decrements Due to Distraction in Younger and Older Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 54-60 AB - Although many studies have documented the performance decrements associated with driver distractions, few have examined drivers’ awareness of these distraction effects. The current study purports to measure how well-calibrated drivers are with respect to their own performance when distracted. Forty drivers completed a series of tasks on a hand-held or hands-free cell phone while driving an instrumented vehicle around a closed test track. Subjective estimates of performance decrements were recorded and compared to actual decrements observed on multiple measures of driving performance. Although their driving performance suffered in dual-task conditions, drivers were generally not well-calibrated to the magnitude of the distraction effects (r = -.38 to .16). In some cases, estimates of distraction were opposite of the observed effects (i.e., smaller estimates of distraction corresponded to larger performance deficits). There were some age and gender differences. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for potential mitigation strategies for distracted driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Awareness KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Gender KW - Handheld devices KW - Hands free telephones KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055548 AU - Medenica, Zeljko AU - Kun, Andrew L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparing the Influence of Two User Interfaces for Mobile Radios on Driving Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 278-284 AB - Mobile radios have a manufacturer-provided manual user interface that allows changing radio channels using buttons. There is also a display on the faceplate of the radio that is used to visually verify channel selection. The objective of this study was to compare the influence of the manual user interface and the Project54 speech user interface (SUI) on drivers’ performance while interacting with a mobile radio. In experiments conducted with a driving simulator the authors found that operating the manual user interface degraded driving performance significantly, while using the SUI did not. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Manual control KW - Mobile radio KW - Performance KW - Speech KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055545 AU - Hurwitz, David S AU - Knodler, Michael A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Static and Dynamic Evaluation of the Driver Speed Perception and Selection Process SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 358-364 AB - Speed impacts the extent to which mobility and safety are experienced across the surface transportation network. By expanding current understanding of speed perception and selection processes our ability to understand and comprehensively address speed-related issues will improve. Driving simulator technology has advanced the field of transportation research. However, it has been limited in its application to speed-related issues. Furthermore, static computer-based evaluations have been used as a means of establishing a preliminary understanding for driver interpretation of stimuli encountered in the roadway, but have been limited in their application to speed. These technologies allow for large sample populations to be evaluated quickly and safely. Phase I of this initiative examined driver ability to perceive travel speeds in a similar real world, simulated world, and static environment. The experimental course traversed roadway where land-use and posted speed limits varied. Drivers’ actual and perceived speeds were recorded at 20 identical “checkpoint” locations in each environment, and the results were analyzed across drivers and environments. Phase II examined three roadway attributes that impact the speed-selection process. A focus group was employed to build improved scenarios of interest for a full-scale static evaluation. In the static environment, 75 drivers were asked how fast they would travel while individual characteristics of the scenario displayed were modified. This multifaceted research initiative expands the potential application of advanced technology in speed-related research, and improves the understanding of factors that influence speed perception and selection processes. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Average travel speed KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Land use KW - Perception KW - Real time information KW - Selection KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Static and dynamic tests KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055544 AU - Reed-Jones, Rebecca J AU - Reed-Jones, James G AU - Trick, Lana M AU - Vallis, Lori A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Can Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Reduce Simulator Adaptation Syndrome? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 534-540 AB - Electrical stimulation of the vestibular sensory system during virtual environment simulations has been proposed as a method to reduce the incidence of simulator adaptation syndrome (SAS). However, there is limited empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. It is especially important to provide vestibular stimulation in driving simulators because an absence of vestibular cues may alter driver behaviour and reduce vehicle control. This study examined the application of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) as a technique to reduce symptoms of SAS and improve vehicular control in a fixed-based driving simulator. Nineteen participants drove two visually distinct virtual environments (high and low visual cues). In addition, each of these worlds was experienced with and without GVS. Post-drive scores on the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) were used to evaluate the effect of GVS on SAS. In addition, three driving variables were measured to examine driving performance: steering variability, lane departures, and average vehicular speed. GVS application while driving resulted in significant decreases in total SSQ and disorientation symptoms. Greater vehicular control was also observed (as shown by reduced steering variability) when GVS was used in combination with visual cues along the simulated edge of the road. These results support that GVS may be used in fixed-base driving simulators to create vestibular motion cues and reduce SAS. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Disorientation KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Galvanic vestibular stimulation KW - Highway safety KW - Lane departures KW - Performance KW - Simulator adaptation syndrome KW - Speed KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814847 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055541 AU - Bouchner, Petr AU - Novotny, Stanislav AU - Pieknik, Roman AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Objective Methods for Assessments of Influence of IVIS (In-Vehicle Information Systems) on Safe Driving SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 153-159 AB - The main objective of experiments focused on assessments of in-car devices (IVIS in this case) is to evaluate objectively their influence on safety and comfort of driving. This paper presents a big set of experiments performed on the authors' driving simulators. Besides the experiment setup, it describes several different methods used for the classification of driver behavior based either on analysis of technical outputs from simulated driving or subjective and psycho-physiological measures. The aim of the whole project is to find out the objective methodology (a complex set of methods) for assessment of IVIS (or further any HMI devices used in the cars) with respect to drivers’ skills and personalities. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Behavior KW - Classification KW - Comfort KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway safety KW - Methodology KW - Personality KW - Psychophysiological measures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814529 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055540 AU - Borowsky, Avinoam AU - Shinar, David AU - Oron-Gilad, Tal AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age, Skill and Hazard Perception in Driving SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 551-557 AB - Twenty-one young-inexperienced drivers (17-18 years old, 2.7 months of driving license), 19 experienced drivers (22-30, 7.3 years of driving license) and 16 elderly-experienced drivers (65-72, 37.5 years of driving license) observed six hazard perception movies (four movies included one planned hazardous event and two movies served as control) and were instructed to press a button each time they recognized a hazard. Participants’ eye movements were recorded. Young drivers were the least sensitive in responding to immaterialized unplanned hazards, which occurred after the planned hazardous events. When the hazard was imminent, however, all drivers responded at the same time. Eye movement analysis revealed that all drivers detected the elements in the environment when they were salient, but gazing towards the right at T-intersections characterized only the more experienced drivers. The young drivers tended to gaze straight ahead. This study shows that experienced drivers learn to avoid hazards to which inexperienced drivers must respond. Responding to more hazardous situations, drivers’ knowledge base expands, resulting in a more focused, goal-directed visual search and a higher sensitivity to potential hazards. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver experience KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving KW - Eye movements KW - Gaze direction KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Middle-aged persons KW - Perception KW - T intersections KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Unexpected roadway events UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814854 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055539 AU - Sayer, James R AU - LeBlanc, David J AU - Mefford, Mary Lynn AU - Devonshire, Joel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Field Test Results of a Road Departure Crash Warning System: Driver Acceptance, Perceived Utility and Willingness to Purchase SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 77-83 AB - The road departure crash warning system field operational test (RDCW FOT) was conducted to assess the safety impacts, driver acceptance levels, and the maturity of road departure crash warning systems as installed on a light vehicle platform. This paper presents the results on driver acceptance and perceived utility of a road departure crash warning system. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acceptance KW - Attitudes KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Light vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Usefulness KW - Vehicle safety KW - Warning systems KW - Willingness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055537 AU - Regan, Michael AU - Triggs, Thomas AU - Mitsopoulos-Rubens, Eve AU - Symmons, Mark AU - Tomasevic, Nebojsa AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Simulator Evaluation of a Vehicle Rear-Mounted Heavy Braking Light With and Without Distraction SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 105-111 AB - Rear-end collisions comprise a large proportion of all vehicle crashes. A variant of the standard centre high mounted stop light (CHMSL) that flashes under conditions of heavy braking was developed to reduce the incidence and severity of rear-end collisions. The developer of the Heavy Braking Light commissioned MUARC to conduct a driving simulator evaluation of the effectiveness of the Heavy Braking Light. Forty-two participants completed a series of simulator drives that were designed to examine whether participants’ braking performance under certain conditions was more effective in response to a heavily braking vehicle fitted with the Heavy Braking Light compared with a heavily braking vehicle fitted with a standard CHMSL. Among other things, it was found that, relative to the CHMSL condition, participants reacted by braking in a shorter time at an intermediate headway to the Heavy Braking Light, and braked harder in response to the Heavy Braking Light at both a near and intermediate headway. The results suggest that the Heavy Braking Light is a device that, through widespread use, may contribute to a reduction in the incidence and severity of rear-end collisions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Braking performance KW - Countermeasures KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Flashing brake lamps KW - Headways KW - Heavy braking light KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814503 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055536 AU - Rakauskas, Michael E AU - Ward, Nicholas J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Identifying Fatality Factors of Rural and Urban Safety Cultures SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 184-190 AB - The fatality rate in rural areas is considerably higher than it is in urban areas. In order to better understand the differences and similarities between attitudes and behaviors of drivers in different geographic areas, a large scale survey was conducted in both rural and urban counties within the state of Minnesota. As part of this survey, recipients were asked to rate the frequency and dangerousness of risk factors that play a role in fatal crashes. They were also asked to rate how effective and desirable a number of proposed safety interventions would be in their own communities. Though both urban and rural drivers reported practicing various unsafe driving behaviors, rural drivers engaged in particular factors, such as not wearing a safety belt, and did not recognize the true extent of these risks. Rural drivers also consistently felt that proposed safety interventions were less useful than did drivers from urban areas. It is hoped these results can be used to help instruct research efforts and inform policy decisions of the attitudes and beliefs of drivers who experience differing safety cultures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Minnesota KW - Risk analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Seat belts KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814537 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055535 AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - Cosman, Joshua D AU - Lei, Yang AU - Dastrup, Elizabeth AU - Sparks, JonDavid AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Relationship Between Driving Behavior and Entropy SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 130-132 AB - High variability in the lateral control of a vehicle may result in an increased likelihood of accidents. Boer (2000) proposed a method of quantifying variability in steering wheel position, termed “entropy” (scaled between 0 and 1). In this approach, the steering wheel position at each time point is predicted based on the position at the three preceding time points, and the discrepancies between the predicted and observed values are utilized to define a baseline distribution of prediction errors within a subject. This distribution is then used as a reference for calculating a summary “entropy” metric in follow-up segments of driving, such as when a driver may be distracted when using a cell phone. This same concept has also been applied to the lateral position of a vehicle (Dawson et al., 2006). The objective of this study was to ascertain whether entropy was affected by behavioral factors such as steering techniques and speed. The authors hoped to gain insight regarding the usefulness of entropy measures, and the appropriate interpretation of statistical tests based on entropy. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Automatic steering control KW - Behavior KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Entropy (Statistical mechanics) KW - Highway safety KW - Position KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814508 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055534 AU - Godinho, Mario B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Long-Term Effects of More Punitive Legislation Concerning the Use of Mobile Phone During Driving in Portugal SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 381-386 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether a change in legislation regarding the use of handheld cell phones in Portugal provoked a substantial reduction of their use and if one year latter this reduction was still visible. Drivers’ handheld cell phone use was observed prior to the implementation of more punitive legislation, immediately after, 6 months and one year after the change in legislation. Estimated age (+ or – 40 years old) and gender was also registered for cellular telephones users. The counts were taken over 20 one-hour occasions equally divided over the four periods of observation and they were performed at the IC19 near Queluz, which is one of the roads with the most intense traffic flows of the region, for a total of 66841 observations. Results showed a considerable reduction from 1.29% of drivers before the law to 0.67% immediately after. However, one year later, the results (1.27%) were analogous to the initial observations. Phone users were predominantly male (75.35%), but this percentage is equivalent to all road users, so a gender trend was not found. On the contrary, the author found a higher trend of younger drivers using mobile phones while driving. One of the most probable reasons for the main effect found was that as time goes by, drivers realize the low risk of being charged and punished for phone use while driving. The more punitive measures implemented with the new law regarding phone use showed no long-term effects. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Before and after studies KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Gender KW - Handheld devices KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Mobile telephones KW - Portugal KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814687 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055533 AU - Lees, Monica N AU - Sparks, JonDavid AU - Lee, John D AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Change Blindness, Attention, and Driving Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 32-38 AB - Concern over older driver high traffic fatality rates has resulted in an effort to identify risk factors and to develop methods of assessment. This study examines two attention-related tasks, Useful Field of View (UFOV) and Change Blindness (CB), in relation to vision and cognitive test batteries and driving performance measures collected using a simulator and an instrumented vehicle. Eight older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and nine comparison subjects between 64 and 81 participated. Factor analysis results indicate that UFOV and CB relate to different factors. While UFOV relates to memory, decision-making, attention, and visual spatial ability, CB relates to vision and attention. The type of images used on a CB task influence how the task relates to driving performance measures. Researchers should be thoughtful when selecting images to include in CB tasks to maximize insight into real-world driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Alzheimer's disease KW - Attention KW - Change blindness KW - Cognition KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Decision making KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatalities KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Memory KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vision KW - Vision tests KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055531 AU - Boyle, Linda AU - Hill, John AU - Tippin, Jon AU - Faber, Kevin AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects Of Sleep Apnea on Heart Rate Variability in a Simulator SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 306-313 AB - Heart rate variability has been used as a measure of mental workload, stress, and fatigue in drivers. The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may have significantly different heart rate variability from those who do not have OSAS. Such a condition may indicate lower stress levels and an increase in crash risk due to sleepiness. This study also evaluates whether significant deviations in HRV may occur as drivers become drowsier over time. Eleven drivers with OSAS were compared to twelve other drivers with no known sleep disorder. All were tested in a driving simulator over a 60-minute period that consisted of three uneventful drive segments on two-lane rural roads. Heart rates were collected using electrocardiogram (ECG). The variability of heart rate was computed for each subsequent five-minute interval by calculating the standard deviations of the R-R intervals (i.e., the time duration between two consecutive R waves of the ECG) within that time. Results showed that there were no significant differences in HRV over time for the comparison group. However, HRV for drivers with OSAS increased by each subsequent time interval. Drivers with OSAS also had significantly higher mean heart rate variability over the course of the drive. Specifically, based on the second regression model, the difference in heart rate variability between drivers with OSAS and the comparison group significantly increased after about 25 minutes of driving. This likely reflects the physiological effects of increased fatigue, which would lead to inattention to the driving environment and increased crash risk. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Apnea KW - Attention KW - Attention lapses KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Electrocardiography KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heart rate KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Mental workload KW - Regression analysis KW - Sleep KW - Sleep disorders KW - Sleepiness KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055530 AU - Nelson, Meghann AU - Tuttle, Stephanie AU - Backs, Richard W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - An Examination of the Relationship Between Attention Profiles and Simulated Driving Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 423-430 AB - This study examined whether attention profiles from a computerized test battery relate to simulated driving performance. Five attention abilities were examined in the study: sustained, divided, selective, switching, and scanning. Participants completed eight tasks in a computer-based test battery and four driving scenarios designed to tap the same attention abilities. Physiological measures were collected during the test battery and the driving scenarios. Principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation extracted seven components from the test battery, including the five proposed abilities along with speed and orienting components. Component scores were used as predictors of simulated driving performance in stepwise regressions and explained a significant proportion of variance (ranging from 7% - 26%) for most measures of driving performance. The speed, visual search, and divided attention components appeared as significant predictors more often than did the sustained, switching, orienting, and selective components. When physiological measures were added to the regressions, they explained additional variance beyond that explained by the component scores, but there was no consistent relation between simulated driving performance and any particular physiological measure. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Attention KW - Attention allocation KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Orientation KW - Performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Speed KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055529 AU - Caro, Stephane AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - Marendaz, Christian AU - Boer, Erwin AU - Vienne, Fabrice AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Influence of Fog on Motion Discrimination Thresholds in Car Following SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 446-451 AB - A possible explanation for close following in fog is that it would allow drivers to control headway more precisely by reducing motion perception thresholds. The purpose of our experiments was to determine the motion discrimination thresholds for closing and receding under normal and foggy conditions. An experiment and a pilot study were conducted on a driving simulator in which subjects were presented with a car following situation. Subjects had to press a button as soon as they detected that the lead vehicle was closing or receding, and their choice response time was recorded. Several visibility conditions were tested corresponding to different contrasts between the lead vehicle outline and the background, ranging from clear weather conditions to foggy conditions in which the vehicle could only be seen by its rear lights. Initial headway and lead vehicle acceleration were also varied. As expected, response times were longest with small accelerations and long headways. There was also an effect of visibility conditions with longer response times when the contrast between the vehicle outline and the background was 5% or less. Moreover, the reduction of response time corresponding to a reduction of headway was greater in fog than in clear conditions, at least in the given range of distances. This suggests that driving closer in fog may have a perceptual-control benefit in terms of a reduction in response times that partially offsets the reduction in time-headway. Driving closer may also benefit lateral trajectory control because the lead vehicle is less likely to be lost in fog. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Car following KW - Driving simulators KW - Fog KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Motion perception KW - Reaction time KW - Thresholds KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814733 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055528 AU - Lerner, Neil AU - Freedman, Mark AU - Zador, Paul AU - Ouimet, Marie Claude AU - Simons-Morton, Bruce G AU - Duncan, Douglas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Passenger Age and Gender Effects on Adult Driver Fatal Crash Rate SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 466-472 AB - Driver behavior and crash rates vary with the presence of passengers but the details of this relationship are not well understood. The literature generally does not take into account the characteristics of passengers, yet effects on crashes may vary dramatically with passenger age and gender. This study estimated the amount of exposure (driving miles) done by various driver age/gender categories with various combinations of passengers. Statistical imputation techniques were used to derive travel estimates for various pairings using data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey. Crash frequencies for every pairing were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and were used to compute fatal crash rates (per 10 million trip miles). The findings reported here focus on adult (21 and older) drivers. The results show that drivers of a given type (age/gender group) show dramatically different crash rates as a function of passenger type. Some passenger types are associated with fatal crash rates higher than that with no passenger, while other passenger types are associated with lower crash rates. The details of this relationship depend to some degree on driver characteristics. Crash rates for different driver age/gender groups overlap substantially based on the passenger, so that the “best” and “worst” driver groups are passenger-specific. For adult male drivers, female passengers are generally associated with lower crash rates. For male drivers, there is a higher crash rate with a male passenger of a given age than with a female passenger of the same age, even for child passengers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Children KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Males KW - National Household Travel Survey KW - Passengers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814824 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055527 AU - Sayer, James AU - Devonshire, Joel AU - Flannagan, Carol AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Naturalistic Driving Performance During Secondary Tasks SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 224-230 AB - Data from 36 drivers involved in a naturalistic driving study was analyzed to determine the frequency and conditions under which drivers engage in secondary behaviors and to explore the relationship these behaviors might have with driving performance. Researchers coded 1,440 five-second video clips of the drivers’ faces for the occurrence of specific secondary behaviors and the duration of glances away from the forward scene. Corresponding performance data from the instrumented vehicles were used to calculate variability of steering angle, mean and variability of lane position, mean and variability of throttle position, and variability of speed. All categories of secondary behavior were associated with significantly higher variability in steering angle. The results for other performance measures were mixed. In summary; driving performance measures vary with differing tasks, with no single driving performance indicator that is obviously predictive of drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Angles KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Glance behavior KW - Glance duration KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Performance KW - Secondary tasks KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814589 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055526 AU - Llaneras, Robert E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Safety Related Misconceptions and Self-Reported Behavioral Adaptations Associated With Advanced In-Vehicle Systems: Lessons Learned From Early Technology Adopters SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 299-305 AB - Early adopters of advanced in-vehicle technologies (Adaptive Cruise Control, night vision, park aid, and navigation systems) were interviewed in an effort to assess the extent to which drivers come to understand the performance capabilities and limitations of these types of advanced systems, and to understand how systems are influencing driver behavior (modifying behavior in potentially positive or negative ways). Despite access to a wide array of information about their in-vehicle system, responses to knowledge-based questions about the systems themselves suggest that key information was not necessarily acquired nor understood by a large number of drivers. Many drivers held misconceptions about the performance capabilities of their advanced systems, suggesting that drivers’ mental models of how these systems function and perform do not always match reality. For example, 99% of ACC system owners did not know that the system ignores stopped vehicles. Similarly, 41% of park aid system owners did not know that the system warning is tied solely on the distance to objects and does not take into account their closing speed. Self-reported data also provided evidence of behavioral adaptations. Results suggest that additional efforts are needed to increase driver understanding of how these systems operate, particularly for safety-related aspects. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral adaptation KW - Capabilities KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Knowledge KW - Lessons learned KW - Misconceptions KW - Night vision devices KW - Parking guidance systems KW - Performance KW - Technology KW - Understanding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055525 AU - Brouwer, Rino FT AU - Martens, Marieke H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Internal Distraction and Driving: Does it Show? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 68-74 AB - Little is known about the effect of daydreaming (‘internal distraction’) on driving behavior. Since it happens to some extent to most drivers, an explorative study was performed to see whether in an experimental setting something like daydreaming could occur, and if so whether this would show up in driving behavior. Three groups of participants made two drives in the TNO driving simulator. Group 1 did not perform any secondary task, Group 2 performed a ‘thinking and reasoning’ task (daydreaming condition) during specific parts of the drive, and Group 3 performed a ‘listening and remembering’ task during the same sections of the drives as Group 2. Mostly an effect was found for the ‘listening and remembering’ task. If an effect was found for the internal distraction condition, it indicated a same (negative) effect as the ‘listening and remembering’ task, although less severe. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Daydreaming KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Listening KW - Memory KW - Reasoning KW - Thinking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055524 AU - Kelly, Michael J AU - Lassacher, Suzanne AU - Stanley, Laura M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Formative Evaluation of Engineering Designs Using Driver Performance in a Immersive Driving Simulator SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 431-437 AB - The systems engineering approach employs iterative evaluation of human factors issues throughout the system design process. Formative evaluation and refinement of user interfaces promotes cost savings by continuously validating design concepts and defining needs for improving the designs at the earliest possible point in the engineering process. Testing may use varying levels of prototypes of the system or simulations of its responses and user interfaces. While human factors evaluation frequently uses paper or foam board mockups, immersive driving simulators enhance the process by incorporating realistic road geometries and traffic flows and by requiring driver perception, decision making, and control actions in realistic scenarios and timelines. Three studies conducted in the Western Transportation Institute driving simulation laboratory are summarized. These used an immersive driving simulator to evaluate drivers’ responses to (1) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) deployments on a rural highway, (2) the user interface to a lane departure warning system, and (3) a proprietary cooperative warning system for installation on the exterior of vehicles. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Decision making KW - Deployment KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Geometric segments KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Immersion KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lane departures KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Rural highways KW - System design KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Vehicles KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055523 AU - Hsieh, Li AU - Young, Richard A AU - Bowyer, Susan M AU - Moran, John E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Conversation Effects on Driving: Neural Mechanisms Underlying Reaction Times to Visual Events SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 509-510 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioral and neural correlates of conversation effects on driving using the same visual event detection paradigm in brain imaging, behavioral testing, and closed-road driving experiments. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Brain KW - Conversation while driving KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Imagery KW - Neurology KW - Reaction time KW - Tests KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814840 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055522 AU - Henning, Matthias J AU - Georgeon, Olivier AU - Krems, Josef F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Quality of Behavioral and Environmental Indicators Used to Infer the Intention to Change Lanes SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 231-237 AB - This study focuses on the examination and comparison of selected behavioural and environmental indicators that predict the intention to change lanes. These indicators were chosen from previous driving studies and driver models. The data were gathered in a field study with an instrumented car that can log data from the driver, the car, and the environment. The collected data were analysed and modelled with the help of a “knowledge discovery framework” (Georgeon, Mille, & Bellet, 2006). The first analysis of all lane changes caused by a slow leading vehicle focuses on the following indicators: glance to the left outside mirror, turn signal, and lane crossing. It is shown that the glance to the left outside mirror could serve as a predictor with a high potential to get information about the intention to change lanes in a very early stage. However, it is important to combine this predictor with additional predictors to avoid a high false alarm rate. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Glance behavior KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Intentions KW - Lane changing KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Side mirrors KW - Slowing lead vehicles KW - Speed KW - Turn signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814590 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055521 AU - Kimura, Kenji AU - Nakagoshi, Akira AU - Kanamori, Hitoshi AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Estimation of Driver Inattention to Forward Objects Using Facial Direction with Application to Forward Collision Avoidance Systems SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 473-480 AB - In forward collision avoidance systems, warnings may be provided more effectively if the underlying timing is set earlier than normal when the driver’s attention is not in the forward direction of the vehicle. In this regard, the authors determined the following driver characteristics: (1) the amount of horizontal facial rotation needed to keep track of a moving object in the driver’s field of view increases significantly when the horizontal viewing angle of that target object exceeds 20 degrees, (2) when the driver’s face is oriented in the forward direction, the horizontal angle of facial rotation falls within 15 degrees, and (3) the reaction time to warning lengthens in accordance with the increase in the horizontal viewing angle. In the context of forward collision warning systems, the authors have determined the difference in the distribution of the driver’s horizontal facial rotation angle, for cases when the driver’ attention was and was not directed to objects in the forward direction of the vehicle. Furthermore, the authors have measured the reaction time to warning when the driver’s face was not directed forward. Last, the authors' findings were successfully applied to issue the onset timing of a forward collision warning system. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Face KW - Field of view KW - Forward facing KW - Gaze direction KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal direction KW - Orientation (Direction facing) KW - Reaction time KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814832 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055519 AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Proceedings of the 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Stevenson, Washington, July 9-12, 2007 SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - 598p AB - These are the proceedings of Driving Assessment 2007: the 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, held in Stevenson, Washington, July 9-12, 2007. The symposium brought together experts in human factors, medicine, engineering design, operations and policy who have been working together on driving safety. This symposium has established a tradition of interdisciplinary driver performance assessment research by uniting driving safety researchers from over a dozen nations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Conferences KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving safety KW - Engineering KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Medicine KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Policy KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814434 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055518 AU - McGwin, Gerald AU - Owsley, Cynthia AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluation of the AARP Driver Safety Program in Florida SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 549-550 AB - Older drivers are the fastest growing group of drivers on the road in the United States, both in terms of the number of drivers and annual mileage; also, per-mile-driven, this group has a crash rate nearly equivalent to that of younger drivers. One approach to reducing crash risk in this population has been educational programs aimed at improving driving skills and/or changing driving behaviors. This retrospective cohort study describes the impact of the AARP Driver Safety Program (DSP) in Florida on motor vehicle collisions and violations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - AARP KW - Abilities KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Florida KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814852 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055516 AU - Merat, Natasha AU - Jamson, A Hamish AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Multisensory Signal Detection: How Does Driving and IVIS Management Affect Performance? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 351-357 AB - Signal detection was used as a ‘tertiary’ task to assess drivers’ ‘spare processing capacity’ during the performance of two in-vehicle information systems (IVIS). The main aims of the study were: a) to establish if performance on signal detection can be used to assess IVIS safety during driving and b) to determine whether signal modality is important for this assessment. Participants performed each IVIS (Phone or Count) during a driving simulation experiment. In addition to performing the driving and IVIS, participants were required to complete three detection tasks (DT): (i) a visual DT (ii) an auditory DT, and (iii) a tactile DT. Average reaction time to the DTs was found to increase by around 200ms when performed with the IVIS tasks. It can be argued that any significant increase in reaction time to the DTs is a good indicator of drivers’ reduced hazard perception/situation awareness, which might occur as a result of using in-car systems. No significant difference in performance was found between the various DTs, suggesting that performance relies on central attentional resources, and is not modality-specific. This affords some flexibility for assessing the safety of IVIS in different driving environments. For instance, an auditory DT might be used in field studies on a sunny day when bright light hinders detection of LEDs used in a visual version of the task. Similarly, the tactile version of the task might be useful for testing IVIS in a noisy driving environment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Auditory tasks KW - Awareness KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human information processing KW - Multisensory signals KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Signal detection KW - Tactile perception KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Visual tasks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055514 AU - Ferreira, Ines S AU - Marmeleira, Jose F AU - Godinho, Mario B AU - Simoes, Mario R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Cognitive Factors and Gender Related to Self-reported Difficulties in Older Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 511-518 AB - The purpose of this study is to determine the association between self-reported driving difficulties among older drivers and scores on specific cognitive tests. A cross-sectional study of 38 car drivers (22 men and 16 women), aged 61- 81 was carried out. The participants were volunteers recruited from two senior universities and a university health program for older drivers, in the area of Lisbon, Portugal. A battery of visual, psychomotor and cognitive measures was undertaken with a questionnaire about driving difficulties in a sample of healthy older adults. Difficulties in driving were the dependent variable in this study, defined as any reported difficulty in ≥ 4 driving situations. After a multivariate analysis, the independent factors significantly associated with driving difficulties were divided attention subtest of UFOV® (p=0.013), number of trials with success in the Tower of London (p=0.015) and gender (p=0.021). The drivers that reported difficulties in ≥ 4 driving situations made significantly less trials with success in the Tower of London test, had lower performances in divided attention between central and peripheral targets, and were more frequently females. Results suggest that planning ability, divided visual attention and gender are three important factors to be considered in the analysis of driving difficulties. However, further investigation with additional cognitive tests and driving measures (state-recorded crashes, driving simulator and on-road driving performance) could be developed in order to understand the factors related to driving difficulties in healthy older drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Divided attention KW - Driving KW - Females KW - Field of view KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lisbon (Portugal) KW - Motor skills KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Self reports KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual attention KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814842 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055513 AU - Jamson, A Hamish AU - Merat, Natasha AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effectiveness of Safety Campaign VMS Messages - A Driving Simulator Investigation SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 459-465 AB - This report outlines an off-road trial of the effectiveness of Safety Campaign Messages (such as “Watch Your Speed”) sometimes displayed on Variable Message Signs (VMS) throughout the U.K.’s motorway network. Eighty drivers took part in the driving simulator study. It primarily investigated the effectiveness of the individual messages and how their presence affected driver behaviour towards more critical Tactical Incident Messages (TIM), such as those that might warn of an impending hazard. Both the content and concentration of the Safety Campaign Messages were varied. The Safety Campaign Messages in themselves were not especially beneficial, in that drivers did not significantly modify their driving style purely on the advice of the messages. However, witnessing the odd VMS carrying such a message appeared to improve driver alertness to the context of the VMS and consequently response to a TIM became more timely under these conditions. Yet, if the frequency of Safety Campaign Messages was overly high, drivers became jaded with the VMS content and their ability to act appropriately to a TIM degraded. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Message content KW - Messages KW - Safety campaigns KW - Traffic incidents KW - United Kingdom KW - Variable message signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055512 AU - Mohebbi, Rayka AU - Gray, Rob AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Perceptual-Motor Control Strategies for Left-Turn Execution SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 502-508 AB - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the perceptual-motor strategies used by drivers during left-turn execution as a means of identifying potential causes of such accidents and to inform the design of left-turn warnings. Twenty-one participants executed a series of left turns in a driving simulator. The initial distance (D) and time to intersection (TTI) of an oncoming vehicle were varied orthogonally to present drivers with a range of different safety margins. The initial distance values ranged from 50 to 150m, and the TTI values ranged between 4 to 12 sec. Accidents occurred on roughly 3% of the trials, with large individual differences in performance. The most common conditions for accidents to occur involved a large value of D(>=100) and a medium-short value of TTI(<=6). The timing of left-turn initiation was significantly affected by both the TTI and the distance of the oncoming vehicle. On average, left turns were initiated at a shorter TTI when the distance was large. The authors conclude that since there were several instances in which drivers used the unsafe strategy of basing their decision to turn on the distance of the oncoming vehicle, a left-turn warning that is based on temporal information alone (e.g., Nowakowski, 2006) will likely be unreliable, because the decision to turn is not solely based on temporal information. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Crash causes KW - Distance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Opposing traffic KW - Perceptual motor skills KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814838 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055510 AU - Rimini-Doering, Maria AU - Dambier, Michael AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - I-TSA Traffic Safety Assessment in a Simulator Experiment with Integrated Information and Assistance Systems SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 176-183 AB - The increasing number and complexity of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) require an accurate and timely assessment of their impact on traffic safety even during the development process. The I-TSA evaluation tool, developed within the German research consortium INVENT, offers a standardized procedure for the assessment of traffic safety based on the driving error occurrence in up to 10 categories of parameters (e.g., the category “longitudinal control” includes the errors in speed, time headway and time to collision). The objective of the experiment presented here was to determine the validity and sensitivity of the I-TSA tool for this evaluation process. A homogeneous cohort of 41 young, healthy males (25 to 40 years old) drove for approximately 1 hour in a static simulator environment. The scenario on a two-lane motorway consisted of 4 counterbalanced drives with easy and difficult road shapes and traffic conditions. The trial included several interaction tasks with IVIS and ADAS differing in their stage of integration and adaptivity. The successful induction of high workload levels could be both detected by objective (such as speed compensation) and subjective measures (questionnaire). Highly significant differences in the safety levels were found between the easy and the difficult drives (demonstrating the suitability of the procedure) as well as between the sections with default and integrated behavior of the information systems (supporting its sensitivity). Preliminary results support the possibility of discriminating between visual and cognitive workload, as well as sensitivity to learning effects. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognition KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Driver workload KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Human subject testing KW - Learning KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814536 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055509 AU - Kelling, Nicholas J AU - Corso, Gregory M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Prediction of Brake Onset Times for Rear End Collisions SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 212-216 AB - Driving has become an integral part of our daily lives, and so too have the dangers associated with driving. Understanding driver behavior could lead to system modifications to alleviate some of these inherent dangers. Specifically, prediction of driver braking behavior might be used to improve automatic braking systems and adaptive cruise control systems. The research presented in this paper details the development of an algorithm to predict the brake onset times in situations where rear-end collisions might occur. The algorithm is adaptive to an individual and not set to generic values. This algorithm was generated using data from a previous study (Kelling, 2006). Displayed stimuli consisted of different situations for a lead vehicle (stopped, slower moving, and reversing lead vehicle), multiple rates of closure (32.2, 64.4, and 96.6 kph), and two luminance conditions (day or night driving). Brake onset times were recorded. A self-modifiable algorithm was developed and was found to have an R-squared value of .625. The degree of goodness-of-fit for this algorithm is worthy of note because it also considers differences in the driving environment. The individualized adaptive ability of the algorithm provides a greater overall fit for predicting braking behavior, and it may be more useful in automated systems than existing algorithms. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic braking KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Braking performance KW - Daylight KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Lead vehicles KW - Night KW - Onset times KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814583 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055508 AU - Sumer, Nebi AU - Unal, Ayca Berfu AU - Birdal, Ahmet AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessment of Hazard Perception Latencies Using Real Life and Animated Traffic Hazards: Comparison of Novice and Experienced Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 488-494 AB - High accident risk of novice and inexperienced drivers is associated with their poor hazard perception ability. In past studies, hazard perception latencies (reaction time) were measured using hazards in simulated traffic environments, scenario-based video clips, or photographs, but rarely with real-life traffic situations. The authors developed two different measures to assess hazard perception ability (1) video clips of hazards recorded in real-life traffic settings and (2) the video clips of animated hazards. They compared these two measures in terms of their power in discriminating between novice and experienced drivers. Novice (N= 43) and experienced drivers (N = 65) were administered computer-based Turkish Hazard Perception Tests consisting of 40 real traffic and animated video clips of hazards. Results revealed that although experienced drivers detected the hazards relatively earlier than the novices on average, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant for both real-traffic and video clips. Examination of the group differences on each item suggested video clips reflecting actual traffic situations discriminate novice and experienced drivers better than animated clips. Content analyses of the clips that significantly discriminated groups revealed that novice drivers have difficulty in detecting hazards resulting from an unexpected or sudden violation of road users. It seemed that lack of experience in anticipating the other road users’ violations creates a critical vulnerability for the safety of novice drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Computer animation KW - Detection and identification KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Latency KW - Perception KW - Real time information KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations KW - Turkey KW - Unexpected roadway events KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814836 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055506 AU - Mitsopoulos-Rubens, Eve AU - Triggs, Thomas AU - Regan, Michael AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Examining Young Novice Driver Headway Choice in a Simulated Car Following Task SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 558-564 AB - Despite the high incidence of rear-end crashes relative to other crash types among young novice drivers, research examining the car following practices of young novice drivers compared with experienced drivers has been limited. Further, little is understood about the impact of initial following distance—that is, following distance at the commencement of a car following episode—on the final headway adopted. The objective of the current study was to compare systematically the headway choice of a group of 30 young novice drivers with a group of 30 experienced drivers using a car following task that was developed for use in a driving simulator. An important feature of this study was the manipulation of initial following distance. This enabled exploration of how initial headway influences the final headway adopted by each of the novice and experienced groups. The results showed that the young novice drivers in the current study chose to travel at shorter final headways overall than their more experienced counterparts. Furthermore, while initial following distance impacted on the final following distance adopted overall, the novices did not adjust to incremental variations in initial following distance in the same manner as the experienced drivers. The implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms underlying the headway choices of novice as opposed to experienced drivers are briefly discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Car following KW - Driver experience KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Following distance KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Rear end crashes KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055505 AU - Pauzie, Annie AU - Manzano, Julie AU - Dapzol, Nicolas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver's Behavior and Workload Assessment for New In-Vehicle Technologies Design SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 572-580 AB - Innovative technology can induce improvement in road safety, as long as its acceptability and its adequacy are checked, taking into account the diversified driver’s population needs and functional abilities through a Human Centred Design process. Relevant methodology has to be developed in this purpose. Evaluation of the driver’s mental workload is an important parameter, complementary to objective ones such as control of the vehicle and driver’s visual strategies. This paper describes experiments conducted in the framework of the European project AIDE aiming at validating the DALI (Driving Activity Load Index), a tool set up to allow evaluation of mental workload while using in-vehicle systems; the main results and conclusion from this approach are presented. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Equipment design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Mental workload KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055504 AU - Flannagan, Michael J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Vision in Night Driving: The Roles of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 25-31 AB - Because of the low light levels that are important in night driving, it is possible that both rods and cones contribute to visual performance for drivers at night. However, little evidence has been available about the relative contributions of these classes of photoreceptors. Partly, this may be because until recently the range of light sources has been limited, and consequently the question was not of great practical importance, at least for photometry. However, there is now a much larger variety of sources in use for vehicle lighting, including high-intensity discharge (HID) and light emitting diode (LED) sources. The greater variety of sources and spectral power distributions has increased interest in how the visual response of a driver’s eyes at night varies with wavelength. New evidence indicates that the relative contributions of rods and cones may be different for different driving tasks or different aspects of a driver’s visual experience at night: detection of pedestrians—the task that is most critically affected by darkness— may depend primarily on cones, while subjective impressions of brightness, and perhaps the conspicuity of emergency signals in the visual periphery, may be strongly influenced by rods. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cones (Photoreceptors) KW - Detection and identification KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Eye KW - High intensity discharge lamps KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Pedestrians KW - Photoreceptors KW - Rods (Photoreceptors) KW - Spectral power distribution KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Warning signals KW - Wavelength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055502 AU - Pradhan, Anuj AU - Pollatsek, Alexander AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison of Trained and Untrained Novice Drivers’ Gaze Behavior in Risky and Non-Risky Scenarios SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 328-334 AB - PC-based training programs have been developed that have been shown to improve novice drivers’ hazard anticipation skills. Such programs give novice drivers information about particular driving situations (scenarios) where hidden threats could appear. The authors wanted to know whether this improvement in trained novice drivers’ scanning skills was simply because the trained drivers were scanning more in general or, instead, were scanning more specifically in the scenarios in which potential threats could appear. In order to evaluate this question, the authors trained 11 novice drivers using a PC-based program and then compared their hazard anticipation performance on a driving simulator with the hazard anticipation performance of 11 untrained novice drivers. The drivers’ eye movements were recorded for the duration of the drives. The glances of the drivers to the right (the correct response in most of the risky scenarios) were analyzed for each of the relevant risky scenarios and for stretches of non-risky situations. The trained drivers did look to the right 6.5% more in the non-risky situations than did the untrained drivers, although the difference was far from significant. However, the trained drivers looked to the right 32.7% more in the risky scenarios than in the non-risky situations, indicating they were discriminating quite well between the two situations. The untrained drivers also showed a smaller, but significant, discrimination between the risky scenarios and non-risky situations, as they looked to the right 18.9% more in the risky scenarios than in the non-risky stretches. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Anticipation KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Gaze KW - Gaze direction KW - Glance behavior KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Personal computers KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055501 AU - Craen, Saskia de AU - Twisk, Divera AM AU - Hagenzieker, Marjan P AU - Elffers, Henk AU - Brookhuis, Karel A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Overestimation of Skills Affects Drivers’ Adaptation to Task Demands SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 39-45 AB - Inadequate self-assessment, and specifically, overestimation of skill, results in insufficient adaptation to task demands, which can manifest itself on different levels of the driving task. A total of 130 drivers (83 novice and 47 experienced drivers) participated in an on-road driving assessment. Their performance in this assessment (i.e., fail or pass) was compared to the participants’ reported confidence in their driving skills (i.e., high or low confidence), resulting in three calibration groups: a) well-calibrated drivers (reported confidence matched performance on assessment), b) overconfident drivers (high confidence but failed assessment) and c) insecure drivers (low confidence but passed assessment). Furthermore, participants completed a questionnaire which focused on choices made on the strategic and manoeuvring level of the driving task. No significant difference was found between the calibration groups for the strategic level. Overconfident drivers reported significantly more violating behaviour than the well-calibrated and the insecure drivers. At the manoeuvring level, overconfident drivers showed significantly less instances of adaptation to traffic complexity. In conclusion, the current study suggests that overconfidence is related to inadequate adaptation to task demands. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Confidence (Psychology) KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Estimating KW - Human subject testing KW - Loss of confidence KW - Overconfidence KW - Performance KW - Self evaluation KW - Task demands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055500 AU - Corso, Gregory M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Just Noticeable Differences for Vehicle Rates of Closure SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 133-137 AB - The goal for this research was to identify the just noticeable difference (JND) for vehicle rates of closure. In an attempt to identify the JND the author used two traditional psychophysical methods. However, these procedures resulted in aberrant relationships between rate of closure and percent correct. Both of the traditional procedures used a sequential presentation of a standard animation and a comparison animation. The final method used a change in the rate of closure within the animation. This method provided the author with a JND of between 12.9 to 16.1 km/h (8 to 10 mph). Reasons for the aberrant findings using the traditional methods are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Computer animation KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Just noticeable difference KW - Psychophysics KW - Speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814510 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055499 AU - Ni, Rui AU - Kang, Julie AU - Andersen, George J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age-Related Driving Performance: Effect of Fog Under Dual-Task Conditions SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 365-370 AB - The present study investigated the driving performance of older and younger drivers using a dual-task paradigm. Drivers were required to do a car-following task while detecting a signal light change in a light array above the roadway in the driving simulator under different fog conditions. Decreased accuracies and longer response times were recorded for older drivers, compared to younger drivers, especially under dense fog conditions. In addition, older drivers had decreased car following performance when simultaneously performing the light-detection task. These results suggest that under poor weather conditions (e.g. fog), with reduced visibility, older drivers may have an increased accident risk because of a decreased ability to perform multiple tasks. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Car following KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Dual tasks KW - Fog KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Visibility KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055497 AU - Rakauskas, Michael E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Using Utility Theory to Evaluate IVR Menu Structure and Reduce Driving Distraction SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 408-415 AB - It has been shown that drivers often exhibit degraded driving performance while concurrently engaging in secondary tasks, such as talking on a mobile phone using navigation systems and other in-vehicle devices. As there seem to be limited solutions at present to hasten or limit these behaviors, this paper outlines how utility theory can be applied to design more efficient and understandable menus. To determine the value of information presented by an interface menu, the frequency of using information in the menu (goals) and the amount of effort it takes to accomplish these goals are quantified for each type of information. This paper outlines a utility analysis that compares the current Minnesota 511 traveler information system and an alternative design intended to improve the user experience and lighten the cognitive load of drivers. The analysis indicated that the proposed changes in design increase value to the user by helping them more efficiently find and identify requested information. Designers can use this technique in order to increase the value of menu information, and in turn help users find and identify requested information more efficiently. It is hoped that more efficient menus will reduce the amount of time and attention that drivers spend using them, allowing for increased attention on the primary task of driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Minnesota KW - Mobile telephones KW - Performance KW - Secondary tasks KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Utility theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055496 AU - Tarr, Ron AU - Whitmire, James D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Virtual Check Ride (VCR) as a Diagnostic and Remediation System SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 495-501 AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) have identified safety and operator performance as major objectives in addressing the inter-modal transportation needs of the state and nation. The Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is working diligently to address the issue of safety on Florida’s roads by developing and enforcing standards and certification of Commercial Driver License (CDL) training and issuance, as well as continual monitoring via enforcement. The Florida Trucking Association (FTA), representing the commercial industry side of the community, is likewise very concerned and is also taking steps to deal with these challenges. Clearly the issue of safety and the proper training of persons who will be operating heavy trucks is of great concern to all of us in the community. Driver training, safety, security, performance enhancements and accident reduction are priority issues in the truck driving industry. With this emphasis, and the increase in highway safety compromised by fraudulent or unskilled CDL licensed drivers, the new Virtual Check Ride, a simulated knowledge and skilled-based diagnostic system for professional truck drivers, was created using multimedia blended simulation that includes computerbased training (CBT) elements. This system also utilizes the GE VS Truck- Driving Simulator. While the implications of VCR are rich with possibilities, the goal of this research is to validate and verify the newest version of the VCR system within the trucking community (e.g., Frito Lay and others). U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving simulators KW - Trucking safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814837 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055494 AU - Lavalliere, Martin AU - Ngan, Nathan AU - Tremblay, Mathieu AU - Laurendeau, Denis AU - Scialfa, Charles T AU - Simoneau, Martin AU - Teasdale, Normand AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age-Related Deficits in the Frequency of Gaze Responses to the Mirrors and Blind-Spot During Lane Change Maneuvers of Various Complexity SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 373-380 AB - Lane changing is a complex driving maneuver that could challenge elderly drivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate eye glances of young and elderly active drivers when engaging lane change maneuvers. Twelve young (aged 21-31 years) and eleven older (aged 65-75 years) active drivers drove through a continuous simulated environment (STISIM, v2.0). The scenario included 16 events where the driver needed to glance at three important regions of interest (ROI): 1) the rear-view mirror, 2) the left-side mirror, and 3) the left blind spot to ensure secure lane change. The lane change maneuvers were necessary 1) to avoid a static object that was partially or completely blocking the lane or 2) for overtaking a slower moving vehicle. Compared with younger drivers, older drivers showed a reduced frequency of glances towards the left-side mirror and the blind spot. Also, while the older drivers showed a constant frequency of glances across the two types of driving maneuvers (i.e., avoiding a static object and overtaking a slower vehicle), the younger drivers generally showed a higher frequency of glances and this frequency increased when overtaking a slower vehicle. A better knowledge of the elderly drivers’ behavior could enable researchers to identify at-risk behaviors and to retrain older drivers to adopt safer behaviors. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Blind spots KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Gaze KW - Glance behavior KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Passing KW - Physical condition KW - Rate of occurrence KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Retraining KW - Side mirrors KW - Task complexity KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814686 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055493 AU - Larsson, Helena AU - Falkmer, Torbjorn AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Off-Road and On-Road Driving Assessments Methods, What Do They Say? A Clinical Sample SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 335-342 AB - Driving assessments are carried out in various ways, and diverse methods and tests are used. The British Stroke Driver Screening Assessment (SDSA) is a cognitive test, developed to evaluate driving fitness in stroke patients. For Sweden, Denmark and Norway, there is a Nordic version, the Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment (NorSDSA). This cognitive test has become commonly used by driving assessors and is sometimes the only test used to evaluate driving fitness regardless of a client’s diagnoses. The objective of the study was thus to compare the off-road NorSDSA test outcome, expressed as a global pass or fail result, with an on-road driving test outcome. The results showed that 52 out of 63 patients were correctly classified in the drivers-fail group and 24 of 57 in the pass group. In total, 63% were correctly classified, (sensitivity 42% and specificity 83%). The NorSDSA is thus not a valid predictor for pass or fail on the on-road test. However, only a few neuropsychological tests are made for driving assessments. The NorSDSA is one of them, but driving assessors should know its apparent limitations. The recommendation is thus not to solely rely on the NorSDSA to assess fitness to drive. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognition KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fitness to drive KW - Highway safety KW - Limitations KW - Neuropsychological tests KW - Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055492 AU - Dapzol, Nicolas AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Weight Semi Hidden Markov Model and Driving Situation Classification for Driver Behavior Diagnostic SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 84-90 AB - In this study, the author proposes to use statistical modelling to analyze, model, and categorize driving activity. To achieve this objective, he develops a new statistical model by adding a weight feature to the classic Semi Hidden Markov Model (SHMM) framework. Then, to assess its capacity, he conducts an experiment that allows him to record 718 driving sequences categorized in 36 situations. He then used his modelling to identify the driver's aim and the driving situation he's in. Furthermore, he adapted the ascendant hierarchic classification technique to this modelling. It allows him to understand which situations are close and to define partitions of whole driving situations. Finally, on these sequences, his modelling choice allows him to predict the driver’s situation with, on average, an 85% success rate. These results show the HMM effectiveness to manage temporal and multidimensional data by modelling predicting drivers’ behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Classification KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Markov processes KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055491 AU - Harbluk, Joanne L AU - Burns, Peter C AU - Lochner, Martin AU - Trbovich, Patricia L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Using the Lane-Change Test (LCT) to Assess Distraction: Tests of Visual-Manual and Speech-Based Operation of Navigation System Interfaces SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 16-22 AB - The Lane Change Test (LCT) is an easy-to-implement, low-cost methodology for the evaluation of the distraction associated with performing in-vehicle tasks while driving (Mattes, 2003). In the present study, the LCT was used to assess driving performance when drivers completed navigation tasks using visual-manual or speech-based interfaces. Drivers performed two types of navigation tasks at two levels of difficulty. The results provide support for the LCT as an effective measure of distraction for both types of interface. It is recommended that the LCT procedure incorporate additional measures beyond the current mean deviation measure. Two measures are suggested: Lane Change Initiation, which reflects the aspects of driving having to do with detection and response delay as a result of distraction, and a measure of task duration to account for risk exposure. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Automobile driving KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Occupant vehicle interface KW - Performance KW - Speech KW - Visual motor tasks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055488 AU - Berndt, Angela AU - May, Esther AU - Clark, Michael AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Drivers with Dementia: Environment, Errors and Performance Outcomes SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 401-407 AB - The current non-experimental observational study adds to the body of evidence and literature by describing, from a person – environment – occupation model, the on-road performance of 115 licensed drivers who had dementia. The purpose is to potentially prescribe the essential criteria of environmental and driving tasks for on-road assessment inclusion. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Dementia KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Environment KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055487 AU - Sullivan, John M AU - Bargman, Jonas AU - Adachi, Go AU - Schoettle, Brandon AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Performance and Workload Using a Night Vision System SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 519-526 AB - Night vision systems (NVS) have the potential to improve the visibility of critical objects at night beyond the levels achievable with low-beam headlamps. This could be especially valuable for older drivers, who have difficulty seeing at night and who are sensitive to glare. However, this benefit may also be accompanied by ancillary costs, such as the additional workload involved with monitoring and interpreting the forward view depicted by the NVS. In this study, the authors asked young and old subjects to drive at night on a test track while they measured distance and accuracy of target detection, subjective workload, and longitudinal control of the vehicle. In some conditions, direct view of the road was supplemented by a far-infrared NVS with two display configurations: a head-up display mounted above the dashboard, and a head-down display mounted near the vehicle midline. Night vision systems increased target detection distance for both young and old drivers, with noticeably more benefit for younger drivers. Although workload measures did not differ between the unassisted visual detection task and the NVS-assisted tasks, they were greater when driving with a detection task than without. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Accuracy KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Detection and identification KW - Distance KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Head down displays KW - Head up displays KW - Human subject testing KW - Infrared radiation KW - Longitudinal control KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Night vision devices KW - Performance KW - Test tracks KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814844 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055486 AU - Akinwuntan, Emmanuel Abiodun AU - De Weerdt, Willy AU - Feys, Hilde AU - Verheyden, Geert AU - De Vooght, F AU - Devos, Hannes AU - Baten, Guido AU - Kiekens, Carlotte AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Training of Driving-Related Attentional Performance After Stroke Using a Driving Simulator SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 112-118 AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of simulator-based driving training on attentional performance after stroke. A further analysis of data was conducted from a randomized controlled trial in which the effect of simulator training and cognitive paper and pencil training to improve driving were compared. Performance in divided attention tasks before, during and after 15 hours of simulator-based training of general driving skills in 33 experimental participants were evaluated. Performance in divided attention tasks was assessed during navigation of a 5-km scenario with the divided attention tasks as the only event to respond to and another 13.5-km scenario that contained a good mixture of regular day to day traffic situations. There were significant improvements in mean response time to the divided attention tasks and time to complete the 5-km scenario. Significant decrease in mean response time, number of missed responses, collisions, pedestrians hit, total faults and run time and increase in number of correct responses were found in the 13.5-km scenario. Further analyses showed most improvements in the simulator assessments occurred between pre- and mid-training. Simulator-based training of driving skills positively impacted attentional performance. Findings in this study suggest that 10 hours of simulator-based driving training after stroke is sufficient to realize meaningful benefits. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Attention KW - Benefits KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reaction time KW - Specialized training KW - Stroke (Medical condition) KW - Stroke patients KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814504 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055485 AU - Sirois, William AU - Dawson, Todd AU - Moore-Ede, Martin AU - Aguirre, Acacia AU - Trutschel, Udo AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Driver Fatigue as a Factor in Road Accidents SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 527-533 AB - Fatigue is one of the most pervasive yet under-investigated causes of human-error-related driving accidents, incidents, and injuries. Several studies suggest that 25-30% of driving accidents are fatigue related (Horne et al., 1995). However, government reports estimate that only 1-4% of crashes may be attributable to the driver falling asleep or being drowsy, based largely on data derived from police reports recorded at these accidents (Cummings et al., 2001). The reason for this wide disparity is that there is no simple tool or objective way for investigators to collect the (right) data needed to correlate accidents with fatigue. To bridge this gap, a diagnostic survey instrument was developed, along with a weighted risk model based on Fuzzy Scalable Monotonic Chaining (FSMC), to help investigators readily determine (by standardized criteria and with high probability) the role of fatigue as a causal factor in driving accidents. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drowsiness KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fuzzy algorithms KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Sleep KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814845 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055484 AU - Moller, Henry J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Broad-Spectrum Clinical Applications of a Low-Fidelity Simulator: Emphasis on Functional Impairment SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 126-129 AB - The recently published 7th edition of the Canadian Medical Association’s guide “Determining Medical Fitness to Operate Motor Vehicles” places an increased emphasis on functional assessment rather than exclusively on a diagnostic categorization in determining license eligibility of Canadian drivers. While there is currently significant interest in research and development of simulation scenarios suitable to screen for specific medical impairments, the author's research group at University of Toronto has expanded the utility of a single low-cost low-fidelity interactive driving simulation paradigm to screen for functional impairments related to fitness-to-drive in a wide number of clinical conditions. The long-term objective of this project is to be able to use this simulation protocol beyond a research model in fitness-to-drive assessments performed in a routine clinical context. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Canada KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Fitness to drive KW - Functional impairments KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055483 AU - Kallhammer, Jan-Erik AU - Smith, Kip AU - Karlsson, Johan AU - Hollnagel, Erik AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Shouldn't Cars React as Drivers Expect? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 9-15 AB - The objective of this project is to develop and test a multi-method empirical approach for predicting drivers’ assessments of the level of acceptability of a warning issued in response to accidents, near-accidents, and other incidents. The role of humans (drivers) in the pre-crash phase means that systems that protect occupants and pedestrians must be seen as distributed, cognitive systems. Driver acceptance therefore has to be an important design goal. One obstacle to acceptance is the human dislike for false alarms. An approach to overcoming driver dislike for false alarms is to focus on driver expectations and to design systems to issue alarms when and only when the driver is likely to accept them. In this paper the authors discuss one such approach. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acceptance KW - Attitudes KW - Driver expectations KW - Drivers KW - False alarms (In-vehicle alerting devices) KW - Highway safety KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055482 AU - Turpin, Darrell R AU - Welles, Reginald T AU - Price, Camille AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Simulator-Based Learning: Achieving Performance Improvement Independent of Instructors SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 481-487 AB - The Utah Department of Public Safety (UDPS) implemented a new driver training methodology in 2005, which they have used to train over 950 law-enforcement personnel over the past two years (2005–2006). The new methodology uses driving simulators for whole task practice and for measuring driver-performance. It places simulator-based practice between initial classroom instruction and test-track driver training. Prior analyses of the data collected for 355 drivers in the first year demonstrated that UDPS had successfully achieved: (1) objective measures of driver performance to establish pass/fail criteria, (2) effective motivation for drivers to improve their own performance, and (3) measures of the overall effectiveness of the training process. Summary reports of the first year of data collected at UDPS demonstrated: (1) SAS mitigation levels below the occurrence of test-track discomfort, and (2) a 67% reduction in risk for collisions by reduction of critical errors. The above success led to expanding the training to 598 new trainees in the second year. This paper reviews new driver performance data collected during 2006. Two additional trainers participated in that process. Analysis of this new data not only confirms the first year’s analysis, but newly establishes that: (1) improvement in driver performance is independent of the trainer(s), and (2) training benefit is a function of the sequence and number of exercises. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Classroom driver instruction KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement personnel KW - Learning KW - Measurement KW - Motivation KW - Performance KW - Test tracks KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814834 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055480 AU - Wang, Dong-Yuan Debbie AU - Pick, David F AU - Proctor, Robert W AU - Ye, Yi AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effect of a Side Collision-Avoidance Signal on Simulated Driving with a Navigation System SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 206-211 AB - Effects of a side collision-avoidance system (SCAS) signal on driving behavior were examined in an environment in which a nagivation signal was also used. Sixteen undergraduate students participated in this study, and a computerbased STISIM driving simulator was used in the project. Subjects were asked to respond to two signals, a visually displayed directional signal generated by a simulated navigation system (NAS) and a monaural auditory tone from a simulated SCAS presented after a NAS signal. Subjects were instructed that the SCAS signal conveyed directional information about an impending threat (the location of the danger from which they were to turn, or the escape direction toward which they were to turn). Contrary to previous findings in a non-driving environment (Wang et al., 2003), response time (RT) was significantly shorter for the group in which the location of the SCAS signal was spatially compatible with the location of the danger than for the group in which the SCAS signal location was incompatible with the location of the danger. Mean RT was not significantly shorter when the direction of the NAS signal and the location of the SCAS signal corresponded than when they did not. Given that subjects tended to withhold responding until they perceived the encroaching car, the benefit of a SCAS may be to direct a driver’s attention in the direction of an impending threat before the driver would ordinarily detect it. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Audible warning devices KW - Behavior KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Location KW - Reaction time KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814582 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055479 AU - Angell, Linda S AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Secondary Task Demands on Drivers’ Responses to Events During Driving: Surrogate Methods and Issues SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 23-24 AB - The objectives of this study were to: (1) examine effects of secondary task demands on event detection and response during driving; (2) examine the validity of surrogate methods which might be used in a laboratory environment to evaluate these effects early in the development process for advanced information systems; (3) identify issues which limit and/or require careful interpretation in the application of event detection results to product considerations; and (4) identify issues which are at the forefront of scientific knowledge in this area, and in need of further research. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Detection and identification KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Reaction time KW - Secondary tasks KW - Task demands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055478 AU - Tsimhoni, Omer AU - Flannagan, Michael J AU - Mefford, Mary Lynn AU - Takenobu, Naoko AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Simple and Effective Display for Night Vision Systems SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 271-277 AB - The next generation of automotive night vision systems will likely continue to display to the driver enhanced images of the forward driving scene. In some displays there may also be highlighting of pedestrians and animals, which has been argued to be the primary safety goal of night vision systems. The authors present here the method that was used to design a conceptual display for night vision systems. Although the primary focus of the method is on safety analysis, consideration is given to driver performance with the system, and exposure to alerts. It also addresses user acceptance and annoyance, distraction, and expected behavior adaptation. The resulting driver interface is a simple and potentially effective display for night vision systems. It consists of a pedestrian icon that indicates when there are pedestrians near the future path of the vehicle. An initial prototype of this night-vision DVI was tested on the road and showed promising results despite its simplicity. It improved pedestrian detection distance from 34 to 44 m and decreased the overall ratio of missed pedestrians from 13% to 5%, correspondingly. The improvement may be attributable to the icon alerting the driver to the presence of a pedestrian. In this experiment, the drivers were probably more alert to the possible presence of pedestrians than drivers in the real world, suggesting that the effect of the icon might be even larger in actual use. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acceptance KW - Automobile drivers KW - Behavioral adaptation KW - Detection and identification KW - Distraction KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Highway safety KW - Icons KW - Instrument displays KW - Night vision KW - Night vision devices KW - Pedestrians KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055477 AU - McGehee, Daniel V AU - Carney, Cher AU - Raby, Mireille AU - Lee, John D AU - Reyes, Michelle L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Impact of an Event-Triggered Video Intervention on Rural Teenage Driving SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 565-571 AB - This study examines the ability of an event-triggered video system to extend parental involvement into the independent driving phase of newly licensed teen drivers. The system provides both immediate feedback and a 20-second video clip, giving the teen driver and their parent the opportunity to review and learn from their mistakes as well as good responses. The event-triggered video system was placed in the vehicles of 25 teen drivers (ages 16-17) for 57 weeks. The first nine weeks established a within-subject baseline; no parental or system feedback was given during this time. During the next 40 weeks, feedback was provided to the teen driver in the form of a blinking LED on the camera and a weekly report card mailed to the parents. The report showed the driver’s weekly and cumulative performance regarding unsafe behaviors and seatbelt use relative to the other participants. The last eight weeks was a second baseline period. Results revealed two distinct groups: one that triggered few events and one that triggered many events. Combining this emerging technology with parental weekly review of safety-relevant incidents resulted in a significant and lasting decrease in events for most of the teens that triggered many events. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Parents KW - Performance KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Rural areas KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055476 AU - Henderson, Steven AU - Gagnon, Sylvain AU - Belanger, Alexandre AU - Tabone, Ricardo AU - Collin, Charles AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Near Peripheral Motion Detection Threshold Predicts Detection Failure Accident Risk in Younger and Older Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 191-198 AB - Motion contrast thresholds for 0.4 cycle/degree drifting Gabor stimuli were assessed at 15-degrees eccentricity for 16 younger drivers (ages 24 to 42), and 15 older drivers (ages 65 to 84), using a temporal two-alternative forced choice staircase procedure. Two self-report questionnaires assessed detection failure accident risk—the Driver Perception Questionnaire (DPQ5), and an abridged Aging Driver Questionnaire (ADQ15). The UFOV® test battery was also administered. Mean peripheral motion contrast thresholds (PMCT) of younger and older participants were –39.3 dB and –33.8 dB, respectively. For younger drivers, the correlation between PMCT and DPQ5 scores was .62 (p<.01), and between DPQ5 and ADQ16 (new and validated self-report measures, respectively) was .59 (p<.01). For older drivers, correlation between PMCT and DPQ5 scores was .49 (p<.01), between DPQ5 and ADQ16 was .73 (p<.01), and between PMCT and age was .49 (p<.05). For drivers overall, correlation was .48 (p<.01) between PMCT and DPQ5 scores, .63 (p<.0001) between DPQ5 and ADQ16, and .69 (p<.0001) between PMCT and age. For drivers overall, correlation was .30 (p<.05) between UFOV1 and age, .67 (p<.0001) between UFOV2 and age, .56 (p<.001) between UFOV2 and PMCT, .80 (p<.0001) between UFOV3 and age, and .58 (p<.001) between UFOV3 and PMCT. Holding age constant, partial correlation of PMCT with DPQ5 was .55 (p<.001), and of PMCT with ADQ15 was .39 (p<.05). PMCT significantly predicted self-reported driving performance in a laboratory setting, and worsened significantly with age. PMCT assessment should be made practicable. Informing high-risk drivers may encourage appropriate risk reduction countermeasures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratories KW - Motion detection KW - Performance KW - Peripheral vision KW - Self reports KW - Tests KW - Thresholds KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814579 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055475 AU - Bowers, Alex R AU - Mandel, Aaron J AU - Goldstein, Robert B AU - Peli, Eli AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Simulator-Based Driving with Hemianopia: Detection Performance and Compensatory Behaviors on Approach to Intersections SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 269-270 AB - In 22 states people with homonymous hemianopia (complete loss of the visual field on the same side in both eyes) are explicitly prohibited from driving, as they do not meet the minimum visual field requirements for driver licensing. However, there is little scientific evidence derived either from on-road or driving simulator studies about the safety of driving with hemianopia. If the eye and head were kept stationary, people with hemianopia would not detect anything on the side of the field loss. In the real world, however, they may be able to compensate for the loss by exploring the affected (blind) side using head- and eye-scanning. It has been reported that in Holland (where driving with hemianopia is permitted), driving examiners consider increased head-scanning (especially on approach to intersections) to be an effective compensation for peripheral visual field defects (Coeckelbergh et al., 2002). Whether increased head-scanning while driving results in better detection performance has never been quantitatively investigated. The authors conducted a simulator-based evaluation of driving with hemianopia to investigate detection performance and head movement behaviors on approach to intersections. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Approach lanes KW - Compensatory behaviors KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of vision KW - Head movements KW - Hemianopia KW - Human subject testing KW - Intersections KW - Performance KW - Vision disorders KW - Visual detection KW - Visual perception KW - Visual scanning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055474 AU - Cody, Delphine AU - Nowakowski, Christopher AU - Bougler, Benedicte AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Observation of Gap Acceptance During Intersection Approach SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 321-327 AB - This paper presents the results of a field test evaluating drivers’ decision making and gap acceptance for a left turn maneuver with opposite traffic; with a focus on the scenario where the turning vehicle is approaching the intersection. Twenty-three participants drove an instrumented vehicle ten times around an extended block turning left at four specific intersections. DGPS and radar data were combined to represent the trajectories of the turning vehicle and opposite traffic and to compute the gap between the turning vehicle and the lead vehicle of the on-coming traffic. The results cover the categorization of driver behavior based on the velocity profile while crossing the intersection. The velocity profile shows whether a driver stopped during the maneuver and the categories are defined based on where the driver stopped. The trajectories were then further sorted to account for the difference in speed profile or stopping location within one category. The characteristics of the accepted and rejected lags are presented and discussed, with an emphasis on turning drivers’ speed adaptation to the presence of an on-coming vehicle, and the presence of following traffic on a decision to stop. The conclusion of this study is that although valuable information was gathered during this field test, the data collection setup did not capture sufficiently the characteristic of the opposite traffic for a quantitative description of the effect of subsequent gaps on drivers’ decision to stop. Therefore, further data collection will be conducted on an instrumented intersection on a closed track. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Approach lanes KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Field tests KW - Gap acceptance KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Opposing traffic KW - Speed KW - Speed adaptation KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055473 AU - Garabet, Angela AU - Horrey, William J AU - Lesch, Mary F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Does Exposure to Distraction in an Experimental Setting Impact Driver Perception of Cell Phone Ease of Use and Safety? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 387-393 AB - The authors examined drivers’ perception of the ease and safety of cell phone use while driving before and after exposure to distraction in an experimental setting. During the study, each driver reflected on driving and task performance while engaged in conversation-like and arithmetic distraction tasks on a hands-free and hand-held cell phone. Hands-free phones were consistently rated easier to use and safer than hand-held cell phones by both age groups, despite equivalent decrements in driving performance. Younger drivers consistently rated cell phones to be easier to use and safer than did older drivers. After exposure to distraction, younger drivers’ perception of the ease of use declined relative to their initial ratings; however, there was no corresponding change in the ratings of safety. In contrast, older drivers’ perception of ease or safety did not change significantly post-exposure. A priori subjective ratings on various dimensions of driver skill and distraction were also examined with respect to age-related differences. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Age groups KW - Attitudes KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Ease of use KW - Experiments KW - Handheld devices KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814688 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055471 AU - Marmeleira, Jose F AU - Ferreira, Ines S AU - Godinho, Mario B AU - Fernandes, Orlando M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Time-to-Arrival and Useful Field of View: Associations with Reported Driving Difficulties Among Older Adults SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 91-97 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine self-reported driving difficulties related to time-to-arrival (TTA) and/or useful field of view (UFOV), to identify associations between TTA and UFOV, and to compare the TTA estimated accuracy between different vehicle speed approaches. Thirty-eight male and female active drivers ages 61 to 81 years (70,2 ± 5,0 years) participated in this study. The UFOV® test was applied. TTA was studied with a removal paradigm, using two vehicle speeds (50 and 70km/h) for data collection. A driving habits questionnaire was administered, including items concerning driving difficulties. Results showed that lower performances in divided attention (subtest 2 of UFOV®) were significantly associated with reported difficulties in high-traffic intersections, trouble seeing the signs in time to respond to them, and problems judging the speed or distance of an approaching vehicle. Concerning TTA, greater response bias and/or greater response inconsistency were significantly associated with difficulties in overtaking other cars, difficulties seeing the signs in time to react to them, difficulties in the speed or distance perception of an oncoming vehicle. Low associations were found between UFOV and TTA measures. TTA estimated accuracy increased when the vehicle traveled at higher speeds. The authors concluded that both TTA and UFOV seem to be important measures to identify driving difficulties in older adults. The TTA could be relevant in measuring specific aspects of visual information processing in addition to other instruments like UFOV®. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Distance KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Field of view KW - Human information processing KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Passing KW - Performance KW - Problems KW - Questionnaires KW - Speed KW - Time to arrival KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual information UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055470 AU - Baldwin, Carryl L AU - Reagan, Ian AU - Lawrence, Jeffrey H AU - Turner, T Robert AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Auditory In-Vehicle Technologies to Support Older Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 371-372 AB - Population aging, in combination with improved health care and more active lifestyles well into advanced age, have resulted in an increased number of older adults driving more miles than ever before. Unfortunately, these older drivers are over-represented in motor vehicle crashes and crash-related fatalities. Rather than the risk-tasking behaviors observed in young drivers, the collisions of older drivers frequently involve perceptual-cognitive errors. Advanced in-vehicle technologies have the potential to function as sensory-cognitive aids and may offset the negative impact of age-related changes in sensory and cognitive abilities. Collision Avoidance Systems (CASs) function as sensory aids to augment hazard detection capabilities, and therefore may be of particular benefit to older drivers. Navigation aids can offset the working memory requirements of wayfinding, and auditory guidance directions may reduce the visual demands of searching for street signs and reading maps. However, these advanced systems also have the potential to increase the information processing demands of the driving task or distract drivers, particularly if they are not designed in accordance with the sensory and perceptual capabilities of older adults. A series of experiments aimed at examining the impact of sensory-cognitive characteristics of auditory navigational aids on driver wayfinding, performance on a visual peripheral detection task, and neurophysiological, behavioral and subjective indices of driver mental workload and performance were conducted. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Auditory systems KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash causes KW - Distraction KW - Driver errors KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Human information processing KW - Mental workload KW - Motor vehicle navigational aids KW - Neurophysiology KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Peripheral detection task KW - Peripheral vision KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Wayfinding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814681 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055469 AU - Boer, Erwin R AU - Caro, Stephane AU - Cavallo, Viola AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Cybernetic Perspective on Car Following in Fog SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - 452-458 AB - Drivers often drive at a closer time headway (THW) in fog than in clear weather conditions for similar speed ranges (White & Jeffery, 1980). Closer following is generally considered more dangerous. The hypothesis pursued in this paper is that drivers experience a perceptual-motor benefit from driving closer in fog that results in greater (or equivalent) safety and reduced driving demand. A computational car following model with an experimentally constructed perceptual module is introduced and used to demonstrate that under some conditions, closer following in fog is indeed beneficial because it effectively reduces drivers’ perceptual delay by a sufficient amount to improve controllability of the gap so much that the variability in THW reduces more than (or as much as) the adopted decrease in target THW. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Car following KW - Cybernetics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fog KW - Gaps KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814819 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055468 AU - Senserrick, Teresa M AU - Brown, Timothy AU - Marshall, Dawn AU - Quistberg, D Alex AU - Dow, Ben AU - Winston, Flaura K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Risky Driving by Recently Licensed Teens: Self-Reports and Simulated Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 541-548 AB - U.S. teens are overrepresented in motor vehicle crashes, with the majority due to driver error; however, causal pathways remain to be elucidated. This research aimed to identify driving performance factors that might underlie newly-licensed male teens’ risk. Surveys were conducted with 21 16-year-olds at the time of intermediate licensure. During the second month of licensure they completed drives in a high-fidelity simulator. Simulator scenarios allowed assessment of responses to yellow traffic lights changing to red and to a visual search task, for which previous data on older age groups of drivers were available. All teens had an A or B grade point average, previously found to be associated with lower crash and citation risk. Nonetheless, 71% reported risky driving in terms of prior unlicensed, unsupervised driving. In the simulator, 46% went through an intersection as the light turned red, compared to 33% of adults. In the visual search task, teens had shorter mean perception-reaction times and identified more targets than adults and older drivers, but similar to young drivers. Therefore, even teens with good grades, perceived to be less risky, were willing to take driving risks. Their driving performance suggests there may be subtle differences in the way recently-licensed teens drive that might predispose them to crashes. Further research of this nature can increase understanding of such differences and inform the development of more targeted intervention. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adolescents KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver errors KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Grade point average KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Males KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk taking KW - Self reports KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Visual search KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814850 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055467 AU - Green, Paul AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Why Driving Performance Measures Are Sometimes Not Accurate (and Methods to Check Accuracy) SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 394-400 AB - This paper identifies common sources of inconsistency and error in measurements of driving performance and describes methods to determine the size of these errors. Major sources of inconsistency and error discussed include (1) the lack of zeroing procedures (which affects measurements of steering wheel angle), (2) unknown input and output mapping (which affects measurements of throttle position), (3) the failure to control critical factors such as tire pressure, traffic, and wind (which affects measurements of speed), (4) uncertainty about where the lane boundary actually is (which affect measurements of lane position and counts of lane departures), and (5) the failure to define or use consistent definitions for measures such as headway/gap, time to line crossing, and time to collision. The lack of or inconsistency of definitions can lead to multiple interpretations of what could have been measured, and differences between interpretations are of practical significance. The types and magnitude of these inconsistencies and errors vary with the measurement platform, complicating the comparison of driving studies and interfering with building a body of knowledge of driving. By making the driving research community aware of these problems, they can be identified, assessed, and minimized in the future, and published research can be read with a more critical eye. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Accuracy KW - Driving KW - Error analysis KW - Errors KW - Highway safety KW - Interpretation KW - Lane lines KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Steering wheels KW - Throttles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055466 AU - Monk, Christopher A AU - Kidd, David G AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - R We Fooling Ourselves: Does the Occlusion Technique Shortchange R Estimates? SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 2-8 AB - The occlusion technique was originally used to evaluate the cognitive demands of the roadway. Recently, the occlusion technique has been used as a cost-effective tool for assessing the visual demand of in-vehicle devices. Occlusions simulate glances from an in-vehicle device to the roadway by interrupting visual sampling. However, occluding the in-vehicle device does not impose any additional cognitive demand on the participant like true glances back to the roadway. The purpose of this study was to compare standard no-task occlusions with occlusions requiring participants to perform a visual-motor tracking task. Results suggest that overestimates of resumability may result by not including a task during occlusions. Furthermore, estimations of visual demand based on individual post-occlusion resumption times may provide a more precise measure of transition costs and resumability than measures based on Total Shutter Open Time. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive demand KW - Drivers KW - In vehicle devices KW - Resumability KW - Simulation KW - Visual attention KW - Visual demand KW - Visual motor tasks KW - Visual occlusion KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055465 AU - Belanger, Alexandre AU - Yamin, Stephanie AU - Cyr, Andree-Ann AU - Gagnon, Sylvain AU - Hing, Malcolm Man-Soon AU - Marshall, Shawn AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Crashing Under Pressure: An Examination of Older Driver’s Reactions to Simulated Challenging Road Events SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 438-445 AB - The driving reactions of 20 older and 20 young adults to two surprising events with varying levels of complexity was examined. Cognitive measures of workload, divided attention and reaction time were also collected. The results revealed that older adults experienced more difficulties when confronted with a surprising event that was more complex and required a rapid reaction. Crash risk was found to be associated with self-reported cognitive workload and divided attention (UFOV) results. The obtained results are in line with current cognitive models of the aging driver. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Cognition KW - Complexity KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Divided attention KW - Driver workload KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Reaction time KW - Surprise events KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055464 AU - Gray, Rob AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Predicting the Effects of Disability Glare on Driving Performance SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 46-53 AB - A driving simulator was used to investigate the effects of simulated glare from the sun on the execution of left-turns at an intersection. The presence of glare resulted in a significant reduction in the safety margin used by drivers (by 0.65 sec on average). The effect of glare was larger for low-contrast than for high-contrast oncoming vehicles. Older drivers (45-60 years) had a significantly greater reduction in safety margin compared to younger drivers (19-29 years), however, there was large inter-driver variability in both age groups. Older drivers adopted a larger safety margin in non-glare conditions with the result that the net effect of glare on driving safety was the same for both age groups. It is proposed that the reduction in retinal image contrast caused by glare caused drivers to overestimate the time to collision with oncoming cars. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Contrast KW - Disability glare KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Glare KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Oncoming vehicles KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055463 AU - Scott, Jeffrey J AU - Gray, Rob AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison of Driver Brake Reaction Times to Multimodal Rear-end Collision Warnings SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 285-291 AB - This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities as a function of warning timing in a driving simulator. Drivers experienced four warning conditions: no warning, visual, auditory, and tactile. The warnings activated when the time-to-collision (TTC) reached a critical value of 3.0 or 5.0 s TTC. Driver reaction time (RT) was captured from the time the driver crossed the warning activation threshold to brake initiation. Mean driver RT data showed that the tactile warning significantly outperformed the visual warning, providing support for tactile displays as effective rear-end collision warnings. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Audible warning devices KW - Braking KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Reaction time KW - Rear end crashes KW - Tactile warning devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual warnings KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055462 AU - Lee, Yi-Ching AU - Lee, John D AU - Boyle, Linda Ng AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effect of Voice Interactions on Drivers’ Guidance of Attention SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 61-67 AB - The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of voice interactions with an in-vehicle system on drivers’ guidance of attention. The authors' approach was to examine the effect of voice interactions on endogenous control of attention using a modified Posner cue-target paradigm. Consistent with the bottleneck hypothesis, dual-task slowing was observed when drivers responded to an auditory task and to a pedestrian detection task concurrently. This interference contributed to disrupted attention allocation, especially when drivers could not rely on their endogenous control of attention. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Endogenous variables KW - Highway safety KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055460 AU - Tregear, Stephen J AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - Tiller, Marie AU - Schoelles, Karen AU - Hegmann, Kurt T AU - Greenberg, Michael I AU - Phillips, Barbara AU - Anderson, Gunnar AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Diabetes and Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Systematic Evidence-Based Review and Meta-Analysis SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 343-350 AB - The primary objective of this systematic review was to address the question, “Are drivers with diabetes mellitus at greater risk for a motor vehicle crash than comparable drivers without the disease?” and secondarily, to address the question, “Are insulin-treated diabetics at higher risk for crash?” The authors' searches identified 16 articles that addressed these questions. An assessment of study quality of the included studies found them to be in the low-to-moderate range. While attempts were made to control for differences in the characteristics of individuals that may confound the relationship between diabetes and crash risk in all included studies, most failed to control for exposure. A random-effects meta-analysis found that individuals with diabetes have a 19% increased risk for a motor vehicle crash when compared to similar individuals without diabetes. The authors found no compelling evidence to suggest that insulin-treated individuals are at higher risk for motor vehicle crash than individuals with diabetes not being treated with insulin. The authors discuss the implications of these findings. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diabetes KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Meta-analysis KW - Risk analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055459 AU - Sumer, Nebi AU - Unal, Ayca Berfu AU - Birdal, Ahmet AU - Cınar, Pınar AU - Cevikoglu, Sema AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison of Self-Reported and Computer-Based Hazard Perception Skills Among Novice and Experienced Drivers SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 160-166 AB - Hazard perception (HP) ability of novice drivers has been studied mainly by using computer-based implicit measures, such as simulators or video clips. In this study, the authors tried to replicate and extend Farrand and McKenna’s (2001) study that compared computer-based HP testing with self-assessment. The authors measured HP latencies of experienced and novice drivers by using video clips reflecting actual traffic scenes and their domain-specific self-assessment. Participants (43 novice and 65 experienced drivers) were administered the computer-based Turkish Hazard Perception Test and a brief self-reported HP scale. Results indicated that experienced drivers had significantly shorter reaction time than novice drivers on computer-based video clips with a small effect size, but they reported much better HP skill on paper and pencil test with a strong effect size. Although the computer-based test scores were not correlated with self-reported HP for the novice driver group, they were negatively and significantly correlated for the experienced driver group, suggesting that experienced drivers develop a stronger overconfidence effect in their driving and hazard perception skills than novices. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Driver experience KW - Driving simulators KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Human subject testing KW - Latency KW - Overconfidence KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Self assessments KW - Self reports KW - Turkey KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814531 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01055458 AU - Martens, Marieke H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Danger of Incorrect Expectations In Driving: The Failure to Respond SN - 9780874141580 PY - 2007 SP - pp 314-320 AB - This paper addresses Inattentional Blindness or look-but-fail-to-see in driving. How it is possible that visual information, highly relevant for driving is not perceived or responded to. The author's main focus was on driver expectations. Different experimental studies were performed. In the conducted studies, the author had drivers perform a driving task in which they had to drive a specific road numerous times. This way they were able to control driver expectations with a specific road environment. After some drives the author made some crucial changes to the road environment (e.g., change in priority, change in No-Entry road). Behavioural responses (speed, deceleration) were measured to these changes, as well as eye movements (glance duration) and awareness of the changes. All participants were experienced drivers, and over all studies, 250 drivers participated. There was a relation between driver expectations and the failure to respond. Glance duration to traffic signs was found to decrease with a driver becoming more and more familiar with a specific road. Visually selecting the information seems to be an important condition for enabling a response, but it is certainly not enough. There are various cases where expectations were so strong that drivers looked at the information but did not respond. There seems to be a high correlation between glance duration and responding, as well as between the type of change and responding. In-vehicle equipment warning the driver for these types of situations is highly effective. An elaborated task performance model is presented. U1 - Driving Assessment 2007: 4th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, IncorporatedFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.HFES Surface Transportation Technical GroupLiberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and HealthSeeing MachinesSmart Eye ABSystems Technology, IncorporatedTransportation Research BoardUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgStevenson,Washington,United States StartDate:20070709 EndDate:20070712 Sponsors:Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Incorporated, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., HFES Surface Transportation Technical Group, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Health, Seeing Machines, Smart Eye AB, Systems Technology, Incorporated, Transportation Research Board, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Attitudes KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Expectations KW - Glance duration KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human information processing KW - Reaction time KW - Visual information UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/814633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108894 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Licit Schedule II Drug Use and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Comprehensive Review) PY - 2006/10/21/Evidence Report SP - 268p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third-highest fatality rate, accounting for 12 percent of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of fatally injured truck workers were involved in highway crashes. According to statistics from the United States Department of Transportation for 2005, 137,144 crashes involved a large truck. Of these, 59,405 were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual for a total of 89,681 injuries. In 2004, 4,862 large trucks were involved in fatal crashes for a total of 5,190 fatalities. The purpose of this evidence report is to examine the relationship between the licit use of a Schedule II drug and the risk for a motor vehicle crash. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Drug effects KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30119/Final_Schedule_II_Drugs_Evidence_Report.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30120/Medical_Exemption_Study_Report_2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108905 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Medical Exemption Program Study: Preliminary Report of Findings PY - 2006/10/13/Final Report SP - 106p AB - This Preliminary Report of Findings is the third deliverable in the Medical Exemption Program Study, being performed by Cambridge Systematics on behalf of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The primary mission of the FMCSA is to reduce collisions, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. To this end, the FMCSA has established regulations and processes for licensing drivers operating commercial vehicles. Individual states perform the actual licensing. A portion of the licensing process involves a medical examination by a licensed physician. The results of the medical examination must be consistent with standard Federal regulations. The regulations, however, allow for exemptions to be granted on a case-by-case basis. Two of the areas where exemptions may be granted relate to vision impairment (the FMCSA Vision Exemption Program) and insulin-treated diabetes (the Federal Diabetes Exemption Program). The goal of this project has been to provide process and outcome information regarding these exemption programs that will inform FMCSA policy and guide program improvements. To achieve this goal, Cambridge Systematics used multiple research techniques to review both exemption programs. These techniques included review of relevant literature, interviews of drivers in the Vision Exemption Program, and statistical analysis of reported collision data. This document presents the project findings. The primary conclusion is that the Vision Exemption Program does not appear to be negatively impacting the safety of the nation’s highways. Drivers in the program have lower reported annual collision volumes than a control set of the general commercial driver population and similar reported annual collision volumes compared to a control subset of general commercial vehicle drivers with no reported annual collisions between 2001 and 2003. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Diabetes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Exemption KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Visually impaired persons UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30120/Medical_Exemption_Study_Report_2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522315 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Pope, Douglas AU - McMillan, Nancy AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A Simulation Approach to Estimate the Efficacy of Meritor WABCO’s Improved Roll Stability Control PY - 2006/10//Final Report SP - 48p AB - This report summarizes work performed to model, evaluate and verify the safety benefits of an improved version of the Roll Advisor and Controller (RA&C) on-board safety system. A United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) Field Operational Test (FOT) led by Freightliner evaluated an RA&C on-board safety system. The RA&C system assists commercial vehicle drivers, especially drivers of tanker trucks, to avoid rollover crashes. The RA&C, comprised of two components that perform two distinct functions: (1) To inform drivers when they have performed a maneuver with a high risk of rollover (the roll stability advisor [RSA] component). (2) To initiate autonomous braking to prevent a rollover (the roll stability control [RSC] component). All of the data analyzed in this report came from the Freightliner IVI FOT. Data were collected on six Freightliner tractors pulling tank trailers of liquid nitrogen in revenue service during late 2000 through 2001. The methods for estimating the benefits of a safety system were developed by Battelle as part of the independent evaluation of the FOT. This report describes how the methods of the independent evaluation were applied to the data of the FOT to predict the benefits of an improved RSC, without conducting a new field test of the system. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver support systems KW - Field tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle electronics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51363/Task-5-4-Roll-Stability-Control.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108890 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evidence Report: Diabetes and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Expedited Review) PY - 2006/09/08/Evidence Report SP - 242p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third highest fatality rate, accounting for 12 percent of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of fatally injured truck workers were involved in highway crashes. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Transportation, there were 137,144 non-fatal crashes involving a large truck in 2005. Of these, 59,405 were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual, for a total of 89,681 injuries. In 2004, 4,862 large trucks were involved in fatal accidents for a total of 5,190 fatalities. The purpose of this evidence report is to examine the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the risk for a motor vehicle crash. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diabetes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30117/Final_Diabetes_Evidence_Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522392 AU - Orban, John AU - Hadden, Jeffrey AU - Stark, Greg AU - Brown, Vincent AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of the Mack Intelligent Vehicle Initiative Field Operational Test PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - 250p AB - This report presents the final results of an independent evaluation of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Mack Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) Field Operational Test (FOT). The IVI is a cooperative effort to conduct FOTs of advanced intelligent vehicle safety systems (IVSS) among the motor carrier industry and four agencies of the USDOT: the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). This report summarizes the results of an independent evaluation of the Mack FOT, which was performed under a cooperative agreement with Mack Trucks, Incorporated, in partnership with McKenzie Tank Lines. The FOT focused on the testing of a lane departure warning system (LDWS). The LDWS is a forward-looking, vision-based system that provides the driver an audible warning of a lane departure situation. Algorithms within the LDWS interpret video images of the lane to estimate the vehicle state (lateral position, speed, heading, etc.) and the road alignment (lane width, road curvature, etc.). By providing lane departure warnings, this system can potentially reduce single-vehicle roadway-departure (SVRD) crashes, rollovers, and lane-change/merge crashes by giving the driver an opportunity to change driving behavior before making a large lane excursion. The primary goals of the independent evaluation included: (1) Achieve an in-depth understanding of system benefits, (2) Obtain measures of driver performance and evaluate user acceptance, (3) Ascertain the performance and capability potential of the LDWS system, (4) Assess product maturity for deployment, and (5) Address institutional and legal issues that might impact deployment. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver support systems KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lane departures KW - Motor carriers KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51298/Evaluation-of-the-Mack-Intelligent-Vehicle-Field-Operational-Test-Sep2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01124475 AU - Lepofsky, Mark AU - Balducci, Patrick AU - Greenberg, Arthur AU - Shaffer, Steven AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Assessment of Potential Benefits and Costs of Revising Brake Inspection Procedures and Certifying Brake Technicians PY - 2006/09//Final Report SP - n.p. AB - As a result of a fatal truck-bus accident in May 2001, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued recommendations to the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). This project was designed to address NTSB's concerns and to assist the FMCSA in: (1) estimating the time and level of training required for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers to conduct pre-trip inspections of sufficient depth to discover defects or deficiencies that were not corrected by a certified brake technician, and (2) estimating the potential benefits and costs of implementing the NTSB's recommendation to establish Federal testing and certification requirements for persons who inspect CMV brakes. The work performed for the study involved conducting a literature review, collecting data, and interviewing and collecting information and data from stakeholders. All information obtained was examined and fed into safety and economic models to determine the potential benefits and costs that could be expected from implementation of the NTSB recommendations. An assessment of the driver training and pre-trip inspection recommendation failed to produce net benefits under any of the scenarios considered. The driver training and pre-trip inspection recommendation produced benefit-cost ratios ranging from 0.07 (50 percent ratio of effectiveness, 200-mile average trip) to 0.55 (80 percent program effectiveness, 400-mile average trip). The brake inspector and certification recommendation, on the other hand, produced large net benefits, with benefit-cost ratios exceeding 12.65 in all scenarios considered in this study. The BCRs ranged from a low of 12.65 (50 percent program effectiveness, 200-mile average trip) to 29.27 (90 percent program effectiveness, 400-mile average trip). From this analysis, it appears that implementing the NTSB recommendation on certification of brake inspectors would create net benefits (benefits exceeding costs) and should be pursued. However, the NTSB recommendation on pre-trip brake inspections performed by drivers does not appear to be worthy of implementation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Buses KW - Certification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Training KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51272/brake-inspection.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/885649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039115 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Iowa Crash Data Reported to the MCMIS Crash File PY - 2006/08//Special Report SP - 36p AB - This report is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was incomplete. This report examines the factors that are associated with reporting rates for the state of Iowa. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Iowa Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, it appears that Iowa is reporting 71.6 percent of crash involvements that should be reported to the Crash file. Reporting rates vary by crash severity and vehicle type. Overall, about 94.1 percent of fatal involvements are reported, compared with 86.4 percent of injury, transported involvements, and 61.4 percent of towed, disabled involvements. Crashes involving large trucks such as tractor-semitrailers or doubles combinations were more likely to be reported than crashes involving single-unit trucks or buses. Crashes covered by the Iowa State Patrol were more likely to be reported than those covered by either county sheriffs or local police departments. Missing data rates are low for most variables, although rates are elevated for body type, driver condition, roadway access, and roadway surface condition. Hazardous materials variables are also problematic. Inconsistencies for non-missing values between the two files may be explained by corrections applied in one file but not the other. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Iowa KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Police reports KW - Reporting KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48744/1/99785.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01050074 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Maryland Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2006/07//Special Report SP - 41p AB - This document is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash file was significantly incomplete in other states. This report evaluates reporting to the MCMIS Crash file from the state of Maryland. MCMIS Crash file records were matched to the Maryland Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of reporting. Overall, Maryland submitted 31.1% of its reportable crash involvements to the MCMIS Crash file in 2004. Reporting rates varied by crash month, vehicle type, crash severity, and reporting agency. Reporting rates were unusually low in November, December, and January. Reporting rates are 84.6% for fatal crashes, 56.0% for injury cases, and 15.6% for tow/disabled accidents which account for 77.3% of unreported cases. Thus, the reporting rate is mostly influenced by low reporting of reportable tow/disabled cases. Single trucks with 2 axles are reported 26.4% of the time, and school buses are reported 23.5% of the time. The state police reported 39.2% of cases they covered compared with 24.8% for the local police. The Baltimore City local police reported only 2% of reportable cases, and in addition had the largest percentage of unreported cases among local police agencies (18.5%). Data quality is also reviewed. The MCMIS file is examined for missing data rates and the Maryland PAR file is compared to the MCMIS Crash file with respect to vehicle type for reportable and matched cases. KW - Crash data KW - Data quality KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Maryland KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Police reports KW - School buses KW - State highway patrol KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/809301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108885 AU - ECRI Evidence-based Practice Center AU - MANILA Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Draft Evidence Report: Diabetes and Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety (Expedited Review) PY - 2006/06/07/Draft Evidence Report SP - 230p AB - Of all occupations in the United States, workers in the trucking industry experience the third highest fatality rate, accounting for 12 percent of all worker deaths. About two-thirds of fatally injured truck workers were involved in highway crashes. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Transportation, there were 137,144 crashes involving a large truck in 2005. Of these, 59,405 were crashes that resulted in an injury to at least one individual, for a total of 89,681 injuries. In 2004, 4,862 large trucks were involved in fatal accidents for a total of 5,190 fatalities. The purpose of this evidence report is to examine the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the risk for a motor vehicle crash. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Diabetes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30122/Diabetes_Proceedings_FMCSA_Draft_07032006_R_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865110 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522391 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Operational Differences and Similarities among the Motorcoach, School Bus, and Trucking Industries PY - 2006/06 SP - 4p AB - As part of the Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program, the effort summarized in this tech brief collected and compared commercial motor vehicle operational measures such as the number of U.S. operators, fleet sizes, crash statistics, vehicle-miles of travel, and business models − information which will serve as a foundation for regulatory programs. Many sources were used to compile data for this synthesis, including Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) databases, industry association publications, industry trade magazines, Internet searches, and documents from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. The literature review was supplemented by interviews with staff at several organizations, who were able to provide additional data not readily available to the public. The key information collected from both the literature review and the interviews includes: (1) Industry Size and Extent − A description of the number of carriers and vehicles in the industry by fleet size, geographic area, and industry subsegments. (2) Safety − Historical fatality, injury, and crash statistics for the industry. (3) Economy and Finances − Industry business statistics, such as sources of revenues, driver compensation, driver regulations, operating costs, vehicle sales, etc. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Finance KW - Literature reviews KW - Operations KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51286/Differences-and-Similarities-among-CMV-Industries-june-2006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01039084 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Washington Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2006/06//Special Report SP - 46p AB - This report is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of Washington. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Washington Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Evaluation of the Washington data was significantly complicated by the fact that not all of the criteria to identify cases that should be reported to the Crash file are included in the Washington PAR file. However, using reference distributions from other states, it was possible to estimate that between 37.6 percent and 53.7 percent of reportable cases are uploaded to the MCMIS Crash file. Crashes involving a fatality are more likely to be reported than crashes in which the most serious injury was an A- or B-injury. Crashes involving large trucks such as tractor-semitrailers or doubles combinations were more likely to be reported than crashes involving single-unit trucks or buses. Crashes covered by the Washington State Police were more likely to be reported than those covered by either county sheriffs or local police departments. Missing data rates are low for most variables, although the important body type variable is almost all missing data, and rates are high for some hazardous materials variables. Inconsistencies were identified for some variables. In particular, the vehicle type description in the PAR file differs greatly from the corresponding vehicle configuration variable in the MCMIS Crash file. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Police reports KW - Reporting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting KW - Washington (State) UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48715/1/99781.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/795556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522371 AU - Williams, David AU - Vercoe, Derrick AU - Erlandson, Peggy AU - Wittpenn, Jennifer AU - Houser, Amy AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System Requirements PY - 2006/03//Interim Report SP - 29p AB - The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) funded this pilot test to (1) Develop generic voluntary requirements for an Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System using as a model a proprietary system that includes specific capabilities, and (2) Field test a system that meets these requirements. This document outlines the requirements for this Expanded Satellite-Based Mobile Communications Tracking System and provides a detailed breakdown of the individual technologies tested in the field test. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Field tests KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Satellite communication KW - Tracking systems KW - United States KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51330/mobile-communications-tracking-system-requirements.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522353 AU - Dinges, David F AU - Maislin, Greg AU - Trucking Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Truck Driver Fatigue Management Survey PY - 2006/03//Final Report SP - 96p AB - This project identified factors related to causes of fatigue and ways to manage fatigue in Teamster commercial drivers working for the Motor Freight Carriers Association. The goal of the project was to identify best practices for managing fatigue that may have potential application to other motor vehicle operators. An 11-page scannable survey instrument (OMB No. 2126-0029) was developed and mailed to 5,741 Teamster drivers (2,741 million milers and 3,000 non-million milers). Responses from 1,128 million miler drivers were compared to those of 1,152 non-million miler drivers who had driven a million or more miles accident free. Drivers averaged 53 years of age and 27.8 years operating trucks. They were generally white, non-Hispanic, married males. Million mile drivers were older by an average of 3 years, had 4.6 years more experience driving a truck, and were more likely to be married than non-million mile drivers. Both the rate of obesity and the rate of tobacco use among Teamster drivers were above the national average. Drivers reported less sleep on workdays than on non-workdays but appeared to understand the critical importance of adequate sleep taken prior starting a driving run—sleep was the major activity most engaged in prior to driving. Proportionally more non-million milers than million milers reported driving at night and that their work start times and schedules varied “quite a lot.” Million milers were less likely to sleep during the daytime, and they had significantly longer sleep durations during a typical 24-hour work period and immediately prior to driving than non-million milers. The two groups did not differ in sleep duration on non-work days, which averaged 8.1 hours. This was more than an hour additional sleep than they reported for work days. In order to identify best practices for managing fatigue, Stepwise Logistical Discriminant Analysis was used to evaluate independent predictors of million miler status. Relative to non-million milers, million miler status was associated with more years of driving experience, less variable work schedules, less night driving, taking the first break earlier when driving, less smoking, and less caffeine and cell phone / CB use to manage fatigue while driving. These findings suggest that the lessons learned from this study regarding “best practices” include the following: regularize work schedules when possible, reduce night driving when possible, encourage taking a rest break sooner when driving, and reduce smoking. In addition, the results suggest that research is needed on ways to (1) help obese drivers lose even a modest amount of weight, which can have substantial health benefits, and (2) identify drivers’ vulnerability to fatigue and determining if matching driver fatigue vulnerability to work schedule would help manage fatigue even more effectively. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial drivers KW - Demographics KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Night shifts KW - Rest periods KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51383/Truck-Driver-Fatigue-Management-Survey-Appendix.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51384/Truck-Driver-Fatigue-Management-Survey-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01023450 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Report to Congress on the Large Truck Crash Causation Study PY - 2006/03 SP - 20p AB - The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (MCSIA), P.L. 106-159, mandated a study to determine the causes of, and contributing factors to, crashes involving commercial motor vehicles. MCSIA also directed the Secretary to transmit to Congress the results of the study. The U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a multiyear, nationwide study of factors that contribute to truck crashes. The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) identifies areas that need to be addressed by effective crash countermeasures. A nationally representative sample of large-truck fatal and injury crashes was investigated during 2001 to 2003 at 24 sites in 17 States. Each crash involved at least one large truck and resulted in at least one fatality or injury. Data were collected on up to 1,000 elements in each crash. The total sample involved 967 crashes, which included 1,127 large trucks, 959 non-truck motor vehicles, 251 fatalities, and 1,408 injuries. An action or inaction by the drivers of the truck or the other vehicles involved were important reasons leading to crashes in a large majority of the cases. Driver recognition and decision errors were the type of driver mistakes coded by crash investigators or law enforcement officials most often for the trucks and passenger vehicles. Truck drivers, however, were coded less frequently for both driving performance errors and non-performance problems (e.g., asleep, sick, incapacitated) than passenger vehicle drivers. In crashes between trucks and passenger vehicles, driving too fast for conditions and fatigue were important factors cited for both drivers. However, fatigue was coded twice as often for passenger vehicle drivers, and speeding more often for truck drivers. Brake problems were coded for almost 30 percent of the trucks but only 5 percent of the passenger vehicles. Roadway problems were present in 16 percent of the two-vehicle cases, and adverse weather conditions were present in approximately 13 percent of the crashes. Interruption in the traffic flow (previous crash, work zone, rush hour congestion, etc.) was coded in almost 25 percent of the two-vehicle crashes. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Large trucks KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Private passenger vehicles KW - Sleep KW - Speeding KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Weather conditions KW - Work zones UR - https://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/ltccs/data/documents/reportcongress_11_05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/780833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01046214 AU - Battelle AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Description of Cost Data from State Self-Evaluations of Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Deployments (October 2003 to October 2005) PY - 2006/02/20 SP - 46p AB - To help states track their own progress in deploying Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) technologies, a self-evaluation requirement was included in the partnership agreements between the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and individual states. This self-evaluation was tied to the U.S. DOT’s support of infrastructure deployment and R&D in cooperation with the states. One purpose of the self-evaluation reports is to encourage—through the sharing of timely information—the widespread deployment of technologies that offer tangible benefits in safety, efficiency, and cost for both roadside (electronic screening and safety information exchange) and administrative (credentialing) operations related to commercial vehicles. To assist states in completing their self-evaluation reports, and to help ensure that the data reported would be comparable across states for use in federal planning and analysis, three data collection forms or templates were developed and tested: Deployment, Costs, and Benefits/Lessons Learned. A password-protected website interface for state CVISN program managers and their teams to use in populating the CVISN self-evaluation database was announced in late 2003. Once a state had entered its data and marked the templates as complete and verified, the data were added to a data review module on the same website, in raw data and summary format, for other state CVISN program managers and their teams to review and analyze. States are welcome to add, modify, and update their self-evaluation reports at any time. Approximately 20 states have completed all three templates. State-identifiable self-evaluation data have not been released to the public. The purpose of this report is to document the process for aggregating and summarizing the cost data to be posted for public view on the U.S. DOT’s Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Unit Costs Database website, http://www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/. To avoid revealing any state’s specific cost data, which may involve proprietary contractual or competitive information not intended for public release, the data exported from the self-evaluation database to the ITS Unit Costs Database are anonymous. All cost data in the self-evaluation database were considered, whether or not a state had marked its template as complete. KW - Benefits KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data aggregation KW - Data collection KW - Deployment KW - Lessons learned KW - Self evaluation KW - States KW - Websites (Information retrieval) UR - http://www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/its/benecost.nsf/files/CVISNCostReport/$File/CVISN_SelfEvalCostReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/806391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522200 AU - Kreeb, Robert M AU - Brady, Steve AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Tractor-Trailer Dynamic Alignment and Research PY - 2006/02//Final Report SP - 26p AB - This project reviews the impacts that misalignment can have on commercial vehicle operations, and identifies possible areas of research related to conducting vehicle alignment under dynamic operating conditions. Impacts of misalignment on steer axles (toe, caster, and camber) were examined, as well as “total vehicle alignment” conditions involving thrust and scrub conditions that can occur on drive axles (tractors) and trailer axles. The current state of the practice is explored for how vehicle alignment is measured and set by both truck original equipment manufacturers (at the factory) and by fleet maintenance staff (in the field). A review of latest generation equipment and instrumentation for performing total vehicle alignment is also presented. Two broad areas of potential research were identified: (1) Evaluation of Static Alignment Settings; and (2) Development of Onboard Dynamic Capability. The first area of research focuses on determining whether factory alignment settings are indeed optimal under varying conditions, and on documenting the performance impacts of altering alignment settings. The second area of research involves developing prototype equipment that would allow for real-time changes in alignment settings in response to varying speed, load, and road geometry conditions. The study concludes that research related to dynamic alignment, and/or rigorous examination of current static alignment procedures and settings, could have substantial payoffs and wide implications for the trucking industry. At one end of the spectrum, insights gained could lead to changes in the design of suspension systems, alignment mechanisms, or even entire truck frames. The output of the work might be used to tailor or modify static alignment settings (if current settings are found to be sub-optimal) to yield better overall vehicle performance (e.g., handling, vibration, steering effort) under actual on-road conditions. At the other end of the spectrum, the analyses may reveal that the industry's current knowledge represents optimal settings for vehicle alignment. Either way, such research could shed valuable light on a little studied yet vitally important area of truck maintenance. KW - Axles KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - State of the practice KW - Suspension systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle electronics KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51409/tractor-trailer-dynamic-alignment-research.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162584 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2003 PY - 2006/01 SP - 121p AB - This report provides documentation for the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institutes (UMTRIs) file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2003, including distributions of the code values for each variable in the file. The 2003 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash investigation KW - Fatalities KW - Public transit KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/2003Bifacodebook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01029072 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - U.S. Department of Transportation's Summary of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Integration Projects, January 2006 PY - 2006/01 SP - 601p AB - This document provides summarized information on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) projects initiated as a result of the enactment of the ITS Integration Component of the ITS Deployment Program as defined in Section 5208 of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). The ITS Integration Component provides Federal funding for the integration of multimodal ITS components in a variety of settings, including large regional areas (for example, statewide, multistate, or multicity), metropolitan areas, and rural areas. ITS integration projects should improve transportation efficiency; promote safety; enhance transit integration; provide for enhanced infrastructure security; improve paratransit/demand-responsive transit operations, including operations of health and human service providers; improve traffic flow, including the flow of intermodal freight at ports of entry; reduce emissions of air pollutants; improve traveler information; promote tourism; enhance alternative transportation modes; or support improved transportation systems operations, management and maintenance. This document includes ongoing ITS integration projects that were initiated, and whose Federal funding was approved, through September 30, 2005. In some cases, project deployment/integration activity has terminated, but final evaluation reports are under development. The submission of a final evaluation report constitutes project completion. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Air quality management KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Freight flow KW - Human service transportation KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS Integration Projects KW - Paratransit services KW - Security KW - Tourism KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation efficiency KW - Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation safety KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/784476 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01627865 TI - Large Truck Crash Causation Study AB - A nationally representative sample of large-truck fatal and injury crashes was investigated during 2001 to 2003 at 24 sites in 17 States. Each crash involved at least one large truck and resulted in at least one fatality or injury. Data were collected on up to 1,000 elements in each crash. The total sample involved 967 crashes, which included 1,127 large trucks, 959 non-truck motor vehicles, 251 fatalities, and 1,408 injuries. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Truck crashes UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/research-and-analysis/research/large-truck-crash-causation-study UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1458078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023774 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wachtel, Jerry AU - Sizov, Konstantin AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - Mourant, Ronald AU - Crean, Christopher M TI - Safety Challenges Facing Tomorrow's Commercial Drivers and the Role of New Simulation Technology to Meet Them SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 59-66 AB - Psychologists talk about road safety as a combination of three components: the driver, the vehicle, and the roadway environment. Although the distinctions were once clear-cut, they have become increasingly blurred as technology continues to facilitate the integration of functions and features. Satellite navigation brings road signs into the vehicle; antilock brakes, intelligent cruise control, radar braking, and the like shift previous driver demands onto vehicle systems. Roadway sensors and cameras enable real-time traffic information to be made available by radio, cell phone, or onboard computer screens. It remains instructive to look at these components separately as contributors to safety, but there is concern that, for all that has been accomplished to bring down the crash and fatality rates in commercial vehicle operations over the years, developments are moving in directions that will pose increasing challenges to truck and bus safety in the years ahead. There is a bright future for simulation in the training and assessment of bus and truck drivers, and it lies not with costly, high-fidelity simulators, but with relatively low-cost, part-task simulators that can be available wherever and whenever needed. Such simulators can be located in the depots of truck and bus companies, at truck stops and highway rest areas, and in other locations that professional drivers frequent. These simulators could be placed into service as part of a larger, redesigned driver training and assessment environment that provides financial, psychological, and functional incentives for their use. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Truck drivers UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781324 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023773 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lantz, Brenda TI - Analysis and Use of Commercial Vehicle Driver Data SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 67-69 AB - The majority of prior research and analysis points toward driver-related factors as the main cause of most commercial vehicle-related crashes. Preliminary results from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's Large Truck Crash Causation Study reveal that the critical reason for crashes is driver-related in more than 90% of the cases. Therefore, future research must provide a greater concentration on the commercial driver to have the most profound impact on the number of crashes. Previous research efforts have used commercial driver traffic conviction data as a data source to identify poor-performing drivers and the carriers that employ them. The research to date in this area and how future research should examine additional ways to create driver-based indicators by using conviction data and other driver-specific data are presented here. Potential data sources are described. Future research should also determine ways to collect and maintain efficiently and effectively data that tracks a driver's performance. If feasible, these data should be shared not only with enforcement agencies but also with potential employers of the drivers. In addition, ideas for using these data and indicators in future enforcement and carrier safety management programs are explored. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Driver performance KW - Future research KW - Law enforcement KW - Research KW - Safety management KW - Traffic conviction KW - Truck drivers UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781331 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023772 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hughes, Ronald AU - Keppler, Stephen AU - Yeakel, Skip AU - Deedy, Conal AU - Moses, Tom AU - Carden, Charlie TI - Context for Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Activity in 2020: Forecast of Future Directions in Truck Safety and Security SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 35-47 AB - Future research and technology needs for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) enforcement are discussed within the context of the increasing emphasis on freight operations associated with multimodal, global, and supply chain management. Research is needed to exploit the application of current and future technologies capable of overcoming constraints associated with the continuation of traditional, labor-intensive enforcement methods, methods that significantly limit the spatial and temporal elements of enforcement effectiveness and capacity. CMV enforcement capabilities need to keep pace with technology-based modes of operation under development by the trucking industry. Commercial vehicle operations will become increasingly information-driven, and enforcement must be able to operate fully within such an information-based environment. More effective and more highly automated information screening methods need to be developed to detect anomalies in driver, vehicle, route, and load information streaming in from thousands of continuously tracked vehicles. It is likely that the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) as well as the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the Homeland Security Department will have to seek such expertise outside the current transportation community. Methods need to be developed to enable enforcement to preempt incidents having the potential to harm the public seriously or to cause disruption to critical infrastructure. Shorter incident response times are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for deterrence. Inspection methods need to be developed to provide alternatives to a uniformed officer who must physically stop a vehicle to inspect it. Methods also need to be developed to enable a single officer to screen multiple vehicles effectively as they pass in and out of the effective range of a wireless ability to interact with the truck's onboard systems. Finally, enforcement needs to work with the OEM community to develop systems that are self enforcing. In addition, enforcement needs to develop improved methods of collaboration with the industry. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Freight security KW - Freight transportation KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Incident management KW - Incident response KW - Information technology KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Onboard diagnostics KW - Research KW - Security KW - Supply chain management KW - Technological innovations UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781320 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023771 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Short, Jeffrey TI - Impact of Highway and Interstate Funding Policy Decisions on Truck Safety and Truck-Involved Crashes: Future Research Needs SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 87-91 AB - The Highway Trust Fund (HTF) was created in 1956 as a source of financing for the United States Interstate system through several taxes and fees. Money from this fund now supports many diverse transportation and transportation-related projects. The majority of these funds are raised through the excise tax on fuels. Though billions are collected, there remains a deficiency in funding for necessary highway maintenance and additional infrastructure. The funding burden falls to entities outside the HTF, and state governments must provide more revenue toward the total needed for road maintenance and new infrastructure each year. To ease this financial burden, states have indicated an interest in tolling existing Interstates and highways, creating new tolled infrastructure, and increasing current toll rates for both trucks and automobiles. The safety issue discussed here is avoidance of toll roads, which are designed for truck use, by trucks and their use instead of less direct and more congested routes or parallel secondary roads, which were not designed for heavy-truck traffic. Research therefore should be conducted regarding the future allocation of HTF revenues, addressing the following issues: a comparative analysis of HTF resource allocation for highway and nonhighway uses, and a cost-benefit analysis of HTF funding categories and the relative impact on safety and efficiency. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fuel taxes KW - Fund allocations KW - Future research KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Infrastructure KW - Interstate highways KW - Research KW - Shortfalls KW - State government KW - Toll road avoidance KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation projects KW - Trucking UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023770 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shaffer, S J AU - Freund, D M AU - Loy, L W AU - Minor, L W TI - Research Required to Ensure Appropriate Maintenance and Compliance for Safe Operation of Commercial Motor Vehicles in 2025 SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 28-34 AB - The paradigm for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) maintenance and compliance with safety regulations in 20 years will depend more on onboard sensors, electronics, and self-diagnostics as well as an infrastructure developed to access these signals. However, the need for inspectors and facilities is also likely to increase, both to cover those items that cannot be assessed electronically and to accommodate the increased number of CMVs. The army of certified inspectors will be made up of both government and industry personnel, and the facilities will also likely be a mix of private government-certified shops and government-owned inspection stations. An international database will ensure that vehicles are regularly maintaining compliance with safety regulations and that certified inspectors are performing the inspection objectively. Research in many areas related to this future system will be required. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Future research KW - Inspection stations KW - Inspectors KW - Onboard diagnostics KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781318 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023769 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Husting, E Lee TI - Health and Wellness: Future Truck and Bus Safety Research Opportunities SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 51-54 AB - In 2005 the health and wellness of truck and bus workers and drivers are not well understood, in contrast to the well-known public health problem of fatalities involving commercial vehicles. In the next 20 years research will produce published scientific evidence that addresses possible interactions among fitness, exercise, and healthy lifestyle and long-term driver health, mortality, fatigue, and driving performance. Such research should generate testable interventions. Research partnerships between federal agencies, academic institutions, and industry stakeholders should address these complex relationships and develop and maintain a knowledge base on truck and bus driver health and wellness. Wellness interventions should be scientifically evaluated and the results made available quickly. In the next 5 years the immediate research goal is to obtain reliable baseline data and understand factors that influence risk. On the basis of current efforts, this goal seems attainable. The overall goal of relevant occupational health and safety research will be to improve and preserve the total health and wellness of employees in the commercial truck and bus industry. Safety and injury prevention and health and wellness all are important aspects of this program. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Future research KW - Health KW - Injury prevention KW - Interventions KW - Life styles KW - Occupational safety KW - Physical exercise KW - Physical fitness KW - Research KW - Truck drivers UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781323 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023768 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hickman, Jeffrey S TI - High-Risk Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers and Differential Crash Risk: Future Directions SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 16-23 AB - A variety of factors influence commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver risk. Few studies have attempted to integrate all the interacting factors that may contribute to an increased risk of a crash and most studies fail to account for exposure. Most studies use self-reports of prior crashes or retrospective Department of Motor Vehicle records. These approaches have limited utility because they are likely to be inaccurate, crashes are not always reported, and near crashes are not considered. Current knowledge suggests there are certain factors associated with high-risk driving, but a comprehensive model on how these factors interact with each other does not exist. Further, all of these factors have not been included in one study, nor have they been studied under naturalistic driving conditions. The finding of differential crash risk among CMV drivers along many safety-related personal dimensions presents an opportunity for the trucking industry and government safety officials. Suggested research and development opportunities for addressing the problem of high-risk drivers include the following: validating prior research findings indicating differential driver risk; determining how enduring these differences are across time; profiling individual differences within a group of drivers and relating these differences to safety outcomes; assessing the efficacy of various driver selection instruments; verifying that differences in fatigue susceptibility are long-term personal traits, identifying ways to assess the level of fatigue susceptibility, and determining the physiological basis of differential fatigue susceptibility; documenting and disseminating the best driver management practices for use by carrier safety managers; developing onboard safety monitoring (OBSM) devices that can record a variety of safety-related driving behaviors and management protocols for the successful use of OBSM data for reducing at-risk driving behaviors and crash rates; improving driver training programs; and industry pilot testing of behavioral safety management techniques to reduce the risky driving behaviors of high-risk drivers. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Behavior modification KW - Best practices KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driver training KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Future research KW - High risk drivers KW - Onboard monitoring KW - Research KW - Safety management KW - Truck drivers UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781316 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023767 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Freund, D M AU - Shaffer, S J AU - Loy, L W AU - Minor, L W TI - Utilizing Future Vehicle Technology to Improve Safety SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - pp 74-83 AB - As in the past 60 years, commercial motor vehicle (CMV) design will continue to evolve incrementally over the next 5- to 20-year horizon. The CMVs of the near future will probably look very similar to today's vehicles. However, they will have much less resemblance under the hood to their forebears, and many of those new technologies will serve to improve the safety of the driver and the traveling public. In this paper, a number of factors that influence the design and operation of CMVs are explored. Although the focus is on freight-transporting vehicles, many of the issues discussed apply to passenger-carrying vehicles as well. Because CMVs are designed to serve the needs of commerce, a discussion of vehicle configuration, weights, and dimensions comes first. Next the major vehicular systems are discussed: brakes, tires, and engine and powertrain. The safety of the driver, from the standpoint of both driver protection and safety-enhancing technologies, is explored next, and finally, the connection between CMV maintenance and operational integrity is examined. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Engines KW - Highway safety KW - Power trains KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781332 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01023766 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board TI - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research Opportunities SN - 0309094224 PY - 2006 IS - 38 SP - 115p AB - The purpose of this conference was to consider the future of the commercial vehicle industry and to identify research requirements in preparation for the proposed future. The following themes were addressed: problem assessment; human performance and behavior; enforcement, compliance, and security management; driver health and wellness; workforce composition, skills, and training; vehicle design and technology; roadway design and operations; and liability and acceptance of new technology. These proceedings summarize the issues, comments, future scenarios, and other information addressed during the conference, organized according to the themes. The authored research papers presented at the conference are also included. Each chapter includes future scenarios as described by the speakers. In some cases, the speakers believed it necessary to begin with a reality check and described current conditions as a prologue to their visions of the future. The chapters also contain a synopsis of the discussions and presentations and the research needs cited, along with the appropriate research papers. The conference committee synthesized the information presented and discussions held, and their findings and recommendations are presented at the start of these proceedings. U1 - Future Truck and Bus Safety Research OpportunitiesFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationTransportation Research BoardArlington,Virginia,United States StartDate:20050323 EndDate:20050324 Sponsors:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Compliance KW - Conferences KW - Driver training KW - Future research KW - Health KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Labor force KW - Law enforcement KW - Liability KW - Motor skills KW - Research KW - Security KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522376 AU - Boyden, Michael AU - Stock, Daniel AU - Jensen, Mark AU - Wik, Erik AU - Le, Steven AU - Alfaro-Gunion, Yamilet AU - Spector, Andrew AU - Deignan, Joseph AU - Mitchell, Carol AU - Sands, Marc AU - Vercoe, Derrick AU - Erlandson, Peggy AU - Mack, Laura AU - Wittpenn, Jennifer AU - Clark, Michele AU - McQueen, Jonathan AU - Houser, Amy AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Untethered Trailer Tracking Control System Final Report PY - 2005/12//Final Report SP - 120p AB - The security of truck operations is a major component of a secure national transportation system. Commercial motor vehicles are not only potential targets of attack, but they can also be used as a means of transferring destructive materials within the country and as weapons to attack other targets. The House of Representatives Report 107-722, Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2003, stated that further development of existing trailer tracking systems was essential. As a result, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) conducted a pilot test of an untethered trailer tracking (UTT) system with the expanded functions specified in the congressional report. For this project, FMCSA worked in partnership with a review team comprised of governmental and industry participants for expert opinions and review for this project. The purpose of this pilot test was to test a UTT system that meets specific functional requirements and improves the safety and security of trailers and shipments at each phase of its movement. The UTT system included: near real-time trailer identification; accurate time of connection and disconnection activities; location and mapping of trailers; geo-fencing to identify a risk area or unscheduled trailer movement; remote sensing of a loaded or empty trailer; and security of the cargo door. The pilot test was conducted using three operational scenarios. Scenario 1 involved national truckload delivery of standard dry van deliveries. Scenario 2 involved a national truckload delivery of high value retail clothing and electronics. Scenario 3 included the regional truckload of Class 1.1 – 1.6 Explosives. Each scenario included 25 trailers, with various combinations of UTT system components installed on the trailers. Following a period of specification, systems design, and prototype testing, the UTT technologies were then installed and tested on the trailers over a 3-month period per scenario from October 2004 through January 2005. Data from field testing, staged tests, and expert opinions were collected to determine the functionality of the UTT system and potential improvements in security, safety and efficiency through the use of the UTT system. KW - Automatic vehicle detection and identification systems KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Freight transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51411/untethered-dec05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522269 AU - Ball, David AU - Versluis, Scott AU - Hendrickson, R A AU - Pittenger, Jerry AU - Frank, Boni AU - Stewart, Amy AU - Murray, Dan AU - Battelle AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Factors in Decisions to Make, Purchase, and Use On-board Safety Technologies PY - 2005/12//Final Report SP - 89p AB - In support of its goal to reduce large truck-related fatalities and crashes, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) plans to facilitate the deployment of Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) technologies that have shown a potential to improve the safety of commercial vehicle operations (CVO) and provide safety benefits to society as a whole. The IVI is part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). FMCSA administers the program for commercial motor vehicles. Under the IVI program, three field operational tests (FOTs) of crash avoidance technologies are completed or underway: Volvo Test, Freightliner Test, and the Mack Test. Following the successful completion of the FOTs, FMCSA will be committed to facilitating the deployment of safety technologies for commercial motor vehicles that will improve safety. Acceptance by motor carriers and drivers will be vital to successful deployment and reduction of commercial motor vehicle fatalities and injuries. An important part of this overall project is to understand what motivates the key stakeholders when making decisions to manufacture, buy, or use on-board safety technologies. The results in this report address that part of the overall project. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Decision making KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent Vehicle Initiative KW - Manufacturing KW - Purchasing KW - Stakeholders KW - Technological innovations KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle electronics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51390/factors-in-decisions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321156 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Transportation Data Center Data Set Codebook: NASS PCDS 1994-1998. Version 03-March 2001 PY - 2005/12 SP - 117p AB - This codebook documents data sets describing a sample of pedestrian accidents that occurred in the USA during calendar years 1994-1998. These sets represent the NASS system distribution file dated March 3, 2001. The data sets were generated by the Transportation Data Center at the University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute from data collected by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The cooperation of NHTSA is gratefully acknowledged. Unlike other NASS datasets the PCDS data is not a statistical sample and, therefore, there are no case weight variables. KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/pcds.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/987580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01167151 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook, 2000 PY - 2005/12 SP - 72p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2002. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/927748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01023904 AU - Crabtree, J D AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Walton, J R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Development, Deployment, and Evaluation of a Remote Monitoring System and a Virtual Weigh Station PY - 2005/11//Final Report SP - 18p AB - In order to extend commercial vehicle enforcement coverage to routes that are not monitored by fixed weigh stations, Kentucky has developed and implemented a Remote Monitoring System (RMS) and a Virtual Weigh Station (VWS). The RMS captures images of passing trucks (from the side) and transmits those images to a nearby weigh station. Station personnel can view the images, read the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) number, and check the number against Kentucky's Clearninghouse of motor carrier data. When a problem is detected with the carrier's registration, taxes, or safety record, an officer can be dispatched to intercept the truck, perform the necessary checks, and, if appropriate, take corrective action. The VWS provides the same functionality as the RMS, but adds a weigh-in-motion system, so that enforcement personnel can also screen trucks for apparent weight violations. Preliminary assessments of the performance of the RMS and VWS have been performed. This report describes the RMS and VWS concepts, discusses the results of the prelimary assessments, and presents recommendations for moving forward with additional deployments and testing. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation KW - Image transmission KW - Law enforcement KW - Recommendations KW - Remote monitoring system KW - Virtual weigh stations KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight violations UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_05_38_SPR_240_02_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781402 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01494432 TI - SmartPark Technical Support AB - The goal of this project was to render technical assistance during the entire SmartPark program and to serve as an independent evaluator, particularly during the field operations test, of a technology for providing information in real-time on truck parking availability to truckers on the road. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field tests KW - Parking guidance systems KW - Real time information KW - Smart parking KW - Technical assistance KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1263506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522339 AU - Kreeb, Robert M AU - Nicosia, Brian T AU - Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Vehicle Data Recorders PY - 2005/08//Final Report SP - 132p AB - The primary objective of this project was to explore the potential for the development of cost-effective vehicle data recorder (VDR) solutions tailored to varied applications or market segments. Many of the technologies currently in the marketplace or emerging in the industry can or will be able to perform both data logging to improve operational efficiency and traditional event data recorder (EDR) functions—providing benefits in a wide array of applications. Early in this project, the aim was to explore both of these potential benefit scenarios. Through consultation with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the term “vehicle data recorder” (VDR) was selected as a way to streamline the discussion of technologies that perform one or both of these functions. Through a combination of technical research and analysis, including business-related cost-benefit assessment, potential VDR configurations ranging from fundamental to comprehensive were explored. The following VDR concepts were developed: Concept 1. A low-cost event-triggered data recorder for recording baseline accident data, Concept 2. A more advanced event-triggered data recorder incorporating advanced sensor technologies, Concept 3. A baseline continuous data recorder that records maintenance and operational data meant to improve fleet operations, Concept 4. An advanced continuous data recorder that includes additional driver-monitoring parameters, and Concept 5. A “full-featured” VDR that might include accident data and operational-efficiency data. In general, both VDR and event data recorder (EDR) devices will benefit the commercial vehicle industry and society as a whole, but these benefits will likely be spread across three primary stakeholder groups: (1) benefits to fleets, (2) benefits to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and (3) benefits to the public sector. Benefits for fleets will primarily focus on improving operational efficiency and reducing operational costs. Benefits for OEMs will likely come from reducing liability costs and improving vehicle designs and safety. Benefits for public-sector stakeholders—such as transportation agencies, law enforcement, and the general public—will likely include improved vehicle safety; fewer crashes, injuries, and fatalities; and improved inspection capabilities. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data recorders KW - Driver monitoring KW - Event data recorders KW - Motor carriers KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle electronics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51413/vehicle-data-recorders-dec05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162652 AU - Houser, Amy L AU - McQueen, J AU - Vercoe, D AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Untethered Trailer Tracking and Control System Operational Requirements Document PY - 2005/08//Final Report SP - 29p AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) funded this pilot test to (1) develop generic voluntary requirements for an untethered trailer tracking system using as a model a proprietary system that includes specific capabilities, and (2) field test a system that meets these requirements. This document outlines the requirements for this untethered trailer tracking system, provides a detailed break down of the individual technologies used, and outlines how, using a total of seventy five (75) trailers outfitted with QUALCOMMs T2 Untethered Trailer Tracking units and door and cargo sensors, these requirements could be met under three different operational scenarios (Truck load/Dry Van, High Value, Explosives/Hazmat) using field tests. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Tracking systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51410/untethered-trailer-tracking.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522357 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Pierowicz, John AU - McClellan, Roger AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Concept of Operations and Voluntary Operational Requirements for Automated Cruise Control/Collision Warning Systems (ACC/CWS) On-board Commercial Motor Vehicles PY - 2005/07//Technical Report SP - 24p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of large truck fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test and evaluate several on-board safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety and security of all roadway users. FMCSA is now promoting voluntary adoption of these systems within trucking fleets by initiating steps to work closely with the trucking industry to define vendor-independent, voluntary requirements. The purpose of this document is to relay a better understanding of the functions of on-board safety systems and to provide insight into the safety and efficiency benefits of using the systems. The information has been developed in collaboration with trucking industry stakeholders, including representatives from manufacturers; insurance companies; commercial motor vehicle carriers; drivers; and academia. This document describes the concept of operations and voluntary requirements for Automated Cruise Control/Collision Warning Systems (ACC/CWS) for large trucks greater than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Concepts of operations provide information about how each user interacts with these safety systems and their operational conditions. Voluntary requirements describe features and functions used to define the safety systems and their operational functionality. KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver support systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Stakeholders KW - Trucking safety KW - User benefits KW - Warning systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51391/forward-collision-warning-systems.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522303 AU - Houser, Amy AU - Pierowicz, John AU - Fuglewicz, Dan AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Concept of Operations and Voluntary Operational Requirements for Vehicular Stability Systems (VSS) On-board Commercial Motor Vehicles PY - 2005/07//Technical Report SP - 23p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of large truck fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test and evaluate several on-board safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety and security of all roadway users. FMCSA is now promoting voluntary adoption of these systems within trucking fleets by initiating steps to work closely with the trucking industry to define vendor-independent, voluntary requirements. The purpose of this document is to relay a better understanding of the functions of on-board safety systems and to provide insight into the safety and efficiency benefits of using the systems. The information has been developed in collaboration with expert panels consisting of trucking industry stakeholders, including representatives from manufacturers, insurance companies, commercial motor vehicle carriers, drivers, and academia. This document describes the concept of operations and voluntary requirements for Vehicle Stability Systems (VSS) for large trucks greater than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Concepts of operations provide information about how each user interacts with these safety systems and their operational conditions. Voluntary requirements describe features and functions used to define the safety systems and their operational functionality. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver support systems KW - Electronic stability control KW - Motor carriers KW - Roll stability control KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stakeholders KW - Trucking safety KW - User benefits UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51412/vehicular-stability-systems.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303888 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522258 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Motor Vehicle Tire Pressure Sensors PY - 2005/07 SP - 4p AB - The primary objectives of this project were to develop and document the impacts of tire inflation maintenance practices on commercial motor vehicle operating costs and safety, and to provide a quantitative estimate of the potential benefits of tire pressure monitoring sensors and automatic inflation systems. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Maintenance practices KW - Motor carriers KW - Operating costs KW - Sensors KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire pressure monitoring systems KW - Tires KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51371/tire-pressure-sensors.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306423 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01388597 AU - Houser, A AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Fuglewicz, D AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Concept of operations and voluntary operational requirements for lane departure warning system (LDWS) on-board commercial motor vehicles PY - 2005/07 IS - FMCSA-MCRR-05-005 SP - 16p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) safety goal is to reduce the number and severity of large truck fatalities and crashes. During the last several years, FMCSA has collaborated with the trucking industry to test and evaluate several on-board safety systems for commercial motor vehicles to increase the safety and security of all roadway users. FMCSA is now promoting voluntary adoption of these systems within trucking fleets by initiating steps to work closely with the trucking industry to define vendor-independent, voluntary requirements. The purpose of this document is to relay a better understanding of the functions of on-board safety systems and to provide insight into the safety and efficiency benefits of using the systems. The information has been developed in collaboration with expert panels consisting of trucking industry stakeholders, including representatives from manufacturers, insurance companies, commercial motor vehicle carriers, drivers, and academia. This document describes the concept of operations and voluntary requirements for Lane Departure Warning Systems (LDWS) for large trucks greater than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Concepts of operations provide information about how each user interacts with these safety systems and their operational conditions. Voluntary requirements describe features and functions used to define the safety systems and their operational functionality. KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced driver information systems (ADIS) KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lateral placement KW - Lateral position KW - Road safety (engineering and vehicles) KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - http://www.todaystrucking.com/images/lane-departure-warning-systems.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1156363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01010910 AU - Smith, Michael AU - Owens, Nick AU - Stock, Dan AU - Lantz, Brenda AU - Murray, Dan AU - Sensiba, Greg AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Driver Violation Notification Service Feasibility Study PY - 2005/07//Final Report SP - 41p AB - The Driver Violation Notification Service Feasibility Study assessed the safety benefits of driver violation notification programs (also known as Employee Pull Notice or Driver Pull Notice programs). In these programs, States automatically notify motor carriers of changes in their drivers' CDL records due to violations and convictions. The project team analyzed programs in ten States, and surveyed several motor carriers, in order to both determine how well these programs work and establish requirements for an expanded nationwide program. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Convictions KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Motor carriers KW - Notification KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic violations KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51293/dvn-finalreport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/767282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007224 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Illinois Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2005/07//Special Report SP - 41p AB - This document is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash file was significantly incomplete in other states. This report evaluates reporting to the MCMIS Crash file from the state of Illinois. MCMIS Crash file records were matched to the Illinois Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of reporting. Overall, Illinois submitted 43.0% of its reportable crash involvements to the MCMIS Crash file in 2003. Reporting rates varied by vehicle type, crash severity, and reporting agency. Reporting rates are 71.0% for fatal crashes, 42.3% for injury cases, and 42.6% for tow/disabled accidents. Single unit trucks are reported only 25.6% of the time, while tractor semitrailers and tractors without trailers each have reporting rates over 52%. Buses are only reported 4.3% of the time. The state police reported 61.8% of cases they covered compared with 32.7% for the local police. The Chicago area accounts for a large proportion of the unreported cases. Although Illinois' data collection system is comprehensive, it appears that issues connected with identifying the vehicle as a commercial vehicle (CV) is preventing all MCMIS-eligible vehicles from being identified. Officers are less likely to recognize smaller vehicles as CVs, and thus do not record those variables for these cases. Evidence suggests that failure to fill out the CV section of the PAR form results in such cases not being submitted to the MCMIS Crash file. KW - Buses KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data quality KW - Illinois KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Police KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007203 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of New Mexico Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2005/07//Special Report SP - 36p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data submitted by the several states to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete. This report examines reporting from the state of New Mexico. New Mexico Police Accident Report (PAR) files were matched to the MCMIS Crash File to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. In 2003, there were 1,042 vehicles involved in crashes in New Mexico that were reportable to the MCMIS Crash File. Of these vehicles, 94 were actually reported, resulting in a reporting rate of 9.0%. It appears that there are significant problems in following the guidelines for reporting MCMIS reportable cases. In addition, 47 cases, or 32.4% of the 145 MCMIS cases that were reported do not qualify for reporting. Reporting rates vary by crash severity, crash month, road system, vehicle license plate state, county, and reporting agency. The reporting rate for fatal crashes was 27.5%. Of the 94 cases reported, only 4 were reported after July. The reporting rate was greater on rural interstate roads (16.5%) than on urban roads (4.4%), and vehicles with license plates from states outside of New Mexico had a higher reporting rate (12.3%) than vehicles with New Mexico license plates (4.8%). The reporting rate for buses was only 3.3%. Data quality is also reviewed. The PAR file contains some inconsistencies with respect to vehicle type. The MCMIS file, even though containing only 145 observations, suffers from missing data on several variables. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data quality KW - Missing data KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - New Mexico KW - Police KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138232 AU - Barnes, V B AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Expanded Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) PY - 2005/06//Summary Report SP - 44p AB - The Expanded CVISN initiative builds on Core CVISN to continue to enhance the safety, security and productivity of commercial vehicle operations and to improve access to and quality of information about commercial vehicle operations for authorized public and private sector users. Through extensive outreach in 2004, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) engaged stakeholders to identify the capabilities necessary to achieve the goals of Expanded CVISN. FMCSA established a working group in each of four program areas: Driver Information Sharing; Enhanced Safety Information Sharing; Smart Roadside; and Expanded E-Credentialing. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking UR - http://cvisn.fmcsa.dot.gov/downdocs/cvisndocs/reports/Expanded_CVISN_Summary_Report_draft.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007226 AU - Shrank, Michael AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2001 (Version May 25, 2005) PY - 2005/05//Special Report Task A SP - 130p AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2001. The 2001 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Surveys KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007205 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of North Carolina Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2005/05//Special Report SP - 38p AB - This document is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash file was significantly incomplete in other states. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of North Carolina. MCMIS Crash file records were matched to the North Carolina Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of reporting. Overall, North Carolina submitted 48.2% of its reportable crash involvements to the MCMIS Crash file in 2003. Reporting rates varied by vehicle type, crash severity, and reporting agency. Reporting rates are 63.3% for fatal crashes, 49.4% for injury cases, and 47.1% for tow/disabled accidents. Two-axle trucks are reported only 15.7% of the time, while tractor semitrailers and truck tractors each have reporting rates over 81%. Buses are only reported 9.9% of the time. Interstate vehicles were reported at a rate of 73.6%, compared with 40.3% for vehicles with in-state license plates. The highway patrol reported 58.2% of cases they covered compared with 35.4% for the local police. Although North Carolina's data collection system is comprehensive, it appears that issues connected with identifying the target vehicle as a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) is preventing all MCMIS-eligible vehicles from being identified. Officers are less likely to recognize smaller vehicles and those operating in-state as CMVs, and thus do not record the CMV variables for these cases. Evidence suggests that failure to fill out the CMV section of the PAR form results in such cases not being submitted to the MCMIS Crash file. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - North Carolina KW - Police KW - State highway patrol KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111285 AU - Battelle AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Hazardous Materials Serious Crash Analysis: Phase 2 PY - 2005/04 SP - 134p AB - This report presents the results of the second phase of the Hazardous Materials Serious Crash Analysis, a project sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). A crash is defined as serious if it results in one of the following: a fatality, an injury requiring transport to a facility for immediate medical attention, or at least one vehicle towed from the scene as a result of disabling crash damages. This project has three basic purposes: (1) Enhance the current methodology for identifying and characterizing serious hazardous material (HM) truck crashes in the United States; (2) Improve the capability to analyze causes and effects of selected serious hazardous materials crashes; and (3) Support the implementation of hazardous materials truck transportation safety and risk reduction strategies for packages, vehicles, and drivers. The first phase of this project consisted of a pilot test to evaluate the feasibility of enhancing the current approach for serious HM truck crash identification, data collection, and analysis. In the second phase, the phase one tools and techniques were applied to roughly half the crashes reported in MCMIS for the calendar year 2002, with the goal of showing how the enhanced data (i.e., the HAZMAT Accidents Database) might be used to improve truck transportation safety. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Databases KW - Hazardous materials KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51392/Hazardous-Materials-Serious-Crash-Analysis-Phase2-April2005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/869432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01010909 AU - Dinges, David F AU - Maislin, Greg AU - Krueger, Gerald P AU - Brewster, Rebecca AU - Carroll, Robert J AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Transport Canada TI - Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies PY - 2005/04//Final Report SP - 436p AB - This project developed an experimental design and instrumentation plan, and conducted a pilot field trial test of commercial truck drivers' reactions to fatigue management technologies (FMT) under current Federally-mandated, hours of service in both Canada (phase 1) and the United States (phase 2). The project sought to experimentally determine how drivers engaged in over-the-road trucking operations reacted to a number of promising fatigue management technologies, and whether the technologies would improve the alertness and fatigue awareness of commercial truck drivers and increase their sleep time, by providing them information feedback about changes in sleep need, in drowsiness and in driving performance. It was hypothesized that the use of FMT would result in objectively more sleep and improved driver alertness and performance while driving. A Canadian trucking company and an American trucking company agreed to allow their trucks to be instrumented with the fatigue management technologies. Their drivers were solicited for participation after the protocol, procedures and informed consents were reviewed and approved by the Canadian Research Ethics Board and by the Institutional Review Board of The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Overall, participant drivers were positive toward the FMT approach in general and felt that if such technologies could be further improved, they would be of benefit in helping manage fatigue and alertness. KW - Alertness KW - Awareness KW - Canada KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Driving KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Needs assessment KW - Performance KW - Sleep KW - Technology KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - United States UR - http://www.atri-online.org/research/results/TRB%20FMT%20for%20atri-online_10.10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/767237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989256 AU - Touchstone Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY ANALYSIS 2010: LISTENING SESSIONS PY - 2005/03/07 SP - 11 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation has set a goal of reducing the large-truck related crash fatality rate by 41% by the end of 2008. To continue the safety record to date and accelerate progress for reaching the 2008 goal, FMCSA has embarked on an initiative entitled "Comprehensive Safety Analysis (CSA) 2010." This effort aims to evaluate the effectiveness of FMCSA's current safety compliance and enforcement programs, and identify better methods of achieving a crash-free environment. The intent of CSA 2010 is to establish an operational model that could be used by FMCSA to confirm a carrier has a safe operation. Conversely, the model would identify unsafe motor carrier operations for focused compliance and enforcement activities. FMCSA understands active and timely participation by its stakeholder community is a key component to the success of the CSA 2010 initiative. Therefore, FMCSA requested the assistance of contract support to help design and conduct a forum to gather stakeholder input. Six Listening Sessions were conducted across the country, allowing participants to attend conveniently within their geographical area. This report highlights the statements expressed by attendees in the Listening Sessions and classifies them into the following themes: 1) Safety Community and Environment, 2) Safety Policies and Business Processes, and 3) Safety Information. Appendices to this report will be added and published in the coming weeks to provide supporting detail for this report. KW - Compliance KW - Fatalities KW - Focus groups KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Safety management KW - Safety programs KW - Stakeholders KW - Truck crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/csalisteningsessions.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522213 AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Campbell, Kenneth L AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Methodology of the Large Truck Crash Causation Study PY - 2005/02 SP - 12p AB - The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) was undertaken jointly by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The LTCCS is based on a nationally representative sample of nearly 1,000 injury and fatal crashes involving large trucks that occurred between April 2001 and December 2003. The data collected provide a detailed description of the physical events of each crash, along with an unprecedented amount of information about all the vehicles and drivers, weather and roadway conditions, and trucking companies involved in the crashes. Because the goal of the study is to determine the reasons for crashes in order to develop countermeasures, the data collection was focused on pre-crash events. The LTCCS methodology is based on an analysis of associations in aggregate crash data. The crash assessment coding for each crash provides information on what physically occurred in the crash, including the prior movements of each vehicle, the critical event in the crash, the reason for the critical event, and the factors associated with the crash. Factors that increase the risk of crashes operate through physical mechanisms. For example, driver fatigue may result in a vehicle’s drifting across the center line of a roadway and hitting another vehicle head-on. Because the physical way in which the crash occurred is known, statistical tests can show whether a particular “risk-increasing factor” was over-involved in the kind of crash for which a given physical mechanism—for example, head-on collision—is known. Thus, countermeasures for particular crash types or modes of involvement can be targeted by identifying associations of vehicles, drivers, and environmental characteristics with particular crash types or modes of involvement. KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Methodology KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51398/FMCSA-RI-05-035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1303915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007218 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook 2001 PY - 2005/02//Special Report SP - 69p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2001. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Transit buses KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000757 AU - Green, Paul E AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of New Jersey Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2005/02//Special Report SP - 34p AB - This report is part of a series evaluating the data submitted to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete. This report examines reporting from the state of New Jersey. New Jersey Police Accident Report (PAR) files were matched to the MCMIS Crash File to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. In 2003, there were 10,103 crash involvements in New Jersey that were reportable to the MCMIS Crash File. Of these crash involvements, 8,333 were actually reported, resulting in a reporting rate of 82.5%. In addition, 5.3% of MCMIS cases that were reported do not qualify for reporting. Reporting rates vary by crash severity, crash month, and jurisdiction. Unlike many other states in which reporting rates were greater for more severe involvements, in New Jersey reporting rates were lower for more severe involvements. The reporting rates were 67.4% for fatal involvements, 81.5% for injury involvements, and 83.2% for towaway involvements. Underreporting is also related to the time of the year, indicating delays in providing the data. The month of December has the highest percent of unreported cases (21.7%). Data quality is also reviewed. The PAR case number contains inconsistent characters such as dashes, question marks, and asterisks. This appears to be a source of duplicate records. The ambulance run number and the hazardous materials placard variables also contain many inconsistent characters. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Data quality KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - New Jersey KW - Police departments KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000748 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of California Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2005/02//Special Report SP - 39p AB - This document is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete in other states. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of California. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the California Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, California submitted 52.6% of its reportable crash involvements to the MCMIS Crash File in 2003. Reporting rates varied by vehicle type, crash severity, and reporting agency. Reporting rates are 71.3% for fatal crashes, 53.2% for injury cases, and 51.9% for tow/disabled accidents. Where specific truck type could be determined, two-axle trucks are reported only 50% of the time, while three-axle trucks and truck tractors each have an 85% reporting rate. Buses are only reported 13.3% of the time. California Highway Patrol agencies had a reporting rate of 72.0%, compared with 5.7% for police departments, and 6.7% for sheriff's offices. Since recognizing and accurately coding reportable cases is the responsibility of the officer at the scene of the crash, inadequate training may be an issue. It also appears that heavy caseloads may explain why a few jurisdictions in the densest population areas have lower overall reporting rates. Although California's data collection system is consistent with MCMIS reporting requirements, the use of more than one vehicle type variable and the lack of sufficient documentation may lead to incorrect identification of reportable vehicles. KW - Buses KW - California KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Police departments KW - Sheriffs KW - State highway patrol KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000732 AU - Shrank, Michael AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2002 (Version February 16, 2005) PY - 2005/02//Special Report SP - 121p AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2002. The 2002 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Surveys KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756495 ER - TY - SER AN - 00989308 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PILOT TEST OF FATIGUE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES PY - 2005/02 SP - 4 p. AB - Fatigue management technologies (FMTs) were recently pilot-tested in a field trial with commercial truck drivers. Reactions of these drivers, all volunteers, to the technologies were evaluated to ascertain whether or not these devices were seen as either beneficial or intrusive. The FMTs were evaluated in order to see if feedback from these devices improved driver alertness, especially during night driving, and if feedback increased driver sleep time on either workdays or non-workdays. The pilot test consisted of the development of an experimental design and an instrumentation plan, and was conducted under Federally-mandated hours-of-service rules in both the U.S. and Canada. The four FMTs tested concurrently during this pilot test were: the SleepWatch (Registered trademark) with sleep management model software; the CoPilot (Registered trademark) System using PERCLOS, for infrared monitoring of slow eyelid closures; the SafeTRAC (Registered trademark) Lane Tracking System; and the Howard Power Center Steering (Registered trademark) System. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field tests KW - Lane tracking KW - Night KW - Sleep KW - Steering systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://www.med.upenn.edu/uep/user_documents/Dingesetal.--TRBProceedingspaper05-1234.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987766 AU - Smith, S B AU - Baron, W AU - Gay, K AU - Ritter, G AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND TRUCK PARKING PY - 2005/02 SP - 24 p. AB - The objective of this report is to provide background information and lay out the issues for prospective offerors responding to the solicitation in a Broad Agency Announcement seeking concept papers for a demonstration of a technology that conveys real-time information on parking availability for truckers on the road. The report addresses the following questions: (1) is there a shortage of parking? (2) is the truck parking shortage likely to worsen? (3) what are potential solutions? and (4) what can be done to better match supply and demand? KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Parking KW - Parking availability KW - Parking demand KW - Real time information KW - Shortages KW - Supply KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/50000/50500/50595/intelligent-transportation-truckparking.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753642 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006738 AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Proceedings of the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, Rockport, Maine, June 27-30, 2005 SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - v.p. AB - These are the proceedings of Driving Assessment 2005: the 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design, held in Rockport, Maine, June 27-30, 2005. The symposium brought together engineers, psychologists, health experts and other researchers who have been working on driving assessment applications. Its focus was on providing an interdisciplinary forum for scientific exchange between users of driving assessment technology, applications and tools. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Applications KW - Conferences KW - Driver assessment KW - Driving KW - Human factors KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Researchers KW - Technology KW - Training KW - Vehicle design UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/proceedings-of-the-3rd-international-driving-symposium-on-human-factors-in-driver-assessment-training-and-vehicle-design-driving-assessment-2005-samoset-resort-on-the-ocean-rockport-maine-usa-june-27-30-2005/oclc/62875770 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006743 AU - Muttart, Jeffrey W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Quantifying Driver Response Times Based Upon Research and Real Life Data SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 9p AB - The purpose of this paper was to build upon previous research, identify the variables that significantly influence driver response times, and to determine the amplitude (constant) of that influence. The goal is that this research will explain why seemingly analogous published studies have come to very different driver response time results. An analogous driver response situation is defined as being in one of four groups: (1) lead vehicles that were stopped or moving slowly, (2) being cut off (when a vehicle changes lanes into the path of the responding driver), (3) path intrusions, or (4) known lights, icons or sounds. It was found that research that measured response times in analogous situations can be used to estimate the mean response time for a particular situation if adjustments are made to account for methodological differences between the studies. Non-analogous studies are poor predictors of driver response. (An anticipated light stimulus response cannot accurately predict the response time to a path intrusion or lead vehicle). Mean driver response times can be predicted within 400 ms without accounting for individual difference. Therefore, external validity can be obtained regardless of the testing method (closed course, simulator or road), as long as the subject is unaware of either the stimulus or the appropriate response. Having a subject respond to multiple events does not (by itself) suggest that drivers will respond significantly faster. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cutting off other drivers KW - Drivers KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Lead vehicles KW - Methodology KW - Path intrusion KW - Quantifying KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Validity UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/03_Muttartformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763034 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010715 AU - Allen, R Wade AU - Marcotte, Thomas D AU - Rosenthal, Theodore J AU - Aponso, Bimal L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Assessment with Measures of Continuous Control Behavior SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - This paper reviews past research on stimulus/response analysis methods in continuous control tasks, and describes procedures for specifically measuring driver behavior in a car following task. Example driving simulator data is given for drivers with disease impairments. The data processing methods are summarized and example results are given to demonstrate the data analysis approach. Analysis of driver steering and speed control behavior have been used to identify normal highway operations and effects of various impairments, including drugs, alcohol, fatigue and medical conditions. Typical measures might include characteristics of control (steering, throttle, brake) activity, such as control reversals and expected values such as mean and standard deviation. More powerful time series analysis methods look at the relationship between stimulus and response variables. Fourier analysis procedures have been used to carry out stimulus/response relationships, such as steering response to wind gusts and roadway curvature, and speed response to lead vehicle speed variations. These methods allow the analysis of driver time delay in responding to stimulus inputs, and the correlation of driver response to the stimulus input. Typically, driver impairments lead to responses with increased time delay and decreased correlation. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Car following KW - Continuous control tasks KW - Correlation analysis KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fourier analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Speed control KW - Steering KW - Stimulus response analysis KW - Throttles KW - Time lag KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/25_WadeAllenformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763155 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010713 AU - Chisholm, Susan L AU - Caird, Jeff K AU - Lockhart, Julie A AU - Vacha, Natalie H AU - Edwards, Christopher J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Do In-Vehicle Advance Signs Benefit Older and Younger Driver Intersection Performance? SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - An experimental study was conducted to determine if intersection behavior of those 18 to 24 and 65+ benefited from advanced in-vehicle signs presented in a head-up display (HUD) format. The University of Calgary Driving Simulator (UCDS) was used to determine whether intersection performance improved in the presence of several advanced signs or whether unwanted adaptive behaviors occurred (e.g., increasing speed to run the light instead of stopping). In-vehicle signs facilitated an increase in stopping occurrences for both younger and older drivers at intersections with relatively short yellow onsets. In addition, eye movement analysis revealed significant age effects with regard to vertical and horizontal gaze variablity, with younger drivers showing increases in vertical gaze variability compared to the older drivers. Younger drivers also looked more often and had longer percentage of durations fixating on the HUD compared to the older drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advance warning KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Analysis KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Gaze direction KW - Gaze duration KW - Head up displays KW - Highway safety KW - Increasing speed to run the light KW - Intersections KW - Performance KW - Signs KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Young adults UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/52_Chisholmformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763293 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010712 AU - Gabaude, Catherine AU - Paire-Ficout, Laurence AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Toward a Driving Competency Assessment Encouraging Elderly's Automobility: A French Point of View SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 10p AB - The purpose of this paper is to suggest a methodology for approaching French elderly driver assessments. More precisely, the objective is to evaluate the impact of visual and cognitive declines in older drivers on real road driving performances. A case control study was conducted with 40 senior drivers (aged between 61 to 80 years old) recruited via their insurance company: 20 case volunteers who had caused 3 or more accidents during a three-year period and 20 control volunteers who had caused no accidents during the same period. The experiment consisted of non-driving laboratory tests, including visual and cognitive tests, and a driving assessment in a real traffic situation. Results showed that, compared to the control group, elderly drivers with a history of accidents, have poorer performance on the cognitive tests. Moreover, data from the multiple regression analysis showed that the two measures entering the model were Zazzo time and movement perception (age and group being controlled). Some considerations that shape construction of a driving assessment are discussed. The authors discuss the fact that such an approach can be used to estimate the driving skills of drivers, not to deliver an aptitude or inaptitude certificate, but to adapt the advice given to drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Competency KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - France KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motion KW - Motor skills KW - Perception KW - Performance KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/48_gabaudeformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010710 AU - Garay-Vega, Lisandra AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Can Novice Drivers Recognize Foreshadowing Risks as Easily as Experienced Drivers? SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Novice drivers (16 and 17 years old) are almost ten times more likely to be involved in motor vehicle fatalities as adults 45-55 (NHTSA 2002). Besides traffic signs and other traffic control devices, there are many cues that help drivers further predict the presence of a potential risk in the driving environment. These cues are called foreshadowing elements (e.g., a pedestrian walking towards a crosswalk). It was hypothesized that given that younger adults have much less experience on the roads, it is more difficult for them to predict where potential cues might be positioned when foreshadowing elements are not present. However, in the presence of foreshadowing elements it was predicted that novice drivers should recognize risks as well as more experienced drivers. This research uses eye movement data gathered on a driving simulator to evaluate the use and effectiveness of the foreshadowing elements by novice and experienced drivers as predictors of areas in a scenario where risks may materialize. The research has potential implications for the sorts of instructional programs that might be developed for novice drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Driver experience KW - Driving KW - Eye movements KW - Fatalities KW - Foreshadowing elements (Cues) KW - Highway safety KW - Novices KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/69_GarayFisherformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763536 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010709 AU - Leonard, S David AU - Hill, G William AU - Overdorff, Jeffrey A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - What Drivers Don't Know: or Don't Care SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Many behaviors of drivers and passengers in automobiles are not safe practices. Three surveys were conducted to determine whether or not some of the behaviors examined previously by the authors and other investigators were currently occurring. In addition, the authors asked the respondents whether they knew their behaviors were unsafe and if they were aware of the possible risks, why did they continue to perform the behaviors? Information was also gathered about the extent to which having experienced a formal driving course affected the responses. With the exception of a few items, the participants indicated some awareness of the risks. However, they did not appreciate the relative levels of risk involved in some activities. There was little effect of having taken a formal driving course. Reasons for unsafe behaviors included lack of knowledge, presumption of low increased risk, and acceptance of risk for increased comfort. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile travel KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Comprehension KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Passengers KW - Risk taking KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/51_DavidLeonardformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010705 AU - St Louis, Erik K AU - McEvoy, Sean AU - Shi, Qian Chi AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Useful Field of View Impairment in Partial Epilepsy SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Patients with epilepsy are at elevated risk for automobile crashes. Most collisions in drivers with epilepsy are not seizure-related, but may instead result from cognitive effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) upon driving performance. The Useful Field of View (UFOV) score has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for predicting automobile crashes. The goal in this pilot study was to assess impairments in the UFOV in subjects with partial epilepsy. Participants included 20 subjects with partial epilepsy. Neurologically normal control subjects of comparable age also participated. UFOV was assessed in all participants using the Visual Attention Analyzer, Model 3000 (Visual Resources, Inc.). UFOV Task scores were added to calculate a UFOV Total score for each subject. UFOV scores were higher on all UFOV tasks in subjects with partial epilepsy compared to neurologically normal individuals of similar age (p<0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test), suggesting a greater crash risk in individuals with partial epilepsy, even in the absence of an epileptic seizure. Causes of impaired UFOV scores include processing speed reduction, divided and selective attention impairments, and mild postoperative visual field deficits. The authors' ongoing studies in drivers with epilepsy are aimed at further differentiating potential effects of seizures, antiepileptic drugs, and surgical lesions upon cognitive abilities that are critical to safe automobile driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Driving KW - Epilepsy KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Medication KW - Performance KW - Pilot studies KW - Seizures KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/33_EricStLouisformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763170 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010704 AU - Molino, John A AU - Opiela, Kenneth S AU - Katz, Bryan J AU - Moyer, M Joseph AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Driver Fitness to Participate in FHWA Field Experimentation at Night SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - A Driving Fitness Form was developed to ensure that drivers are ready to participate in field driving experiments at night. The form was tested in a field experiment conducted in Delta, Pennsylvania, during August 2004. The field experiment was part of a cooperative research program conducted by the Federal Highway Administration and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Sixteen research participants drove a curvy stretch of rural two-lane highway each night for 8 nights with different pavement markings and markers on the roadway. Partly due to the Driving Fitness Form, the experiment was completed successfully by all participants without any incidents or crashes. The Driving Fitness Form performed well, and summary data were collected on the sample of 16 drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field studies KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Highway safety KW - Night KW - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation KW - Physical fitness KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/27_JohnMolinoformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763159 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010702 AU - Ni, Rui AU - Andersen, George J AU - McEvoy, Sean AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Age Related Decrements in Steering Control: The Effects of Landmark and Optical Flow Information SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This study examined age related decrements in the use of optical flow and landmark information for the control of steering. Older and younger drivers viewed computer generated displays simulating vehicle motion through a random dot ground plane scene. The horizontal position of the driver was perturbed according a sum of sines function and the driver had to keep steering straight (resembling the task of steering a car on a gusty day). On half the trials, landmark information was presented by color coding one of the dots on the ground plane. Overall, older drivers showed greater steering error magnitude (RMS error) than younger drivers. Unlike the younger drivers, the older drivers showed no reduction in steering errors when landmark information was present. These results suggest that older drivers are more reliant on optical flow information for controlling a vehicle and have a reduced ability to use alternative sources of information, such as landmarks, for steering control. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Control KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Landmarks KW - Optical flow patterns KW - Steering KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/22_Ni_Andersenformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763151 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010699 AU - Allen, Talleah AU - Tarr, Ronald AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Simulators for Commercial Truck Drivers - Humans in the Loop SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This paper reports the findings of a research study that addresses differences in human performance outcomes based on various driving simulators, as measured by comparison of scores resulting from completion of the Virtual Check Ride System (VCRS), a simulator-based, blended learning Commercial Drivers License (CDL) application. The objective of the project was to examine human performance across four different levels of driving simulators and to determine if driving simulators can contribute to human performance improvement. Each level of simulator has a definite set of tasks that can be performed on it to enhance human performance. By identifying which level of driving simulator is the best fit according to the skill, knowledge, and attitude task element, we can now prescribe for diagnostic, testing, pre-hire, remediation, safety issues and advanced driving skills. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attitudes KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human beings KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Performance KW - Performance improvements KW - Research KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/49_TalleahAllenformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010690 AU - Lotan, Tsippy AU - Toledo, Tomer AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluating the Safety Implications and Benefits of an In-Vehicle Data Recorder to Young Drivers SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Young drivers in Israel, as in other parts of the world, are involved in car crashes more than any other age group. Green Light for Life is a new program that seeks to improve the quality of the experience of young drivers during the mandatory accompanied driving period. As part of the efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of this program a novel experiment, which uses information gathered from an in-vehicle data recorder (IVDR) is conducted. The DriveDiagnostics IVDR system, which is used in this study, can identify over 20 different maneuver types in raw measurements and use this information to indicate overall trip safety. Drivers receive feedback through various summary reports, real-time text messages or an in-vehicle display unit. Preliminary validation tests with the system demonstrate promising potential. In the experiment, the DriveDiagnostics system is installed in the primary vehicle driven by the young driver in 120 families. The experiment is designed to test the impact on driving behavior of participation in the program and the type of feedback drivers receive from the system. The data collection part of the experiment is scheduled to run for 8 months for each family. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - DriveDiagnostics KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Event data recorders KW - Green Light for Life KW - Highway safety KW - Information display systems KW - Israel KW - Real time information KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Young adults UR - http://www.oryarok.org.il/webfiles/audio_files/66_Lotanformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763390 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010682 AU - Noel, Elliott AU - Nonnecke, Blair AU - Trick, Lana AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evaluating First-Time and Infrequent Use of In-Car Navigation Devices SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Learnability and memorability, important components of usability, are frequently overlooked by existing research with respect to in-car navigation devices. To remedy this, a protocol for evaluating the learnability and memorability of an in-car navigation device is presented. Representative tasks are identified and then used in conjunction with paired-user methods. The protocol is applied effectively to a device and problems are identified. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Learning KW - Memory KW - Traffic safety KW - Usability UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/55_noelformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763372 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010679 AU - Andersen, George J AU - Ni, Rui AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Spatial Extent of Attention during Driving SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 6p AB - The present study examined the limits of spatial attention during driving using a dual-task performance paradigm. Drivers were asked to follow a lead vehicle that varied in speed while also detecting a light change in an array located above the roadway. Reaction time increased and accuracy decreased as a function of the horizontal location of the light change and the distance, from the driver, of the light change. In addition, RMS error in car following increased immediately following the light change. These results demonstrate that when drivers attend to a centrally located task, their ability to respond to other events varies as a function of horizontal visual angle and distance in the scene. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Accuracy KW - Attention KW - Car following KW - Change interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Distance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal visual angle KW - Human subject testing KW - Reaction time KW - Spatial attention tasks KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/59_NI_Andersenformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763378 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010675 AU - Caird, Jeff K AU - Scialfa, Chip T AU - Ho, Geoff AU - Smiley, Alison AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A Meta-Analysis of Driving Performance and Crash Risk Associated with the Use of Cellular Telephones while Driving SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - This paper addresses the effects of cell phones on driving by means of a review of the literature and an analysis of scientifically credible epidemiological and driver performance studies. A total of 84 articles were obtained covering the period from 1969 to 2004. Sixty-eight articles were research papers measuring driving performance while using a cell phone and 16 articles were epidemiological studies that examined cell phone usage and their relationship to vehicular crashes. Epidemiological findings consistently showed an increase in crashes associated with use of cell phones. However, these studies did not control for exposure to cell phone use or to driving. The negative impact of cell phone usage is larger for responses to critical events than for vehicular control. Drivers responded about a quarter of a second later to stimuli in the presence of a cell phone distractor for all studies that were analyzed. Hands-free cell phones produced similar performance decrements to hand-held phones. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Meta-analysis KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.nsc.org/DistractedDrivingDocuments/A-meta-analysis-of-driving-performance-and-crash-risk-associated-with-the-use-of-cellular-telephones-while-driving.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763537 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010674 AU - Skaar, Nicole R AU - Williams, John E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Gender Differences in Predicting Unsafe Driving Behaviors in Young Adults SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Past research has uncovered personality influences on dangerous driving behavior and vehicle crashes (Furnham & Saipe, 1993; Matthews, Dorn, & Glendon, 1991). Recently, females between 16 and 20 years of age showed an increase in overall crash rate, while males within the same age group showed a decrease in overall crash rate (NHTSA, 2004; NHTSA, 2002). Adolescent and young adult females have become a critical cohort in the study of unsafe driving behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in risky driving behavior and personality influences on these behaviors. Data presented are first year cross-sectional results in a 5-year longitudinal study. Participants were 141 male and female drivers who completed the NEO PI-R, the DDDI and a driving behavior questionnaire. In addition, the driving record of each participant was obtained from the State Department of Transportation. Females reported a higher rate of traffic violations and crashes than males. No personality traits were significantly related to crashes, but Extroversion was positively related to total traffic violations within females. The DDDI scales were not significantly related to traffic violations or vehicle crashes, but gender differences were shown within the risky driving and aggressive driving scales. Gender differences were also shown in the relationship between personality traits and DDDI scales. This data indicates that researchers and insurance companies should make an effort to consider females in their work. In addition, this study provides preliminary data on gender differences in personality as it relates to risky driving behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aggression KW - Crash rates KW - Driver records KW - Extroversion (Personality traits) KW - Females KW - Forecasting KW - Gender KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Males KW - Personality KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations KW - Young adults UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/53_Skaarformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763294 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010673 AU - Marcotte, Thomas D AU - Rosenthal, Theodore J AU - Corey-Bloom, Jody AU - Roberts, Erica AU - Lampinen, Sara AU - Allen, R Wade AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Impact of Cognitive Deficits and Spasticity on Driving Simulator Performance in Multiple Sclerosis SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that can result in numerous sequelae. Although spasticity and cognitive dysfunction are common in MS, few studies have examined the impact of both factors on driving abilities in persons with physical impairments. The present study assessed driving performance in control participants and MS patients with documented spasticity using two brief simulations designed to measure lane tracking (under high cognitive load) and car following behavior. Seventeen MS patients and 9 controls participated in the study. The MS cohort exhibited a broad range of cognitive functioning (normal to significant impairment) and disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of 3.0 to 7.5). Eight of the MS patients had significant spasticity in their right knee based upon the Modified Ashworth Spasticity Scale. MS patients had greater difficulty than controls on the simulations, particularly on the car following task. MS participants also tended to drive at higher speeds than the control participants. Within the MS cohort, cognitive dysfunction was most strongly associated with lane tracking decrements, whereas the possible relationship between cognitive function and car following behavior was eclipsed by lower limb spasticity. Spastic individuals had greater difficulty mirroring speed changes in the lead car, and were approximately one second slower in responding to its accelerations and decelerations. The current simulations provide important data regarding the impact various MS sequelae may have on driving performance, and may ultimately lead to clinical recommendations regarding specific driving behaviors and their associated risks. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Lane tracking KW - Multiple sclerosis KW - Performance KW - Spasticity KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/images/PDFs/Marcotte_abs_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763161 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010672 AU - Slick, Renee F AU - Cady, Elizabeth T AU - Tran, Tuan Q AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Workload Changes in Teenaged Drivers Driving with Distractions SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Workload refers to the amount of cognitive resources necessary to perform a task, and it can be manipulated by incorporating secondary tasks into a primary task such as driving. The present study incorporated answering a phone and removing a plastic bottle top into a driving task for teen drivers. Results showed few performance differences between driving with and without distractions, although subjective workload did increase for the drive that included distractions compared to the non-distraction drive. This indicates that teens may be able to maintain driving performance while performing secondary tasks, although their workload appears to increase. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Multiple tasks KW - Secondary tasks KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety KW - Workload (Drivers) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/24_ReneeSlickformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763154 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010666 AU - Lenneman, John K AU - Shelley, Jonathon R AU - Backs, Richard W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Deciphering Psychological-Physiological Mappings while Driving and Performing a Secondary Memory Task SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 6p AB - An autonomic space model of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart has been proposed as a method of deciphering psychological-physiological mappings for driving-related tasks. In the current study, the authors explore the utility of the autonomic space model for deciphering mappings in a driving simulation environment by comparing a single-task driving-only condition to two dual-task, driving-with-a-secondary-working-memory task conditions. Although limited by a small sample size, the results illustrate the advantages physiological measures can have over performance measures for detecting changes in the psychological process required for driving-related task performance. Future research will include a repetition of this same study with more subjects as well the collection of on-the-road autonomic nervous system data. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Autonomic components (Cardiovascular) KW - Autonomic space KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Memory KW - Parasympathetic nerve activity KW - Performance measurement KW - Physiology KW - Psychology KW - Secondary tasks KW - Sympathetic nerve activity KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/72_Lennemanformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763541 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010660 AU - Young, Richard AU - Aryal, Bijaya AU - Muresan, Marius AU - Ding, Xuru AU - Oja, Steve AU - Simpson, S Noel AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Road-to-Lab: Validation of the Static Load Test for Predicting On-Road Driving Performance while Using Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication Devices SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 15p AB - Information, communication, and navigation devices need to be evaluated for ease-of-use and safety while driving. Lab tests, if validated, can evaluate prototype designs faster, more economically, and earlier than on-road tests. The Static Load Test was evaluated for its ability to predict on-road driver performance while using in-vehicle devices. In this test, participants perform various in-vehicle tasks in a lab while viewing a videotaped road scene on a monitor, tapping a brake pedal when a central or peripheral light is observed. For the on-road comparison test, the device, tasks, and lights are the same, but the participants also drive the vehicle while performing the tasks and responding to the lights. In both the lab and road tests, ten driver performance variables were measured. The authors' goal was to produce a linear model to predict an on-road variable from the lab data with low residual error, high percent variance explained, and few errors in classifying tasks as meeting or not meeting on-road driver performance criteria. Separate test data from a replicated Static Load Test at an independent lab were used to further validate the models. The results indicate a simple, inexpensive, and low-fidelity Static Load Test can accurately predict a number of on-road driver performance variables suitable for assessing the safety and ease-of-use of advanced in-vehicle devices while driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Braking KW - Communication devices KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Ease of use KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Linear equations KW - Performance KW - Secondary tasks KW - Static load test KW - Traffic safety KW - Validation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2009/037_YoungAngell.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763216 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010656 AU - Rakauskas, Michael E AU - Ward, Nicholas J AU - Bernat, Edward AU - Cadwallader, Meredith AU - Patrick, Christopher AU - Waard, Dick de AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Psychophysiological Measures of Driver Distraction and Workload while Intoxicated SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The crash risk associated with cell phone use while driving is a contentious issue. Many states are introducing Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) that may be accessed with cell phones while driving (e.g., 511 Traveler Information Services). In these contexts, there is a need for relevant research to determine the risk of cell phone use. This study compared driver performance while conversing on a hands-free cell phone to conditions of operating common in-vehicle controls (e.g., radio, fan, air conditioning) and alcohol intoxication (BAC 0.08). In addition, the study examined the combined effects of being distracted and being intoxicated given that there may be a higher risk of a crash if the driver engages in a combination of risk factors. During simulated traffic scenarios, resource allocation was assessed through an event-related potential (ERP) novelty oddball paradigm. Intoxicated drivers were less attentive to all stimuli and drivers engaged in secondary tasks had weaker responses to unexpected novel sounds in brain regions associated with evaluative processing. Drivers conversing on the cell phone and in-vehicle tasks while sober had lower accuracy during the target tone task than intoxicated drivers not completing any secondary task. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Fans KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - In vehicle tasks KW - Performance KW - Psychophysiological measures KW - Radio KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Workload UR - http://www.its.umn.edu/Research/Papers/Cellphones/DA2005-RakauskasRevised.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763152 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010654 AU - Jonsson, Ing-Marie AU - Harris, Helen AU - Nass, Clifford AU - Takayama, Leila AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Got Info? Examining the Consequences of Inaccurate Information Systems SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - It is a desirable goal to balance information given to the user with the potential adverse effects on cognitive processing and perception of information systems. In this experiment, the authors investigated the minimum level of information accuracy necessary in an in-car information system to elicit positive behavioral and attitudinal responses from the driver. There were 60 participants, and each drove in a simulator for 25 minutes; driving performance data was automatically collected, and drivers later completed questionnaires for attitudinal data. Participants were divided into three groups of drivers: a group driving with a 100% accurate system, another driving with a 70% accurate system, and one group driving without an in-car system. There was a definite positive effect on driving performance with the in-car system, and results show that decreasing the accuracy of the system decreases both the driving performance and the trust of the in-car system. Data also indicates that female drivers have a higher tolerance of inaccuracies in an in-car system; design implications are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Accuracy KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Information systems KW - Performance KW - Task analysis KW - Trust (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763381 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010651 AU - Engstrom, Johan AU - Aberg, Nina AU - Johansson, Emma AU - Hammarback, Jakob AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Comparison between Visual and Tactile Signal Detection Tasks Applied to the Safety Assessment of In-Vehicle Information Systems SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) is a widely applied method for safety assessment of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS). In this study, the PDT was compared to a Tactile Detection Task (TDT) where the visual stimulus used for the PDT was replaced by tactile vibrators, placed on the wrists. The sensitivity of the two methods to different cognitive and visual secondary tasks was investigated in different real-world driving conditions. The results showed that both methods were sensitive to visual and cognitive secondary task load in a range of different driving environments. The sensitivity was generally stronger for the TDT than the PDT. It was concluded that the TDT could be a viable alternative to the PDT for IVIS assessment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Peripheral detection task KW - Secondary tasks KW - Signal detection KW - Tactile perception KW - Traffic safety KW - Vibration KW - Visual UR - http://ppc.uiowa.edu/driving-assessment/2005/final/papers/34_Engstr%F6m%C5bergformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763213 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010650 AU - Chrysler, Susan T AU - Williams, Alicia A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driving Performance in a Simulator as a Function of Pavement and Shoulder Width, Edge Line Presence, and Oncoming Traffic SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 6p AB - Driving simulation has primarily been used to study issues of driver distraction and to evaluate in-vehicle devices. The visualization and driver performance capabilities of simulators can be applied to more traditional traffic engineering problems as well. This project aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a driving simulator in evaluating geometric designs for two-lane roads. Paved surface width has been shown to be correlated with crash rates and travel speeds on two-lane rural roads throughout Texas. The current project examines how travel lane width, edge line striping, and shoulder width affect driver errors on these roadway types. Issues of simulator validity, scenario development, and simulator sickness are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Crash rates KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Edge lines KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Oncoming traffic KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Road markings KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Scenario building KW - Simulator sickness KW - Speed KW - Striping KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Validity KW - Width UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/54_SusanChryslerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763295 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010649 AU - Strayer, David L AU - Drews, Frank A AU - Burns, Stan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Development and Evaluation of High-Fidelity Simulator Training Program for Snowplow Operators SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The authors report the results of a pilot training program incorporating high-fidelity simulation developed for snowplow operators. Ratings of user acceptance of the training were very high, with drivers of all levels of experience indicating that the training helped them prepare for several issues critical to the safe and efficient operation of a snowplow. In the 6-month period following training, the odds of getting in an accident were lower for the group of drivers who received training compared with a matched control group who did not receive it. In addition, the data indicate that fuel efficiency was greater for the trained drivers than for the control group. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel conservation KW - Highway safety KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Pilot studies KW - Simulation KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/best_practices/1024x768/transform_param2.asp?xslname=pub.xsl&xmlname=publications.xml&keyname=808 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763535 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010648 AU - Heitmann, Anneke AU - Guttkuhn, Rainer AU - Croke, Dean AU - Moore-Ede, Martin AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Innovative Fatigue Management Approach in the Trucking Industry SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Driver fatigue, recognized as a major safety problem in the transportation industry, is strongly influenced by employee work and sleep schedules. The work and rest hours of truck drivers have been regulated by Hours-of-Service (HoS) rules in the U.S since 1938, but it has become increasingly apparent these rules are inconsistent with the science of sleep and fatigue. The authors present and assess an innovative alternative safety management system, which takes a pro-active, science-based complimentary approach. This Risk-Informed Performance-Based (RIPB) safety system for sleep and fatigue management was implemented at one major trucking company, and involved the training of managers and dispatchers on scientific aspects of work assignments and a regular feedback system that assessed the fatigue risk of the work schedules. Driver fatigue was assessed using the Circadian Alertness Simulator (CAS) software system for simulating sleep and alertness based on work-rest patterns (Moore-Ede et al., 2004). Each driver was assigned a cumulative fatigue risk score based on logbook data processed for multiple one-month periods before and after the implementation of the safety management system. The implementation of the RIPB safety management system resulted in a significant reduction of fatigue risk scores, a reduction of the rate and costs of accidents, and improvement of other operational parameters. The success of the RIPB system was sustained over an extended time period of more than three years, and thus could permit the relaxation of overly prescriptive HoS regulations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Circadian Alertness Simulator KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Dispatchers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Feedback KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Innovation KW - Management KW - Managerial personnel KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk informed performance based safety system KW - Safety management KW - Schedules KW - Sleep KW - Software KW - Training KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/39_Heitmannformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763245 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010707 AU - Lerner, Neil D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Deciding to be Distracted SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This project investigated the decision process involved in a driver’s willingness to engage in various technology-related and non-technology tasks. The project included focus groups and an on-road study, both employing participants who used in-vehicle technologies to at least some degree, from four age groups: teen, young, middle, and older. The focus groups discussed the perceptions, motivations, attitudes, and decision factors that underlie driver choices. The on-road study had two phases: an on-road drive and a take-home booklet. Participants drove their own vehicles over a specified route. They did not actually engage in in-vehicle tasks, but at specified points they rated their willingness to engage in some specific task at that time and place. Eighty-one different situations (combination of in-vehicle task and driving circumstances) were included. Further information was collected in the take-home booklet regarding the participant’s familiarity with various in-vehicle technologies, additional situations for willingness and risk ratings, stated reasons underlying ratings, and self-ratings of certain aspects of driving behavior and decision-making style. Together, the focus groups and on-road study provided complementary findings about how drivers decide when to engage in potentially distracting tasks. Driver willingness to engage in various in-vehicle tasks was related to technology type, specific task attributes, driving conditions, personal motivations, driving style, and decision style. Specific project findings were related to potential countermeasure approaches, including public education; driver or device user training; user interface design; needs for warnings and information; criteria for function lock-outs; and driver assist system criteria. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age groups KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving style KW - Focus groups KW - Highway safety KW - In vehicle tasks KW - In vehicle technology KW - Motivation KW - Perception (Point of view) KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/73_NeilLernerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763544 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010714 AU - Stanley, Laura M AU - Kelly, Michael J AU - Lassacher, Suzanne AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Performance while Interacting with the 511 Travel Information System in Urban and Rural Traffic SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The national “511” highway information system is heavily used by drivers, especially during inclement weather, to plan and replan their trips. Few studies have explored the safety and usability of the 511 user interface, especially in the context of a mobile phone user who has the added workload of driving a vehicle. In this study, 36 drivers were divided into three groups (hand-held cell phone, hands-free cell phone, and control group) and drove a series of urban and rural scenarios in a high fidelity driving simulator. Drivers in the cell phone groups interacted with the Montana 511 travel information system to obtain road information on a segment of highway. Performance on the primary driving task (e.g., lanekeeping and speed control) was not affected by use of the 511 traveler information system. Driving tasks that required urgent attention (e.g., responding to unexpected traffic conflicts) were degraded by using the 511 travel system regardless of the type of phone used. Drivers using either cell phone to interact with the 511 information system were found to have a higher number of collisions and less situation awareness than those not interacting with the 511 system. Drivers using a hand-held cell phone were also found to have a higher frequency of braking responses. The increased crash risk of the phone users in our study (3.0 - 3.8) was very comparable to that reported by earlier studies of the risk of cell phone conversations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - 511 (National Travel Information Number) KW - Attention KW - Awareness KW - Braking KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conversation while driving KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Crashes KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Mobile telephones KW - Montana KW - Performance KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Urban areas KW - Usability KW - Weather KW - Workload (Drivers) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/71_Stanley_Kellyformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763539 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010718 AU - Romoser, Matthew R E AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - Mourant, Ronald AU - Wachtel, Jerry AU - Sizov, Konstantin AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Use of Driving Simulator to Assess Senior Driver Performance: Increasing Situational Awareness through Post-Drive One-on-One Advisement SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Older drivers are over-represented in angled impact crashes and experience a higher fatality rate than their younger counterparts. Due to the gradual deterioration of the senses, diminished cognitive processing capabilities and decreased mobility and flexibility, it is more difficult for older drivers to gather and process information about their environment. This can lead older drivers to incorrectly perceive their driving environment as safe, when in reality it is not. The current study investigates whether post-drive feedback following a simulated drive can effectively change older drivers’ attitudes about their own driving ability and influence them to incorporate additional compensatory behaviors into their day-to-day driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Aged drivers KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Cognition KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Fatalities KW - Feedback KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Perception (Point of view) KW - Performance KW - Physical flexibility (Human beings) KW - Right angle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/67_Romoserformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763533 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010653 AU - Paul, Amit AU - Boyle, Linda Ng AU - Boer, Erwin R AU - Tippin, Jon AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Steering Entropy Changes as a Function of Microsleeps SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This study aimed to assess steering entropy as a measure of decrements in driving performance caused by microsleeps. Microsleeps are brief, unintended episodes of loss of attention that last 3-14 seconds. These episodes, which are frequent in drivers with sleep disorders, can be long enough to impact steering performance and are particularly disruptive when driver action is imperative, as when driving around curved highway segments. Steering entropy is a driver-centered performance measure that can detect drivers’ corrective responses to situations when the vehicle state falls outside the driver’s expectations. This study tests the hypothesis that steering entropy is an indicator of increased erratic steering behavior during microsleep episodes in drivers with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopena syndrome (OSAHS). Twenty-four drivers with OSAHS were used in this study and their electroencephalography (EEG) defined microsleep (cases) and non-microsleep episodes (crossover control) were compared using a case-crossover method. The performance measure, steering entropy, was calculated from a time-series history of steering angle data. Steering entropy was compared for each microsleep in the three-second interval both immediately preceding and immediately following each microsleep. Results showed that steering entropy was higher on curves during microsleeps and post microsleeps when compared to straight road segments and the no-workload baseline condition. This suggests that steering entropy can capture erratic steering behavior, allowing us to better understand how drivers correct for previous steering errors. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Apnea KW - Attention lapses KW - Driving KW - Electroencephalography KW - Entropy (Communications) KW - Geometric segments KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Performance KW - Sleep disorders KW - Steering KW - Straight sections KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808128/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763388 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010641 AU - Boer, Erwin R AU - Ward, Nicholas J AU - Manser, Michael P AU - Yamamura, Tomohiro AU - Kuge, Nobuyuki AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Performance Assessment with a Car Following Model SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Driver performance is generally quantified by the state of the vehicle relative to the local road and traffic environment. Unfortunately these vehicle-state-based metrics are limited in their diagnostic value when it comes to trying to assess how: (i) drivers individually adopted different control strategies, (ii) how they individually adapted to the issues under investigation (e.g., in-vehicle task execution, driver support system exposure, or impairment), or (iii) why drivers individually were more or less affected by the factor under study. By representing a driver’s behavior in an identifiable computational driver model, insight is gained into how drivers may differentially benefit or be impaired by the condition at hand. Such a model also shows how the myriad of possible performance metrics are all “necessarily” correlated. Based on test track car following data, a driver car following model is introduced and identified for each driver and used to show how drivers differ in their car following control strategies. It is demonstrated that the adopted target time headway (THW) strongly influences the associated control strategy (i.e., effort) as well as the safety margin (i.e., the minimum THWs experienced) and that subjects who adopt a longer target THW also exhibit a lower bandwidth control strategy (i.e., less effort). U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Car following models KW - Control KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Test tracks KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/64_ErwinBoerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763387 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010671 AU - Merat, Natasha AU - Jamson, A Hamish AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Shut Up I'm Driving! Is Talking to an Inconsiderate Passenger the Same as Talking on a Mobile Telephone? SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The objective of this study was to compare driving performance whilst talking on a hands-free mobile (cellular) telephone with performance during conversations with “considerate” and “inconsiderate” passengers. Using the Leeds Advanced Driving Simulator, participants were asked to drive through a road containing four driving scenarios: (1) car following along a straight road section, (2) car following along a curved section of road, (3) a braking event, and (4) a coherence event. A working memory digit recall and sentence verification task were used to simulate conversation in three conversation conditions: (1) “considerate passenger,” where the experimenter asked drivers to respond to the working memory task before and after a driving event, (2) “inconsiderate passenger,” where the experimenter asked drivers to respond to the working memory task throughout a driving event, and “3) “mobile phone task,” which involved digital presentation of the working memory task via a mobile telephone throughout the driving events. A silent condition was also used as control. The effect of the three conversation conditions on driving performance was the same during the simple car following scenarios. However, talking to an “inconsiderate” passenger was found to be as disrupting as a mobile phone conversation, and different from conversing with a considerate passenger, during the braking and coherence conditions. Therefore, the high workload imposed by conversation was only detrimental during the more difficult driving conditions, when demand for central attentional resources from both tasks was at its highest. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Braking KW - Car following KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conversation KW - Demanding passenger KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Mobile telephones KW - Passengers KW - Performance KW - Traffic safety KW - Workload (Drivers) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/63_Meratformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763385 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010685 AU - Shbeeb, Lina AU - Awad, Wa'el AU - Suliman, Mohd R AU - Mujahed, Jamil AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Relation between Speed-Lane Choice and Road Accidents in Jordan SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 10p AB - More than 96% of traffic casualties in Jordan take place on non-intersection roadway segments. Speed variation and improper lane change are considered to be some of the main factors contributing to these casualties. This research paper describes an attempt made to study speed-lane choice behavior in Jordan. Drivers’ behaviors with regard to their choice of speed and/or traveled lane are assessed. One-fifth of the observed drivers are speeding and one-fourth of them change lanes along the tested segment. Two models are developed and investigated to describe the relationships between speed and lane choice using binary and linear regression models. Results indicate that driving behavior varies with respect to roadway geometry and lane. Speed influences the driver choice of lane changing and his/her decision about changing lanes influences his/her speed choice. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Casualties KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Geometric segments KW - Highway safety KW - Jordan KW - Lane changing KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Speed KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/62_Shbeebformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763384 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010693 AU - Ayvasik, H Belgin AU - Er, Nurhan AU - Sumer, Nebi AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Traffic Violations and Errors: The Effects of Sensation Seeking and Attention SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sensation seeking and attention in traffic violations and errors. Participants were 716 volunteer male drivers from Ankara, Turkey. Drivers were asked to respond to computerized measures of monotonous and selective attention tests, and also to complete the Driver Behavior Questionnaire, Driving Skills Inventory, and Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking. The authors first categorized participants into four groups according to their correct responses of monotonous and selective attention tests by using median-split: Group 1 = low scores on both monotonous and selective attention tests, Group 2 = high scores on both monotonous and selective attention tests, Group 3 = low on monotonous attention and high on selective attention, and Group 4 = high on monotonous attention and low on selective attention. Participants were also classified into two groups regarding their total sensation seeking scores as low and high sensation seekers. A 4 (attention groups) X 2 (sensation seeking groups) MANOVA was conducted on traffic violations and errors as dependent variables. MANOVA analysis indicated that high sensation seekers with high monotonous and selective attention are more likely to have a higher number of traffic violations and errors than other groups. Since these drivers also reported lower levels of safety skills than other groups, it could be interpreted as an indication of drivers’ overconfidence in their skills and underestimation of the hazards in traffic. Such drivers were more likely to be risk takers in traffic situations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Attention KW - Attitudes KW - Driver errors KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Males KW - Monotonous tasks KW - Risk taking KW - Sensation seeking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/58_Ayvasikformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763377 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010706 AU - Ball, Karlene K AU - Roenker, Daniel L AU - Wadley, Virginia G AU - Cissell, Gayla AU - Mathews, Melissa AU - Ball, David AU - Vance, David AU - Frankell, Martha AU - McConnell, Kathy AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Longitudinal Assessment of Older Drivers in a DMV Setting SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - A brief battery of functional assessments designed to detect crash risk among older drivers was developed and evaluated initially in 1999 in Maryland motor vehicle licensing sites following the routine vision screening exam. This battery contained a number of cognitive tests (e.g., UFOV® subtest 2, the closure subtest of the Motor Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT), Trails A and B, cued recall, delayed recall), and several physical measures (e.g., Rapid Pace Walk, Head and Neck Rotation, Foot Tap, Arm Reach). Older adults (N=4,173; mean age = 69 years) were approached by the staff after license renewal and asked to help evaluate the brief battery. Of the 4,173 older adults approached at the field sites, 2,114 individuals 55-96 years of age participated. Subsequently, the original sample of 2,114 participants was invited to come in once again, during their five-year license renewal cycle, and the functional tests were administered once again. To date, 939 individuals have completed the second screening evaluation. An examination of the crash data from the interval between assessments for these individuals indicates that the same cognitive measures are predictive of at-fault crashes. Furthermore, approximately 10% of those passing the assessment in 1999 are now failing the assessment in 2004. Performance-based cognitive measures are predictive of future at-fault motor vehicle collisions among older adults. Cognitive performance, in particular, is a salient predictor of subsequent crash involvement among older adults. High-risk older drivers can be identified through brief, performance-based measures administered in a DMV setting. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Crash data KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field of view KW - Head motion range KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Longitudinal studies KW - Maryland KW - Memory KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Neck motion range KW - State motor vehicle departments KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual perception KW - Walking UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/57_KarleneBallformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763376 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010678 AU - Slick, Renee F AU - Tran, Tuan Q AU - Cady, Elizabeth T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Adaptation to a Motion-Based and Non-Motion-Based Simulator SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 5p AB - This study (N=129, including 59 males and 61 females) examined the issue of realism and motion sickness between motion-based and non-motion-based simulators. Specifically, this research addressed whether enhancing a driving simulator with motion capabilities increases the realism of the simulator and, if so, does this increase in subjective realism increase participants’ vulnerability to motion sickness. Approximately half of the participants drove a motion-based simulator while the other half drove a non-motion-based simulator on four independent drives within an experimental session. Results showed that the motion-based simulator was rated more realistic than the non-motion-based simulator. However, it was also found that participants in the motion-based simulator had higher negative physical health ratings than participants in the non-motion-based simulator. Our results suggest that training programs need to consider the trade-off between realism and motion sickness. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Driving simulators KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Motion based simulators KW - Motion perception KW - Motion sickness KW - Realism KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/56_ReneeSlickformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763375 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010684 AU - Biester, Lars AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Concept of Cooperative Automation in Cars Results from the Experiment "Overtaking on Highways" SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - As the interaction between human and machine continues to change, due to the increase of system functionalities, a concept of human-car cooperation covering the effects of this change has been developed. Proceeding from this concept, an initial analysis of the actual human-car interaction including the wishes of today’s drivers will be the main subject of this paper. An experimental design, based on the concept of cooperation and preliminary studies, was developed. First results on the quality of cooperation, situational awareness and trust indicate the concept’s profound adaptableness to future human-car interactions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Awareness KW - Consumer preferences KW - Cooperation KW - Cooperative automation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Human beings KW - Human-car interactions KW - Passing KW - Trust (Psychology) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/50_LarsBiesterformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763290 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010696 AU - Oron-Gilad, Tal AU - Hancock, Peter A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Road Environment and Driver Fatigue SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The authors distinguish between fatigue caused by the demands of the driving task itself (see Hancock & Desmond, 2001) from the standard traditional approach that links fatigue predominately to the lack of sleep. Fatigue can be caused by two sources: (1) the driver’s initial state before starting the drive, or (2) the characteristics of the drive and the road environment; both sources can have a cumulative effect. It is not clear what principles are involved in making one road environment more prone to inducing driver fatigue than another. For the purpose of the current presentation the authors provide empirical data on road environment and driver fatigue summarized from a series of three experiments that the first author has conducted at Ben-Gurion University (see Oron-Gilad, 2003; Oron-Gilad, et al., 2001). Those are examined in relation to the Hancock and Warm (1989) model of adaptability. The most significant and consistent findings of the three experiment is in the way that fatigue is reflected in driving performance across different road environments. These findings suggest that drivers are flexible in the way they handle fatigue over the course of time. They can adopt different strategies to compensate for their performance decrement, by focusing efforts on critical elements of each different type of roadway. Understanding of this dependency of fatigue symptoms on road conditions is of especial relevance to designers of technological fatigue countermeasures as well as those of future roadway systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Compensation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Environment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexibility (Goal attainment) KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Road characteristics KW - Road conditions KW - Roads KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/47_Oron-Giladformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763284 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010664 AU - Harbluk, Joanne L AU - Lalande, Simone AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Performing E-Mail Tasks while Driving: the Impact of Speech-Based Tasks on Visual Detection SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Drivers listened and responded to e-mail messages presented in a human voice and two types of synthetic speech (concatenative and formant) while driving a simulator. Their performance for visual event detection, vehicle control, and message responses was assessed. Results indicated that the type of speech output system affected drivers’ detection of visual changes in the driving environment; they were poorer at detecting these events when either of the synthetic speech systems was used. Drivers detected fewer visual changes during the difficult messages than during the baseline driving. No effects of the speech system type or e-mail message difficulty were observed on the vehicle control measures. Drivers were also less accurate when responding to message content for messages presented in synthetic speech (concatenative) compared with recorded human voice. Subjective ratings indicated that listening to the synthetic speech required more mental effort than listening to the recorded human voice. Preference ratings for the interfaces decreased as mental effort increased. The results indicated that although drivers were not required to direct their attention away from the road, using the speech-based interfaces reduced drivers’ visual event detection and their response accuracy to messages themselves. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Detection and identification KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Electronic mail KW - Highway safety KW - Human beings KW - Messages KW - Performance KW - Speech KW - Speech synthesis KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual KW - Voice communication UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/46_Harblukformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010661 AU - Mestre, Daniel R AU - Mars, Franck AU - Vienne, Fabrice AU - Espie, Stephane AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Gaze Behavior during Simulated Driving: Elements for a Visual Driving Aid SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Analyses of optic flow due to observer self-motion and analyses of the driver's gazing behavior during curve driving have suggested that the driver has a tendency to look at a location close to the tangent point on the inside edge of the road. Psychophysical experiments have further demonstrated that this visual strategy can be partly explained as an optimization of information pick-up. The main objective of the present study was to investigate, in an interactive simulation context, if this perceptual strategy might be used to define a visual aid for curve driving. In the framework of the French ARCOS project (Research action for secure driving; www.arcos2004.com), the authors used a mini-simulator developed by INRETS (MSIS-CIR group) in collaboration with FAROS company, with two main original characteristics: (1) during curve driving, the tangent point can be calculated and inserted in the visual scene in real-time and (2) a real-time eye-recording system (EYELINK,® SMI) allows the authors to evaluate the relationships between driving performance, gaze direction and the on-line presentation of the tangent point. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Gaze direction KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Optical flow patterns KW - Performance KW - Real time information KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/45_mestreformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763273 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010703 AU - Wesley, Amy D AU - Sayer, Tina Brunetti AU - Tengler, Steve AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Can Sea Bands® be used to Mitigate Simulator Sickness SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - A North American tier-one automotive supplier (TOAS) conducted a study in 2002 using a vehicle driving simulator to study simulator sickness. The goals of the study were twofold: (a) determine a screening process to identify those individuals who should be excluded from future simulator studies due to their susceptibility to simulator sickness and (b) explore a mitigation technique to lessen the severity of simulator sickness symptoms using the FDA-approved Sea Bands® acupressure wrist bands. The study revealed that prior experience with motion sickness is not necessarily a good predictor of who will become sick in a simulator, but one's own perception of susceptibility to motion and simulator sicknesses may be a reliable predictor. It also revealed that the acupressure wrist bands may be an effective method for managing simulator sickness among older participants. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acupressure wrist bands KW - Aged KW - Driving simulators KW - Human subject testing KW - Management KW - Motion perception KW - Motion sickness KW - Sea Bands KW - Simulator sickness UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/44_Wesleyformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763271 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010644 AU - Anderson, Steven W AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - Shi, Qian AU - Uc, Ergun Y AU - Dawson, Jeffrey D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Cognitive Abilities Related to Driving Performance in a Simulator and Crashing on the Road SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between performances on standardized neuropsychological measures of cognitive abilities, simulated driving performance, and state crash records in drivers with cognitive decline due to aging and dementia. Participants were 202 experienced older adult drivers ages 55 years and older: 70 had mild dementia due to probable early Alzheimer’s disease and 132 had no neurologic disease. All completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and drove contemporaneously on a high fidelity simulator. The participants’ State Department of Transportation driving records were monitored for up to two years after testing. The simulator composite score, reflecting overall driving ability, was significantly correlated with overall cognitive ability, as indexed by the neuropsychology composite score, as well as with individual cognitive tests of attention, memory, visuospatial and visuomotor abilities. Drivers who crashed during an intersection incursion scenario performed significantly worse on the composite measure of cognitive function than those who successfully steered around the incurring vehicle. Crashers had specific cognitive deficits on measures of visuomotor abilities and attention. Memory test performances for both verbal information and visual material were associated with subsequent on-road crashes. These findings provide support for the validity of driving simulation as a safe means of evaluating a range of driving responses that cannot be tested on the road, and suggest that relatively simple and inexpensive neuropsychological tests of specific cognitive abilities could be used to help evaluate older drivers’ risk of unsafe driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Aging (Biology) KW - Alzheimer's disease KW - Attention KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Crash records KW - Dementia KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Memory KW - Neuropsychological tests KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visuomotor abilities KW - Visuospatial abilities UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/41_SteveAndersonformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010663 AU - Thorndike, Frances P AU - Cox, Daniel J AU - Merkel, R Larry AU - Moore, Melissa AU - Burket, Roger AU - Muller, Carrie AU - Kovatchev, Boris AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Quantifying the Benefits of Enhancing Medications on Driving Performance: Comparing Oros® MPH vs. se-AMPH ER® in Driving Safety of ADHD Teenagers as Case Example SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Driving simulation is the best way to safely and reliably assess the impact of medical parameters on driving in a controlled, replicable environment. Driving performance should be evaluated using a composite driving score, since the pathway to impaired driving is highly idiosyncratic and could involve any number of individual driving parameters. Although simulators still do not have accepted standards for hardware, driving scenarios, or performance variables, the authors propose a partial solution to permit comparisons of composite scores across simulators. They recommend presenting simulator data via a standardized average effect size, which they call the Impaired Driving Score (IDS). The authors describe how the IDS is calculated, and present data comparing 16 male and 15 female teenage drivers with ADHD who participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Using an equivalent-dose regimen, they compared the effects of 72 mg of OROS® MPH (Concerta®), 30mg of se-AMPH XR® (Adderall XR®) and placebo on driving performance. Participants drove their Atari Research Driving Simulator at 5, 8, and 11 pm under all three medication conditions with at least a week between conditions/drives. The primary outcome measure was participants' IDS. Across all three times, performance on Concerta® was superior to placebo (p=.005), while Adderall XR® was not (p=.14). When analyzed separately, however, only one variable was statistically significant (seconds spent speeding, p<.01). Composite driving scores permit the comparison of driving performance across various experimental conditions and with a normative database. Furthermore, since the IDS is based on a multi-faceted assessment of driving performance, it is less vulnerable to random effects and offers a more robust indicator of driving performance. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder KW - Benefits KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Medication KW - Performance KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/40_Thorndikeformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763257 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010681 AU - Sayer, James R AU - Mefford, Mary Lynn AU - Shirkey, Kezia AU - Lantz, Jessica AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Distraction: A Naturalistic Observation of Secondary Behaviors with the Use of Driver Assistance Systems SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This report describes the naturalistic observation of secondary behaviors performed by 66 drivers who took part in the Automotive Collision Avoidance System Field Operational Test (ACAS FOT). The ACAS FOT included two driver assistance systems, adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warning (FCW). Each driver participated in both baseline (no driver assistance systems for one week) and treatment conditions (both ACC and FCW available for 3 weeks). The method employed was to sub-sample video data, and code drivers’ secondary behaviors using 4 s video clips of the driver, collected every 5 minutes. Eight-hundred and ninety video clips were reviewed and coded while participants drove manually, with conventional cruise control, ACC, and FCW. The results show that drivers who took part in the field test were no more likely to engage in secondary behaviors when driving with ACC and FCW in comparison to manual control. When the driver assistance systems became available to the participants, there was an increase in the number of conversations drivers had with passengers, probably related to the driver explaining the novel ACAS system to passengers. The results have important implications in that, at least for the duration of exposure examined, they counter the concern often raised that driver assistance systems will promote driver distraction, lapses in attention or modification in perceived risk. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adaptive control KW - Conversation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Distraction KW - Driver support systems KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Observation KW - Secondary behaviors KW - Traffic safety KW - Video cameras KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763242 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006751 AU - Flannagan, Michael J AU - Mefford, Mary Lynn AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Distance Perception with a Camera-Based Rear Vision System in Actual Driving SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Participants drove an instrumented car equipped with conventional rearview mirrors and with a camera rear vision system. They observed the approach of an overtaking car in the alternative rear vision systems and indicated the last moment at which it would be safe to initiate a lane-change maneuver in front of it. Their judgments were strongly affected by the type of display used to observe the overtaking car. The longest distances were obtained with the camera-based display at unit magnification. Distances were substantially shorter with the conventional mirror and with the camera-based display at 0.5 minification. These results are consistent with results from an earlier study conducted under static conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Cameras KW - Distance KW - Distance perception KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Lane changing KW - Passing KW - Rear vision systems KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57453/99301.pdf?sequence=1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763105 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006749 AU - Knipling, Ronald R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Evidence and Dimensions of Commercial Driver Differential Crash Risk SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This paper highlights evidence from several instrumented vehicle studies that crash risk varies significantly among commercial truck drivers, and also cites findings from surveys of fleet safety managers and other experts on the topic of individual differences in commercial driver crash risk. Within various subject groups, 10-15% of the drivers typically account for 30-50% of the crash risk. This pattern is seen in measures of driver errors associated with crashes and also in measures of driver drowsiness. The evidence also suggests, but does not yet prove, that these individual differences are long-term. To the extent that these individual differences are long-term, they may be considered personal traits. This paper conceptualizes driver risk factors, provides illustrative examples of differential individual risk within groups of drivers, identifies driver factors thought to be most associated with crash risk, and considers the opportunities for improved commercial driving safety presented by differential crash risk. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Differential crash risk KW - Drowsiness KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/02_Kniplingformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006746 AU - Kubose, Tate T AU - Bock, Kathryn AU - Dell, Gary S AU - Garnsey, Susan M AU - Kramer, Arthur F AU - Mayhugh, Jeff AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects of Speech Production and Speech Comprehension on Simulated Driving Performance SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The authors performed two experiments comparing the effects of speech production and speech comprehension on simulated driving performance. In both experiments, participants completed a speech task and a simulated driving task under single- and dual-task conditions, with language materials matched for linguistic complexity. In Experiment 1, concurrent production and comprehension resulted in more variable velocity compared to driving alone. Experiment 2 replicated these effects in a more difficult simulated driving environment, with participants showing larger and more variable headway times when speaking or listening while driving than when just driving. In both experiments, concurrent production yielded better control of lane position relative to single-task performance; concurrent comprehension had little impact on control of lane position. On all other measures, production and comprehension had very similar effects on driving. The results show, in line with previous work, that there are detrimental consequences for driving of concurrent language use. The authors' findings imply that these detrimental consequences may be roughly the same whether drivers are producing speech or comprehending it. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Comprehension KW - Control KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane position KW - Listening KW - Performance KW - Speaking KW - Speech KW - Speech production KW - Time KW - Traffic safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763121 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006741 AU - Sumer, Nebi AU - Ayvasik, H Belgin AU - Er, Nurhan AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Cognitive and Psychomotor Correlates of Self-Reported Driving Skills and Behavior SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The purpose of this study is to predict self-reported driving and safety skills, traffic violations, and errors by using the measures of cognitive and psychomotor abilities. Male drivers (N = 716, mean age = 36.59) were administered the computerized measures of monotonous and selective attention, visual pursuit, eye-hand coordination, reaction time, and peripheral perception. They also responded to the measures of driving skills and behaviors. Examination of the correlations indicated that the indices of visual pursuit, coordination, peripheral perception, and reaction time significantly correlated with driving skills and aberrant behaviors. The results of the sequential regression analyses controlling for age, level of education, and annual km revealed that selective attention negatively and significantly predicted both types of skills and positively predicted violations and errors. Peripheral perception, visual pursuit, and reaction time were the significant predictors of driving skills and errors in the expected direction. Cognitive and psychomotor abilities accounted for 11% to 17% of the variances in the self-reported driving variables. Results suggested that although the magnitude of the associations was relatively weak, psychomotor and cognitive/perceptual abilities are associated with self-reported driving performance and behaviors for young and middle-aged drivers. These findings indicated that certain measures of cognitive and psychomotor abilities, such as peripheral perception and selective attention, have implications for driver assessment systems and should be carefully examined in future research. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Age KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver errors KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Hand-eye coordination KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Males KW - Motor skills KW - Performance KW - Peripheral perception KW - Reaction time KW - Self reports KW - Traffic violations KW - Visual pursuit UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/14_NebiSumerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763129 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006739 AU - Bowers, Alex AU - Peli, Eli AU - Elgin, Jennifer AU - McGwin, Gerald AU - Owsley, Cynthia AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessing Driving Performance with Moderate Visual Field Loss SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The minimum binocular horizontal field extent for driver licensing varies widely between states in the USA. The authors examined the relationship between visual field extent and open-road driving performance using a scoring method that measured the quality of specific skills for a range of general driving maneuvers, as well as maneuvers that the authors expected to be difficult for people with restricted fields. Twenty-eight current drivers with mild to moderate peripheral visual field restrictions (123 + or - 20 degrees, V4e target) drove the 14-mile route. While most subjects were scored as safe drivers, those with more restricted horizontal and vertical binocular field extents showed significantly poorer skills in maneuvers for which a wide field of vision is likely to be important (p < or = 0.05): speed matching when changing lanes, and maintaining lane position and keeping to the path of the curve when driving around curves. Further studies using similar assessment methods with drivers with more restricted fields are necessary to determine the minimum field extent for safe driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Field of vision KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane changing KW - Lane position KW - Loss and damage KW - Performance KW - Peripheral vision KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.eri.harvard.edu/faculty/peli/papers/DA2005_Bowersetal_paper.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763102 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006736 AU - Paul, Amit AU - Boyle, Linda Ng AU - Tippin, Jon AU - Rizzo, Matthew AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Variability of Driving Performance During Microsleeps SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This study aimed to evaluate the value of measuring microsleeps as an indicator of driving performance impairment in drowsy drivers with sleep disorders. Drivers with sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea/hypopena syndrome (OSAHS) are at increased risk for driving performance errors due to microsleep episodes, which presage sleep onset. To meet this aim, the authors tested the hypothesis that OSAHS drivers show impaired control over vehicle steering, lane position and velocity during microsleep episodes compared to when they are driving without microsleeps on similar road segments. A microsleep is defined as a 3-14 sec episode during which 4-7 Hz (theta) activity replaces the waking 8-13 Hz (alpha) background rhythm. Microsleep episodes were identified in the electroencephalography (EEG) record by a neurologist certified by the American Board of Sleep Medicine. Twenty-four drivers with OSAHS were tested using simulated driving scenarios. Steering variability, lane position variability, acceleration and velocity measures were assessed in the periods during a microsleep, immediately preceding (pre) microsleep, and immediately following (post) microsleep. In line with the authors' introductory hypothesis, drivers with OSAHS did show significantly greater variation in steering and lane position during the microsleep episodes compared to the periods pre and post microsleep. The results indicate that identification of microsleep episodes can provide a marker for declining vehicle control of drivers with OSAHS. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Apnea KW - Control KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Electroencephalography KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane position KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Performance KW - Sleep KW - Sleep disorders KW - Steering KW - Traffic safety KW - Variables KW - Velocity UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/04_AmitPaul_LBoyleformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006735 AU - Patomella, Ann-Helen AU - Kottorp, Anders AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - An Evaluation of Driving Ability in a Simulator: A Good Predictor of Driving Ability after Stroke? SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - The aim of this pilot-study was to evaluate the predictive quality of a driving evaluation in a simulator for people with stroke. Twenty-seven participants with stroke completed a driving evaluation in a technically advanced driving simulator. The participants also completed an on-road driving evaluation with a pass or fail outcome. Measures generated from the assessment tool, P-Drive, were compared to the on-road driving evaluation, in order to determine a definitive cut-off score. The definitive cut-off score of P-Drive was determined to 1,5 logits, however this score did not show satisfactory sensitivity. Instead of a definitive cut-off score, a cut-off zone of 1,4 to 1,7 logits was recommended. Six drivers within the cut-off zone were recommended for further evaluation of their driving ability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Logits KW - P-Drive KW - Stroke (Medical condition) KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/15_Patomellaformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763131 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006733 AU - Rimini-Doering, Maria AU - Altmueller, Tobias AU - Ladstaetter, Ulrich AU - Rossmeier, Markus AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Effects of Lane Departure Warning on Drowsy Drivers' Performance and State in a Simulator SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Driver drowsiness is a major cause of severe accidents, many of which involve a single vehicle lane departure. The objective of the experiment described in this paper is to determine the relationships between drowsiness, lane departure events (LDE) and effects of a warning system. While in case of driver distraction the impact of such a warning system can be tested in real traffic, for reasons of safety (and reproducibility), a laboratory-based driving simulator is being used in this project. The experiments were conducted with a cohort of 63 healthy male subjects aged 22 to 27 driving for about 2.5 hrs in a stimuli-deprived scenario with a six-fold repetition under carefully controlled conditions. Several hundreds micro-sleep episodes were identified in the 53 successful trials by electrooculogram and video signal and confirmed by behavioral analysis; more than 800 lane departure warnings (LDW) occurred in the assisted sub-cohort of 17 drivers. A combined analysis of the LDE with and without LDW shows significant reduction in number, time, departure length and out-of-lane area for the assisted subjects. The timing and design of the warning could furthermore prevent almost 85% of the lane departure events caused by sleepiness. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane departures KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Performance KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/13_MariaRiminiformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763124 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010694 AU - Seppelt, Bobbie D AU - Lees, Monica N AU - Lee, John D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Distraction and Reliance: Adaptive Cruise Control in the Context of Sensor Reliability and Algorithm Limits SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This study investigated how system failures influenced drivers’ reliance on Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). A medium-fidelity driving simulator was used to evaluate the effect of driving condition (traffic, rain) and automation (manual control, ACC) on headway maintenance and brake response. In conditions of rain, the signal continuity of the ACC sensors was degraded and in conditions of heavy traffic, the braking limits of the ACC system were exceeded. Dependent variables included response time to lead vehicle (LV) braking, number of collisions, and both time headway (THW) and time-to-collision (TTC) at instant of the brake response. Throughout the drive, a continuous (forced-paced) secondary task was introduced to determine how an in-vehicle task interacted with ACC reliance. Results showed that the failure type influenced driver’s reliance on ACC with drivers relying more on ACC in traffic periods than in rain periods. ACC appeared to offer a safety benefit when drivers were distracted with complex mental tasks in periods of heavy traffic. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Adaptive control KW - Algorithms KW - Braking KW - Crashes KW - Cruise control KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Human subject testing KW - Lead vehicle KW - Manual control KW - Rain KW - Reaction time KW - Reliability KW - Secondary tasks KW - Sensors KW - Time KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/36_BobbieSeppeltformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763217 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010669 AU - Sayer, Tina Brunetti AU - Sayer, James R AU - Devonshire, Joel M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Assessment of a Driver Interface for Lateral Drift and Curve Speed Warning Systems: Mixed Results for Auditory and Haptic Warnings SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Lateral Drift Warning (LDW) and Curve Speed Warning (CSW) systems were developed to address two main critical events in run-off-road crashes, which are road edge departure and excessive speed. The LDW system used a two-stage alert system, with the first stage activating when the driver departed a lane with a dashed boundary and the imminent, or second stage, when departing a lane with a solid boundary. The CSW also employed a two-stage alert, with the level based on the degree of over-speed for the upcoming curve. The haptic modality, in the form of seat vibration, was chosen as the first level warning for both systems, and auditory was chosen as the second or most urgent level. The two systems were installed in a fleet of instrumented vehicles and loaned to 78 randomly selected licensed drivers for approximately 4 weeks. Debriefing questions detailing the driver’s experience with the system were administered and analyzed in a two by two design of modality by system. After examination of both the statistical results and the open-ended comments, the question of which modality is most appropriate is still uncertain. Each modality had positive aspects. Haptic does not alert the entire car and participants also considered it less distracting. Auditory provided better recognition between warnings and participants were better able to understand the meaning and the required response for each warning. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Acoustic signal KW - Alert systems KW - Auditory warnings KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Lateral drift KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Seats KW - Speed KW - Tactile perception KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vibration KW - Warning systems UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/32_TinaSayerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763168 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010717 AU - Moller, Henry J AU - Kayumov, Leonid AU - Bulmash, Eric L AU - Shapiro, Colin M AU - Kennedy, Sidney H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Simulator Performance vs. Neurophysiologic Monitoring: Which is More Relevant to Assess Driving Impairment? SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Previously, the authors reported on circadian variation in driving simulator performance and neurophysiologic evidence of sleep intrusion into consciousness in a pilot study of healthy individuals. They have since expanded this “normative” sample and run a prospective comparison study with a sample of clinical patients reporting excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as a chief complaint. Thirty healthy adults (mean age of 31.3 + or - 11.5) and 27 EDS patients (47.0 + or - 13.7) with valid driver’s licenses were included. Subjects performed four intentionally soporific 30-minute driving simulations at two-hour intervals while undergoing continuous EEG monitoring for microsleep (MS) episodes. Measured variables included: subjective ratings of sleepiness and alertness prior to each drive, lane position accuracy, mean speed, speed deviation, mean reaction time (RT) to “virtual” wind gusts as well as off-road events, i.e., “crashes.” In comparing normative individuals and EDS patients, significant between-group differences were found between subjective ratings, RT, crashes and MS. Both groups showed a significant a tendency towards RT slowing during afternoon drives, with this circadian effect appearing most pronounced for EDS patients. Significant between-group differences were also found on subjective ratings of sleepiness and alertness, although diurnal fluctuation of subjective sleepiness ratings was significant only for the EDS group. Objective EEG MS monitoring demonstrated escalating sleep intrusion with repeated drives in both groups, but particularly for the EDS group. Total crash rates were three times higher in EDS patients, with an increasing trend towards crash-proneness in the late afternoon. In summary, the authors found significantly impaired performance on some, though not all, driving parameters for EDS patients. While increased crash rate may be the most dramatic of these, slowing of RT was the most statistically robust. EEG monitoring was able to document increased propensity towards MS episodes in patients with EDS, which the authors suggest is causative in creating this impairment. It remains unclear whether a neurophysiologic or simulator approach captures impairment due to sleepiness with greater sensitivity and specificity. A hybrid approach combining data from both sources may be optimal, and also could be integrated in commercial vehicle use. The authors suggest that the need for a more accurate hospital-based screening tool for assessment of driving impairment due to sleep disorders remains an important issue for physicians and legislators dealing with driving competency. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Alertness KW - Circadian rhythms KW - Crash rates KW - Daylight KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Electroencephalography KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Impaired drivers KW - Microsleep episodes KW - Neurophysiological monitoring KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Sleep KW - Sleepiness KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/31_Mollerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010700 AU - Wood, Chip AU - Hurwitz, Joshua AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Driver Workload Management during Cell Phone Conversations SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - This study tested if intelligently suspending cell phone conversations during demanding driving situations would improve driver’s performance and lessen subjective workload. Using a simulator, drivers followed a lead car approximately 2 seconds ahead and braking randomly. The drivers engaged in spontaneous “Neutral,” “Intense,” or “No” cell phone conversations with the experimenter, who sustained all conversations with scripted non-directive utterances. When the lead car started to decelerate, the conversations were suspended or not for the duration of the event. Objective driving performance and subjective “workload” estimates showed significant differences between conversation topic types. Engaging in an “Intense” conversation during deceleration produced (1) smaller decreases in forward velocity, and (2) delays in releasing the accelerator, applying the brake and decelerating. Suspending “Intense” conversations counteracted these effects, producing larger decreases in forward velocity, and speeding up drivers’ responses on the vehicle controls. Furthermore, suspending conversations clearly increased drivers’ headways and temporal distances with the lead car. The results show that cell phone conversation intensity has significant effects on both performance and workload. The results also show positive effects of suspending cell phone conversations during critical driving situations on driver performance, thus perhaps counteracting the negative effects of the workload imposed by the conversations. Subjective ratings and value judgments for this system indicate generally positive assessments of the system. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Car following KW - Cellular telephones KW - Conversation intensity KW - Conversation while driving KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Performance KW - Traffic safety KW - Workload (Drivers) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/30_ChipWoodformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010697 AU - Lee, Yi-Ching AU - Lee, John D AU - Boyle, Linda Ng AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Change Detection Performance under Divided Attention with Dynamic Driving Scenarios SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This study investigated the effect of cognitive load on the relationship between confidence in detecting changes and actual change detection performance. Two experiments simulated glancing away from the roadway by periodically blanking the driver’s view for one second. Experiments were conducted in a driving simulator where participants were asked to detect changes in the location and appearance of other vehicles while driving on a multi-lane suburban roadway. In addition, cognitive load was imposed using messages that participants were asked to listen to and answer questions about. Participants’ sensitivity (d’) to vehicle changes was calculated and compared with subjective ratings of confidence in detecting those changes. Results indicated a positive relationship between d’ and confidence, suggesting that participants were aware of the factors that influenced their change-detection performance. However, the strength of the relationship was situation-dependent. The strength of the relationship decreased when the detection task was more difficult and in the presence of cognitive load. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Change detection KW - Cognitive load KW - Confidence (Psychology) KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Location KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multilane highways KW - Performance KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/29_Leeformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763162 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010659 AU - Jonsson, Ing-Marie AU - Nass, Clifford AU - Harris, Helen AU - Takayama, Leila AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Matching In-Car Voice with Driver State: Impact on Attitude and Driving Performance SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - This study examines whether characteristics of a car voice can influence driver behavior and attitudes, and furthermore, if the driver’s emotional state will influence the perception of the car voice. Participants in a 2 (driver emotion: happy or upset) x 2 (car voice emotion: energetic or subdued) experimental study, had emotion induced by video clips and then spent 20 minutes using a driving simulator. While they were driving, a voice in the car spoke 36 questions (e.g., “Have we passed the sign for Lucia yet?”) and comments (“My favorite part of this drive is the lighthouse.”) in either an energetic or subdued voice. Participants were invited to interact with the car voice. Matching the car voice to the drivers’ emotions had enormous consequences. Drivers who interacted with voices that matched their own emotional state had less than half as many accidents on average as drivers who interacted with mismatched voices! Drivers paired with matched voices also communicated much more with the voice (the voice said exactly the same thing in all conditions). The effects of matching emotion versus mismatching emotion were so powerful that neither driver emotion nor gender had an expected effect on driving performance. There was a slight tendency for happy drivers and female drivers to be better drivers, even though this effect was minimal compared to the effects of matching. In other words, finding the appropriate in-car voice for the driver’s emotion stood out as the most critical factor in enabling a safe driving experience. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Communication KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Emotions KW - Females KW - Highway safety KW - In vehicle voice KW - Matching KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://research.nokia.com/publication/5934 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763157 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01010667 AU - Knodler, Michael A AU - Noyce, David A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Tracking Driver Eye Movements at Permissive Left-Turns SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 9p AB - The objective of this analysis was to identify sources of information used by left-turning drivers. To complete the experiment, a virtual network of signalized intersections was created for use in a driving simulator equipped with head and eye tracking equipment. Fourteen drivers were recruited to participate in the experiment, which included two independent variables (permissive signal indication and presence of opposing traffic). The primary dependent variable was the associated eye movements at permissive left-turns, including the magnitude of time focused on each potential cue and the pattern in which cues were detected. To complete the analysis, eye movements were tracked and the screen was divided into “areas of interest,” which coincided with potential cues used in the completion of a permissive left turn. For each permissive scenario, drivers used more total cues when no opposing traffic was present. Specifically, in the absence of opposing traffic, drivers fixated on a wider array of available information. When opposing traffic was present, drivers spent a majority of time focused on opposing traffic and would use this as a base point from which they would glance at other data sources. Overall, drivers looked at least once at the protected/permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal display and the opposing traffic stream. Drivers tended to scan the intersection from right to left, after initially locating the PPLT signal display and opposing traffic and/or stop bar area. The results of the eye movement analysis are consistent with data obtained in a follow-up static evaluation. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Analysis KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Eye movements KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turns KW - Opposing traffic KW - Permissive phasing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal phases UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/21_Knodlerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763148 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006747 AU - Baldwin, Carryl L AU - May, Jennifer F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Verbal Collision Avoidance Messages of Varying Perceived Urgency Reduce Crashes in High Risk Scenarios SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 6p AB - Collision Avoidance Systems (CASs) are increasingly being installed in motor vehicles. Concurrently, verbal warnings are increasingly utilized in aviation, surface transportation, and medical environments. The current driving simulation investigation examined crash avoidance behaviors in high risk driving situations and crash rate reduction as a function of exposure to different types of verbal CAS messages. CAS messages varied in presentation level (PL) and signal word. Post-drive ratings of perceived urgency, alerting effectiveness, and annoyance were also examined. The type of CAS warning presented resulted in significant differences in appropriate crash avoidance behaviors and crash rates. In the current paradigm, the most effective CAS warnings were those of moderate PU, specifically the low PU signal word “notice” presented at high PL and the high PU signal word “danger” presented at low PL. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for CAS warning design and hazard matching applicability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Auditory messages KW - Behavior KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perceived urgency KW - Presentation level KW - Ratings KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Verbal UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/verbal-collision-avoidance-messages-of-varying-perceived-urgency-reduce-crashes-in-high-risk-scenarios/oclc/67227752 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763135 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006748 AU - McGwin, Gerald AU - Xie, Aiyuan AU - Mays, Andrew AU - Joiner, Wade AU - DeCarlo, Dawn K AU - Hall, Tyler Andrew AU - Owsley, Cynthia AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Visual Field Defects and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions among Patients with Glaucoma SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 9p AB - This study sought to evaluate the association between visual field defects in the central 24° field and motor vehicle collisions (MVC) among patients with glaucoma. A case-control study was conducted on glaucoma patients aged 55 and older being treated at three university-affiliated eye care practices. Cases were patients who sustained a police-reported motor vehicle collision (MVC); controls were those who did not experience a MVC. For each patient, an Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) score was calculated on automated visual fields collected with the 24-2 or 30-2 programs. Additionally, demographic, behavioral, driving and clinical characteristics were obtained via chart abstractions and a patient telephone survey. With respect to the better eye AGIS score (defined according to AGIS score), compared to patients with no visual field defect, those with severe defects (scores 12-20) had an increased risk of MVC (odds ratio [OR] 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-10.4), although this association was not statistically significant (p=0.0576). Moderate (6-11) or minor field defects (1-5) in the better eye were not associated with the risk of crash involvement. For the worse eye, patients with moderate and severe field defects were at significantly increased risk of a MVC (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.4 and OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-12.4 respectively) compared to those with no defects. Minor field defects in the worse eye did not increase MVC risk (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-3.4). Glaucoma patients with moderate or severe visual field impairment in the central 24° radius field in the worse functioning eye are at increased risk for involvement in a vehicle crash. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Behavior KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Defects KW - Demographics KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Eye KW - Field of vision KW - Glaucoma KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16303931 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763134 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006742 AU - Yang, Chun-Ming AU - Waters, Dusty AU - Cabrera, Carmeris C AU - Wang, Jyh-Hone AU - Collyer, Charles E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Enhancing the Messages Displayed on Dynamic Message Signs SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - A human factors study was carried out to help enhance ways to communicate with highway motorists through dynamic message signs (DMS). Overhead mounted DMSs have been increasingly used by highway authorities in the United States to present real-time traffic information and travel advice to motorists. It is critical to post sign messages that can be quickly and clearly understood by motorists, especially in high-volume traffic and construction/repair zones. Properly worded and formatted sign messages could spell the difference between comprehension and confusion. Message display factors investigated in the study include display effects, color schemes, wording, and formats. Two approaches were employed in this study. First, a questionnaire survey was developed to collect motorists’ preferences regarding various message display factors. Second, a series of lab driving simulation experiments were set up to assess the effects of these factors and their interactions on motorists’ comprehension of DMS messages. Study results suggested that static, one-framed messages with more specific wording and no abbreviations were preferred. Amber or green or a green-amber combination were the most favored colors. Younger subjects took less response time to the DMS stimuli with higher accuracy than older subjects. There were no significant gender differences. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Amber KW - Color KW - Comprehension KW - Confusion KW - Display KW - Display format KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Green KW - Highway traffic KW - Human factors KW - Messages KW - Real time information KW - United States KW - Variable message signs KW - Wording UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/17_Wangformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763133 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006744 AU - Pradhan, Anuj K AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - Pollatsek, Alexander AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Effects of PC-Based Training on Novice Drivers' Risk Awareness in a Driving Simulator SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - Novice drivers are almost nine times more likely to die in a crash than more experienced drivers. This increased risk has been found to be largely due to novice drivers’ inability to predict the risks in the roadway ahead. A PC-based Risk Awareness and Perception Training Program (RAPT) was developed to teach novice drivers about different categories of risky situations likely to be encountered while driving. The format was an interactive multimedia presentation with both plan (i.e., top down) views and perspective views of roadway geometry that illustrated generally risky scenarios along with information about the type of risks and the relevant areas that attention should be allocated to in order to detect the risks. A set of novice drivers was trained with this program. The eye-movements of the participants were then evaluated in a driving simulator to determine whether areas of potential risk were fixated, and their performance was compared to a separate set of untrained novice drivers. The ability of the novice drivers to identify risks in static views improved after they completed the training program. More importantly, the trained novice drivers were significantly more likely to correctly fixate on risk relevant areas in the simulated driving environment than the untrained drivers 3-5 days after training. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Attention KW - Awareness KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Eye movements KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Interactive computer systems KW - Multimedia KW - Novices KW - Performance KW - Personal computers KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk management KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/12_Fisher_pradhanformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763123 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006745 AU - Lindsey, Jeffrey T AU - Barron, Ann E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - The Perception of Emergency Vehicle Drivers Using Simulation in Driver Training SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - The number of accidents over the past decade involving emergency vehicles is a major concern for emergency service providers. This study assessed the perception of adding a driving simulator to a traditional training program. The sample population consisted of Emergency Medical Technician students attending the National EMS Academy in Lafayette, LA. The group self-scheduled which day they would attend the driving portion of the class. This resulted in 52 participants in the control group and 50 participants in the treatment group. The treatment group used a driving simulator prior to driving on the competency course. Surveys were used to assess the emergency vehicle operators’ perceptions of using a driving simulator as part of an emergency vehicle training course. The simulator allowed the treatment group to understand the course prior to actually driving the course. The control group thought the simulator would have afforded them the opportunity to learn the course before actually driving the course. Both groups thought the simulator should be a part of the driver training course, but did not see the simulator replacing actual driving experience. Emergency Medical Technician students in both the treatment and control group thought the simulator would improve their driving ability. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Abilities KW - Ambulance drivers KW - Attitudes KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Emergency training KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/10_Lindseyformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763119 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006740 AU - Ball, Karlene K AU - Clay, Olivio J AU - Wadley, Virginia G AU - Roth, David L AU - Edwards, Jerri D AU - Roenker, Daniel L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Predicting Driving Performance in Older Adults with the Useful Field of View Test: A Meta-Analysis SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 7p AB - This investigation examines the Useful Field of View (specifically the UFOV® test), as a predictor of objective measures of driving performance. PubMed and PsycInfo databases were searched to retrieve eight independent studies reporting bivariate relationships between the UFOV® test and driving measures (driving simulator performance, state-recorded crashes, and on-road driving). Cumulative meta-analysis techniques were used to examine the predictive utility of the test, to determine whether the effect size was stable across studies, and to assess whether a sufficient number of studies have been conducted to conclude that the test is an effective predictor of driving competence. Results showed that the study samples could have been drawn from the same population. The weighted mean effect size across all studies revealed a large effect, Cohen's d=0.945, with poorer UFOV® test performance associated with negative driving outcomes. This relationship was robust across multiple indices of driving performance and several research laboratories. A concrete measure of sufficiency revealed that an additional 513 studies averaging a null result must be conducted to bring the p-value for the cumulative effect size to greater than .05. This convergence of evidence across different points in time and different research teams confirms the importance of the UFOV® assessment as a valid and reliable index of driving performance and safety. Corroborating this finding, a recent large field study in Maryland has further established the UFOV® test as a useful screening instrument to identify at-risk older drivers. Taken together, these findings could have far-reaching implications for public policy. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Aged drivers KW - Bivariate analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of view KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Maryland KW - Meta-analysis KW - Performance KW - Research KW - States KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/08_KarleneBallformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763104 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006734 AU - Henderson, Steven AU - Donderi, Don C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Peripheral Motion Contrast Sensitivity and Older Drivers' Detection Failure Accident Risk SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 10p AB - Eighteen older drivers (66-88) and their passengers both reported on the drivers' performance using detection deficit questionnaires that elicited responses related to attention and to speed and accuracy of object motion perception. The measure of detection deficit was an equally weighted combination of standardized responses from the 17-item driver questionnaire and the 11-item passenger questionnaire. Peripheral stationary and drifting contrast sensitivity was determined for 0.4 cycles per degree sine wave gratings at fifteen degrees eccentricity. The temporal two-alternative forced choice staircase procedure consisted of randomly interleaved left and right visual field grating presentations. The correlation between log10 motion contrast sensitivity and detection deficit was -.63 (p < .01), between age and detection deficit was .56 (p < .05), and between age and log10 motion contrast sensitivity was -.54 (p < .05). The partial correlation between log10 motion sensitivity and detection deficit, independent of age, was -.47 (p = .054). The authors concluded that some age-related driving performance deficits are associated with reduced sensitivity to motion in the visual periphery. Peripheral motion contrast sensitivity was discussed in relation to "useful field of view" (UFOV®) measures of visual function, and offered as a primary deficit of high risk drivers with mild Alzheimer's disease. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Alzheimer's disease KW - Attention KW - Contrast KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Field of view KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Motion perception KW - Performance KW - Peripheral vision KW - Questionnaires KW - Sensitivity (Human) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/07_SteveHendersonformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763103 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01006737 AU - Boer, Erwin R AU - Rakauskas, Michael E AU - Ward, Nicholas J AU - Goodrich, Michael A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - Steering Entropy Revisited SN - 9780874141511 PY - 2005 SP - 8p AB - Drivers aim to maintain their vehicle within a number of individual situated safety margins. Safety margin violations are characterized by rapid strong corrective steering. Steering entropy was introduced to quantify drivers’ efforts to maintain their lateral safety margins. In the original steering entropy, several computational assumptions were made. The objective is to scrutinize and motivate these choices and exemplify the effects of deviations from these choices with data from a driver distraction study. The new optimized algorithm is shown to yield significances where a number of classical metrics fail to find any significance. Its sensitivity is attributed to the fact that a number of observed changes in steering behavior all manifest in a widened steering prediction error distribution which the algorithm picks up sensitively with its log-based weighting of prediction error outliers and its use of a prediction filter that is maximally sensitive to the spectral characteristics of the baseline data. U1 - Driving Assessment 2005: 3rd International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle DesignNissan Technical Center - North AmericaUniversity of Iowa, Iowa CityHonda R & D Americas, IncorporatedToyota Technical Center, U.S.A.Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration5DT, Inc.DriveSafety, Inc.Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietySeeing MachinesTransportation Research BoardUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of LeedsUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisUniversity of Michigan Transportation Research InstituteVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BlacksburgRockport,Maine,United States StartDate:20050627 EndDate:20050630 Sponsors:Nissan Technical Center - North America, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Honda R & D Americas, Incorporated, Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5DT, Inc., DriveSafety, Inc., Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seeing Machines, Transportation Research Board, University of Calgary, University of Leeds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg KW - Algorithms KW - Behavior KW - Corrective actions (Driving) KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Entropy (Communications) KW - Highway safety KW - Safety margins KW - Steering KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2005/PDF/05_Boerformat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989306 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 5-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN, FISCAL YEARS 2005-2009 PY - 2005 SP - 60 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Research and Technology 5-Year Strategic Plan: establishes the strategic research and technology priorities that help the agency and department achieve their goals; provides a 5-year perspective and guidance on the research and technology projects FMCSA will pursue and the expected results; helps maintain and improve the overall focus and coherence of research and technology direction; improves the quality and relevance of FMCSA research and technology products; and helps to improve the visibility of agency research and technology program outcomes and their impact. While much of this plan focuses on the Office of Research and Technology, the plan addresses research and technology projects planned and funded throughout the agency. The plan timeframe is fiscal year 2005 through fiscal year 2009 to coincide as closely as possible with the expected surface transportation reauthorization. This Strategic Plan is intended to be a living document and it will adapt to evolving circumstances and priorities. This Strategic Plan is constructed to be wide-ranging and thought-provoking. The specific projects in which the agency will engage are subject to budget availability and resource constraints. By partnering with other organizations, FMCSA intends to share resources and ideas in order to overcome some of those constraints. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Improvements KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51407/rt-5year-strategicplan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000756 AU - Shrank, Michael AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Woodrooffe, John AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2001 (Version December 16, 2004) PY - 2004/12//Special Report SP - 121p AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2001. The 2001 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Surveys KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000728 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Florida Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2004/12//Special Report SP - 30p AB - This report is part of a series of reports evaluating the data reported to the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of Florida. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Florida Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. Overall, only 24.0% of reportable crash involvements are reported to the MCMIS Crash file. In addition, 14.8% of cases that are reported do not qualify for reporting. Reporting rates vary by vehicle type, crash severity, and reporting agency. Almost 56% of fatal involvements are reported, 26.5% of injury/transported involvements, and only 20.0% of towed/disabled involvements. Over 48% of the involvements of truck-tractors are reported, but only 6.0% of medium trucks, and less than 3% of buses. The reporting rate was highest for the Florida Highway Patrol at 31.9%. Sheriff's offices report at a 19.3% rate, and only 14.2% of reportable crashes covered by police departments were reported. A major contributor to underreporting is likely a reliance on an entry in the commercial vehicle only line of the Florida PAR to identify reportable vehicles. This is an error because the reportability criteria for the MCMIS file consider only vehicle configuration and crash severity, not operations. In addition, the structure of that line in the Florida PAR may favor interstate carriers, while the crashes of both interstate and intrastate carriers must be reported. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Florida KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Motor carriers KW - Police departments KW - Sheriffs KW - State highway patrol KW - Trucks KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01003878 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Hazardous Materials Safety and Security Technology Field Operational Test - Volume I: Evaluation Final Report Executive Summary PY - 2004/11/11/Final Report Executive Summary SP - v.p. AB - The catastrophic events of September 11, 2001 and the ongoing war on terrorism have heightened the level of concern from Federal government officials and the transportation industry regarding the secure transport of hazardous materials (HAZMAT). Security concerns focus on the potential of HAZMAT shipments as targets for terrorists. HAZMAT shipments through intermodal connectors, modes, and facilities are all attractive targets for terrorists, and pose a much greater concern to public safety than most other shipment types. HAZMAT shipments, especially fuels and chemicals, are especially attractive targets due to the multiple points of vulnerability. These vulnerabilities exist at shipper, motor carrier, and shipment recipient facilities, and during shipment movement en route throughout the nation's roadway infrastructure. Numerous international and domestic incidents occurred over the past several years that demonstrate the real threat potential that HAZMAT shipments pose. For example, the following events all occurred in a 2-month period in 2002: March 31, 2002: A 29-year-old driver for a propane distributor drove away with a 3,000-gallon bobtail. He made a telephone threat stating that he wanted to kill President George W. Bush and that he would use the bobtail as a "bomb". April 11, 2002: A terrorist driving a truck carrying liquefied natural gas ignited his cargo in front of a synagogue on the Tunisian Island of Djerba, killing 17 people, mainly German and French tourists. Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for the blast. May 16, 2002: A tractor-trailer carrying 10 tons of deadly cyanide in 96 drums was stolen after three armed men held up the vehicle north of Mexico City. Six drums were never found. May 2002: A fully loaded tanker truck pulled into Israel's largest fuel depot and suddenly caught fire due to an explosive charge connected to a cellular phone. The fire was extinguished, but had the truck exploded, destruction and death would have resulted. Events such as these demonstrate the security and safety risks associated with HAZMAT shipments. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), working in close cooperation with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), has attempted to proactively address public and private sector HAZMAT security concerns by identifying potential security risks related to HAZMAT transportation and proposing solutions to minimize those risks. FMCSA embarked on a program to improve HAZMAT security and safety by using regulatory measures, security assessments, and outreach efforts. Part of this effort was to sponsor an industry competitive procurement to conduct a national-level field operational test (FOT). This resulted in FMCSA awarding a contract for a team led by the Battelle Memorial Institute (Battelle) (Deployment Team) to test currently existing major technologies that could offer solutions to minimize security risks of truck-based HAZMAT shipments. Supporting Deployment Team members included: QUALCOMM; the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI); the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA); Savi Technologies; the Biometrics Solutions Group (BSG); Total Security-US; and the Spill Center. To evaluate the technologies tested in this FOT, their costs, benefits, and the operational processes require to be performed, the FMCSA, supported by the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)/Joint Program Office (JPO), awarded an Independent Evaluation contract in August 2002. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) (Evaluation Team) led the Independent Evaluation for this HAZMAT FOT. This Hazardous Materials Safety and Security Technology Field Operational Test was focused on four different HAZMAT truck transportation scenarios representing the following industry segments: Bulk Petroleum, Bulk Chemical, Less-than-Truckload (LTL), and Truckload Explosives industries. The scenarios were chosen based on the results of a hazardous materials risk and threat assessment that was conducted as the initial phase of this project by the Deployment Team, and was combined with a desire to test the technology in different industry types. The risk and threat assessment methodology was used to identify the types of materials that were of highest concern, as well as the most likely attack scenarios (theft of a material, interception/diversion, and legal exploitation). Specific vulnerabilities were also identified during this phase of the project, which served as the basis for selecting the technologies within each scenario. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bulk cargo KW - Cellular telephones KW - Chemicals KW - Cyanides KW - Djerba KW - Evaluation KW - Explosions KW - Explosives KW - Field tests KW - Fires KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Industries KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Israel KW - Less than truckload traffic KW - Liquefied natural gas KW - Materials KW - Mexico City (Mexico) KW - Petroleum KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety and security KW - Security KW - Technology KW - Terrorism KW - Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 KW - Threats KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Truckload KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14094.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01003858 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Hazardous Materials Safety and Security Technology Field Operational Test - Volume II: Evaluation Final Report Synthesis PY - 2004/11/11/Final Report Synthesis SP - v.p. AB - This synthesis document provides an overview of the Field Operational Test (FOT) and the processes, analytical frameworks and methods used to evaluate the Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) Safety and Security Technology FOT. Also described are the approaches to assessing the operational efficiency and security benefits and costs, and findings and conclusions regarding potential benefits, costs, market potential, and deployment issues associated with the test technologies. Detailed information on the evaluation is contained within the reference Volume III: Evaluation Final Report Detail, Sections 1-5. The HAZMAT movement chain presents an attractive target for terrorists due to multiple points of vulnerability that exist at manufacturing facilities, shippers, motor carriers, and shipment receivers. Hazardous materials are an especially sought after target since the nature of the cargo serves as a dangerous and ready-made weapon. Several hundred thousand HAZMAT shipments originate, travel en route, and are received every day, so the exposure to these vulnerabilities is very broad. Manufacturers and shippers may become terrorist targets due to potential HAZMAT production or storage at their facilities. Motor carriers control the HAZMAT shipment en route between shipper and receiver. Since they transport 95 percent of hazardous materials, motor carriers are potentially targets for direct attack or hijacking for use as a weapon during en-route HAZMAT movements. The immediate damage from a terrorist attack could be severe in terms of both human and economic losses. Human losses could include both injuries and death, with up to 10,000 casualties predicted under the most severe scenario considered in this study. Economic losses could also be substantial. Myriad technology products are commercially available that are designed to enhance HAZMAT and transport security by making HAZMAT cargo more secure, less desirable to terrorists, and by reducing the consequences of intentional and non-intentional releases. Many of these technologies were tested and evaluated during the course of this HAZMAT FOT. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cargo handling KW - Consequences KW - Deployment KW - Economic impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Field tests KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hijacking KW - Injuries KW - Markets KW - Motor carriers KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety and security KW - Security KW - Technology KW - Terrorism KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Weapons UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/29000/29500/29509/FINAL_Volume_II_HAZMAT_Synthesis__11-17-04.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14095.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00985805 AU - Matteson, A AU - Blower, D AU - Woodrooffe, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS FACTBOOK 2002 PY - 2004/10 SP - 114 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2002. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/747963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01522207 AU - Barr, Lawrence C AU - Boyle, Linda AU - Maislin, Greg AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Sleep Apnea Crash Risk Study PY - 2004/09//Final Report SP - 105p AB - Sleep apnea is a condition in which a narrowing or closure of the upper airway during sleep causes repeated sleep disturbances, and possible complete awakenings, leading to poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) obtain additional and more meaningful crash data by linking a sleep apnea database to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA’s) Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) crash database; (2) understand the impact of sleep apnea and driver impairment on crash involvement, the number of crashes, and the severity of crashes; and (3) gain insight into how crash rates are impacted before and after drivers are diagnosed with sleep apnea. The overall goal of the analysis is to determine the crash risks for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers with sleep apnea compared to drivers who do not have sleep apnea. The results of this study contradict those found in several previous studies, in that other studies found a strong positive relationship between sleep apnea and motor vehicle crashes. A possible reason for this contradiction could be attributed to limitations of the data used in this study, and these are discussed in detail in this report. This study, using an analysis using logistic regression, found no association between sleep apnea, as measured by the apnea/hypopnea index, and commercial motor vehicle crashes. Patients with sleep apnea had no greater probability of having a crash than patients without sleep apnea, either before or after their diagnosis. Drivers with sleep apnea were also not found to be at an increased risk for multiple crashes, nor were crash rates impacted by the prevalence of apnea. No link between the severity of sleep apnea and traffic crashes was established in these analyses. KW - Apnea KW - Commercial drivers KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Sleep disorders KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51311/FMCSA-RT-04-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000740 AU - Shrank, Michael AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook 2002 (Version September 21, 2004) PY - 2004/09//Special Report Task A SP - 135p AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2002. The 2002 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Surveys KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/756496 ER - TY - SER AN - 00989309 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND THE "HIGH RISK" COMMERCIAL DRIVER PY - 2004/09 SP - 4 p. AB - There is a common belief in the trucking industry that, while most truck and bus drivers are both conscientious and safe, a relatively small percentage of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers are associated with a significant and inordinate percentage of the overall number of motor carrier crashes. These drivers are considered to be "high risk" drivers, and the study summarized in this Tech Brief focuses on these commercial drivers. This project explores factors associated with "high risk drivers" and the means by which carriers can reduce crash risk through various safety management practices and other safety interventions. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - High risk drivers KW - Intervention KW - Safety management KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51393/high-risk-commercial-driver.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00985801 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MICHIGAN CRASH DATA REPORTED TO MCMIS CRASH FILE PY - 2004/09 SP - 30 p. AB - This is one of a series of papers presenting the results of an evaluation of the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash file was significantly incomplete. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of Michigan. In 2003, there were 5,911 crash involvements in Michigan that were reportable to the MCMIS Crash file. 4,926 involvements were reported for that year, for a reporting rate of 73.7%. 303 of the cases reported to the Crash file did not meet the reporting criteria. 92.4% of fatal involvements were reported, 73.1% of qualifying injury crash involvements, and 73.4% of crashes with a towed, disabled vehicle. Unlike many other states, in Michigan reporting officers are responsible to identify qualifying vehicles (trucks, buses, and vehicles placarded with hazardous cargo), but cases meeting the severity criteria are selected centrally. This system likely partially explains the overall pattern of underreporting. Underreporting also is related to the time of year, indicating delays in providing the data. Reporting rates also varied by jurisdiction, with larger communities with more cases having higher rates of underreporting. Data quality is also reviewed. In certain variables, data in the Michigan police report file differed from that in the Crash file for some cases. Some inconsistencies were also noted between cargo body and vehicle configuration in the police report file and the MCMIS Crash file. KW - Crash data KW - Data files KW - Data quality KW - Michigan KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System KW - Police reports KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/747959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00984855 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - CVISN SAFETY INFORMATION EXCHANGE FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN CONNECTICUT - A CASE STUDY: INCREASING INSPECTION EFFICIENCY THROUGH WIRELESS DATA ACCESS AT THE ROADSIDE PY - 2004/09 SP - 17 p. AB - For more than 10 years, the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) has been a leader in the development and deployment of safety information exchange technologies for roadside enforcement of motor carrier regulations. Connecticut DMV was the first in the U.S. to deploy a statewide wireless communication system that provides inspectors with real-time access to carrier safety information. Past inspection records, numerical safety ratings, out-of-service orders, vehicle registration information (via the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System) and commercial driver license (CDL) information are now available wirelessly. In-state data for assessing a carrier's current operating credentials-including International Registration Plan (IRP) registrations, International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA) licenses, and oversize/overweight permits-are soon to be available on-line wirelessly (via the Commercial Vehicle Information Exchange Window, or CVIEW). The DMV, working in concert with the state's Department of Public Safety and other agencies, is currently integrating this robust wireless system with the latest technologies for electronic screening and credentialing. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Connecticut KW - Driver licenses KW - Electronic credentialing KW - Fuel taxes KW - Information systems KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Licenses KW - Oversize loads KW - Permits KW - Registration KW - Regulations KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://cvisn.fmcsa.dot.gov/WhatsNew/Connecticut/Connecticut.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13981.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/745794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00984856 AU - Pesti, G AU - McCoy, P T AU - Meisinger, M D AU - Kannan, V AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WORK ZONE SPEED ADVISORY SYSTEM PY - 2004/09 SP - 33 p. AB - In recent years, numerous new and innovative technologies have been developed to make traffic operations through work zones safer and more efficient. Some of these technologies belong to the category of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Their main function is to disseminate travel-related information to drivers to enhance their decisions regarding the route they choose to take to their desired destination. The system can provide real-time information on travel times, travel speeds, delays, accidents, route closures and detours, and work zone conditions, among others. The information can be communicated through changeable message signs (CMS), highway advisory radio, Internet, or some other medium. The effectiveness of CMSs in providing real-time information to drivers about traffic conditions in work zones has been studied in recent years by the University of Nebraska. The research evaluated the effect of condition-responsive advisory speed messages on vehicle speeds in advance of work zones on a rural interstate highway. The technology evaluated by this study is called Work Zone Speed Advisory System (WZSAS). The WZSAS is an enroute traveler information system whereby real-time speed advisory information is provided to drivers by means of portable changeable message signs strategically located in advance of diversion points upstream of a work zone. The objective of the WZSAS is to advise drivers of the speed of traffic in advance of a work zone and thereby encourage them to divert to an alternate route when there is congestion in the work zone. The objective of this evaluation study was to assess: (1) the effectiveness of the WZSAS in encouraging traffic diversion when there is congestion in the work zone, and (2) its applicability as a traffic management tool. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate highways KW - Real time information KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed zones KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic speed KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14057_files/14057.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/745795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162995 AU - Williams, D AU - Allen, J AU - Lepfsky, M AU - Murray, D AU - Wahl, K AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - American Transportation Research Institute AU - QUALCOMM Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - Hazmat Safety and Security Field Operational Test PY - 2004/08 SP - 160p AB - This report summarizes the deployment activities associated with the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) Hazmat Safety and Security Field Operational Test (FOT). The FOT was conducted over a 24-month period, beginning in September, 2002 and culminated in a six-month field testing of multiple technologies. The purpose of the FOT was to quantify the security costs and benefits of an operational concept that applies technology and improved enforcement procedures to hazmat transportation and was scoped to address the following risk areas: driver verification, off-route vehicle alerts, stolen vehicles (both tractors and trailers), unauthorized drivers, cargo tampering, and suspicious cargo deliveries. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Field tests KW - Freight security KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Risk assessment KW - Terrorism KW - Threats UR - http://atri-online.org/2002/12/04/fmcsa-hazardous-materials-safety-and-security-field-operational-test-final-hazmat-security-report/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00985790 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - Shrank, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER TYPE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FATAL BUS CRASHES, 1999 AND 2000 PY - 2004/07 SP - 19 p. AB - In 2000, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) regulatory responsibilities were extended to buses with seating for nine or more occupants, including the driver, transported for compensation. FMCSA has also begun supporting data collection on buses involved in fatal crashes, to enhance information on the buses involved and the motor carriers that operate them. In response, the Transportation Safety Analysis Division at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) initiated the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) project to collect much more detailed information about buses involved in fatal crashes. The present study focuses on factors associated with fatal bus crashes involving different bus operator types. Five different carrier types are identified: school, transit, intercity, charter/tour, and "other" bus operators. There are substantial differences between these carrier types that are reflected in many aspects of the crashes they are involved in, including when and where the crashes occur, who is injured in them, the configuration of the crash, the previous driving record of the bus drivers, and the frequency of driving errors related to the crash. KW - Bus crashes KW - Charter operations KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Motor carriers KW - School buses KW - Tour buses KW - Transit buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/747947 ER - TY - SER AN - 01522208 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Craft, Ralph TI - Crashes Involving Trucks Carrying Hazardous Materials PY - 2004/05 SP - 8p AB - Every day there are more than 800,000 shipments of hazardous materials (hazmat) in trucks—usually flammable liquids, such as gasoline, or flammable gas. About 200 hazmat trucks a year are involved in fatal crashes and 5,000 in nonfatal crashes. Although these numbers are small relative to the totals of almost 5,000 trucks involved in fatal crashes and 400,000 involved in nonfatal crashes annually, the potential for human injury and property damage in hazmat crashes is much greater. This Analysis Brief provides data on trucks involved in fatal and nonfatal crashes that were carrying hazmat, including: truck type, materials being transported, crash characteristics, hazmat spillage or release, and number of deaths and injuries, including those caused by exposure to hazmat in crashes. Comparisons are made between hazmat-carrying trucks involved in fatal crashes and trucks in fatal crashes that were not transporting hazardous materials. KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Injury rates KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51302/fmcsa-ri-04-024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1306424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01167149 AU - Matteson, Anne AU - Blower, Daniel AU - Hershberger, Daniel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents Factbook, 2000 PY - 2004/04 SP - 68p AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on buses involved in traffic accidents in 2000. The statistics are derived from the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The BIFA database is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States, and provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/bifafactbook2000.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/927747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975815 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH FACTS 2002 PY - 2004/04 SP - 62 p. AB - This annual edition of Large Truck Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 2002. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. The report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. Four different types of counts are shown: numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types; numbers of vehicles involved in crashes; numbers of people killed or injured in crashes; and numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108906 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A Report to Congress On the Feasibility and Merits of Reporting Verified Positive Federal Controlled Substance Test Results To the States and Requiring FMCSA-Regulated Employers to Query the State Databases Before Hiring a Commercial Drivers License (CDL) Holder PY - 2004/03 SP - 138p AB - This report assesses the feasibility of the creation of one or more Federally-mandated databases containing verified positive Federal controlled substance test results for drivers required to have a commercial drivers license (CDL). The report evaluates the potential obstacles to the development, implementation, and maintenance of such databases; identifies options and potential courses of action; and, attempts to identify the costs of their establishment. The report further attempts to balance the safety concerns of Congress and the motoring public with the rights of CDL drivers, and employers of those drivers. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Drugs KW - Regulation KW - Reporting KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30116/83463a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975897 AU - Matteson, A AU - Shrank, M AU - Hershberger, D AU - Blower, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - BUSES INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS CODEBOOK 2000 (VERSION MARCH 12, 2004) PY - 2004/03 SP - 121 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 2000. The 2000 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Surveys KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01127102 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Science Applications International Corporation TI - Final HAZMAT Safety and Security Field Operational Test: Public Sector Detailed Test Plans. Executive Summary PY - 2004/02/03/Executive Summary SP - 4p AB - Coordination and information sharing among law enforcement and emergency response agencies at the local, state, and national level is a constant challenge. Often, the inability to effectively gather and distribute information among public agencies is a situation that hampers preparation and response efforts in the event of a terrorist attack or a major hazardous material spill. One potential model for enhanced information gathering, processing, and dispersal to law enforcement and emergency response agencies is being tested under the auspices of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration-led HAZMAT Safety and Security Field Operational Test (FOT), as the Public Sector Test. The Public Sector Test is examining the potential improvements in public sector response capabilities utilizing a Public Sector HAZMAT Safety and Security Reporting Center (PSRC) as the information collection and dissemination point. The evaluation effort for this test will focus on testing the two Public Sector FOT hypotheses: 1) The response times for emergency and enforcement personnel to respond to a HAZMAT security or safety incident can be improved through the implementation of these technologies and the reporting center operational concept. 2) The quality of the information provided to first responders will improve through the implementation of these technologies and the reporting center operational concept. KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Data sharing KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Emergency management KW - Hazardous materials KW - Information dissemination KW - Safety KW - Security UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14020.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/14020_files/14020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/887663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01000062 AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - Matteson, Anne AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Missouri Crash Data Reported to MCMIS Crash File PY - 2004/01 SP - 27p AB - This is the third in a series of papers presenting the results of an evaluation of the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier studies showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash File was significantly incomplete. This report examines the sources of underreporting for the state of Missouri. MCMIS Crash File records were matched to the Missouri Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. As in other states, it appears that officers are having difficulty applying the vehicle and crash severity criteria that define a MCMIS-eligible case, resulting in underreported cases. In addition, approximately 20% of the Missouri cases were duplicate records. Cases involving a fatality are more likely to be reported than injury or towaway cases. Similarly, crashes involving larger trucks or out-of-state trucks or buses were more likely to be reported than smaller trucks and in-state vehicles. Cases covered by local police departments, primarily in the largest cities, accounted for the majority of underreported cases. KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Databases KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Missouri KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/750965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975876 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - Shrank, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER TYPE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FATAL BUS CRASHES PY - 2004/01 SP - 17 p. AB - In 2000, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA's) regulatory responsibilities were extended to buses with seating for nine or more occupants, including the driver, transported for compensation. FMCSA has also begun supporting data collection on buses involved in fatal crashes, to enhance information on the buses involved and the motor carriers that operate them. In response, the Transportation Safety Analysis Division at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) initiated the Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA) project to collect much more detailed information about buses involved in fatal crashes. The present study focuses on factors associated with fatal bus crashes involving different bus operator types. Five different carrier types are identified: School, transit, intercity, charter/tour, and "other" bus operators. There are substantial differences between these carrier types that are reflected in many aspects of the crashes they are involved in, including when and where the crashes occur, who is injured in them, the configuration of the crash, the previous driving record of the bus drivers, and the frequency of driving errors related to the crash. KW - Bus crashes KW - Charter operations KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Motor carriers KW - School buses KW - Tour buses KW - Transit buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00978371 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ITS PROJECTS BOOK 2004, ONLINE EDITION PY - 2004 SP - 1000 p. AB - This document describes ITS projects, tests, and studies initiated through September 30, 2003, that partially or totally have been financed from Federal ITS funds. Projects identified as Other were earmarked activities originating during the period of ISTEA authorization. Projects identified as Deployment/Integration were initiated under TEA-21, and represent Congressionally-directed activities appropriated in the ITS Deployment Program. However, the Completed Projects sections, which are located at the end of each chapter, include projects that were actually finished as of September 30, 2003, plus those projects anticipated to be completed by the end of December 2003. The purpose of this report is not to account for all Federal funds made available for ITS activities, but rather to describe all major projects, tests, and studies for each ITS program area. On-going projects are presented in groupings by project type in each infrastructure category and subcategory or program area. The order of presentation, to the extent that current project activity allows, starts with research and development, followed by field operational tests, and concludes with deployments. The completed projects are displayed alphabetically without regard to type. Previous editions of this document catalogued ITS projects authorized under ISTEA. The 1999 edition addressed program direction during the transition year in which TEA-21 was enacted - 1998. That edition also addressed the restructuring of the ITS Program from the program areas established during the ISTEA era into the new organization reflecting Congressional direction in TEA-21, which emphasizes deployment and integration of ITS. The advent of TEA-21 catalyzed a restructuring of ITS Program activities into Intelligent Infrastructure categories and the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative. The current edition of this document continues to categorize both legacy projects, originating under ISTEA, and those begun since the enactment of TEA-21, according to this restructured program organization. The program reorientation reflects the evolution of emphasis to deployments whose outputs are infrastructure and/or vehicles. Metropolitan ITS Infrastructure inherits the research in Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Rural ITS Infrastructure encompasses the activities of the Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) Program that includes the application of technologies under development for Metropolitan and Commercial Vehicle Infrastructure that are adaptable to rural community needs. The Commercial Vehicle ITS Infrastructure continues to build on the research endeavors of the Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) Program, and is heavily focused on the deployment of Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN). The Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) is focused on facilitating the accelerated deployment of advanced driver assistance systems. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent Vehicle Initiative KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01165341 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Understanding the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's Cargo Securement Rules PY - 2003/12 SP - 44p AB - On September 27, 2002, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) published new cargo securement rules. Motor carriers operating in interstate commerce must comply with the new requirements beginning January 1, 2004. The new rules are based on the North American Cargo Securement Standard Model Regulations, reflecting the results of a multi-year research program to evaluate U.S. and Canadian cargo securement regulations; the motor carrier industry’s best practices; and recommendations presented during a series of public meetings involving U.S. and Canadian industry experts, Federal, State and Provincial enforcement officials, and other interested parties. The new rules require motor carriers to change the way they use cargo securement devices to prevent articles from shifting on or within, or falling from commercial motor vehicles. The changes may require motor carriers to increase the number of tiedowns used to secure certain types of cargo. However, the rule generally does not prohibit the use of tiedowns or cargo securement devices currently in use. Therefore, motor carriers are not required to purchase new cargo securement equipment or vehicles to comply with the rule. The intent of the new requirements is to reduce the number of accidents caused by cargo shifting on or within, or falling from, commercial motor vehicles operating in interstate commerce, and to harmonize to the greatest extent practicable U.S., Canadian, and Mexican cargo securement regulations. This report summarizes the new rule and its intent; and details the provisions of part 393 - parts and accessories necessary for safe operation. KW - Cargo handling KW - Cargo securement KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Tiedowns KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.oshatools.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Understanding-Cargo-Securement-Rules.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/925660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111299 AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - Radlinski & Associates AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Task Order #3: On-board Sensors For Determining Brake System Performance Report PY - 2003/12//Final Report SP - 103p AB - The overall objective of this research is to document the performance and operational characteristics of leading-edge technological approaches for monitoring commercial vehicle braking systems. Improved methods and sensors to monitor braking system operation are needed because of the historical link between compromised braking performance and crashes, and the existing state of the practice for inspecting commercial braking systems. The study focused on the ability of the various sensors to detect abnormalities, defects, and/or misadjustments of the brake system. The study presents a technical examination of the accuracy, responsiveness, resolution, and reliability of the various systems. This knowledge should prove useful to fleet operators in evaluating the capabilities and limitations of alternative approaches to brake sensing, and helpful in determining specifications for future truck purchases. The information should also be useful to brakes system suppliers and commercial vehicle manufacturers that are developing new brake monitoring systems. To this extent, the objectives for the study include providing fundamental research results to industry stakeholders concerning various means of monitoring braking systems. KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Detection and identification KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Inspection KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51400/51400/On-board-Sensors-For-Determining-Brake-System-Performance-Report.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/869433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00968295 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Cotton, R AU - Nitzburg, M AU - Seifert, R F AU - Shapiro, G AU - Broene, P AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE BY COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 2003/11 SP - 19 p. AB - The scope of this study was to design and implement a nationally representative sample survey of seat belt usage among commercial motor vehicle drivers, and based on the data collected, to produce estimates of seat belt usage rate for this segment of the driving population. Approximately 5,000 people are killed annually in accidents involving large trucks. Although less than 20% of the fatalities in such crashes are occupants of the truck, the truck occupant is often killed in situations that may be preventable. In single-vehicle crashes where the driver runs off the road and rolls over or hits a large stationery object, many drivers die because they fail to wear seat belts. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration will use the data from the study to determine how best to allocate its resources to achieve its goal of 1.65 fatalities per 100 million truck vehicle miles traveled by 2008, and to increase seat belt use among commercial vehicle drivers. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seat belt usage KW - Seat belts KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Surveys KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00969891 AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - GUIDE TO DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE SECURITY PLAN FOR THE HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 2003/10/09 SP - 54 p. AB - This Guide is a tool that motor carriers transporting hazardous materials can use in developing a security plan as required by the U.S. Department of Transportation in their HM-232 rulemaking. It is designed to provide motor carriers with (a) sufficient background to understand the nature of the threats against hazardous materials transportation; (b) the means to identify the vulnerabilities to those threats; and (c) an approach to address the vulnerabilities. The first step in developing a security plan is conducting a security assessment. The Guide establishes a framework for reviewing a company's hazardous materials operations and identifying relevant threats and vulnerabilities. The focus is on making the assessment specific with respect to an individual company facility or each type of hazardous material. The Guide also offers an approach to prioritizing each of the threats and vulnerabilities that are identified. The discussion of the security plan introduces a recommended approach for determining appropriate security measures for addressing identified threats and vulnerabilities that help to eliminate unnecessary security-related expenses. Consideration of varying threat levels (such as those indicated by the Homeland Security Advisory System) and a method for prioritizing potential security measures is also discussed. The Guide covers the required security training (awareness and in-depth) and security plan administration. Administration includes the distribution, maintenance, verification, and validation of the full security plan as well as how to best incorporate the insights and support that are available from industry partners, local community organizations, and law enforcement agencies. KW - Administration KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Planning KW - Security KW - Strategic planning KW - Threats KW - Training KW - Vulnerabilities UR - http://www.drivenbymcgriff.com/Safety/GUIDE%20TO%20DEVELOPING%20AN%20EFFECTIVE%20SECURITY%20PLAN.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/680989 ER - TY - SER AN - 00985776 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER RETENTION AND SAFETY PY - 2003/10 SP - 4 p. AB - The trucking industry has experienced a shortage of qualified drivers. In recent years, the most significant factor contributing to this shortage is the result of job-hopping. Also known as "churning," high rates of turnover in the industry account for as much as 80% of the demand for commercial operators experienced by some carriers at any given time. In addition to industry costs due to recruitment and training of commercial drivers, the greatest impact of job-hopping may be in the area of safety. The purpose of the study, summarized in this Tech Brief, was to gain a better understanding of the extent to which truck crashes during long-haul, over-the-road operations can be linked to churning among commercial drivers, and to identify strategies with the greatest potential to improve driver retention and safety. This research found that a significant relationship exists between job change rate and crash involvement. There is evidence that drivers, whose employment history indicates that they have averaged more than two jobs with different carriers each year for a period of two years or more deserve special scrutiny during the hiring process to determine whether there are mitigating circumstances that have placed the individual in an increased-risk category. Another conclusion of the study is that additional phases of analysis, based on the present methodology, have the potential to yield even greater benefits by identifying specific factors that can explain the broad statistical relationship between job change rate and safety. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Hiring policies KW - Job change rate KW - Personnel retention KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Turnover UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51289/driver-retention-safety.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/749561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975875 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PATTERNS OF MCMIS CRASH FILE UNDERREPORTING IN OHIO PY - 2003/08 SP - 19 p. AB - This is the second in a series of papers presenting the results of an evaluation of the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck and Bus Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The earlier study showed that reporting to the MCMIS Crash file was significantly incomplete. This document examines the sources of underreporting in more detail, at the state level. Ohio was selected for the evaluation. MCMIS Crash file records were matched to the Ohio Police Accident Report (PAR) file to determine the nature and extent of underreporting. It appears that officers are having difficulty applying the vehicle and crash severity criteria that define a MCMIS-eligible case, resulting in overreported and underreported cases. Trucks and buses operated by intrastate carriers are more likely to be overlooked, as are smaller rather than larger trucks. Local police departments, primarily in the largest cities, accounted for the majority of underreported cases. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Management information systems KW - Missing data KW - Motor carriers KW - Ohio KW - Police departments KW - States KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/110944 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138279 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - SAFER Interface Certification Procedures Version 1.0 PY - 2003/07 SP - 22p AB - This document specifies the procedures to be completed to certify that communications and data exchange mechanisms between state Commercial Vehicle Information Exchange Window (CVIEW) systems and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) Safety and Fitness Electronic Records (SAFER) system hosted at the Volpe National Transportation systems Center (Volpe Center) are in compliance with all applicable SAFER interface and security requirements to ensure the accuracy and quality of the data exchanged, efficient communications, and the prevention of system corruption or performance degradation. Certification is required before a state CVIEW system will be allowed to connect to the production version of SAFER. KW - Certification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communication systems KW - Compliance KW - Crash records KW - Database management systems KW - Electronic commerce KW - Information dissemination KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic safety UR - http://cvisn.fmcsa.dot.gov/downdocs/cvisndocs/6_safer/safer_icp_v1/SICP_Version1_0.doc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967101 AU - Matteson, A AU - Blower, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS FACTBOOK 2000 PY - 2003/07 SP - 106 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks involved in traffic accidents in 2000. The statistics are derived from the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file, compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01570512 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Security Enhancement Study for the U.S. Motorcoach Industry PY - 2003/05//Executive Summary SP - 22p AB - The "Security Enhancement Study for the U.S. Motorcoach Industry" was prepared to identify the level of current and emerging security threats in the motorcoach industry; to assess and prioritize vulnerabilities of key assets based on current industry security and preparedness capabilities; and to identify potential opportunities for enhanced protective measures and programs. The results of this study provide a valuable risk assessment framework for consideration by motorcoach companies, and may guide Federal activities to support legislative, funding, technology, training, and regulatory programs for industry. The prominence of bus travel and the large number of passengers who rely on this service requires that security be a fundamental objective for motorcoach operators and Federal agencies. This study is an important first step in developing a strategy for combating terrorism and violent crime in the U.S. motorcoach industry. This report serves as a roadmap of program activity for the Federal Government. It also serves as a decision-making tool to help define the threats, to evaluate the associated risk, and to link requirements to program investments. Areas of opportunity are identified where improvements can be made to enhance the overall safety and security of the motorcoach industry. KW - Bus travel KW - Buses KW - Decision making KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Investments KW - Passenger security KW - Protection KW - Risk assessment KW - Terrorism KW - Threats KW - United States KW - Violent crimes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55200/55204/Security_enhancement_motorcoach_industry_exec_summ.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1361256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989307 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - RESULTS FROM THE 2003 R&T STAKEHOLDER FORUMS PY - 2003/04 SP - 53 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Office of Research and Technology held a series of five stakeholder forums throughout February and March 2003. These forums were structured to gather stakeholder input regarding the agency's research agenda, and educate stakeholders about the FMCSA Research and Technology program and key ongoing projects. The forums were attended by a wide range of stakeholders, including representatives from motor carriers, motor coach companies, industry associations, safety advocacy groups, state enforcement agencies, commercial vehicle manufacturers, academia, and vendors of systems and services focused on improving commercial vehicle safety. The forums generated over 150 recommendations regarding FMCSA's research program. Recommendations ranged from the need for better data sources to specific research questions that need to be investigated to improve commercial motor vehicle safety. The majority of recommendations focused on driver-related factors. Recommendations also were made regarding vehicle, carrier/shipper, and roadside/environmental issues. This document summarizes the forum's recommendations. It is organized into three sections and two appendices, which are as follows: Section 1.0 provides an overview of the forums and highlights the sessions' key findings; Section 2.0 documents the key findings from the stakeholder forums; Section 3.0 identifies more general recommendations for FMCSA's research program and the agency as a whole; Appendix A contains a list of participants; and Appendix B contains the forums' agendas. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Environmental policy KW - Highway design KW - Motor carriers KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Shippers KW - Stakeholders KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/publications/Forum-Report-digital-version-all.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00960014 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Association of Governors' Highway Safety Representatives TI - MODEL MINIMUM UNIFORM CRASH CRITERIA (MMUCC) GUIDELINE. SECOND EDITION PY - 2003/04 SP - 174 p. AB - The purpose of the Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) is to provide a data set for describing crashes of motor vehicles that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each state and nationally. Efforts to standardize crash data have increased since the MMUCC guideline was originally recommended as a voluntary guideline in 1998. The review and update of the MMUCC Guideline, 1st Edition (1998) has been structured to obtain maximum input from all sectors of the highway safety community. Over a 12-month period during 2001-2002, feedback was obtained from meetings, via the Web, email, phone, mail, etc., before producing the MMUCC Guideline, 2nd Edition (2003). The 113 data elements contained in the MMUCC Guideline, 1st Edition were revised in response to emerging issues and other highway safety needs. The second edition of the MMUCC Guideline contains 111 data elements. The second edition recommends that states implement all 111 data elements. To reduce the data collection burden, MMUCC recommends that law enforcement at the scene should collect 77 of the 111 data elements. From crash scene information, 10 data elements can be derived while the remaining 24 data elements, related to the person and roadway involved, should be obtained after linkage to driver history, injury and roadway inventory data. No changes will be made to the MMUCC Guideline, 2nd Edition for five years. During this period, each of the data elements and their attributes will be monitored to determine their usefulness and reliability. The MMUCC Guideline, 2nd Edition is organized as follows: Executive Summary; Introduction; Summary of Changes to the MMUCC Guideline, 1st Edition (1998); Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria; Glossary: Acronyms and MMUCC Terminology; and Reference Appendices. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Glossaries KW - Highway safety KW - Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Standardization KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/659795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975874 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE MOTOR CARRIER MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM CRASH FILE, PHASE ONE PY - 2003/03 SP - 24 p. AB - This document is the first in a series of papers presenting the results of an evaluation of the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash file undertaken by the Center for National Truck Statistics at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. The MCMIS Crash file was developed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to allow for research on motor carrier safety problems, and to potentially provide a census of all trucks and buses involved in a traffic crash. The Crash file contains state-supplied data from police crash reports involving drivers and vehicles of all motor carriers operating in the U.S. It now includes a standard set of data elements that the states are required to supply on all trucks and buses involved in traffic crashes that meet a specific severity threshold. The purpose of this evaluation is to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the MCMIS Crash file, to identify problems with the data, and to propose solutions. This first phase examines the overall level of reporting of MCMIS data by the states, and evaluates the extent of missing data. Results from the 1994-2000 period show that about 42 of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are making efforts at full reporting of the required cases. However, for trucks the overall reporting level of fatal and nonfatal involvements is quite low at 63% of those expected, and for buses the rate is only 44% of expected. There has been continuous improvement in reporting trucks involved in fatal crashes, but less improvement for fatal bus involvements. There is a relative overreporting of injury crash involvements, but underreporting of towaway crashes. Missing data rates are reasonable for variables that provide simple descriptive information about the accident scene, but unacceptably high for details about the vehicle and driver. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Management information systems KW - Missing data KW - Motor carriers KW - Overreporting KW - States KW - Truck crashes KW - Underreporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943454 AU - Matteson, A AU - Blower, D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS CODEBOOK 2000 (VERSION MARCH 17, 2003) PY - 2003/03 SP - 130 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI's) file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 2000. The 2000 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Data files KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974103 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH FACTS 2001 PY - 2003/01 SP - 66 p. AB - This annual edition of Large Truck Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 2001. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. The report is organized into four chapters: Trends, Crashes, Vehicles, and People. Four different types of counts are shown: numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types; numbers of vehicles involved in crashes; numbers of people killed or injured in crashes; and numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. KW - Annual reports KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/LargeTruckCrashFacts2001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00989458 AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - STATE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMPLIANCE EFFECTIVENESS STUDY PY - 2003 AB - This report describes a study designed to document the state-of-the- practice for state hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation compliance programs. A review was conducted of existing information on the state programs, primarily through an analysis of state Commercial Vehicle Safety Plans (CVSPs) and extracting pertinent information relating to hazmat. A survey of all state programs was performed, with an extensive database developed based on the survey responses. Site visits were then conducted for eight states and exemplary programs or best practices were identified in seven different program areas. These program areas include: (1) roadside inspections; (2) compliance reviews; (3) shipper reviews; (4) education, training, and outreach; (5) hazmat security; (6) permitting, registration, and routing; and (7) cargo tank inspection and testing. KW - California KW - Cargo handling KW - Colorado KW - Compliance KW - Hazardous materials KW - Illinois KW - Inspection stations KW - Missouri KW - New York (State) KW - Ohio KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - South Carolina KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/755181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00987656 AU - Kreeb, R M AU - Nicosia, B T AU - Fisher, P G AU - Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Fleet Tire Consulting AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TIRE CONDITION SENSORS PY - 2003 SP - 190 p. AB - This project is one of several performed under the provisions of Section 5117 of the Transportation Equity Act of the 21st Century (TEA-21). This project focused on developing and documenting the impacts of tire inflation maintenance practices on commercial vehicle operating costs and safety, and providing a quantitative estimate of potential benefits of tire pressure monitoring sensors and automatic inflation systems. The work performed under the project included: Documenting and quantitatively characterizing the condition (pressure) of tires currently being used on a wide cross section of commercial vehicles operating in the United States, including an examination of tractor, trailer, and motor coach applications; Estimating the economic impact of improper tire pressure on fuel economy, tire maintenance, and replacement costs; Estimating the impact of improper tire pressure on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) safety and handling; Describing and discussing available and emerging devices and sensor technologies to address the problem of improper tire inflation; and Calculating the value of technologies designed to improve tire inflation maintenance based on alternative assumptions regarding implementation and usage. The results from this project can be used by motor carriers in evaluating their tire inflation maintenance practices and policies and to determine if technologies and sensors designed to improve tire pressure maintenance provide an appropriate cost-benefit and safety improvement in their operations. This is the final report of the study performed under Task Order 5 of a multi-task research contract. It does not supersede an earlier report on the subject. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operating costs KW - Safety KW - Sensors KW - Tire maintenance KW - Tire pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/753558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00950908 AU - MATTESON, ANNE AU - BLOWER, DANIEL AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - BUSES INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS FACTBOOK 1999. PY - 2003 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/602070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941276 AU - Pierowicz, J AU - Robin, J AU - Gawron, V AU - Watson, G AU - Nestor, B AU - Murphree, W AU - Veridian Engineering AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL TRUCK SIMULATORS RE-ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION PY - 2002/12 SP - 192 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will conduct a study to determine if empirical evidence can support the use of a low- to mid-cost truck simulator to enhance commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver training, testing, and implications for licensing. Based on preliminary findings, FMCSA believes that simulators hold considerable promise for improving commercial driver performance and highway safety if their value can be sufficiently demonstrated. In the first phase of the Commercial Truck Simulator Validation (SimVal) Study, FMCSA published an initial truck simulator assessment report (1996), which indicated that simulation was sufficiently mature for validation purposes. A research design (1999) was then developed to validate the use of simulation technology. This report describes a second, more detailed, truck simulator re-assessment to learn about technological progress of available truck simulators since the publication of the initial report. The re-assessment is based on the simulator functionalities described in the research design report. The completion of this report will ensure that FMCSA has more up-to-date information on commercially available truck simulators in the United States. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway safety KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00941277 AU - Crum, M R AU - Morrow, P C AU - Daecher, C W AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - The Daecher Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER SCHEDULING PRACTICES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DRIVER FATIGUE PY - 2002/12 SP - 230 p. AB - The primary objective of this report is to develop a better understanding of how the scheduling practices of motor carrier firms affect driver fatigue. The basis of this empirical research is a commercial driver fatigue model that includes driving environment (i.e., regularity of time, trip control, and quality of rest), economic pressures exerted on drivers (from customers, carriers, and the drivers themselves) and company safety practices as key factors in explaining driver fatigue. The model utilizes two measures of fatigue: frequency of close calls due to fatigue and driver perceptions of fatigue as a problem. Crash involvement is used to evaluate general safety performance. Three separate studies were conducted. First, the influence of driving environments alone on fatigue among over-the-road truck drivers was tested through a survey of 502 drivers at five geographically dispersed truck stops. A typology of driving environments was developed and the percent of drivers in each category was determined. It was found that a large number of drivers are in the "high fatigue risk" categories. Regression analysis identified starting the work week tired and longer than expected loading and unloading time as significantly related to both measures of fatigue. Regularity of time, regularity of route, and hours of uninterrupted sleep were each statistically significant factors for one fatigue measure. Next, the complete model was tested on a random sample of 279 drivers at 116 trucking companies and 122 drivers at 66 motor coach companies, which was then stratified on the basis of safety performance (i.e., SAFESTAT ratings). Data for these two studies were generated from surveys of drivers, safety directors, dispatchers, and top management at the sample firms. In the truck company study, starting the workweek tired was the single most significant factor related to fatigue. Other significant fatigue-influencing factors were difficulty in finding a place to rest and shippers' and receivers' scheduling requirements (including loading and unloading). Company safety practices that mitigated driver fatigue were carrier assistance with loading and unloading, carrier efforts to minimize nighttime driving, and driver voluntary attendance at corporate safety and training meetings. In the motor coach company study, the most significant factors related to driver fatigue were starting the work week tired, driving tired to make a good income, and pressure on drivers to accept trips. Two safety measures - driver' perceptions of their company's safe driving culture and policies, or attempts to minimize nighttime driving - mitigated some of the factors that adversely affect driver fatigue. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Company safety practices KW - Driving environments KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Loading and unloading KW - Motor carriers KW - Night shifts KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk analysis KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety education KW - Scheduling KW - Surveys KW - Time duration KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/642570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01151211 AU - Zaloshnja, Eduard AU - Miller, Ted AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Revised Costs of Large Truck- and Bus-Involved Crashes PY - 2002/11//Final Report SP - 48p AB - This study provides the latest estimates of the costs of highway crashes involving large trucks and buses by severity. Based on the latest data available, the estimated cost of police-reported crashes involving trucks with a gross weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds averaged $59,153 (in 2000 dollars). The average cost of police-reported crashes involving transit or inter-city buses was $32,548 per crash. These costs represent the present value, computed at a 4 percent discount rate, of all costs over the victim’s expected life span that result from a crash. They include medically related costs, emergency services costs, property damage costs, lost productivity, and the monetized value of the pain, suffering, and quality of life that the family loses because of a death or injury. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Motor carriers KW - Transit buses KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/913329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975871 AU - Blower, D AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - THE LARGE TRUCK CRASH CAUSATION STUDY PY - 2002/11 SP - 23 p. AB - This paper presents the approach and methodology of the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS), undertaken jointly by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The LTCCS is a study of a nationally representative sample of serious and fatal heavy truck crashes occurring between 2001 and 2003. The data collected provide a detailed description of the physical events of the crash, along with an unprecedented amount of information about the vehicles, drivers, truck operators, and environment. The LTCCS was designed to include all elements in a traffic crash--vehicle, driver, and environment. In addition, extensive information is collected about the operator of each truck involved, including details about driver compensation, vehicle maintenance, and carrier operations. Rather than crash experts assigning causes to each crash, the LTCCS approach is based on statistical associations in the aggregate data. The crash assessment data provide information on what physically happened in the crash, including prior movements of each vehicle, the critical event in the crash, and the reason for the critical event. "Causes" can be determined through the analysis of this information, by identifying associations between vehicle, driver, and environmental characteristics, and particular crash types or modes of involvement. The approach of the LTCCS is consistent with the probabilistic nature of traffic crashes. Analysis of the data proceeds by searching for associations between the various descriptive variables and involvements in particular types of crashes. The broad range of actors included permits a wide range of hypotheses to be tested. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Methodology KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943418 AU - Corsi, T M AU - Barnard, R E AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - BEST HIGHWAY SAFETY PRACTICES: A SURVEY ABOUT SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG THE SAFEST MOTOR CARRIERS PY - 2002/11 SP - 146 p. AB - The objective of this study was to identify the motor carrier industry's safety performance leaders based on a series of objective safety measures and indicators. Upon identification of these safety leaders, a second objective was to systematically define their safety management programs and policies. The ultimate goal of the effort is to communicate the safety management policies and programs of the industry's safety performance leaders to companies with safety performance problems or to companies seeking to enhance already strong programs and policies, thereby providing guidance and direction for improvements as they emulate some of the best practices of the industry's safety leaders. The first section of the report provides an introduction and discusses the study objectives. The next section provides a detailed discussion of the methodology used to identify the industry safety leaders as well as the survey instrument used to identify the safety management programs and policies of the performance leaders. Subsequent sections provide a discussion of the study's major results and findings regarding the programs and policies that have been implemented by the safety leaders. KW - Best practices KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Policy KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety management KW - Safety programs KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00943467 AU - THIRIEZ, K AU - Radja, G AU - Toth, G AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH CAUSATION STUDY - INTERIM REPORT PY - 2002/09 SP - 63 p. AB - This interim report has been prepared to introduce and describe the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS). This report discusses the background, study design, field methodology, and early data tallies for the study of large truck crashes. Description of existing data collection infrastructure is discussed to provide an understanding as to why and how this special project was conceived and designed. Preliminary tallies of the LTCCS data are presented to give an overview of the types of crashes being investigated, as well as to give an idea of future potential analyses. However, no national estimates of proportions, relationships, or risks should be inferred from them. The LTCCS is a three-year data collection project conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT). The NHTSA is charged with the responsibility of reducing the personal and property losses resulting from motor vehicle crashes. The goal of FMCSA is to reduce the number of commercial truck and bus crashes. Many sources of information are needed to permit researchers to adequately measure the characteristics of the highway safety environment. NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) operates a system of crash research teams that provide detailed nationally representative statistics on motor vehicle crashes and a database for evaluation of standards and countermeasures design. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Large Truck Crash Causation Study KW - Motor carriers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936810 AU - Putcha, D AU - Blower, D AU - Masters, R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - BUSES INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS CODEBOOK 1999 (VERSION SEPTEMBER 25, 2002) PY - 2002/09 SP - 117 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Institute's (UMTRI's) file of Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents (BIFA), 1999. The 1999 BIFA file is a census of all buses involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The BIFA database provides coverage of buses recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. BIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the bus from the BIFA survey. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Buses Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Surveys KW - Transit authorities KW - United States KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730069 ER - TY - SER AN - 00932370 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF SLEEPER BERTH USAGE ON DRIVER FATIGUE: FINAL REPORT PY - 2002/08 SP - 4 p. AB - Driver fatigue is recognized as a major factor in accidents involving long-haul truck drivers. One way in which long-haul truck drivers decrease their fatigue level is through the use of tractors equipped with sleeper berth units. However even with these units, the quality and quantity of sleep that a driver obtains may not equal what they would receive if they were sleeping at home. With that in mind, the primary goal of this project was to assess the impact that sleeper berth usage has on operator alertness. This Tech Brief summarizes the study project and its results. One of the findings of the study suggests that the quality and depth of sleep was worse on the road, particularly for team drivers. KW - Alertness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Haul distance KW - Long haul KW - Sleep KW - Sleeper berths KW - Teams KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck tractors UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/research/briefs/Sleeper_Berth_TechBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/726898 ER - TY - SER AN - 00974127 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RISK ASSESSMENT: FINAL REPORT PY - 2002/07 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a study to assess and compare the calculated risks associated with the transportation of hazardous materials (HM) and non-HM shipments in order to assist in identifying high-risk motor carriers. Phase I of the three-phase project assessed the feasibility of conducting a comprehensive risk study of HM and non-HM transportation. In Phase II, which is the primary focus of this Tech Brief, researchers produced an actual comparative risk assessment by calculating and comparing the costs and risks associated with transporting HM and non-HM truck shipments. The third phase of the project focused on how the HM risk information, collected during the first two phases, could be applied to the SafeStat program to help identify potentially unsafe motor carriers. This Tech Brief summarizes the project described in the final report, "Comparative Risks of Hazardous Materials and Non-Hazardous Materials Truck Shipment Accidents/Incidents" (FMCSA, Washington, DC, March 2001). KW - Hazardous materials KW - High risk motor carriers KW - Risk assessment KW - Trucking UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetyprogs/research/briefs/Hazmat_TechBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/701567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935901 AU - Blower, D AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - INCIDENCE OF REAR UNDERRIDE IN FATAL TRUCK CRASHES 1997-1998 PY - 2002/07 SP - 26 p. AB - For the 1997 and 1998 data years, the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI's) Center for National Truck statistics collected data on rear underride as part of its Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents survey. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate the incidence of underride in these fatal crashes. Supplemental data were collected on each rear-end crash involvement. Data collected included whether the truck had a rear underride guard, whether the striking vehicle underrode the truck, and how much underride occurred. A total of 853 fatal crash involvements occurred in 1997-1998 in which a nontruck vehicle struck a truck in the rear. Underride was reported in 518 of the 853 rear-end crashes. Among 276 straight trucks struck in the rear, there was no underride in 78 involvements, some underride in 152 involvements and underride could not be determined in 46. Among 541 tractors with one or more trailers struck in the rear, no underride occurred in 124 involvements, some underride occurred in 357 involvements, and underride could not be determined in 60 involvements. There were 979 fatalities in these rear-end crashes; 900 of the fatalities occurred in the striking vehicle. Of the striking vehicle fatalities, 211 occurred with no underride, 565 when some underride was recorded and 124 when underride could not be determined. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Rear end crashes KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19700/19708/PB2003100003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936809 AU - Blower, D AU - Matteson, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCKS IN FARS AND IN TIFA, 1999 PY - 2002/07 SP - 33 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has undertaken a wide variety of programs to improve the safety of truck operations and reduce the toll from traffic accidents. FMCSA is the primary sponsor of the Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) survey, conducted annually by the Center for National Truck Statistics (CNTS) at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). The TIFA survey is based on the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file, which is compiled by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The TIFA file is not intended to replace the FARS file but to supplement and enhance the FARS file by improving the identification of trucks in the file and supplying a more detailed description of the physical configuration of trucks involved in a fatal crash. There are important differences between the set of cases identified in FARS as large trucks and the population of trucks in the TIFA file. The TIFA file identifies about 300 more trucks as involved in a fatal accident than does the FARS file. Among other consequences, TIFA identifies about 5,700 fatalities annually, about 6% more than FARS. The purpose of this report is to document and discuss some of the differences between truck cases as identified in the FARS file and the cases in UMTRI's TIFA file. There are significant differences in the counts of trucks in each file, as well as some differences in details describing the vehicles. In addition, this report will illustrate some of the detail about the configuration and usage of trucks involved in fatal accidents that the TIFA data collection protocol can provide. KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730068 ER - TY - SER AN - 00932082 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Steinberg, C AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF SLEEP APNEA AMONG COMMERCIAL TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 2002/07 SP - 4 p. AB - Staying awake means staying alive. This is a slogan used to describe a research study on sleep apnea sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the American Transportation Research Institute of the American Trucking Associations. The research project addressed the prevalence of sleep apnea among commercial truck drivers, potential risk factors, and its impact on driving performance. This Tech Brief summarizes the project's final report, "A Study of Prevalence of Sleep Apnea Among Commercial Truck Drivers." KW - Apnea KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Risk analysis KW - Sleep disorders KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51357/Sleep-Apnea-TechBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/726715 ER - TY - SER AN - 00932371 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INFRARED BRAKE SCREENING TECHNOLOGY PY - 2002/07 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a field study to evaluate the effectiveness of a technology that uses infrared imaging to screen commercial motor vehicles (i.e., large trucks and buses) for subsequent inspection. The technology detects malfunctioning brakes and other problems such as flat tires. This Tech Brief summarizes the final report. KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Infrared imagery KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Technology KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51320/Infrared-Brake-TechBrief.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/726899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930710 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF SLEEPER BERTH USAGE ON DRIVE FATIGUE, FINAL PROJECT REPORT PY - 2002/07 SP - n.p. AB - The goal of this project was to assess the impact that sleeper berth use has on operator alertness. 47 males and 9 females participated in this study, constituting 13 teams and 30 single drivers. All drivers who participated in the study were recruited from one of four for-hire commercial trucking companies. Two tractors, a 1997 Volvo L4 VN-series tractor and a 1995 Peterbuilt 379, with functionally identical instrumentation packages and data collection systems, were used. The data acquisition system functioned to record four camera views, including the driver's face; driving performance information, including steering, lane departure, and braking; sleeper berth environmental data, including noise, vibration, and temperature; subjective alertness ratings; and data from the Nightcap sleep monitoring system. The results obtained are provided in the document. KW - Alertness KW - Berth utilization KW - Driver monitoring KW - Environmental control KW - Fatigue tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Noise KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sleep KW - Temperature KW - Truck drivers KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936807 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH FACTS 2000 PY - 2002/03 SP - 61 p. AB - This annual edition of Large Trucks Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 2000. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. The report is organized into four chapters - trends, crashes, vehicles and people. Four different types of counts are displayed: the numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types, the numbers of vehicles involved in crashes, the numbers of people killed or injured in crashes, and the numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crash victims KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936806 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 2000 WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS PY - 2002/03 SP - 14 p. AB - Of the 41,821 fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in 2000, about 3% occurred in work zone areas. However, 24% of the fatalities in work zone crashes involved large trucks, compared to 12% of fatalities in all crashes. Of the approximately 3.2 million people injured in non-fatal motor vehicle crashes in 2000, less than 2% of the injuries occurred in work zone crashes. About 10% of the people injured in work zone crashes were injured in crashes involving large trucks. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Large trucks KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01127108 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Projects Book PY - 2002/01 SP - 781p AB - This report documents the latest edition of the Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Projects Book. It references and briefly describes the ITS research projects, tests and studies initiated through September 2001 and sponsored by the modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The projects referenced describe ITS activities which support the development of user services, national compatibility planning, deployment, and program assessment. In-progress and completed research activities of the modal administrations are descriptively profiled and indexed under the following program areas: Metropolitan ITS Infrastructure; Rural and Statewide Infrastructure; Commercial Vehicle ITS Infrastructure; Intermodal Freight; Intelligent Vehicle Initiative; Evaluation/Program Assessment; Architecture, Standards and National Compatibility Planning; and Mainstreaming. This report includes an introductory discussion of the components and near/long-term goals of the Department's National ITS Program, including efforts to achieve national deployment of advanced technologies. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Freight transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent Vehicle Initiative KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Research projects KW - Rural highways KW - State highways KW - System architecture UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13998.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/887703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01138216 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Recommendations for Primary Identifiers. Baseline Version V1.0 PY - 2002 SP - 34p AB - The Commercial Vehicle Information and Systems Network (CVISN) Architecture recommends that the stakeholder community adopt standard primary identifiers for carrier, vehicle, transponder, driver, shipment, and international trip in all data exchanges. In 1996, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory published a preliminary version of this paper to describe the preliminary recommendations. Since then, experience with States deploying CVISN has caused the recommended standard identifiers to be modified. This revised paper explains the new recommendations. Each of the entities (i.e., carrier, vehicle, transponder, driver, shipment, or international trip) about which CVISN stakeholders exchange information can be identified in a variety of ways using a physical identifier; that is, an identifier that supports an existing manual process. For example, the vehicle physical identifiers include license plate jurisdiction and number, vehicle identification number (VIN), or registration number. If one state chooses to develop a database that is indexed on license plate number while another states database is based on VIN, it will be difficult for the two states to exchange information about a specific vehicle. In order to address this problem, it is necessary for the Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) community to adopt a primary identifier for each entity that can act as a common way to name each entity about which information is exchanged. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Data quality KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Lessons learned KW - Performance monitoring KW - Recommendations KW - Trucking UR - http://cvisn.fmcsa.dot.gov/downdocs/cvisndocs/whitepapers/identifiers_v1.doc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/898493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935928 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PY - 2001/12 SP - 35 p. AB - This guide has been prepared to assist law enforcement agencies interested in developing traffic enforcement programs focusing on serious moving violations committed by drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). It was developed to reduce the likelihood of CMV and to reduce the consequences from those that occur. The guide is designed to be used as a workbook, for either classroom or on-the-job training. It contains modules for the user to enter state-specific information, with each chapter having questions at the end to reinforce critical points. The table of contents lists the following subject headings: Commercial Motor Vehicle Enforcement; Commercial Driver's License; Commercial Motor Vehicle Law Enforcement Programs; Judicial Involvement; Targeting Crash-Causing Violations - Speeding, Following Too Closely, Improper Lane Changing, Reckless Driving, Improper Turning, Driving While Impaired, Parking on the Shoulder, Violating Other Commercial Motor Vehicle Laws, Stopping at Railroad Grade Crossings; Commercial Motor Vehicle Stops and Enforcement Considerations. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Driver licenses KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Judicial processes KW - Lane changing KW - Motor carriers KW - Moving violations KW - Parking KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reckless drivers KW - Road shoulders KW - Speeding KW - Tailgating KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - Turning traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19800/19875/PB2003101055.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725606 ER - TY - SER AN - 00923367 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - QUALIFYING INDIVIDUALS WITH INSULIN-TREATED DIABETES TO OPERATE COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 2001/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This Tech Brief summarizes the report, "A Report to Congress on the Feasibility of a Program to Qualify Individuals with Insulin Treated Diabetes Mellitus to Operate Commercial Motor Vehicles in Interstate Commerce as Directed by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century" (FMCSA, July 2000). The report concludes that it is feasible to develop a safe and practicable protocol to allow some insulin-treated diabetics to operate commercial motor vehicles. Research on the treatment and management of insulin-treated diabetes, combined with the determination of the medical panel, indicate that the disease and its adverse effects can be successfully controlled and monitored. Moreover, recent risk assessments provide evidence that diabetic commercial drivers can perform in an acceptably safe manner. Finally, the Federal Aviation Administration program and the re-analysis of the Federal Highway Administration's diabetes waiver program demonstrate that it is possible to screen and monitor insulin-treated diabetics so that safe performance is feasible. Further comments in this Tech Brief concern the components of a screening and monitoring program, legal issues, and new developments. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Diabetes KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Monitoring KW - Qualifications KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51364/TB-02-01-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/710680 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459327 TI - Development, Deployment and Testing of an Integrated Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety System AB - For many years, the Calspan-University of Buffalo (CUBRC)/Veridian Engineering Team has been developing on-vehicle technologies to improve the safety of commercial vehicles. Technologies have been developed and tested for crash detection and notification; wireless communications; automatic vehicle location; vehicle system communications; and automatic brake monitoring. These systems were developed and tested seperately, and, until recent months, they had never been brought together into an integrated on-vehicle system. In 2001, a partnership was formed that included the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, the Kentucky Transportation Center, and the CUBRC/Veridian Team. Using funding from the FY01 ITS Integration Component of the ITS Deployment Program, this partnership undertook a project to design, develop, and test an integrated on-vehicle system to accomplish the functions of Automatic Collision Notification (ACN), Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), and Automated Brake Monitoring (ABM). The system has been developed, and initial testing has been conducted in a laboratory and test-track environment. Phase two of the Commercial Vehicle Safety system program will uses funding from the FY02 ITS Integration Component of the ITS Deployment Program to deploy the system developed in Phase one in a fleet of approximately 25 commercial vehicles in the Lexington. Kentucky area. The fleet will be monitored for a period of one year to allow an assessment of the performance and benefits of the system. KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Development KW - Integrated systems KW - Research projects KW - Technology KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wireless communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00924250 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPEED MANAGEMENT RESOURCES PY - 2001/09 SP - v.p. AB - This CD-ROM contains resource materials that relate to speed management. A list of these materials is provided on the insert with the CD-ROM. The list is as follows: Speed and Highway Safety Brochure; Guidelines for Developing a Municipal Speed Enforcement Program; Speed Management Introduction; Share the Road #1; Share the Road #2; Traffic Safety Facts 2000; Speeding Counts: Speeding is a Factor; Speeding Related Multi-Vehicle Fatal Crashes Involving Large Trucks; Road Function Classifications; Fatality Rates by Road Function; Speeding and Small Vehicle Crashes by Road Function; Speeding Counts on All Roads; Speeding-Related Motor Vehicle Fatalities by Road Function; and Speeding in Rural Areas. KW - CD-ROM KW - Fatalities KW - Guidelines KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Rural areas KW - Speed control KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/23000/23100/23121/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/708167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821219 AU - Putcha, D AU - Blower, D AU - Masters, R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS CODEBOOK 1999 (VERSION SEPTEMBER 19, 2001) PY - 2001/09 SP - 130 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI's) file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA), 1999. The 1999 TIFA file is a census of all medium and heavy trucks involved in a fatal accident in the United States. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Data files KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/cnts/doc/TIFA1999.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18600/18667/PB2002101220.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712731 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00815790 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING SURVEY - 1999 RESULTS PY - 2001/08 SP - 4 p. AB - Each year the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) estimates drug and alcohol usage rates for drivers with a commercial driver's license (CDL drivers), based upon a statistical sample of such summary information collected from motor carriers. Estimates from the annual survey are used to evaluate the FMCSA's random testing requirements for both alcohol and controlled substances. In 1999, it is estimated that 1.3% of CDL drivers used controlled substances and 0.2% used alcohol. On the basis of these findings, the FMCSA's required testing rate for CDL drivers remained at 50% for controlled substances and 10% for alcohol for calendar year 2000. KW - Alcohol use KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drug use KW - Motor carriers KW - Random testing rates KW - Regulations KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51265/ab-01-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/692505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00823193 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - A MOTOR CARRIER'S GUIDE TO IMPROVING HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 2001/07 SP - v.p. AB - This booklet provides basic compliance guidance to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). It is not intended to be a substitute for these regulations. The book contains fourteen parts, each containing a specific safety regulation topic that is covered in the FMCSRs. The fourteen parts, as listed in the Table of Contents, are: Part 382 - Alcohol and Drug Testing Requirements; Part 383 - Commercial Driver's License Standards; Part 385 - Safety Fitness Procedures; Part 387 - Minimum Levels of Financial Responsibility for Motor Carriers; Part 390 - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations; Part 391 - Qualification of Drivers; Part 392 - Driving of Motor Vehicles; Part 393 - Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Part 395 - Hours of Service of Drivers; Part 396 - Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance; Transportation of Hazardous Materials; Motor Carriers of Passengers; Motor Carrier Financial and Operating Statistics; and Accident Countermeasures. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Commercial drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver licenses KW - Driving KW - Drug tests KW - Financial responsibility KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hours of labor KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operations KW - Parts KW - Passengers KW - Physical fitness KW - Qualifications KW - Regulations KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17469/PB2001101788.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/713940 ER - TY - SER AN - 00814103 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - VISUAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 2001/06 SP - 2 p. AB - In 1997 the Federal Highway Administration convened a panel of medical experts to propose recommendations for amending the current vision requirements for commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers to more precisely evaluate the visual performance necessary for safe CMV operation. This Tech Brief summarizes the final report issued by the medical panel in October 1998. Developments since the report was issued are briefly summarized. KW - Amendments KW - Commercial drivers KW - Federal laws KW - Highway safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Vision UR - http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/Pdfs/TB01-0071.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688912 ER - TY - SER AN - 00814160 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF LOCAL/SHORT-HAUL OPERATIONS ON DRIVER FATIGUE: FIELD STUDY PY - 2001/05 SP - 4 p. AB - In local/short-haul (L/SH) operations, commercial motor vehicle drivers primarily make trips of 100 miles or less from their home bases. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration conducted a two-phased research project on the safety issues in L/SH operations and the extent to which fatigue is an issue in the industry. Researchers convened focus group sessions in Phase I, then conducted a field study in Phase II to determine objectively if fatigue is a safety issue in L/SH trucking. The Phase I report, "Impact of Local/Short Haul Operations on Driver Fatigue: Focus Group Summary and Analysis" (FHWA-MC-98-029), was published in August 1998. This Tech Brief summarizes the Phase II report, "Impact of Local/Short Haul Operations of Driver Fatigue: Final Report" (DOT-MC-00-203), published in September 2000. KW - Attention lapses KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field studies KW - Short haul KW - Sleep KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51368/tb01-0061.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51368/tb01-0061.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/688930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01473624 AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Performance Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) PY - 2001/04//Implementation Project Plan SP - 53p AB - This report presents the implementation project plan for the Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) project. The following agencies of South Dakota State Government are involved in the PRISM Implementation Project: Department of Transportation; Department of Revenue; Division of Motor Vehicles; Department of Commerce and Regulation Highway Patrol; Public Utilities Commission; and the Bureau of Information and Telecommunications. The South Dakota Department of Transportation’s Division of Planning and Engineering, Office of Research, will be the Lead Agency for the PRISM Implementation Project. The Office of Research will oversee the implementation of the PRISM Program in accordance with the operational and technical provisions of the approved plan. Major changes to the plan will be submitted to the FMCSA for review and approval. A Project Manager/Facilitator will be provided to coordinate the efforts of each affected agency, facilitate all meetings, prepare quarterly reports on the status of the State's implementation efforts, and ensure that any issues or problems that impact the State's ability to carry out the program are resolved. The project manager will also be responsible for maintaining the project schedule, communicating with other PRISM States, and providing project documentation. A Project Systems Architect will assist the Project Manager/Facilitator and will be responsible for providing the systems architecture, providing project continuity if the Project Leader should leave, providing information to the Project Leader that will aid in the scheduling of tasks, providing information to the Project Leader that will aid in the scheduling of personnel, establishing system requirements, establishing programmer specifications, working with Federal agencies regarding data requirements and coordination, communicating with other PRISM states, providing independent testing of all systems, working with state Network personnel, working with state Data Base personnel, working with state agencies that are involved in the PRISM project, working on a daily basis with programmers, and providing project documentation. The Office of Research and necessary representatives from other affected agencies will participate in scheduled National PRISM meetings. A summary of agency travel, management and implementation costs can be found in Section 5: South Dakota PRISM Implementation Project Costs. The major Project Milestones are: completion by all registrants of a new MCS-150 form (January 2002 - December 2002); collect and maintain the USDOT Number for Registrants and the Motor Carrier responsible for safety (April 2001 – September 2002); load and maintain a Local PRISM Census File (July 2001 – December 2001); implementation of PRISM (September 2002). KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Registrations KW - South Dakota KW - Trucking safety UR - http://www.sddot.com/business/research/projects/docs/SD9906.PRISMImplementationPlan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1225426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821183 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH FACTS 1999 PY - 2001/04 SP - 61 p. AB - This annual edition of Large Trucks Crash Facts contains descriptive statistics about fatal, injury, and property damage only crashes involving large trucks in 1999. Selected crash statistics on passenger vehicles are also presented for comparison purposes. The report is organized into four chapters - trends, crashes, vehicles and people. Four different types of counts are displayed: the numbers of crashes involving various vehicle types, the numbers of vehicles involved in crashes, the numbers of people killed or injured in crashes, and the numbers of vehicle drivers involved in crashes. KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crash victims KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18200/18299/PB2001107718.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01109089 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Fiscal Year 2002 Performance Plan PY - 2001/03 SP - 16p AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was established in January 2000 by the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act (MCSIA) of 1999, P.L. 106-159. The mission of FMCSA is to save lives and reduce injuries by preventing truck and bus crashes. Two performance measures are used to monitor agency progress towards the desired safety outcomes: (1) number of fatalities in large truck-related crashes, and (2) number of injured persons in large-truck related crashes. This plan represents a brief summary of the policies and programs that FMCSA will undertake in FY 2002. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Safety programs KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18200/18213/PB2001107476.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00811137 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COST OF LARGE TRUCK- AND BUS-INVOLVED CRASHES PY - 2001/03 SP - 4 p. AB - Crashes involving trucks and buses with gross weight ratings over 10,000 pounds impose a variety of costs on the drivers of those vehicles; other drivers, involved either directly or indirectly in the crashes; and society as a whole. Such costs include medical expenses, emergency services, property damage, lost productivity, travel delays, and the monetized value of pain, suffering, and quality-of-life lost. This analysis brief summarizes the results of a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) study on the cost (in 1999 dollars) of highway crashes involving large trucks and buses. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Drivers KW - Emergency medical services KW - Expenses KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical treatment KW - Productivity KW - Property KW - Quality of life KW - Societies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks by weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9600/9628/AB01-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/684925 ER - TY - SER AN - 00808636 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - BUS DRIVER FATIGUE AND STRESS ISSUES STUDY PY - 2001/02 SP - 4 p. AB - Fatigue-related issues associated with motorcoach drivers differ from the issues faced by truck drivers because of the distinct nature of their jobs. For example, truck and motorcoach drivers deal with different vehicular operating characteristics, number of hours spent behind the wheel and on the road, cargo, method of driver compensation, and outside influences. A research project was conducted to identify unique aspects of operations in the motorcoach industry that produce driver fatigue and stress. This Tech Brief summarizes the study final report, which contains recommendations for driver fatigue and stress countermeasures. KW - Bus drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Recommendations KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10500/10523/TB01-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/677092 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459552 TI - Investigation of the Recovery Period Required for Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers with Cumulative Fatigue AB - The objectives of this project are: (1) to investigate the minimum duration of off-duty periods required to allow commercial vehicle drivers to recover from cumulative fatigue; and (2) to investigate the nature and degree of individual differences in drivers' recovery from fatigue. KW - Canada KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Night shifts KW - Research projects KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01127096 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Projects Book PY - 2001 SP - 770p AB - This report documents the latest edition of the Department of Transportation's Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Projects Book. It references and briefly describes the ITS research projects, tests and studies initiated through September 2000 and sponsored by the modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The projects referenced describe ITS activities which support the development of user services, national compatibility planning, deployment, and program assessment. In-progress and completed research activities of the modal administrations are descriptively profiled and indexed under the following program areas: Metropolitan ITS Infrastructure; Rural and Statewide Infrastructure; Commercial Vehicle ITS Infrastructure; Intermodal Freight; Intelligent Vehicle Initiative; Evaluation/Program Assessment; Architecture, Standards and National Compatibility Planning; and Mainstreaming. This report includes an introductory discussion of the components and near/long-term goals of the Department's National ITS Program, including efforts to achieve national deployment of advanced technologies. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Freight transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent Vehicle Initiative KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Research projects KW - Rural highways KW - State highways KW - System architecture UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13338.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/887706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912629 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PROFESSIONAL DRIVERS: PLEASE HELP US SHARE THE ROAD SAFELY.. T2 - SHARE THE ROAD SAFELY PY - 2001 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicle drivers KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585795 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921638 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS FOR INTERSECTION COLLISION AVOIDANCE PY - 2001 SP - p. 378-382 AB - This paper describes conceptual outlines of possible infrastructure intersection collision avoidance systems. The infrastructure concepts represent countermeasures for crossing path crashes at intersections. Crossing path crashes involve one vehicle cutting across the path of another, both initially traveling from either perpendicular or opposite directions, in such a way that they collide. Infrastructure-based intersection collision avoidance systems use roadside sensors, processors, and warning devices; roadside-vehicle communication devices; and traffic signals to provide driving assistance to motorists. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Communication devices KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data processing equipment KW - Dedicated short range communications KW - Infrastructure KW - Intersections KW - Roadside KW - Sensors KW - Traffic signals KW - Warning devices UR - http://www.ite.org/technical/IntersectionSafety/Ferlis.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921639 AU - Inman, V AU - Nedzesky, A J AU - Shafer, T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - VEHICLE-INFRASTRUCTURE COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS FOR INTERSECTION COLLISION AVOIDANCE: DRIVER ASSESSMENT CHALLENGES (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 383 AB - According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) data, there were 37,280 crashes that involved fatalities in 1997. Of these crashes, 8,571 were related to intersections. The fatal crashes at intersections were about evenly divided among noncontrolled intersections, signal controlled intersections, and stop sign controlled intersections. In addition to fatal crashes, almost 1 million injury crashes occur at intersections annually, and there are about 1.7 million police reported crashes at intersections each year. Various programs have proposed alternative countermeasures to reduce the number of crashes and fatalities at intersections. Conventional countermeasures such as protected left turn signals are effective and fairly well understood. However, these countermeasures alone will not eliminate intersection crashes because they do not address factors such as willful and unintentional red-light and stop sign violations, gap acceptance problems associated with older drivers, and sight distance problems at intersections that may not warrant traffic signals. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is pursuing infrastructure based intelligent transportation systems (ITS) solutions to address crashes at intersections. Initially these solutions will not require changes to vehicles. It is anticipated that in the future, some of these solutions could be integrated into in-vehicle ITS to enable either in-vehicle warnings or automated crash avoidance systems. Four types of intersection-infrastructure systems are envisioned: (1) traffic signal violation warning, (2) stop sign violation warning, (3) traffic signal left turn assistances, and (4) stop sign movement assistance. Each of these systems is described briefly, and a preliminary list of the driver behavior issues associated with each is identified. The challenge for the design of these systems is similar to that for other areas of highway and vehicle design - how to assess driver performance and behavior with these systems before the systems are fielded. Various assessment techniques are discussed in association with the advantages and disadvantages of each. The FHWA human-centered research approach for intersection-infrastructure solutions is presented. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors KW - Infrastructure KW - Injuries KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Performance KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stop sign controlled intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/vehicle-infrastructure-cooperative-systems-for-intersection-collision-avoidance-driver-assessment-challenges/oclc/631882097 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921640 AU - Suzuki, K AU - Uchida, K AU - HAGIWARA, T AU - Ohmi, T AU - TOKUNAGA, R A AU - Asano, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SCENES ON A DRIVER'S JUDGMENT OF CURVE SHARPNESS PY - 2001 SP - p. 384-389 AB - The effects of traffic control devices and road scene on a driver's judgment of curve sharpness were investigated by field experiments on a 12-km section of rural highway running through a hilly area in Hokkaido. The configurations of traffic control devices at 36 curves were obtained from the road maintenance database. The favorability of the road scene was determined subjectively. Each of the 6 subjects drove a vehicle installed with instruments. The subject estimated the sharpness of the target curve before that curve and assessed the accuracy of that judgment subjectively after the target curve. Cluster analysis detected groupings of the 36 curves in terms of driver assessment of sharpness. The traffic control devices were verified as important cues in driver assessment of curve sharpness. In addition, the road scene had a positive effect in daytime on judgment of the target curve. However, there were some dangerous curves where the subjects underestimated the sharpness before entering the curve. Traffic control devices to provide accurate information on curve depth should be developed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cluster analysis KW - Curvature KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Hills KW - Hokkaido (Japan) KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/80_Hagiwara_Toru2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921641 AU - Young, R A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EMBEDDED CELLULAR PHONE CALLS AND VEHICLE CRASHES INVOLVING AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT PY - 2001 SP - p. 390-400 AB - A study was done of a cellular telephone system embedded in a vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer. This study examined voice calls to a service advisor made with a single button press (an OnStar call). The OnStar system also automatically places a call to an advisor notifying of an airbag deployment (an airbag call). The main objective of this study was to determine the probability of an airbag-deployment crash, given that an OnStar call was in progress. The complete OnStar database from October 1996 to May 2001 was searched for all occurrences of OnStar calls associated with airbag calls. In the total population of about eight million OnStar calls, there were eight cases of an OnStar voice conversation being followed in less than 10 minutes by an airbag call. The advisor's written comments in these eight cases indicated there were even fewer cases, likely only two, in which the phone was actually in use at the time of the crash. The comments contained no specific indications that the OnStar calls contributed to causing the crashes, but did contain indications of other possible causes, such as a driver's self-report of drowsiness. The conclusions are: (1) An embedded cell phone call with an advisor followed by airbag-deployment crash within 10 minutes is rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per million calls during the five-year period of the study; (2) An embedded cell phone in use at the time of an airbag-deployment crash is even more rare, occurring at a frequency of one event per four million calls; (3) Embedded cell phone usage uniquely causing an airbag-deployment crash occurs even more rarely. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Air bags KW - Cellular telephones KW - OnStar (Motorist aid system) KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/81_young-richard.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921621 AU - WOOD, C AU - LEIVIAN, R AU - MASSEY, N AU - BIEKER, J AU - SUMMERS, J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER ADVOCATE (TRADEMARK) TOOL PY - 2001 SP - p. 295-299 AB - Using scenario driven research, a Driver Advocate (trademark) (DA) system has been designed to advise the driver about potentially unsafe situations based on information from environmental sensors. DA is an intelligent dynamic system that monitors, senses, prioritizes, personalizes, and sends alerts to the driver appropriate to the moment. This has the potential to sharply decrease driver distraction and inattention. To support the realization of DA, a DA Tool (DAT) has been developed to coordinate with a KQ Corporation virtual driving simulator and allow the merging of the simulated driving performance, the environmental sensors, and the intelligent use of audio, visual, and tactile feedback to alert the driver to potential danger and unsafe driving behavior. DAT monitors the traffic, lane following, forward and side clearances, vehicle condition, cockpit distractions, Infotainment use, and the driver affective behavior. The DAT is designed to be highly configurable, flexible, and user friendly to facilitate creative freedom in designing usability and human factors experiments and rapid prototyping. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention KW - Audio media KW - Behavior KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Monitoring KW - Tactile perception KW - Traffic KW - Virtual reality KW - Visual media KW - Warning systems UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/61_Wood_Chip.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921622 AU - Mourant, R R AU - Schultheis, M T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A HMD BASED VIRTUAL REALITY DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 2001 SP - p. 300-304 AB - Recent advances in optics, helmet-mounted display (HMD) design, 3D graphics chips, and processes for personal computers have combined to make HMD based virtual reality driving simulators available at low cost. A HMD with a resolution of 1,024 by 768 with a field of view of 50 deg diagonally is now available for about $20,000. A graphics processor that can render large databases at fast frame rates costs only $400. Personal computers can now support multiple processors that run over 1 Gigahertz. The authors discuss visual concerns with a HMD, choosing a HMD for a driving simulator, HMDs compared with fixed displays, consequences of improved frame rates, autonomous vehicles, and the use of a HMD based driving simulator for studying drivers who have cognitive impairments. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Computer graphics KW - Costs KW - Driving simulators KW - Graphics processors KW - Helmet mounted displays KW - Personal computers KW - Virtual reality UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/62_mourant_Ronald.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709453 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921623 AU - Ball, K AU - WADLEY, V AU - Edwards, J AU - BALL, D AU - ROENKER, D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - META-ANALYSIS OF CRASH RISK FACTORS AMONG OLDER DRIVERS: APPLICATION TO A MODEL PROGRAM OF DRIVER SCREENING (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 305 AB - In the absence of disease or impairment, there is no empirical evidence that subtle, age-related changes in sensory or cognitive function affect older drivers' abilities to safely operate a motor vehicle. However, impairments that do affect driving occur with a higher prevalence in the older population. This paper describes a meta-analysis of risk factors for automobile crash. Risks associated with compromises in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, useful field of view, and mental status are examined. Risks associated with medical conditions, medications, and physical limitations also are discussed. Results demonstrate that visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are only weakly associated with crash risk, while cognitive variables and mental status measures are moderately associated with crash risk. A specific measure of the Useful Field of View, UFOV (registered trademark), is strongly associated with crash risk. These results suggest that driver evaluations aimed at detecting unsafe drivers can be significantly improved. Specifically, evaluations can be improved by including a broader assessment of visual function, an assessment of cognitive function including the UFOV (registered trademark), an assessment of mental status, and an assessment of physical status. An evaluation incorporating these components might facilitate driver qualification or referral for appropriate intervention. A driver screening evaluation program incorporating these components is currently underway. With over 2,000 older adult participants, results from this model program indicate that cognitive function, rather than visual or physical function, is most strongly associated with mobility outcomes. Thus, interventions to maintain or improve cognitive function may also help to sustain mobility. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognition KW - Contrast sensitivity KW - Detection and identification KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver screening KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - High risk drivers KW - Medication KW - Mental condition KW - Physical fitness KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/63_Ball_Wadley.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921624 AU - Skaar, N AU - Rizzo, M AU - BATEMAN, K AU - Anderson, S W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECTS OF SPEED OF VISUAL PROCESSING TRAINING UPON NON-VISUAL ATTENTION IN "AT-RISK" OLDER DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 306-307 AB - Reduction in a measure known as the Useful Field of View (UFOV) is a risk factor for car crash involvement in older drivers. This measure depends on aspects of visual attention (divided attention, selective attention, and speed of processing). UFOV scores can be improved through speed of processing training, and this improvement may transfer to enhanced driving performance. This preliminary analysis addresses the hypothesis that training of visual speed of processing can improve performance in attention-demanding tasks that are processed outside the visual domain. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Driving KW - Field of view KW - Improvements KW - Information processing KW - Performance KW - Speed of visual processing KW - Training UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/effects-of-speed-of-visual-processing-training-upon-non-visual-attention-in-at-risk-older-drivers/oclc/631881925 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921625 AU - Stanard, T AU - Hutton, RJB AU - Warwick, W AU - McIlwaine, S AU - McDermott, P L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF DRIVER DECISION MAKING AT AN INTERSECTION CONTROLLED BY A TRAFFIC LIGHT PY - 2001 SP - p. 308-313 AB - An important challenge associated with driving simulation development is the computational representation of agent behaviors. This paper describes the development of a preliminary autonomous agent behavior model (based on the Recognition-Primed Decision making model, and Hintzman's multiple-trace memory model) mimicking human decision making in approaching an intersection controlled by a traffic light. To populate the model, an initial Cognitive Task Analysis was conducted with six drivers to learn the important cues, expectancies, goals, and courses of action associated with traffic light approach. The agent model learns to associate environmental cues (such as traffic light color) with expectancies of upcoming events (like light color change) and appropriate courses of action (such as decelerating). The model is currently being evaluated for its successful representation of the Recognition-Primed Decision making process. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/65_standard_terry.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921626 AU - Awad, W H AU - Al-kharabsheh, MRS AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - INVESTIGATING DRIVERS' TRAFFIC KNOWLEDGE IN JORDAN PY - 2001 SP - p. 314-319 AB - Jordan's fatality rate per registered vehicle is approximately 7.5 times larger than that of the United States (157.2 per 100,000 in Jordan vs 21.0 per 100,000 in the U.S.). This project addresses the traffic safety problem in Jordan by evaluating driver's knowledge of existing traffic laws and regulations. An experiment was conducted in which 55 subjects with current driver's licenses were administered a test composed of 25 questions selected from actual Jordanian driver's license exams. Statistical analyses were then conducted on the results. It was found that a shocking 96.4% of the drivers in this study failed to pass the simulated written driver's license exam, with professional drivers scoring worse than non-professional drivers. Based on the findings, recommendations are made regarding Jordanian public policy governing driver's licensing, including more frequent retesting of drivers, a higher standard of knowledge for traffic rules, and a nationwide program to assess the relationship between driver knowledge, driver behavior, and crash and fatality rates. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Examinations KW - Fatalities KW - Jordan KW - Knowledge KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/66_awad_wael.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921627 AU - Kang, K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEEDING BEHAVIOR PY - 2001 SP - p. 320-324 AB - Many studies on drivers' speeding behavior have been reported in the last decade. Most of the previous studies, however, have concentrated on the relationship between drivers' speeding behavior and road/vehicle characteristics, without considering other important factors such as personal characteristics and drivers' perception of the speed limit. This paper analyzes Korean drivers' speeding behavior by taking into account such factors as trip characteristics in addition to personal, vehicular, and attitudinal factors. Speeding behavior is measured by a categorical measure over the speed limit, and an ordered probit model is used to econometrically estimate the speeding behavior equation. Results indicated that i) male drivers with higher income tend to drive faster, and experienced drivers drive at higher speeds than others, ii) vehicles with more horsepower and vehicles with safety features go slower than vehicles with less safety features, iii) trip distance and frequent use of the road are important factors for speed selection behavior, and iv) perceived speed limit of the road and expectation of being caught for speeding are important factors for driving behavior. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Econometric models KW - Horsepower KW - Income KW - Males KW - Perception KW - Probits KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - South Korea KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Travel frequency KW - Trip length KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/67_Kang_Kyungwoo.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921628 AU - Kithil, P W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER ALERTNESS DETECTION RESEARCH USING CAPACITIVE SENSOR ARRAY PY - 2001 SP - p. 325-329 AB - The research project compared and analyzed physiological and performance data for 13 subjects driving a vehicle simulator. Each subject drove the simulator for morning, afternoon, and late night sessions. These sessions were intended to represent alertness conditions during an "awake" baseline period and the secondary and primary circadian sleep cycle periods. The sessions were approximately one hour, two hours, and two or three hours in length, respectively. With one exception, the subjects had experienced normal sleep the night before the test. Five men and eight women participated, ranging in age from 25 to 59. Physiological data included: real-time PERCLOS (percentage of slow-eye closure over one minute) using an infrared-reflective camera; head position coordinates using an overhead capacitive sensor array; and video of the right front of the subject's face. Performance data included: vehicle speed, lane departures, lane deviation, and steering/turn signal data. The research manager maintained logs of unusual circumstances such as departing the roadway, falling asleep at the wheel, excessive speeding, etc. Head position data were analyzed and compared to the videos. A multi-element algorithm was developed which captured patterns of head motion found to be characteristic of drowsiness. The algorithm output was compared to roadway departures noted in the research manager's logs of unusual events. The comparison showed a capability of advance detection of about 87% of driver roadway departures with a false positive rate of about 15%. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Alertness KW - Algorithms KW - Detection and identification KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Head motion pattern KW - Head position KW - Infrared cameras KW - Performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Sensors KW - Video cameras UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/68_Kithil_Philip.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921629 AU - Langer, P AU - Kopp, M AU - Holzner, B AU - Magnet, W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CONVERSATION, LOW-DOSE ALCOHOL AND DRIVING EXPERIENCE ON THE PERIPHERAL VISION SYSTEM PY - 2001 SP - p. 330-331 AB - This study investigated whether legal everyday occurrences which take place while driving a motor vehicle and which require some attention, such as talking to a passenger or being under the influence of a low dose of alcohol (between 40 and 50 ml alcohol level), influence the scope of the driver's visual field. Alcohol in low doses does not damage a person's eyesight but reduces his cognitive attention. Also investigated was whether the effect is related to driving experience. From the results of this study, it was concluded that holding a conversation with a passenger while driving a car reduces the peripheral vision field and thus the driver reaction time. The same effect can be observed in persons under the influence of a low dose of alcohol. The effect is enhanced when the person also has limited driving experience. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention KW - Cognition KW - Conversation while driving KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Low dose alcohol (Within legal limit) KW - Peripheral vision KW - Reaction time UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/69_Langer_peter.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921630 AU - RAHIMI, M AU - Meshkati, N AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN HIGHWAY-RAIL CROSSING ACCIDENTS: THE INFLUENCE OF DRIVER DECISION STYLE PY - 2001 SP - p. 332-337 AB - This paper explores the hypothesis that driver decision-making style influences highway-rail crossing accidents. To investigate this, the authors have designed an analysis of variance experiment with three independent variables: "driver decision style," "driver time pressure" and "intersection complexity." To simulate the driving conditions, the authors identified and videotaped a number of dangerous crossings in downtown Los Angeles. The tapes represented different environmental complexities and time pressures a driver experiences while crossing an intersection. The tapes were played back to the subject drivers. The subjects were classified according to their decision styles. Dependent measures were designed based on a driver's decision to cross the intersection. This paper presents the conceptual approach and the experimental design for this research. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Analysis of variance KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Videotapes UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/70_Rahimi_Mansour.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921631 AU - BISHOP, J B AU - EVANS, I K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - FATIGUE COUNTERMEASURE USING AUTOMATIC REAL-TIME VIDEO PROCESSING OF EYE CHARACTERISTICS (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 338 AB - Fatigue is a large and growing problem for aviators and motor vehicle drivers. A fatigue countermeasure based on digital video processing of images of the subject's face has been developed. Digital video data of drivers were collected in experiments in a driving simulator at the University of Iowa. Algorithms were developed to automatically locate the head, eyes, and face features of the driver using wide field-of-view images. The exposed eye area is quantified using the final eye target location. Automatic processing of face features in a vehicle environment is a difficult task due to the complexity of the scene and the variable lighting conditions. The use of both static and dynamic processing in parallel and the use of symmetry has led to the development of innovative and useful algorithms for automatic face location and feature detection. The prototype system was effective in automatic feature location for all 13 subjects tested in driving simulator studies. The appearance of visible eye features is quantified and used to determine onset of potentially dangerous fatigue conditions. An alarm event is generated if the eyes remain closed longer than 1.5 seconds, or if sustained reduction in area of exposed eye features is detected (eyelid droop). Other studies in the literature have validated correlation of measures of pupil occlusion (such as PERCLOS) with operator performance lapse. The system is designed to work with an inexpensive digital video sensor mounted on the dashboard of a vehicle and runs on standard computing hardware. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Algorithms KW - Countermeasures KW - Digital video KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Eye KW - Face KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Real time data processing KW - Video imaging detectors UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/71_Bishop_Jeff.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921632 AU - Brock, J F AU - Jacobs, C AU - Buchter, R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DESIGN OF A GUIDEBOOK FOR THE ACQUISITION AND USE OF DRIVING SIMULATORS FOR TRAINING TRANSIT BUS OPERATORS PY - 2001 SP - p. 339-344 AB - The Transit Cooperative Research Program of the Transportation Research Board recently sponsored an 18-month research program to develop a set of guidelines that transit agency trainers and managers could use to determine if driving simulators could help meet training objectives and, if so, what kind of simulators to acquire. The end product of this research is a set of task-based criteria that lead to specific simulator characteristics. That is, one should purchase a training simulator based upon what tasks need to be trained. This paper reports on the limited available data on the effectiveness of driving simulators for training, the task clusters various technologies can train, and the decision aids developed for transit agencies that actually have applicability to any potential user of training simulation. The project included a literature review, visits to driving simulator users nationwide, a review of European simulator programs, and the collection of training data and accident data from both users and non-users of driving simulators. Instructors, students, course graduates, and managers were interviewed. The results of the research are presented and a simulator evaluation methodology is proposed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Bus drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guidelines KW - Methodology KW - Training UR - http://www.driverinteractive.com/documents/DESIGNOFAGUIDEBOOKFORTHEACQUISITIONANDUSEOFDRIVINGSIMULATORSFORTRAININGTRANSITBUSOPERATORS.doc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921633 AU - Grace, R AU - Suski, V AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - IMPROVING SAFETY FOR DRIVERS AND FLEETS: HISTORICAL AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES PY - 2001 SP - p. 345-350 AB - A two-day conference that addressed "Improving Safety for Drivers and Fleets" was held at Carnegie Mellon University and sponsored by the 21st Century Driver and Truck Alliance and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The conference brought together stakeholders within the trucking industry and safety experts from other industries to explore approaches to improve driver and fleet safety. The goal of the conference was to facilitate discussions among industry stakeholders as a first step in identifying and implementing effective safety processes that may advance the FMCSA's ambitious goal of 50% reduction in truck-related fatalities by 2010. On Day One there were three sessions related to trucking and industrial safety. The first session offered two views of historical safety initiatives as a foundation for understanding current industry safety practices. The second session focused on current efforts by government, fleets and truck manufacturers. The third session provided an opportunity for presenters to describe successful safety programs not currently being widely applied to the trucking industry. On Day Two a morning-long panel discussion considered the approaches presented the previous day. A subsequent brainstorming session involving all attendees generated other independent or related approaches. The goals of the discussions on Day Two were 1) to identify practical safety steps that can be applied by fleets and drivers now and in the near future and 2) to identify potential partnerships for implementing and testing new safety initiatives. Ultimately, the panelists and participants developed 26 action items that will be ranked and used as a springboard for future truck safety efforts. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - 21st Century Driver and Truck Alliance KW - Conferences KW - Fatalities KW - Fleet safety KW - Partnerships KW - Prevention KW - Safety programs KW - Stakeholders KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/73_Grace_Richard2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921634 AU - Pierowicz, J A AU - Robin, J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - RE-ASSESSMENT OF DRIVING SIMULATORS FOR THE TRAINING, TESTING AND LICENSING OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 351-356 AB - Simulators have been successfully employed within the military sector and commercial airline industry for over 30 years. Simulation technology may supplement the training, testing, and licensing of commercial motor vehicle drivers if its value can be sufficiently demonstrated. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) is planning to conduct a simulation validation ("Sim Val") study in fiscal year 2002 to do just that. In April 1996, FMCSA (while within the Federal Highway Administration) published a research report which discussed the availability and performance of truck driving simulators available at that time. The research indicated that the truck simulators were sufficiently mature to conduct a validation study. Thus the FMCSA developed and published Sim Val Research Design (May 1999). Given breakthroughs in technology in recent years and to gain a better understanding of the functionalities of the truck simulators currently available, FMCSA is conducting a truck simulator reassessment. To help accomplish this work, FMCSA engaged Veridian Engineering. This paper describes the interim results of the reassessment of truck simulators to ascertain their performance and functionalities in support of the FMCSA Sim Val Program. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Performance KW - Testing KW - Training KW - Truck drivers KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Validation KW - Veridian Engineering UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/74_Pierowicz_John.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921635 AU - Robin, J AU - Knipling, R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVES TO ENHANCE COMMERCIAL DRIVER TRAINING, LICENSING AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PY - 2001 SP - p. 357-365 AB - This paper discusses several of the numerous commercial motor vehicle driver training and safety performance enhancement initiatives being conducted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Office of Research and Technology (R&T). Programs discussed include the Truck Simulator Validation Study, the Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies and the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative:Heavy Vehicle Platform - Generation Zero Operational Tests. The document will also serve to acquaint the reader with the mission of the FMCSA. Additionally, it provides an overview of the vast scope of research being conducted by the FMCSA R&T Office. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Management KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Truck drivers KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration KW - Validation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/74_Pierowicz_John.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921636 AU - Maguire, D J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - VALUE ASSESSMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION TRADEOFFS FOR PRODUCTION HEAVY TRUCK ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL PY - 2001 SP - p. 366-371 AB - Despite a long history, the implementation tradeoffs and value assessment criteria of active noise control (ANC) are not well established. With commercial heavy truck adaptive ANC controllers now available, there is a need for an understanding of the unique performance-to-cost ratio characteristics of these systems. Also, due to the specific spectral region that these systems are applicable to, studies of the physiological effects of broadband noise poorly represent the positive impact of ANC. This paper presents a collection of implementation tradeoff metrics unique to ANC systems. In addition, evaluation issues and research are identified that will help to validate ANC benefits that are accepted, but insufficiently supported. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Benefits KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Costs KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Implementation KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Validation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/76_Maguire_Daniel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921637 AU - Bishop, R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN COOPERATIVE INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AND HUMAN FACTORS IMPLICATIONS PY - 2001 SP - p. 372-377 AB - Cooperative vehicle-highway systems offer the potential to enhance the effectiveness of active vehicle safety systems which have entered the marketplace for light vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles. Cooperative intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) offer an improved level of overall functionality. These systems are "cooperative" in that the vehicles can receive information from the roadway and respond appropriately, and vehicles can detect and report hazards to the roadway, for dissemination to other travelers. The systems are "intelligent" in that the ultimate response is determined by algorithms which weigh multiple parameters. This paper describes the results of a study to collect information on the various forms of cooperative IVHS worldwide, and assess research and development activities, deployment issues, standards development, and government policies. An extensive set of parameters which may pass between the vehicle and its external environment are listed. Potential human factors implications are identified, resulting from the emergence of these driver assistance systems into the marketplace. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Transportation policy UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/77_Bishop_Richard.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709468 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921605 AU - Akinwuntan, A E AU - Feys, H AU - De Weerdt, W AU - Pauwels, J AU - BATEN, G AU - Strypstein, E AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DETERMINANTS OF DRIVING AFTER STROKE PY - 2001 SP - p. 230-233 AB - The objective of this research was to identify from a predriving assessment the tests that best predict the driving ability of stroke patients. The research involved an examination of records of 104 first ever stroke patients who visited the Belgian Institute for Road Safety in 1998 and 1999 and the performing of medical, visual, perceptual and on-the-road assessments of these patients. Variables such as age, sex, side of lesion, driving experience, visual tests, neuropsychological assessments (most of which are from the Test for Attentional Performance battery), and an on-the-road test were considered. Based on performances of subjects on the tests, a suitable, not immediately suitable or not suitable to drive decision was jointly taken by the team of assessors. Following a logistic regression analysis, a combination of side of lesion, kinetic vision, visual scanning and the on-the-road tests led to the best model in predicting the final group decision (R-squared = 0.53). The on-the-road test was the most important determinant (R-squared = 0.42). It was concluded that the predictive accuracy of the decision is moderate. Inclusion of assessments more closely related to real road situations should be considered. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Age KW - Attention KW - Decision making KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver experience KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Gender KW - Impaired drivers KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Medical records KW - Neuropsychological assessment KW - Regression analysis KW - Stroke patients KW - Vision tests UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11887113 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921606 AU - Mestre, D R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE USEFUL FIELD OF VIEW IN DRIVING PY - 2001 SP - p. 234-239 AB - The concept of "useful field of view" (UFOV) was introduced to describe the area from which useful visual information can be extracted in a single glance. It is not restricted to the fovea, nor does it involve the entire visual field. It is often claimed that the UFOV decreases with age, with increasing speed of travel, or under the influence of drugs or stress. However, this potentially important tool for the evaluation of the role of human sensorial factors in road safety suffers from a lack of measurement techniques. Within this framework, the ability of human observers to discriminate variations in their direction of heading from optical flow patterns simulating self-motion relative to a simple toric surface (a curved "tunnel") was evaluated. Perceptual performance was evaluated systematically as a function of the part of the global optical flow observers were looking at. Inasmuch as experimental laboratory data can be generalized to the complex task of driving, the results suggest that the perception of heading is optimal in a limited part of the visual field, situated around the future direction of travel. They offer a novel approach to the concept of useful field of view. They can be discussed in terms of their implications for road infrastructure design and for the positioning of warning and traffic signs within the driver's dynamic visual environment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Direction of travel KW - Driving KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Human subject testing KW - Location KW - Optical flow patterns KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/46_mestre_daniel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709437 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921607 AU - Read, N L AU - Ward, N J AU - PARKES, A M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - TIME-TO-CONTACT AND COLLISION DETECTION ESTIMATIONS AS MEASURES OF DRIVING SAFETY IN OLD AND DEMENTIA DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 240-245 AB - The paper discusses the importance of Time-to-Contact (TTC) and collision detection (CD) estimations for safe driving. It describes a computerised testing tool that requires TTC and CD estimations while dividing attention and discusses the association between performance on this task and several measures of driving safety. Four studies are reported showing that the task is sensitive to age effects and dementia effects, that the accuracy of TTC estimations differentiates between old and dementia drivers recently involved in accidents and those not involved. Also found is an association between performance on this task and that on navigation and car following tasks in a driving simulator. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Car following KW - Cognition KW - Collision detection estimation KW - Dementia KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Navigation KW - Performance KW - Time-to-contact estimation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/47_Read_Nicoleta.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709438 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921608 AU - Ward, N J AU - BROOKHUIS, K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - RECENT EUROPEAN PROJECTS ON DRIVER IMPAIRMENT PY - 2001 SP - p. 246-251 AB - This paper gives an overview of recent European Union projects on the assessment of driver impairment. Whereas previous research has focused on vehicle technology (DREAM, DETER) or human machine interfacing (SAVE), more recent efforts have been based on methods to detect the presence of substances (ROSITA) or the level of impaired performance at the roadside (CERTIFIED, IMMORTAL). This paper summarizes the objectives and main conclusions of the most recent projects. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Detection and identification KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Europe KW - European Union KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impaired drivers KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Mental illness KW - Roadside testing UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/48_Ward_Nicholas.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921609 AU - WATSON, G S AU - WEILER, J M AU - WOODWORTH, G G AU - QIDWAI, J C AU - QUINN, S A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVING PERFORMANCE MEASURES USED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS ON DROWSINESS, SEDATION, AND DRIVING IMPAIRMENT (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 252 AB - The objective of this paper was to discuss driving scenarios and associated driving performance measures on their ability to demonstrate drowsiness, sedation, and driving impairment. The basis of this paper was a study that utilized a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, four-treatment, four-period crossover trial in the Iowa Driving Simulator (IDS). Participants were 40 licensed drivers with seasonal allergic rhinitis who were 25 to 44 years of age. Treatments were Fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, alcohol, or placebo, given at weekly intervals before participants drove for 1 hour in the IDS. Measures examined included coherence, amplitude, phase angle, RMS error, following distance and behavior, lane keeping, response to unexpected vehicle intrusion and drowsiness. Study results show that sedating antihistamines impair driving performance as seriously as alcohol. Statistically significant but small correlations were found between subjective drowsiness and minimum following distance, steering instability, and left-lane excursions but no correlation was greater than 0.21. Drowsiness was a weak predictor of driving impairment. This paper discusses these and other findings with an emphasis on the adequacy of driving scenarios and the sensitivity of driving performance measures analyzed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Alcohol effects KW - Antihistamines KW - Behavior KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Following distance KW - Human subject testing KW - Impaired drivers KW - Medication KW - Performance KW - Placebos KW - Sedatives KW - Steering UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/analysis-of-driving-performance-measures-used-to-assess-the-effects-of-medications-on-drowsiness-sedation-and-driving-impairment/oclc/173312319 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709440 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921610 AU - KIRK, A AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - TRAFFIC MANEUVER PROBLEMS AND CRASHES OF YOUNG DRIVERS (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 253 AB - While over the past decades the population of younger drivers has been decreasing, their crash rates have increased. Past research has associated their higher crash rates to societal influences and youthful behavior. The objective of this research is to identify the specific driving maneuvers whose unsuccessful undertaking results in specific types of crashes involving these drivers. Four types of crashes were identified as the most prominent for young drivers including crashes at intersections, rear end, crashes resulting from passing maneuvers and single vehicle crashes. The analysis was performed examining the Kentucky crash database for the 1994-1996 period using the quasi-induced exposure method. The results showed that for all crashes there is a general trend of decreasing involvement with increasing age, which indicates that their inexperience is the largest single contributor to their increased crash rates. Of significance is the fact that for all crashes a dramatic decrease of involvement after the first year of driving between the years of 16 and 17 is observed. This may be indicative of a steep learning curve in the first years of driving regarding the ability to control a vehicle. Therefore, very little can be done to improve this phenomenon. Increasing the level of awareness among young drivers about these issues and their likely crash involvement seems to be the only viable approach. However, preliminary efforts from graduated licensing show that some of these trends seem to be reduced, indicating a possible impact on the crash rates of young drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Age KW - Awareness KW - Crash rates KW - Driver experience KW - Graduated licensing KW - Intersections KW - Kentucky KW - Passing KW - Rear end crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/50_stamatiadis_nick1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709441 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921611 AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER LICENSE RENEWAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 254 AB - Periodic renewal of driver licenses is an integral part of the driver licensing procedures for most states, including Kentucky. Renewal of driver licenses is usually required every four years, and many states conduct vision tests before granting renewal. Few states require additional testing, while several states, including Kentucky, have no vision or any other examinations at renewal. Past research has shown a relationship between crashes and driving records. Thus, it was considered important to develop mechanisms to identify potential problem drivers and to systematically review current practices regarding license renewal and retesting. Additional concerns included the increasing percentage of elderly drivers and their deterioration of vision due to aging. There is a universal agreement among researchers that vision plays a significant role in driving performance, that there are age-related visual changes, and that drivers over age 75 have proportionally higher crash rates than most younger age groups of drivers. However, there is no established standard for vision screening policies. The use of low-contrast charts may improve the effectiveness of vision tests. Age-based road tests are not considered as a practical means to identify drivers with deficiencies, and they would unnecessarily burden the license renewal process. However, using road tests as an additional means of evaluating select individuals, such as those failing vision tests or those referred by a physician or family member, could significantly improve the identification of deficient drivers. The work completed here indicates that safety gains might be achieved by implementing additional procedures for older drivers. The first step might be to require that drivers over 75 renew their driver license every 2 years. A second step would be to use vision screening tests that include a set of medical questions to be given at license renewal for older drivers. As noted earlier, road testing for renewal does not reduce crash rates nor assist in identifying at-risk drivers, and thus is not considered a good initiative. However, allowing renewal examiners the discretion to require road testing as deemed necessary is recommended as a third step. Despite the considerable amount of existing knowledge about the physiological changes of older persons and the impact of these changes on driving, further research is needed. Such research should seek to design and evaluate license renewal programs that would provide older persons with a fair assessment of their driving abilities. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Detection and identification KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Kentucky KW - Problem drivers KW - Research KW - Vision KW - Vision tests UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/51_stamatiadis_nick2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709442 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921612 AU - Andersen, G J AU - Saidpour, A AU - Enriquez, A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DETECTION OF COLLISION EVENTS BY OLDER AND YOUNGER DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 255-258 AB - Recently, the authors found that older drivers had poorer performance than younger drivers at detecting an impending collision during braking. In the present study the authors examined whether older drivers have poorer performance than younger drivers at detecting a collision with a moving object. Twenty-two older and younger drivers were presented with computer generated scenes of a roadway in a driving simulator. Located in the scene was a single object that moved independently of the vehicle motion and that was or was not on a collision path with the vehicle. Overall older drivers were less sensitive to detect a collision than younger drivers, with performance worse for long as compared to short time to contact conditions. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Crashes KW - Detection and identification KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Moving objects KW - Performance KW - Time to contact UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/52_Anderson_George.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709443 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921613 AU - Staplin, Loren AU - Dowdell, J C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN A STAGED LEARNING MODEL FOR NOVICE DRIVER SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TRAINING PY - 2001 SP - p. 259-263 AB - This paper theorizes that an optimal strategy for training novice drivers to acquire situational awareness skills will rely on a hierarchical approach consistent with traditional models of cognitive development. The success of applying such models hinges upon information presentation techniques that can maximize depth of processing, and hence comprehension and retention, at a specific stage of learning. The general discussion argues that the appropriate use of simulation is uniquely suited to meet this need. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Awareness KW - Cognition KW - Driver training KW - Novices KW - Simulation KW - Staged learning KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/53_Staplin_Loren.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921614 AU - BAUGHAN, C AU - Sexton, B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVING TESTS: RELIABILITY, AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEST ERRORS AND ACCIDENTS PY - 2001 SP - p. 264-269 AB - In the British practical driving test, serious or dangerous faults are those judged to involve potential or actual danger, and a single such fault results in test failure. As part of a wider project to review the driving test, Transport Research Laboratory conducted a study of a test-retest reliability. Test and retest outcomes differed for a substantial proportion of candidates. The paper argues that inconsistent performance on the part of the candidate is likely to explain much of this apparent unreliability. Faults that are less serious are also recorded during the test but few candidates make the 16 of them necessary to fail. Self-reported accidents during the first six months of post-test driving were analysed together with driving test records for approximately 30,000 drivers. Statistical modelling suggested that people who pass the driving test having made large numbers of the less serious faults may be intrinsically less safe as drivers, but that they also tend to drive less overall, and less often at night. This reduces (and for men removes) the association between test faults and the actual number of accidents reported. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driving tests KW - Errors KW - Reliability (Statistics) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - United Kingdom UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/54_Baughan_Chris.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921615 AU - Jeng, O-J AU - Sengupta, T AU - Vallepalli, S B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - FEASIBILITY OF EVALUATING DESIGN IDEAS FOR REDUCING VEHICULAR ENTRAPMENT AT RAILROAD CROSSINGS USING A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT PY - 2001 SP - p. 270-275 AB - The number of accidents at railroad crossings is particularly high at places where streets run parallel to the railroad tracks. Existing grade crossings were investigated for potential problems and studied for design solutions. The present study reports progress of the first phase of a New Jersey Department of Transportation sponsored project. A laboratory experiment was designed for evaluating various design ideas before they are implemented in the second phase field study. The laboratory study used images taken from actual scenes of railroad crossings in New Jersey, instead of graphical drawings commonly used in driving simulations. Possible design ideas were edited using image processing software. Those design ideas were saved in different layers for generating design combinations which were superimposed on the background images to create virtual railroad crossing scenes. Nighttime images were also made possible by retouching the digital daytime images. Preliminary results of the in-lab experiment were presented. The experience learned from the current project indicates that use of actual images with superimposed design ideas is a cost-effective approach for evaluating and redesigning display layouts. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Image processing KW - Laboratory studies KW - New Jersey KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Virtual reality UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/55_Jeng_OneJang.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921616 AU - Delorme, D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - MODELING DRIVER COGNITION PY - 2001 SP - p. 276-279 AB - A discussion of driver modeling is presented along with the design of the PADRIC (PATH DRIver Cognitive) model, and more specifically the perceptive module and its control by a tactical module. This model is integrated within a microsimulation tool, SmartAHS, for supporting the development and assessment of driver assistance systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognition KW - Computer models KW - Drivers KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/56_delorme_delphine.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709447 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921617 AU - Bham, G H AU - Benekohal, R F AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ACCELERATION BEHAVIOR OF DRIVERS IN A PLATOON PY - 2001 SP - p. 280-285 AB - A new dual-regime acceleration model was developed to represent the acceleration behavior of drivers in a platoon of vehicles. Two sets of field data collected by aerial photographic techniques were used to assess the validity of the proposed and existing acceleration models. A single regime acceleration model failed to present the acceleration behavior of drivers. The field data indicated that at around 13 m/sec the acceleration rate drops. Thus, two different acceleration rates, higher acceleration rate at lower speeds and lower acceleration rate at higher speeds, were used to provide the best fit to the data. This provided realistic acceleration behavior of drivers in a platoon. The field data sets were collected about 10 years apart. The improvements in acceleration capability of a platoon of vehicles from two different time periods were determined. Improvements in performance of vehicles were quantified using the above mentioned field data. The method of quantification can also be used to predict and model the performance of vehicles currently in use. Inversely, current vehicles can be downgraded to represent vehicles of past years and thus make use of already collected data. Important uses of the dual regime model are in modeling the traffic flow behavior and designing roadway elements that depend on acceleration behavior of drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Aerial photography KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Field data KW - Highway design KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic platooning KW - Validity UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/57_Bham_Ghulam.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921618 AU - Jerome, C J AU - Ganey, HCN AU - Commarford, P AU - Oakley, B AU - Mouloua, M AU - HANCOCK, P A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EVALUATING THE PRESENCE OF IN-VEHICLE DEVICES ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES PY - 2001 SP - p. 286-291 AB - A central concern of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the effect of in-vehicle devices (e.g., cell phones, navigation systems, radios) on driver performance and safety. As diverse and innovative technologies are designed and implemented for in-vehicle use, questions regarding the presence and use of these devices assume progressively greater importance. Concern for driver safety and advanced driver training require us to develop and validate reliable and effective procedures for assessing such effects. This work examines a number of candidate procedures, in particular the evaluation of cognitive workload as a strategy by which such goals might be achieved. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Cellular telephones KW - Cognition KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mental workload KW - Performance KW - Radio KW - Route guidance UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/58_Jerome_Christian.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709449 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921619 AU - Manser, M P AU - JENKINS, J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER AND DRIVING ASSESSMENT ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPLICATION OF A SECONDARY TASK TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 292 AB - A review of experimental methodology can uncover the shortcomings of a particular driving assessment technique, providing insight for the development and refinement of this assessment technique, and its application for further studies. By employing a case study as the backdrop for such a review, a context is created within which the specific application of the assessment technique can be examined and discussed. This paper presents the results of the examination of the driver assessment techniques as applied to the case study which investigated the relationship between conversation intensity while using a cell phone and driver performance. A secondary task technique was applied to study the influence of the intensity of conversation on the degradation of driving performance attributed to using a cellular telephone. Forty participants drove through simulated driving environments and engaged in cellular telephone conversations with the experimenter. After driving through each environment participants provided a rating of the workload experienced during the cellular telephone conversation during the drive. Accelerator input, speed, steering input, and lane position measurements were recorded while participants drove through particular sections of the simulated driving environments. Results of the study indicated the variation of steering input increased when the cellular telephone was used. As far as differences between the male participants and female participants, the males generally drove faster and the females responded more quickly to a situation requiring a sudden braking or steering maneuver. Overall, the drivers perceived the workload to be greater when using a cellular telephone. However, the use of the case study to examine the driver assessment and secondary task techniques indicated there were several positive and negative attributes which need to be considered in future research where such techniques are to be applied. For example, an analysis of the performance measures revealed that changes in the horizontal alignment of the roadway created lasting perturbations in the data. In particular, increased variations in steering input and lane position were observed for a considerable distance and time after a participant exited a curved section of roadway. These perturbations subsequently interfered with the application of the secondary task. Results of this case study are discussed in terms of the positive and negative attributes of employing the driving assessment techniques and secondary techniques, how to enhance the utility of these techniques, and the theoretical and practical application of these techniques for on-road and simulated driving environment research. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Case studies KW - Cellular telephones KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Gender KW - Lane position KW - Mental workload KW - Performance KW - Speed KW - Steering UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/59_jenkins_manser.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921620 AU - Wachtel, J AU - Durfee, W K AU - Rosenthal, T J AU - SCHOLD-DAVIS, E AU - Stern, E B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EVALUATION OF A LOW-COST, PC-BASED DRIVING SIMULATOR TO ASSESS PERSONS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS DUE TO BRAIN INJURY (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 293-294 AB - Brain injury due to accident or stroke frequently results in cognitive impairment, reducing an individual's ability to judge driving situations accurately. Rehabilitation professionals typically use a combination of clinical and on-road tests to determine whether an individual is safe to drive. Weighing the safety of the community, the candidate, and the driving evaluator, these on-road tests are often conducted under road, traffic and weather conditions less demanding than those that a driver might face in the "real world," and thus may offer less than complete information regarding the candidate's responses to such real-world driving challenges. Indeed, individuals with mild cognitive deficits may perform adequately under such testing conditions but unsafely when driving challenges increase. Complicating this situation further, those with mild to moderate acquired cognitive impairments may be largely unaware of their own limitations, and thus more intolerant of perceived delays or challenges to their desire to drive again. Although continuing advances have improved performance and fidelity while significantly reducing costs, most interactive driving simulators remain too expensive for widespread clinical application. In a project funded by the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, National Institutes of Health, the authors sought to determine, on a pilot basis, whether a low-cost, PC-based driving simulator could provide clinicians with information useful to their efforts to assess the safe ability to drive of individuals with cognitive impairments. The authors developed two comprehensive simulator-based driving scenarios, one quite basic and one more challenging, and pilot-tested them on ten subjects - five with moderate cognitive impairments, and five age and sex matched controls without impairment. The "simple" scenario was developed to match the essential demands of the first half of an existing on-road driving evaluation; the "complex" scenario was based on the second half of the on-road evaluation into which more demanding, but still common, driving challenges were integrated. Results from the simulator were compared to results from the on-road evaluation. In addition, data gathered from subject exit interviews were used to judge simulator verisimilitude and efficacy in changing self-awareness of deficit. Because the cognitive impairments associated with brain injury often reduce the individual's awareness of his or her own limitations, the authors looked at evidence that performance on the simulator could contribute to an individual's own understanding of his or her driving strengths and weaknesses. The results of the pilot study will lead to an enhancement of simulator capabilities, and to a comprehensive clinical trial at multiple sites. This paper presents the findings of this pilot investigation and an overview of the expanded clinical study. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Awareness KW - Brain KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driving simulators KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Personal computers KW - Pilot studies UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/60_Watchel_Jerry.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921591 AU - HANCOCK, P A AU - LESCH, M AU - Simmons, L AU - Mouloua, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DISTRACTION EFFECTS OF PHONE USE DURING A CRUCIAL DRIVING MANEUVER (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 166 AB - Forty-two licensed drivers were tested in an experiment that required them to react to an in-vehicle phone at precisely the same time as they were faced with making a crucial driving decision. Using test track facilities, the authors extended a previous evaluation of this form to include examination of the influence of driver gender and driver age. Specifically, each driver was given task practice and then performed two blocks of 24 trials each, where one trial represented a circuit of the test track. Half of the trials were control conditions in which neither the stop light was activated nor the in-vehicle phone triggered. Four trials required only stopping and a further four only phone response. The remaining four trials required the driver to complete each task simultaneously. The order of presentation of specific trials was randomized. The in-vehicle phone response task also contained an embedded memory task that was evaluated at the end of each trial. Results confirmed previous observations of slower task response followed by increased braking and that these patterns varied by driver age and gender. Most importantly, the authors recorded a critical 15% increase in non-response to the stop light in the presence of the phone distraction task which represents stop light violations on the open road. Further, results showed that age had a much larger effect on response than gender, especially on task components that required speed of response. Since driving represents a highly complex and interactive environment, it is not possible to specify a simplistic relationship between these distraction effects and outcome accident patterns. However, it can be concluded that such technologies erode performance safety margin and distract drivers from their critical primary task of vehicle control. As such there is expectedly a causal relation in accident outcome that is a crucial concern for in-vehicle device designers and for all others seeking to ameliorate the adverse impact of vehicle accidents. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Age KW - Braking KW - Cellular telephones KW - Crash causes KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Stopping KW - Test tracks KW - Traffic violations UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/31_Hancock_Peter.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921592 AU - Sumer, N AU - Ayvasik, B AU - Er, N AU - Ozkan, T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ROLE OF MONOTONOUS ATTENTION IN TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, ERRORS, AND ACCIDENTS PY - 2001 SP - p. 167-173 AB - Recent traffic law in Turkey requires that drivers whose driving licenses were withheld because of their serious traffic offences be subjected to "psychotechnical assessment" tests. These tests must include measures for psychomotor and mental abilities such as monotonous attention, peripheral perception, and reasoning. Currently, the authors are in process of developing a computer based psychotechnical driver test system. This study investigates the validity of the monotonous attention test that is one of the measures in this system. Participants were 79 volunteer drivers from Ankara, Turkey. First, drivers completed the Driver Behavior Questionnaire measuring violations and errors and demographic items regarding drivers' history of offences and accidents. Second, participants were asked to respond to the Traffic Monotonous Attention Test that is a cancellation task. Initial analysis revealed that the correlations between the scores of attention index and other major variables were not significant. Therefore, a tripartite split was performed on the participants' attention scores. The results of ANOVAs revealed that those who had medium level of attention (incorrect responses) reported higher levels of driving errors than both high and low attention groups. The examination of the relationships between accident type and the continuous attention scores indicated that those having active accidents also had higher levels of both incorrect and omitted responses than no accident and passive accident groups. Findings of this study seem to imply that individual differences in the monotonous attention should be related with accident involvement and therefore, should be considered in devising a computer-based system including the measure of monotonous attention. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Psychological tests KW - Psychotechnical assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Turkey UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/32_Sumer_Nebi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709423 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921593 AU - Ball, K AU - BALL, D AU - RUMBLE, M AU - Edwards, D AU - WADLEY, V AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECTS OF A SPEED OF PROCESSING INTERVENTION ON DRIVING PERFORMANCE: THE ACCELERATE STUDY (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 174 AB - Useful Field of View performance, as measured by UFOV (registered trademark), is a valid and reliable predictor of crash involvement among older drivers, and UFOV (registered trademark) performance improves with Speed of Processing (SOP) training. The ACCELERATE Study is examining the effects of SOP training on other cognitive functions and on everyday mobility among older adults at risk for impaired mobility. To date, 59 participants have been randomly assigned to SOP training and 59 to an Internet training control group (total n=118). At baseline and post-test, participants are given extensive cognitive, sensory, health, and mobility assessments, as well as driving assessments in either a driving simulator or an instrumented vehicle. Preliminary results indicate that performance on the UFOV (registered trademark) improves significantly more in the SOP training group than in the control group. Furthermore, means on most other cognitive variables are in the direction of greater improvement for SOP trainees than controls, with significant transfer of training on select speeded measures. Preliminary analyses of driving indicate that relative to controls, SOP trainees have improved in the speed with which they are able to detect moving targets originating in the periphery and moving toward central vision, but not in the detection of static targets originating in central view. Thus, some driving tasks appear to benefit from SOP training, while others do not. Results suggest that Speed of Processing training may transfer to other cognitive functions as well as to everyday mobility performance, such as driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Driving KW - Field of vision KW - Forecasting KW - Intervention KW - Performance KW - Speed of processing training KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/33_Ball_Ball.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709424 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921594 AU - Crowe, A AU - Smyser, T AU - RABY, M AU - BATEMAN, K AU - Rizzo, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - VISUAL ATTENTION AND ROADWAY LANDMARK IDENTIFICATION IN AT-RISK OLDER DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 175-176 AB - Driving is a complex task that makes high demands on visual processing capacity. Reduction of visual attention and processing speed are risk factors for car crash involvement in older drivers. Impairment of these visual functions can affect driver safety by impairing the ability to search for information in a cluttered panorama that includes traffic signals and road signs. The purpose of the current study was to examine the extent to which on-road landmark identification during the driving task is predicted by off-road measures of visual attention. The study shows that scores on a test of selective visual attention correlated with ability to identify landmarks (restaurants) on a commercial highway, yet visual processing speed and divided attention showed no significant correlation. Moreover, ability to identify safety signs did not correlate with any of the visual measures. Several factors may have affected the percentage of landmarks (signs and restaurants) identified. One factor is the variability of ambient traffic, which causes a variation of driver workload, which in turn affects the ability to search the roadway for visual targets. Also, some drivers tended to call out indiscriminately every landmark they encountered, which would tend to increase their percent correct responses. In future analyses, the theory of signal detection will be applied to address this response bias. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Detection and identification KW - Highway safety KW - Landmarks KW - Mental workload KW - Restaurants KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual processing UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/34_Rizzo_Crowe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921595 AU - Meyer, G AU - Slick, R AU - Westra, D AU - Noblot, N AU - Kuntz, L-A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - VIRTUAL TRUCK DRIVER TRAINING AND VALIDATION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR RANGE AND SKID PAD PY - 2001 SP - p. 177-182 AB - This poster presentation describes preliminary work done at the Carnegie Mellon Driver Training and Safety Institute to test the validity of truck driver simulator training for backing maneuvers, and the digitalization of a skid pad. Preliminary results supported the validity of simulator training for straight-line and reverse-lane-change backing skills. Results for the skid pad work indicated that stopping distances during hard braking on the virtual skid pad were somewhat shorter than on the physical skid pad at the same initial speed. The shorter stopping distance in the simulator was the result of the functional limit of 0.2 surface coefficient of friction in the simulation dynamic model. A virtual skid pad with a slope of 9% was created to test the effect of slope on braking distance. Results showed that stopping distances in the simulator increased as a result of increasing the slope, indicating that the functional limit of the dynamic model can be overcome by varying the virtual slope. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Skid pad digitalization KW - Truck drivers KW - Validation KW - Virtual reality UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/35_Westra_Daniel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709426 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921596 AU - PARKER, D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - CAN WE PREDICT THE ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE OF OLDER DRIVERS? PY - 2001 SP - p. 183-189 AB - A study of drivers aged 50-90 was carried out to assess which, if any, of a range of measures were useful in predicting on-road performance. The study had three phases. In Phase One almost 2000 drivers completed an extensive self-report questionnaire, the Aging Driver Questionnaire, or ADQ. In the ADQ they described their personal and driving history, their driving behaviour and their attitudes and opinions on a variety of driving issues. Measures of general health, personality and intelligence were also taken. In Phase Two a subsample of those completing the ADQ (N=600) completed an extensive battery of laboratory tests of their cognitive and physiological capacities. In Phase Three 200 of this laboratory test sample completed two assessed on-road drives. The key results were that a) scores on the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire showed that relatively high levels of errors and lapses behind the wheel were predictive of involvement in active accidents, while passive accident involvement was associated with a relatively high number of lapses, b) lapses were also associated with some indices of on-road performance, c) in general, performance on the cognitive and physiological laboratory tests was not associated with on-road performance, and d) the best predictor of on-road performance was a relatively good score on a multiple choice test of driving knowledge, an assessment of driving knowledge offered in multiple choice format. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention lapses KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Driving KW - Driving tests KW - Errors KW - Forecasting KW - Health KW - Intelligence KW - Knowledge KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Personality KW - Physiology KW - Questionnaires UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/36_Parker_Dianne.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709427 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921597 AU - Jamson, H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECT ON DRIVING SIMULATOR VALIDITY PY - 2001 SP - p. 190-195 AB - Due to financial and computational limitations, the image quality presented in driving simulators is often a trade-off between resolution, pixel density and field of view. The current study examined this trade-off by investigating the effect of image resolution and horizontal field of view on the validity of the Leeds Driving Simulator. There were three levels of pixel density: low (3.6 arc min per pixel), high (2.6 arc min per pixel) and real world, and four levels of field of view: narrow (50 deg), medium (120 deg), wide (230 deg) and real world. Results seemed to show that widening the field of view improved the validity of speed choice and lane position between simulated and real world driving conditions, whilst there was no significant effect of image resolution. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driving simulators KW - Field of vision KW - Image resolution KW - Lane position KW - Pixel density KW - Speed choice KW - University of Leeds KW - Validity UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/37_jamson_hamish.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709428 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921598 AU - Caird, J K AU - EDWARDS, C J AU - CREASER, J AU - Scialfa, C T AU - Horrey, W J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECT OF TIME CONSTRAINTS ON OLDER AND YOUNGER DRIVER DECISIONS TO TURN AT INTERSECTIONS USING A MODIFIED CHANGE BLINDNESS PARADIGM (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 196 AB - After age 75, the risk of intersection accident involvement for older drivers increases for most intersection maneuvers. Failure to yield right-of-way and violation of traffic controls are common citations. Previous research has argued that age-related declines in attentional breadth and switching can discriminate between those who are and are not more likely to be in an accident. The present study examined the effect of time constraints on older and younger driver intersection decisions. It was expected that less time to decide, process and act upon intersection decisions would adversely affect older drivers more so than younger drivers. The change blindness or flicker paradigm was modified to address these questions. Typically, an image (A) is alternated with a modified image (A'), each for a short duration (250 ms) with a blank field or mask (80 ms) between A and A'. In the present study, a focus screen (or prime) that indicated the expected direction of travel (i.e., left, right, or straight) was added prior to the alternation of images. Forty-eight images were selected from 2500 intersection approaches in Calgary, Winnipeg and Montreal that were filmed using a digital camera during the day. Photoshop was used to create the A' images by manipulating a variety of elements including pedestrians, vehicles, signs, and signals. The goal of the participant was to decide if the indicated direction of travel in the pair of intersection images was safe (press accelerator) or not (press brake). Sixteen younger (M=22.3) and 16 older (M=73.6) drivers were screened for visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and medication use. Length of image alternation was the primary independent variable (4 and 8 s). As expected, older drivers were more likely to miss intersection changes at shorter exposure durations than younger drivers. A number of qualitative probes were also collected that clearly illustrate the contextual demands of intersections on attention. The implications of the results for intersection design and older driver selective attention are discussed. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Time duration KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.worldcat.org/title/effect-of-time-constraints-on-older-and-younger-driver-decisions-to-turn-at-intersections-using-a-modified-change-blindness-paradigm/oclc/173312317 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921599 AU - MCGEHEE, D V AU - Lee, J D AU - Rizzo, M AU - BATEMAN, K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EXAMINATION OF OLDER DRIVER STEERING ADAPTATION ON A HIGH PERFORMANCE DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 2001 SP - p. 197-201 AB - The objective of this study was to examine how long it takes for older drivers to adapt their steering control on a fixed-base driving simulator. The authors hypothesized that older drivers achieve maximum training benefit within the first few minutes of a driving simulation. Thirteen drivers over 65 years of age drove a four-channel, 150 deg forward field-of-view, 50 deg rear field-of-view, fixed-base driving simulator for 25 minutes. The authors used a six-degree steering wheel reversal criterion to evaluate drivers' adaptation to the simulator. Since drivers' adapt to a simulator over time, the authors examined the number of steering wheel reversals greater than six degrees that occurred per minute during each of three sections, the start, middle and end of the 25-minute drive. The results showed that older drivers needed about three minutes to adapt and get the "feel" of the simulator. Before this time driving behavior in the simulator may not be representative of actual driving performance. These results provide preliminary support for assuming that an adaptation period as short as five minutes may enable drivers to adapt to the driving simulator and drive normally. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aged drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Steering KW - Time duration UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/39_McGehee_Daniel.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709430 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921600 AU - Hollnagel, E AU - Karlsson, J AU - Magnusson, T AU - Taube, U AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THEY DRIVE AT NIGHT - CAN VISUAL ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS KEEP THE DRIVER IN CONTROL? PY - 2001 SP - p. 202-207 AB - Driving requires a combination of open-loop and closed-loop control. The open-loop control is affected by the quality of visual input, and therefore constrained during driving at night. This study investigated the effects of a Visual Enhancement System (VES) during simulated night driving conditions. It was hypothesized that the VES would improve the driver's control, hence the quality of driving. Forty experienced drivers drove about 120 km on a simulated Swedish road with and without a VES. At the time of writing, the experiments have just finished. Data analysis will focus on derived measures that correspond to the driver's degree of control. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driver vehicle control KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Night KW - Sweden KW - Visual enhancement system KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/40_Hollnagel_Erik.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709431 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921601 AU - Takada, Y AU - Shimoyama, O AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EVALUATION OF DRIVING-ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS BASED ON DRIVERS' WORKLOAD PY - 2001 SP - p. 208-213 AB - This paper describes an experimental study concerning an evaluation of advanced driving-assistance systems using methods for estimating workload levels. The effects of such systems on drivers' mental workload and driving performance were measured experimentally using the driving simulator. Six subjects were instructed to drive the simulator in a highway environment with and without Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and/or the collision warning system (CWS). To assess the effectiveness of these systems on drivers' performance, the subjects were asked to calculate sums of single- or double-digit figures displayed. The results show that higher accuracy was obtained under a condition with ACC than without it. To estimate the subjects' mental workload levels, their electrocardiograms and respiration data were recorded during the sessions and the RRI (respiration rate interval), heart rate variance and respiration frequency were calculated. The results indicate that the provision of the CWS and ACC reduced the subjects' mental workload compared with the situation without the systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Cruise control KW - Driver support systems KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Electrocardiography KW - Mental workload KW - Performance KW - Respiration data UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/41_takada_yuji2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921602 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - Simpson, J K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF PICTORIAL AND NONPICTORIAL DISTANCE CUES FOR DRIVER VISION PY - 2001 SP - p. 214-218 AB - There is evidence that nonpictorial distance cues, including accommodation and binocular disparity, play at most a minor role in driving relative to pictorial cues, such as relative size and linear perspective. However, the possibility that nonpictorial cues play a nontrivial role in at least some driving situations is of interest because of current and proposed applications of camera-based displays in driving. Such applications include the use of video systems as replacements for rearview mirrors and to enhance forward vision at night. By their nature, camera-based displays selectively eliminate or distort nonpictorial distance cues. This paper reviews analytical and experimental approaches for determining the relative importance of pictorial and nonpictorial cues in driving, and discusses the implications for the use of camera-based displays, as well as nonplanar rearview mirrors. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Camera-based displays KW - Cameras KW - Convex mirrors KW - Drivers KW - Information display systems KW - Nonpictorial distance cues KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Video cameras KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/42_Flannagan.final.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921603 AU - Tijerina, L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF MONO-PULSE BRAKING HAPTIC DISPLAYS FOR REAR-END COLLISION WARNING PY - 2001 SP - p. 219-224 AB - This paper summarizes two studies of mono-pulse braking for rear-end collision avoidance applications. The first study was a single-vehicle parameter-setting study without a lead vehicle that produced recommended pulse braking display duration and jerk rate. However, results also indicated that pulse braking display magnitude influenced the magnitude of driver braking behavior. A second study examined the impact of this driver interface concept both when a lead vehicle was braking to a stop and when the display came on even though the lead vehicle was not slowing down. The results indicated that in the first case drivers modulated their response according to the constraints of the situation rather than the magnitude of the haptic display. On approximately one-third of false positive trials, brief and mild inappropriate braking responses were recorded. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Drivers KW - Pulse braking display KW - Rear end crashes KW - Tactile perception UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13363.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709434 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921604 AU - Boer, E R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - BEHAVIORAL ENTROPY AS A MEASURE OF DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 2001 SP - p. 225-229 AB - Delayed event detection and degraded vehicle control are observed when drivers fuel their need to perform extra-driving activities. Vehicle control and event detection are shown to degrade most if the in-vehicle task requires spatial cognitive resources and/or if the activity requires visual perception and/or manual control manipulation. In-vehicle tasks with auditory input and/or voice output that primarily demand low levels of verbal cognitive resources appear to affect event detection only to a small degree and seem to have no effect on vehicle control. A theory-based approach to measure, analyze, and interpret these performance assessments is presented. Results from SAE paper #1999-01-0892 are used as a vehicle to demonstrate that steering entropy (a measure of vehicle control) in conjunction with reaction times to unpredictable peripheral events (a surrogate measure for event detection) offer clear insight into the safety consequences of various in-vehicle tasks. These results are here discussed in the context of a simple linear predictive model that is based on Wickens' theory of multiple resources. The model is shown to offer useful predictions about the interpretations of the effects that various in-vehicle tasks have on driving performance in general and driver distraction in particular. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention KW - Audio media KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety KW - In-vehicle tasks KW - Manual control KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Reaction time KW - Steering KW - Theory KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/44_boer_edwin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709435 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921585 AU - Ceci, R AU - Hogman, L AU - Patten, C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - MEASURES OF DRIVER BEHAVIOR AND COGNITIVE WORKLOAD IN A DRIVING SIMULATOR AND IN REAL TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT - EXPERIENCES FROM TWO EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN SWEDEN PY - 2001 SP - p. 137-142 AB - The use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in general is increasing in road traffic with external demands on driver attention and cognitive functioning. Also in-vehicle information systems such as navigation and onboard personal computers with Internet and e-mail connections are on the market in many parts of the world. Two different studies are presented in this paper. These have focused upon mental performance as a result of driving in a tunnel simulation with a route choice task and in a real traffic environment with the effect of various in-vehicle navigation tasks. Results indicate future orientation and road choice problems. As many as 50% of test drivers missed important road sign information and made critical road choice errors at specific points, i.e., entering the tunnel system from main roads. In the second study significant effects of visual and visual/verbal but no significant effects of verbal instructions on mental performance were obtained. These results are discussed with respect to requirements regarding suitable standard methods for assessment of cognitive workload caused by external information (i.e., road/tunnel environment) and from in-vehicle systems. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Attention KW - Audio media KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Errors KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mental workload KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Onboard personal computers KW - Performance KW - Route choice KW - Visual media UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/25_ceci_ruggero.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709416 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921586 AU - Haas, E C AU - Kunze, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE EFFECT OF A VEHICLE CONTROL DEVICE ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE IN A SIMULATED TANK DRIVING TASK PY - 2001 SP - p. 143-146 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different vehicle controllers on driver performance in a simulated tank driving task. Eight male civilian volunteers with normal visual acuity drove a simulated tank on a digitized road terrain. The subject monitored his speed by means of a speedometer shown on the monitor. Independent variables were driving controller (joystick, or steering wheel with attached brake and accelerator pedal), and assigned driving speed of 15 or 45 mph (the maximum speed at which the subject was permitted to travel). Dependent variables were mean driving speed (the average speed at which the subject actually drove), and the proportion of time the center of the vehicle remained on the road during travel. Results indicated that subjects using the steering wheel obtained a significantly greater mean driving speed than those using the joystick only when they were permitted to drive a maximum speed of 45 mph. This difference may have little practical significance because the mean driving speed for the two controllers differed by less than 5 mph. There was no significant difference between controllers for the proportion of time the driver was able to keep the center of the vehicle on the road. Results implied that joystick controls have potential as an alternative control technology, and the ergonomic placement of the joystick could be an important factor in enhancing driver performance. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Ergonomics KW - Human subject testing KW - Joysticks (Computers) KW - Performance KW - Speed KW - Steering wheels KW - Tanks (Combat vehicles) UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/26_Haas_Elizabeth.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709417 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921587 AU - Owens, J M AU - Lehman, R AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND DISTRACTION ON REACTION TIME IN A DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 2001 SP - p. 147-152 AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of driver distraction - both cognitive and visual - on reaction time to unexpected road hazards. Participants operated a driving simulator while intermittently answering prerecorded questions of various difficulty (holding a "conversation" with the computer), or dialing specified numbers into a cellular telephone. Two road hazards were presented at unpredictable times and locations, including red brake lights and a red pedestrian-shape of approximately the same area as the brake lights. Targets were presented in two different locations: directly in front of the driver at the bottom of the screen, and off to the side of the road. The results showed a significant overall increase in reaction time for older subjects, as well as a strong interaction with the dialing task condition. There were no significant differences from the control for either easy or difficult verbal response conditions. In addition, stimuli on the side of the road took significantly longer to respond to, especially when combined with the dialing task. These data suggest a strong link between age, visual task load, stimulus location, and increased reaction time to unexpected stimuli. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Age KW - Cellular telephones KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Hazards KW - Reaction time KW - Visual media KW - Visual task load UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/27_Owens_Justin.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709418 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921588 AU - JAMSON, S L AU - Tate, F N AU - Jamson, A H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - BILINGUAL VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS: A STUDY OF INFORMATION PRESENTATION AND DRIVER DISTRACTION PY - 2001 SP - p. 153-158 AB - Research on static bilingual signs has confirmed increased reading times compared to their monolingual counterparts; however, there is little empirical research on bilingual Variable Message Signs (VMSs). The study reported here evaluates the effect of various bilingual VMS configurations on driver behaviour and safety. The aim of the study was to determine whether or not the visual distraction associated with bilingual VMSs of different configurations (length, complexity) impacted on driving performance. The results suggest that four-line bilingual VMSs comprising 2 lines of text in each language are read by both monolingual and bilingual drivers in a manner that more closely approximates a two-line monolingual sign. This being the case it is likely that the deployment of four-line bilingual signs on Welsh motorways is unlikely to result in a significant reduction in safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Bilingualism KW - Distraction KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Variable message signs KW - Wales UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/28_Jamson_Samantha.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921589 AU - Kolrep, H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ASSESSING AND PREDICTING THE IMPACT OF COWLSHAKE IN CONVERTIBLE CARS ON SUBJECTIVE COMFORT PY - 2001 SP - p. 159-163 AB - Torsional oscillations of the car body of convertible cars give rise to cowlshake of the windshield frame, the rearview mirror, the dashboard, steering wheel, and seats. Drivers can perceive these oscillations which might impair subjective comfort and driving safety. Intensity reaches from just noticeable movements up to annoying shake of the steering wheel and distorted view in the mirror. A method to assess drivers' subjective comfort is suggested which allows to determine a functional relation between objective parameters of cowlshake and subjective comfort. This study is a first step towards simulation of cowlshake which includes prediction of comfort impairment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Comfort KW - Convertibles (Automobiles) KW - Cowlshake KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Oscillation UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/29_Kolrep_Harald.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709420 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921590 AU - GUERRIER, J AU - Wachtel, J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - A SIMULATOR STUDY OF DRIVER RESPONSE TO CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS OF DIFFERING MESSAGE LENGTH AND FORMAT (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 164-165 AB - Highway congestion nationwide continues to increase, and three Florida urban areas rank among the top ten. Florida has been studying and implementing intelligent transportation system technologies to address its congestion problems, with a focus on its special populations such as the elderly and multi-cultural groups for which English is not the primary language. One of these technologies most widely deployed is the changeable message sign (CMS). Fifty-two CMSs are operational in Florida, with 39 more scheduled for deployment soon. Although CMSs have the potential to facilitate travel, certain issues must be considered to ensure that they do not exacerbate the congestion problem. One key CMS operational issue is the number of phases required to present a complete message. "On-time" for two-phase messages varies from 2.5 to 5 seconds per phase across the State. Of course, the appropriateness of this on-time depends not only on the characteristics of the CMS itself, but on the road, traffic and weather conditions, and driver characteristics. This study, funded by the National Institute on Aging, investigated issues related to the number of CMS phases and their on-time. The authors used a low-cost, interactive driving simulator supplemented with a video monitor above the main display. While simulator screens presented interactive road and traffic conditions, the supplemental monitor displayed the CMS. Young and old drivers drove the simulator under different workload conditions and responded to road closure/detour information on the CMS. All CMS displays were developed in accordance with accepted guidelines and were reviewed for content by independent experts. Results showed consistent and significant age effects across all tested conditions. In addition, the authors found significantly poorer response for all drivers under the two-phase CMS, despite the fact that the message "on-time" was nearly 2 seconds longer than that used in two major Florida jurisdictions. The findings have implications for CMS design and operation in Florida and in other jurisdictions with similar populations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Formatting KW - Length KW - Mental workload KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Variable message signs UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/30_Watchel_Jose.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709421 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921574 AU - Heitmann, A AU - Guttkuhn, R AU - Aguirre, A AU - Trutschel, U AU - Moore-Ede, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE MONITORING AND PREVENTION OF DRIVER FATIGUE PY - 2001 SP - p. 81-86 AB - A series of driving simulation pilot studies on various technologies for alertness monitoring (head position sensor, eye-gaze system), fitness-for-duty testing (two pupil-based systems), and alertness promotion (in-seat vibration system) has been conducted in Circadian Technologies' Alertness Testbed. The results indicate that all tested technologies show promise for monitoring/testing or preventing driver fatigue, respectively. However, particularly for fatigue monitoring, no simple measure alone may be sensitive and reliable enough to quantify driver fatigue. Since alertness is a complex phenomenon, a multi-parametric approach needs to be used. Such a multi-sensor approach imposes challenges for online data interpretation. We suggest using a neural-fuzzy hybrid system for the automatic assessment of complex data streams for driver fatigue. The final system output can then be used to trigger the activation of alertness countermeasures. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Alertness KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Monitoring KW - Pilot studies KW - Prevention KW - Technology UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/14_Heitmann_Anneke.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709405 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921575 AU - Brackstone, M AU - McDonald, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER BEHAVIOUR STUDIES IN THE MOTORWAY OPERATIONS PLATFORM GRANT PY - 2001 SP - p. 87-92 AB - This paper reports on a four-year project being undertaken in the U.K., which intends to address the causative mechanisms of motorway congestion, and how these may be overcome by the use of in-vehicle Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The project comprises five studies, two focussing on driver behaviour and performance, and three on microscopic simulation and road operations. This paper provides an overview of progress made and work in progress in the former of these topics, in particular: (i) Phase 1: an instrumented vehicle study collecting microscopic time series on how drivers behave in slow moving dense traffic. An overview of results from this phase is presented; and (ii) Phase 2: to be initiated in late 2001, looks to examine how drivers behave when faced with the requirement for an emergency deceleration. The study will use a combination of a surrogate vehicle/test track approach and a fixed base driving simulator study, in order to examine the advantages of the differing methodologies and (if validity is proven) to increase database size. A brief review is given of the intended use of outputs from these studies in subsequent simulation modelling studies to be undertaken in future years. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traffic congestion UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/15_Brackstone_Mark.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709406 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921576 AU - WHEATLEY, D J AU - Hurwitz, J B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE USE OF A MULTI-MODAL INTERFACE TO INTEGRATE IN-VEHICLE INFORMATION PRESENTATION PY - 2001 SP - p. 93-97 AB - The car of the future will have many new information sources - including telematics systems, navigation systems and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) - that will compete for a driver's limited cognitive attention. If they are implemented as completely separate systems then cognitive overload and driver distraction are inevitable outcomes. However, if they are implemented as an integrated intelligent system with a multi-modal interface, then the benefits of such functionality will be achieved with much less impact on driving safety. Such a system will support the task of safe driving by filtering and mediating information in response to real-world driving demands. This paper outlines the human factors research program being undertaken by Motorola Labs to evaluate key elements of such a multi-model interface as well as the key human factors issues involved in a multi-modal interface. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Attention KW - Cognition KW - Distraction KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Multitasking UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/16_Wheatley_David.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921577 AU - Wang, D-YD AU - Pick, D F AU - Proctor, R W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - PERFORMANCE ON CUE RECOGNITION AND EVASIVE ACTION SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF EFFECTIVE DRIVING IN COLLEGE-AGE DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 98-102 AB - Two experiments compared self-reported driving effectiveness of licensed drivers (mean age 19 years) to their performance on two simulated driving tasks. For both experiments, drivers first completed a driving history questionnaire. In Experiment 1, they then performed Cue Recognition, which uses stationary line drawings of vehicles as stimuli and requires a turning or braking response to an appropriate stimulus. Males responded faster than females, especially for the most complex choice responses, and reported more tickets. Drivers reporting no tickets responded slower than those reporting at least one ticket, and they reported fewer accidents. In Experiment 2, drivers also performed Evasive Action Skills, which uses more realistic recorded driving scenarios in which the appearance of a hazard is the imperative stimulus that commands the appropriate turn or brake response. Number of errors on Evasive Action Skills correlated significantly with number of self-reported accidents. Response times on Cue Recognition and Evasive Action Skills were correlated, but there was no relation between response times on Cue Recognition and errors on Evasive Action Skills. However, a comparison of the 10 fastest and 10 slowest drivers on Cue Recognition showed that the fastest responders committed significantly more errors on Evasive Action Skills than did the slowest responders. The data in both experiments reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - College students KW - Correlation analysis KW - Cue recognition KW - Driver history KW - Drivers KW - Errors KW - Evasive action skills KW - Gender KW - Performance KW - Reaction time UR - http://webs.purduecal.edu/psychology/david-pick/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709408 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921578 AU - Bogdonoff, S M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - BEI'S DRIVER SKILL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM (D-SEP): BRIEF REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL MINI-PROGRAM AND CONCLUSIONS PY - 2001 SP - p. 103-108 AB - The BEI Driver Skill Enhancement Program (D-SEP) had its beginnings in a local group meeting to provide input to the White House Commission on Aging about 6 years ago. At this meeting, the author became acutely aware of the problems older people had with driving. Building on the author's 25 years of activities with driver education programs on high-speed road tracks, he started a research program which continues today. Research was initiated into other driving schools and their methods, and study of the fundamental elements of driving (from may sources). The research was supplemented by data gathering on the "process of driving" (by discussions with many experts). There is general agreement that driving is a combination of several skills; and there are three basic elements of driving: (a) information gathering, primarily visual; (b) cognitive processing, during which the large amount of data obtained visually is sifted to separate out what is crucial for the driving experience; and (c) physical activities of the arms and legs, to carry out the decisions reached in the cognitive process. This process is repeated continuously as one drives, since driving is a "dynamic" process. The BEI program is based on two premises: (1) P + A = a good driver. P is Preparation: what the drivers, in their cars, can actually do. A is Anticipation: the visual-cognitive process which buys time to carry out the physical activities involved in making a car perform. Anticipation is usually not consciously practiced, although carried out in some form for all driving. (2) "Training and practice" will, in most cases, considerably enhance the skills required for driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognition KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver training KW - Motor skills KW - Research KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/18_Bogdonoff_Seymout.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709409 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921579 AU - Nicolas, L AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - ERGONOMICS SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGN OF A HMI FOR AN INFORMATIONAL SAFE DRIVING SUPPORT SYSTEM PY - 2001 SP - p. 109-111 AB - This paper describes the first ergonomics step for the design of an HMI for an informational safe driving support system. The objectives of the experimentation presented are to supply first settings corresponding to an alert and to collect first "subjective" evaluations of the HMI tested with the aim of a final evaluation and of recommendations for the conception. Five HMIs were studied: a sound provided by speakers integrated in the driver headrest; two flashing lights down the windscreen; two flashing arrows in the instrument cluster; a vibrator in the steering wheel; and two vibrators in the driver seat. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Design KW - Driver support systems KW - Ergonomics KW - Specifications KW - Warning systems UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/19_nicolas_laurent.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709410 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921580 AU - TOKUNAGA, R A AU - Shimojo, A AU - HAGIWARA, T AU - KAGAYA, S AU - Uchida, K AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECTS OF CELLULAR TELEPHONE USE WHILE DRIVING BASED ON OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MENTAL WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT PY - 2001 SP - p. 112-117 AB - A series of studies was performed to investigate the effects of cellular telephone use while driving on driver mental workload. In these surveillance studies objective and subjective methods were used to find the driver mental workload behaviour. In the first study, the results indicated that the hands-free system provided less effect on the driver's mental workload than the hand-held system. In the second study, experience in using a cellular telephone while driving had no positive effect on reaction time. The operation task and talking task had little effect on the subjective mental workload of the experienced subjects, but had statistically significant effects on the subjective mental workload of the non-experienced subjects. In the third study, the results of experiment indicated that the telephone tasks increase the mental workload of the drivers as were shown in the second study. The results also indicated that the complex conversation task produced an increase in driver mental workload as compared to the simple conversation task and the other tasks independent of age group. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cellular telephones KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Mental workload KW - Reaction time UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/20_tokunaga_roberto.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709411 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921581 AU - HERREGODS, D AU - NOWE, H AU - BEKIARIS, A AU - BATEN, G AU - KNOLL, C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE TRAINER PROJECT: MATCHING TRAINING CURRICULA TO DRIVERS REAL NEEDS USING MULTIMEDIA TOOLS (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 118 AB - One of the more important issues in road insecurity is that drivers are not enough conscious of all the dynamics involved while driving a vehicle. Historically, driver training has focused on vehicle control skills and traffic rules without reaching far enough in the efforts to provide risk awareness and other higher order skills. The European Union supported "TRAINER" project addresses this problem with the development of a cost-effective Pan-European driver training methodology based on realistic, interactive, off-road tools: a new interactive multimedia training tool, a low cost stationary and a mean cost semi-dynamic driving simulator. This paper describes the interactive multimedia tool requirements and scenarios design to support driver training and assessment in strategic and manoeuvring tasks. The more than 100 different scenarios developed allows training and assessment of higher cognitive skills and familiarisation of novice drivers with the basic principles of driving: safety belt use, alcohol driving influence, gap acceptance, headway tailgating, peripheral view, yielding, lane changing, turning, unforeseen events, hazard perception, overtaking manoeuvres, visual cues, parked car, intersection turning, pedestrians and children, and so on. After verification of the methodology and assessment of the effect on risk awareness enhancement of learner drivers through tests with 30 novice drivers (and an equal control group) in 4 European countries, the TRAINER tools will be integrated into a common European driver education and assessment methodology, that will also contribute towards safe integration of novice drivers into the traffic environment. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognition KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Methodology KW - Multimedia UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/21_Herregods_Nowe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709412 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921582 AU - Dols, J F AU - Pardo, J AU - Falkmer, T AU - Uneken, E AU - VERWEY, W AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - THE TRAINER PROJECT: A NEW SIMULATOR-BASED DRIVER TRAINING CURRICULUM PY - 2001 SP - p. 119-124 AB - The purpose of the European Union funded TRAINER project is to develop a new cost-effective Pan-European driver training curriculum, including computer-based interactive multimedia and simulator technology. The curriculum will pay significant attention to higher order skills including risk awareness. For this purpose a number of scenarios were developed that address the most important needs of learner drivers. These scenarios are used in a PC-based interactive multimedia tool as well as in a driving simulator. The interactive multimedia tool allows training and assessment of higher cognitive skills (i.e., strategic and manoeuvring tasks), familiarisation of novice drivers with the basic principles of driving, and contributing to a better understanding of (potential) risks. A low cost stationary driving simulator is used for acquiring skills in vehicle handling and negotiating common traffic situations (i.e., manoeuvring and control tasks). In addition, a mean cost semi-dynamic driving simulator is developed for supporting the needs of specific driver cohorts, such as novice drivers with enhanced knowledge problems and drivers in high-risk groups. Application of such an advanced computer-based curriculum also implies development of criteria to allow driving instructors to determine training progress. These criteria are based on a database of normative driver behaviour. This paper mainly focuses on the description of the technical (software and hardware) requirements for both low-cost and mean-cost simulators. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognition KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Motor skills KW - Multimedia KW - Personal computers KW - Software UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/22_Dols_Juan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709413 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921583 AU - Leonard, S D AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - RELATION OF OWNER'S MANUALS TO SAFETY PY - 2001 SP - p. 125-130 AB - Safe behavior is predicated on the individual's capability to perform appropriate acts when required. That capability involves both the requisite psychomotor skills and the knowledge of what acts are appropriate in the situation faced by the individual. Knowledge of the appropriate acts may be obtained in various ways. Among them are signs, verbal commands, instruction, and written materials. The present study examines the influence of one form of written materials associated with safe driving, that is, the owner's manual. Specifically, two surveys were performed to evaluate what use is made of the safety information in the manual and the awareness of the presence of safety information in the manual. The results suggested that owner's manuals are infrequently read, except for some specific sorts of information. Of all respondents in Experiment 1, only two indicated looking for safety information in the manual. Results of Experiment 2 suggested that respondents were aware of the possibility that safety information was in the manual, but there was little indication that it was used for that purpose. A possible approach to reaching more of the target population might be to produce a separate safety manual for owners and drivers. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Knowledge KW - Manuals KW - Safety information KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/23_Leonard_David.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709414 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921584 AU - Nemoto, H AU - Yanagishima, T AU - TAGUCHI, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CHANGES IN AGING ON DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 2001 SP - p. 131-136 AB - The growing population of older drivers has led to societal demands for the development of technologies better suited to the characteristics of older people. One effective way of addressing this situation is to examine closely the structure that causes the performance of older drivers and then use that information to develop technologies. As the first step toward understanding that structure in this research, an attempt was made to identify significant elements of the structure from a human factors standpoint in order to pursue this approach efficiently. A questionnaire survey, an observation of driving behavior and an interview survey were conducted with older drivers. The most significant perspectives on driving were extracted from the results. Tests were then conducted with a driving simulator to verify those perspectives. Based on the surveys and tests, two significant characteristics were identified concerning the influence of aging on driving behavior. One concerns the disintegration of the stimulus-perception-cognition-response system and the other concerns the transition in attention. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Attention KW - Cognition KW - Driving simulators KW - Driving tests KW - Field studies KW - Human factors KW - Interviewing KW - Performance KW - Questionnaires KW - Visual perception UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/24_Nemoto_Hideaki.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709415 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921560 AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL DRIVING SYMPOSIUM ON HUMAN FACTORS IN DRIVER ASSESSMENT, TRAINING AND VEHICLE DESIGN, ASPEN, COLORADO, AUGUST 14-17, 2001 PY - 2001 SP - 421p AB - Driving Assessment 2001 was originally conceived to fill a multidisciplinary gap in driver safety research. The symposium brought together experts in human factors, medicine, engineering design, operations and policy from all over the world. Participants from 16 countries contributed to the scientific program. The friendships and partnerships forged at this meeting have created new opportunities for collaboration. The papers contained in these proceedings represent a significant contribution to the human factors and driver safety research literature. The proceedings include 81 papers, a panel discussion, and an author index. Each paper is entered separately in the TRIS database. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Conferences KW - Driver training KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Vehicle design UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/node/22 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709391 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921561 AU - Smyth, C C AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - MENTAL WORKLOAD AND TASK PERFORMANCE FOR INDIRECT VISION DRIVING WITH FIXED FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS PY - 2001 SP - p. 1-6 AB - Of interest to designers of future combat vehicles is the effect of indirect vision upon vehicle driving, and in particular the effect of the camera lens field of view (FOV). In a field study, driving performance was measured for natural and indirect vision with eight participants negotiating a road course in a military vehicle. The indirect vision system was driven with fixed panoramic flat panel, liquid crystal displays in the cab and a forward viewing monocular camera array mounted on the front roof of the vehicle and tilted slightly downward. The results are that the participants successfully drove the vehicle with indirect vision for the different FOVs of the cameras: near unity, wide, and extended. However, they drove the course faster with natural vision than they did with the indirect vision systems. Further, the course speed significantly decreased with increased camera FOV. Workload ratings show a significant increase in perceived workload with increased FOV. Most participants reported a discomfort associated with motion sickness while they were in the moving vehicle with the displays. Finally, cluster analysis of the mental workload measures supports a skills-rules-knowledge model of information processing for the driving task. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cameras KW - Cluster analysis KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Field of vision KW - Indirect vision driving KW - Information processing KW - Instrument displays KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Mental workload KW - Military vehicles KW - Motion sickness KW - Speed UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/01_Smyth_Christopher.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709392 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921562 AU - Gartner, U AU - Konig, W AU - Wittig, T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - EVALUATION OF MANUAL VS. SPEECH INPUT WHEN USING A DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM IN REAL TRAFFIC PY - 2001 SP - p. 7-13 AB - The executed study evaluated the influence of manual and speech input on driving quality, stress and strain situation and user acceptance when using a Driver Information System (DIS). The study is part of the EU-project SENECA. Sixteen subjects took part in the investigations. A car was equipped with a modified DIS to carry out the evaluation in real traffic situations. The used DIS is a standard product with manual input control elements. This DIS was extended by a speech input system with a speaker independent speech recogniser. For the use of the different DIS devices (radio, CD player, telephone, navigation) 12 different representative tasks were given to the subjects. Independently the type of task speech input needs longer operation times than manual input. In case of complex tasks a distinct improvement of the driving quality can be observed with speech instead of manual input. The subjective safety feeling is stronger with speech than with manual input. With speech input the number of glances at the mirrors and aside is clearly higher than with manual input. The most frequent user errors can be explained by problems when spelling and by the selection of wrong speech commands. The rate of speech recognition errors amounts on the average to 20.6% which makes it necessary to increase the recognition performance of the examined speech system. This improvement of system performance is the task of the development for the system demonstrator in the second half of the SENECA project. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driving KW - Errors KW - Field tests KW - Human machine systems KW - Manual control KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Speech recognition KW - Voice control UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/02_Gartner_Wittig.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709393 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921563 AU - Strayer, David L AU - Drews, Fran A AU - Albert, R W AU - Johnston, William A AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - CELL PHONE INDUCED PERCEPTUAL IMPAIRMENTS DURING SIMULATED DRIVING PY - 2001 SP - p. 14-19 AB - This research assessed the effects of cellular phone conversations on driving performance. When subjects were deeply involved in cellular phone conversations using either a hand-held or hands-free device, they were more than twice as likely to miss simulated traffic signals presented at the center of fixation than when they were not distracted by the cell phone conversation. By contrast, performance was not disrupted by listening to radio broadcasts or listening to a book on tape. One might argue that when subjects were conversing on a cell phone that they detected the simulated traffic signals, but that the responses to them were suppressed. To assess this, the authors examined the implicit perceptual memory for items that were presented at fixation but called for no response. Implicit perceptual memory was strong when subjects were not engaged in a cell phone conversation but impaired when they were so engaged. The authors suggest that active participation in a cell phone conversation disrupts performance by diverting attention to an engaging cognitive context other than the one immediately associated with driving. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention lapses KW - Cellular telephones KW - Distraction KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Human subject testing KW - Implicit perceptual memory KW - Performance UR - http://www.psych.utah.edu/lab/appliedcognition/publications/cellphone2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709394 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921564 AU - Lee, J D AU - SCHMIDT, K AU - BRAL, T AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DISTRACTION POTENTIAL OF SPEECH-BASED DRIVER INTERFACES (ABSTRACT ONLY) PY - 2001 SP - p. 20 AB - A common assumption concerning speech-based interaction with an in-vehicle information system is that the speech-based interaction does not distract the driver, because the driver is not required to take his eyes off the road. This assumption does not take into consideration the cognitive demand placed on the driver. This cognitive demand may be highly dependent upon the nature of the interaction and may increase when errors occur in the interchange between the driver and the speech-based system. When the automatic speech recognition system makes an error, the driver must first recognize that an error has been made, determine how to recover from the error, trace back to the previous menu, and repeat the command to get the desired result. These additional steps and the error recovery process may place significant cognitive demands on the driver. Understanding how these errors and the recovery process affects driver attention to the road is a critical design consideration for speech-based interaction with in-vehicle information systems. This paper describes an initial experiment to address this issue and provides a theoretical framework to help identify the requirements of a speech-interface needed to support easy error recovery. Because speech interactions will always be subject to human and system error, understanding how to support the robust interaction is critical in minimizing driver distraction. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Attention KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Distraction KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Drivers KW - Error recovery KW - Errors KW - Human machine systems KW - Performance KW - Speech recognition UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/04_Lee_John.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709395 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921565 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Schoettle, B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DRIVER ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING IN THE 1980S AND THE 1990S: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOST-CITED PUBLICATIONS PY - 2001 SP - p. 21-25 AB - This study analyzed the most-cited publications in the area of driver assessment and training. The citation counts were obtained from both the Science Citation and Social Science Citation databases, which at the time of the analysis contained a total of over 27 million items. The search was restricted to items that were published during the 20-year period from 1980 through 1999. The focus of the search was on the assessment and training of driving-related skills. In addition to documenting the most influential publications, the results are also presented in terms of changes over time by topic and by publication outlets. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Most-cited publications UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/05_sivak_Michael.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709396 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921566 AU - Fildes, B AU - PRONK, N AU - CHARLTON, J AU - Langford, J AU - FRITH, B AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL LICENCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM FOR OLDER DRIVERS IN AUSTRALASIA PY - 2001 SP - p. 26-30 AB - Licensing requirements in Australasia vary across jurisdictions with little evidence of any safety benefit for any existing procedure. In 1998, Austroads (a collaboration of State Traffic Authorities in Australia and New Zealand) commissioned the Monash University Accident Research Centre to develop and trial a model licence re-assessment program for older drivers in Australasia. The procedure was developed in 1999 and involved input from a number of key experts in Australia and New Zealand. A pilot study was undertaken in Tasmania early in 2000 to evaluate the procedural aspects of the model. A study of four off-road screening tests also commenced in 2001 to validate these instruments against a range of driving performance measures. This paper reports preliminary findings from these studies. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Aged drivers KW - Australasia KW - Driver licensing KW - License assessment program KW - Pilot studies KW - Tasmania UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/06_Fildes_Brian.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709397 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921567 AU - Lerner, N AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DISCONNECT BETWEEN DRIVER BEHAVIOR/PERFORMANCE STUDIES AND CRASH EXPERIENCE: LESSONS FROM THE STUDY OF YOUNG/INEXPERIENCED DRIVERS PY - 2001 SP - p. 31-36 AB - The quantitative measurement of driver behavior has been central to much of the systematic research underlying highway safety issues during the past forty years. It has contributed to the way in which we design roads, vehicles, training programs, signs and markings, and intelligent transportation systems. Yet the methods we use to conduct driver behavior experiments may result in a disconnect with the circumstances under which crash events occur. This is particularly evident in problems related to young, inexperienced drivers. This paper discusses some of the systematic biases that characterize the quantitative driver behavior research base regarding youthful drivers. Some broader implications for the general study of driver behavior and performance are then considered. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Behavior KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/07_Lerner_Neil.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709398 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921568 AU - Allen, R W AU - Cook, M L AU - Rosenthal, T J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - LOW COST PC SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO NOVICE DRIVER TRAINING PY - 2001 SP - p. 37-41 AB - This paper describes a low-cost driving simulator designed to test the feasibility of training novice drivers. The simulator, based on personal computer technology, was fully interactive with steering, throttle and brake controls. Training and testing scenarios were defined procedurally using a scenario definition language (SDL) that required drivers to maintain safe speeds, negotiate curves and right angle turns, obey traffic control devices (markings, signs and signals) and interact with traffic and pedestrians that were controlled to represent cognitively challenging hazards. The SDL also allowed the event sequences in the scenarios to be conveniently rearranged from run to run to avoid drivers anticipating the occurrence of critical events. A pilot experiment was conducted to compare the simulation performance of a group of novice (unlicensed) drivers with a group of experienced drivers (more than ten years of driving) during two sessions. Performance measures included accidents and speed limit exceedances. Statistically reliable differences in performance were found between the novice and experienced drivers. These encouraging pilot study results suggest that low cost simulation may offer a way to teach novice drivers how to cope with cognitively complex driving hazards. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Cognition KW - Crashes KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Novice drivers KW - Performance KW - Personal computers KW - Pilot studies KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/08_Allen_Wade.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709399 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921569 AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - USING MICROWORLDS TO DESIGN INTELLIGENT INTERFACES THAT MINIMIZE DRIVER DISTRACTION PY - 2001 SP - p. 42-57 AB - While recent developments in telematics have produced great interest in driver distraction, this is hardly a new topic. An early UMTRI report (Treat, 1980) defined internal distraction as a diversion of attention from the driving task that is compelled by an activity or event inside the vehicle. Based on data collected in Monroe County, Indiana, Treat (1980) concluded that internal distraction was a factor in 9% of in-depth reports and 6% of on-site investigations. In the period of data collection (1972-1975) conversation with a passenger and increasing use of entertainment tape decks were the major sources of distraction. Now a host of modern infotronic devices offers even greater opportunities for internal distraction (Kantowitz, 2000). Intelligent driver-vehicle interfaces present a wonderful opportunity to successfully manage this increased in-vehicle workload. This smart interface would be adaptive, making dynamic allocation of function decisions in real time. Designing such an intelligent interface presents many problems. In particular, since new infotronic devices are being developed and deployed rapidly, it seems difficult to evaluate all these new designs. This paper focuses upon using microworlds to swiftly assess effects of in-vehicle infotronics upon driver distraction. Microworlds vary along several dimensions such as realism, tractability and engagement (Ehret, Gray, and Kischbaum, 2000). The traditional driving simulator is only one example of a relevant microworld. By considering a wider range of microworlds, we can gain insight into how to best utilize driving simulators. Issues of validity are also illuminated when considered from a microworld perspective. If appropriate intelligent interfaces are designed, telematics should never increase driver distraction. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Distraction KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Driving simulators KW - Infotronic devices KW - Intelligent driver vehicle interfaces KW - Microworlds KW - Workload UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/09_Kantowitz_Barry.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709400 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921570 AU - Rimini-Doering, M AU - Manstetten, D AU - Altmueller, T AU - Ladstaetter, U AU - Mahler, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - MONITORING DRIVER DROWSINESS AND STRESS IN A DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 2001 SP - p. 58-63 AB - Driver drowsiness, compounded by the high workloads and stress of the ever-increasing complexity of car and traffic environments, is a major cause of severe accidents. The objective of the project described in this paper is to develop reproducible and flexible methods for studying the relationships between physiological driver states and human-factor issues in a driving environment. For reasons of safety and reproducibility, a laboratory-based driving simulator is being used for the project experiments. Initial experiments were conducted with a cohort of about 60 healthy male subjects aged 22 to 28 under carefully controlled conditions. Performance was measured before, during, and after a 120 km stretch of stimulus-deprived, foggy highway that was intended to induce fatigue and stress. Across all trials 69% of the subjects experienced sleep events lasting several seconds, and 7 potentially fatal crashes occurred. Lane tracking behavior degraded by a factor of 2 to 3 prior to each crash. Much of the extensive data acquired by these experiments remains to be analyzed using both standard statistical techniques and high-dimensional clustering algorithms. ALISA image-processing software is being applied to video images of the driver eyes and face to detect the onset of sleep and other critical situations. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Image processing KW - Lane tracking KW - Sleep KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Video imaging detectors KW - Workload UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/10_Rimini_Doering_Maria.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709401 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921571 AU - Grace, R AU - Steward, S AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DROWSY DRIVER MONITOR AND WARNING SYSTEM PY - 2001 SP - p. 64-69 AB - The design and use of a low-cost drowsy driver monitor, the Copilot, and proposed driver interfaces are presented. The Copilot consists of a digital camera integrated with a low-cost digital signal processor. The Copilot is a functionally enhanced version of a previous monitor that has been successfully used in a variety of research projects in simulators and in over-the-road vehicles. Compared to its predecessor, the new monitor is small and easy to use, providing an effective research tool for the field or in the laboratory. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Audible warning devices in vehicles KW - Digital cameras KW - Digital signal processor KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Monitoring UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/11_Grace_Richard.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709402 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921572 AU - PARKES, A M AU - SEXTON, B F AU - BURTON, S AU - Hu, H L AU - Shaw, J A AU - Daggy, B P AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A FUNCTIONAL ENERGY DRINK ON POST-LUNCH AND EARLY EVENING DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 2001 SP - p. 70-75 AB - This paper reports the results of a pilot study designed to evaluate the effect of an energy drink on mental performance and driving. Twenty-four healthy subjects were tested after consumption of a placebo or an energy drink in a double-blind crossover study. Measures included a laboratory test of Adaptive Tracking (AT) and a simulated drive on a 40 km motorway route in an advanced motion-based simulator. Self-report scales of sleepiness revealed a significant difference between placebo and energy drink. Though both drinks provided an alerting effect, both the level and duration of the effect observed after consumption of the energy drink was greater. Performance on the AT task was significantly improved. This improvement in hand-eye coordination was reflected in better lane-keeping performance in the simulated driving task. There was also a consistent tendency when the driver drank placebo to drive slightly faster in traffic than when drinking the energy drink. These preliminary findings, which demonstrate that consumption of even a relatively small volume (250 ml) of an energy drink can have an effect on sleepiness, lane keeping and speed choice in simulated traffic, could have implications for future highway safety. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Adaptive tracking KW - Automatic steering control KW - Driving KW - Driving simulators KW - Drowsiness KW - Energy drinks KW - Hand-eye coordination KW - Highway safety KW - Human subject testing KW - Performance KW - Pilot studies KW - Speed UR - http://drivingassessment.uiowa.edu/DA2001/12_Parkes_Andrew.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709403 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00921573 AU - Nawrot, M AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City TI - DEPTH PERCEPTION IN DRIVING: ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, EYE MOVEMENT CHANGES, AND THE DISRUPTION OF MOTION PARALLAX PY - 2001 SP - p. 76-80 AB - Motion parallax, the ability to recover depth from retinal motion, is a crucial part of the visual information needed for driving. Recent work indicates that the perception of depth from motion parallax relies on the slow eye movement system. It is well known that alcohol intoxication reduces the gain of this slow eye movement system, the basis for the "horizontal gaze nystagmus" field sobriety test. The current study shows that alcohol intoxication also impairs the perception of depth from motion parallax due to its influence on the slow eye movement system. Observer thresholds in both active and passive motion parallax tasks are significantly increased by acute alcohol intoxication. Perhaps such a failure of motion parallax plays a role when intoxicated drivers must make quick judgements with what could be inaccurate or missing perceptual information about the location of obstacles around them. U1 - Driving Assessment 2001: The First International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle DesignFederal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRLAspen, Colorado StartDate:20010814 EndDate:20010817 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration; Ford Motor Company; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; University of Iowa; KQ Corporation; Nissan Technical Center North America; Transportation Research Board; TRL KW - Depth perception KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Eye movements KW - Motion parallax UR - http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.117.2662%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=rjiiUZeqOqH1ygGuz4CIBQ&usg=AFQjCNEa4XgmwGGn9erSz6742BjCN4nIMg&sig2=yK0CEQOk25JVFgWto-1tcw&bvm=bv.47008514,d.aWc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/709404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00820244 AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DP121, WEIGH-IN-MOTION TECHNOLOGY PY - 2001 AB - This website, part of Demonstration Project 121 (DP 121) is produced by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Federal Highway Administration. The website summary follows: "On the surface, weigh- in-motion would appear to be the holy grail of weighing devices capable of providing accurate weight measurements quickly and efficiently. This statement is, in fact, true in some applications under certain conditions. However, like everything else, WIM systems have their limitations. This web-site is designed to help you sort through these limitations and the many options available to you when: choosing a WIM system based on your needs, preferences, and available options, and using a WIM system to maximize its utility for your specific application. As you browse, you will find valuable information on technologies, applications, installation and maintenance procedures, sources of error, cost and performance rules- of-thumb, case studies, vendors, and products. The web-site also includes a: reference library to further educate you on terminology technologies, etc., and a news and events page to inform you on such topics as the latest technologies, upcoming events, recent case studies, vendor updates, and noteworthy publications KW - Technology assessment KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936815 AU - Zaloshnja, E AU - Miller, T AU - Spicer, R AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COSTS OF LARGE TRUCK- AND BUS-INVOLVED CRASHES PY - 2000/12//Final Report SP - 53p AB - This study provides comprehensive, economically sophisticated estimates of the costs of highway crashes involving large trucks and buses by severity. Based on the latest data available, the estimated cost of police-reported crashes involving trucks with a gross weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds averaged $75,637 (in 1999 dollars). The average cost of police-reported crashes involving transit or inter-city buses was $54,455 per crash. These costs represent the present value, computed at a 4% discount rate, of all costs over the victims' expected life span that result from a crash. They include medically related costs, emergency services costs, property damage costs, lost productivity, and the monetized value of the pain, suffering, and quality of life that the family loses because of a death or injury. KW - Bus crashes KW - Buses KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Emergency medical services KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Medical treatment KW - Productivity KW - Property KW - Public transit KW - Quality of life KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/PDFs/CCT_FinalReport.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00806307 JO - Info Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PY - 2000/12 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) was created by the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999. This Info Brief presents the safety goals of the FMCSA, gives its mission statement, and describes FMCSA's research and technology program. An alphabetical listing of the Office of Research and Technology personnel is included. KW - Administrative personnel KW - Highway safety KW - Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 KW - Motor carriers KW - Research KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration UR - http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps38894/InfoBrief+03c_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/675596 ER - TY - SER AN - 00804720 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE-BASED BRAKE TESTERS -- ROUND ROBIN STUDY PY - 2000/11 SP - 4 p. AB - In the early 1990s, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration initiated research to evaluate various types of performance-based brake testing technologies for application to commercial vehicle inspections. The purpose of the research was to determine if performance-based brake testers (PBBTs) could be used to evaluate commercial vehicle braking capability. A PBBT is a device that assesses the braking capability of a vehicle through quantitative measure of individual wheel brake forces or overall vehicle brake performance in a controlled test. They are widely used for brake inspection in Europe and Australia and are beginning to emerge as both an enforcement tool and diagnostic aid for private sector maintenance and repair shops. This tech brief summarizes a study based on a series of "round robin" tests (i.e., tests in which a single standard is used to evaluate the consistency of various test apparatuses) conducted in July 1998 to assess the suitability of PBBTs for use in law enforcement. KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Performance-based brake testers KW - Testing equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10088/TB01-002.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51367/tb01-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/674417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00807069 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EVALUATING COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE PROGRAM VULNERABILITIES: A STUDY OF THE STATES OF ILLINOIS AND FLORIDA PY - 2000/10 SP - v.p. AB - This report represents the latest in a series of efforts by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to enhance and improve the commercial driver's license (CDL) program. In September 1998, the Chicago Office of DOT, Office of the Inspector General (OIG) received information from the FHWA Office of Motor Carrier Safety (current Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration) alleging fraud in the administration of the Illinois CDL program. The United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois launched a coordinated criminal investigation by the OIG, FBI, Postal Inspection Service, Internal Revenue Service, and Illinois State police to investigate corruption in the Illinois CDL program. As the investigation unfolded, problems with third party CDL test administrators were also uncovered in the State of Florida. This involved applicants traveling to Florida from Illinois to fraudulently obtain CDLs that they brought back to Illinois to exchange for an otherwise valid CDL. The CDL Program Review Panel conducted a two-pronged investigation. First the Panel needed to identify those drivers issued suspect CDLs by Florida and Illinois to verify whether these licensees had been properly tested and were qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle. Second, the Panel conducted a comprehensive evaluation in both Illinois and Florida to determine if weaknesses or vulnerabilities in the CDL program had contributed to the fraud and any other licensing problems in each state. The investigation background, methods and conclusions are contained in this report. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Evaluation KW - Florida KW - Fraud KW - Illinois KW - Qualifications KW - Testing KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10300/10357/cdl-final.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17500/17584/PB2001102319.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673809 ER - TY - SER AN - 00804719 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER DRUG AND ALCOHOL VIOLATIONS: COMPARISON OF COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA FROM SAFESTAT SELECTED CARRIERS AND A RANDOM SAMPLE OF CARRIERS PY - 2000/10 SP - 4 p. AB - There has been interest in the extent to which motor carriers are in compliance with Part 382 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use Testing), as well as the extent to which the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's compliance review selection software, known as SafeStat (Safety Status), captures noncompliant carriers. To address this issue, a random sample of motor carriers was selected in 1997 for special "drug and alcohol" compliance reviews (focusing solely on compliance with Part 382). These reviews were conducted during the latter half of 1997 and in 1998. The results from this random sample were then compared to data collected from motor carriers recently targeted for review by SafeStat. The methodology and findings are presented in this Analysis Brief. KW - Alcohol use KW - Commercial drivers KW - Compliance KW - Drug use KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Motor carriers KW - Random sampling KW - Software KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10082/AB01b.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/674416 ER - TY - SER AN - 00802560 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SLEEP SCHEDULES ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER PERFORMANCE - PART 1 PY - 2000/09 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration sponsored a study to gather and analyze data on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver rest and recovery cycles, effects of partial sleep deprivation, and prediction of subsequent performance. The study began in July 1994 and was completed in May 2000. Parts 1 and 2 of this tech brief summarize the study final report, "Effects of Sleep Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance" (Report DOT-MC-00-133). Part 1 of this tech brief describes the study background, purpose, and the methodology and results from the field portion of the study. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Field studies KW - Personnel performance KW - Sleep KW - Sleep deprivation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10089/tb14d.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10089/tb14d.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670603 ER - TY - SER AN - 00802561 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SLEEP SCHEDULES ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER PERFORMANCE - PART 2 PY - 2000/09 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration sponsored a study to gather and analyze data on commercial motor vehicle driver rest and recovery cycles, effects of partial sleep deprivation, and prediction of subsequent performance. The study began in July 1994 and was completed in May 2000. Parts 1 and 2 of this tech brief summarize the study final report, "Effects of Sleep Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance" (Report DOT-MC-00-133). Part 2 of this tech brief describes the methodology and results from the laboratory portion of the study as well as the overall results, applications, and need for additional research. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Laboratory studies KW - Personnel performance KW - Sleep KW - Sleep deprivation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10090/tb15d.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670604 ER - TY - SER AN - 00796872 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - STRESS AND FATIGUE EFFECTS OF DRIVING LONGER-COMBINATION VEHICLES PY - 2000/07 SP - 4 p. AB - This Tech Brief summarizes the final report of a study by the same title, which was conducted as a part of a major program by the Federal Highway Administration to investigate commercial driver fatigue in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. The study investigated the possibility that longer-combination vehicles (LCVs), with their increased length, greater weight, and greater number of trailers, could significantly increase the amount of stress and fatigue experienced by the driver. The study was limited to the issue of fatigue under proper and normal operating conditions; it was not intended as an investigation of the safety of these vehicles. Three general conclusions regarding configuration effects that can be drawn from the study results are: (1) Configurations and other task demands consistently affected performance, subjective workload, and fatigue/physiological state following a single, C-dolly, A-dolly (SCA) pattern. The A-dolly configuration resulted in the highest level of workload and fatigue, the C-dolly configuration resulted in the next highest level, and the single-trailer configuration resulted in the lowest level of workload and fatigue. (2) Driver differences were prominent in all analyses representing between 32% and 51% of the relative mean squares for lane-keeping and workload variables. The results indicate that some drivers are challenged by the driving task and support adoption of means to reduce this challenge, particularly when driving triples. (3) Configurations also have consistent carryover effects of physiological effects, driver subjective workload, and lane-keeping performance, and imply that triple-trailer drivers generally would be expected to maintain a higher probability of safe operation with the Super C-dolly configuration than with the standard A-dolly configuration. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Workload UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10091/tb00-012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51366/tb00-012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/658466 ER - TY - SER AN - 00794825 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVALUATION OF TRUCK AND BUS DRIVER WELLNESS PROGRAMS PY - 2000/06 SP - 4 p. AB - In May 1997, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) began a research project to design, develop, and evaluate a model truck and bus driver wellness program. This wellness program was developed to provide a resource for addressing truck and bus industry challenges in the area of driver safety, performance, job satisfaction, and industry competition. The program is intended to provide strategies to give drivers opportunities for improved health, benefitting the individual, the company, and the industry. The program had five primary research tasks. Tasks 1 and 2 consisted of a review of literature regarding commercial motor vehicle driver health and current wellness programs, and a draft core wellness program for FMCSA. Tasks 3, 4, and 5 involved the development of the core wellness program, the pilot test and evaluation of the program, and the development of a marketing plan. This Tech Brief summarizes the study final report, which is the product of tasks 3, 4, and 5. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Job satisfaction KW - Physical fitness KW - Truck drivers KW - Wellness programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10092/tb00-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/656938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00802562 AU - Balkin, T AU - Thome, D AU - Sing, H AU - Thomas, M AU - Redmond, D AU - Wesensten, N AU - Williams, J AU - Hall, S AU - Belenky, G AU - Walter Reed Army Institute of Research AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SLEEP SCHEDULES ON COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 2000/05 SP - 446 p. AB - This project was comprised of two studies - a field study using wrist actigraphy to determine sleep duration and timing in long- versus short-haul commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers over 20 consecutive days; and a sleep dose/response (SDR) laboratory study on CMV drivers to determine the effects of 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours time in bed (TIB) on performance (including simulated driving) over seven consecutive days. Findings from the latter (SDR) study were used to optimize the parameters of the Walter Reed Sleep Performance Model (SPM) - a mathematical algorithm to predict performance based on prior sleep and circadian rhythm. The SPM has been integrated into the current version of the Sleep Watch Actigraph, a wrist-worn device for management of sleep and performance in the operational environment. In Chapter 1, theoretical background on the nature of sleep loss-induced performance decrements is presented. Chapter 2 provides the methodology used in the SDR (laboratory) study, and the detailed results of that study. Chapter 3 provides the background for SPM development, and a detailed description of the SPM. Chapter 4 presents the methodology used in the field study, and the detailed results of that study. Chapter 5 provides an overview and synthesis of results, conclusions, and recommendations. Results from the CMV drivers field study portion of the present project show that daily sleep duration is correlated with duration of off-duty time, and both long- and short-haul drivers average approximately 7 1/2 hours of sleep per night - which is within normal limits. However, there is significant day-to-day variability in sleep duration in both groups that is unrelated to work/rest schedule. Therefore, in addition to optimizing work/rest schedules, investigation of additional means for improving driver performance and alertness is advisable. In the SDR laboratory study portion of the present project, sleep duration-related differences in daytime performance were evident, with even small differences in average nighttime sleep duration resulting in measurable performance decrements. Performance decrements were maintained across the entire 7 consecutive days of sleep restriction, suggesting that there was no compensatory or adaptive response to even mild sleep loss. Following more severe sleep restriction (e.g., the 3-hr TIB group) recovery of performance was not complete after three consecutive nights of recovery sleep (with 8 hours spent in bed each night). This suggests that full recovery from substantial sleep debt may require several days of extended recovery sleep. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Personnel performance KW - Sleep KW - Sleep deprivation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11100/11127/ESS.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667086 ER - TY - SER AN - 00793317 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - UNIFORMITY OF ROADSIDE SAFETY INSPECTIONS OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND DRIVERS ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL PY - 2000/05 SP - 4 p. AB - To examine the issue of roadside inspection uniformity, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) initiated a research project to provide practical information to FMCSA, commercial carriers, Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP) agencies, and the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance, to guide and improve standardized roadside enforcement of commercial motor vehicle regulations across North America. This tech brief is based on the project final report, "Uniformity of Roadside Safety Inspections of Commercial Vehicles and Drivers on the National Level: Summary and Conclusions." It outlines the project objectives, methodology, findings, recommendations and best practices. Project researchers found no evidence of a significant problem with the overall uniformity of commercial motor vehicle inspections. Almost all inspections were performed in compliance with the North American Standard Inspection (NASI) criteria. Drivers interviewed in the field as well as those participating in the local driver/industry focus group sessions did not identify any significant problems with uniformity or fairness of inspections. However, there does appear to be a lack of knowledge among drivers about both the levels and practices of roadside safety inspections. The final report suggests that all agencies involved in the MCSAP work toward enhancing the overall knowledge and awareness of the commercial motor vehicle safety inspection program. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program KW - Motor carriers KW - North America KW - Regulations KW - Roadside KW - Standardization KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10093/tb00-010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655636 ER - TY - SER AN - 00792158 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY IN THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY PY - 2000/04 SP - 2 p. AB - Behavior-based safety (BBS) is a set of methods to improve safety performance in the workplace by engaging workers in the improvement process, identifying critical safety behaviors, performing observations to gather data, providing feedback to encourage improvement, and using gathered data to target system factors for positive change. In August, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sponsored a group of seminars on BBS as part of its human factors research program on driver performance enhancement. In particular, FMCSA is interested in ensuring the safe, effective use of current and advanced in-vehicle driver performance monitoring devices (e.g., speed monitoring, headway monitoring, alertness monitoring). Performance monitoring offers an opportunity to improve driver safety and productivity by measuring and providing feedback to drivers on critical performance variables. KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Headways KW - Human factors KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10094/tb00-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/652637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100391 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Analysis of New Entrant Motor Carrier Safety Performance and Compliance Using SafeStat PY - 2000/03 SP - 32p AB - This report documents the findings of a special study undertaken to update, confirm and expand upon previous studies on the comparative (to experienced carriers) safety performance and compliance of large commercial motor vehicle operators (motor carriers) newly entering into U.S. interstate operations. Once these operator/carriers engage in interstate operations with large commercial motor vehicles, they are required to register with the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and they become subject to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). In particular, this study was accomplished to help provide a basis for formulating the details of a new entrant education and safety assurance process including the possible need for special emphasis among the component groups of new entrants. Component groups include U.S., Canadian, and Mexican domiciled motor carriers newly registering with the USDOT for interstate operations in the U.S. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Compliance KW - Education KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - New entrants KW - Performance KW - SafeStat KW - Trucking safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16908/PB2000106069.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16971/PB2000106458.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/859464 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789180 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER TECHNOLOGY - FLEET OPERATIONAL IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS/CVO PY - 2000/03 SP - 4 p. AB - The Intelligent Transportation Systems/Commercial Vehicle Operations (ITS/CVO) Program is a cooperative effort between the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMSCA), the Federal Highway Administration, States, Motor carriers, and other transportation stakeholders to define, pilot test, and deploy technologies, information systems, and networks to enhance roadway safety, credentialing, and operations. To guide the development of effective ITS/CVO services, FMSCA conducted research to examine information and technology use by motor carriers and explore the implications for ITS/CVO services. This tech brief summarizes the study final report. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Technology UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10095/tb00-008.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10095/tb00-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104305 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Safety Action Plan 2000-2003 PY - 2000/02 SP - 44p AB - This document describes the activities that the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) will undertake to address this national problem and make immediate progress toward its primary goal. The plan directs attention to those areas of greatest concern--poor drivers, unsafe carriers, and substandard vehicles--and focuses special attention on truck and bus safety at our national borders. Among the challenges faced by FMCSA in meeting its goal are a continued increase in truck travel, a need for better safety data and added improvements to the commercial drivers license program, leveraging existing resources to address the rapid expansion of the motor carrier population, and a need for further testing and demonstration of crash avoidance technologies. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck driving KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16967/PB2000106453.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00969921 AU - Shaffer, S J AU - Christiaen, A-C AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE-BASED BRAKE TESTERS: ROUND ROBIN FINAL REPORT PY - 2000/02 SP - 132 p. AB - This report documents the results of a series of tests in which several different types of performance-based brake testers (PBBTs) were compared side-by-side (i.e., a round robin test) in their ability to accurately measure brake forces (BFs) and wheel loads (WLs) of commercial vehicles (CVs), and to then predict the vehicle deceleration capability for a 32.2 km/hr on-road stopping test. The PBBTs consisted of five roller dynamometers (RDs), two flat plate (FP) testers, and one breakaway torque tester (BTT). A PBBT that can also meet a set of functional specifications could be used for law enforcement by safety inspectors once performance-based criteria are codified. In the test program, specific ratios of BF to WL were imposed on both a 5-axle combination tractor semitrailer and a two-axle straight truck, in both the fully laden and unladen conditions. In each loading condition, the overall vehicle braking capability was set to achieve a proposed minimum requirement of 0.4 g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. In addition, the brakes on specific individual wheels were set to provide a BF/WL of 0.25 and 0.35, for a steer and a non-steer wheel, respectively. The vehicles were also instrumented to record stopping distances and decelerations from on-road stopping tests performed from 32.2 km/hr. In general, nearly all of the PBBTs were able to accurately measure the CVs' brake forces. Only one of the FP-type testers experienced erratic performance during the round robin. In contrast, several of the PBBTs had difficulty in reporting the accurate gross vehicle weight. In some cases, particularly with the portable PBBTs, the reported wheel loads for axles 2 and 4 (the lead axle on the tandem set) of the 5-axle vehicle were very high, leading to an under-prediction of the vehicle deceleration capability. Calibration checks of the PBBT weighing mechanisms indicated that all could meet the functional specifications. As such, it was concluded that accounting for the redistribution of axle loads due to the vehicle suspension and the geometry of the PBBT ramp would require special test procedures or remote entry of vehicle or axle weights for use in law enforcement. The repeatability of all the PBBTs was good, meeting the acceptability criteria in more than 93% of the test cases. KW - Accuracy KW - Braking performance KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deceleration KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Measurement KW - Performance-based brake testers KW - Repeatability KW - Road tests KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Wheel loads UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16800/16860/PB2000105555.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16800/16860/PB2000105555.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681071 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789181 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE TRAINING, TESTING, AND LICENSING OF TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS PY - 2000/02 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMSCA) is seeking to empirically validate a low- to mid-cost simulator for purposes of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver training, testing, and licensing. In the first phase, which is the focus of this tech brief, researchers developed a research design to validate the use of simulation technology. In the second phase, researchers will conduct the follow-on empirical study using the Phase 1 research design. The phase 1 research plan was designed to determine if the use of simulator-supplemented training, as compared to traditional behind-the-wheel training, results in the same, better, or worse performance in driver training and on the commercial driver's license examination. Provisions for a longitudinal study will also ascertain the relationship between type of training method (i.e., simulation vs. truck) and actual job performance by determining if simulator-based training ultimately results in reliable differences in a driver's on-the-road performance. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Licensing KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Technology KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Training KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51365/tb00-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103309 AU - Lantz, Brenda M AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - ISS-2: The Integration of the Motor Carrier Safety Status Measurement System (SAFESTAT) into the Roadside Inspection Selection System (ISS) PY - 2000/01//Final Report SP - 33p AB - The original roadside Inspection Selection System (ISS) was developed in response to a 1995 Congressional mandate. This mandate called for the use of prior carrier safety data to guide the selection of commercial vehicles and drivers for roadside inspections. As the ISS has undergone development, another project also has been evolving. This project involves the creation of a Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) program. An objective of PRISM is to identify relatively unsafe carriers, through an assignment of a Safety Status Measurement System (SafeStat) score, and encourage them to improve their safety performance or risk having their registration privileges revoked. While SafeStat was designed to prioritize carriers for monitoring and compliance reviews, the ISS was designed to prioritize carriers for roadside inspection. However, both algorithms use similar data to define a relatively unsafe carrier. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Compliance KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection stations KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck lines UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16758/PB2000104658.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00796940 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK CRASH PROFILE: THE 1998 NATIONAL PICTURE PY - 2000/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This annual edition of the "Large Truck Crash Profile" contains descriptive statistics about fatal and non-fatal (injury and property-damage-only) large truck crashes that occurred in 1998. The profile includes only some of the major aspects of truck crashes and some comparable data on passenger vehicle crashes. The major sources for data included in this report are the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the General Estimates System (GES), and the Motor Carrier Management Information System (MCMIS) Crash File. The report is organized in seven sections: Overview and Trends; Vehicles; Drivers; Environment; Crashes; Motor Carriers; and MCMIS Crash File Progress. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - General Estimates System KW - Injuries KW - Motor Carrier Management Information System Crash File KW - Motor carriers KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck crashes KW - Vehicles UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16912/PB2000106074.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654678 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789182 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DRIVER ALERTNESS AND FATIGUE: SUMMARY OF COMPLETED RESEARCH PROJECTS, 1995-98 PY - 2000/01 SP - 4 p. AB - This document describes projects in the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's (FMCSA) Driver Alertness and Fatigue Research and Technology (R&T) focus area that were completed during the years 1995 to 1998 under the former Office of Motor Carriers (OMC) in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The projects covered in this tech brief include: Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study, Fitness-for-Duty Testing, CMV Rest Areas - Making Space for Safety, Multi-Trailer Combination Vehicle Stress and Fatigue, Validation of Eye and Other Psychophysiological Monitors, Local/Short Haul Driver Fatigue Crash Data Analysis, Shipper Involvement in HOS Violations, and Assessment of Electronic On-Board Recorders for HOS Compliance. In addition, 3 conferences dealing with driver fatigue are described. KW - Alertness KW - Analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Crash data KW - Drivers KW - Electronic equipment KW - Eye KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Monitoring KW - Physical fitness KW - Psychological tests KW - Recording instruments KW - Research projects KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Shippers KW - Short haul KW - Truck drivers KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10096/tb00-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650810 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459448 TI - Implementation and Evaluation of Safety Incentive Programs for Commercial Vehicle Drivers AB - The objectives are to implement pilot incentive programs in several commercial vehicle fleets, to evaluate the outcome of these programs to validate the guidelines developed in earlier work, and to revise the guidelines based on an analysis of the results. KW - Canada KW - Drivers KW - Fleet management KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227661 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00797074 AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC RECORDS FORUM, PORTLAND, OREGON, JULY 31 - AUGUST 3, 2000 PY - 2000 SP - n.p. AB - This CD is the first ever Traffic Records Forum CD. It contains the proceedings of the 26th Annual Forum. The contents are organized by session. There are 42 sessions. For some of the presentations, only the title and author are available. Some presentations include an abstract and others include an abstract and paper and/or slides. The forum includes informative sessions on a wide range of safety issues. The forum provides those in traffic records with new knowledge to keep our highways safe as we progress into the 21st century. U1 - The 26th International Forum on Traffic Records and Highway Information SystemsNational Safety Council; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Federal Highway Administration; and Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration.Portland, Oregon StartDate:20000731 EndDate:20000803 Sponsors:National Safety Council; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Federal Highway Administration; and Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration. KW - CD-ROM KW - Conferences KW - Crash records KW - Driver records KW - Highway safety KW - Information management KW - Records management KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00821049 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - 1998 LARGE TRUCK CRASH OVERVIEW PY - 2000 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet presents an overview of the statistics and trends for large truck crashes in 1998. Of all the people killed in motor vehicle crashes in 1998, 13% (5,374) died in crashes that involved a large truck. Another 127,000 people were injured in crashes involving large trucks. Only about 14% of those killed and 23% of those injured were occupants of large trucks. Data are also included on the vehicles and the drivers involved in these crashes, as well as the crash environment (weather, time of day, day of week, work zones). KW - Brochures KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Time of crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/712590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00907274 AU - Hanowski, Richard J AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF LOCAL SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS ON DRIVER FATIGUE. T2 - IMPACT OF LOCAL/SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS ON DRIVER FATIGUE PY - 2000 IS - PB2001-101416 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Health KW - Hours of labor KW - Physical condition KW - Physiological aspects KW - Psychology KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck driving UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17400/PB2001101416.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/584924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900329 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - AMTRAK REBRANDS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PASSENGER RAIL PACIFIC SURFLINER.. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Passenger traffic KW - Railroads KW - Southern California KW - Surfliner (Express train) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900330 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Davis, Leslie AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - KEEPING YOUR TRANSIT AGENCY RISK FREE. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Personnel management KW - Prevention KW - Public transit KW - Security KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900331 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Davis, Leslie AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - NOW BUSES HAVE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT AGENCY TOO. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus lines KW - Buses KW - Laws and legislation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900332 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - FABIAN, LAWRENCE J AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - NEW YORK BUILDS A NEW CARNARSIE FOR A NEW CENTURY. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Airport access KW - New York Metropolitan Area KW - Subways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615976 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900333 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Gerland, Horst E AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - LINDAU TRANSIT: SYNONYMOUS WITH SUCCESS IN SMALL CITIES. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus lines KW - Lindau KW - Public transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798201 AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet TI - CVISN PROJECT PY - 2000 AB - As of this viewing (August 2000), this website which supports the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) program is chiefly a repository of ITS-CVO documents in PDF format and available for downloading KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - CVISN (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798204 AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 111 (DP 111) : ADVANCED MOTOR CARRIER OPERATIONS AND SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES PY - 2000 AB - This is the ITS/CVO Technology Truck website produced by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. The website includes a 2 minute video tour of the Tech Truck. The truck contains a trailer with multi-media classroom, an in-cab simulator and an ITS/CVO graphic wall KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/655522 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900068 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Henke, Cliff AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - RAIL PROJECT BOOM CONTINUES ACROSS NORTH AMERICA: SIXTH ANNUAL METRO RAIL PROJECTS STUDY FINDS SHIFT TO SMALLER CITIES, SUBURBS IS WELL UNDERWAY. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Railroads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900069 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - MORRIS, BARRY AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - WHITHER BUS TRANSIT CONTRACTING?: WILL PRIVATE OUTSOURCING BECOME THE PREVAILING METHOD OF OPERATING PUBLIC TRANSIT SERVICES OR REMAIN ONLY A MODERATELY USED ALTERNATIVE?. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus lines KW - Contracting out KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615856 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900070 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Davis, Leslie AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - MOTORCOACH OPERATORS FACE COMPETITION FROM TRANSIT: PRIVATE OPERATORS CONTINUE TO BATTLE WITH PUBLIC AGENCIES FOR CHARTER BUSINESS. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Bus lines KW - Fleet management KW - Public transit KW - United States KW - Vehicle fleets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615857 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00900071 JO - Metro PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - LESLEY, LEWIS AU - Amtrak AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - PRIVATE SECTOR PROMOTES LIGHT RAIL IN THE U.K.: CAN U.K.'S PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PRIVATE MONEY, NEW TECHNOLOGY BE THE MODEL FOR THE WORLD?. PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Finance KW - Public transit KW - Street railroads KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/615858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00899893 AU - CAMPBELL, KENNETH L AU - BELZER, MICHAEL E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - HOURS OF SERVICE REGULATORY EVALUATION ANALYTICAL SUPPORT: TASK 1: BASELINE RISK ESTIMATES AND CARRIER EXPERIENCE. T2 - BASELINE RISK ESTIMATES AND CARRIER EXPERIENCE PY - 2000 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Employees KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Physiological aspects KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck driving KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/613087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00960498 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Arrowhead Space & Telecommunications, Incorporated TI - BUS DRIVER FATIGUE AND STRESS ISSUES STUDY PY - 1999/12/08 SP - 117 p. AB - Arrowhead Space and Telecommunications, Incorporated conducted a research project to identify unique aspects of operations within the motorcoach industry which may produce bus driver fatigue and stress. The purpose of this study is to (1) identify from direct interaction with motorcoach owners, safety directors, operations managers, and drivers those fatigue-inducing stresses which they believe are unique to the motorcoach industry; (2) evaluate the relative influence of these stresses on bus driver fatigue; (3) provide relevant feedback to the Federal Highway Administration/Office of Motor Carriers (FHWA/OMC) for its use in future decisions which will affect the motorcoach industry; and (4) develop an outreach video to help motorcoach drivers understand the effects of fatigue, the stresses that induce it, and means to reduce it. KW - Bus drivers KW - Bus driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Impacts KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Transportation safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16966/PB2000106445.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7800/7883/busfatigue.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/659976 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789190 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE AND REGISTRATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT (PRISM) PILOT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1999/12 SP - 4 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 mandated a study to explore the potential of the commercial motor vehicle (CMV) registration process as a safety enforcement tool for reducing CMV accidents. The project sought to establish a link between the motor carrier safety information network systems of the U.S. Department of Transportation and similar CMV registration and licensing systems used by States. It has two goals: to determine the safety fitness of motor carriers prior to issuing license plates; and to cause unsafe motor carriers to enhance performance through a performance-based improvement process, and, when necessary, apply sanctions. A study design for the Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) program was developed and piloted in five States over a period of 4 years, ending in 1997. The results of the PRISM study proved conclusively that a link could be established between Federal and State information systems, and that the CMV registration process could serve as a powerful enforcement tool in both Federal and State motor carrier safety programs. There are currently 12 States participating in the PRISM program, and 4 or 5 States are expected to join per year. This tech brief discusses the PRISM pilot demonstration project. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Information systems KW - Licensing KW - Management KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Registrations KW - Safety programs KW - Sanctions KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10097/tb00-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650818 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789177 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEEDING-RELATED MULTI-VEHICLE FATAL CRASHES INVOLVING LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1999/12 SP - 4 p. AB - Speeding reduces a driver's ability to steer safely around curves or objects in the roadway, extends the distance necessary to stop a vehicle, and increases the distance a vehicle travels while the driver reacts to a dangerous situation. The danger is heightened when the speeding vehicle is either a large truck or some other vehicle in its vicinity, given the distances required for large trucks to stop or to react to sudden changes on the roadway. This Analysis Brief presents findings on the extent to which speeding - driving in excess of the speed limit or driving too fast for conditions - plays a role in multi-vehicle fatal crashes involving large trucks (over 10,000 pound gross vehicle weight rating). KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Large trucks KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51266/ab00-004.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9200/9222/Ab00-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650805 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789183 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF SLEEPER BERTH USAGE ON COMMERCIAL DRIVER FATIGUE, TASK 1 PY - 1999/11 SP - 2 p. AB - Driver fatigue is recognized as a major factor in the safety of long-haul commercial driving. Sleeper berths are often provided on tractors to allow the driver to sleep and rest when not driving. However, the sleeper berth environment and/or the manner in which drivers actually use sleeper berths may effect the quality of their sleep. This tech brief summarizes the first task in a 4-year study to assess the impact of sleeper berth usage on the level of driver alertness and driving performance. This task consisted of a literature review and 10 focus groups conducted with 74 long-haul commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. Researchers sought to gain an understanding of the issues affecting the quality and quantity of sleep drivers receive, as well as other issues that may affect drivers' levels of fatigue and driving safety. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors KW - Long haul KW - Performance KW - Rest periods KW - Sleep KW - Sleeper berths KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10098/tb00-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650811 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789184 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE UNSAFE DRIVING ACTS OF MOTORISTS IN THE VICINITY OF LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1999/11 SP - 4 p. AB - In 1996 large trucks composed 8% of all vehicles involved in fatal crashes; however, truck-involved crashes resulted in 12% of the total fatalities. Occupants of large trucks compose only 14% of the fatalities resulting from fatal truck crashes; 86% of the fatalities occur outside the truck, to pedestrians, cyclists, and primarily, the occupants of passenger vehicles. By identifying behaviors that lead to collisions between passenger vehicles and large trucks, countermeasures can be developed to further reduce the incidence and severity of crashes. This tech brief summarizes a study concerning unsafe driving acts (UDAs) of motorists in the vicinity of large trucks. UDAs are defined as motorist behaviors that contribute to collisions. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - High risk drivers KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10099/Tb00-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01109106 AU - Lucke, Roy E AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Uniformity of Roadside Safety Inspections of Commercial Vehicles and Drivers on the National Level. Project Final Report: Summary and Conclusions PY - 1999/10/14/Project Final Report SP - 100p AB - The goal of the project was to provide practical information to FMCSA, commercial carriers, MCSAP agencies, and the CVSA, which will be used to guide and improve standardized roadside enforcement of commercial vehicle regulations across North America. This report documents the findings of team-based observations of roadside safety inspections of commercial vehicles and drivers which were conducted by a team of State, Federal and industry representatives to assess their uniformity. The contents of this report reflect the views of the project advisory group based on observations and interviews during seven site visits (Illinois, Arizona, California, Tennessee, Connecticut, Minnesota, and West Virginia) and project team meetings. The report identifies States' best practices in the commercial vehicle inspection process that merit consideration for implementation by other states. The information on States' best practices presented in this report should be considered as tools that States may want to use to strengthen their programs. The decision of which practices to choose is entirely up to the State since each State will have varying organizational structures, levels of resources, and critical safety issues. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - North America KW - Regulations KW - Roadside KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16691/PB2000104507.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01109030 AU - Illinois State Police AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Uniformity of Roadside Safety Inspections of Commercial Vehicles and Drivers on the National Level. A Compendium of Research Studies in the Field of Safety Inspections for Motor Carriers and Drivers PY - 1999/10/14 SP - 94p AB - The goal of the project was to provide practical information to FMCSA, commercial carriers, MCSAP agencies, and the CVSA, which will be used to guide and improve standardized roadside enforcement of commercial vehicle regulations across North America. A component of this project grant was to develop a compendium of previous research in motor carrier safety. This document serves as that component. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - North America KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Standardization KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16692/PB2000104508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865798 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789178 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DIMENSIONS OF CRASH RISK: COMBINATION-UNIT VS. SINGLE-UNIT TRUCKS VS. OTHER VEHICLES PY - 1999/10 SP - 4 p. AB - This analysis brief explores differences and similarities among the national crash experience of combination-unit trucks (CUTs), single-unit trucks (SUTs), and "all vehicles" (principally cars and light truck/vans). These CUT vs. SUT vs. all vehicle comparisons are derived from a more comprehensive analysis of the 1989-93 U.S. crash experience of different motor vehicle types. Focusing on a comparison of the national crash experience of CUTs, SUTs, and "all vehicles", this brief assesses the U.S. motor vehicle crash problem from the perspective of different problem size referents for all crashes combined. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10083/ab00-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650806 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789179 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES INVOLVED IN FATAL CRASHES, 1991-1996 PY - 1999/09 SP - 4 p. AB - This analysis brief presents data relating to Longer Combination Vehicles (LCVs) which have been involved in fatal traffic accidents. It is based on data from the University of Michigan's Trucks involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) file. Since only a relatively small number of Longer Combination Vehicles are involved in fatal crashes in any given year, 6 years of data, 1991-1996, were combined in order to produce a more meaningful sample. The term "LCV" in this report includes all LCVs: overlength, overweight, both overlength and overweight, and triples (LCVs with three trailers). KW - Fatalities KW - Length KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucking safety KW - Trucks by number of axles KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10084/ab99-018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650807 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789185 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALIFICATIONS OF DRIVERS - VISION AND DIABETES PY - 1999/09 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) began the Federal Waiver Study Program in 1992. The Vision Waiver Program began in July 1992, when 2,686 drivers were accepted into the program. The Diabetes Waiver Program began in mid-1993 when 139 waivers were issued. The goal of the Federal Waiver Study Program was to determine the associated risk, based on accident involvement, of allowing commercial motor vehicle operators who do not meet Federal standards for specified medical conditions to drive interstate. The assessment was accomplished by comparing the accident involvement rates of waivered drivers to drivers who did meet the current standards. The objective of the study was to use the assessment to aid in determining if current standards could be amended without imposing additional safety risks on the public. This tech brief summarizes the study final report. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Diabetes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Qualifications KW - Risk assessment KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vision KW - Waivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10100/tb99-017.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10100/tb99-017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650813 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789191 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EYE-ACTIVITY MEASURES OF FATIGUE AND NAPPING AS A FATIGUE COUNTERMEASURE PY - 1999/08 SP - 4 p. AB - Commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver inattention, particularly that due to fatigue, is widely recognized as an important safety issue in the transportation industry. This tech brief summarizes an Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety study to investigate the potential of an eye tracking system for detecting reduced driver alertness, and to determine the impact of preventative napping on driver alertness and performance. The complete final report will be available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Countermeasures KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Measurement KW - Motor carriers KW - Naps KW - Performance KW - Sleep KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10106/tb99-010.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10106/tb99-010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650819 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789186 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER SCHEDULING PRACTICES PY - 1999/08 SP - 2 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety began a 4-year research project in September 1997 to evaluate the role of motor carrier scheduling practices in interstate commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver fatigue. This study seeks to: (1) assess the operational scheduling requirements of interstate motor carriers of passengers and property that affect CMV driver fatigue; and (2) identify carrier scheduling and related safety practices that have a positive effect on safety performance. The focus of the study is on the management processes and activities associated with driver scheduling and on commercial vehicle driving environments. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Driving environments KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Interstate transportation KW - Management KW - Motor carriers KW - Performance KW - Scheduling KW - Truck drivers UR - http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps19595/tb99-016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650814 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789187 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHARE THE ROAD CAMPAIGN RESEARCH STUDY PY - 1999/07 SP - 4 p. AB - The Share the Road Research Study final report reviews and documents the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety Share the Road program called the No-Zone Campaign. The No-Zone is a highway safety term used to describe danger areas around commercial motor vehicles where crashes are most likely to occur. The purpose of this study was to conduct a research project to improve the No-Zone public outreach campaign. The study had three objectives: to evaluate and review the current No-Zone Campaign; to identify similar programs; and to recommend options for establishing a Share the Road coalition. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - No-zone (Trucks) KW - Public information programs KW - Research KW - Share the Road Campaign KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10102/tb99-015.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10102/tb99-015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650815 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789188 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDUCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO CMV DRIVERS AND MOTOR CARRIERS PY - 1999/07 SP - 4 p. AB - The Peer Exchange is a process adopted by the Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety in which teams of professionals, representing state and federal government and private industry, identify effective commercial motor vehicle safety findings for implementation by other jurisdictions throughout North America. The peer exchange process has proven to be an effective technique by which to share and develop ideas among States to address important safety issues. The educational and technical assistance peer exchange had two main objectives: to identify best practices for providing effective educational and technical assistance to commercial drivers and motor carriers, and to disseminate information on the best practices to States and private industry. KW - Best practices KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Information dissemination KW - Motor carriers KW - Peer exchange KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic safety education KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10103/tb99-014.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650816 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789189 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RISK ASSESSMENT: PHASE I PY - 1999/06 SP - 4 p. AB - The main purpose of Phase I of this project was to develop a methodology for predicting consequences of hazardous material (HM) crashes, such as injuries and property damage. An initial step in developing a risk assessment is to reliably estimate the number of crashes and incidents for a defined period of time. The report documented a process to evaluate the full impact of HM crashes and incidents by sampling a single HM class (class 3) for 1 year. This tech brief summarizes the 1-year portrait of HM crashes/incidents and their impacts. For this discussion, an incident is an event in which HM is unintentionally released from a package (49 CFR171.16). KW - Hazardous materials KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Property KW - Risk assessment KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10104/tb99-013.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10104/tb99-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650817 ER - TY - SER AN - 00784555 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE EFFECTIVENESS STUDY PY - 1999/05 SP - 4 p. AB - The principal purpose of this study was to provide the Federal Highway Administration with measures to evaluate and assess if the Commercial Driver's License (CDL) program has been effective in (1) addressing problems that led to the enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 and (2) reducing the incidence of commercial motor vehicle crashes. This technical summary summarizes the study methodology, findings concerning the CDL program at the state level and at the national level, and recommendations from this research. KW - Commercial Driver'S License Program KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety act of 1986 KW - Driver licenses KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Impact studies KW - Recommendations KW - Truck crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10105/tb99-012.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10105/tb99-012.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/639974 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763326 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER-RELATED FACTORS IN CRASHES BETWEEN LARGE TRUCKS AND PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1999/04 SP - 4 p. AB - Large trucks [gross vehicle weight > 10,000 lb (4536 kg)] are involved in close to 400,000 police-reported crashes each year, of which 4,500 involve a fatality. About 60% of fatal truck crashes involve one large truck colliding with a single passenger vehicle -- a car, pickup truck, van, or sport utility vehicle. Prevention of these crashes requires understanding how and why these crashes occur to develop effective countermeasures. The analysis of the relative contribution of the truck driver versus the driver of the other vehicle involved in a fatal crash has been limited in the past to an examination of the driver-related factors variable in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). The FARS analyst in each State records driver actions that may have contributed to the fatal crash. The coding is based on factors recorded on the crash report by the police officer. NHTSA's "Traffic Safety Facts 1996: Large Trucks" states that in 71% of two-vehicle fatal crashes involving a large truck and another vehicle, police reported "one or more errors or other factors related to the driver's behavior" for the other vehicle driver and none for the truck driver. Analysts have been skeptical of relying solely on the judgments of officers at the scene of a crash to attribute cause or fault in fatal crashes. Thus, the Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety (OMCHS), in conjunction with the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), examined the driver-related factors from FARS along with other data that could either verify or rebut the factor data. This Analysis Brief presents the findings of this study. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Driver errors KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10085/ab99-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500691 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789192 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF OPERATING PRACTICES ON COMMERCIAL DRIVER ALERTNESS PY - 1999/03 SP - 4 p. AB - This driving simulator study sought to assess truck driver fatigue or alertness as affected by non-driving, but on-duty activities, such as loading/unloading a vehicle. It also examined the effects of driver performance on extended hours of service - 14 hours on duty/10 hours off duty (12 hours daytime driving, 7 AM to 9 PM). Researchers examined driver performance over a 15-day period. In addition, the amount of nonduty time (rest and recovery) needed to reestablish baseline fitness for duty was investigated. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Days KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fitness for duty KW - Hours of labor KW - Loading and unloading KW - Nonduty time KW - Performance KW - Rest periods KW - Schedules KW - Simulation KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10107/tb99-008.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10107/tb99-008.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/15000/15700/15773/PB2000100799.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650820 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763325 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW ENTRANT SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1999/03 SP - 4 p. AB - Deregulation of the motor carrier industry combined with a period of sustained economic growth has resulted in sizeable increases in the number of new motor carriers entering interstate operation. Discussions with key stakeholders in the motor carrier safety environment and previous academic studies have suggested that the safety performance and regulatory compliance of these "new entrants" may be significantly worse than the performance and compliance of more experienced carriers. This investigation examines the need for and the possible elements of a program to improve the safety performance and regulatory compliance of new entrants. It focuses specifically on regulatory compliance and crash rates as they relate to a motor carrier's time in interstate operations. The results show a substantial age-related pattern of compliance. There is clear evidence of a safety regulation compliance learning curve. KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Entrepreneurs KW - Interstate commerce KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10086/ab99-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500690 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789193 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRONIC RECORDER STUDY PY - 1999/02 SP - 3 p. AB - The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) petitioned the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 1986 to initiate rulemaking to mandate the use of electronic recorders in all commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) required to maintain logbooks. In August 1995, several other organizations joined the IIHS to renew the petition for mandatory use of on-board electronic recorders (ERs). To respond to the petition, the FHWA felt it was important to gather information from carriers on the current extent of ER usage within the motor carrier industry. The objectives of this study were to query trucking industry associations on the costs and benefits of the use of ERs for compliance with HOS regulations and to assess industry attitudes toward mandatory use of ERs. This tech brief summarizes the FHWA study initiated in response to the petition. KW - Associations KW - Attitudes KW - Benefits KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Electronic equipment KW - Hours of labor KW - Industries KW - Motor carriers KW - Recording KW - Trucks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9700/9731/tb99-007.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9700/9731/tb99-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650821 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789194 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL TRUCK DRIVER FATIGUE, ALERTNESS, AND COUNTERMEASURES SURVEY PY - 1999/02 SP - 4 p. AB - A survey was designed and conducted, to extend prior work discussed in the Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study literature review, by collecting additional data about commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers and their job characteristics. It also sought to determine the prevalence of factors that may contribute to fatigue in CMV drivers and to identify and assess the methods used by drivers to alleviate fatigue or its symptoms. This tech brief summarizes the methods and results of that survey. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Motor carriers KW - Reviews KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10108/tb99-006.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10108/tb99-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650822 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789195 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RISK-BASED EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE ROADSIDE VIOLATIONS: PROCESS AND RESULTS PY - 1999/01 SP - 4 p. AB - As a part of its risk management efforts, the Office of Motor Carriers sponsored a risk-based evaluation of roadside violations. This tech brief summarizes the study final report. The evaluation sought to categorize each commercial motor vehicle (CMV) roadside violation according to the potential risk posed by the conditions covered by the violation. Risk was defined as the likelihood that a violation would be a contributing factor to a crash or hazardous material (HM) release or exposure. The resulting categorization was designed to distinguish among violations that contribute to a significant, immediate risk of a crash or HM incident; violations that pose less significant risks; and violations that pose little or no risk. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Risk management KW - Roadside KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10109/tb99-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321183 AU - Blower, D AU - Masters, R AU - Pettis, Leslie AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents Codebook, 1997 PY - 1999 SP - 136p AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute's (UMTRI's) file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1997. The TIFA database provides coverage of all medium and heavy trucks recorded in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) file. TIFA combines vehicle, accident, and occupant records from FARS with information about the physical configuration and operating authority of the truck from the TIFA survey. KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking safety UR - http://www.umtri.umich.edu/content/TIFA1997.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/987578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00899880 AU - BLOWER, DANIEL AU - CAMPBELL, KENNETH L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNDERRIDE IN REAR-END FATAL TRUCK CRASHES. PY - 1999 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/613081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00797160 AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES: FATAL CRASHES 1975-1997, INJURY AND PROPERTY-DAMAGE-ONLY CRASHES 1988-1997 PY - 1998/12/09 SP - 21 p. AB - This publication presents 26 tables containing data on fatal crash statistics, injury crash statistics and property-damage-only crash statistics. Vehicle types included are large trucks, combination trucks, single-unit trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, buses, passenger vehicles, and passenger cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654886 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789196 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION STANDARDS RESEARCH PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - A "biometric" technology is an automatic method for the identification, or identity verification, of an individual based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. The primary objective of the study summarized in this tech brief was to make recommendations to the Secretary of Transportation for the establishment of minimum uniform standards for a biometric identification system to ensure identification of commercial vehicle drivers. The commercial driver's licensing program needed to ensure that CMV drivers did not have more than one commercial driver's license. Researchers sought to review the current status of biometric technologies to determine their ability to meet the needs of the commercial drivers licensing program and to determine the cost-effectiveness of the most promising technologies and systems for large-scale applications. KW - Biometrics KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Identification systems KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10111/tb99-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650824 ER - TY - SER AN - 00764641 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF SHIPPERS AND OTHERS IN DRIVER COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1998/12 SP - 4 p. AB - There is widespread perception among various trucking industry representatives and observers that commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operators are frequently forced to violate the Federal hours-of-service (HOS) regulations because of the tightness of their schedules. HOS regulations specify how long a CMV driver may drive continuously, and the length and number of breaks a driver must take. This concern was identified as one of the top 10 safety issues at the 1995 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Truck and Bus Safety Summit. In addition, the National Transportation Safety Board has recommended that the FHWA undertake a rulemaking to prohibit shipment schedules that would require that a driver exceed regulations in order to complete a deadline. Congress has also recommended action on this subject. In accordance with Congressional intent, the Office of Motor Carriers conducted a focus group study to determine the scope, nature, and extent of shipper involvement with violations of safety regulations. This Tech Brief summarizes the study final report (FHWA-MC-98-049). KW - Commercial drivers KW - Compliance KW - Delivery schedules KW - Federal laws KW - Focus groups KW - Hours of labor KW - Safety KW - Schedules and scheduling KW - Shipments KW - Shippers KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10110/tb99-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501616 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789197 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF LOCAL/SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS ON DRIVER FATIGUE: FOCUS GROUP SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1998/11 SP - 3 p. AB - Researchers sought to determine if fatigue is an equally important factor in influencing the safety of local/short haul truck operations as it is in influencing the safety of long-haul commercial vehicle operations. Accordingly, researchers conducted focus groups in eight cities, across five states. The purpose of these sessions was to gain an understanding of the general safety concerns related to the local/short haul trucking industry and specifically, if fatigue is a safety-critical issue in local/short haul trucking. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Focus groups KW - Short haul KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10112/tb99-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650825 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789198 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF DRIVER HEARING IN COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATION: AN EVALUATION OF THE FHWA HEARING REQUIREMENT PY - 1998/11 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) currently requires that all commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers have a specified minimum level of hearing to drive in interstate commerce. This tech brief summarizes an FHWA study of the same title that evaluates the validity of the current CMV driver hearing requirements and the ability to hear as a critical requirement for driving. The study sought to answer many of the questions concerning truck driver hearing, noise exposure, and hearing-critical tasks. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Hearing loss KW - Hearing-critical tasks KW - Hearings KW - Noise KW - Physical condition KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10113/tb99-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650826 ER - TY - SER AN - 00760598 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CARGO SECUREMENT STANDARD PY - 1998/10 SP - 4 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) participated in an international research program organized by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators (CCMTA) to evaluate cargo securement regulations and industry practice. As a result of this multi-year, international research program, the FHWA and other agencies responsible for establishing and enforcing cargo securement regulations have identified areas in which current cargo securement regulations could be improved to further reduce the likelihood of cargo securement-related accidents, and to make the requirements easier to understand, use, and enforce. The research provides the safety agencies and industry partners with a sound technical foundation to support the development of a uniform North American Cargo Securement Standard. The CCMTA published a series of 19 research reports covering each testing module and summarizing the research project as a whole. This Tech Brief outlines the research, findings, and subsequent recommendations. KW - Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators KW - Cargo securement KW - North America KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Trucking safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10115/tb98-005.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10115/tb98-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498743 ER - TY - SER AN - 00760599 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCLOS: A VALID PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURE OF ALERTNESS AS ASSESSED BY PSYCHOMOTOR VIGILANCE PY - 1998/10 SP - 4 p. AB - This Tech Brief summarizes an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) study titled "Evaluation of Techniques for Ocular Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and as the Basis for Alertness Management." The study was funded in part by the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Office of Motor Carriers and managed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The project's goal was to evaluate the validity and reliability of several drowsiness-detection measures and technologies in a controlled laboratory setting, and to analyze the effects of alerting stimuli on drivers' alertness levels. Of the drowsiness-detection measures and technologies evaluated in this study, the measure referred to as "PERCLOS" was found to be the most reliable and valid determination of a driver's alertness level. PERCLOS is the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time and reflects slow eyelid closures ("droops") rather than blinks. A PERCLOS drowsiness metric was established in a 1994 driving simulator study as the proportion of time in a minute that the eyes are at least 80% closed. FHWA and NHTSA consider PERCLOS to be among the most promising known real-time measures of alertness for in-vehicle drowsiness-detection systems. The results of this research support the development of a "first-ever" real-time drowsiness detection sensor that would measure the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil, over time (i.e., PERCLOS). KW - Alertness KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Truck drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10114/tb98-006.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51300/51369/tb98-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111389 AU - Jaeger, Deborah AU - Doherty, Sean AU - TML Information Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - Commercial Driver License Effectiveness Study. Volume 2. Technical Report PY - 1998/09/22/Final Report SP - 102p AB - THE Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act (CMVSA) authorized the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to assist in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, (herinafter referred to as the 51 states) in implementing the Commercial Driver License (CDL) program by expending $61 million in CDL grant funds to meet the requirements established by the Congress. These funds were directed to accomplish a number of activities, including: (1) Developing CDL knowledge and skills tests; (2) Creating a telecommunication network connecting the state's driver licensing agencies (DMVs); (3) Developing computer software to support each state DMV in sharing information with the other state DMVs; (4) Developing a central computer file to serve as the repository for driver identification data on each CDL holder; (5) Implementing CDL testing and licensing procedures in each state to support the CDL program. KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21758/PB99139800.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00763323 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING SURVEY PY - 1998/09 SP - 4 p. AB - Each year, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducts a survey to estimate drug and alcohol usage rates for drivers with a commercial driver's license (CDL drivers), based on a statistical sample of the summary information collected from motor carriers. The estimates from this survey are used to evaluate FHWA required random testing rates (the percentage of employees that need to be tested annually by each carrier) for both alcohol and controlled substances. In 1995, 2.8% of CDL drivers tested positive for controlled substance use, and 0.1% tested positive for alcohol use. In 1996, 2.2% of CDL drivers tested positive for controlled substances and 0.2% for alcohol use. On the basis of these findings, the alcohol testing rate for motor carriers was lowered from 25% to 10% for all motor carriers for calendar year 1998. Further details are provided in this Analysis Brief. KW - Alcohol use KW - Commercial drivers KW - Drug use KW - Motor carriers KW - Random testing rates KW - Regulations KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo8450/ab98-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500688 ER - TY - SER AN - 00763324 JO - Analysis Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1996 NATIONAL FLEET SAFETY SURVEY PY - 1998/09 SP - 4 p. AB - Approximately 2 million roadside inspections of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) are conducted annually, primarily through the joint Federal and State Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP). Vehicles and drivers with serious safety problems are placed out-of-service (OOS) and are not allowed to continue operations until the condition is corrected. Inspections are not conducted randomly; inspectors focus on vehicles that pose safety risks. While this is a reasonable enforcement strategy, it limits the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) ability to use these data to estimate the "true" OOS rate, i.e., the percentage of vehicles and drivers that would be placed OOS if all vehicles were inspected. To estimate this rate, the FHWA conducted the National Fleet Safety Survey (NFSS) in the summer of 1996, during which a number of States randomly inspected CMVs. The FHWA decided to take advantage of this unique survey to gather information not regularly obtained during inspections, including data on driver training and experience. In addition, because of widespread interest in the safety of hazardous material (HM) shipments, vehicles carrying placardable quantities of HM were oversampled, whereby an extra number of HM vehicles was chosen for inspection. This Analysis Brief presents a summary of the 1996 National Fleet Safety Survey which is fully documented in a separate report (FHWA-MC-98-015). KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Hazardous materials KW - Inspection KW - Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program KW - National Fleet Safety Survey (1996) KW - Out-of-service rate KW - Roadside KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10000/10087/ab98-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/500689 ER - TY - SER AN - 00789199 JO - Tech Brief PB - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL DRIVER REST & PARKING REQUIREMENTS: MAKING SPACE FOR SAFETY PY - 1998/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This tech brief presents an FHWA study that addressed the adequacy of both public and private parking facilities nationwide. The steady growth in trucking nationwide appears to have increased the demand for rest areas along the nation's highways. Commercial drivers need a safe place to park, especially at night, to maintain their alertness. A growing concern about commercial driver fatigue has created a need to assure public safety along the highways. The primary goal of this study was to consider parking statues and enforcement, and to determine the supply, utilization, and demand for truck parking at both rest areas (public facilities) and truck stops (privately-owned facilities). Research sought to address a perceived need for additional parking space through direct observation, interviews, statistical sampling and evaluations, modeling, and demographic data collection. KW - Alertness KW - Commercial drivers KW - Data collection KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highways KW - Interviewing KW - Modeling KW - Night KW - Parking facilities KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Statistical sampling KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck facilities KW - Trucking safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10116/tb98-002.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10116/tb98-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00970431 AU - Roberts, S AU - York, J AU - Sue Roberts Health Concepts AU - Private Fleet Management Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRIVER WELLNESS PROGRAMS: TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NUMBER TWO: SURVEY ANALYSIS AND CORE PROGRAM DESIGN PY - 1998/05/28 SP - 53 p. AB - A wellness program for commercial vehicle drivers is being developed to provide a resource for addressing truck and bus industry challenges in the areas of driver safety, turnover, performance, job satisfaction, and industry competition. It is intended to provide strategies to give drivers opportunities for improved health. With improved health comes increased happiness, peace, and prosperity, benefiting the individual, the company, and the industry. This document is the product of the Task Two research efforts. Task Two is the design of a core wellness program. Comprised of five sections, this document provides a summary and analysis of the driver and executive surveys and presents the core wellness program. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Job satisfaction KW - Personnel performance KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Turnover KW - Wellness programs UR - https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/WELLNESS-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/696471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00970430 AU - Roberts, S AU - York, J AU - Sue Roberts Health Concepts AU - Private Fleet Management Institute AU - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration TI - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRIVER WELLNESS PROGRAMS: TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NUMBER ONE: WELLNESS LITERATURE AND PROGRAMS REVIEW PY - 1997/09/04 SP - 44 p. AB - The initial step in designing a successful wellness program for commercial vehicle drivers is to review the current literature and practice with regards to the health status of the population and wellness programs in operation. As the literature and practice review are presented it must be noted, that even though there are almost three million commercial motor vehicle drivers in the United States, little research has been done specifically to examine the health status of these workers. Likewise they are not a population that has had frequent opportunity to participate in company sponsored wellness programs. This is quite ironic and of significant importance considering the results of this review. This report provides an overview of the driver health literature and a review of existing wellness programs and practices--both within and outside of the trucking industry. The results of the first two driver focus groups are also included in this document to provide a summary of research progress to date. A summary of this effort's research implications and next steps are also provided. KW - Bus drivers KW - Commercial drivers KW - Focus groups KW - Health KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - State of the practice KW - Truck drivers KW - Wellness programs UR - https://cms.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/WELLNESS-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/696470 ER -