FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Brownson, RC Eyler, AA King, AC Brown, DR Shyu, YL Sallis, JF AF Brownson, RC Eyler, AA King, AC Brown, DR Shyu, YL Sallis, JF TI Patterns and correlates of physical activity among US women 40 years and older SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PUBLIC-HEALTH; EXERCISE; WALKING; RELIABILITY; BEHAVIORS; AMERICAN; POPULATION; SYSTEM AB Objectives. This study describes the patterns of physical activity among minority women by using a variety of definitions and determines sociodemographic and behavioral correlates of physical activity in this population. Methods. a cross-sectional study was conducted in 1996 and 1997 among US women 40 year; and older (n = 2912) of the following racial/ethnic groups: African American, American Indian/ Alaskan Native, Hispanic, and White. Results. Physical activity was lowest among African American and American Indians/Alaskan Natives (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] for no leisure-time activity were 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CT)= 1.08, 1.68] and 1.65 [95% CI = 1.33, 2.06], respectively). A much higher proportion of women were classified as Deme physically active when occupational activity rather than more traditional assessments of leisure activity were used to determine level of physical. activity. Bn the basis of a composite definition of physical activity 72% of respondents reported being physically active. Women living in rural regions (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.58) were more likely than urban inhabitants to be completely inactive during leisure time. Conclusions. Minority women are among the least active subgroups in American society, although not all groups are less active than White women when all domains of physical activity are taken into account. C1 St Louis Univ, Dept Community Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. St Louis Univ, Prevent Res Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nat Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Brownson, RC (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Dept Community Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU710806] NR 44 TC 223 Z9 226 U1 7 U2 18 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 2000 VL 90 IS 2 BP 264 EP 270 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.2.264 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 278QA UT WOS:000084999400017 PM 10667189 ER PT J AU Homa, DM Mannino, DM Lara, M AF Homa, DM Mannino, DM Lara, M TI Asthma mortality in US Hispanics of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Heritage, 1990-1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HHANES 1982-84; UNITED-STATES; PATTERNS; DEATHS; ACCESS; RISK; CARE AB We used national vital statistics data for 1990 through 1995 to examine both national and regional age-adjusted asthma mortality rates for U.S. Hispanics of Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican heritage, as well as for non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks. Nationally, Puerto Ricans had an age-adjusted annual asthma mortality rate of 40.9 per million, followed by Cuban-Americans (15.8 per million) and Mexican-Americans (9.2 per million). In comparison, non-Hispanic whites had an age-adjusted annual asthma mortality rate of 14.7 per million and non-Hispanic blacks had a rare of 38.1 per million. Age-adjusted asthma mortality for Puerto Ricans was highest in the Northeast (47.8 per million); this region accounted for 81% of all asthma deaths among Puerto Ricans in the United States, In the U.S., Puerto Ricans had the highest asthma mortality rates among Hispanics, followed by Cuban-Americans and Mexican-Americans. In addition, among Hispanic national groups, mortality rates were consistently higher in the Northeast than the Midwest, South, or West regions. These results further support that Hispanics do not represent a uniform discrete group in terms of health outcomes, and that further public health research and interventions should take Hispanic national origin into account. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pediat & RAND Hlth, Div Gen Pediat, RAND Program Latino Children Asthma, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Homa, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-39,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 34 TC 135 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 161 IS 2 BP 504 EP 509 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 285ED UT WOS:000085376000029 PM 10673193 ER PT J AU Hopkins, DR Ruiz-Tiben, E Ruebush, TK Diallo, N Agle, A Withers, PC AF Hopkins, DR Ruiz-Tiben, E Ruebush, TK Diallo, N Agle, A Withers, PC TI Dracunculiasis eradication: Delayed, not denied SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article AB By the end of 1998, Asia was free of dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), with Pakistan, India, and Yemen having interrupted transmission in 1993, 1996, and 1997, respectively. Transmission of the disease was also interrupted in Cameroon and Senegal during 1997. Chad reported only 3 cases during 1998. Dracunculiasis is now confined to only 13 countries in Africa. The overall number of cases has been reduced by more than 97% from the 3.2 million cases estimated to have occurred in 1986 to 78,557 cases reported in 1998. Because the civil war in Sudan remains the major impediment to eradication of dracunculiasis, the interim goal is to stop all transmission outside that country by the end of 2000. The most important operational need now is for national programs to improve the frequency and quality of supervision of village-based health workers in order to enhance the sensitivity of surveillance and effectiveness of case containment. C1 Carter Ctr, Global Program 2000, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hopkins, DR (reprint author), Carter Ctr, Global Program 2000, 1 Copenhill,453 Freedom Pkwy, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 163 EP 168 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 311BN UT WOS:000086864800001 PM 10813467 ER PT J AU Miller, BR Nasci, RS Godsey, MS Savage, HM Lutwama, JJ Lanciotti, RS Peters, CJ AF Miller, BR Nasci, RS Godsey, MS Savage, HM Lutwama, JJ Lanciotti, RS Peters, CJ TI First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley Province, Kenya SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BORNE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; EPIDEMIC; ROMANIA; VECTOR; FEVER AB West Nile virus is a mosquito borne flavivirus endemic over a large geographic area including Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Although the virus generally causes a mild, self-limiting febrile illness in humans, it has sporadically caused central nervous system infections during epidemics. An isolate of West Nile virus was obtained from a pool of four male Culex univittatus complex mosquitoes while we were conducting an investigation of Rift Valley fever along the Kenya-Uganda border in February-March 1998. This represents the first field isolation of West Nile virus from male mosquitoes and strongly suggests that vertical transmission of the virus occurs in the primary maintenance mosquito vector in Kenya. A phylogenetic analysis of the complete amino acid sequence of the viral envelope glycoprotein demonstrated a sister relationship with a Culex pipiens mosquito isolate from Romania made in 1996, This unexpected finding probably reflects the role of migratory birds in disseminating West Nile virus between Africa and Europe. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Dept Arbovirol, Entebbe, Uganda. RP Miller, BR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 38 TC 100 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 240 EP 246 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 311BN UT WOS:000086864800013 PM 10813479 ER PT J AU Roper, MH Torres, RSC Goicochea, CGC Andersen, EM Guarda, JSA Calampa, C Hightower, AW Magill, AJ AF Roper, MH Torres, RSC Goicochea, CGC Andersen, EM Guarda, JSA Calampa, C Hightower, AW Magill, AJ TI The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM PARASITEMIA; ANOPHELES-DARLINGI; COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY; RONDONIA; BRAZIL; INFECTION; MOSQUITOS; COMMUNITY; VIVAX; TRANSMISSION AB A longitudinal study of malariometric indicators and their association with potential risk factors was conducted during August 1997-July 1998 at Padre Cocha, a village of 1,400 residents in the Peruvian Amazon. The incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infections during the study year was 166/1,000 persons; that of P. vivax was 826/1,000 persons. The mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 2 days; presenting geometric mean parasite densities were 3,976 parasites/mu l for P. falciparum infections and 2,282 parasites/mu l for P. vivax. There were no malaria-associated deaths. Consistent with the epidemic nature of malaria in the area, the incidence of both parasite species increased with age and there were no age-specific differences in mean parasite densities. No specific occupational risks for malaria were identified. Activities significantly associated with malaria risk reflected local vector behavior and included strolling outdoors after 6:00 PM and arising before 6:00 AM for adults, and attending evening church services for children. C1 USN, Med Res Ctr Detachment, Lima, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Direcc Reg Salud Loreto, Iquitos, Peru. RP Magill, AJ (reprint author), NIAID, Malaria Vaccine Dev Unit, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Twinbrook 2,Room 103,12441 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 42 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 247 EP 256 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 311BN UT WOS:000086864800014 PM 10813480 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Giles, WH AF Ford, ES Giles, WH TI Serum vitamins, carotenoids, and angina pectoris: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE angina pectoris; ascorbic acid; carotenoids; folic acid; vitamin A; vitamin E; vitamin B 12 ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ROSE QUESTIONNAIRE ANGINA; FOLLOW-UP-PROGRAM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; HYPERTENSION-DETECTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS AB PURPOSE: Whether various vitamins and carotenoids can protect against ischemic heart disease remains an unsettled question. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Sun ev III (1988-1994) and examined the associations between serum vitamins A, C, E, and B-12, serum folate, red blood cell folate, serum carotenoids, and angina pectoris in a representative population-based sample of 11,327 men and women aged 35->90 years. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and physical activity with multiple logistic regression analysis, no significant associations were present for any of the serum vitamin concentrations and angina pectoris. Significant linear trends were observed for serum concentrations of alpha-carotene (p < 0.001), beta-carotene (p = 0.026), and beta-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.003). Compared with participants with carotenoid concentrations in the lowest quartile, participants with concentrations in the highest quartile had odds ratios for angina pectoris of 0.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-0.65), 0.57 (95% CI 0.38-0.86), and 0.57 (94% CI 0.38-0.84) for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide little support for a cross-sectional association between angina pectoris and serum and red blood cell folate concentrations or concentrations of vitamins A, C, E, and B-12 Several serum carotenoid concentrations were associated with a reduced risk for angina pectoris, however. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 60 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 2 BP 106 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S1047-2797(99)00038-1 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 284EN UT WOS:000085317900006 PM 10691064 ER PT J AU Nuorti, JP Butler, JC Gelling, L Kool, JL Reingold, AL Vugia, DJ AF Nuorti, JP Butler, JC Gelling, L Kool, JL Reingold, AL Vugia, DJ TI Epidemiologic relation between HIV and invasive pneumococcal disease in San Francisco County, California SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; UNITED-STATES; BACTEREMIA; INFECTION; VACCINE; POPULATION; INFLUENZA AB Background: Patients with AIDS have a high incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, but no population-based data are available on secular trends or rates of this disease in specific demographic groups. Objective: To compare clinical characteristics, rates, and trends of pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons. Design: Population-based laboratory surveillance and chart review. Setting: All of the 13 microbiology laboratories in San Francisco County, California. Patients: Persons who had a sterile site culture that was positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae between October 1994 and June 1997. Measurements: Stratified incidence rates and adjusted rate ratios, serotyping of isolates, and comparison of secular trends and rates according to census tract by Poisson regression. Results: Persons infected with HIV accounted for 54.2% of 399 patients 18 to 64 years of age who had pneumococcal disease. The incidence of pneumococcal disease per 100 000 person-years was 35.0 cases overall and 802.9 cases in patients with AIDS. Compared with persons who were not known to be HIV-infected, the rate ratio for patients with AIDS was 46.0 (95% CI, 36.0 to 58.9); 55.2% of cases were attributable to HIV. In HIV-infected patients, 82.5% of isolates were serotypes that are included in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The incidence of pneumococcal disease in black patients with AIDS (2384.6 cases per 100 000 person-years) was 5.4 times that in nonblack patients with AIDS. Rates by census tract were inversely associated with income (P < 0.001). During the study period, the incidence of pneumococcal disease decreased from 10.6 cases per 1000 person-years to 4.2 cases per 1000 person-years in patients with AIDS (P = 0.004, Poisson regression). Conclusions: In a community with a high prevalence of HIV infection, much of the burden of pneumococcal disease was attributable to AIDS. High incidence rates were seen in young adults and especially in black persons. Efforts to increase pneumococcal vaccination rates should target HIV-infected adults, particularly those living in poor urban areas. C1 Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Calif Emerging Infect Program, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nuorti, JP (reprint author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. NR 34 TC 141 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 3 BP 182 EP 190 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 276XE UT WOS:000084903000002 PM 10651598 ER PT J AU Yangco, BG Von Bargen, JC Moorman, AC Holmberg, SD AF Yangco, BG Von Bargen, JC Moorman, AC Holmberg, SD CA HIV Outpatient Study Investigators TI Discontinuation of chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Background: HIV-infected patients with sustained immunologic improvement from antiretroviral therapy may be able to discontinue chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Objective: To compare PCP incidence in HIV-infected patients who had sustained CD4(+) lymphocyte counts greater than 200 cells/mm(3) and who either discontinued or continued PCP prophylaxis. Design: Nonrandomized prospective cohort study. Setting::10 HIV clinics in eight U.S, cities. Patients: 146 patients had follow-up visits for a mean of 18.2 months after discontinuation of PCP prophylaxis, and 345 patients who continued PCP prophylaxis had follow-up visits for a mean of 14.0 months. Measurements: Incidence of PCP. Results: Patients who discontinued PCP prophylaxis had higher maximum and minimum CD4(+) cell counts and lower vira I loads than patients who continued PCP prophylaxis. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia did not develop in either group (upper 95% exact binomial confidence limit of incidence for those who discontinued PCP prophylaxis, 2.3/100 person-yea rs). Conclusions: Discontinuation of PCP chemoprophylaxis may be appropriate for some HIV-infected ambulatory patients. C1 Infect Dis Res Inst, Tampa, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Yangco, BG (reprint author), 4728 N Habana Ave,Suite 303, Tampa, FL 33614 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU5096889] NR 11 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 132 IS 3 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 276XE UT WOS:000084903000004 PM 10651600 ER PT J AU Sreter, T Kovacs, G Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ Szell, Z Dobos-Kovacs, M Marialigeti, K Varga, I AF Sreter, T Kovacs, G Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ Szell, Z Dobos-Kovacs, M Marialigeti, K Varga, I TI Morphologic, host specificity, and molecular characterization of a Hungarian Cryptosporidium meleagridis isolate SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARVUM OOCYSTS; CHICKENS; BAILEYI; BIRDS; APICOMPLEXA; MAMMALS; FECES AB This study was undertaken in order to characterize Cryptosporidium meleagridis isolated from a turkey in Hungary and to compare the morphologies, host specificities, organ locations, and small subunit RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of this organism and other Cryptosporidium species. The phenotypic differences between C. meleagridis and Cryptosporidium parvum Hungarian calf isolate (zoonotic genotype) oocysts were small, although they were statistically significant. Oocysts of C. meleagridis were successfully passaged in turkeys and were transmitted from turkeys to immunosuppressed mice and from mice to chickens. The location of C. meleagridis was the small intestine, like the location of C. parvum. A comparison of sequence data for the variable region of the SSU rRNA gene of C. meleagridis isolated from turkeys with other Cryptosporidium sequence data in the GenBank database revealed that the Hungarian C. meleagridis sequence is identical to a C. meleagridis sequence recently described for a North Carolina isolate. Thus, C. meleagridis is a distinct species that occurs world,vide and has a broad host range, like the C. parvum zoonotic strain (also called the calf or bovine strain) and Cryptosporidium felis. Because birds are susceptible to C. meleagridis and to some zoonotic strains of C. parvum, these animals may play an active role in contamination of surface waters not only with Cryptosporidium baileyi but also with C. parvum-like parasites. C1 US Dept HHS, Div Parasit Dis, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Parasitol, Budapest, Hungary. Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Pathol, Budapest, Hungary. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Microbiol, Budapest, Hungary. RP Pieniazek, NJ (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Div Parasit Dis, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Publ Hlth Serv, Mail Stop F-13,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM nxp3@cdc.gov NR 42 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 66 IS 2 BP 735 EP 738 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.2.735-738.2000 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 280WC UT WOS:000085125900041 PM 10653744 ER PT J AU Zhuang, ZQ Stobbe, TJ Collins, JW Hsiao, HW Hobbs, GR AF Zhuang, ZQ Stobbe, TJ Collins, JW Hsiao, HW Hobbs, GR TI Psychophysical assessment of assistive devices for transferring patients/residents SO APPLIED ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE patient-handling devices; psychophysical assessment; back injury ID BACK-PAIN; INJURIES; NURSES; TASKS; RISK AB This article reports the psychophysical assessment of nine battery-powered lifts, a sliding board, a walking belt, and a baseline manual method for transferring nursing home patients/residents from a bed to a chair. A separate article reports the biomechanical evaluation of the same task and devices. The objectives of the psychophysical assessment were to investigate the effects of resident-transferring methods on the psychophysical stress to nursing assistants performing the transferring task, and to identify transfer methods that could reduce the psychophysical stress reported by nursing assistants. Nine nursing assistants served as test subjects. Two elderly persons participated as residents. The results indicated that the psychophysical stresses on nursing assistants were significantly lower when performing resident transfers with some of the assistive devices than when performing transfers with the baseline manual transfer method. The nursing assistants generally preferred the basket-sling lift and stand-up lift to other methods. The residents' comfort and security ratings indicated the comfort and security with most of the assistive devices were greater than or equal to the baseline manual method. Most of the comments of the nursing assistants and residents on the assistive devices were favourable. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind & Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Stat, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Zhuang, ZQ (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Zhuang, Ziqing/K-5462-2012 NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-6870 J9 APPL ERGON JI Appl. Ergon. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0003-6870(99)00023-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied SC Engineering; Psychology GA 273YM UT WOS:000084737000005 PM 10709750 ER PT J AU Dwyer, D AF Dwyer, D TI Inadvertent use of Bicillin (R) C-R for treatment of syphilis - Maryland, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 777, 1999) SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Reprint C1 Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dwyer, D (reprint author), Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 136 IS 2 BP 278 EP 279 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 283CK UT WOS:000085258400031 ER PT J AU Boone, DJ AF Boone, DJ TI Assessing laboratory employee competence SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Boone, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, 4770 Buford Hwy NW,MS-C25, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 2 BP 190 EP 191 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 283VQ UT WOS:000085297100003 PM 10656723 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Khan, LK Serdula, MK Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS AF Freedman, DS Khan, LK Serdula, MK Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS TI Secular trends in height among children during 2 decades - The Bogalusa heart study SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT; SCHOOLCHILDREN; MATURATION; GROWTH; ADOLESCENCE; ADULTS; MODELS; HEALTH; BORN; RISK AB Objective: To examine trends in height among 5- to 17-year-old children between 1973 and 1992. Design: A panel design consisting of 7 cross-sectional surveys. Participants: All schoolchildren residing in Bogalusa, La, were eligible. A total of 24 070 examinations were performed. Results: During the study period, the mean height of schoolchildren increased by 0.70 cm per decade independently of race, sex, and age. Trends were most pronounced among preadolescents, blacks, and boys, with 9- to 12-year-old black boys showing a height increase of 1.8 cm per decade. We observed a decrease in the number of relatively short children (<10th percentile of height) and an increase in the number of tall children (>90th percentile of height). Because a secular trend was not seen among the 15- to 17-year-old children, our findings likely reflect an acceleration of maturation. Conclusions: It has generally been assumed that secular increases in height among schoolchildren in the United States ceased by the mid-1900s. Our findings, which may be due to various environmental factors, demonstrate that care must be taken when using nonconcurrent reference data to assess the growth of children. Additional study is needed to determine if these secular trends are continuing and to examine possible explanations and consequences of these trends. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Tulane Ctr Cardiovasc Hlth, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 38844] NR 39 TC 50 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 154 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 282AF UT WOS:000085193100007 PM 10665602 ER PT J AU Dietz, VJ Baughman, AL Dini, EF Stevenson, JM Pierce, BK Hersey, JC AF Dietz, VJ Baughman, AL Dini, EF Stevenson, JM Pierce, BK Hersey, JC CA Georgia Immunization Program Eva TI Vaccination practices, policies, and management factors associated with high vaccination coverage levels in Georgia public clinics SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMPACT; IMMUNIZATION; STRATEGIES; CHILDREN; RATES AB Background: Controlling vaccine-preventable diseases by achieving high childhood vaccination coverage levels is a national priority. However, there are few, if any. comprehensive evaluations of state immunization programs in the United Slates, and little attention has been given to the importance of vaccination clinic management style and staff motivation. Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the increase in childhood vaccination coverage levels from 53% in 1988 to 89% in 1994 in Georgia's public health clinics. Design: A 1993 mail survey obtaining information on clinic vaccination policies and practices and management practices. Setting: All 227 public health clinics in Georgia. Participants: Clinic nurses responsible for vaccination services. Outcome Measure: The 1994 clinic-specific coverage level for 21- to 23-month-old children for 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, and 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine as determined by an independent stale assessment of clinic coverage levels. Results: Univariate analysis showed that higher coverage levels were significantly (P<.05) associated with smaller clinic size, higher proportions of clientele enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), being a nonurban clinic, and numerous vaccination practices and policies. Multivariable analysis showed that only 8 of greater than 150 factors remained associated with higher coverage levels, including having no waiting time to be seen, having telephone reminder systems, conducting home visits for defaulters, and restricting WIC vouchers when a child was undervaccinated. Motivational factors related to higher coverage included clinic lead nurses receiving an incentive to raise coverage and lead nurses participating in assessments of clinic coverage levels by state immunization staff. Conclusions: No single factor is responsible for raising vaccination coverage levels. Efforts to improve coverage should include local assessment to provide feedback on performance and identify appropriate local solutions. Coordinating with WIC, conducting recall and reminder activities, motivating clinic staff, and having staff participate in decisions are important in raising vaccination levels. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Arlington, VA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Washington, DC USA. RP Dietz, VJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mail Stop E34,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 154 IS 2 BP 184 EP 189 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 282AF UT WOS:000085193100012 PM 10665607 ER PT J AU Guerrero, JL Thurman, DJ Sniezek, JE AF Guerrero, JL Thurman, DJ Sniezek, JE TI Emergency department visits associated with traumatic brain injury: United States, 1995-1996 SO BRAIN INJURY LA English DT Article ID HEAD-INJURY; VIOLENCE AB The purposes of this study were to provide a national estimate of the incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) seen in emergency departments (EDs), but not requiring hospitalization and to determine the causes of these injuries. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition of TBI, ED data was analysed from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1995-1996). The average overall incidence rate of TBI-related ED visits for persons who were not hospitalized was 392/100 000 population per year, or 1 027 000 visits to hospital EDs in the US each year. This estimate is nearly twice (392 vs. 216) the previously estimated incidence rate, which was based on data from the 1991 National Health Interview Survey Injury Supplement. It was found that the highest incidence rate occurred among children aged 0-14 years, the rate for males was higher than for females, and the primary reported causes of these injuries were 'falls', motor vehicle-related causes, and 'struck by an object'. Although often considered 'mild' TBIs, these injuries can lead to significant cognitive and emotional impairment. Thus, continued surveillance of TBI-related ED visits is an important part of a comprehensive TBI prevention strategy. C1 Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Off Stat & Programming, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Acute Care Rehabil Res & Disabil Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Guerrero, JL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Off Stat & Programming, MS-K59,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0269-9052 J9 BRAIN INJURY JI Brain Inj. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 2 BP 181 EP 186 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA 281GW UT WOS:000085151000007 PM 10695573 ER PT J AU Hayes, RB Pottern, LM Strickler, H Rabkin, C Pope, V Swanson, GM Greenberg, RS Schoenberg, JB Liff, J Schwartz, AG Hoover, RN Fraumeni, JF AF Hayes, RB Pottern, LM Strickler, H Rabkin, C Pope, V Swanson, GM Greenberg, RS Schoenberg, JB Liff, J Schwartz, AG Hoover, RN Fraumeni, JF TI Sexual behaviour, STDs and risks for prostate cancer SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; prostatic neoplasms; racial aspects; sexual behaviour ID HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SYPHILIS; BLACKS; WHITES; CARCINOMA; HERPESVIRUS; CALIFORNIA; VASECTOMY AB A population-based case-control Study was carried out among 981 men (479 black, 502 white) with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer and 1315 controls (594 black, 721 white). In-person interviews elicited information on sexual behaviour and other potential risk factors for prostate cancer. Blood was drawn for serologic studies in a subset of the cases (n = 276) and controls (n = 295). Prostate cancer risk was increased among men who reported a history of gonorrhoea or syphilis (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% confidence internal (CI) 1.2-2.1) or showed serological evidence of syphilis (MHA-TP) (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.0-3.5). Patterns of risk for gonorrhoea and syphilis were similar for blacks (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) and whites (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 0.8-3.2). Risks increased with increasing occurrences of gonorrhoea, rising to OR = 3.3 (95% CI 1.4-7.8) among subjects with three or more events (P-trend = 0.0005). Frequent sexual encounters with prostitutes and failure to use condoms were also associated with increased risk. Syphilis, gonorrhoea, sex with prostitutes and unprotected sexual intercourse may be indicators of contact with a sexually transmissible factor that increases the risk of prostate cancer. (C) 2000 Cancer Research Campaign. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Off Director, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Michigan Canc Fdn, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hayes, RB (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, EPN 418, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Hayes, Richard/0000-0002-0918-661X FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CN-05225, N01-CN-51089, N01-CP-5109] NR 51 TC 119 Z9 123 U1 4 U2 5 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0007-0920 J9 BRIT J CANCER JI Br. J. Cancer PD FEB PY 2000 VL 82 IS 3 BP 718 EP 725 DI 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0986 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 279EP UT WOS:000085031700033 PM 10682688 ER PT J AU Ratnasinghe, D Tangrea, JA Forman, MR Hartman, T Gunter, EW Qiao, YL Yao, SX Barett, MJ Giffen, CA Erozan, Y Tockman, MS Taylor, PR AF Ratnasinghe, D Tangrea, JA Forman, MR Hartman, T Gunter, EW Qiao, YL Yao, SX Barett, MJ Giffen, CA Erozan, Y Tockman, MS Taylor, PR TI Serum tocopherols, selenium and lung cancer risk among tin miners in China SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE lung cancer; selenium; tocopherol; vitamin E ID VITAMIN-E; SUBSEQUENT RISK; BETA-CAROTENE; INTERVENTION TRIAL; FINNISH MEN; FOLLOW-UP; ANTIOXIDANTS; YOUNGER; COHORT; YUNNAN AB Objective: To evaluate the association of prediagnostic serum antioxidants and lung cancer risk we conducted a case-control study nested in an occupational cohort of tin miners. Methods: Male workers free of cancer enrolled in the cohort. During up to 6 years of follow-up, 339 lung cancer cases were diagnosed and, among these cases, those who donated blood prospectively (n = 108) were eligible for this study. For each case, two controls alive and free of cancer at the time of case diagnosis were matched on age and date of blood collection. Results: Overall, we observed no association between serum alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol or selenium levels and lung cancer risk. However, a significant gradient of decreasing lung cancer risk with increasing serum alpha-tocopherol was apparent for men less than 60 years old (odds ratio by tertile: 1.0, 0.9, 0.2; trend p = 0.002). Alpha-tocopherol was also protective in men who reported no alcohol drinking (OR by tertile: 1.0, 0.6, 0.3; trend p = 0.008). Conclusion: Although there were no significant overall associations between prospectively collected serum alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol or selenium and incidence of lung cancer, results from this study suggest that higher alpha-tocopherol levels may be protective in men less than 60 years old and in those who do not drink alcohol. C1 NCI, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NHANES Lab Biochem Anal, Atlanta, GA USA. Yunnan Tin Corp, Gejiu, Yunnan Province, Peoples R China. Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. H Lee Moffit Canc Ctr & Res Inst, Tampa, FL USA. RP Ratnasinghe, D (reprint author), NCI, DCS, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, 6006 Execut Blvd,Suite 321, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Qiao, You-Lin/B-4139-2012 OI Qiao, You-Lin/0000-0001-6380-0871 NR 32 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2 BP 129 EP 135 DI 10.1023/A:1008977320811 PG 7 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 275GE UT WOS:000084811800004 PM 10710196 ER PT J AU Hoppin, JA Tolbert, PE Holly, EA Brock, JW Korrick, SA Altshul, LM Zhang, RH Bracci, PM Burse, VW Needham, LL AF Hoppin, JA Tolbert, PE Holly, EA Brock, JW Korrick, SA Altshul, LM Zhang, RH Bracci, PM Burse, VW Needham, LL TI Pancreatic cancer and serum organochlorine levels SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BREAST-CANCER; BLOOD-LEVELS; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE; PESTICIDES; RISK; INDUSTRY; CACHEXIA AB Occupational exposure to P,P'-dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) has been associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk. We measured organochlorine levels in serum obtained at the study enrollment from 108 pancreatic cancer cases and 82 control subjects aged 32- 85 years in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1996 and 1998. Cases were identified using rapid case-ascertainment methods; controls were frequency-matched to cases on age and sex via random digit dial and random sampling of Health Care Financing Administration lists. Serum organochlorine levels were adjusted for lipid content to account for variation in the lipid concentration in serum between subjects. Median concentrations of p,p'-dichloradiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE, 1290 versus 1030 ng/g lipid; P = 0.05), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; 330 versus 220 ng/g lipid; P < 0.001), and trans-nonachlor (54 versus 28 ng/g lipid; P = 0.03) were significantly greater among cases than controls. A significant dose-response relationship was observed for total PCBs (P for trend < 0.001), Subjects in the highest tertile of PCBs (greater than or equal to 360 ng/g lipid) had an odds ratio (OR) of 4.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8-9.4] compared to the lowest tertile, The OR of 2.1 for the highest level of p,p'-DDE (95% CI = 0.9-4.7) diminished (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.4-2.8) when PCBs were included in the model. Because pancreatic cancer is characterized by cachexia, the impact of this on the serum organochlorine levels in cases is difficult to predict. One plausible effect of cachexia is bioconcentration of organochlorines in the diminished lipid pool, which would lead to a bias away from the null. To explore this, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming a 10-40% bioconcentration of organochlorines in case samples. The OR associated with PCBs remained elevated under conditions of up to 25% bioconcentration. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, San Francisco, CA 94109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Channing Lab,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Tolbert, PE (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd NE,Room 210, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01-CA59706]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ES05947] NR 43 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 199 EP 205 PG 7 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 287FU UT WOS:000085496500011 PM 10698482 ER PT J AU Breslow, RA Ballard-Barbash, R Munoz, K Graubard, BI AF Breslow, RA Ballard-Barbash, R Munoz, K Graubard, BI TI Consistent recreational physical activity, weight change, and breast cancer: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 233 EP 233 PG 1 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 287FU UT WOS:000085496500019 ER PT J AU Manangan, LP Bennett, CL Tablan, N Simonds, DN Pugliese, G Collazo, E Jarvis, WR AF Manangan, LP Bennett, CL Tablan, N Simonds, DN Pugliese, G Collazo, E Jarvis, WR TI Nosocomial tuberculosis prevention measures among two groups of US hospitals, 1992 to 1996 SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE infection control; nosocomial; prevention; transmission; tuberculosis ID RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAK AB Objective: To compare trends in nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) prevention measures and health-care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion of hospitals with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients and other US hospitals from 1992 through 1996, Design and setting: Surveys in 1992 and 1996 of 38 hospitals with PCP patients in four high-HIV-incidence cities and 136 other US hospitals from the American Hospital Association membership list. Participants: Twenty-seven hospitals with PCP patients and 103 other US hospitals. Results: In 1992, 63% of PCP hospitals and other US hospitals had rooms meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria tie, negative air pressure, six or more air exchanges per hour, and air directly vented to the outside) for acid-fast bacilli isolation; in 1996, almost 100% had such isolation rooms, Similarly, in 1992, nonfitted surgical masks were used by HCWs at 60% of PCP hospitals and 68% at other US hospitals, while N95 respirators were used at 90% of PCP hospitals and 83% of other US hospitals in 1996, There was a significant decreasing trend in TST conversion rates among HCWs at both PCP and other US hospitals; however, this trend varied among all hospitals, HCWs at PCP hospitals had a higher risk of TST conversion than those at other US hospitals (relative risk, 1.71; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: From 1992 through 1996, PCP and other US hospitals have made similar improvements in their nosocomial TB prevention measures and decreased their HCW TST conversion rate. These data show that most hospitals are compliant with CDC TB guidelines even before the enactment of an Occupational Safety and Health Administration TB standard. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Lakeside Vet Affairs Hosp, Chicago, IL USA. Amer Hosp Assoc, Chicago, IL USA. RP Manangan, LP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Invest & Prevent Branch, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Bennett, Charles/C-2050-2008 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD FEB PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 380 EP 384 DI 10.1378/chest.117.2.380 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 286MH UT WOS:000085449400017 PM 10669678 ER PT J AU Tan, MJ Tan, JS Hamor, RH File, TM Breiman, RF AF Tan, MJ Tan, JS Hamor, RH File, TM Breiman, RF CA Ohio Community-Based Pneumonia Inc TI The radiologic manifestations of Legionnaire's disease SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE Legionnaire's disease; Legionella; legionellosis; pleural effusion; pneumonia radiography ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; CHEST RADIOGRAPH; URINARY ANTIGEN; EPIDEMIC; ASSAY AB Study objectives: To study the serial radiographic manifestations of Legionnaire's disease from the initial presentation on admission to recovery using strict criteria for the diagnosis of infection. Materials and methods: We prospectively studied the chest radiographs of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in Summit County, Ohio between November 1990 and November 1992. Forty-three patients fulfilled strict criteria for legionellosis. The diagnosis of infection was based on the criteria of "definite" diagnosis as defined by the Ohio Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group report, The critet ia included the isolation of the microorganism, the presence of a significant antibody rise, or the presence of Legionella antigen in the urine. Results: Forty of 43 patients had admission radiographs interpreted as compatible with pneumonia, In spite of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, worsening of the infiltrates was found in more than half of the patients within the first week, Twenty-seven patients were observed to have pleural effusion during the course of hospitalization: 10 effusions were found on admission, another 14 developed during the first week, and 3 new effusions were discovered after the first Meek, Cavitation was found in only one patient, None of the patients had apical involvement. Conclusion: This study. confirms previous reports using less stringent etiologic diagnosis criteria that chest radiographic findings in Legionnaire's disease ale not specific. Even with appropriate therapy, more than half of the patients Mill have worsening of the infiltrates during the first week, Pleural effusion is common among our patients, and it is frequently detected during the serial radiographic studies during the first week of hospitalization. Chest radiography in Legionnaire's disease is useful only for the monitoring of disease progression and not for diagnostic purposes, In addition, worsening of infiltrates and pleural effusion are seen in more than half of the patients in spite of appropriate therapy and clinical improvement. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Summa Hlth Syst, Dept Internal Med, Akron, OH USA. Summa Hlth Syst, Dept Radiol, Akron, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Tan, JS (reprint author), 75 Arch St,Suite 105, Akron, OH 44304 USA. NR 35 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD FEB PY 2000 VL 117 IS 2 BP 398 EP 403 DI 10.1378/chest.117.2.398 PG 6 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 286MH UT WOS:000085449400020 PM 10669681 ER PT J AU Trick, WE Scheckler, WE Tokars, JI Jones, KC Smith, EM Reppen, ML Jarvis, WR AF Trick, WE Scheckler, WE Tokars, JI Jones, KC Smith, EM Reppen, ML Jarvis, WR TI Risk factors for radial artery harvest site infection following coronary artery bypass craft surgery SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL-MAMMARY-ARTERY; WOUND-INFECTION; DIABETES-MELLITUS; REVASCULARIZATION; OUTCOMES; GRAFT; DEEP AB Radial arteries increasingly are used during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Although risk factors for saphenous vein harvest site infection (HSI) have been reported, rates of and risk factors for radial artery HSI are not well established. We compared rates of radial artery HSI that were detected by 2 surveillance methods, regular and heightened. Risk factors were determined by a case-control study. We identified 35 radial artery HSIs ("case sites") in 26 case patients. The radial artery HSI rate was significantly higher during heightened surveillance than during routine surveillance (12.3% vs. 3.1%, respectively; P = .002). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus with a preoperative glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (odds ratio [OR], 4.4; P = .01) and duration of surgery greater than or equal to 5 h (OR, 3.1; P = .02) were independent risk factors for radial artery HSI. Infection is a common complication of radial artery harvesting for CABG surgery, and infection rates are dependent on the intensity of surveillance. We identified preoperative hyperglycemia and surgery duration as independent risk factors for radial artery HSI. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Marys Hosp, Med Ctr, Madison, WI 53715 USA. RP Trick, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 270 EP 275 DI 10.1086/313657 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293JX UT WOS:000085849400009 PM 10671327 ER PT J AU Welch, K Morse, A Clark, R Ogbuokiri, T AF Welch, K Morse, A Clark, R Ogbuokiri, T TI Factors associated with incomplete virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 HIV Outpatient Clin ASD, Med Ctr Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Adult Spectrum Dis Study, Louisiana Off Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Welch, K (reprint author), HIV Outpatient Clin ASD, Med Ctr Louisiana, 136 S Roman St,3rd Floor, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 407 EP 408 DI 10.1086/313670 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293JX UT WOS:000085849400042 PM 10671360 ER PT J AU Way, HE Conover, DP Mathias, P Toraason, M Lotz, WG AF Way, HE Conover, DP Mathias, P Toraason, M Lotz, WG TI 50-hertz magnetic field and calcium transients in Jurkat cells: Results of a research and public information dissemination (RAPID) program study SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE fura 2; intracellular calcium; Jurkat cells; lymphocytes; magnetic fields ID BRAIN-TISSUE INVITRO; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ION-TRANSPORT; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPOSURE; HZ; OSCILLATIONS; EFFLUX; CA2+ AB An effect on intracellular calcium continues to be proposed as a biochemical pathway for the mediation of biologic effects of electrical-power-frequency magnetic fields (MF). However, reproducible results among laboratories are difficult to attain and the characteristics of magnetic field effects on intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+](i)) are not well understood. We attempted to repeat the studies of Lindstrom et al. [Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in a T-Cell Line by a Weak 50 Hz Magnetic Field. J Cell Physiol 156:395-338 (1993)] by investigating the effect of a 1.5-G 50-Hz MF on [Ca2+](i) in the Jurkat lymphocyte T-cell line. Changes in [Ca2+](i) were determined using microscopic imaging of fura-2 loaded Jurkat cells on poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips. The MF was generated by a single coil constructed with bifilar wire and located in the same plane as the cells. Cells were randomly exposed for 8 min to MF, sham field (SF), or no field (NF) conditions. The exposure condition remained coded until data analysis was complete. Each exposure period was preceded by an 8-min data collection to establish a baseline for [Ca2+](i). After each exposure condition, cells were exposed to anti-CDS antibody that induced a rapid increase in [Ca2+](i) in responsive cells; this provided a positive control. [Ca2+](i) was analyzed for individual cells as spatially-averaged background-corrected 340/380 nm ratios, and a [Ca2+](i) transient was considered significant for positive deviations from baseline of 3x an estimate of noise in the baseline. Typically, 25-50 cells/field were viewed and approximately 50% had no [Ca2+](i) transients in the baseline period and also responded to positive control. Only cells responding to positive control and lacking changes in [Ca2+](i) during the baseline period were considered qualified for assessment during the exposure period. The incidences of [Ca2+](i) transients during the exposure period for two experiments (40x objective) were 16.5, 14.6, and 14.2% for MF, SF, and NF, respectively, and were not statistically significantly different. Previous studies by Lindstrom et al. [Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in a T-Cell Line after Exposure to Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields with Variable Frequencies and Flux Densities. Bioelectromagnetics 16:41-47 (1995)] showed a high response rate (92%) for exposure to 1.5-G 50-Hz MF when individual cells were preselected for investigation. We found no such effect when examining many cells simultaneously in a random and blind fashion. These results do not preclude an effect of MF on [Ca2+](i), but suggest that responsive cells, if they exist, were not identified using the approaches that we used in this study. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Toraason, M (reprint author), NIOSH, MS-C23,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 108 IS 2 BP 135 EP 140 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 287LY UT WOS:000085508400031 ER PT J AU Blanck, HM Marcus, M Hertzberg, V Tolbert, PE Rubin, C Henderson, AK Zhang, RH AF Blanck, HM Marcus, M Hertzberg, V Tolbert, PE Rubin, C Henderson, AK Zhang, RH TI Determinants of polybrominated biphenyl serum decay among women in the Michigan PBB cohort SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE body mass index; decay; elimination; half-life; pharmacokinetics; polybrominated biphenyl ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; HALF-LIFE; NONLINEAR KINETICS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BREAST-MILK; PCBS; EXPOSURE; MODEL; RATS; ELIMINATION AB Accidental contamination of the food chain in Michigan in 1973 with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) led to the establishment of a registry of exposed individuals in 1976. Serum was collected and analyzed for PBB at the time of enrollment and for targeted studies in the following years. We used the archived PBB data to study the elimination of PBB and to identify factors associated with elimination. A total of 380 women greater than or equal to 16 years of age who had an initial PBB level of 2 ppb and at least two serum samples drawn when they were not pregnant were included in the analysis. The mean initial PBB level was 20.9 ppb (median 4) and mean time between the first and last measurement was 4.2 years (range 0.5-11.1). PBB was assumed to reach equilibrium in the body before substantial amounts were eliminated and before the first serum measurements were taken; therefore, the entire body was modeled as a single compartment for PBB with exponential decay. Subject-specific decay rate estimates were regressed on predictor variables including initial age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, breast-feeding duration, and parity. In women with an initial PBB level < 10 ppb, the median half-life was 12.9 years; in those with > 10 ppb, the median half-life was 28.7 years. Decay was significantly slower among women with an initial BMI at or above the median (BMI greater than or equal to 23). The calculated half-life values are estimates of decay and can be used to estimate body burden of PBB at various points in time other than at the time of serum collection. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Div Biol & Biomed Sci, Nuts & Hlth Sci Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biostat, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Marcus, M (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd NE,Room 460, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES08341-01] NR 54 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 108 IS 2 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.2307/3454513 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 287LY UT WOS:000085508400033 PM 10656855 ER PT J AU Hilborn, ED Mshar, PA Fiorentino, TR Dembek, ZF Barrett, TJ Howard, RT Cartter, ML AF Hilborn, ED Mshar, PA Fiorentino, TR Dembek, ZF Barrett, TJ Howard, RT Cartter, ML TI An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections and haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with consumption of unpasteurized apple cider SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; SEROTYPE; JUICE AB During October 1996, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among Connecticut residents occurred. An epidemiologic investigation included enhanced surveillance and a case-control study. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Implicated cider samples were analysed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Consumption of implicated cider was associated with illness; (matched odds ratio = undefined, 95 % confidence interval = 3.5-infinity). Ultimately, a total of 14 outbreak-associated patients were identified. All isolates analysed by PFGE yielded the outbreak-associated subtype. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was not cultured from three cider samples; PCR analysis detected DNA fragments consistent with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in one. This outbreak was associated with drinking one brand of unpasteurized apple cider. PFGE subtyping supported the epidemiologic association. PCR analysis detected microbial contaminants in the absence of live organisms. Washing and brushing apples did not prevent cider contamination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Program Epidemiol, Hartford, CT USA. Yale Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Connecticut Emerging Infect Program, New Haven, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Lab Div, Hartford, CT USA. RP Hilborn, ED (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Mail Drop 58A, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0950-2688 EI 1469-4409 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 1 BP 31 EP 36 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003258 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 294ZL UT WOS:000085940800005 PM 10722127 ER PT J AU Hauri, AM Ehrhard, I Frank, U Ammer, J Fell, G Hamouda, O Petersen, L AF Hauri, AM Ehrhard, I Frank, U Ammer, J Fell, G Hamouda, O Petersen, L TI Serogroup C meningococcal disease outbreak associated with discotheque attendance during carnival SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; PATRONAGE; CAMPUS AB In the week following a carnival during 19-24 February 1998, an outbreak of meningococcal disease occurred in a rural German county. The available isolates belonged to phenotype C:2a:P1.2,5 and were clonally related by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A case-control study was done to identify risk factors for the outbreak and to define possible vaccination target groups. Five persons aged 13-16 years who fell ill during 24-27 February were included in the study. Four of 5 cases and 10 of 32 controls visited local discotheques (OR = 8.8; P = 0.06). Cases also visited discotheques more frequently than controls (chi(2) for trend, P = 0.0002). Multiple discotheques during the carnival may have been predominant locations of transmission in this outbreak. Because this risk factor was limited in time, a mass community vaccination campaign was not initiated. C1 Robert Koch Inst, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Hyg, Natl Reference Ctr Meningococci, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Off Publ Hlth, Cty Adm Rottal Inn, D-84347 Pfarrkirchen, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Petersen, L (reprint author), Robert Koch Inst, Stresemannstr 90-102, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 1 BP 69 EP 73 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003416 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 294ZL UT WOS:000085940800010 PM 10722132 ER PT J AU Cheadle, A Sterling, TD Schmid, TL Fawcett, SB AF Cheadle, A Sterling, TD Schmid, TL Fawcett, SB TI Promising community-level indicators for evaluating cardiovascular health-promotion programs SO HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GROCERY STORE ENVIRONMENT; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; NUTRITION-PROGRAMS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; EDUCATION; PREVENTION; TOBACCO; STRATEGIES; PROJECT; MINORS AB Rigorous evaluation of community-based programs can be costly, particularly when a representative sample of all members of the community are surveyed in order to assess the impact of a program on individual health behavior, Community-level indicators (CLIs), which are based on observations of aspects of the community other than those associated with individuals, may serve to supplement individual-level measures in the evaluation of community-based programs or in some cases provide a lower-cost alternative to individual-level measures, Because they are often based on observations of the community environment, CLIs also provide a way of measuring environmental changes - often an intermediate goal of community-based programs, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a panel of experts knowledgeable about community-based program evaluation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention to develop a list of CLIs, and rate their feasibility, reliability and validity, The indicators developed by the panel covered tobacco use, physical activity, diet and a fourth group that were considered 'cross-cutting' because they related to all three behaviors, The indicators were subdivided into policy and regulation, information, environmental change, and behavioral outcome, For example, policy and regulation indicators included laws and ordinances on tobacco use, policies on physical education, and guidelines for menu and food preparation, These indicators provide a good starting point for communities interested in tracking CVD-related outcomes at the community level. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Chron Dis Control & Community Intervent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Kansas, Work Grp Hlth Promot & Community Dev, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Cheadle, A (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU PHS HHS [90-2118-06] NR 48 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1153 J9 HEALTH EDUC RES JI Health Educ. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 DI 10.1093/her/15.1.109 PG 8 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 284AY UT WOS:000085309600011 PM 10788197 ER PT J AU Srivastava, N Zeiler, JL Smithson, SL Carlone, GM Ades, EW Sampson, JS Johnson, SE Kieber-Emmons, T Westerink, MAJ AF Srivastava, N Zeiler, JL Smithson, SL Carlone, GM Ades, EW Sampson, JS Johnson, SE Kieber-Emmons, T Westerink, MAJ TI Selection of an immunogenic and protective epitope of the PsaA protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae using a phage display library SO HYBRIDOMA LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; RANDOM PEPTIDE LIBRARY; ADHESIN-A PSAA; CONJUGATE VACCINE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; SEROTYPE DISTRIBUTION; UNITED-STATES; BACTEREMIA; CHILDREN AB Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen that causes disease in young and elderly individuals. The currently available polysaccharide vaccines have limited efficacy in those age groups most susceptible to pneumococcal infections. This study focuses on mapping the epitopes of a surface protein of S, pneumoniae by biopanning a 15 mer phage display library using 5 different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the Pneumoccal surface adhesin A (PsaA). PsaA is a component of the bacterial cell wail that is highly species specific and is involved in bacterial adherence and virulence. Biopanning of the phage display library reveals three distinct epitopes on the PsaA protein, The sequence homology of these epitopes ranges from two to six amino acids when compared to the native PsaA protein type 2. Two of these epitopes have been evaluated for their immunogeneicity in mice. The peptide selected by the MAbs 8G12, 6F6, and 1B7 is referred to as the consensus peptide and is immunogenic in mice. Optimal anti-PsaA response is observed in mice immunized with 50 mu g of the consensus peptide complexed to proteosomes in 1:1 ratio. The anti-PsaA response is significantly lower than the response to the PsaA native protein. The peptide selected by monoclonal antibody 4E9 in its lipidated form is significantly protective in mice challenged with S, pneumoniae serotype 2 when compared to mice immunized with the native protein. These results show that the selected epitopes of PsaA protein are immunogenic and protective in mice. These epitopes need to be evaluated further as alternatives to currently available vaccines. C1 Med Coll Ohio, Dept Med, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Westerink, MAJ (reprint author), Med Coll Ohio, Dept Med, 3055 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 64 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0272-457X J9 HYBRIDOMA JI Hybridoma PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 23 EP 31 DI 10.1089/027245700315761 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology GA 300ER UT WOS:000086240300003 PM 10768838 ER PT J AU Briles, DE Ades, E Paton, JC Sampson, JS Carlone, GM Huebner, RC Virolainen, A Swiatlo, E Hollingshead, SK AF Briles, DE Ades, E Paton, JC Sampson, JS Carlone, GM Huebner, RC Virolainen, A Swiatlo, E Hollingshead, SK TI Intranasal immunization of mice with a mixture of the pneumococcal proteins PsaA and PspA is highly protective against nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PROTEIN; PNEUMOLYSIN; VIRULENCE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION; INACTIVATION; COLONIZATION; CHALLENGE; SEQUENCE AB Acquisition of pneumococci is generally from carriers rather than from infected individuals. Therefore, to induce herd immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae it will be necessary to elicit protection against carriage. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates, PspA, and PsaA are known to elicit some protection against nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci but do not always completely eliminate carriage. In this study, we observed that PsaA elicited better protection than did PspA against carriage. Pneumolysin elicited no protection against carriage. Immunization with a mixture of PsaA and PspA elicited the best protection against carriage. These results indicate that PspA and PsaA may be useful for the elicitation of herd immunity in humans. As PspA and pneumolysin are known to elicit immunity to bacteremia and pneumonia, their inclusion in a mucosal vaccine may enable such a vaccine to prevent invasive disease as well as carriage. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Womens & Childrens Hosp, Mol Microbiol Unit, N Adelaide, SA, Australia. Pasteur Merieux Connaught, Swiftwater, PA USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Bacteriol & Immunol, Haartman Inst, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. RP Briles, DE (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, 658 Bevill Bldg,845 19th St S, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RI Paton, James/A-9920-2008; Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54818]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI21548, AI40645, R01 AI021548, R56 AI021548] NR 42 TC 213 Z9 218 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 68 IS 2 BP 796 EP 800 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.2.796-800.2000 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 275VZ UT WOS:000084842000049 PM 10639448 ER PT J AU Moolenaar, RL Crutcher, JM San Joaquin, VH Sewell, LV Hutwagner, LC Carson, LA Robison, DA Smithee, LMK Jarvis, WR AF Moolenaar, RL Crutcher, JM San Joaquin, VH Sewell, LV Hutwagner, LC Carson, LA Robison, DA Smithee, LMK Jarvis, WR TI A prolonged outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: Did staff fingernails play a role in disease transmission? SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTIONS; COLONIZATION; EQUIPMENT AB OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection (BSI) and endotracheal tube (EET) colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), determine risk factors for infection, and make preventive recommendations. DESIGN: A 15-month cohort study followed by a case-control study with an environmental survey and molecular typing of available isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Neonates in the NICU of a university-affiliated children's hospital. INTERVENTIONS: Improved hand washing and restriction of use of long or artificial fingernails. RESULTS: Of 439 neonates admitted during the study period, 46 (10.5%) acquired P aeruginosa; 16 (35%) of those died. Fifteen (75%) of 20 patients for whom isolates were genotyped had genotype A, and 3 (15%) had genotype B. Of 104 healthcare workers (HCWs) from whom hand cultures were obtained, P aeruginosa was isolated from three nurses. Cultures from nurses A-1 and A-2 grew genotype A and cultures from nurse B Brew genotype B, Nurse A-1 had long natural fingernails, nurse B had long artificial fingernails, and nurse A-2 had short natural fingernails. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, exposure to nurse A-1 and exposure to nurse B were each independently associated with acquiring a BSI or ETT colonization with P aeruginosa, but other variables, including exposure to nurse A-2, were not. CONCLUSION: Epidemiological evidence demonstrated an association between acquiring P aeruginosa and exposure to two nurses. Genetic and environmental evidence supported that association and suggested, but did not Drove, a possible role for long. or artificial fingernails in the colonization of HCWs' hands with P aeruginosa. Requiring short natural fingernails in NICUs is a reasonable policy that might reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired infections (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:80-85). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Oklahoma State Dept Hlth, Acute Dis Div, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Childrens Hosp Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Moolenaar, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D-18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 131 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 80 EP 85 DI 10.1086/501739 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700002 PM 10697282 ER PT J AU Steele, L Rose, D Charlebois, ED Bangsberg, DR Chambers, HF Gerberding, JL AF Steele, L Rose, D Charlebois, ED Bangsberg, DR Chambers, HF Gerberding, JL TI Population-specific antibiograms to evaluate differences in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the San Francisco community health network. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. San Francisco Gen Hosp, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 88 EP 88 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700019 ER PT J AU Grohskopf, LA Tokars, JI Parrish, J Armistead, N Gehr, T Light, P Jarvis, WR AF Grohskopf, LA Tokars, JI Parrish, J Armistead, N Gehr, T Light, P Jarvis, WR TI Use of intravenous antimicrobials in chronic hemodialysis patients. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Mid Atlantic Renal Coalit, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 90 EP 90 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700031 ER PT J AU Lawton, RM Fridkin, SK Hill, H Gaynes, RP Edwards, J McGowan, JE AF Lawton, RM Fridkin, SK Hill, H Gaynes, RP Edwards, J McGowan, JE TI Impact of national benchmarks on quality improvement and vancomycin use. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700035 ER PT J AU Ostrowsky, BE Lawton, R Fridkin, S Gaynes, R AF Ostrowsky, BE Lawton, R Fridkin, S Gaynes, R TI Antimicrobial use in hematology/oncology units differs from use in other hospital wards. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700038 ER PT J AU Parvez, FM Sohn, AH Vu, TT Hai, HH Bich, NN Thu, LTA Hoa, LT Thanh, NH Archibald, LK Jarvis, WR AF Parvez, FM Sohn, AH Vu, TT Hai, HH Bich, NN Thu, LTA Hoa, LT Thanh, NH Archibald, LK Jarvis, WR TI Antimicrobial use in surgical patients at a large tertiary care hospital, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, 1999. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Cho Ray Hosp, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 91 EP 91 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700039 ER PT J AU Steele, L Rose, D Charlebois, ED Bangsberg, DR Chambers, HF Gerberding, JL AF Steele, L Rose, D Charlebois, ED Bangsberg, DR Chambers, HF Gerberding, JL TI Length of stay predicts antimicrobial susceptibility in intensive care unit patients. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 San Francisco Gen Hosp, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 92 EP 92 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700043 ER PT J AU Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, J Richards, M Gaynes, RP AF Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, J Richards, M Gaynes, RP TI Risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infections: Preliminary analysis of the detailed intensive care unit surveillance component study. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 93 EP 93 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700050 ER PT J AU Parvez, FM Roeshadi, D Irmawati, L Sidharta, Y Rosenthal, SR Padmidewi, M Irawan, E Hastuti, R Angsar, D Archibald, LK Jarvis, WR AF Parvez, FM Roeshadi, D Irmawati, L Sidharta, Y Rosenthal, SR Padmidewi, M Irawan, E Hastuti, R Angsar, D Archibald, LK Jarvis, WR TI Etiology of cellulitis, sepsis, and death in a neonatal intensive care unit, Indonesia 1999. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Dr Soetomo Hosp, Surabaya, Indonesia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. World Hlth Org, Jakarta, Indonesia. Balai Lab Kesehatan, Surabaya, Indonesia. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700074 ER PT J AU Roghmann, M Bradham, D South, B Fridkin, S Perl, TM AF Roghmann, M Bradham, D South, B Fridkin, S Perl, TM TI The clinical and economic impact of antimicrobial resistance on nosocomial bloodstream infections. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Med Syst, VA Maryland Healthcare Syst, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700078 ER PT J AU Coignard, B Fridkin, SK Hill, H Lawton, R Edwards, J McGowan, JE Tenover, FC Gaynes, RP AF Coignard, B Fridkin, SK Hill, H Lawton, R Edwards, J McGowan, JE Tenover, FC Gaynes, RP TI Dose resistance among nosocomial pathogens differ between pediatric and adult intensive care units? SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 98 EP 98 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700085 ER PT J AU Arduino, MJ Levi, M Aguero, SM Miller, PH Miller, ER AF Arduino, MJ Levi, M Aguero, SM Miller, PH Miller, ER TI Microbiologic water quality of processed water from 19 metro-atlanta hemodialysis facilities. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 100 EP 100 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700098 ER PT J AU Tokar, JI Light, P Armistead, N Parrish, J Miller, ER Gehr, T AF Tokar, JI Light, P Armistead, N Parrish, J Miller, ER Gehr, T TI Surveillance for infections in hemodialysis outpatients: A pilot study. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Mid Atlantic Renal Coalit, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 101 EP 101 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700103 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Gehr, T Parrish, J Qaiyumi, S Light, P AF Tokars, JI Gehr, T Parrish, J Qaiyumi, S Light, P TI Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization at selected outpatient hemodialysis centers. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. Mid Atlantic Renal Coalit, Richmond, VA USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 101 EP 101 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700104 ER PT J AU Alvarado, F Panlilio, A Cardo, D AF Alvarado, F Panlilio, A Cardo, D TI Percutaneous injury reporting in US hospitals, 1998. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700139 ER PT J AU Alvarado, F Panlilio, A Cardo, D AF Alvarado, F Panlilio, A Cardo, D TI Occupational blood exposures among pregnant healthcare workers. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 106 EP 106 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700140 ER PT J AU Beltrami, EM Luo, CC Dela Torre, N Cardo, DM AF Beltrami, EM Luo, CC Dela Torre, N Cardo, DM TI HIV transmission after an occupational exposure despite postexposure prophylaxis with a combination drug regimen. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 107 EP 107 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700142 ER PT J AU Campbell, SR Srivastava, P Williams, I Alter, M Cardo, D AF Campbell, SR Srivastava, P Williams, I Alter, M Cardo, D TI Hepatitis C virus infection after occupational exposure. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 107 EP 107 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700145 ER PT J AU Campbell, SR Chiarello, L Srivastava, P Cardo, D AF Campbell, SR Chiarello, L Srivastava, P Cardo, D TI Preventability of needlestick injuries to healthcare workers in the national surveillance system for healthcare worker. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 107 EP 107 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700144 ER PT J AU Chiarello, LA Cardo, D AF Chiarello, LA Cardo, D TI Variations in needlestick injuries in the national surveillance system for healthcare workers over time. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 108 EP 108 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700152 ER PT J AU Critchley, SE Srivastava, PU Campbell, SR Cardo, DM AF Critchley, SE Srivastava, PU Campbell, SR Cardo, DM TI Postexposure prophylaxis use among healthcare workers who were exposed to HIV-negative source patients. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NaSH Surveillance Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 108 EP 108 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285XM UT WOS:000085413700153 ER PT J AU Mukwaya, LG Kayondo, JK Crabtree, MB Savage, HM Biggerstaff, BJ Miller, BR AF Mukwaya, LG Kayondo, JK Crabtree, MB Savage, HM Biggerstaff, BJ Miller, BR TI Genetic differentiation in the yellow fever virus vector, Aedes simpsoni complex, in Africa: Sequence variation in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers of anthropophilic and non-anthropophilic populations SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes simpsoni; Aedes bromeliae; Aedes lilii; ribosomal DNA; yellow fever; anthropophily ID CULICIDAE; DIPTERA AB Mosquitoes of the Aedes simpsoni complex are important vectors of yellow fever virus in Africa. We examined the ribosomal DNA sequence divergence in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) for populations of mosquitoes that were determined to be anthropophilic or non-anthropophilic in their bloodmeal host preference. A neighbour-joining tree produced two clades: one contained all of the individual mosquitoes from anthropophilic populations and the other contained all of the individual mosquitoes from non-anthropophilic populations. There was no segregation of the taxa within each of the two clades based on geographical origin. The data suggest the exisf'tence of two distinct species of Ae. simpsoni s.l. in Uganda that correlates with their host blood-feeding preference. The current taxonomic status of the complex is discussed in relation to these findings. C1 Uganda Virus Res Inst, Dept Entomol, Entebbe, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Miller, BR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 85 EP 91 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00161.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 289MB UT WOS:000085624600011 PM 10672075 ER PT J AU Cook, SV Fujiwara, PI Frieden, TR AF Cook, SV Fujiwara, PI Frieden, TR TI Rates and risk factors for discontinuation of rifampicin SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; adverse reaction; rifampicin discontinuation AB SETTING: All patients with culture-confirmed, rifampin-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed during a 20-month period in New York City, who were started on a rifampin-containing regimen and received greater than or equal to 60 days of treatment. OBJECTIVE: TO identify rates of and reasons for rifampin discontinuation. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study using surveillance data and medical record reviews. Discontinuation due to thrombocytopenia, creatinine >2.0 mg/dl, bilirubin >2.0 mg/dl or severe reactions (generalized rash, persistent drug fever, or severe interference with methadone metabolism) were defined as appropriate for discontinuation of rifampin. hll other reactions were classified as inappropriate. RESULTS: Of 3520 patients, rifampin was discontinued in 68 (1.9%); of these, 57% had rifampin discontinued unnecessarily. Treatment by an inexperienced provider (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-8.5), race (ORadj 3.1; 95%CI 1.4-6.9), his tory of previous treatment (ORadj 4.8; 95%CI 1.9-12.5), and history of methadone drug treatment (ORadj 12.6; 95%CI 5.3-29.9) were all associated with inappropriate rifampin discontinuation. CONCLUSION: True intolerance was rare, even among those patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Most patients with minor reactions can successfully complete treatment with rifampin, particularly if managed by a physician experienced in the treatment of tuberculosis. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fujiwara, PI (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, 125 Worth St,Box 74, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 4 IS 2 BP 118 EP 122 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 284NW UT WOS:000085339300006 PM 10694089 ER PT J AU Sackoff, JE McFarland, JW Shin, SS AF Sackoff, JE McFarland, JW Shin, SS TI Trends in prescriptions for highly active antiretroviral therapy in four New York City HIV clinics SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE antiretroviral therapy; protease inhibitors; HAART ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; RECOMMENDATIONS; DISEASE; COHORT; PANEL AB Objective: To describe trends in prescriptions for antiretroviral therapies and factors associated with prescriptions for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: Medical records of patients at four HIV clinics in New York City were reviewed every 6 months. For the four 6-month periods 1997 to 1998, we identified patients with a CD4(+) nadir <500 cells/mu l; sample sizes were 434, 432, 503, and 643, respectively. Trends in HAART prescriptions were tested by logistic regression using robust variance estimates because some patients contributed more than one time period. Associations between HAART prescriptions and patient characteristics were tested by chi(2) and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Patients were predominantly black or Hispanic (89%-90%) and male (66%-68%), and injection drug use was the most prevalent HIV risk 38%-49%. From 1997 to 1998, HAART prescriptions increased from 54% to 89% of antiretroviral prescriptions, and the proportion that included an nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) increased from 3% to 10%. HAART prescriptions were inversely associated with CD4(+) nadir group during all time periods, and in the second half of 1998, patients with CD4(+) nadir between 50 and 199 cells/mu l were as likely to be prescribed HAART as the most Immunosuppressed patients (CD4(+) nadir <50 cells/mu l; 91% versus 92%). HAART prescriptions were associated with clinic, HIV risk, and other patient characteristics in some time periods but not consistently. Conclusions: In these four HIV clinics, prescriptions for HAART increased significantly from 1997 to 1998, leveling off at 89% in the second half of 1998. Increasingly, HAART was prescribed for healthier patients and included an NNRTI. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Off AIDS Surveillance, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sackoff, JE (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Off AIDS Surveillance, 346 Broadway,Box 44, New York, NY 10013 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU206208] NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 23 IS 2 BP 178 EP 183 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 295FW UT WOS:000085956900010 PM 10737433 ER PT J AU Fortenberry, JD McFarlane, MM AF Fortenberry, JD McFarlane, MM TI The relationship of stigma to sexually transmitted diseases (STD)-related care-seeking among adolescents SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Div Adolescent Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD FEB PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 285NZ UT WOS:000085396300032 ER PT J AU Aizenberg, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Smith, J Baron, PA AF Aizenberg, V Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Smith, J Baron, PA TI Measurement of the sampling efficiency of personal inhalable aerosol samplers using a simplified protocol SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLOW AB Traditional protocols for the performance evaluation of personal inhalable aerosol samplers utilize full-size manikins and large cross-section wind tunnels. Thus, these sampler evaluation procedures are complex, very costly, and time consuming. In addition, it is difficult to provide an adequately uniform wind velocity and aerosol concentration over large cross-section wind tunnels. A simplified test protocol, developed in our recent studies, is evaluated in this paper. The protocol is based on a three-dimensional rectangular simplified torso that simulates the dimensions of the human chest. This arrangement allows simultaneous measurement in four discrete orientations to the wind, thus providing useful orientation-dependent sampler information and possibly reducing the number of measurements needed. Sampling efficiencies of four personal inhalable aerosol samplers (the IOM, GSP, 37-mm closed-face cassette, and the button sampler) were measured using the simplified test protocol and the traditional approach for three particle sizes (7, 29, and 70 mu m) in four inlet orientations to the wind (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees) and two wind velocities (0.5 and 2.0 ms(-1)). It was found that when these samplers were mounted on the simplified torso versus the full-size manikin, the sampling efficiencies responded to changes in the sampling conditions in the same way regardless of whether the samplers were mounted on the simplified torso or the full-size manikin. Also, the sampling efficiencies were found not to be statistically different when the samplers were mounted on the simplified torso versus the full-size manikin. Thus, the simplified test protocol was shown to be suitable for the performance evaluation of personal inhalable aerosol samplers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grinshpun, SA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00037-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 269BZ UT WOS:000084457000002 ER PT J AU Cardinali, FL Ashley, DL Wooten, JV McCraw, JM Lemire, SW AF Cardinali, FL Ashley, DL Wooten, JV McCraw, JM Lemire, SW TI The use of solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with a benchtop quadrupole mass spectrometer for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in human blood at the low parts-per-trillion level SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION; EXPOSURE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth,Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Cardinali, FL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth,Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 280XX UT WOS:000085130000001 PM 10677832 ER PT J AU Simeonsson, RJ Lollar, D Hollowell, J Adams, M AF Simeonsson, RJ Lollar, D Hollowell, J Adams, M TI Revision of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps - Developmental issues SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ICIDH; childhood disability; impairment; environment; public health ID ICIDH; CHILDREN; SURVEILLANCE; INDEX AB Variability in approaches to define and classify disability has constituted persistent problems in documenting the epidemiology of disability and providing appropriate services. The major institutions of health care, mental health, and welfare often have separate systems of classification and terminology related to defining eligibility for programs and funding for services. In 1980, the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps-ICIDH was published by the World Health Organization as a companion document of the International Classification of Disease to document the consequences of illness or injury. Current problems concerning the classification of childhood disability in health, education, and related services have resulted in growing interest in the revision of the ICIDH as a classification tool. The strengths and limitations of the ICIDH are examined in general, as well as with specific reference to its ability to document the nature and epidemiology of childhood disability. This paper (1) describes the ICIDH taxonomy and representative contributions; (2) reviews issues and concerns contributing to its revision; (3) summarizes changes in the revised ICIDH2 draft document, and (4) identifies issues of particular relevance to children and public health applications. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Educ, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Simeonsson, RJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Educ, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Sheryl Mar Suite 100,CB 8185, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU PHS HHS [U59/CCU403365-09] NR 54 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 113 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00133-X PG 12 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 298DJ UT WOS:000086123800002 PM 10729683 ER PT J AU Wiggs, LS Cavallaro, JJ Miller, JM AF Wiggs, LS Cavallaro, JJ Miller, JM TI Evaluation of the Oxyrase OxyPlate anaerobe incubation system SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA AB The Oxyrase OxyPlate anaerobe incubation system was evaluated for its ability to support the growth of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria previously identified by the Anaerobe Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results were compared with those obtained with conventional anaerobe blood agar plates incubated in an anaerobe chamber. We tested 251 anaerobic bacterial strains. Plates were read at 24, 48, and 72 h; growth was scored by a numerical coding system that combines the degree of growth and the colony size. Organisms (number of strains tested) used in this study were Actinomyces (32), Anaerobiospirillum (8), Bacteroides (39), Campylobacter (8), Clostridium (96), Fusobacterium (12), Leptotrichia (8), Mobiluncus (8), Peptostreptococcus (16), and Propionibacterium (24), At 24 h, 101 (40.2%) of the 251 strains tested showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber than with the OxyPlate system, 10 (4.1%) showed better growth with the OxyPlate system, and the remaining 140 (55.8%) showed equal growth with both systems. At 48 h, 173 (68.9%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 78 (31.1%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. At 72 h, 176 (70.1%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 75 (29.9%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. The OxyPlate system performed well for the most commonly isolated anaerobes but was inadequate for some strains. These results indicate that the Oxyrase OxyPlate system was effective in creating an anaerobic atmosphere and supporting the growth of anaerobic bacteria within 72 h. OxyPlates would be a useful addition to the clinical microbiology laboratory lacking resources for traditional anaerobic culturing techniques. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Diagnost Microbiol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cavallaro, JJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Diagnost Microbiol Sect, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mail Stop C-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 499 EP 507 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 281XR UT WOS:000085187200005 PM 10655335 ER PT J AU Vernon, SD Unger, ER Williams, D AF Vernon, SD Unger, ER Williams, D TI Comparison of human papillomavirus detection and typing by cycle sequencing, line blotting, and hybrid capture SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We compared the results of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and typing from 781 cervical samples assayed by three methods: LI consensus PCR followed by cycle sequencing, LI consensus PCR with biotinylated primers followed by hybridization to a Line blot, and Hybrid Capture assay. Both PCR assays used L1 consensus PCR with primers MY09 and MY11. We evaluated the amplification efficiencies of both PCR assays and also compared the specific HPV types detected by each method. The samples positive by the Hybrid Capture assay were compared to the specific types detected by the PCR-based assays. The concordance between the tno PCR assays in producing an HPV amplicon visible by gel electrophoresis or in detecting any HPV type was moderate: kappa values were 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56 to 0.67) and 0.51 (95% CI = 0.46 to 0.58), respectively. The McNemar test for correlated proportions indicated that biotinylated PCR,vas less likely to produce a band (P = 0.001) and to detect an HPV type (P = 0.001) than the other PCR assay. In comparing the Hybrid Capture assay results with the HPV types detected by the PCR based assays, we found that positivity by the Hybrid Capture assay for a number of samples may be due to cross-hybridization with HPV types not included in the Hybrid Capture assay probe cocktails. C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vernon, SD (reprint author), CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 8 TC 101 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 651 EP 655 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 281XR UT WOS:000085187200032 PM 10655362 ER PT J AU David, D Yakobson, B Smith, JS Stram, Y AF David, D Yakobson, B Smith, JS Stram, Y TI Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from Israel and other middle- and near-eastern countries SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIMITED SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DISEASE; GENOME; WILD; GENE AB A total of 226 isolates of rabies virus from different areas of Israel, including three human isolates and one sample from South Lebanon were identified between 1993 and 1998 by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein (N), An epidemiological sun;ey based on nucleotide sequence analysis of 328 bp from the C terminus of the N coding region and the noncoding region between the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein (NS gene) was performed. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates from Israel showed that they were related geographically, but not according to host species. Five variants, related groups distributed among four geographical regions, were identified. In each region, rabies virus was isolated from more than one animal species. A comparison of the sequence analysis of rabies virus samples from the rest of world revealed a 2-nucleotide change that distinguished the Middle East variants from the rest. C1 Kimron Vet Inst, Div Pathol, Rabies Lab, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Kimron Vet Inst, Div Virol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Rabies Lab,Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP David, D (reprint author), Kimron Vet Inst, Div Pathol, Rabies Lab, POB 12, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 755 EP 762 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 281XR UT WOS:000085187200051 PM 10655381 ER PT J AU Dorn, J Masciotra, S Yang, CF Downing, R Biryahwaho, B Mastro, TD Nkengasong, J Pieniazek, D Rayfield, MA Hu, DJ Lal, RB AF Dorn, J Masciotra, S Yang, CF Downing, R Biryahwaho, B Mastro, TD Nkengasong, J Pieniazek, D Rayfield, MA Hu, DJ Lal, RB TI Analysis of genetic variability within the immunodominant epitopes of envelope gp41 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M and its impact on HIV-1 antibody detection SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION; GLYCOPROTEIN; 2F5 AB The serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV I) infection primarily relies on the detection of antibodies, most of which are directed against the immunodominant regions (IDR) of HIV-l structural proteins. Among these, the N-terminal region of gp41 contains cluster I (amino acids [aa] 580 to 623), comprising the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope (AVERYLKDQQLL) and the cysteine loop (CSGKLIC), and cluster II (aa 646 to 682), comprising an ectodomain region (ELDKWA). To delineate the epitope diversity within clusters I and II and to determine whether the diversity affects serologic detection by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits, gp41 Env sequences from 237 seropositive persons infected with HIV-1 group RI, subtypes A (n = 42), B (n = 62), B' (n = 13), C (rt = 38), D (n = 41), E (n = 18), F (n = 27), and G (n = 6), and 6 HIV-l infected but persistently seronegative (HIPS) persons were analyzed. While all IDR were highly conserved among both seropositive and HIPS persons, minor amino acid substitutions (<20% for any one residue, mostly conservative) were observed for all subtypes, except for B', in comparison with the consensus sequence for each subtype. Most importantly, none of the observed substitutions among the group M plasma specimens affected antibody detection, since ail specimens (II = 152) tested positive,vith all five FDA-licensed EIA kits. Furthermore, all specimens reacted with a group hi consensus gp41 peptide (WGIKQLQARVLAVERYLKDQQLLGIWGCSGKLICTTAVPWNASW), and high degrees of crossreactivity (>80%) were observed with an HIV-1 group N peptide, an HIV-1 group O peptide, and a peptide derived from the homologous region of gp41 from simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzee (SIVcpz). Taken together, these data indicate that the minor substitutions observed within the IDR of gp ll of HIV-1 group M subtypes do not affect antibody recognition and that all HIV-1-seropositive specimens containing the observed substitutions react with the FDA-licensed EIA kits regardless of viral genotype and geographic origin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, DASTLR, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retroviruses Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Activ Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol Bra, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, DASTLR, NCID, Mail Stop D12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 773 EP 780 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 281XR UT WOS:000085187200054 PM 10655384 ER PT J AU Bowles, J Brooks, T Hayes-Reams, P Butts, T Myers, H Allen, W Kington, RS AF Bowles, J Brooks, T Hayes-Reams, P Butts, T Myers, H Allen, W Kington, RS TI Frailty family, and church support among urban African American elderly SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Article DE African American elderly; frailty; social support; family; church ID URINARY-INCONTINENCE; INFORMAL SUPPORT; EXTENDED FAMILY; BLACK-AMERICANS; RISK-FACTORS; FALLS; DISABILITY; COMMUNITY; NETWORKS; SYMPTOMS AB A community-based survey of 507 African Americans aged 60 and older from South Central Los Angeles was conducted to estimate the prevalence of frailty and describe the correlation between frailty, social support from family and church, and use of community services.:Persons were considered frail if they met criteria for any of four conditions:functional impairment, depression, urinary incontinence, falls. Sixty-seven percent met criteria for frailty. Analyses revealed that frail elderly were significantly less likely to report feeling very close to family Family contact, feeling that church was important, and receiving church support were similar for the frail and nonfrail. Frail elderly were more likely to use community services. These findings suggest that frail elderly in this population may not receive more support from family and church than nonfrail elderly. There is a need for caution when assuming families and churches in urban African American communities are able to support the most vulnerable elderly. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Sepulveda VA, Sepulveda, CA 91343 USA. Charles R Drew Univ Med & Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90008 USA. RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Sociol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Bowles, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [P20-AG1205] NR 49 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 87 EP 99 PG 13 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 276XD UT WOS:000084902900007 PM 10778045 ER PT J AU Harpaz, R McMahon, BJ Margolis, HS Shapiro, CN Havron, D Carpenter, G Bulkow, LR Wainwright, RB AF Harpaz, R McMahon, BJ Margolis, HS Shapiro, CN Havron, D Carpenter, G Bulkow, LR Wainwright, RB TI Elimination of new chronic hepatitis B virus infections: Results of the Alaska immunization program SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; CORE ANTIGEN; VACCINE; PREVENTION; ANTIBODY; EFFICACY; NATIVES; IMMUNOGENICITY; PREVALENCE; CARRIERS AB An immunization assessment and a serologic survey were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a hepatitis B immunization program in eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission among Alaska Natives in a region in which HBV infection is endemic. Hepatitis B vaccine coverage was 93% among 567 children less than or equal to 10 years old residing in the study villages, and catch-up vaccine coverage among 582 susceptible persons 11-30 years old was 62%, None of 271 tested children less than or equal to 10 years old were chronically infected with HBV, and just 4 (1.5%) had evidence of resolved infection. In contrast, 16% of 332 persons 11-30 years old (those born before implementation of routine infant hepatitis B vaccination) were chronically infected. A hepatitis B immunization program that includes prevention of perinatal HBV infection, routine infant vaccination, and catch-up vaccination of older children and adults can eliminate new chronic HBV infections in a population with a high rate of chronic infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Alaska Area Nat Hlth, Hepatitis Control Program, Indian Hlth Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. Bristol Bay Area Hlth Corp, Alaska Area Nat Hlth Serv, Dillingham, AK USA. RP Margolis, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 80 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 413 EP 418 DI 10.1086/315259 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800001 PM 10669320 ER PT J AU Favorov, MO Kosoy, MY Tsarev, SA Childs, JE Margolis, HS AF Favorov, MO Kosoy, MY Tsarev, SA Childs, JE Margolis, HS TI Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NON-B HEPATITIS; NON-A; MOSAIC PROTEIN; E INFECTION; EPIDEMIC; TRANSMISSION; IDENTIFICATION; NEPAL; INDIA; SWINE AB The recent identification of antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an HEV isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. To investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of HEV, the prevalence of anti-HEV was determined among a variety of species throughout the United States, Serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera, Anti-HEV prevalence was assessed by 2 EIAs (mosaic protein- and 55-kDa protein-based), which gave concordant results. The highest prevalence of antibody was found in the genus Rattus (59.7%; 166/278), Overall, rodents from urban habitats had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HEV than did animals captured from rural areas, A high prevalence of anti-HEV was found in animals captured on mainland versus barrier islands. The results from this study provide convincing evidence of widespread HEV or HEV-like infection in rodents of the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Int Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Virus Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Favorov, MO (reprint author), 2877 Brandywine Rd,M-S K72, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 27 TC 104 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 449 EP 455 DI 10.1086/315273 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800006 PM 10669325 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PS Do, AN Ellenberger, D Pau, CP Paul, S Robbins, K Kalish, M Storck, C Schable, CA Wise, H Tetteh, C Jones, JL McFarland, J Yang, CF Lal, RB Ward, JW AF Sullivan, PS Do, AN Ellenberger, D Pau, CP Paul, S Robbins, K Kalish, M Storck, C Schable, CA Wise, H Tetteh, C Jones, JL McFarland, J Yang, CF Lal, RB Ward, JW TI Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype surveillance of African-born persons at risk for group O and group N HIV infections in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th World AIDS Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 03, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; PLASMA; QUANTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; RNA AB A population-based surveillance registry was used to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in the United States at increased risk for group O and group N infections (those born in or near African countries where group O infection has been reported). Of 155 eligible subjects, 37 gave samples. By phylogenetic and serologic analysis, 32 were infected with group M (16 with subtype A, 5 with B, 7 with C, and 1 each with subtypes D, F2, G, and recombinant A/J) and 2 with group O but none with group N virus. For 3, samples could not be typed by serology or amplified by polymerase chain reaction using group M-, O-, or N-specific primers. In the United States, group O HIV infection is uncommon; no case of group N infection was found. African-born persons may have HIV strains typical of their birth country. Ongoing subtype surveillance may allow early identification of novel or emerging HIV strains. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. RP Sullivan, PS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Yang, Chunfu/G-6890-2013; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 40 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.1086/315254 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800008 PM 10669327 ER PT J AU Weidle, PJ Ganea, CE Irwin, KL Pieniazek, D McGowan, JP Olivo, N Ramos, A Schable, C Lal, RB Holmberg, SD Ernst, JA AF Weidle, PJ Ganea, CE Irwin, KL Pieniazek, D McGowan, JP Olivo, N Ramos, A Schable, C Lal, RB Holmberg, SD Ernst, JA TI Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, group M, non-B subtypes, Bronx, New York: A sentinel site for monitoring HIV genetic diversity in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th World AIDS Conference CY JUN 28-JUL 03, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND ID GROUP-O INFECTIONS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; SURVEILLANCE; PREVALENCE; BRAZIL; CITY AB In the United States, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, group M, subtype B is the predominant subtype, A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients at the Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, between September 1997 and February 1998 identified 3 (1.2%) of 252 persons infected with non-B subtypes: subtypes A and F, 1 each, and I potential recombinant subtype B(env)/F(prt). All 3 persons were born in the United States and tested positive for HIV antibodies between 1988 and 1997 while living in the Bronx, None reported travel to other countries, receipt of blood products, or drug injection. This study is among the first to indicate probable transmission of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in the United States. The occurrence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in long-term US residents without a history of foreign travel may have implications for the evaluation and development of antiretroviral drugs, vaccines, and tests intended for use in the United States to diagnose HIV infection and screen blood. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, Bronx, NY 10456 USA. RP Weidle, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [UC64/CCU213430-01] NR 37 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 470 EP 475 DI 10.1086/315253 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800009 PM 10669328 ER PT J AU Quiroz, ES Bern, C MacArthur, JR Xiao, LH Fletcher, M Arrowood, MJ Shay, DK Levy, ME Glass, RI Lal, A AF Quiroz, ES Bern, C MacArthur, JR Xiao, LH Fletcher, M Arrowood, MJ Shay, DK Levy, ME Glass, RI Lal, A TI An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Interdisciplinary Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ID MASSIVE OUTBREAK; SWIMMING POOL; MILWAUKEE; PARVUM; WATER; TRANSMISSION; WISCONSIN; INFECTION AB In September and October 1998, a cryptosporidiosis outbreak occurred on a Washington, DC, university campus, In a case-control study of 88 case patients and 67 control subjects, eating in 1 of 2 cafeterias was associated with diarrheal illness (P<.001). Morbidity was associated with eating dinner on 22 September (odds ratio, 8.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-19.5); weaker associations were found for 6 other meals. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in stool specimens of 16 (70%) of 23 ill students and 2 of 4 ill employees. One ill foodhandler with laboratory-confirmed C. parvum prepared raw produce on 20-22 September. All 25 Cryptosporidium isolates submitted for DNA analysis, including 3 from the ill foodhandler, were genotype 1. This outbreak illustrates the potential for cryptosporidiosis to cause foodborne illness. Epidemiologic and molecular evidence indicate that an ill foodhandler was the likely outbreak source. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Dept Hlth, Washington, DC USA. RP Bern, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 26 TC 70 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 695 EP 700 DI 10.1086/315279 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800038 PM 10669357 ER PT J AU Cernescu, C Nedelcu, NI Tardei, G Ruta, S Tsai, TF AF Cernescu, C Nedelcu, NI Tardei, G Ruta, S Tsai, TF TI Continued transmission of West Nile virus to humans in southeastern Romania, 1997-1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB After an epidemic of West Nile (WN) virus neurologic infections in southeastern Romania in 1996, human and animal surveillance were established to monitor continued transmission of the virus. During 1997 and 1998, neurologic infections were diagnosed serologically as WN encephalitis in 12 of 322 patients in 19 southeastern districts and in 1 of 75 Bucharest patients. In addition, amid a countrywide epidemic of measles, the etiology of the febrile exanthem in 2 of 180 investigated cases was determined serologically to be WN fever; 1 case was complicated by hepatitis. Sentinel chickens placed in Bucharest seroconverted to WN virus during the summer months, indicating their potential value in monitoring transmission. The continued occurrence of sporadic WN infections in southeastern Romania in consecutive years after the 1996 epidemic is consistent with local enzootic transmission of the virus. C1 Romanian Acad, Inst Virol, Bucharest, Romania. Minist Hlth, Bucharest, Romania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vectorborne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Tsai, TF (reprint author), Lederle Vaccines, 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA. RI Ruta, Simona/A-9569-2010 OI Ruta, Simona/0000-0002-2492-6073 NR 15 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 710 EP 712 DI 10.1086/315225 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800040 PM 10669359 ER PT J AU Trevejo, RT Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT AF Trevejo, RT Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT TI Preliminary falsification of EIA screening is cost-effective in the two-step serodiagnosis of Lyme disease - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Program Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Trevejo, RT (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Program Epidemiol, 140 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 803 EP 803 DI 10.1086/315289 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800065 ER PT J AU Galil, K Singleton, R Levine, O AF Galil, K Singleton, R Levine, O TI Reemergence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Alaska: Is it because of vaccination with polyribosylribitol phosphate outer membrane protein complex (PRP-OMPC) or failure to vaccinate with PRP-OMPC? Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID REDUCES OROPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; CHILDREN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Galil, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 808 EP 809 DI 10.1086/315294 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800071 ER PT J AU Paddock, CD Childs, JE Zaki, SR Berger, SA AF Paddock, CD Childs, JE Zaki, SR Berger, SA TI Mortality in serologically unconfirmed Mediterranean spotted fever - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID CHILDREN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr, Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Paddock, CD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 IS 2 BP 810 EP 812 DI 10.1086/315288 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 292BT UT WOS:000085774800073 ER PT J AU Balasanian, M McNabb, SJN AF Balasanian, M McNabb, SJN TI Epidemic investigation of diphtheria in the Republic of Armenia, 1990-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB While incidence rates of diphtheria steadily declined in Armenia after World War II, reemergence of the disease in 1990 brought about changes in public health practices and identified resource needs. The Armenian Ministry of Health (MOH) routinely collected diphtheria case reports, as a reportable health outcome. Diphtheria incidence rates increased from 0.02/100,000 in 1993 to 1/100,000 (36 cases) in 1994. The distribution of cases showed that the greatest number of illnesses and deaths occurred among persons 5-14 years old, yet incidence rates among persons 1-4 and 5-14 years old were similar (4.4 cases/ and 4.3 cases/100,000, respectively). During 1990-1996, 9 (75%) of 12 cases who died and 18 (21%) of 84 cases who survived had not been vaccinated. The diphtheria epidemic in Armenia was an important, serious, and signal public health event. The Armenian MOH responded by revising immunization practices (1994), improving epidemic control measures (1995), and soliciting international resources (1992-1996). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Int Hlth, Capac Dev Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Armenian Minist Hlth, Yerevan, Armenia. RP McNabb, SJN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Int Hlth, Capac Dev Branch, Mailstop K-72,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S69 EP S72 DI 10.1086/315542 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000012 PM 10657194 ER PT J AU Bisgard, KM Rhodes, P Hardy, IRB Litkina, IL Filatov, NN Monisov, AA Wharton, M AF Bisgard, KM Rhodes, P Hardy, IRB Litkina, IL Filatov, NN Monisov, AA Wharton, M TI Diphtheria toxoid vaccine effectiveness: A case-control study in Russia SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Prior to the completion of this and other studies, low effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine was suspected to be a major contributing factor to the diphtheria epidemic that began in the Russian Federation in 1990, A vaccine effectiveness study was done in Moscow by enrolling physician-diagnosed cases and 10 control subjects per case. Controls were matched to cases by age (13 months) and clinic registration. Vaccination history was abstracted from a standardized form for case-patients and from clinic vaccination records for control subjects. Two hundred seventeen case-patients and 2169 matched controls were included in the study. Most controls (92%) had received three or more doses of a diphtheria toroid vaccine, compared with 72% of case-patients. The vaccine effectiveness for three or more doses was 97% (95% confidence interval: 94.3-98.4), Low vaccine effectiveness was not a contributing factor to the diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation. To control and prevent diphtheria epidemics, it is necessary to achieve and maintain high vaccination coverage with three or more doses of diphtheria toroid among adults and children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30083 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Data Management Div, Atlanta, GA 30083 USA. Moscow City Ctr Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance, Moscow, Russia. Minist Hlth, Moscow, Russia. RP Bisgard, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30083 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S184 EP S187 DI 10.1086/315562 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000029 PM 10657211 ER PT J AU Brennan, M Vitek, C Strebel, P Wattigney, W Bisgard, K Brisgalov, S Bragina, V Pyanikh, V Wharton, M AF Brennan, M Vitek, C Strebel, P Wattigney, W Bisgard, K Brisgalov, S Bragina, V Pyanikh, V Wharton, M TI How many doses of diphtheria toroid are required for protection in adults? Results of a case-control study among 40-to 49-year-old adults in the Russian Federation SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNITY AB During the Russian diphtheria epidemic of the 1990s, adults had an unexpectedly high rate of disease. A retrospective, matched case-control study was done to measure the effectiveness of one, two, or three or more doses of diphtheria toroid against diphtheria among 40- to 49-year-old Russians. Thirty-nine diphtheria case-patients and 117 controls were studied. Previous vaccinations were included if one dose was received within the previous 10 years. Five cases (13%) and 33 controls (28%) had received three or more doses of vaccine. The matched odds ratio was 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.9) for three or more doses compared with no doses, which was a vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% confidence interval, 10-90), A trend existed toward milder disease with increasing doses (chi(2) test for trend, P = .02), The results suggest that Russian adults, who were unlikely to have acquired immunity to diphtheria through immunization or natural infection, required at least three doses of diphtheria toroid for reliable protection against disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Vladimir, Russia. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Novgorod, Russia. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Novgorod, Russia. RP Brennan, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S193 EP S196 DI 10.1086/315565 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000031 PM 10657213 ER PT J AU Chen, RT Hardy, IRB Rhodes, PH Tyshchenko, DK Moiseeva, AV Marievsky, VE AF Chen, RT Hardy, IRB Rhodes, PH Tyshchenko, DK Moiseeva, AV Marievsky, VE TI Ukraine, 1992: First assessment of diphtheria vaccine effectiveness during the recent resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH-CARE; TETANUS; GUIDELINES; SITUATION; OUTBREAK; EUROPE AB A case-control study in Ukraine provided the first data on the field effectiveness of Russian-produced vaccine during the 1990 diphtheria resurgence in the former Soviet Union. For each of 262 diphtheria cases <15 years of age who were reported from January through October 1992, 2 controls, matched by age and clinic, were selected, The effectiveness of three doses of diphtheria vaccine was 98.2% (95%;, confidence interval: 90.3-99.9). Among controls, 84% had received three or more vaccinations by 2 years of age. These results suggest that the following five hypothesized causes of the outbreak appeared unlikely: appearance of a new "mutant" diphtheria strain, low potency of the Russian-produced diphtheria vaccine, inadequate cold chain, poor host immunogenicity due to radiation exposure from Chernobyl, and low routine childhood vaccination coverage. It is concluded that initial priority for scarce resources for controlling this outbreak should be placed on vaccination of persons susceptible to diphtheria (e.g., adults) rather than revaccination of children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Kiev, Ukraine. RP Chen, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S178 EP S183 DI 10.1086/315561 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000028 PM 10657210 ER PT J AU Dittmann, S Wharton, M Vitek, C Ciotti, M Galazka, A Guichard, S Hardy, I Kartoglu, U Koyama, S Kreysler, J Martin, B Mercer, D Ronne, T Roure, C Steinglass, R Strebel, P Sutter, R Trostle, M AF Dittmann, S Wharton, M Vitek, C Ciotti, M Galazka, A Guichard, S Hardy, I Kartoglu, U Koyama, S Kreysler, J Martin, B Mercer, D Ronne, T Roure, C Steinglass, R Strebel, P Sutter, R Trostle, M TI Successful control of epidemic diphtheria in the states of the former union of soviet socialist republics: Lessons learned SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RESURGENCE; RUSSIA AB Epidemic diphtheria reemerged in the Russian Federation in 1990 and spread to all Newly Independent States (NIS) and Baltic States by the end of 1994. Factors contributing to the epidemic included increased susceptibility of both children and adults, socioeconomic instability, population movement, deteriorating health infrastructure, initial shortages of vaccine, and delays in implementing control measures. In 1995, aggressive control strategies were implemented, and since then, all affected countries have reported decreases of diphtheria; however, continued efforts by national health authorities and international assistance are still needed. The legacy of this epidemic includes a reexamination of the global diphtheria control strategy, new laboratory techniques for diphtheria diagnosis and analysis, and a model for future public health emergencies in the successful collaboration of multiple international partners. The reemergence of diphtheria warns of an immediate threat of other epidemics in the NIS and Baltic States and a longer-term potential for the reemergence of vaccine-preventable diseases elsewhere. Continued investment in improved vaccines, control strategies, training, and laboratory techniques is needed. C1 WHO, Reg Off Europe, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Statens Serum Inst, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Int Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, Geneva, Switzerland. UN Childrens Fund UNICEF, Geneva, Switzerland. UNICEF, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Minist Foreign Affairs, NIS Assistance Div, Tokyo, Japan. Program Appropriate Technol Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Basic Support Institutionalizing Child Survival, Arlington, VA USA. US Agcy Int Dev, Washington, DC 20523 USA. RP Dittmann, S (reprint author), Int Immunizat Consulting, Hatzenporter Weg 19, D-12681 Berlin, Germany. NR 56 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S10 EP S22 DI 10.1086/315534 PG 13 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000003 PM 10657185 ER PT J AU Efstratiou, A Engler, KH Mazurova, IK Glushkevich, T Vuopio-Varkila, J Popovic, T AF Efstratiou, A Engler, KH Mazurova, IK Glushkevich, T Vuopio-Varkila, J Popovic, T TI Current approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TOXIGENIC CORYNEBACTERIUM-DIPHTHERIAE; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PATHOGENIC CORYNEBACTERIA; EPIDEMIC DIPHTHERIA; TOXIN GENE; STRAINS; STATES; ASSAY; PCR AB Despite the success of mass immunization in many countries, diphtheria continues to play a major role as a potentially lethal resurgent infectious disease. Early, accurate diagnosis is imperative since delay in specific therapy may result in death. The microbiologic diagnosis of the disease, the identification of contacts and carriers, and the appropriate clinical management of these patients are therefore crucial. The epidemiology of diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae has changed dramatically over the decades, a situation that is highlighted by the resurgence of infections in the European region. These factors have strengthened the need for laboratories to screen for C. diphtheriae. Many modified and new methodologies are now used widely within laboratories for diphtheria diagnosis. Recent developments have focused upon methods for detection of the lethal and potent exotoxin produced by the causative organism, C. diphtheriae; this detection is the definitive test for the microbiologic diagnosis of diphtheria. C1 Cent Publ Hlth Lab, WHO, Collaborat Ctr Diphtheria & Streptococcal Infect, Resp & System Infect Lab,Publ Hlth Lab Serv, London NW9 5HT, England. GN Gabrichevsky Inst Epidemiol & Microbiol, Moscow, Russia. Ukrainain Ctr Natl Sanitary & Epidemiol Surveilla, Kiev, Ukraine. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Lab Gram Posit Bacteria, Helsinki, Finland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Efstratiou, A (reprint author), Cent Publ Hlth Lab, WHO, Collaborat Ctr Diphtheria & Streptococcal Infect, Resp & System Infect Lab,Publ Hlth Lab Serv, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, England. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S138 EP S145 DI 10.1086/315552 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000023 PM 10657205 ER PT J AU Filonov, VP Zakharenko, DF Vitek, CR Romanovsky, AA Zhukovski, VG AF Filonov, VP Zakharenko, DF Vitek, CR Romanovsky, AA Zhukovski, VG TI Epidemic diphtheria in Belarus, 1992-1997 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION AB In 1990, epidemic diphtheria reemerged in Russia and spread to Belarus in 1992, when 66 cases were reported, Diphtheria cases doubled each year in 1993 and 1994 and peaked in 1995, when 322 cases were reported. Intensified routine immunization of young children and mass vaccination of older children and selected groups of adults were conducted in 1995 and were followed by mass vaccination campaigns targeting all adults in 1996, By the end of 1996, full immunization of >95% of children and coverage of >87% of adults with greater than or equal to 1 dose resulted in a rapid decline in diphtheria cases. In 1998, only 36 cases of diphtheria were reported. More than 70% of the 965 cases and 26 fatalities reported during 1990-1998 occurred among persons >14 years of age. High levels of immunity among the entire population are needed for rapid control of diphtheria epidemics in the vaccine era. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Off Deputy Director HIV, Minsk, Byelarus. Republican Ctr Hyg & Epidemiol, Dept Infect Dis Control & Immunoprophylaxis, Minsk, Byelarus. Republican Ctr Hyg & Epidemiol, Minist Hlth, Minsk, Byelarus. Belarussian Red Cross Soc, Minsk, Byelarus. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S41 EP S46 DI 10.1086/315537 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000007 PM 10657189 ER PT J AU Glinyenko, VM Abdikarimov, ST Firsova, SN Sagamonjan, EA Kadirova, R Nuorti, JP Strebel, PM AF Glinyenko, VM Abdikarimov, ST Firsova, SN Sagamonjan, EA Kadirova, R Nuorti, JP Strebel, PM TI Epidemic diphtheria in the Kyrgyz Republic, 1994-1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES; FORMER SOVIET-UNION; SITUATION; DISEASE AB The Kyrgyz Republic experienced a widespread diphtheria epidemic during 1994-1998, National diphtheria surveillance and vaccination coverage information were used to describe the course of the epidemic. The epidemic began in August 1994, reached a peak in 1995 with 704 cases (incidence rate: 15.4/100,000 population) and 30 deaths, and declined to an incidence rate of 4.0/100,000 during the first 8 months of 1998, Age-specific incidence was highest in 1995 among persons 15-19 and 20-29 years old. Three rounds of mass vaccination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids for adult use (Td) were conducted; reported coverage was 69% in 1995 and >95% in 1996 and 1997, Reported routine vaccination coverage with three doses of diphtheria toroid by age 12 months increased from 62% in 1989 to 98% in 1997, Mass vaccination of the adult population with Td and improvements in childhood vaccination coverage played a major role in controlling the epidemic. C1 Minist Hlth, Deputys Off, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Minist Hlth, Dept Sanit Epidemiol Surveillance, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Minist Hlth, Republican Ctr Immunoprophylaxis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz State Med Inst, Dept Childhood Infect Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz Sci Res Inst Prophylaxis & Med Ecol, Communicable Dis Lab, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Strebel, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S98 EP S103 DI 10.1086/315547 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000017 PM 10657199 ER PT J AU Golaz, A Hardy, IR Strebel, P Bisgard, KM Vitek, C Popovic, T Wharton, M AF Golaz, A Hardy, IR Strebel, P Bisgard, KM Vitek, C Popovic, T Wharton, M TI Epidemic diphtheria in the the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union: Implications for diphtheria control in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNITY; TETANUS; RESURGENCE; DISEASE AB The re-emergence of diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s raised global awareness of the potential for resurgent disease in countries with long-standing immunization programs. In the United States, the large population of susceptible adults and the possibility of a reintroduction of toxigenic strains of diphtheria create a setting in which diphtheria could spread. In addition, at least one focus of continued circulation of endemic toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been identified. Few physicians now have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of persons with diphtheria, and laboratory capacity is lacking throughout the country. These concerns highlight the importance of maintaining high levels of age-appropriate diphtheria toroid vaccination, surveillance, accessible and reliable laboratory testing, and training of health care providers. Although the risk of resurgence of diphtheria in the United States is low, public health authorities must ensure that the capacity to recognize, diagnose, and control diphtheria is maintained. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Epidemiol Invest Lab, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Golaz, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S237 EP S243 DI 10.1086/315569 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000039 PM 10657221 ER PT J AU Griskevica, A Ching, P Russo, G Kreysler, J AF Griskevica, A Ching, P Russo, G Kreysler, J TI Diphtheria in Latvia, 1986-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB After nearly two decades without a diphtheria case in Latvia, the disease reappeared in 1986. From 1990 to 1996, case counts were highest among adults 40-49 years of age, school-aged children, and adolescents. Nonetheless, the average annualized incidence of disease was highest among infants and preschoolers. In August 1995, mass vaccination efforts began to provide adults 25-60 years of age with at least one dose of vaccine. By the end of the year, a 77% coverage rate was achieved, resulting in a decrease of reported diphtheria cases by 1996. From February to September 1997, special outreach efforts were focused on hard-to-reach populations; as a result, by June 1997, 55% of adults had received three doses of vaccine. While decreases in the incidence of and morbidity from diphtheria have occurred, additional efforts still need to be concentrated on improving vaccination coverage in adults and children a years of age and in reducing mortality from diphtheria. C1 Int Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Dept Epidemiol Infect Dis, Riga, Latvia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Griskevica, A (reprint author), Int Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, 17 Chemin Crets,POB 372, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S60 EP S64 DI 10.1086/315540 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000010 PM 10657192 ER PT J AU Jogiste, A Ching, P Trei, T Kreysler, J AF Jogiste, A Ching, P Trei, T Kreysler, J TI Diphtheria in Estonia, 1991-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Clinical diphtheria reappeared in Estonia in 1991, Between 1991 and 1996, 61 cases and 5 deaths occurred; 19 cases were among children 5-9 years of age, and 11 were among persons 40-49 years of age. From 1993-1995, vaccine supplies donated by Finland were used in vaccination programs. In 1995, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Estonian Red Cross launched a mass vaccination campaign targeting the adult population. By the end of 1997, it was estimated that 46% of adults had received at lease one dose of vaccine. Although the vaccination campaigns did not target the pediatric population, vaccination coverage in school-aged children remained high due to continuing routine vaccination programs. The reappearance and epidemic of clinical diphtheria cases and the mass vaccination campaign efforts demonstrated that preventive measures are important and must be maintained in order to keep diphtheria under control. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Board Hlth Protect, Tallinn, Estonia. Int Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Ching, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S65 EP S68 DI 10.1086/315541 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000011 PM 10657193 ER PT J AU Kadirova, R Kartoglu, HU Strebel, PM AF Kadirova, R Kartoglu, HU Strebel, PM TI Clinical characteristics and management of 676 hospitalized diphtheria cases, Kyrgyz Republic, 1995 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION AB The Kyrgyz Republic experienced a widespread resurgence of diphtheria during 1994-1998, To describe the clinical characteristics and management of diphtheria patients hospitalized in 1945, a retrospective chart review was conducted. Physician-diagnosed cases of diphtheria were classified according to the system recommended by the World Health Organization and UNICEF Among 676 patients hospitalized with respiratory diphtheria, 163 (24%) were carriers, 186 (28%) had tonsillar forms, 78 (12%) had combined types or delayed diagnosis, and 201 (30%) had severe forms of diphtheria. The highest age-specific incidence rates occurred among persons 15-34 years old, and 70% of cases were among those greater than or equal to 15 gears of age. Myocarditis occurred among 151 patients (22%), and 19 patients died (case fatality ratio: 3%). Diphtheria antitoxin was administered to 507 patients (75%), and all patients received antibiotics (penicillin or erythromycin). Respiratory diphtheria remains a potentially fatal disease, commonly presenting with a typical membranous pharyngitis. Early diagnosis and treatment of cases with diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics are the cornerstones of effective treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. UNICEF, Area Off Cent Asian Republ & Kazakhstan, Islamabad, Pakistan. Kyrgyz State Med Inst, Dept Childhood Infect Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. RP Strebel, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Mailstop E-05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S110 EP S115 DI 10.1086/315549 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000019 PM 10657201 ER PT J AU Kembabanova, G Askarova, J Ivanova, R Deshevoi, S Vitek, C McNabb, SJN AF Kembabanova, G Askarova, J Ivanova, R Deshevoi, S Vitek, C McNabb, SJN TI Epidemic investigation of diphtheria, Republic of Kazakhstan, 1990-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION AB The diphtheria epidemic that began in Russia in 1990 reached Kazakhstan in 1992 when 45 case-patients (a 50% increase over 1991) were reported. In 1993, 82 case-patients were reported, and 489 were reported in 1994, The epidemic peaked in 1995 when 1105 case-patients were reported (incidence rate = 6.7/100,000 population), In 1996, after public health practice modifications and several mass vaccinations, 455 case-patients were reported, From 1990 to 1996, children less than or equal to 14 years old represented 35% (2234) of the reported case-patients land 33% of the population) but had a disproportionate share (49%) of the fatalities. Females represented 63% of the adult case-patients. In 1996, 297 (65%) of 455 case-patients and 26 (84%) of 31 fatalities were unvaccinated, Kazakhstan controlled the diphtheria epidemic by using a multifaceted public health strategy of prevention and control, which included changing the routine immunization schedule, modifying the official list of contraindications to vaccination, conducting mass campaigns to vaccinate persons, and treating close contacts of case-patients with antibiotics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Capac Dev Branch, Div Int Hlth, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. WHO, Reg Off Europe, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Kazakhstan Minist Hlth, Astana, Kazakhstan. RP McNabb, SJN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K-72, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S94 EP S97 DI 10.1086/315546 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000016 PM 10657198 ER PT J AU Khetsuriani, N Imnadze, P Dekanosidze, N AF Khetsuriani, N Imnadze, P Dekanosidze, N TI Diphtheria epidemic in the Republic of Georgia, 1993-1997 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Epidemic diphtheria reemerged in the republic of Georgia in 1993. From 1993 to 1997, 1405 cases were reported (28 in 1993, 312 in 1994, 429 in 1995, 348 in 1996, and 288 in 1997), with a cumulative incidence of 25.8/100,000 and a case fatality ratio of 9.5%. During 1993-1997, 53% of the diphtheria cases occurred among persons greater than or equal to 15 years of age. Unvaccinated patients were more likely to have toxic forms (relative risk = 2.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.69-2.96) or to die of diphtheria (relative risk = 2.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.36-3.68) than those who had received at least one dose of diphtheria toroid. Improvement in routine childhood vaccination coverage and implementation of mass adult vaccination campaigns have been critical to bringing the epidemic under control. By mid-1998, the overall diphtheria situation in Georgia appeared to have been controlled. Only 53 cases were reported from January to June 1998, representing a 64% decrease from the 148 cases during the corresponding period in 1997. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Dis Control, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. RP Khetsuriani, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Ctr, Mailstop E-05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S80 EP S85 DI 10.1086/315544 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000014 PM 10657196 ER PT J AU Khetsuriani, N Music, S Deforest, A Sutter, RW AF Khetsuriani, N Music, S Deforest, A Sutter, RW TI Evaluation of a single dose of diphtheria toroid among adults in the Republic of Georgia, 1995: Immunogenicity and adverse reactions SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases CY MAR 08-11, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Council State & Terr Epidemiologists, Amer Soc Microbiol, Natl Fdn CDC, Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Amer Acad Pediat, Amer Assoc Blood Banks, Amer Assoc Hlth Plans, Amer Canc Soc, Amer Coll Prevent Med, Amer Hosp Assoc, Amer Med Assoc, Amer Mosquito Control Assoc, Amer Publ Hlth Assoc, Amer Sexually Transmitted Dis Assoc, Amer Soc Clin Pathologists, Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Assoc Amer Vet Med Coll, Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Assoc State & Terr Directors Hlth Promot & Publ Hlth Educ, Assoc State & Terr Hlth Officials, Assoc State & Terr Publ Hlth Lab Directors, Assoc Teachers Prevent Med, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Emory Univ, Sch Med, Fogarty Int Ctr, US FDA, Indian Hlth Serv, Infect Dis Soc Amer, Int Life Sci Inst, Int Soc Infect Dis, Int Soc Travel Med, Int Union Hlth Promot & Educ, Int Union Microbiol Soc, Minor Hlth Profess Fdn, Morehouse Sch Med, NASA, Natl Assoc City & County Hlth Officials, Natl Assoc State Publ Hlth Vetinarians, Natl Council Int Hlth, Natl Fdn Infect Dis, Natl Hispan Med Assoc, NIAID, Natl Med Assoc, NOAA, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Pan Amer Hlth Org, Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Amer, Soc Occupat & Environm Hlth, Soc Publ Hlth Educ, Carter Ctr, Henry J Kaiser Family Fdn, HMO Grp, Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Rockefeller Fdn, World Bank, Us Agcy Int Dev, USDA, US Dept Def, US Dept State, US Dept Justice, US Dept Vet Affairs, US EPA, WHO ID CELL-CULTURE METHOD; VERO CELLS; TOXIN AB To determine the immunogenicity and safety of a single dose of diphtheria toroid among adults, blood samples for detecting serum antitoxin levels were obtained from 18- to 59-year-old subjects (n = 248) before and 30 days after immunization with Td (tetanus-diphtheria toxoids; manufactured by Serum Institute of India), By day 30, the seroprevalence of antitoxin levels greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL increased from 22.6% to 81.5%; median antitoxin levels increased from 0.01 to 4.0 IU/mL. These parameters were lowest among subjects who were 40-59 years old, especially among those 40-49 years old. Adverse reactions (local redness, swelling, induration, fever >39 degrees C) were reported by 5.3% of participants, Our findings suggest that, in general, one dose of the Indian-produced Td vaccine is efficacious and safe in inducing an adequate immune response against diphtheria in adults; however, in Georgia, persons 40-59 years old, especially those 40-49 years old, will require additional doses of toroid to achieve protective levels of antitoxin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat Ctr, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Tbilisi Off, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. St Christophers Hosp Children, Philadelphia, PA 19133 USA. RP Khetsuriani, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat Ctr, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CCN-0001-P-HC-4075-00] NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S208 EP S212 DI 10.1086/315559 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000034 PM 10657216 ER PT J AU Kobaidze, K Popovic, T Nakao, H Quick, L AF Kobaidze, K Popovic, T Nakao, H Quick, L TI Direct polymerase chain reaction for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains from the Republic of Georgia after prolonged storage SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A total of 226 paired nose and throat swab specimens from 113 clinical diphtheria cases from the republic of Georgia were analyzed by direct polymerase chain reaction targeting both A and B subunits of the diphtheria toxin gene, tox. Even after prolonged transport and extensive storage (7-14 months) of the clinical specimens in silica gel packages, direct polymerase chain reaction detected the diphtheria tox gene in 54% of the specimens. Specimens obtained by throat swab were three times more likely than those obtained by nose swab to be positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Epidem Investigat Lab,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch,Publ Hlth S, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Popovic, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Epidem Investigat Lab,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch,Publ Hlth S, Mailstop C-02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CCN-0001-P-HC-4075-00] NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S152 EP S155 DI 10.1086/315555 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000025 PM 10657207 ER PT J AU Lewis, LS Hardy, I Strebel, P Tyshchenko, DK Sevalnyev, A Kozlova, I AF Lewis, LS Hardy, I Strebel, P Tyshchenko, DK Sevalnyev, A Kozlova, I TI Assessment of vaccination coverage among adults 30-49 years of age following a mass diphtheria vaccination campaign: Ukraine, April 1995 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Ukraine has been experiencing epidemic diphtheria since 1991. In efforts to control this epidemic, a mass vaccination campaign was held in April 1995. Persons not vaccinated in the previous 3 years were considered eligible for vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria toxoids (Td). Two cluster sample surveys were conducted to determine vaccination coverage achieved. In the urban and rural survey areas, respectively, 628 and 618 persons 30-49 years of age were interviewed. Fifty-nine percent of urban and 58% of rural participants were eligible far vaccination. During the vaccination campaign, 58% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 47.1-69.2) of eligible persons received Td in the urban area, compared with 92% (95% CI, 89.2-95.3) in the rural area. Apparent barriers to vaccination included misconceptions about the safety, efficacy, and need for booster doses of Td. Future vaccination campaigns should include targeted information and education messages. Mass vaccination campaigns can be successful in vaccinating large numbers of adults; however, in urban areas, additional efforts may be required to achieve levels of coverage adequate to confer herd immunity and interrupt the diphtheria epidemic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Adult Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Program Appropriate Technol Hlth, Kiev Off, Kiev, Ukraine. Kiev City Sanitary Epidemiol Serv, Kiev, Ukraine. Zaporozhie Oblast Sanitary Epidemiol Serv, Zaporozhe, Ukraine. RP Strebel, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Adult Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Mailstop E-05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S232 EP S236 DI 10.1086/315568 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000038 PM 10657220 ER PT J AU Markina, SS Maksimova, NM Vitek, CR Bogatyreva, EY Monisov, AA AF Markina, SS Maksimova, NM Vitek, CR Bogatyreva, EY Monisov, AA TI Diphtheria in the Russian Federation in the 1990s SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION AB A resurgence of diphtheria spread throughout the Russian Federation in the early 1990s; diphtheria had been well controlled, but circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae had persisted since the implementation of universal childhood vaccination in the late 1950s. More than 115,000 cases and 3000 deaths were reported from 1990 to 1997, and, in contrast to the situation in the prevaccine era, most of the cases and deaths occurred among adults. Contributing factors included the accumulation of susceptible individuals among both adults and children and probably the introduction of new strains of C, diphtheriae. Vaccine quality, vaccine supply, or access to vaccine providers did not significantly contribute to the epidemic. Mass vaccination of adults and improved childhood immunization controlled the epidemic. High levels of population immunity, especially among children, will be needed to prevent and control similar outbreaks in the future. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Gabrichevsky Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, Diphtheria Epidemiol Branch, Moscow, Russia. Minist Hlth, Sanitary Epidemiol Surveillance Div, Moscow 113149, Russia. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S27 EP S34 DI 10.1086/315535 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000005 PM 10657187 ER PT J AU Nekrassova, LS Chudnaya, LM Marievski, VF Oksiuk, VG Gladkaya, E Bortnitska, II Mercer, DJ Kreysler, JV Golaz, A AF Nekrassova, LS Chudnaya, LM Marievski, VF Oksiuk, VG Gladkaya, E Bortnitska, II Mercer, DJ Kreysler, JV Golaz, A TI Epidemic diphtheria in Ukraine, 1991-1997 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In 1991., Ukraine experienced a return of epidemic diphtheria after decades of control that had resulted in <40 sporadic cases reported every year. Increased incidence was first recorded in Kiev, Lviv, and Odessa, By 1993, the epidemic had spread to >50% of the oblasts (provinces) in the country, and by 1995, all regions were affected. In 1995, at the peak of the epidemic, >5000 cases and >200 deaths were reported. As in Russia, >80% of these cases were diagnosed in persons 16-59 years old. In 1993, the government of Ukraine initiated a program of increased immunization among children and at-risk adults, and by 1995, a mass immunization strategy was adopted in an effort to arrest the epidemic, which was increasing exponentially. In 1996, the number of cases started to decrease, and data from 1998 indicate that the downward trend has continued. It is likely that the diphtheria epidemic in Ukraine started among children, who had been left vulnerable due to inadequate childhood immunizations, and then quickly spread to inadequately protected adults. C1 Minist Publ Hlth Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine. Inst Epidemiol & Infect Dis, Lviv, Ukraine. Inst Epidemiol & Hyg, Lviv, Ukraine. Program Appropriate Technol Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Int Fed Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mercer, DJ (reprint author), Program Appropriate Technol Hlth, 4 Nickerson St, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S35 EP S40 DI 10.1086/315536 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000006 PM 10657188 ER PT J AU Niyazmatov, BI Shefer, A Grabowsky, M Vitek, CR AF Niyazmatov, BI Shefer, A Grabowsky, M Vitek, CR TI Diphtheria epidemic in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1993-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB The Republic of Uzbekistan, like the other Newly Independent States in the 1990s, experienced epidemic diphtheria during the 1990s, The outbreak in Uzbekistan began in 1993 in southern regions that bordered areas of Tajikistan that were experiencing a very intense diphtheria epidemic. However, the Uzbek epidemic rapidly spread and threatened to involve the entire country. From 1993-1996, 1169 cases of diphtheria were reported, compared with 58 in 1990-1992. Unvaccinated or only partially vaccinated cases were more likely to have clinically severe forms of diphtheria than those who were fully vaccinated. Strong epidemiologic links with the Tajik diphtheria epidemic and the predominance of mitis biotype strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Uzbekistan make it likely that the Uzbek outbreak arose independently of the predominantly biotype gravis epidemic that began in Russia. The epidemic appeared to be due to low population immunity and the large-scale reintroduction of toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae. Several mass vaccination campaigns and general enhancement of routine immunization procedures fed to control of the epidemic in 1996. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. RP Shefer, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-52,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S104 EP S109 DI 10.1086/315548 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000018 PM 10657200 ER PT J AU Popovic, T Mazurova, IK Efstratiou, A Vuopio-Varkila, J Reeves, MW De Zoysa, A Glushkevich, T Grimont, P AF Popovic, T Mazurova, IK Efstratiou, A Vuopio-Varkila, J Reeves, MW De Zoysa, A Glushkevich, T Grimont, P TI Molecular epidemiology of diphtheria SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; CORYNEBACTERIUM-DIPHTHERIAE; REGULATORY ELEMENT; TOXIN GENE; RUSSIA; HETEROGENEITY; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; DTXR AB Molecular subtyping of Corynebacterium diphtheriae identified significant genetic diversity within the species and led to the identification of a unique clonal group that emerged in Russia in 1990 at the beginning of the current epidemic. Strains of this group belong to a distinct electrophoretic type complex and are of ribotypes D1 and D4. Identification of the group allowed for precise monitoring of the epidemic's progression and for rapid detection of cases imported to other countries. The evolution of this clonal group was monitored, and changes were identified. Molecular analysis revealed that no amino acid substitutions have occurred in the diphtheria toxin gene of the epidemic clone strains, reaffirming the use of the current vaccine as the single most effective preventive measure. Application of molecular subtyping methods and continuous monitoring of the spread of these clones has made it possible to distinguish rapidly between epidemic, endemic, and imported cases, allowing for implementation of timely and adequate preventive measures and providing reassurance that no secondary spread resulted from importations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Epidem Investigat Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. GN Gabrichevsky Inst Epidemiol & Microbiol, Moscow, Russia. Cent Publ Hlth Lab, Resp & System Infect Lab, London NW9 5HT, England. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Lab Gram Posit Bacteria, Helsinki, Finland. Ukrainian Ctr Natl Sanitary & Epidemiol Surveilla, Kiev, Ukraine. Inst Pasteur, INSERM, U389, Unite Enterobacteries, F-75724 Paris, France. RP Popovic, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Epidem Investigat Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Mailstop C-02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S168 EP S177 DI 10.1086/315556 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000027 PM 10657209 ER PT J AU Quick, ML Sutter, RW Kobaidze, K Malakmadze, N Strebel, PM Nakashidze, R Murvanidze, S AF Quick, ML Sutter, RW Kobaidze, K Malakmadze, N Strebel, PM Nakashidze, R Murvanidze, S TI Epidemic diphtheria in the Republic of Georgia, 1993-1996: Risk factors for fatal outcome among hospitalized patients SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Epidemic diphtheria reemerged in the republic of Georgia in November 1993, To identify risk factors for fatal outcomes, clinical and epidemiologic data on all hospitalized diphtheria patients were examined. Medical charts of patients from 1993-1995 were reviewed. A total of 659 cases and 68 deaths were identified (case fatality rate [CFR] = 10.3%). Fifty-two percent of all cases and 68% of deaths were in children less than or equal to 14 years old. The highest CFR occurred among adults 40-49 years of age (CFR = 19%) and children 5-9 years of age (CFR = 16%), Children who did not have the complete primary vaccination series with diphtheria toroid and adults 40-49 years of age were the 2 groups at highest risk. Being a rural resident and having a long interval (>3 days) between onset of symptoms to antitoxin treatment were significantly associated with fatal outcomes. Immunization of children and 40- to 49-year-old adults was required to rapidly control the epidemic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Tbilisi Infect Dis Hosp, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. Minist Hlth, Batumi Infect Dis Hosp, Batumi, GA USA. RP Quick, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S130 EP S137 DI 10.1086/315550 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000022 PM 10657204 ER PT J AU Quick, ML Sutter, RW Kobaidze, K Malakmadze, N Nakashidze, R Murvanidze, S Wooten, KG Strebel, PM AF Quick, ML Sutter, RW Kobaidze, K Malakmadze, N Nakashidze, R Murvanidze, S Wooten, KG Strebel, PM TI Risk factors for diphtheria: A prospective case-control study in the Republic of Georgia, 1995-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL-INFECTIONS; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; MYCOPLASMA; MENINGITIS; OUTBREAK; VIRUSES AB The large-scale resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union offered a unique opportunity to evaluate risk factors for the transmission of respiratory diphtheria; therefore, a prospective case-control study was done in the republic of Georgia. In total, 218 diphtheria cases (hospitalized between October 1995 and March 1996) and 408 matched controls participated, One hundred cases (45%) were less than or equal to 14 years of age, and 118 (55%) were greater than or equal to 15 years of age (range: <1 to 75 years). In the multivariate analyses, the following risk factors were found to be significant: lack of vaccination (matched odds ratio [mOR] = 19.2), household exposure to diphtheria (mOR = 7.4), exposure to skin lesions (mOR = 5.8), history of eczema (mOR = 3.4), fever with myalgia prior to illness (mOR = 2.6), having tonsils (mOR = 4.4), sharing a bed (mOR = 1.9), sharing cups and glasses (mOR = 2.7), and taking a bath less than once a week (mOR = 2.6), These findings emphasize primary prevention through immunizations, secondary prevention following exposure to diphtheria land to suspicious skin lesions), and adherence to strict standards of personal hygiene. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Div Data Management, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Batumi Infect Dis Hosp, Batumi, Rep of Georgia. Tbilisi Infect Dis Hosp, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia. RP Quick, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CCN-0001-P-HC-4075-00] NR 54 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S121 EP S129 DI 10.1086/315563 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000021 PM 10657203 ER PT J AU Sutter, RW Hardy, IR Kozlova, IA Tchoudnaia, LM Gluskevich, TG Marievsky, V Deforest, A Wharton, M AF Sutter, RW Hardy, IR Kozlova, IA Tchoudnaia, LM Gluskevich, TG Marievsky, V Deforest, A Wharton, M TI Immunogenicity of tetanus-diphtheria toxoids (Td) among Ukrainian adults: Implications for diphtheria control in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURE METHOD; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; VERO CELLS; VACCINATION; RESURGENCE; TOXIN AB After 30 years of control, epidemic diphtheria returned to the Soviet Union in 1990, To develop control strategies, the immunogenicity of the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine was assessed. Workers who were 18-67 years old received two Td immunizations separated by 30 days. A neutralization assay determined diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) on enrollment and on days 7, 30, 60, and 425, On enrollment, 43.0% of 488 workers had DAT <0.1 IU/mL, After one dose, 88.5% had DAT greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL, after two doses, 92.2% had greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/mL and >90% of participants <30 or greater than or equal to 50 years of age attained greater than or equal to 1.0 IU/mL; however, only 78.4% of those who were 30-39 years old and 51.8% of those who were 40-49 years old achieved greater than or equal to 1.0 IU/mL after two doses. To control the epidemic in Ukraine, one Td dose should be administered to virtually the entire population (persons 30-49 years old require three doses of Td for optimal individual protection and to maximize population immunity). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Kiev Res Inst, Kiev, Ukraine. Minist Hlth, Sanit Epidemiol Serv, Kiev, Ukraine. St Christophers Hosp Children, Philadelphia, PA 19133 USA. RP Sutter, RW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S197 EP S202 DI 10.1086/315557 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000032 PM 10657214 ER PT J AU Usmanov, I Favorov, MO Chorba, TL AF Usmanov, I Favorov, MO Chorba, TL TI Universal immunization: The diphtheria control strategy of choice in the Republic of Tajikistan, 1993-1997 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB During the 1993-1997 diphtheria epidemic in Tajikistan, the incidence rate was the highest observed throughout the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (76.2 cases/100,000 population in 1995). Factors that contributed to this situation included an increase in the number of persons who were not fully immunized, a breakdown of health care services and disease surveillance, civil war, an increase in migration, shortages of qualified medical personnel, and shortages of products, resources, and services. The Ministry of Health and numerous international organizations have worked to address the needs of the republic, and in the fourth quarter of 1995, the number of reported cases began to decrease. It is believed that this decrease was largely the result of routine immunization, implementation of national immunization days, and use of a World Health Organization-recommended system for working with patients and contacts, and it underscores the importance of universal diphtheria immunization with special booster doses in such an epidemic setting. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Dushanbe, Tajikstan. RP Favorov, MO (reprint author), CDC, Koger Ctr, Div Int Hlth, Cent Asia Project,EPO, Williams Bldg,Rm 4713 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S86 EP S93 DI 10.1086/315545 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000015 PM 10657197 ER PT J AU Usonis, V Bakasenas, V Morkunas, B Valentelis, R Ching, P Kreysler, J AF Usonis, V Bakasenas, V Morkunas, B Valentelis, R Ching, P Kreysler, J TI Diphtheria in Lithuania, 1986-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Diphtheria reappeared in Lithuania in 1986 and rose to epidemic levels by 1992, Between 1991 and 1996, 110 cases of diphtheria were registered, with an incidence of 0.03-1.15/100,000 population, Most cases (84%) and all 17 deaths occurred among persons greater than or equal to 15 years, most of whom had never been vaccinated. Persons 40-49 years old had the highest average annual age-specific morbidity (1.70/100,000) and mortality (0.53/100,000) rates. Low levels of immunity among individuals 40-49 years old and migration to epidemic areas in Russia and Belarus contributed to the epidemic's occurrence. Between 1991 and 1995, toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains were isolated from 84 of all registered patients (76%), and nontoxigenic strains were isolated from 13 (12%), By 1996, two mass vaccination campaigns, which provided one dose of vaccine to individuals 25-30 years old and three doses of vaccine to persons 31-60 years old, helped reduce the number of cases. The first campaign achieved 69% coverage; the second achieved 48% coverage. C1 Vilnius State Univ, Ctr Pediat, LT-2009 Vilnius, Lithuania. Ctr Communicable Dis Control & Prevent, Vilnius, Lithuania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ind Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Usonis, V (reprint author), Vilnius State Univ, Ctr Pediat, POB 2561, LT-2009 Vilnius, Lithuania. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S55 EP S59 DI 10.1086/315539 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000009 PM 10657191 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Bogatyreva, EY Wharton, H AF Vitek, CR Bogatyreva, EY Wharton, H TI Diphtheria surveillance and control in the former Soviet Union and the Newly Independent States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB The Newly Independent States (NIS) inherited a common approach to diphtheria control from the Soviet Union and maintained a centralized system of surveillance and control managed by Soviet-trained epidemiologists with a shared professional culture. This system had controlled a diphtheria resurgence in the 1980s, In response to the epidemic of the 1990s, NIS health authorities responded with a set of control measures based on the Soviet-era experience. These measures included intensified childhood vaccination, aggressive case investigation, widespread diphtheria screening in institutions, and vaccination of adults in high-risk occupation groups, These measures proved insufficient due to high levels of susceptibility among adults, excessive contraindications to childhood vaccination, and insufficient resources in many countries. After these initial delays in implementing effective measures in some countries, most of the NIS health authorities rapidly and successfully implemented mass immunization of the population against diphtheria once the strategy was adopted and sufficient vaccine was available. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Gabrichevsky Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, Diphtheria Epidemiol Branch, Moscow, Russia. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S23 EP S26 DI 10.1086/315571 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000004 PM 10657186 ER PT J AU Vitek, CR Velibekov, AS AF Vitek, CR Velibekov, AS TI Epidemic diphtheria in the 1990s: Azerbaijan SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION AB The diphtheria epidemic in the former Soviet Union reached Azerbaijan in 1991, when 66 cases of diphtheria were reported, a number that compared with 4 cases in 1990, From 1990-1996, 2182 cases of diphtheria and 286 diphtheria fatalities (case fatality rate: 13.1%) were reported in Azerbaijan, primarily among persons 5-39 years of age. Almost 45% of cases and 61% of deaths occurred among children 5-14 years of age. The high burden of severe disease among children and young adults suggested a different pattern of preexisting immunity against diphtheria in the Azerbaijani population than was observed in the concurrent diphtheria epidemic in Russia. Because resources were limited in Azerbaijan, mass immunization of the population was carried out in stages, focusing initially on school-aged children. Mass immunization campaigns targeting children were moderately successful in stabilizing the epidemic; mass immunization campaigns targeting both adults and children were eventually needed to fully stop the epidemic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Republ Ctr Hyg & Epidemiol, Baku, Azerbaijan. RP Vitek, CR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S73 EP S79 DI 10.1086/315543 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000013 PM 10657195 ER PT J AU Wharton, M Dittmann, S Strebel, PM Mortimer, EA AF Wharton, M Dittmann, S Strebel, PM Mortimer, EA TI Control of epidemic diphtheria in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, 1990-1998 - Introduction SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Reg Off Europe, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Wharton, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 181 SU 1 BP S1 EP S1 DI 10.1086/315572 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 293LV UT WOS:000085854000001 ER PT J AU Chin, C Chiueh, TS Yang, WC Yang, TH Shih, CM Lin, HT Lin, KC Lien, JC Tsai, TF Ruo, SL Nichol, ST Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Wu, TN Shen, CY AF Chin, C Chiueh, TS Yang, WC Yang, TH Shih, CM Lin, HT Lin, KC Lien, JC Tsai, TF Ruo, SL Nichol, ST Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Wu, TN Shen, CY TI Hantavirus infection in Taiwan: The experience of a geographically unique area SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RENAL SYNDROME; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; PULMONARY SYNDROME; VIRUS; RODENTS; DISEASE; ILLNESS; CHINA AB Hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses, and they, mainly the Hantaan (HTN) serotype, are the causative agents of a group of febrile nephropathies known as "hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)." Despite the fact that HFRS is frequently reported in China, with an annual incidence of 50,000-100,000 cases, one puzzling observation that no local case of HFRS has been confirmed in Taiwan has yet to be explained. We hypothesized that the hantavirus strain prevailing in Taiwan mainly belongs to the mild strain, the Seoul (SEO) strain, and the absence of severe disease was related to the absence of HTN. To test these hypotheses, this epidemiologic study was performed, including a seroprevalence survey and phylogenetic analysis on hantavirus isolated from the rodent population trapped in major seaports, rural, and mountainous areas of Taiwan. This study also included rodents and viruses from two isolated islands, Kinmen and Matzu, which are geographically adjacent to the east coast of mainland China. There were a total of 5,461 rodents of 16 species captured, and R. norvegicus was the most common species, with an antibody prevalence much higher in international seaports (20%) than in rural regions (approximately 5%) and intermediate in some domestic seaports. By reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 33.9% of the seropositive R. norvegicus were found to have amplifiable hantavirus sequences in their lung tissues, and subsequent phylogenetic analyses indicated that almost all hantavirus in Taiwan was most closely related to the prototype SEO strain, and no HTN strain was recovered from any rodent species indigenous to Taiwan. The seroprevalence of SEO infection in R. norvegicus on Kinmen and Matzu was also different from that in southern provinces of China but closely resembled that in seaports in Taiwan, and the SEO identified was genetically linked to Taiwanese SEO strains. These results substantiate our hypotheses, and suggest that the epidemiology of hantavirus infection in Taiwan are different from that in China, where the HTN and SEO strains and HFRS concurrently prevail. J. Med. Virol. 60:237-247, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Natl Def Med Ctr, Grad Inst Life Sci, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Def Med Ctr, Inst Prevent Med, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Def Med Ctr, Grad Inst Epidemiol, Taipei, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Dis Surveillance & Quarantine Serv, Taipei, Taiwan. Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. RP Shen, CY (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. RI Shen, CY/F-6271-2010 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 60 IS 2 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200002)60:2<237::AID-JMV21>3.0.CO;2-B PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 268RA UT WOS:000084428300021 PM 10596027 ER PT J AU Merrill, AH Bowman, BB Preusch, PC AF Merrill, AH Bowman, BB Preusch, PC TI Mechanistic aspects of vitamin and coenzyme utilization and function: A symposium in recognition of the distinguished career of Donald B. McCoumick SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Emory Univ, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Inst Gen Med Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Merrill, AH (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 321S EP 322S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300014 PM 10721896 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K AF Subbarao, K TI As good as the real thing SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID COLD-ADAPTED INFLUENZA; INACTIVATED VACCINES; CHILDREN; TRIVALENT; IMMUNOGENICITY; PREVENTION; EFFICACY; INFANTS; SAFETY; H1N1 C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 136 IS 2 BP 139 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70089-8 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 283RP UT WOS:000085289400002 PM 10657813 ER PT J AU Ballew, C Kuester, S Serdula, M Bowman, B Dietz, W AF Ballew, C Kuester, S Serdula, M Bowman, B Dietz, W TI Nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of young children by dietary fat intakes SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID INTERVENTION; GUIDELINES; QUALITY; FAILURE; GROWTH; DESIGN; CATCH; DISC AB Objective: To determine whether low fat intake is associated with increased risk of nutritional inadequacy in children 2 to 8 years old and to identify eating patterns associated with differences in fat intake. Study design: Using 2 days of recall from the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1994 to 1996, we classified 2802 children into quartiles of energy intake from fat (<29%, 29% to 31.9% [defined as moderate fat], 32% to 34.9%, and greater than or equal to 35%) and compared nutrient intakes, the proportion of children at risk for inadequate intakes, Food Pyramid servings, and fat content per serving across quartiles. Results: here children in quartile 2 were at risk for inadequate intakes of vitamin E, calcium, and zinc than children in higher quartiles (P < .0001); more children in quartiles 3 and 4 were at risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins A and C and folate (P < .001). Fruit intake decreased across quartiles (P < .0001); whereas vegetable, meat, and fat-based condiment intakes increased (P < .0001). Fat per serving of grain, vegetables, dairy, and meat increased across quartiles (P < .0001). Conclusions: Moderate-fat diets were not consistently associated with an increased proportion of children at risk for nutritional inadequacy, and higher-fat diets were not consistently protective against inadequacy. Dietary fat-could be reduced by judicious selection of lower-fat foods without compromising nutritional adequacy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ballew, C (reprint author), Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 136 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70099-0 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 283RP UT WOS:000085289400012 PM 10657823 ER PT J AU Purcell, DW AF Purcell, DW TI Power in the blood: A Handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication. SO JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH LA English DT Book Review C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Purcell, DW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Behav Intervent Res Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC SCIENTIFIC STUDY SEX INC PI MT VERNON PA PO BOX 208, MT VERNON, IA 52314 USA SN 0022-4499 J9 J SEX RES JI J. Sex Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 37 IS 1 BP 94 EP 96 PG 3 WC Psychology, Clinical; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Psychology; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 301RR UT WOS:000086324500014 ER PT J AU Rukhin, AL Biggerstaff, BJ Vangel, MG AF Rukhin, AL Biggerstaff, BJ Vangel, MG TI Restricted maximum likelihood estimation of a common mean and the Mandel-Paule algorithm SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE generalized Bayes estimator; heteroscedasticity; interlaboratory study; Mandel-Paule algorithm; restricted maximum likelihood estimator; unbalanced one-way ANOVA model; variance components ID REML ESTIMATION AB The estimation of a common normal mean on the basis of interlaboratory evaluations is studied when there is an interlaboratory effect. An estimation equation approach due to Mandel and Paule is examined and its theoretical properties are studied. In particular, we show that the Mandel-Paule solution can be interpreted as a simplified version of the restricted maximum likelihood method. It is also demonstrated that the Mandel-Paule algorithm is a generalized Bayes procedure. The results of numerical comparison of these estimators for a special distribution of within-laboratory variances are also reported. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. MSG: primary 62F12; secondary 62B20. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Math & Stat, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 319 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S0378-3758(99)00098-1 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 269QP UT WOS:000084489300004 ER PT J AU Santos, R Cardoso, O Rodrigues, P Cardoso, J Machado, J Afonso, A Bacellar, F Marston, E Proenca, R AF Santos, R Cardoso, O Rodrigues, P Cardoso, J Machado, J Afonso, A Bacellar, F Marston, E Proenca, R TI Bacillary angiomatosis by Bartonella quintana in an HIV-infected patient SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PELIOSIS AB Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis are opportunistic infections caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, which occur in patients with late-stage infection. We report a case of bacillary angiomatosis in an HIV-infected patient with skin, bone, and probably liver involvement, The identification of the agent (B quintana) was done by polymerase chain reaction in the skin specimen. The patient had complete regression of all lesions after a 6-month regimen of oral erythromycin. C1 Hosp Curry Cabral, Serv Dermatol, Dept Dermatol & Venerol, P-1069166 Lisbon, Portugal. Hosp Curry Cabral, Dept Infect Dis, P-1069166 Lisbon, Portugal. Hosp Curry Cabral, Dept Pathol, P-1069166 Lisbon, Portugal. Inst Nacl Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Ctr Estudos Vectores & Doencas Infecciosas, Aguas De Moura, Portugal. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Santos, R (reprint author), Hosp Curry Cabral, Serv Dermatol, Dept Dermatol & Venerol, Rua Beneficiencia, P-1069166 Lisbon, Portugal. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 42 IS 2 BP 299 EP 301 DI 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90147-6 PN 1 PG 3 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 281ER UT WOS:000085145400027 PM 10642694 ER PT J AU Yaroch, AL Resnicow, K Khan, LK AF Yaroch, AL Resnicow, K Khan, LK TI Validity and reliability of qualitative dietary fat index questionnaires: A review SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHOLESTEROL AVOIDANCE; BEHAVIORAL-APPROACH; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; VALIDATION; SCALE C1 Amer Med Ctr, Canc Res Ctr, Ctr Behav Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Yaroch, AL (reprint author), Amer Med Ctr, Canc Res Ctr, Ctr Behav Ctr, 1600 Pierce St, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 100 IS 2 BP 240 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00073-0 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MC UT WOS:000170310500028 PM 10670401 ER PT J AU Tripp, RA Moore, D Winter, J Anderson, LJ AF Tripp, RA Moore, D Winter, J Anderson, LJ TI Respiratory syncytial virus infection and G and/or SH protein expression contribute to substance P, which mediates inflammation and enhanced pulmonary disease in BALB/c mice SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATTACHMENT G-PROTEIN; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; TACHYKININ RECEPTORS; VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS; RSV CHALLENGE; GUINEA-PIG; NEUROPEPTIDES; EOSINOPHILIA AB A distinct clinical presentation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of humans is bronchiolitis, which has clinical features similar to those of asthma, Substance P (SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been associated with neurogenic inflammation and asthma; therefore, we chose to examine SP-induced inflammation with RSV infection. In this study, we examined the production of pulmonary SP associated with RSV infection of BALB/c mice and the effect of anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies on the pulmonary inflammatory response. The peak production of pulmonary SP occurred between days 3 and 5 following primary RSV infection and day 1 after secondary infection. Treatment of RSV-infected mice with anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies suggested that SP may alter the natural killer cell response to primary and secondary infection. In mice challenged after formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination, SP appears to markedly enhance pulmonary eosinophilia as well as increase polymorphonuclear cell trafficking to the lung. Eased on studies with a strain of RSV that lacks the G and SH genes, the SP response to RSV infection appears to be associated with G and/or SH protein expression. These data suggest that SP may be an important contributor to the inflammatory: response to RSV infection and that anti-SP F(ab)(2) antibodies might be used to ameliorate RSV-associated disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tripp, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Cliftn Rd,MS G-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956 NR 66 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 74 IS 4 BP 1614 EP 1622 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.4.1614-1622.2000 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 277XC UT WOS:000084958000003 PM 10644330 ER PT J AU Bloom, SA Harris, JR Thompson, BL Ahmed, F Thompson, J AF Bloom, SA Harris, JR Thompson, BL Ahmed, F Thompson, J TI Tracking clinical preventive service use - A comparison of the health plan employer data and information set with the behavioral risk factor surveillance system SO MEDICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE preventive health services; quality indicators; health services research; health maintenance organizations ID SELF-REPORTED DATA; PAP SMEAR; MEDICAL RECORD; MANAGED CARE; MAMMOGRAM; ACCURACY AB BACKGROUND. There is a need for meaningful and accurate ways of tracking preventive service delivery among different sectors of the US population. OBJECTIVES. To compare methodologies of and clinical preventive service use estimates obtained from 2 data sets: the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS 3.0) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). METHODS. HEDIS used a combination of mailed-survey, administrative, and medical-record data to measure preventive service use among commercial enrollees of 320 HMOs in 42 states during 1996. BRFSS data are from insured respondents (excluding those reporting Medicare or Medicaid coverage) to a random-digit-dialed telephone survey conducted in the same 42 states during 1996. RESULTS. The median state-specific mammography, Papanicolaou smear, and retinal examination rates reported by HEDIS were consistently and substantially lower than those reported by BRFSS. For mammography, the median HEDIS rate was 72.4%, compared with 81.1% for BRFSS. For Papanicolaou smear and retinal examinations, HEDIS rates were 72.7% and 40.8%, respectively, compared with 91.2% and 61.6% for BRFSS. The median state rates of advice to quit smoking reported by HEDIS were similar to those for BRFSS: 62.1% versus 62.2%, respectively. For each measure, the absolute difference between HEDIS and BRFSS rates varied substantially both within a state and between states. CONCLUSIONS. It does not appear that the BRFSS and HEDIS data can be compared directly to accurately track progress toward national preventive health objectives. This study I highlights some of the problems with comparing these data and possible means for addressing the discrepancies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bloom, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Mailstop E-61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 32 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0025-7079 J9 MED CARE JI Med. Care PD FEB PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1097/00005650-200002000-00008 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 280ZH UT WOS:000085133300008 PM 10659692 ER PT J AU Brill, PA Macera, CA Davis, DR Blair, SN Gordon, N AF Brill, PA Macera, CA Davis, DR Blair, SN Gordon, N TI Muscular strength and physical function SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE activities of daily living; functional limitations; functional status ID BODY-MASS INDEX; OLDER ADULTS; ELDERLY PEOPLE; NHANES-I; DISABILITY; WOMEN; FITNESS; MORTALITY; MOBILITY; RISK AB Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential association of muscular strength and endurance at baseline with the prevalence of functional limitations at follow-up. Methods: Study participants were 3,069 men and 589 women (30-52 yr) who received a clinical examination including a strength evaluation at the Cooper Clinic between 1980 and 1989 and responded to a 1930 mail-back survey. Participants also had to achieve at least 85% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate on a maximal exercise treadmill test and have no history of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, or arthritis at their first visit. A strength index composite score (0-6) was calculated using age- and sex-specific tertiles from bench press, leg press, and sit-up tests. Those scoring 5 or 6 were categorized in the high strength group. Functional health status was assessed by responses to questions about the participant's ability to perform light, moderate, and strenuous recreational, household, daily living, and personal care tasks. Results: After an average follow-up of 5 yr, 7% of men and 12% of women reported at least one functional limitation. A logistic regression model including age, aerobic fitness, body mass index, and new health problems at follow-up found that, relative to those with lower levels of strength, the odds of reporting functional limitations at follow-up in men and women categorized as having higher levels of strength were 0.56 (95%CI = 0.34, 0.93) and 0.54 (95%CI = 0.21,1.39), respectively. Conclusions: These findings, if replicated in other populations, suggest that maintenance of strength throughout the lifespan may reduce the prevalence of functional limitations. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Cooper Inst Aerob Res, Dallas, TX 75230 USA. RP Macera, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mail Stop K46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-06945]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR39715] NR 19 TC 89 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 12 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 412 EP 416 DI 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00023 PG 5 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 283TG UT WOS:000085291400023 PM 10694125 ER PT J AU Sebbelov, AM Davidson, M Kjaer, SK Jensen, H Gregoire, L Hawkins, I Parkinson, AJ Norrild, B AF Sebbelov, AM Davidson, M Kjaer, SK Jensen, H Gregoire, L Hawkins, I Parkinson, AJ Norrild, B TI Comparison of human papillomavirus genotypes in archival cervical cancer specimens from Alaska natives, Greenland natives and Danish Caucasians SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE HPV; cervical cancer; circumpolar natives ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; BETA-GLOBIN; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; DNA; PRIMERS; WOMEN AB Archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer specimens from 53 Alaska natives, 32 Greenland natives and 34 Danish Caucasians were analyzed for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35 and 45 and unidentified genotypes (HPV X) using PCR. The specimens were from the time period 1980-1989. No significant differences were observed in the overall HPV detection rates among cases from Alaska (98.1%), Greenland (84.4%) and Denmark (85.3%). HPV genotype 16 was the most prevalent type: 78.8% in Alaska natives, 96.3% in Greenland natives and 82.8% in Danish Caucasians. A prevalence of 21.2% HPV 31 and 30.8% HPV 33 was found in Alaska natives, of which most were coinfections with HPV 16. Only 3.7% HPV 31 and 3.7% HPV 33 were found in Greenland natives and no HPV 31 and 6.3% HPV 33 were found in Danish Caucasians. HPV 18 was only detected in Alaska natives and HPV 35 and 45 were not detected in any of the three populations. Infections with multiple genotypes were prevalent in Alaskan (36.5%) but not in Greenland natives (3.7%) and Danish Caucasians (6.9%). The Eskimo subgroup of the Alaska native population has a significantly higher prevalence of HPV genotypes 31 and 33 associated with mixed infections in invasive cancer than the two other native subgroups (P = 0.04) and Greenland and Danish populations, reflecting genotype distributions in dysplasia and normal cervical cytology. The reason for HPV genotype diversity, although unknown, may be relevant to the current development of HPV vaccines. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 Univ Copenhagen, Panum Inst, Inst Med Microbiol, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Clin Trials, Baltimore, MD USA. Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol, Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark. Wayne State Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Div Oncol, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Nat Med Ctr, Anchorage, AK USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Danish Canc Soc, Div Canc Epidemiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Sebbelov, AM (reprint author), Hirsevej 26, DK-2700 Bronshoj, Denmark. RI Norrild, Bodil/C-1115-2009 NR 48 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 2 IS 2 BP 121 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00276-8 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 299VE UT WOS:000086217900003 PM 10742684 ER PT J AU Marchbanks, PA Wilson, H Bastos, E Cramer, DW Schildkraut, JM Peterson, HB AF Marchbanks, PA Wilson, H Bastos, E Cramer, DW Schildkraut, JM Peterson, HB TI Cigarette smoking and epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic type SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; CERVICAL-CANCER; TOBACCO; WOMEN; ALCOHOL; COFFEE; MUCUS AB Objective: To examine cigarette smoking as a risk factor for different types of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: We used data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, population-based, case control investigation. Cases were 447 women aged 20-54 years with diagnoses of epithelial ovarian cancer. Controls were 3868 women selected by random-digit dialing. Conditional logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as estimators of the relative risk of ovarian cancer. With age and study site as conditioning variables, OR point estimates were additionally adjusted for parity and use of oral contraceptives. Results: The OR of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer for women who had ever smoked was 2.3 (95% CI 1.4, 3.9) and for current smokers was 2.9 (95% CI 1.7, 4.9). The OR of mucinous tumors for current smokers was significantly elevated regardless of years since first cigarette or age at which women first smoked. The OR of mucinous tumors for current smokers increased slightly as cumulative pack-years of smoking increased, although the trend was not significant. Similar patterns of elevated risk were not observed among serous, endometrioid, or other histologic types. Odds ratio point estimates for former smokers were not significantly elevated for any]histologic type. Conclusion: Current cigarette smoking was a risk factor for mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer, but not other histologic types. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:255-60. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Program Canc Prevent Detect & Control Res, Durham, NC USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Marchbanks, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [3-Y01-HD-8-1037] NR 28 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 95 IS 2 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(99)00531-1 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 277XT UT WOS:000084959400017 PM 10674590 ER PT J AU Aidoo, M Udhayakumar, V AF Aidoo, M Udhayakumar, V TI Field studies of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in malaria infections: Implications for malaria vaccine development SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Review ID HEPATITIS-B VIRUS; SPOROZOITE-IMMUNIZED VOLUNTEERS; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; CELL EPITOPES; LIVER STAGES; CLASS-I AB The search for a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-inducing malaria vaccine has moved forward from epitope identification to planning stages of safety and immunogenicity trials of candidate vaccines. Development of CTL-inducing vaccine candidates has taken center stage based on the observation that CTL-mediated protection might be the dominant mechanism by which sterile immunity is achieved in irradiated sporozoite immunization experiments in humans and laboratory animals. However; studies in naturally infected individuals living in endemic areas, as reviewed here by Michael Aidoo and Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, have revealed that CTL induction might be influenced by factors such as parasite variants, host genes, other infections and transmission patterns. The influence of these factors on CTL induction has been demonstrated individually and in various combinations in controlled animal experiments. However, in naturally infected humans, they are presented in a complex hos-parasite-environment interaction, in a manner that is not easily achieved in laboratory-based experiments. Understanding these interactions is crucial for the development and testing of CTL-inducing vaccines for humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Aidoo, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4779 Buford Highway,Mail Stop F-12, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 58 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD FEB PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 50 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01592-6 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 278TW UT WOS:000085005900005 PM 10652487 ER PT J AU Lindegren, ML Steinberg, S Byers, RH AF Lindegren, ML Steinberg, S Byers, RH TI Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in children SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; INFECTED CHILDREN; HIV-INFECTION; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; SEXUAL ABUSE; TYPE-1; TRENDS; WOMEN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lindegren, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 84 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70192-9 PG 21 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 284DC UT WOS:000085314600002 PM 10697639 ER PT J AU Rogers, MF AF Rogers, MF TI HIV/AIDS in infants, children, and adolescents - Preface SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rogers, MF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop D 21, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP XI EP XII DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70191-7 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 284DC UT WOS:000085314600001 ER PT J AU Fowler, MG Simonds, RJ Roongpisuthipong, A AF Fowler, MG Simonds, RJ Roongpisuthipong, A TI Update on perinatal HIV transmission SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; RISK-FACTORS; ZIDOVUDINE PROPHYLAXIS; BREAST-MILK; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; INFANT TRANSMISSION AB Mother-to-child transmission of HIV continues to be a global public health problem with 1600 babies becoming infected daily. Risk factors for infection in the face of zidovudine propohylaxis include maternal viral load, breastfeeding, and nonreceipt of elective caesarean section. New international clinical trial findings provide hope that short-course antenatal and intrapartum/neonatal antiretrovirals can substantially reduce perinatal HIV transmission in resource poor settings. The current challenge is to translate trial results into public health practice in order to maximally reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission worldwide. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Mother Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Act Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP Fowler, MG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Mother Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 85 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 21 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70193-0 PG 20 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 284DC UT WOS:000085314600003 PM 10697640 ER PT J AU Dominguez, KL AF Dominguez, KL TI Management of HIV-infected children in the home and institutional settings - Care of children and infections control in schools, day care, hospital settings, home, foster care, and adoption SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MATERNAL-INFANT TRANSMISSION; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; POSTNATAL TRANSMISSION; BREAST-MILK; HUMAN BITES; TYPE-1 INFECTION; HTLV-III; MOTHER; RISK AB The number of children living with AIDS has increased by 35% between 1992 and 1997 and a higher percentage HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children are being cared for in day centers and are attending schools and reaching adolescence. This article discusses the prevention of HIV transmission and other infections in settings where all children are cared for, generic considerations in the care of HIV-infected or exposed children regardless of locations, and some special issues that face caretakers of HIV-infected children and adolescents in specific settings. It emphasizes the principle of inclusion of these children in all settings when their health conditions allow it, maintaining confidentiality of the child's HIV status, notifying those who need to know in order to care properly for the child or adolescent, and HIV postexposure prophylaxis for childhood-related exposures outside of perinatal exposures on a case-by-case basis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent,Epidemiol Branch, Maternal Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dominguez, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent,Epidemiol Branch, Maternal Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Stud, MIS E-45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 133 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 203 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70202-9 PG 38 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 284DC UT WOS:000085314600012 PM 10697649 ER PT J AU Bulterys, M Fowler, MG AF Bulterys, M Fowler, MG TI Prevention of HIV infection in children SO PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; CLINICAL-TRIAL GROUP-076; MATERNAL DRUG-USE; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; INFANT TRANSMISSION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PREGNANT-WOMEN; HIV-1-INFECTED WOMEN AB Pediatric HIV infection has emerged as an important public health problem in industrialized and developing nations. In the United States, progress in the ability to virtually eliminate perinatal HIV transmission that was unthinkable just a few years ago has been achieved. Clinicians providing care to pregnant care should educate and counsel women about HIV and strongly recommend that they be tested. This article highlights some remaining challenges that constitute barriers to achieving maximal decrease of HIV infection in children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Mother Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bulterys, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 141 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0031-3955 J9 PEDIATR CLIN N AM JI Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 241 EP + DI 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70203-0 PG 21 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 284DC UT WOS:000085314600013 PM 10697650 ER PT J AU Campagne, G Garba, A Fabre, P Schuchat, A Ryall, R Boulanger, D Bybel, M Carlone, G Briantais, P Ivanoff, B Xerri, B Chippaux, JP AF Campagne, G Garba, A Fabre, P Schuchat, A Ryall, R Boulanger, D Bybel, M Carlone, G Briantais, P Ivanoff, B Xerri, B Chippaux, JP TI Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a Neisseria meningitidis A+C diphtheria conjugate vaccine in infants from Niger SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE meningococcal; vaccine; conjugate; polysaccharide; serogroup A; serogroup C; Niger ID MENINGOCOCCAL-C-POLYSACCHARIDE; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; GROUP-A; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; SEROGROUP-A; ANTIBODY; CHILDREN; INDUCTION; TRIAL AB Background, High rates of endemic disease and recurrent epidemics of serogroup A and C meningococcal meningitis continue to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. A meningococcal A + C polysaccharide diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine may address this issue. Methods, In Niger three doses of a bivalent meningococcal A + C diphtheria-toxoid-conjugated vaccine (MenD), containing 1, 4 or 16 mu g of each polysaccharide per dose, administered at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, were compared with Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated (PRP-T) vaccine given with the same schedule or with a meningococcal A + C polysaccharide vaccine (MenPS) given at 10 and 14 weeks of age. One blood sample was taken at the time of enrollment (6 weeks of age) and another was taken 4 weeks after the primary series. Results, All doses of MenD were well-tolerated. After the primary series a higher proportion of infants had detectable serum bactericidal activity against serogroup A for each dose of MenD (from 94% to 100%) than for MenPS (31%) or H. influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (18.9%); P less than or equal to 0.05, Significant differences were also observed for serogroup C MenD 4 pg or MenD 16 mu g (100%) vs. MenPS (69.7%) or Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid-conjugated vaccine (24.3%); P less than or equal to 0.05, When MenPS vaccine was given to Ii-month-old children, the immune response measured by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assay was greater in those previously immunized with MenD than in those immunized with MenPS vaccine. Conclusion. MenD was safe among infants in Niger, and immunization led to significantly greater functional antibody activity than with MenPS, The 4-mu g dose of MenD for both the A and C serogroups has been selected for further studies. C1 Ctr Rech Meningites & Schistosomoses, Niamey, Niger. Aventis Pasteur, Lyon, France. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Aventis Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA 18370 USA. RP Fabre, P (reprint author), Aventis Pasteur,2 Ave Pont Pasteur, F-69367 Lyon, France. RI BOULANGER, Denis/G-9644-2016 OI BOULANGER, Denis/0000-0002-8757-0350 NR 27 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 144 EP 150 DI 10.1097/00006454-200002000-00013 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 284LJ UT WOS:000085333600011 PM 10694002 ER PT J AU Szilagyi, PG Zwanziger, J Rodewald, LE Holl, JL Mukamel, DB Trafton, S Shone, LP Dick, AW Jarrell, L Raubertas, RF AF Szilagyi, PG Zwanziger, J Rodewald, LE Holl, JL Mukamel, DB Trafton, S Shone, LP Dick, AW Jarrell, L Raubertas, RF TI Evaluation of a state health insurance program for low-income children: Implications for State Child Health Insurance Programs SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Pediatric-Academic-Societies CY MAY 05-10, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Pediat Acad Soc DE Child Health Plus; uninsured; underinsured; health insurance; access; utilization; quality of care; State Child Health Insurance Program ID UNINSURED CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; CARE; ACCESS; SATISFACTION; SERVICES; FAMILIES; RATES AB Background. The State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) is the largest public investment in child health care in 30 years, targeting 11 million uninsured children, yet little is known about the impact of health insurance on uninsured children. In 1991, New York State implemented Child Health Plus (CHPlus), a health insurance program that became a model for SCHIP. Objective. To examine changes in access to care, utilization of services, and quality of care among children enrolled in CHPlus. Design. A pre-post design was used to evaluate the health care experiences of children in the year before enrollment in CHPlus and during the year after CHPlus enrollment. Setting. New York State, stratified into 4 regions: New York City, urban counties around New York City, upstate urban counties, and upstate rural counties. Participants. A total of 2126 children (0-12.99 years of age) who enrolled in CHPlus in 1992-1993. Data Collection. Parents were interviewed by telephone, and primary care medical charts were reviewed for 694 children (0-3.99 years of age). Analysis. Access, utilization, and quality of care measures for each child were compared for the year before and the year after CHPlus enrollment, controlling for age, geographic region, previous insurance coverage, and CHPlus plan type (indemnity or managed care). Results. Enrollment in CHPlus was associated with fewer children lacking a medical home (5% before CHPlus vs 1% during CHPlus), with the greatest change occurring in New York City (11% vs 1%), where access before CHPlus was lowest. CHPlus was also associated with increased primary care visits: by 25% for preventive visits, by 52% for acute visits, and by 42% for total visits. The number of specialists seen during CHPlus was more than twice as high than before CHPlus. CHPlus was not associated with changes in emergency department utilization, although hospitalizations, which were not covered by CHPlus, were 36% lower during CHPlus coverage. Use of public health departments for immunizations declined by 64%, with more immunizations delivered in the medical home during CHPlus coverage. One third of parents reported improved quality of health care for their child as a result of CHPlus, and virtually none noted worse quality of care. Conclusions. This statewide health insurance program for low-income children was associated with improved access, utilization, and quality of care, suggesting that SCHIP has the potential to improve health care for low-income American children. C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Polit Sci, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Biostat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Northwestern Univ, Childrens Mem Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Inst Hlth Serv Res & Policies Studies, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Szilagyi, PG (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Strong Mem Hosp, Box 632,601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. NR 43 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 2000 VL 105 IS 2 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.1542/peds.105.2.363 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 280ML UT WOS:000085106500024 PM 10654957 ER PT J AU Cabrera, G Butler, JC Fortenberry, JD AF Cabrera, G Butler, JC Fortenberry, JD TI Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection - Reply SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 N Point Pediat, Alpharetta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Egleston Childrens Hosp, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cabrera, G (reprint author), N Point Pediat, Alpharetta, GA USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 2000 VL 105 IS 2 BP 463 EP 463 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 280ML UT WOS:000085106500046 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Ahluwalia, IB Galuska, DA AF Ford, ES Ahluwalia, IB Galuska, DA TI Social relationships and cardiovascular disease risk factors: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE blood pressure; cholesterol; diet; exercise; health behavior; preventive health services; smoking; social support ID SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BLOOD-PRESSURE; FOLLOW-UP; MEN BORN; ALAMEDA COUNTY; PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS; LIFE EVENTS; SUPPORT AB Objective. Our aim was to study the associations between social relationships and several health behaviors in a national sample of the U.S. population. Methods. Using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, which was conducted from 1988 to 1994, we examined the associations between the frequencies of organizational and individual relationships (derived from factor analysis) and cigarette smoking, not having had a blood pressure check during the preceding 12 months, not having had a cholesterol check, not engaging in physical activity, and eating fruits and vegetables fewer than five times per day among men and women aged 18 years and older. Results. After adjusting for age, sex, race, educational attainment, marital status, and employment status, increases in organizational relationships were associated with decreases in all five behaviors: significant inverse linear trends were noted only for smoking and physical activity. For individual relationships, significant inverse linear trends were noted for not having a blood pressure check within the previous 12 months, not having had a cholesterol check, and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. For physical inactivity, the shape of the relationship approximated a threshold response. For smoking, a significant positive linear trend was present. Conclusions. These results support findings from previous studies and indicate that social relationships have a beneficial effect on several behaviors that directly or indirectly affect the risk of cardiovascular disease. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 85 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1006/pmed.1999.0606 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 282PZ UT WOS:000085228400001 PM 10656835 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Deddens, JA Zhao, SH AF Steenland, K Deddens, JA Zhao, SH TI Biases in estimating the effect of cumulative exposure in log-linear models when estimated exposure levels are assigned SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE cumulative exposure; measurement error; occupation ID MEASUREMENT ERRORS; RISK AB Objectives Exposure-response trends in occupational studies of chronic disease are often modeled via log-linear models with cumulative exposure as the metric of interest. Exposure levels for most subjects are often unknown, but can be estimated by assigning known job-specific mean exposure levels from a sample of workers to all workers. Such assignment results in (nondifferential) measurement error of the Berkson type, which does not bias the estimate of exposure effect in linear models but can result in substantial bias in log-linear models with dichotomous outcomes. This bias was explored in estimated exposure-response trends using cumulative exposure. Methods simulations were conducted under the assumptions that (i) exposure level is assigned to all workers based on the job-specific means from a sample of workers, (ii) exposure level and duration are log-normal, (iii) the true exposure-response model is log-linear for cumulative exposure, (iv) the disease is rare, and (v) the variance of job-specific exposure level increases with its job-specific mean. Results Assignment of job-specific mean exposure levels from a sample of workers causes an upward bias in the estimated exposure-response trend when there is little variance in the duration of exposure but causes a downward bias when duration has a large variance. This bias can be substantial (eg, 30-50%). Conclusions Berkson errors in exposure result in little bias in estimating exposure-response trends when the standard deviation of duration is approximately equal to its mean, which is common in many occupational studies. No bias occurs when the variance of exposure level is constant across jobs, but such conditions are probably uncommon. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, R-13,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCAND J WORK ENV HEALTH PI HELSINKI PA TOPELIUKSENKATU 41A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 0355-3140 J9 SCAND J WORK ENV HEA JI Scand. J. Work Environ. Health PD FEB PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 291AU UT WOS:000085711200007 PM 10744176 ER PT J AU Koplan, J AF Koplan, J TI Syphilis elimination: History in the making - Opening remarks SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Koplan, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 63 EP 65 DI 10.1097/00007435-200002000-00001 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 281RX UT WOS:000085175500001 PM 10676970 ER PT J AU Fleming, DT Levine, WC Trees, DL Tambe, P Toomey, K St Louis, ME AF Fleming, DT Levine, WC Trees, DL Tambe, P Toomey, K St Louis, ME TI Syphilis in Atlanta during an era of declining incidence SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; GENITAL ULCERS; HIGH PREVALENCE; SEROCONVERSION; ELIMINATION; INFECTION; HEALTH; TYPE-1; HIV-1 AB Background: Syphilis transmission in Atlanta is ongoing despite declining incidence. Objectives: To identify risk factors and missed opportunities for prevention. Study Design: A case-control study design was used, Twenty-five sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients with primary or secondary syphilis by polymerase chain reaction and serology and 49 matched controls were interviewed, Results: Persons with syphilis more frequently had BTV infection (24% versus 2%; P = 0.005), crack-using sex partners (52% versus 18%; odds ratio [OR] = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.7-15.5), and a history of incarceration (80% versus 57%; OR = 3.0; CI = 1.0-9.3), Many cases (48%) and controls (31%) had received drug-abuse treatment. Only 40% of previously incarcerated patients and 74% of those with a history of drug treatment reported receiving STD/HIV education in those settings. Among all patients reporting recent HIV education, 41% were told about STD recognition and treatment, Unprotected sex and delay in seeking care were common, Conclusion: To prevent syphilis and associated HIV, more extensive STD education is needed in jails and drug-treatment centers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Res Lab, Div AIDS STD & TB, Atlanta, GA USA. Fulton Cty Dept Hlth & Wellness, STD HIV Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fleming, DT (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Gen Internal Med, 125 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 27 IS 2 BP 68 EP 73 DI 10.1097/00007435-200002000-00003 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 281RX UT WOS:000085175500003 PM 10676972 ER PT J AU Schmid, G Markowitz, L Joesoef, R Koumans, E AF Schmid, G Markowitz, L Joesoef, R Koumans, E TI Bacterial vaginosis and HIV infection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID VAGINAL FLORA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schmid, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-27, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 76 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 DI 10.1136/sti.76.1.3 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 293RM UT WOS:000085866900002 PM 10817059 ER PT J AU Pohl, HR Tylenda, CA AF Pohl, HR Tylenda, CA TI Breast-feeding exposure of infants to selected pesticides: a public health viewpoint SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE breast milk; developmental effects; pesticides ID HUMAN-MILK; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; HEXACHLOROBENZENE HCB; PORPHYRIA TURCICA; DDT RESIDUES; FOLLOW-UP AB In this paper, we provide an overview of the public health implications of exposure to some pesticides via breast milk and provide health-based guidance. The presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk has been documented in many studies around the world. Included in our review are aldrin/dieldrin, chlordane, 1,1,1 -trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)/1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), endrin, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Toxicological and environmental data on these chemicals are compiled in toxicological profiles published by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Based on the data, ATSDR derives chemical-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs) that assist in evaluating public health risks associated with exposure. MRLs are health-based guidance values designed to protect the most sensitive populations, including breast-fed infants. We compare MRLs and projected intakes from the breast milk for the listed pesticides, explore the possibilities of toxicological interactions, and provide health-based recommendations. C1 US Dept HHS, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pohl, HR (reprint author), US Dept HHS, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 82 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 6 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD FEB PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 65 EP 77 DI 10.1177/074823370001600203 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 309DB UT WOS:000086751400003 PM 10798624 ER PT J AU Williams, RJ Al-Busaidy, S Mehta, FR Maupin, GO Wagoner, KD Al-Awaidy, S Suleiman, AJM Khan, AS Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG AF Williams, RJ Al-Busaidy, S Mehta, FR Maupin, GO Wagoner, KD Al-Awaidy, S Suleiman, AJM Khan, AS Peters, CJ Ksiazek, TG TI Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever; Hyalomma anatolicum; Oman ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; VIRUS-INFECTION; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; OUTBREAK AB In 1995 and 1996, 4 persons from the Sultanate of Oman were confirmed with clinical Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). To assess the prevalence of CCHF virus infection in Omen, a convenience sample of imported and domestic animals from farms, abattoirs and livestock markets was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to CCHF virus. Ticks were collected from selected animals, identified, pooled by species, host and location and tested for evidence of infection with CCHF virus by antigen-capture ELISA. Serum samples from individuals working in animal and nonanimal contact-related jobs were also tested for CCHF antibodies. Serological evidence of infection was noted in 108 (22%) of 489 animals. Most of the ticks collected (618 of 912) from all species of sampled livestock were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, a competent-vector and reservoir of CCHF virus. 243 tick pools were tested for CCHF antigen, and 19 pools were positive. Of the individuals working in animal contact-related jobs, 73 (30.3 %) of 241 non-Omani citizens and only 1 (2.4%) of 41 Omani citizens were CCHF antibody-positive. Butchers were more likely to have CCHF antibody than persons in other job categories. The presence of clinical disease and the serological results for animals and humans and infected Hyalomma ticks provide ample evidence of the presence of CCHF virus in yet another country in the Arabian Peninsula. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Minist Hlth, Muscat, Oman. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E51, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD FEB PY 2000 VL 5 IS 2 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00524.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 300UM UT WOS:000086271300006 PM 10747269 ER PT J AU Shahinian, ML Passaro, DJ Swerdlow, DL Mintz, ED Rodriguez, M Parsonnet, J AF Shahinian, ML Passaro, DJ Swerdlow, DL Mintz, ED Rodriguez, M Parsonnet, J TI Helicobacter pylori and epidemic Vibrio cholerae 01 infection in Peru SO LANCET LA English DT Article AB In a cross-sectional study of the 1991 Peruvian cholera epidemic, Vibrio cholerae 01 infection was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, particularly in young children, These data support the hypothesis that hypochlorhydria induced by H pylori is important in the pathogenesis of diarrhoeal disease. C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94555 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Hlth, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Lima, Peru. RP Passaro, DJ (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Hlth & Res Policy Bldg,Room T-221 T-152, Stanford, CA 94555 USA. NR 5 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 29 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9201 BP 377 EP 378 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05143-0 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 280UL UT WOS:000085122100017 PM 10665561 ER PT J AU Hahn, BH Shaw, GM De Cock, KM Sharp, PM AF Hahn, BH Shaw, GM De Cock, KM Sharp, PM TI AIDS - AIDS as a zoonosis: Scientific and public health implications SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; AFRICAN-GREEN MONKEYS; CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION; WILD-CAPTURED CHIMPANZEE; HIV-1 GROUP-O; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; TANTALUS MONKEYS; MACAQUE MONKEYS; INFECTION AB Evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been reported for 26 different species of African nonhuman primates. Two of these viruses, SIVcpz from chimpanzees and SIVsm from sooty mangabeys, are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Together, they have been transmitted to humans on at least seven occasions. The implications of human infection by a diverse set of SIVs and of exposure to a plethora of additional human immunodeficiency virus-related viruses are discussed. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Nottingham, Queens Med Ctr, Inst Genet, Nottingham NH7 2UH, England. RP Hahn, BH (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RI Sharp, Paul/F-5783-2010 OI Sharp, Paul/0000-0001-9771-543X FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01 AI 35338, R01 AI 40951, R01 AI 44596] NR 95 TC 660 Z9 683 U1 14 U2 111 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 28 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5453 BP 607 EP 614 DI 10.1126/science.287.5453.607 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 278KR UT WOS:000084989400035 PM 10649986 ER PT J AU Izurieta, HS Thompson, WW Kramarz, P Shay, DK Davis, RL DeStefano, F Black, S Shinefield, H Fukuda, K AF Izurieta, HS Thompson, WW Kramarz, P Shay, DK Davis, RL DeStefano, F Black, S Shinefield, H Fukuda, K TI Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; MYCOPLASMA-PNEUMONIAE; SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; EPIDEMICS; VACCINE; IMPACT; PARAINFLUENZA; INFECTION AB Background: Young children may be at increased risk for serious complications from influenzavirus infection. However, in population-based studies it has been difficult to separate the effects of influenzavirus from those of respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus often circulates with influenzaviruses and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. We studied the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease among infants and children during periods when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over the circulation of respiratory syncytial virus. Methods: For each season from October to May during the period from 1992 to 1997, we used local viral surveillance data to define periods in Washington State and northern California when the circulation of influenzaviruses predominated over that of respiratory syncytial virus. We calculated the rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease, excess rates attributable to influenzavirus, and incidence-rate ratios for all infants and children younger than 18 years of age who were enrolled in either the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California or the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Results: The rates of hospitalization for acute respiratory disease among children who did not have conditions that put them at high risk for complications of influenza (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular diseases, or premature birth) and who were younger than two years of age were 231 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites (from 1993 to 1997) and 193 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites (from 1992 to 1997). These rates were approximately 12 times as high as the rates among children without high-risk conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (19 per 100,000 person-months at Northern California Kaiser sites and 16 per 100,000 person-months at Group Health Cooperative sites) and approached the rates among children with chronic health conditions who were 5 to 17 years of age (386 per 100,000 person-months and 216 per 100,000 person-months, respectively). Conclusions: Infants and young children without chronic or serious medical conditions are at increased risk for hospitalization during influenza seasons. Routine influenza vaccination should be considered in these children. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:232-9.) (C)2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat, Seattle, WA USA. No Calif Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA USA. RP Thompson, WW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Mailstop A 32,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 36 TC 659 Z9 688 U1 3 U2 25 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 27 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 4 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1056/NEJM200001273420402 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 277PB UT WOS:000084941000002 PM 10648764 ER PT J AU Patterson, L Peeden, J Sirlin, S Hall, S Himelright, IM Craig, AS Moore, WL Lee, B AF Patterson, L Peeden, J Sirlin, S Hall, S Himelright, IM Craig, AS Moore, WL Lee, B TI Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants following pertussis prophylaxis with erythromycin - Knoxville, Tennessee, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1117-1120, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 E Tennessee Childrens Hosp, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Knox Cty Hlth Dept, Knoxville, TN USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. CDC, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Patterson, L (reprint author), E Tennessee Childrens Hosp, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 26 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 4 BP 471 EP 472 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 276LT UT WOS:000084879800010 ER PT J CA World Hlth Org CDC TI Global measles control and regional elimination, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1124-1130, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Vaccines & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO, Vaccines & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 26 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 4 BP 472 EP 473 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 276LT UT WOS:000084879800012 ER PT J AU Gregg, EW Yaffe, K Cauley, JA Rolka, DB Blackwell, TL Narayan, KMV Cummings, SR AF Gregg, EW Yaffe, K Cauley, JA Rolka, DB Blackwell, TL Narayan, KMV Cummings, SR CA Study Osteoporotic Fractures Res G TI Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women? SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMPROVED GLYCEMIC CONTROL; RISK-FACTORS; ELDERLY POPULATION; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; MOVIES PROJECT; HIP FRACTURE; DEMENTIA; MELLITUS; PERFORMANCE; ROTTERDAM AB Background: The long-term effect of type 2 diabetes on cognitive function is uncertain. Objective: To determine whether older women with diabetes have an increased risk of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Four research centers in the United States (Baltimore, Md; Portland, Ore; Minneapolis, Minn; and the Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania). Participants: Community-dwelling white women 65 years and older (n = 9679). Measurements: Physician-diagnosed diabetes and other aspects of health history were assessed by interview. Three tests of cognitive function, the Digit Symbol test, the Trails B test, and a modified version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (m-MMSE), were administered at baseline and 3 to 6 years later. Change in cognitive function was defined by the change in the score for each test. Major cognitive decline was defined as the worst 10th percentile change in the score for each test. Results: Women with diabetes (n = 682 [7.0%]) had lower baseline scores than those without diabetes on all 3 tests of cognitive function (Digit Symbol and Trials B tests, P<.01; m-MMSE, P =.03) and experienced an accelerated cognitive decline as measured by the Digit Symbol test (P<.01) and m-MMSE (P =.03). Diabetes was also associated with increased odds of major cognitive decline as determined by scores on the Digit Symbol (odds ratio = 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.23) and Trails B (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.39) tests when controlled for age, education, depression, stroke, visual impairment, heart disease, hypertension, physical activity, estrogen use, and smoking. Women who had diabetes for more than 15 years had a 57%;, to 114% greater risk of major cognitive decline than women without diabetes. Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with lower levels of cognitive function and greater cognitive decline among older women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Nat Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Gregg, EW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Nat Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012; Cauley, Jane/N-4836-2015 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405; Cauley, Jane/0000-0003-0752-4408 FU NIADDK NIH HHS [AM35584]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR35582, AR35583] NR 46 TC 306 Z9 330 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 24 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 2 BP 174 EP 180 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.2.174 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 276KV UT WOS:000084877700007 PM 10647755 ER PT J AU Reist, PC Taylor, L AF Reist, PC Taylor, L TI Development and operation of an improved turntable dust feeder SO POWDER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE particles; aerosols; dispersion; dust generation; dust feeder AB An improved version of a dry dispersion turntable aerosol feeder has been developed which provides greater variation, control, and reliability in aerosol output. The heart of the system is a rotating dust cylinder that permits steady delivery of dust to a turntable groove where it is picked-up by an adjustable aspirator. This design feature eliminates the need for vibrators and ensures a smooth dust flow to the dust pick-up point. Depending on the cylinder diameter, unattended operating time can be greatly increased. The aspirator incorporates an adjustable venturi and pick-up apparatus. By varying venturi adjustment and air pressure, dust pick-up under differing operating conditions can be assured. A large range in aerosol output can be achieved using different groove widths, locations, and turntable speeds. Operational performance tests show steady aerosol output over the delivery range of 100 mg/min to 50 g/min, depending on the size of the feeder. To date, two sizes of the turntable aerosol feeder have been utilized effectively resulting in dust concentrations ranging from 100 mu g/m(3) to 560 mg/m(3). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NIOSH, Robert A Taft Labs, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Reist, PC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0032-5910 J9 POWDER TECHNOL JI Powder Technol. PD JAN 24 PY 2000 VL 107 IS 1-2 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00082-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 276KY UT WOS:000084878000004 ER PT J AU Diebner, HH Eichner, M Molineaux, L Collins, WE Jeffrey, GM Dietz, K AF Diebner, HH Eichner, M Molineaux, L Collins, WE Jeffrey, GM Dietz, K TI Modelling the transition of asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum to gametocytes SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MALARIA; INFECTION AB In this paper, we investigate the transition of asexual blood stages of P. falciparum to gametocytes. The study is based on daily data,collected from 262 individual courses of parasitaemia. We propose several mathematical models that follow biological reasoning. The models are fitted with maximum likelihood and are compared with each other. The models differ in the assumptions made about the mortality of circulating gametocytes and about the transition rate of the asexual parasites. Gametocyte mortality is modelled as being (i) constant over time, (ii) linearly increasing over time, (iii) linearly increasing over gametocyte age, and (iv) exponentially increasing over gametocyte age, respectively. The transition rate is either kept constant per patient or piecewise constant within intervals that correspond to waves of asexual parasitaemia which are assumed to be caused by different Pf(emp1)-variants. According to likelihood ratio tests, the models with age-dependent mortality rate and wave-dependent transition rates are superior to the models with constant transition rate and/or constant or time-dependent mortality rate. The best fits are reached for models with exponentially increasing (Gompertz-type) mortality. Furthermore, an impact of high asexual parasite densities on the survival of gametocytes, interpreted as a cytokine-mediated effect, is evident in some cases. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Tubingen, Dept Med Biometry, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. WHO, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Diebner, HH (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Dept Med Biometry, Westbahnhofstr 55, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany. RI Dietz, Klaus/R-9268-2016 OI Dietz, Klaus/0000-0001-8503-9737 NR 18 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-5193 J9 J THEOR BIOL JI J. Theor. Biol. PD JAN 21 PY 2000 VL 202 IS 2 BP 113 EP 127 DI 10.1006/jtbi.1999.1041 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 280XV UT WOS:000085129800002 PM 10640432 ER PT J AU Daszak, P Cunningham, AA Hyatt, AD AF Daszak, P Cunningham, AA Hyatt, AD TI Wildlife ecology - Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - Threats to biodiversity and human health SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; UNITED-STATES; GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; NEWCASTLE-DISEASE; SARCOPTIC MANGE; LYME-DISEASE; VARIANT CJD; VIRUS; RABIES AB Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis & Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. CSIRO, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. RP Daszak, P (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Cunningham, Andrew/E-7536-2010 NR 140 TC 1621 Z9 1728 U1 95 U2 713 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 21 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5452 BP 443 EP 449 DI 10.1126/science.287.5452.443 PG 7 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 277JF UT WOS:000084929900034 PM 10642539 ER PT J AU Shchelkunov, SN Totmenin, AV Loparev, VN Safronov, PF Gutorov, VV Chizhikov, VE Knight, JC Parsons, JM Massung, RF Esposito, JJ AF Shchelkunov, SN Totmenin, AV Loparev, VN Safronov, PF Gutorov, VV Chizhikov, VE Knight, JC Parsons, JM Massung, RF Esposito, JJ TI Alastrim smallpox variola minor virus genome DNA sequences SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID DEPENDENT RNA-POLYMERASE; TRANSCRIPTION ELONGATION-FACTOR; ACTIN-CONTAINING MICROVILLI; THREONINE PROTEIN-KINASE; HOST RANGE GENES; VACCINIA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COWPOX VIRUS; RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE; BINDING-PROTEIN AB Alastrim variola minor virus. which causes mild smallpox, was first recognized in Florida and South America in the late 19th century. Genome linear double-stranded DNA sequences (186,986 bp) of the alastrim virus Garcia-1966, a laboratory reference strain from an outbreak associated with 0.8% case fatalities in Brazil in 1966, were determined except for a 530-bp fragment of hairpin-loop sequences at each terminus. The DNA sequences (EMBL Accession No. Y16780) showed 206 potential open reading frames for proteins containing greater than or equal to 60 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of the putative proteins were compared with those reported for vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen and the Asian variola major strains India-1967 and Bangladesh-1975. About one-third of the alastrim viral proteins were 100% identical to correlates in the variola major strains and the remainder were greater than or equal to 95% identical. Compared with variola major virus DNA, alastrim virus DNA has additional segments of 898 and 627 bp, respectively, within the left and right terminal regions. The former segment aligns well with sequences in other orthopoxviruses, particularly cowpox and vaccinia viruses, and the latter is apparently alastrim-specific. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 State Res Ctr Virol & Biotechnol Vector, Dept Mol Biol Genomes, Koltsovo 633159, Novosibirsk Reg, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Poxvirus Sect, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shchelkunov, SN (reprint author), State Res Ctr Virol & Biotechnol Vector, Dept Mol Biol Genomes, Koltsovo 633159, Novosibirsk Reg, Russia. NR 144 TC 67 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 20 PY 2000 VL 266 IS 2 BP 361 EP 386 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.0086 PG 26 WC Virology SC Virology GA 278ZG UT WOS:000085018400014 PM 10639322 ER PT J AU Folks, TM AF Folks, TM TI Chimpanzees as original source for HIV SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID IDENTIFICATION AB The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, we have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P, t, troglodytes and the eastern P, t, schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P, t, troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HIV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P, t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P, t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-1 and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div HIV AIDS, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Folks, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div HIV AIDS, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 3 BP 310 EP 310 DI 10.1001/jama.283.3.310 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273WM UT WOS:000084732400002 PM 10647783 ER PT J CA CDC TI Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: Family planning (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1073-1080, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; FERTILITY; PREGNANCY; DECLINE; GROWTH; IMPACT C1 CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 3 BP 326 EP + PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273WM UT WOS:000084732400009 ER PT J AU Comstock, RD Currier, RW Markiewicz, KV Welke, RL Quinlisk, MP AF Comstock, RD Currier, RW Markiewicz, KV Welke, RL Quinlisk, MP TI Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with use of LPG-powered (propane) forklifts in industrial settings - Iowa, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1121-1124, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Iowa State Univ Extens Dept, Ames, IA USA. CDC, Denver Field Off, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Comstock, RD (reprint author), Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 3 BP 331 EP 332 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273WM UT WOS:000084732400010 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Floyd, RL Merritt, RK Decoufle, P Holtzman, D AF Ebrahim, SH Floyd, RL Merritt, RK Decoufle, P Holtzman, D TI Trends in pregnancy-related smoking rates in the United States, 1987-1996 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CESSATION; INTERVENTIONS; METAANALYSIS; PEOPLE AB Context Rates of smoking are increasing among adolescents and young adults, but trends in smoking among pregnant women have not been studied, Objective To assess pregnancy-related variations in smoking behaviors and their determinants among women of childbearing age in the United States, Design Analysis of data collected between 1987-1996 from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Setting and Subjects A total of 187 302 (178 499 nonpregnant and 8803 pregnant) noninstitutionalized women aged 18 to 44 years from 33 states. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence rates of smoking initiation and current smoking, median number of cigarettes smoked, and adjusted odds ratios for smoking stratified by pregnancy status; prevalence rate ratio for current smoking comparing pregnant with nonpregnant women, Results The overall percentage of women who had ever initiated smoking decreased significantly from 44.1% in 1987 to 38.2% in 1996, During that 10-year period, the prevalence of current smoking also decreased significantly among both pregnant women (16.3% to 11.8%) and nonpregnant women (26.7% to 23.6%), Overall, pregnant women were about half (54%) as likely as nonpregnant women to be current smokers during 1987-1996. Over time, the median number of cigarettes smoked per day by pregnant smokers remained at 10, whereas among nonpregnant smokers it decreased from 19 to 15 (P<.05 for trend). in the same period, among young women (aged 18-20 years), prevalence rates of smoking initiation and current smoking increased slightly, Sociodemographic subgroups of women at increased risk for current smoking were the same for pregnant and nonpregnant women tie, those with a completed high school education or less, whites, and those who were unmarried). Conclusions In this analysis, the decline in smoking over time among pregnant women was primarily due to the overall decline in smoking initiation rates among women of childbearing age, not to an increased rate of smoking cessation related to pregnancy. To foster effective perinatal tobacco control, efforts are needed to further reduce the number of young women who begin smoking. Clinicians should query all pregnant women and women of childbearing age about smoking and provide cessation and relapse interventions to each smoker. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ebrahim, SH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 152 Z9 158 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 3 BP 361 EP 366 DI 10.1001/jama.283.3.361 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273WM UT WOS:000084732400028 PM 10647799 ER PT J AU Jamieson, DJ Meikle, SF Hillis, SD Mtsuko, D Mawji, S Duerr, A AF Jamieson, DJ Meikle, SF Hillis, SD Mtsuko, D Mawji, S Duerr, A TI An evaluation of poor pregnancy outcomes among Burundian refugees in Tanzania SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; MALAWI; RISK; PREVENTION; MORTALITY; MALARIA; INFANT; WOMEN AB Context Little is known about pregnancy outcomes among the approximately 11 million refugees worldwide, 25% of whom are women of reproductive age. Objective To estimate incidence of and determine risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes and to calculate the contribution of mortality from neonatal and maternal deaths to overall mortality in a refugee camp. Design Cross-sectional review of records and survey, conducted in February and March 1998, Setting Mtendeli refugee camp, Tanzania, Participants For the overall assessment, 664 Burundi women who had a pregnancy outcome during a recent 5-month period (September 1, 1997-January 31, 1998) and their 679 infants; 538 women (81%) completed the survey. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of fetal death (fetus born greater than or equal to 500 g or greater than or equal to 22 weeks' gestation with no signs of life), low birth weight (<2500 g), neonatal death (death <28 days of life), and maternal death (deaths during or within 42 days of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management). Results The fetal death rate was 45.6 per 1000 births, the neonatal mortality rate was 29.3 per 1000 live births, and 22.4% of all live births were low birth weight. Compared with women without poor pregnancy outcome, those with poor pregnancy outcome were more likely to report prior high socioeconomic status (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.4), having a first or second pregnancy (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.4), and having 3 or more episodes of malaria during pregnancy (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-3.1). Neonatal and maternal deaths accounted for 16% of all deaths during the period studied. Conclusions Poor pregnancy outcomes were common in this refugee setting, and neonatal and maternal deaths, 2 important components of reproductive health-related deaths, contributed substantially to overall mortality. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Int Rescue Comm, New York, NY USA. RP Jamieson, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop K 34, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 3 BP 397 EP 402 DI 10.1001/jama.283.3.397 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273WM UT WOS:000084732400034 PM 10647805 ER PT J AU Grothaus, MC Srivastava, N Smithson, SL Kieber-Emmons, T Williams, DB Carlone, GM Westerink, MAJ AF Grothaus, MC Srivastava, N Smithson, SL Kieber-Emmons, T Williams, DB Carlone, GM Westerink, MAJ TI Selection of an immunogenic peptide mimic of the capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A using a peptide display library SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE meningococcal group A vaccine; peptide mimicry; phage display ID PROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; ANTICARBOHYDRATE ANTIBODIES; MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; FILAMENTOUS PHAGE; INDUCTION; LIGANDS; INFANTS; EPIDEMIC AB The presently available meningococcal vaccine is poorly immunogenic in infants and fails to induce long-lasting immunity in adults. Efforts to convert this TI-2 type vaccine into a T dependent vaccine ape being actively pursued and include conjugate vaccine development. Alternatively, the meningococcal polysaccharide can be rendered into a T dependent antigen through the use of peptides which mimic the capsular polysaccharide complexed or conjugated to potent protein carrier molecules. We have previously developed an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (mAb) based peptide mimic of meningococcal group C polysaccharide (MCPS). A direct approach to identification of peptide mimics of antigen is through the use of peptide display libraries. We have utilized a phage library and a mAb with specificity for meningococcal group A polysaccharide (MAPS) to screen for a peptide mimic of MAPS. Six different peptide motifs were selected with the use of the mAb. Thirty-eight of the 60 sequenced phage clones were represented by motif 1 and 2 which differed only in three amino acids at the carboxy terminus. Immunological assays were performed. Phage clones with motif 1 and 2 were capable of binding human hyperimmune sera and inhibiting the binding of human hyperimmune sera to nominal antigen. Immunization with motif 1 peptide complexed to proteosomes resulted in an anti-MAPS antibody response. Priming with the peptide proteosome complex induced an anamnestic response indicating the formation of immunological memory. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol & Med, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Westerink, MAJ (reprint author), Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol & Med, POB 10008, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. NR 60 TC 62 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 18 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 13 BP 1253 EP 1263 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00390-4 PG 11 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 271NT UT WOS:000084600900013 PM 10649627 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF AF Dowell, SF TI Acute otitis media caused by resistant pneumococci SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Editorial Material ID PENICILLIN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mailstop C23,1600 Clifton Rd E, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 2 BP 318 EP + PG 3 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 278KV UT WOS:000084989700008 PM 10670501 ER PT J CA CDC TI 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with HIV: Part II. Prevention of the first episode of disease SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM COMPLEX; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; AEROSOLIZED PENTAMIDINE; PRIMARY PROPHYLAXIS; RISK-FACTORS; TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 57 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X EI 1532-0650 J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 2 BP 441 EP + PG 22 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 278KV UT WOS:000084989700017 ER PT J AU Wilson, PD Loffredo, CA Ferencz, C Correa-Villasenor, A AF Wilson, PD Loffredo, CA Ferencz, C Correa-Villasenor, A TI Re: "Attributable risk in practice" - Reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Wilson, PD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 2 BP 210 EP 212 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 275LE UT WOS:000084821000020 ER PT J AU Murray, KO Arguin, PM AF Murray, KO Arguin, PM TI Decision-based evaluation of recommendations for preexposure rabies vaccination SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; BETA-PROPIOLACTONE; IMMUNIZATION; IGE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Murray, KO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 2 BP 188 EP 191 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.188 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 274RH UT WOS:000084778500019 PM 10649751 ER PT J AU Jones, TF Craig, AS Hoy, D Gunter, EW Ashley, DL Barr, DB Brock, JW Schaffner, W AF Jones, TF Craig, AS Hoy, D Gunter, EW Ashley, DL Barr, DB Brock, JW Schaffner, W TI Mass psychogenic illness attributed to toxic exposure at a high school SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV 18-21, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID EPIDEMIC HYSTERIA; ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL AB Background: Mass psychogenic illness may be difficult to differentiate from illness caused by bioterrorism, rapidly spreading infection, or toxic substances. We investigated symptoms attributed to exposure to toxic gas at a high school in Tennessee. Methods: In November 1998, a teacher noticed a "gasoline-like'' smell in her classroom, and soon thereafter she had a headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and dizziness. The school was evacuated, and 80 students and 19 staff members went to the emergency room at the local hospital; 38 persons were hospitalized overnight. Five days later, after the school had reopened, another 71 persons went to the emergency room. An extensive investigation was performed by several government agencies. Results: We were unable to find a medical or environmental explanation for the reported illnesses. The persons who reported symptoms on the first day came from 36 classrooms scattered throughout the school. The most frequent symptoms (in this group and the group of people who reported symptoms five days later) were headache, dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness. Blood and urine specimens showed no evidence of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, paraquat, or mercury. There was no evidence of toxic compounds in the environment. A questionnaire administered a month later showed that the reported symptoms were significantly associated with female sex, seeing another ill person, knowing that a classmate was ill, and reporting an unusual odor at the school. Conclusions: This illness, attributed to toxic exposure, had features of mass psychogenic illness - notably, widespread subjective symptoms thought to be associated with environmental exposure to a toxic substance in the absence of objective evidence of an environmental cause. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:96-100.) (C) 2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Environm Hlth Labs, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, CEDS, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Cookeville, TN USA. RP Jones, TF (reprint author), Tennessee Dept Hlth, CEDS, 4th Fl,Cordell Hull Bldg,425 5th Ave N, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011 NR 18 TC 66 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 13 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 2 BP 96 EP 100 DI 10.1056/NEJM200001133420206 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273TQ UT WOS:000084723900006 PM 10631279 ER PT J AU Gleason, SC Currier, R Quinlisk, P AF Gleason, SC Currier, R Quinlisk, P TI Public health response to a potentially rabid bear cub - Iowa, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 971-973, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. CDC, Viral & Rickettsial Zooneses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gleason, SC (reprint author), Iowa Dept Publ Hlth, Des Moines, IA 50319 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 2 BP 192 EP 193 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 272QA UT WOS:000084661400010 ER PT J AU Litts, DA Moe, K Roadman, CH Janke, R Miller, J AF Litts, DA Moe, K Roadman, CH Janke, R Miller, J TI Suicide prevention among active duty Air Force personnel - United States, 1990-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1053-1057, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 USAF, Dept Def, Suicide Integrated Prod Team, Washington, DC 20330 USA. CDC, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Litts, DA (reprint author), USAF, Dept Def, Suicide Integrated Prod Team, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 2 BP 193 EP 194 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 272QA UT WOS:000084661400011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - Eastern Mediterranean region, 1998-October 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1057-1071, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean Reg, Alexandria, Egypt. WHO, Vaccine & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean Reg, Alexandria, Egypt. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 2 BP 195 EP 196 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 272QA UT WOS:000084661400012 ER PT J AU Branson, BM AF Branson, BM TI Home sample collection for HIV testing - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Branson, BM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 2 BP 199 EP 199 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 272QA UT WOS:000084661400016 ER PT J AU Harrison, LH Dwyer, DM Billmann, L Kolczak, MS Schuchat, A AF Harrison, LH Dwyer, DM Billmann, L Kolczak, MS Schuchat, A TI Invasive pneumococcal infection in Baltimore, Md - Implications for immunization policy SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; DISEASE; BACTEREMIA; VACCINE; POPULATION; COUNTY; OPPORTUNITIES; SURVEILLANCE; PREVENTION; ADULTS AB Background: Streptococcus pneumonicae is a leading cause of infectious morbidity and mortality. Although blacks are known to have a higher incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection than whites, detailed analyses of these differences and their implications for vaccine prevention have not been reported. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of invasive pneumococcal infection in Baltimore, Mdl and its implications for immunization policy. Methods: Analysis of active, laboratory-based surveillance during 1995 and 1996 among residents of the Baltimore metropolitan area. Results: Of 1412 cases, 615 patients (43.6%) were classified as white and 766 (54.2%) as black. The annual incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection among white and black residents of the Baltimore metropolitan area was 17.8 and 59.2 per 100 000 population, respectively (P<.01). Among patients aged 18 years and older, the median age of blacks with invasive pneumococcal infections was 27 years younger than that of whites (P<.01). Among males 40 to 49 years old, blacks had a 12-fold higher average incidence than whites (average incidence, 114.5 and 9.3, respectively; P<.01). By the age of 65 years, 83.8% of cases had occurred in black adults, as compared with 43.8% in white adults (P<.01). In a regression model, age, black race, male sex, low median family income, and county prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were each independently associated with a higher incidence of pneumococcal infection. Conclusions: Young urban black adults in the Baltimore metropolitan area have a dramatically higher incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection than whites. The vast majority of cases of invasive pneumococcal infection in blacks occur before age 65 years. Current immunization efforts have not addressed the high incidence of pneumococcal infection in this population. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Epidemiol & Dis Control Program, Community & Publ Hlth Adm, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Harrison, LH (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 521 Parran Hall,130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NR 32 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JAN 10 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 1 BP 89 EP 94 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.1.89 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 271RU UT WOS:000084607900010 PM 10632309 ER PT J AU McDonald, LC Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, O Reller, LB Jarvis, WR AF McDonald, LC Archibald, LK Nwanyanwu, O Reller, LB Jarvis, WR TI Unrecognised Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID BLANTYRE; MALAWI C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McDonald, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 8 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9198 BP 142 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72053-5 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 288HT UT WOS:000085557200044 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Zywicki, S Farley, MM Reingold, AL Harrison, LH Lefkowitz, LB Hadler, JL Danila, R Cieslak, PR Schuchat, A AF Schrag, SJ Zywicki, S Farley, MM Reingold, AL Harrison, LH Lefkowitz, LB Hadler, JL Danila, R Cieslak, PR Schuchat, A TI Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PREVENTION; INFECTION; MENINGITIS; STRATEGIES AB Background: Group B streptococcal infections are a leading cause of neonatal mortality, and they also affect pregnant women and the elderly. Many cases of the disease in newborns can be prevented by the administration of prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics. In the 1990s, prevention efforts increased. In 1996, consensus guidelines recommended use of either a risk-based or a screening-based approach to identify candidates for intrapartum antibiotics. To assess the effects of the preventive efforts, we analyzed trends in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease from 1993 to 1998. Methods: Active, population-based surveillance was conducted in selected counties of eight states. A case was defined by the isolation of group B streptococci from a normally sterile site. Census and live-birth data were used to calculate the race-specific incidence of disease; national projections were adjusted for race. Results: Disease in infants less than seven days old accounted for 20 percent of all 7867 group B streptococcal infections. The incidence of early-onset neonatal infections decreased by 65 percent, from 1.7 per 1000 live births in 1993 to 0.6 per 1000 in 1998. The excess incidence of early-onset disease in black infants, as compared with white infants, decreased by 75 percent. Projecting our findings to the entire United States, we estimate that 3900 early-onset infections and 200 neonatal deaths were prevented in 1998 by the use of intrapartum antibiotics. Among pregnant girls and women, the incidence of invasive group B streptococcal disease declined by 21 percent. The incidence among nonpregnant adults did not decline. Conclusions: Over a six-year period, there has been a substantial decline in the incidence of group B streptococcal disease in newborns, including a major reduction in the excess incidence of these infections in black infants. These improvements coincide with the efforts to prevent perinatal disease by the wider use of prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics. (N Engl J Med 2000;342:15-20.). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Vanderbilt Med Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Dept Human Resources, Portland, OR USA. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, MS-C23,1600 clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 532 Z9 560 U1 5 U2 18 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 6 PY 2000 VL 342 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1056/NEJM200001063420103 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 271CE UT WOS:000084575600003 PM 10620644 ER PT J AU Bridges, CB Fukuda, K Holman, RC De Guzman, AM Hodder, RA Gomolin, IH Galligan, GK Leib, HB Gallo, RJ Regnery, HL Arden, NH Cox, NJ AF Bridges, CB Fukuda, K Holman, RC De Guzman, AM Hodder, RA Gomolin, IH Galligan, GK Leib, HB Gallo, RJ Regnery, HL Arden, NH Cox, NJ TI Decreased antibody response among nursing home residents who received recalled influenza vaccine and results of revaccination, 1996-97 SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza vaccine; elderly; potency; nursing home ID A H3N2; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; TRIVALENT; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIC; EFFICACY; YOUNG; IMMUNIZATION; AMANTADINE AB In November 1996, 11 lots of one U.S. manufacturer's 1996-97 trivalent influenza vaccine were voluntarily recalled because of decreasing potency of the A/Nanchang/933/95 (H3N2) component. Because the elderly are at high risk of developing influenza-related complications, we assessed the postvaccination antibody titers of nursing home residents who received recalled vaccine and assessed the antibody response to revaccination. Blood samples were collected 3 weeks after vaccination from 86 residents at three nursing homes who received recalled vaccine and 86 residents at three other nursing homes who received a different manufacturer's vaccine, Medical records were reviewed. Residents of one nursing home were later revaccinated, Blood samples were collected on the day of revaccination and again in 3 weeks. Serum was tested by hemagglutination inhibition for antibody to all three components of the 1996-97 influenza vaccine. The geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) (33 vs 55; p = 0.01) and the percentage of residents with an antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:40 (52 vs 67%; p = 0.04) to the A/Nanchang/933/95 component were lower among residents who received recalled vaccine compared to those who received non-recalled vaccine, but had similar GMTs against the other two vaccine components. After revaccination, the GMT to A/Nanchang/933/95 increased from 24 on the day of revaccination to 39 (p = 0.01) in residents from one nursing home. Therefore, vaccination with the recalled vaccine was associated with lower postvaccination antibody titers to A/Nanchang/933/95, but not against the other two vaccine components. Revaccination was moderately effective in increasing antibody titers, With annual changes in influenza vaccine strains,routine post-release stability testing of influenza vaccine should continue. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv Branch, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Schervier Pavil, Warwick, NY USA. Francis Schervier, Bronx, NY USA. Gurwin Jewish Geriatr Ctr, Commack, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, New Rochelle, NY USA. RP Bridges, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Mail Stop A-32,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X EI 1873-2518 J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 6 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 11-12 BP 1103 EP 1109 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 271NH UT WOS:000084600000011 ER PT J CA CDC Natl Ctr Injury Prevent Control TI Nonfatal and fatal firearm-related injuries - United States, 1993-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1029, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 5 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 1 BP 47 EP 48 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 270AZ UT WOS:000084514400008 ER PT J AU Benjamin, SM Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Clark, T Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Macintyre, K Tasheff, J Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feogley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Chireley, L Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M AF Benjamin, SM Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Clark, T Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Onaka, A Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Horvath, K Macintyre, K Tasheff, J Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Murayi, T Feogley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Buescher, P Chireley, L Pullen, P Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Wynkoop-Simmons, K King, F Imm, P Futa, M TI Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among persons with diabetes mellitus - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 961, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID VALIDITY C1 Council State & Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol & Stat Branch, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Benjamin, SM (reprint author), Council State & Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 5 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 1 BP 48 EP 50 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 270AZ UT WOS:000084514400009 ER PT J AU Weaver, SC Salas, RA de Manzione, N Fulhorst, CF Duno, G Utrera, A Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Tovar, D Tesh, RB AF Weaver, SC Salas, RA de Manzione, N Fulhorst, CF Duno, G Utrera, A Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Tovar, D Tesh, RB TI Guanarito virus (Arenaviridae) isolates from endemic and outlying localities in Venezuela: Sequence comparisons among and within strains isolated from Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever patients and rodents SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENIES AB Despite intensive surveillance, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF), caused by Guanarito (GTO) virus, has been detected in only a small region of western Venezuela. To determine whether VHF is associated with a particular regional GTO virus strain(s), 29 isolates from rodents and humans throughout the surrounding regions were analyzed by partial sequencing of the nucleocapsid protein gene. Phylogenetic trees delineated nine distinct GTO genotypes that differ by 4-17% in nucleotides and up to 9% in amino acid sequences; most appeared to be restricted to discrete geographic regions, although a few genotypes were isolated in several locations. Each genotype included at least one strain recovered from a rodent, but only two genotypes were isolated from VHF cases. The presence outside of the endemic/epidemic region of two genotypes isolated also from VHF cases suggests that human pathogenic viruses occur outside of the endemic zone, but do not frequently infect people and/or cause apparent disease there. VHF,does not appear to be associated with a GTO virus genotype that is restricted to a certain rodent species. When quasispecies diversity was examined, rodent isolates had higher sequence variation than human isolates. One rodent isolate included a mixture of two phylogenetically distinct genotypes, suggesting a dual infection. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Inst Nacl Higiene Rafael Rangel, Caracas, Venezuela. Univ Nacl Expt Los Lianos, Guanare, Venezuela. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI33983, AI10894, AI41435] NR 22 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 2000 VL 266 IS 1 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.0067 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 282RX UT WOS:000085233300020 PM 10612673 ER PT B AU Schweitzer, RH AF Schweitzer, RH GP AMS AMS TI Using a relational database and the Extensible Markup Language to store and distribute climate metadata SO 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERACTIVE INFORMATION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS (IIPS) FOR METEOROLOGY, OCEANOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schweitzer, RH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, 325 Broadway,R-E-CD1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 430 EP 431 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS03Y UT WOS:000168410800129 ER PT B AU Collins, JA AF Collins, JA GP AMS AMS TI Approaches to user authentication at a climate research Web site SO 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERACTIVE INFORMATION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS (IIPS) FOR METEOROLOGY, OCEANOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, RECD1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Collins, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, CDC, RECD1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 502 EP 504 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS03Y UT WOS:000168410800150 ER PT J AU Pennypacker, KR Kassed, CA Eidizadeh, S O'Callaghan, JP AF Pennypacker, KR Kassed, CA Eidizadeh, S O'Callaghan, JP TI Brain injury: prolonged induction of transcription factors SO ACTA NEUROBIOLOGIAE EXPERIMENTALIS LA English DT Article DE AP-1; NF-kappa B; Fos-related antigen; neurotoxicity; ischemia; excitotoxicity ID NF-KAPPA-B; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; TRANSIENT FOREBRAIN ISCHEMIA; DNA-BINDING ACTIVITY; FOS-RELATED ANTIGEN; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; FOCAL CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; NUCLEAR FACTOR BINDING AB A specific temporal order of events at the cellular and molecular level occurs in response to injury to the brain. Injury-compromised neurons degenerate while surviving neurons undergo neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis to establish neuronal connectivity destroyed in the injury. Several genes, such as those coding cytoskeletal proteins and growth factors, have been shown to be regulated by AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors, two of the most studied DNA binding regulatory proteins. Our laboratory has discovered that Fos-related antigen-2 from AP-I transcription factor family and NF-kappaB p65 and p50 subunits are induced long-term (days to months) in the brain after neurotoxic, excitotoxic or ischemic insult. Fos-related antigen-2 is induced in neurons in several models of injury and its elevated expression lasts days to months, corresponding to the severity. The time-course of FRA-2 induction is abbreviated with less severe insult (terminal damage) relative to the cell death, but the induction occurs during the period of regeneration and repair in both models. NF-kappaB p65 is basally expressed in hippocampal and cortical neurons, but is elevated in reactive astrocytes in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex starting at two days and lasting at least two weeks after kainate treatment. Neurons of the hippocampus surviving ischemic or neurotoxic injury increase expression of NF-kappaB p50 for at least a week after injury, suggesting a function for p50 in neuronal survival and/or repair. The extended expression of these transcription factors implies a role in the activation of genes related to repair and regeneration, such as growth factors and synaptic proteins, after injury to the CNS. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Pennypacker, KR (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd MDC 9, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 95 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU NENCKI INST EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY PI WARSAW PA UL PASTEURA 3, 02-093 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0065-1400 J9 ACTA NEUROBIOL EXP JI Acta Neurobiol. Exp. PY 2000 VL 60 IS 4 BP 515 EP 530 PG 16 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 377DL UT WOS:000165496600012 PM 11200181 ER PT J AU Grunbaum, JA Tortolero, S Weller, N Gingiss, P AF Grunbaum, JA Tortolero, S Weller, N Gingiss, P TI Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance use among alternative high school students SO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS LA English DT Article DE adolescents; substance use; alternative high school ID ADOLESCENTS; HEALTH; BEHAVIORS; DRINKING; ALCOHOL; RISK AB The purpose of this study was to identify cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use among students attending dropout prevention/recovery high schools, Four mutually exclusive categories of substance use were used as outcome measures, and religiosity, educational achievement, educational aspiration, family caring, others caring, self-esteem, optimism, coping, depression, loneliness, and self-efficacy were used as predictor variables. In the final multivariate model more family caring and loneliness were inversely associated with marijuana use; young age, more family caring, less coping ability, church attendance, and low educational aspirations were significantly associated with cocaine use. This study demonstrates the importance of health education and health promotion programs for students attending alternative high schools which include prevention of initiation, as well as treatment. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Texas, Houston, TX USA. Univ Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA. RP Grunbaum, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [R48/CCR602176-05] NR 25 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4603 J9 ADDICT BEHAV JI Addict. Behav. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00006-4 PG 7 WC Psychology, Clinical; Substance Abuse SC Psychology; Substance Abuse GA 278NF UT WOS:000084995300016 PM 10708330 ER PT J AU Stall, RD Hays, RB Waldo, CR Ekstrand, M McFarland, W AF Stall, RD Hays, RB Waldo, CR Ekstrand, M McFarland, W TI The Gay '90s: a review of research in the 1990s on sexual behavior and HIV risk among men who have sex with men SO AIDS LA English DT Review DE gay men; men who have sex with men; HIV/AIDS; sexual behavior; sexual risk; sexually transmitted diseases; HIV prevention ID UNPROTECTED ANOGENITAL INTERCOURSE; ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; MALE SUBSTANCE-ABUSERS; SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-2; BISEXUAL MEN; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; YOUNG GAY; SAN-FRANCISCO; UNSAFE SEX; CONDOM USE C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Stall, RD (reprint author), CDC, DHAP, Behav Intervent Res Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,M-S E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH42459] NR 130 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PY 2000 VL 14 SU 3 BP S101 EP S114 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 371RN UT WOS:000165192100011 PM 11086853 ER PT J AU Bobo, JK Husten, C AF Bobo, JK Husten, C TI Sociocultural influences on smoking and drinking SO ALCOHOL RESEARCH & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE sociocultural AODC (causes of alcohol or other drug [AOD] use, abuse, and dependence); sociocultural aspects of AOD use; smoking; AOD use initiation; adolescent; family as an AODC; peer group; adult; AOD abstinence; public health ID ALCOHOL-CONTROL POLICIES; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; NICOTINE DEPENDENCE; INTERVENTION TRIAL; TOBACCO USE; RECOVERY; PRICE; CONSUMPTION; PREDICTORS; ADDICTIONS AB Numerous research studies have shown that sociocultural factors influence the initiation and continued use of alcohol and tobacco among adolescents and adults. Few studies have examined the effects of sociocultural factors on the tendency of smokers to drink and drinkers to smoke. However, the limited evidence available suggests that such factors exist and that the strength of the association between alcohol and tobacco use behaviors varies with the levels of alcohol use. Public health interventions focused on concurrent tobacco and alcohol use could yield further reductions in the morbidity and mortality associated with these substances. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bobo, JK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 63 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 9 PU NATL INST ALCOHOL ABUSE ALCOHOLISM PI ROCKVILLE PA 6000 EXECUTIVE BLVD, ROCKVILLE, MD 20892-7003 USA SN 0090-838X J9 ALCOHOL RES HEALTH JI Alcohol Res. Health PY 2000 VL 24 IS 4 BP 225 EP 232 PG 8 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 419ZW UT WOS:000167980300004 PM 15986717 ER PT J CA Ctr Dis Control Prevention TI 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with HIV: Part I. Prevention of exposure SO AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD FAMILY PHYSICIANS PI KANSAS CITY PA 8880 WARD PARKWAY, KANSAS CITY, MO 64114-2797 USA SN 0002-838X EI 1532-0650 J9 AM FAM PHYSICIAN JI Am. Fam. Physician PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 163 EP 174 PG 12 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273YK UT WOS:000084736800023 ER PT J AU Heitbrink, WA D'Arcy, JB Yacher, JM AF Heitbrink, WA D'Arcy, JB Yacher, JM TI Mist generation at a machining center SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE air cleaner; metalworking fluid; mist generation ID LIQUID AB Control of occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist generally involves enclosing the machining center and exhausting to an air cleaner that returns cleaned air to the workplace, To select an appropriate air cleaner, particle size and generation rate of the mists need to be known. Mist particle size and concentration were measured as a function of tool speed, fluid flow rate, and cutting rate at an enclosed machining center. A vertical machining center was totally enclosed and the air from this enclosure was exhausted into a duct where mist concentration and size distribution were measured using a time-of-flight aerosol spectrometer and a cascade impactor, Mist generation during the face milling of a 30 x 31-cm piece of aluminum with a 10-cm diameter face mill was studied. Machining parameters were varied as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment with these variables: coolant flow rate (18 and 44 m/sec), tool rpm (1900 and 3800 rpm), and metal removal (no removal, two teeth on face mill, and six teeth on face mill). Mist concentration increased with increasing tool speed and fluid application velocity. Whether the tool was actually removing metal did not affect the mist generation. Thus, mist generation is a function of fluid and tool motion. During a second experiment, effect of tool speed and diameter on mist generation was studied. Mist concentrations measured with the aerosol spectrometer were proportional to the 2 and 3.5 powers of the tool speed for the face mill and end mill, respectively. In both experiments the shape of the size distribution was largely unaffected by the experimental variables. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Gen Motors Res & Dev Ctr, Warren, MI 48090 USA. RP Heitbrink, WA (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, 4676 Columbia Pkwy R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0022:MGAAMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292AM UT WOS:000085772000004 PM 10772611 ER PT J AU Campbell, JL Smith, MA Eiteman, MA Williams, PL Boeniger, MF AF Campbell, JL Smith, MA Eiteman, MA Williams, PL Boeniger, MF TI Comparison of solvents for removing pesticides from skin using an in vitro porcine model SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE dermal contamination; in vitro; pesticide; skin; wipe test ID HUMAN STRATUM-CORNEUM; PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; DECONTAMINATION AB This study compared four solvents (1-propanol, polyethylene glycol [avg. MW 400], 10% Ivory((R)) Liquid and water, and D-TAM((R))) for their ability to remove selected pesticides from an in vitro porcine skin model using a solvent-moistened wipe. Wipes were performed 90 min after pesticide was applied to the skin, The four pesticides selected (glyphosate, alachlor, methyl parathion, and trifluralin) were chosen because of their differences in water solubility. This study also determined whether pretreatment of skin with a solvent prior to pesticide application would either increase or decrease recovery of the pesticide. Recovery efficiencies for all solvents and pesticides were affected by the amount of contaminant on the skin. Although pesticide recoveries from all four solvents were similar (range, 45-57%), on average 1-propanol had significantly higher recoveries, followed by soap and water. There was no significant difference between polyethylene glycol, and D-TAM. When skin was pretreated with any of the four solvents before pesticide application, the recoveries of the more water soluble compounds, glyphosate and alachlor, decreased. When pretreatment with solvent preceded application of trifluralin, the pesticide with the lowest water solubility, recoveries increased, 1-Propanol or soap and water were more effective in removing pesticides from skin than polyethylene glycol or D-TAM, but the amount of pesticide recovered from skin was affected by the chemical characteristics of the pesticide (such as water solubility) and the amount of pesticide originally on the skin. This study provides information useful to the interpretation of skin wipe sample results collected in field studies. C1 Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Smith, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Driftmier Engn Ctr, Environm Hlth Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 82 EP 88 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0082:COSFRP>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292AM UT WOS:000085772000012 PM 10772619 ER PT J AU Feng, HA Schlecht, P AF Feng, HA Schlecht, P TI Proficiency analytical testing (PAT) Program SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, US Publ Hlth Serv,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Phys Sci & Engn,Analyt Res & Dev Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Feng, HA (reprint author), NIOSH, HHS, PHS, CDC,Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS-R8, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 114 EP 115 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292AM UT WOS:000085772000018 PM 10772624 ER PT J AU Feng, HA Schlecht, P AF Feng, HA Schlecht, P TI Environmental lead proficiency analytical testing (ELPAT) Program SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Feng, HA (reprint author), NIOSH, HHS, PHS, CDC,Robert A Taft Labs, 4676 Columbia Pkwy MS-R8, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 116 EP 120 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292AM UT WOS:000085772000019 PM 10772625 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Little, J AF Khoury, MJ Little, J TI Human genome epidemiologic reviews: The beginning of something HuGE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Med, Dept Med & Therapeut, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 2 EP 3 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 271KV UT WOS:000084593500001 PM 10625169 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, SA Friedman, JM AF Rasmussen, SA Friedman, JM TI NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurofibromatosis; neurofibromatosis 1 ID AU-LAIT SPOTS; TYPE-1 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; VONRECKLINGHAUSEN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; SOMATIC MOSAICISM; MUTATION-RATE; SPINAL NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; CONSENSUS STATEMENT; WATSON SYNDROME; NOONAN-SYNDROME; TASK-FORCE AB Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2, NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10-15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies, A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined. Laboratory testing for NF1 mutations is difficult. A protein truncation test is commercially available, but its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value have not been established, No general, population-based molecular studies of NF1 mutations have been performed. At this time, it appears that the benefits of population-based screening for clinical features of NF1 would not outweigh the costs of screening. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Rasmussen, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F 45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 58 TC 172 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 EI 1476-6256 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 271KV UT WOS:000084593500003 PM 10625171 ER PT J AU Parvanta, CF Freimuth, V AF Parvanta, CF Freimuth, V TI Health communication at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article AB Objective: To describe the diffusion of health communication in a federal agency over this past decade. Methods: Authors reviewed documents and interviewed staff. Results: CDC's health communication agenda, tools for diffusion, and programmatic examples are described. Conclusions: Health communication at CDC is positioned as a means of influencing individual behaviors and environmental factors to reduce risks to health. Although virtually all CDC programs share scientific findings with the public, comparatively few mount systematic health communication programs. This is due in part to health communication's place within the epidemiological paradigm of CDC and in part to health promotion needs' outstripping resources. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Off Commun, Div Hlth Commun, Atlanta, GA 30340 USA. RP Parvanta, CF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Off Commun, Div Hlth Commun, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS D42, Atlanta, GA 30340 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PNG PUBLICATIONS PI STAR CITY PA PO BOX 4593, STAR CITY, WV 26504-4593 USA SN 1087-3244 J9 AM J HEALTH BEHAV JI Am. J. Health Behav. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 24 IS 1 BP 18 EP 25 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 279FA UT WOS:000085032700004 ER PT J AU Guo, SS Roche, AF Chumlea, WC Johnson, C Kuczmarski, RJ Curtin, R AF Guo, SS Roche, AF Chumlea, WC Johnson, C Kuczmarski, RJ Curtin, R TI Statistical effects of varying sample sizes on the precision of percentile estimates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB The present study evaluates the precision of outlying percentile estimates, with age- and sex-associated variations and facilitates decisions needed to revise the current NCHS 1977 Growth Charts with regard to 1) the inclusion of 3(rd) and 97(th) percentiles and 2) the selection of survey data for the construction of the revised growth charts. Simulation was performed to obtain data with distribution characteristics similar to those of The Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-1991) data. NHANES III consists of a two-phase, 6-year, complex stratified multistage probability cluster, cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 through 1994 to represent the US noninstitutionalized population. Phase I of the survey consisted of 679 boys and 622 girls in age groups 3, 8, 13, and 18 years. Weight and stature, the body mass index (BMI) (weight/stature(2); kg/m(2)) was calculated. The results show that 1) the precision of the percentile estimates is greater for stature than for weight and BMI, 2) percentiles during the pubertal period are less precise than those during the prepubertal and postpubertal periods for weight and BMI but there is little difference for stature, and 3) percentile estimates are more precise for girls than boys for weight and BMI, but not for stature. The present findings suggest that pooling of NHANES III and earlier National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) survey data is necessary to achieve reasonable precision for the 3(rd) and 97(th) percentile estimates. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Div Human Biol, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Nutr Stat Branch, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Guo, SS (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Div Human Biol, 1005 Xenia Ave, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1042-0533 J9 AM J HUM BIOL JI Am. J. Hum. Biol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 12 IS 1 BP 64 EP 74 PG 11 WC Anthropology; Biology SC Anthropology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 268QH UT WOS:000084426700008 ER PT J AU Wolz, M Cutler, J Roccella, EJ Rohde, F Thom, T Burt, V AF Wolz, M Cutler, J Roccella, EJ Rohde, F Thom, T Burt, V TI Statement from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program: Prevalence of hypertension SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION LA English DT Article C1 NHLBI, Natl High Blood Pressure Educ Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Roccella, EJ (reprint author), NHLBI, Natl High Blood Pressure Educ Program, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 3 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0895-7061 J9 AM J HYPERTENS JI Am. J. Hypertens. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 103 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00241-1 PN 1 PG 2 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 281LD UT WOS:000085160800017 PM 10678279 ER PT J AU Gerberding, JL AF Gerberding, JL TI "Sputum aeruginosa": Time to rewrite the textbooks on virus-induced airway inflammation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACUTE BRONCHITIS; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; FAMILY PHYSICIANS; NATIONAL SURVEY; ADULTS; ANTIBIOTICS; CARE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Gerberding, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 245 WEST 17TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP 91 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00439-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 273ME UT WOS:000084710800015 PM 11059447 ER PT J AU Margolis, HS Handsfield, HH Jacobs, RJ Gangi, JE AF Margolis, HS Handsfield, HH Jacobs, RJ Gangi, JE CA Hepatitis B-WARE Study Grp TI Evaluation of office-based intervention to improve prevention counseling for patients at risk for sexually acquired hepatitis B virus infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Scientific Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-for-Obstetrics and Gynecology CY AUG 06-09, 1997 CL LAS CROABAS, PUERTO RICO SP Infectious Dis Soc Obstetr & Gynecol DE Health education; hepatitis B vaccination; immunization; patient counseling; prevention; primary care ID TRANSMITTED DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; VACCINATION; IMMUNIZATION; TRANSMISSION; HEALTH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFANTS; ADULTS AB The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. Physicians were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group was provided with materials intended to encourage patients to return for counseling and to guide counseling concerning prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Baseline data on 457 patients at risk for hepatitis B virus infection showed that 7% had received prevention counseling and 2% had begun hepatitis B vaccination. Counseling was least likely to occur in obstetric-gynecologic practices, among uninsured patients, and among patients whose only risk factor was a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease. After a 6-month intervention period 26% of the intervention group patients and 7% of the control group patients had been counseled (P < .01). Vaccination was more likely among intervention group patients (8% vs <1%; P < .001). The use of tools to identify and counsel patients at risk for sexually transmitted hepatitis B virus infection resulted in increased office-based prevention activities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch A33, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA USA. Capitol Outcomes Res Inc, Alexandria, VA USA. QSI Inc, Rockville, MD USA. RP Margolis, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch A33, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 182 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70482-0 PN 1 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 278JR UT WOS:000084987100001 PM 10649147 ER PT J AU Green, LW Kreuter, MW AF Green, LW Kreuter, MW TI Commentary on the emerging Guide to Community Preventive Services from a health promotion perspective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Green, LW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,CDC Mail Stop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 7 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00131-2 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600004 PM 10806972 ER PT J AU Schillinger, JA Mosbaek, C Austin, D Jack, L Heumann, M Moore, J Bussman, J Van Osdal, J Fleming, DW AF Schillinger, JA Mosbaek, C Austin, D Jack, L Heumann, M Moore, J Bussman, J Van Osdal, J Fleming, DW TI Health care reform in Oregon: The impact of the Oregon health plan on utilization of mammography SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE mammography, Oregon, plan, state health, health services, preventive; managed care ID BREAST-CANCER AB Background: In 1994, Oregon implemented the Oregon Health Plan (OHP), extending health care coverage under a system of capitated managed care to uninsured citizens living below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). We conducted a study to measure receipt of clinical preventive services among women newly enrolled in the OHP. Methods: Six hundred and sixty six women aged 52-64, and living below the FPL in Oregon were randomly selected from OHP enrollment rosters and interviewed by telephone. A follow-up survey was conducted 1 year later. The main outcome of interest was receipt of a screening mammogram during the first year in the OHP. Results: At enrollment 17% (65/383) of participants had never had health care coverage. Sixty-six percent of the women (220/333) were overdue for a mammogram. Fifty-five percent (121/220) reported cost as the main reason they had not had this procedure. Mammography rates doubled under the OHP (21% to 52%, 95% CI = 0.25-0.38, p < 0.001). Among women who were overdue for a mammogram at the time they enrolled, an expressed plan to get a mammogram (OR3.0, 95% CI = 1.1-8.7, p = 0.04), citing cost as the main reason for being overdue (OR3.0, 95% CI = 1.3-7.2, p = 0.014), receipt of a routine checkup (OR9.5, 95%CI = 3.7-24.9, p < 0.001), and health care provider's (HCP's) recommendation for mammography (OR8.1, 95% CI = 2.9-23.0, p < 0.001) were independently associated with receipt of a mammogram. Conclusions: The OHP enrolled and successfully delivered clinical preventive services to a medically under served population. Even after removing the financial barrier, obstacles to mammography remain. These may be overcome by health systems changes to insure receipt of routine checkups and appropriate provider recommendations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Chron Dis Program, Portland, OR USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Human Resources, Off Med Assistance Program, Salem, OR USA. RP Schillinger, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [U57/CCU010983] NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00104-X PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 275TJ UT WOS:000084836000002 PM 10808978 ER PT J AU Lowry, R Galuska, DA Fulton, JE Wechsler, H Kann, L Collins, JL AF Lowry, R Galuska, DA Fulton, JE Wechsler, H Kann, L Collins, JL TI Physical activity, food choice, and weight management goals and practices among US college students SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE physical activity; diet; overweight; weight management ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS; VEGETABLE INTAKE; EATING DISORDERS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; ADULTS; PREVALENCE; OVERWEIGHT; FRUIT; ADOLESCENTS; ASSOCIATION AB Introduction: Physical activity and a healthy diet have been recommended to help reverse the increasing prevalence of overweight among adolescents and adults in the United States. Methods: Data is from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey. A representative sample of US undergraduate college students (n = 4609) were analyzed to examine associations of physical activity and food choice with weight management goals and practices. Results: Based on self-reported height and weight, 35% of students were overweight or obese (body mass index greater than or equal to 25.0). Nearly half (46%) of all students reported they were trying to lose weight. Female students were less likely than male students to be overweight, but more likely to be trying to lose weight. Among female and male students, using logistic regression to control for demographics, trying to lose weight tvas associated with participation in vigorous physical activity and strengthening exercises, and consumption of less than or equal to 2 servings/day of high-fat foods. Female and male students who reported using exercise to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight were more likely than those who did not to participate in vigorous, strengthening, and moderate physical activity, and were more likely to eat greater than or equal to 5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables and less than or equal to 2 servings/day of high-fat foods. Among students who were trying to lose weight, only 54% of females and 41% of males used both exercise and diet for weight control. Conclusion: Colleges should implement programs to increase student awareness of healthy weight management methods and the importance of physical activity combined with a healthy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Lowry, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 171 Z9 176 U1 11 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 18 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00107-5 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 275TJ UT WOS:000084836000003 PM 10808979 ER PT J AU Truman, BI Smith-Akin, K Hinman, AR Gebbie, KM Brownson, R Novick, LF Lawrence, RS Pappaioanou, M Fielding, J Evans, CA Guerra, FA Vogel-Taylor, M Mahan, CS Fullilove, M Zaza, S AF Truman, BI Smith-Akin, K Hinman, AR Gebbie, KM Brownson, R Novick, LF Lawrence, RS Pappaioanou, M Fielding, J Evans, CA Guerra, FA Vogel-Taylor, M Mahan, CS Fullilove, M Zaza, S CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Developing the Guide to Community Preventive Services - Overview and rationale SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE community health services; decision making; evidence-based medicine; population-based interventions; practice guidelines; preventive health services; public health practice; task force ID TASK-FORCE AB When the Guide to Community Preventive Services Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide) is published in 2001, it will represent a significant national effort in encouraging evidence-based public health practice in defined populations (e.g., communities or members of specific managed care plans). The Guide will make recommendations regarding public health interventions to reduce illness, disability, premature death, and environmental hazards that impair community health and quality of life. The Guide is being developed under the guidance of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force)-a 15-member, nonfederal, independent panel of experts. Subject matter experts, methodologists, and scientific staff are supporting the Task Force in using explicit rules to conduct systematic literature reviews of evidence of effectiveness, economic efficiency, and feasibility on which to base recommendations for community action. Contributors to the Guide are building on the experience of others to confront methodologic challenges unique to the assessment of complex multicomponent intervention studies with nonexperimental or nonrandomized designs and diverse measures of outcome and effectiveness. Persons who plan, fund, and implement population-based services and policies to improve health at the stare and local levels are invited to scrutinize the work in progress and Co communicate with contributors. When the Guide is complete, readers are encouraged to consider critically the value and relevance of its contents, the implementation of interventions the Task Force recommends, the abandonment of interventions the Task Force does not recommend, and die need for rigorous evaluation of the benefits and harms of promising interventions of unknown effectiveness. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): community health services, decision making, evidence-based medicine, population-based interventions, practice guidelines, preventive health services, public health practice, task force. (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicene. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Sci & Hlth Commun, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Nursing, New York, NY USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Truman, BI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, MS-K73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 18 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00124-5 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600008 PM 10806976 ER PT J AU Zaza, S Lawrence, RS Mahan, CS Fullilove, M Fleming, D Isham, GJ Pappaioanou, M AF Zaza, S Lawrence, RS Mahan, CS Fullilove, M Fleming, D Isham, GJ Pappaioanou, M CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Scope and organization of the Guide to Community Preventive Services SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE community preventive services; burden of disease ID UNITED-STATES AB Background: The diverse nature of the target audience (i.e., public health decision-makers) for the Guide to Community Preventive Services: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide) dictates that it must be broad in scope. In addition, for the Guide to be most useful for its target audience, its organization and format must be carefully considered. Determining the Scope of the Guide Healthy People objectives and actual causes of death were used to determine the contents A priority setting exercise resulted in the selection of 15 topics for systematic the Guide: reviews using the following criteria: burden of the problem, preventability, relationship to other public health initiatives, usefulness of the package of topics selected and level of current research and intervention activity in public and private sectors. Interventions within each topic target state and local levels and include population-based strategies, individual strategies in other than clinical settings and group strategies. Organization The Guide is organized into: Introduction, Reviews and Recommendations (three sections: of the Guide: Changing Risk Behaviors, Reducing Diseases, Injuries, or Impairments, and Addressing Environmental and Ecosystem Challenges), Appendixes, and Indexes. Discussion: The scope and organization of the Guide were determined using relevant public health criteria and expert opinion to provide a useful and accessible document to a broad target audience. While the final contents of the Guide may change during development, the working table of contents described in this paper provides a framework for development of the Guide and conveys its scope and intention. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): community preventive services, burden of disease (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Publ Hlth, Tampa, FL USA. Columbia Univ, New York State Psychiat Inst, New York, NY USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Zaza, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, MS-K73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 34 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00123-3 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600009 PM 10806977 ER PT J AU Briss, PA Zaza, S Pappaioanou, M Fielding, J Wright-De Aguero, L Truman, BI Hopkins, DP Mullen, PD Thompson, RS Woolf, SH Carande-Kulis, VG Anderson, L Hinman, AR McQueen, DV Teutsch, SM Harris, JR AF Briss, PA Zaza, S Pappaioanou, M Fielding, J Wright-De Aguero, L Truman, BI Hopkins, DP Mullen, PD Thompson, RS Woolf, SH Carande-Kulis, VG Anderson, L Hinman, AR McQueen, DV Teutsch, SM Harris, JR CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Developing an evidence-based Guide to Community Preventive Services - Methods SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE community health services; decision making; evidence-based medicine; systematic reviews; methods; population-based interventions; practice guidelines; preventive health services; public health practice; task force AB Systematic reviews and evidence-based recommendations are increasingly important for decision making in health and medicine. Over the past 20 years, information on the science of synthesizing research results has exploded. However, some approaches to systematic reviews of the effectiveness of clinical preventive services and medical care may be less appropriate for evaluating population-based interventions Furthermore, methods for linking evidence to recommendations are less well developed than methods for synthesizing evidence. The Guide to Community Preventive Services: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide) will evaluate and make recommendations on population-based and public health interventions. This paper provides an overview of the Guide's process to systematically review evidence and translate that evidence into recommendations. The Guide reviews evidence on effectiveness, the applicability of effectiveness data, (i.e., the extent to which available effectiveness data is thought to apply to additional populations and settings), the intervention's other effects (i.e., important side effects), economic impact, and barriers to implementation of interventions. The steps for obtaining and evaluating evidence into recommendations involve: (1) forming multidisciplinary chapter development teams, (2) developing a conceptual approach to organizing, grouping, selecting and evaluating the interventions in each chapter; (3) selecting interventions to be evaluated; (4) searching for and retrieving evidence; (5) assessing the quality of and summarizing the body of evidence of effectiveness; (6) translating the body of evidence of effectiveness into recommendations; (7) considering information on evidence other than effectiveness; and (8) identifying and summarizing research gaps. Systematic reviews of and evidence-based recommendations for population-health interventions are challenging and methods will continue to evolve. However, using an evidence-based approach to identify and recommend effective interventions directed at specific public health goals may reduce errors in how information is collected and interpreted, identify important gaps in current knowledge thus guiding further research, and enhance the Guide users' ability to assess whether recommendations are valid and prudent from their own perspectives. Over time, all of these advantages could help to increase agreement regarding appropriate community health strategies and help to increase their implementation. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): community health services, decision making; evidence based medicine; systematic reviews; methods; population-based interventions; practice guidelines; preventive health services; public health practice; task force (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDC, Off Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Los Angeles Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Dept Prevent Care, Seattle, WA 98121 USA. Med Coll Virginia, Fairfax, VA USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. RP Briss, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K73,4770 Buford Highway MS-K73, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 27 TC 358 Z9 362 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00119-1 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600010 PM 10806978 ER PT J AU Zaza, S Wright-De Aguero, LK Briss, PA Truman, BI Hopkins, DP Hennessy, MH Sosin, DM Anderson, L Carande-Kulis, VG Teutsch, SM Pappaioanou, M AF Zaza, S Wright-De Aguero, LK Briss, PA Truman, BI Hopkins, DP Hennessy, MH Sosin, DM Anderson, L Carande-Kulis, VG Teutsch, SM Pappaioanou, M CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Data collection instrument and procedure for systematic reviews in the Guide to Community Preventive Services SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE data abstraction; evaluation; study design; study quality AB Introduction. A standardized abstraction form and procedure was developed to provide consistency, reduce bias, and improve validity and reliability in the Guide to Community Preventative Services: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide). Data Collection Instrument. The content of the abstraction form was based on methodologies used in other systematic reviews; reporting standards established by major health and social science journals; the evaluation, statistical and meta-analytic literature; expert opinion and review; and pilot-testing. The form is used to classify and describe key characteristics of the intervention and evaluation (26 questions) and assess the quality of the study's execution (23 questions). Study procedures and results are collected and specific threats to the validity of the study are assessed across six categories (intervention and study descriptions, sampling, measurement, analysis, interpretation of results and other execution issues), Data CollectionProcedures. Each study is abstracted by two independent reviewers and reconciled by the chapter development team. Reviewers are trained and provided with feedback, Discussion. What to abstract and how to summarize the data are discretionary choices that influence conclusions drawn on the quality of execution of the study and its effectiveness. The form balances flexibility for the evaluation of papers with different study designs and intervention types with the need to ask specific questions to maximize validity and reliability. It provides a structured format that researchers and others can use to rede-Lv the content and quality of papers, conduct systematic reviews, or develop manuscripts. A systematic approach to developing and evaluating manuscripts will help to promote overall improvement of the scientific literature. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): data abstraction, evaluation, study design, study quality (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, W Point, PA USA. CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, W Point, PA USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, W Point, PA USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, W Point, PA USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. RP Pappaioanou, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Epidemiol Program Off, MS-K-73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 16 TC 240 Z9 242 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 44 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00122-1 PG 31 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600011 PM 10806979 ER PT J AU Carande-Kulis, VG Maciosek, MV Briss, PA Teutsch, SM Zaza, S Truman, BI Messonnier, ML Pappaioanou, M Harris, JR Fielding, J AF Carande-Kulis, VG Maciosek, MV Briss, PA Teutsch, SM Zaza, S Truman, BI Messonnier, ML Pappaioanou, M Harris, JR Fielding, J CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Methods for systematic reviews of economic evaluations for the Guide to Community Preventive Services SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cost-effectiveness; costs; economic evaluation; systematic reviews ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS; LIFESAVING INTERVENTIONS AB Objectives. This paper describes the methods used in the Guide to Community Preventive Services: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide) for conducting systematic reviews of economic evaluations across community health-promotion and disease-prevention interventions. The lack of standardized methods to improve the comparability of results from economic evaluations has hampered the use of data on costs and financial benefits in evidence-based reviews of effectiveness. The methods and instruments developed for the Guide provide an explicit and systematic approach for abstracting economic evaluation data and increase the usefulness of economic information for policy making in health care and public health. Methods. The following steps were taken for systematic reviews of economic evaluations: (1) systematic searches were conducted; (2) studies using economic analytic methods, such as cost analysis or cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit or cost-utility analysis, were selected according to explicit inclusion criteria; (3) economic data were abstracted and adjusted using a standardized abstraction form; and (4) adjusted summary measures were listed in summary tables. Results. These methods were used in a review of 10 interventions designed to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents and adults. Ten average costs and 14 cost-effectiveness ratios were abstracted or calculated from data reported in 24 studies and expressed in 1997 USD. The types of costs included in the analysis and intervention definitions varied extensively. Gaps in data were found for many interventions. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): cost-effectiveness, costs, economic evaluation, systematic reviews (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Hlth Partners Res Fdn, Bloomington, MN USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. CDC, Div Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Carande-Kulis, VG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Activ, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 18 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 75 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00120-8 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600012 PM 10806980 ER PT J AU Gordon, PM Heath, GW Holmes, A Christy, D AF Gordon, PM Heath, GW Holmes, A Christy, D TI The quantity and quality of physical activity among those trying to lose weight SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE physical fitness; exercise; weightless; guidelines; public health; leisure activity AB Background: Regular exercise to elicit caloric expenditure is an important component for achieving weight loss. The Healthy People 2000 objectives recommend regular sustained physical activity lasting 30 minutes, five days per week (Objective 1.3) particularly for weight loss. Moreover, this recommendation has been restated for weight loss and overall health benefits in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM) statement and Surgeon General's Report (SGR) on Physical Activity and Health. Thus, we sought to identify the relative quality and quantity of physical activity among people trying to lose weight. Design: Cross-sectional self-reported data from the West Virginia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used. The BRFSS is a state-based telephone survey of adults that uses a multistage cluster design based on the Waksberg method of random-digit dialing. Data from 2769 men and 4490 women were obtained from the 1992, 1994, and 1996 surveys. Results: Half (49.6%) of individuals trying to lose weight did not engage in any physical activity. Further, only 15% of respondents trying to lose weight reported exercising regularly. Nevertheless, those trying to lose weight were more likely (OR [odds ratio] = 1.3; 95% CI [confidence interval], 1.14, 1.51, p < 0.001) to exercise regularly than those not trying to lose weight. In particular, women trying to lose weight were significantly more likely (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.22,1.74, p < 0.001) to exercise regularly than women not trying to lose weight. Conversely, men trying to lose weight were no more likely to exercise regularly (p =.23) than men not trying to lose weight. Among respondents who were using exercise for weight loss, only 14.7% were expending greater than or equal to 1000 kcal/week and 18.2% were expending greater than or equal to 500 kcal/week. Weekly expenditure rates of greater than or equal to 1000 kcal/week were more likely to occur among men (17%) than women (13.8%), in younger age groups, and among those with higher educational attainment. Conclusion: These data suggest that while certain individuals trying to lose weight are more likely to engage in regular physical activity, most persons trying to lose weight have not adopted regular physical activity as part of their weight loss practice. These results suggest that public health efforts to effectively integrate physical activity into weight control practices of West Virginians have been minimally successful. C1 W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. W Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Off Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Charleston, WV USA. RP Gordon, PM (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Sch Med, POB 9227, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RI gordon, paul/E-3862-2015 OI gordon, paul/0000-0003-4403-0888 NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 83 EP 86 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00092-6 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 275TJ UT WOS:000084836000011 PM 10808987 ER PT J AU Hinman, AR Briss, PA Carande-Kulis, VG Bernier, RR Ndiaye, SM Rodewald, LE Shefer, AM Strikas, RA Williams, SM Yusuf, HR Atkins, D Chin, J Evans, CA Gyorkos, TW Isham, GJ Lett, SM Matulionis, RM Novick, LF Saari, TN Schaffner, W Scrimshaw, SC Amr, S Gendler, JE Gugelman, RJ Teagle, SE Khetsuriani, N Kimsey, CD Williams, SG Smith-Akin, CK AF Hinman, AR Briss, PA Carande-Kulis, VG Bernier, RR Ndiaye, SM Rodewald, LE Shefer, AM Strikas, RA Williams, SM Yusuf, HR Atkins, D Chin, J Evans, CA Gyorkos, TW Isham, GJ Lett, SM Matulionis, RM Novick, LF Saari, TN Schaffner, W Scrimshaw, SC Amr, S Gendler, JE Gugelman, RJ Teagle, SE Khetsuriani, N Kimsey, CD Williams, SG Smith-Akin, CK CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Recommendations regarding interventions to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE vaccine-preventable diseases; vaccination coverage; community health services; decision-making; evidence-based medicine; systematic reviews; population-based interventions; practice guidelines; preventive health services; public health practice; task force C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. US Dept HHS, Agcy Hlth Care Policy & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. US Hlth Care Financing Adm, Baltimore, MD 21207 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Montreal Gen Hosp, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. HealthPartners, Bloomington, MN USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Assoc State Territorial Directors Hlth Promot & P, Washington, DC USA. Onondaga Cty Hlth Dept, Syracuse, NY USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Dept Hlth & Social Serv, Wilmington, DE USA. Gugelman Melville & Associates, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Briss, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Activ, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 92 EP 96 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600013 ER PT J AU Briss, PA Rodewald, LE Hinman, AR Shefer, AM Strikas, RA Bernier, RR Carande-Kulis, VG Yusuf, HR Ndiaye, SM Williams, SM AF Briss, PA Rodewald, LE Hinman, AR Shefer, AM Strikas, RA Bernier, RR Carande-Kulis, VG Yusuf, HR Ndiaye, SM Williams, SM CA Task Force Community Preventive S TI Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE vaccine-preventable diseases; vaccination coverage; community health services; decision-making; evidence-based medicine; systematic reviews; population-based interventions; practice guidelines; preventive health services; public health practice; task force ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; PERIODIC HEALTH EXAMINATION; HEPATITIS-B IMMUNIZATION; HIGH-RISK PATIENTS; INCREASING INFLUENZA VACCINATION; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE GUIDELINES; COMPUTER-GENERATED REMINDERS; CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION; INNER-CITY; PHYSICIAN COMPLIANCE AB Background. This paper presents the results of systematic reviews of the effectiveness, applicability, other effects, economic impact, and barriers to use of selected population-based interventions intended to improve vaccination coverage. The related systematic reviews are linked by a common conceptual approach. These reviews form the basis for recommendations by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force) regarding the use of these selected interventions. The Task Force recommendations are presented on pp. 92-96 of this issue. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination coverage, community health services, decision-making, evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, population-based interventions, practice guidelines, preventive health services, public health practice, task force. (C) 2000 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Act, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Task Force Child Survival Chron Dis Prevent & Hlt, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Briss, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Community Prevent Serv Guide Dev Act, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 250 TC 311 Z9 320 U1 3 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 SU S BP 97 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00118-X PG 44 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 276TC UT WOS:000084892600014 PM 10806982 ER PT J AU Caplan, LS May, DS Richardson, LC AF Caplan, LS May, DS Richardson, LC TI Time to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer: Results from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1991-1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ABNORMAL SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY; FOLLOW-UP; WOMEN; DELAY; TIMELINESS AB Objectives. This study examined times to diagnosis and treatment for medically underserved women screened for breast cancer. Methods. Intervals from first positive screening test to diagnosis to: initiation of treatment were determined for 1659 women 40 years and older diagnosed with breast cancer. Results. Women with abnormal mammograms had shorter diagnostic intervals than women with abnormal clinical breast examinations and normal mammograms. U'onlen with selfreport breast symptoms bad shorter diagnostic intervals than asymptomatic women. Diagnostic intervals were less than 60 days in 78% of cases. Treatment intervals were generally 2 weeks or less. Conclusions. Most omen diagnosed with breast cancer were followed up in a timely manner after screening. Further investigation is needed to identify and then address factors associated with longer diagnostic and treatment intervals to maximize the benefits of early detection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Program Serv Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Caplan, LS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 2000 VL 90 IS 1 BP 130 EP 134 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.1.130 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 268LY UT WOS:000084418900023 PM 10630153 ER PT J AU Caldas, IR Correa-Oliveira, R Colosimo, E Carvalho, OS Massara, CL Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G AF Caldas, IR Correa-Oliveira, R Colosimo, E Carvalho, OS Massara, CL Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G TI Susceptibility and resistance to Schistosoma mansoni reinfection: Parallel cellular and isotypic immunologic assessment SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; WATER-CONTACT PATTERNS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; PARASITE ANTIGEN; ENDEMIC AREA; ADULT WORM; IGE; IDENTIFICATION AB Cellular and humoral immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni antigen preparations were evaluated in individuals presumed to be susceptible or resistant to reinfection after chemotherapeutic cure. A consistent proliferative increase in the response to soluble egg antigen (SEA) was observed post-treatment in both the susceptible and resistant groups. However, this change was not related to resistance. Isotype studies showed that IgM antibody levels to soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) and cercariae antigens were significantly higher in the resistant group than in the susceptible group. Post-treatment, an increase in IgE anti-SWAP and anti-schistosomular tegument (STEG) responses and a decrease in IgG4 anti-SEA and anti-STEG responses were observed in the resistant group. These finding are similar to those we have reported previously for a putative resistant group termed endemic normals, and are compatible with immunologic studies in different endemic areas. Together, these findings indicate that even on the population level, high IgE specificities coupled with low IgG4 specificities correlate well with documented resistance to reinfection. C1 FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Inmunol Celular & Mol, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Estatist Ciencias Exatas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Helmintoses Intestinais, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Gazzinelli, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Inmunol Celular & Mol, Av Augusto de Lima 1715, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-26505-07] NR 43 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 298NF UT WOS:000086145500011 PM 10761724 ER PT J AU Miller, JM Boyd, HA Ostrowski, SR Cookson, ST Parise, ME Gonzaga, PS Addiss, DG Wilson, M Nguyen-Dinh, P Wahlquist, SP Weld, LH Wainwright, RB Gushulak, BD Cetron, MS AF Miller, JM Boyd, HA Ostrowski, SR Cookson, ST Parise, ME Gonzaga, PS Addiss, DG Wilson, M Nguyen-Dinh, P Wahlquist, SP Weld, LH Wainwright, RB Gushulak, BD Cetron, MS TI Malaria, intestinal parasites, and schistosomiasis among Barawan Somali refugees resettling to the United States: A strategy to reduce morbidity and decrease the risk of imported infections SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID ASCARIS-LUMBRICOIDES INFECTIONS; KENYAN SCHOOL-CHILDREN; TRICHURIS-TRICHIURA; ALBENDAZOLE; HOOKWORM; GROWTH; DIAGNOSIS; TRAVELERS; AGE AB In 1997, enhanced health assessments were performed for 390 (10%) of approximately 4,000 Barawan refugees resettling to the United States. Of the refugees who received enhanced assessments, 26 (7%) had malaria parasitemia and 128 (38%) had intestinal parasites, while only 2 (2%) had Schistosoma haematobium eggs in the urine. Mass therapy for malaria (a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) was given to all Barawan refugees 1-2 days before resettlement. Refugees >2 years of age and nonpregnant women received a single oral dose of 600 mg albendazole for intestinal parasite therapy. If mass therapy had not been provided, upon arrival in the United States an estimated 280 (7%) refugees would have had malaria infections and 1,500 (38%) would have had intestinal parasites. We conclude that enhanced health assessments provided rapid on-site assessment of parasite prevalence and helped decrease morbidity among Barawan refugees, as well as, the risk of imported infections. C1 Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Int Org Migrat, Med Serv, Geneva, Switzerland. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Cetron, MS (reprint author), Ctr Res Dis Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 298NF UT WOS:000086145500022 PM 10761735 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, MH Gonzalez-Ceron, L Hernandez, JE Nettel, JA Villarreal, C Kain, KC Wirtz, RA AF Rodriguez, MH Gonzalez-Ceron, L Hernandez, JE Nettel, JA Villarreal, C Kain, KC Wirtz, RA TI Different prevalences of Plasmodium vivax phenotypes VK210 and VK247 associated with the distribution of Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in Mexico SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAPACHULA FOOTHILLS AREA; HUMAN MALARIA PARASITES; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; SOUTHERN MEXICO; MOSQUITO; VARIANT; REPEAT; MIDGUT; LOCALIZATION; POPULATIONS AB The geographic distribution of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein phenotypes from patient blued used to infect colonized Anopheles albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis was investigated in southern Mexico. Parasite phenotype types were determined in blood samples by a polymerase chain reaction and oligoprobe hybridization or by immunofluorescent assay of sporozoites. The proportion of infected mosquitoes and the number of oocysts per mosquito confirmed previous in vitro observations indicating that Ail. albimanus is more susceptible to VK210 and that An. pseudopunctipennis is more susceptible to VK247. All patients living on the coast were infected with VK210 and most patients living above 170 meters above sea level had VK247. Both phenotypes infected patients from intermediate altitudes. These results concur with the distribution of the anophelines, indicating that An. albimanus is the main vector of the phenotype VK210, but that Ail. pseudopunctipennis transmits both phenotypes. These conditions have direct implications on parasite transmission rates and malaria epidemiology in Mexico. C1 Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Paludismo, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Dept Informat, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. Toronto Hosp, Trop Dis Unit, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Rodriguez, MH (reprint author), Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Ctr Invest Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av Univ 655, Cuernavaca 62508, Morelos, Mexico. NR 37 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 62 IS 1 BP 122 EP 127 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 298NF UT WOS:000086145500023 PM 10761736 ER PT S AU Needham, LL Blount, B Rogers, HS Brock, JW Barr, D AF Needham, LL Blount, B Rogers, HS Brock, JW Barr, D BE Keith, LH JonesLepp, TL Needham, LL TI Levels of selected nonpersistent endocrine disruptors in humans SO ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; UNITED-STATES; URINE; RESIDUES C1 CDCP, Div Sci Lab, Toxicol Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), CDCP, Div Sci Lab, Toxicol Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3650-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 747 BP 147 EP 157 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA BT14D UT WOS:000172068100010 ER PT J AU Roh, YM Streicher, RP Ernst, MK AF Roh, YM Streicher, RP Ernst, MK TI Development of a new approach for total isocyanate determination using the reagent 9-anthracenylmethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate SO ANALYST LA English DT Article ID OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; DERIVATIZING AGENT; CHEMICAL LABEL; PERFORMANCE; 9-METHYLAMINO-METHYLANTHRACENE; FLUORESCENCE; TRYPTAMINE; EXPOSURE; HPLC; AIR AB Diisocyanates and polyisocyanates are widely used in the manufacture of polyurethane materials and coatings. Exposure to airborne isocyanate species is known to cause respiratory disorders. Measurement of isocyanate exposure levels has traditionally involved collection and derivatization of isocyanate species in an air sample followed by reversed-phase HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis of isocyanate samples is complicated for several reasons. Air samples may contain isocyanate species of very different reversed-phase retention (e.g., monomeric and polymeric isocyanates) and some species may not even be chromatographable. Also, pure analytical standards are available only for monomeric isocyanates, so non-monomeric isocyanate species are typically quantified based on the response of monomer standards, which assumes that the non-monomeric species have the same response factor as the monomer. Finally, the analysis of the raw chromatographic data containing many peaks is labor intensive. The method described here would circumvent many of the limitations of traditional methods. In this method, isocyanate species are derivatized with 9-anthracenylmethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (PAC) upon collection. At this point, a portion of the sample can be analyzed for individual components of interest (such as monomers) and/or a portion can be treated with a reagent that converts all PAC derivatives to a single analyte. Quantification of this analyte gives a measure of total isocyanate group. This paper examines the reactivity of PAC, the separation of PAC derivatives from excess PAC reagent, the conversion of PAC derivatives to a single analyte and the HPLC determination of this analyte and PAC derivatives of several monomeric isocyanates. C1 Catholic Univ Korea, Coll Med, Ind Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul 150713, South Korea. NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Streicher, RP (reprint author), Catholic Univ Korea, Coll Med, Ind Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, 62 Youido Dong,Youngdungpo Gu, Seoul 150713, South Korea. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PY 2000 VL 125 IS 9 BP 1691 EP 1696 DI 10.1039/b003655m PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 349NN UT WOS:000089052700033 ER PT J CA Ctr Dis Control Prevention TI Incidence of foodborne illnesses: Preliminary data from the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet) (Reprinted from MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, vol 48, pg 189-194, 1999) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 92 EP 93 PG 2 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 272UM UT WOS:000084669400023 ER PT J AU Cox, NJ Subbarao, K AF Cox, NJ Subbarao, K TI Global epidemiology of influenza: Past and present SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE influenza; epidemiology; pandemic; mortality; pathogenicity ID A H5N1 VIRUS; AVIAN INFLUENZA; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; EVOLUTION; MORTALITY; HEMAGGLUTININ; REPLICATION; INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA; EMERGENCE AB Pandemics are the most dramatic presentation of influenza. Three have occurred in the twentieth century: the 1918 H1N1 pandemic, the 1957 H2N2 pandemic, and the 1968 H3N2 pandemic. The tools of molecular epidemiology have been applied in an attempt to determine the origin of pandemic viruses and to understand what made them such successful pathogens. An excellent example of this avenue of research is the recent phylogenetic analysis of genes of the virus that caused the devastating 1918 pandemic. This analysis has been used to identify evolutionarily related influenza virus genes as a clue to the source of the pandemic of 1918. Molecular methods have been used to investigate the avian H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses that recently infected humans in Hong Kong. Antigenic, genetic, and epidemiologic analyses have also furthered our understanding of interpandemic influenza. Although many questions remain, advances of the past two decades have demonstrated that several widely held concepts concerning the global epidemiology of influenza were false. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cox, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 54 TC 380 Z9 426 U1 9 U2 62 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4219 J9 ANNU REV MED JI Annu. Rev. Med. PY 2000 VL 51 BP 407 EP 421 DI 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.407 PG 15 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 301ZE UT WOS:000086339800025 PM 10774473 ER PT J AU Ernst, PB Gold, BD AF Ernst, PB Gold, BD TI The disease spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: The immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE stomach; epidemiology; mucosal immunity ID CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION; NEGATIVE DUODENAL-ULCER; RECEPTOR MUTANT MICE; BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS; CD4(+) T-CELLS; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MESSENGER-RNA; PEPTIC-ULCER; INTERLEUKIN-10-DEFICIENT MICE AB Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that resides under microaerobic conditions in a neutral microenvironment between the mucus and the superficial epithelium of the stomach. From this site, it stimulates cytokine production by epithelial cells that recruit and activate immune and inflammatory cells in the underlying lamina propria, causing chronic, active gastritis. Although epidemiological evidence shows that infection generally occurs in children, the inflammatory changes progress throughout life. H. pylori has also been recognized as a pathogen that causes gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. These more severe manifestations of the infection usually occur later in life and in a minority of infected subjects. To intervene and protect those who might be at greatest risk of the more severe disease outcomes, it is of great interest to determine whether bacterial, host, or environmental factors can be used to predict these events. To date, several epidemiological studies have attempted to define the factors affecting the transmission of H. pylori and the expression of gastroduodenal disease caused by this infection. Many other laboratories have focused on identifying bacterial factors that explain the variable expression of clinical disease associated with this infection. An alternative hypothesis is that microorganisms that cause lifelong infections can ill afford to express virulence factors that directly cause disease, because the risk of losing the host is too great. Rather, we propose that gastroduodenal disease associated with H, pylori infection is predominantly a result of inappropriately regulated gastric immune responses to the infection. In this model, the interactions between the immune/inflammatory response, gastric physiology, and host repair mechanisms would dictate the disease outcome in response to infection. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pediat, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Mol Sci, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Ernst, PB (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pediat, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK53708, DK 50669, DK 51577] NR 132 TC 331 Z9 350 U1 2 U2 26 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4227 J9 ANNU REV MICROBIOL JI Annu. Rev. Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 54 BP 615 EP 640 DI 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.615 PG 28 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 373DC UT WOS:000165272300019 PM 11018139 ER PT J AU McNicholl, JM Downer, MV Udhayakumar, V Alper, CA Swerdlow, DL AF McNicholl, JM Downer, MV Udhayakumar, V Alper, CA Swerdlow, DL TI Host-pathogen interactions in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: A genomic perspective of tuberculosis, malaria, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B, and cholera SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE gene; polymorphism; susceptibility; resistance; vaccines ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE; MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; CEREBRAL MALARIA; HIV-1 INFECTION; BLOOD-GROUP; PROMOTER REGION; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE HYBRIDIZATION; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS AB On exposure to a pathogen, a host may resist infection, become subclinically infected, or progress through several stages from mild to severe infection. Chronic sequelae may or may not occur. Host factors, particularly host genes, influence many of these stages. We have used a model of the continuum of pathogenesis of infectious diseases to consider the effect of host genes on five pathogens of significant public health burden: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium species, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and Vibrio cholerae. The relationships between these infections and polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen, cytokines, other immune response, or pathogen receptor genes are reviewed. We discuss gene-gene interactions and their effects in complex settings, such as coinfections with several pathogens. Priorities for prevention and control of these pathogens include vaccines and antimicrobial drugs. Research on how host genes can influence vaccine responses and the efficacy of drugs or other interventions, as well as further research into the relationship of host genes to infectious disease outcomes, may lead to new strategies for prevention and control. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Blood Res Inc, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 149 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 3 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 2000 VL 21 BP 15 EP 46 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.15 PG 32 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 329RJ UT WOS:000087921400003 PM 10884944 ER PT J AU Austin, MA Peyser, PA Khoury, MJ AF Austin, MA Peyser, PA Khoury, MJ TI The interface of genetics and public health: Research and educational challenges SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE disease; ethics; gene; law ID FACTOR-V-LEIDEN; ATHEROGENIC LIPOPROTEIN PHENOTYPE; HUMAN GENOME EPIDEMIOLOGY; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVE USERS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; DISEASE PREVENTION; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; RISK-FACTORS; WOMEN TWINS; SMOKING AB As the target date for the sequencing or the human genome approaches, there is growing recognition that public health practice, research, and education will be impacted by new genetic technologies and information and that a multidisciplinary approach is required. Research in the emerging field of public health genetics encompasses a broad range of disciplines and will increasingly involve the interactions among the investigators in these fields. An overview of these areas of research is provided, with illustrative examples. Education in public health genetics needs to address a variety of audiences, including public health graduate students and practitioners, students from related disciplines, and health care professionals. Two new graduate programs at the Universities of Michigan and Washington and training opportunities for public health professionals are described. These educational efforts must be ongoing so that the potential of genetic technology and information can be appropriately used to benefit the health of all. C1 Univ Washington, Publ Hlth Genet Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hth Genet Interdept Concent, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Austin, MA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Publ Hlth Genet Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 70 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 2000 VL 21 BP 81 EP 99 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.81 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 329RJ UT WOS:000087921400006 PM 10884947 ER PT J AU Schwab, KJ Neill, FH Fankhauser, RL Daniels, NA Monroe, SS Bergmire-Sweat, DA Estes, MK Atmar, RL AF Schwab, KJ Neill, FH Fankhauser, RL Daniels, NA Monroe, SS Bergmire-Sweat, DA Estes, MK Atmar, RL TI Development of methods to detect "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) and hepatitis A virus in delicatessen foods: Application to a food-borne NLV outbreak SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; OYSTER-ASSOCIATED GASTROENTERITIS; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; A VIRUS; CONTAMINATED SHELLFISH; SRSV GASTROENTERITIS; ENTERIC VIRUSES; UNITED-STATES; RT-PCR C1 Baylor Coll Med, Div Mol Virol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Atmar, RL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Div Mol Virol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI007471, T32 AI07471] NR 48 TC 99 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1 BP 213 EP 218 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 271GL UT WOS:000084585800032 PM 10618226 ER PT J AU Vafai, A Forghani, B Kilpatrick, D Ling, J Shankar, V AF Vafai, A Forghani, B Kilpatrick, D Ling, J Shankar, V TI Stability of a varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E epitope SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS; SUBUNIT VACCINE; HERPES-ZOSTER; IMMUNITY; PROTEIN; GE; LIVE AB The epitope stability of a varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) was analyzed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cells infected with different passages of various VZV strains and isolates. The gE-specific mAbs recognized same antigenic sites (epitopes) in VZV isolates with various passage history. All VZV strains and virus-isolates reacted with an anti-gE monoclonal antibody by immunoprecipitation, or indirect fluorescent antibody staining test. Sera from VZV seropositive individuals reacted with a truncated VZV gE glycoprotein, designated TgpI-511. Also, human mononuclear cells (MNCs) stimulated with TgpI-511 glycoprotein were shown to produce VZV-specific antibodies in vitro. The results demonstrated the stability of these gE epitopes tested in this study in TgpI-511 and among the VZV-isolates obtained from different passages. These results also suggest that VZV glycoproteins as well as live attenuated or killed varicella vaccines containing these epitopes could be used as therapeutic booster vaccines in adults and the elderly to prevent tester. C1 US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Biol Branch,Sci Resources Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Resp & Enter Viruses, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Vafai, A (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Biol Branch,Sci Resources Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 50 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2000 VL 145 IS 1 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1007/s007050050007 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 281NM UT WOS:000085167400007 PM 10664408 ER PT J AU Ropp, SL Tam, AW Beames, B Purdy, M Frey, TK AF Ropp, SL Tam, AW Beames, B Purdy, M Frey, TK TI Expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF1 SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NON-B HEPATITIS; TRANSMITTED NON-A; IN-VITRO; NONSTRUCTURAL POLYPROTEIN; PROTEINASE DOMAIN; EPIDEMIC; CLEAVAGE; PROTEASE; TRANS; NS2B AB Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an unclassified, plus-strand RNA virus whose genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1, the 5' proximal ORF of HEV, encodes nonstructural proteins involved in RNA replication which share homology with the products of the corresponding ORF of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of plus-strand RNA viruses. Among animal virus members of this superfamily (the alphavirus and rubivirus genera of the family Togaviridae), the product of this ORF is a nonstructural polyprotein (NSP) that is cleaved by a papain-like cysteine protease (PCP) within the NSP. To determine if the NSP of HEV is similarly processed, ORF1 was introduced into a plasmid vector which allowed for expression both in vitro using a coupled transcription/translation system and in vivo using a vaccinia virus-driven transient expression system. A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing ORF1 was also constructed. Both in vitro and in vivo expression under standard conditions yielded only the full-length 185 kDa polyprotein. Addition of co-factors in vitro, such as divalent cations and microsomes which have been shown to activate other viral proteases, failed to change this expression pattern. However, in vivo following extended incubations (24-36 hours), two potential processing products of 107 kDa and 78 kDa were observed, N- and C-terminus-specific immunoprecipitation and deletion mutagenesis were used to determine that the order of these products within the NSP is NH2-78 kDa-107 kDa-COOH. However, site-specific mutagenesis of Cys(483), predicted by computer alignment to be one member of the catalytic dyad of a PCP within the NSP, failed to abolish this cleavage. Additionally, sequence alignment across HEV strains revealed that the other member of the proposed catalytic dyad of this PCP, His(590), was not conserved. Thus, the cleavage of the NSP observed following prolonged in vivo expression was not mediated by this protease and it is doubtful that a functional PCP exists within the NSP. Attempts to detect NSP expression and processing in HEV-infected primary monkey hepatocytes were not successful and therefore this proteolytic cleavage could not be authenticated. Overall, the results of this study indicate that either the HEV NSP is not processed or that it is cleaved at one site by a virally-encoded protease novel among alpha-like superfamily viruses or a cellular protease. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Genelabs Inc, Dept Mol Virol, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA. SW Fdn Biomed Res, Dept Virol & Immunol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Frey, TK (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, 24 Peachtree Ctr Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-21389] NR 37 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2000 VL 145 IS 7 BP 1321 EP 1337 DI 10.1007/s007050070093 PG 17 WC Virology SC Virology GA 339CC UT WOS:000088459200004 PM 10963340 ER PT J AU McCaustland, KA Krawczynski, K Ebert, JW Balayan, MS Andjaparidze, AG Spelbring, JE Cook, EH Humphrey, C Yarbough, PO Favorov, MO Carson, D Bradley, DW Robertson, BH AF McCaustland, KA Krawczynski, K Ebert, JW Balayan, MS Andjaparidze, AG Spelbring, JE Cook, EH Humphrey, C Yarbough, PO Favorov, MO Carson, D Bradley, DW Robertson, BH TI Hepatitis E virus infection in chimpanzees: a retrospective analysis SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NON-B HEPATITIS; TRANSMITTED NON-A; EPIDEMIC NON-A; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES; IDENTIFICATION; SEROREACTIVITY; RECOVERY; DISEASE; PROTEIN AB Different patterns of disease were observed among ii chimpanzees who were inoculated intravenously with hepatitis E virus (HEV) positive fecal specimens from four different outbreaks (Nepal 1981, Uzbekistan 1981, Pakistan 1985, and Mexico 1986). Five chimpanzees had marginal or no liver enzyme elevations within 70 days of inoculation. Two Of the chimpanzees had limited viremia, but did not produce detectable antibody. The four remaining chimpanzees had liver enzyme elevations, viral shedding, viremia, seroconversion to anti-HEV, and detectable HEV antigen in liver biopsy specimens. These results may reflect the range of infection patterns that develop in humans after natural exposure to the HEV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch A33, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Genelabs Inc, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA. Inst Poliomyelitis & Viral Encephalitis, Moscow, Russia. RP Robertson, BH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch A33, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 2000 VL 145 IS 9 BP 1909 EP 1918 DI 10.1007/s007050070065 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 358XL UT WOS:000089582400012 PM 11043950 ER PT J AU Posner, SF Baker, L AF Posner, SF Baker, L TI Evaluation and extensions of a structural equation modeling approach to the analysis of survival data SO BEHAVIOR GENETICS LA English DT Article DE structural equation modeling; survival analysis genetically informative data; power; Type I error ID AGE-OF-ONSET; PUBERTY; TWINS AB Recently a new method for the analysis of survival data using a structural equation modeling approach has been suggested by Pickles and colleagues using twin data they demonstrated the application of this model to study the correlation in age of onset. The purpose of the current research is twofold: 1) to evaluate the statistical performance of the model as presented by Pickles and colleagues, and 2) to expand and evaluate the model in more applications, including both genetically informative data and other multivariate examples. Results evaluated from this study involve three areas of method performance: Type-I error rates, power, and parameter estimates under four different distributions (normal, Gamma-2, Gamma-6 and g-and-h) and four different sample sizes (n = 125, 250, 500 and 750). Results based on the original Pickles model indicated that in all sample size and distribution conditions the Type-I error rate was adequate, in fact below the nominal level of .05. Additionally, power was greater than .80 for sample sizes of 500 or more for all distribution conditions. Parameter estimates were upwardly biased when the population value was rho = .20. This bias varied across distributions; the g-and-h distribution showed the largest bias. Results from the expanded model indicated that Type-I error rates were adequate. Power results were not affected by distribution type; sample sizes of 500 were above the .80 level. Parameter estimates continued to be upwardly biased in this more general model, although the degree of bias was smaller. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Posner, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,Mail Stop K-34, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Posner, Samuel/0000-0003-1574-585X NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0001-8244 J9 BEHAV GENET JI Behav. Genet. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 41 EP 50 DI 10.1023/A:1002086526693 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Behavioral Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Psychology GA 340JP UT WOS:000088529600004 PM 10934798 ER PT J AU Dykewicz, CA Jaffe, HW Kaplan, JE AF Dykewicz, CA Jaffe, HW Kaplan, JE CA CDC Infect Dis Soc Amer Amer Soc Blood Marrow Transplation TI Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients - Recommendations of CDC, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplation SO BIOLOGY OF BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Review ID VERSUS-HOST DISEASE; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; HERPES-SIMPLEX-VIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PP65 ANTIGENEMIA; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LIPOSOMAL AMPHOTERICIN-B; HLA-IDENTICAL SIBLINGS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS AB CDC, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation have cosponsored these guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs) among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. The guidelines were drafted with the assistance of a working group of experts in infectious diseases, transplantation, and public health. For the purposes of this report, HSCT is defined as any transplantation of blood- or marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells, regardless of transplant type (i.e., allogeneic or autologous) or cell source (i.e., bone marrow, peripheral blood, or placental or umbilical cord blood). Such OIs as bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and helminth infections occur with increased frequency or severity among HSCT recipients. These evidence-based guidelines contain information regarding preventing OIs, hospital infection control, strategies for safe living after transplantation, vaccinations, and hematopoietic stem cell safety. The disease-specific sections address preventing exposure and disease for pediatric and adult and autologous and allogeneic HSCT recipients. The goal of these guidelines is twofold: to summarize current data and provide evidence-based recommendations regarding preventing OIs among HSCT patients. The guidelines were developed for use by HSCT recipients, their household and close contacts, transplant and infectious diseases physicians, HSCT center personnel, and public health professionals. For all recommendations, prevention strategies are rated by the strength of the recommendation and the quality of the evidence supporting the recommendation. Adhering to these guidelines should reduce the number and severity of OIs among HSCT recipients. C1 CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. Indiana Univ, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Int Bone Marrow Transplant Registry, Autologous Blood & Marrow Transplant Registry, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Dartmouth Coll, Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH 03756 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Ctr, Santa Rosa, CA USA. RP Dykewicz, CA (reprint author), CDC, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 401 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARDEN JENNINGS PUBL CO LTD PI CHARLOTTESVILLE PA BLAKE CTR, STE 200, 1224 W MAIN ST, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA SN 1083-8791 J9 BIOL BLOOD MARROW TR JI Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6A BP 659 EP + PG 67 WC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation SC Hematology; Immunology; Transplantation GA 378DR UT WOS:000165570200001 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI AF Tokars, JI TI Infections due to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in the dialysis unit SO BLOOD PURIFICATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Dilysis II CY JAN 13-14, 2000 CL TARPON SPRINGS, FLORIDA ID CHRONIC-HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; RISK-FACTORS; VANCOMYCIN; ENTEROCOCCI; COLONIZATION; CEFAZOLIN; SYSTEM C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0253-5068 J9 BLOOD PURIFICAT JI Blood Purif. PY 2000 VL 18 IS 4 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1159/000014462 PG 6 WC Hematology; Urology & Nephrology SC Hematology; Urology & Nephrology GA 348WT UT WOS:000089010000020 PM 10965081 ER PT J AU Chen, RT DeStefano, F Davis, RL Jackson, LA Thompson, RS Mullooly, JP Black, SB Shinefield, HR Vadheim, CM Ward, JI Marcy, SM AF Chen, RT DeStefano, F Davis, RL Jackson, LA Thompson, RS Mullooly, JP Black, SB Shinefield, HR Vadheim, CM Ward, JI Marcy, SM CA Vaccine Safety Datalink Team TI The Vaccine Safety Datalink: immunization research in health maintenance organizations in the USA SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE adverse drug reaction reporting systems; health maintenance organizations; vaccines, combined, adverse effects; viral vaccines, adverse effects; United States ID DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS; GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; REPORTING-SYSTEM VAERS; INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; RUBELLA VACCINATION; ADVERSE REACTIONS; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; RISK; EVENTS AB The Vaccine Safety Datalink is a collaborative project involving the National immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several large health maintenance organizations in the USA. The project began in 1990 with the primary purpose of rigorously evaluating concerns about the safety of vaccines. Computerized data on vaccination, medical outcome (e.g. outpatient visits, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and deaths) and covariates (e.g. birth certificates, census data) are prospectively collected and linked under joint protocol at multiple health maintenance organizations for analysis. Approximately 6 million persons (2% of the population of the USA) are now members of health maintenance organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink, which has proved to be a valuable resource providing important information on a number of vaccine safety issues. The databases and infrastructure created for the Vaccine Safety Datalink have also provided opportunities to address vaccination coverage, cost-effectiveness and other matters connected with immunization as well as matters outside this field. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NW Kaiser Permanente, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. No Calif Kaiser Permanente, Pediat Vaccine Study Ctr, Oakland, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Harbor Med Ctr, Ctr Vaccine Res, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. So Calif Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Chen, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mell, Loren/0000-0003-2277-6080 NR 48 TC 99 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 186 EP 194 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 291EY UT WOS:000085722200006 PM 10743283 ER PT J AU Pless, R AF Pless, R TI Vaccination benefits, risks and safety: the need for a complete picture SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pless, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 219 EP 221 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 291EY UT WOS:000085722200013 PM 10743290 ER PT J AU Aylward, RB Hull, HF Cochi, SL Sutter, RW Olive, JM Melgaard, B AF Aylward, RB Hull, HF Cochi, SL Sutter, RW Olive, JM Melgaard, B TI Disease eradication as a public health strategy: a case study of poliomyelitis eradication SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE cost-benefit analysis; immunization programmes; case studies; and organization and administration; poliomyelitis; prevention and control; programme evaluation ID VITAMIN-A SUPPLEMENTATION; WILD POLIOVIRUS TYPE-1; ETHICAL DILEMMAS; PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; SERIOUS PROBLEM; VACCINE; CHILD AB Disease eradication as a public health strategy was discussed at international meetings in 1997 and 1998. In this article, the ongoing poliomyelitis eradication initiative is examined using the criteria for evaluating candidate diseases for eradication proposed at these meetings, which covered costs and benefits, biological determinants of eradicability (technical feasibility) and societal and political considerations (operational feasibility). The benefits of poliomyelitis eradication are shown to include a substantial investment in health services delivery, the elimination of a major cause of disability, and far-reaching intangible effects, such as establishment of a "culture of prevention". The costs are found to be financial and finite, despite some disturbances to the delivery of other health services. The "technical" feasibility of poliomyelitis eradication is seen in the absence of a non-human reservoir and the presence of both an effective intervention and delivery strategy (oral poliovirus vaccine and national immunization days) and a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool (viral culture of specimens from acute flaccid paralysis cases). The certification of poliomyelitis eradication in the Americas in 1994 and interruption of endemic transmission in the Western Pacific since March 1997 confirm the operational feasibility of this goal. When the humanitarian, economic and consequent benefits of this initiative are measured against the costs, a strong argument is made for eradication as a valuable disease control strategy. C1 WHO, Vaccines & Biol, Expanded Programme Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aylward, RB (reprint author), WHO, Vaccines & Biol, Expanded Programme Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 79 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 285 EP 297 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 302CQ UT WOS:000086348000003 PM 10812724 ER PT J AU Wood, DJ Sutter, RW Dowdle, WR AF Wood, DJ Sutter, RW Dowdle, WR TI Stopping poliovirus vaccination after eradication: issues and challenges SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE certification, standards; immunization, trends; poliomyelitis, prevention and control; polioviruses, human 1-3, pathogenicity ID PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES; NETHERLANDS; INFECTION; OUTBREAK AB Since 1988 reported polio cases worldwide have declined by about 85% and the number of known or suspected polio-endemic countries has decreased from over 120 to less than 50. With eradication of poliomyelitis approaching, issues potentially affecting when and how vaccination against poliovirus can be stopped become extremely important. Because of the potential risks and benefits inherent in such a decision, the best available science, a risk-benefit analysis, contingency plans, a stock pile of poliovirus vaccines, and the endorsement by the global policy-making committees will all be needed before vaccination can be discontinued. The scientific basis for stopping polio immunization has been reviewed by WHO. This Round Table article summarizes the current state of knowledge, provides an update on the processes and timelines for certification, containment, and slopping vaccination, and highlights some of the unanswered scientific questions that will be addressed by further research. These include whether transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains could be sustained so that poliomyelitis could re-emerge in a future unvaccinated population and whether prolonged excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus from individuals with immune deficiencies could be a mechanism through which this could occur. C1 Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Tech Serv Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wood, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. NR 64 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 347 EP 357 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 302CQ UT WOS:000086348000010 PM 10812731 ER PT J AU Warren, CW Riley, L Asma, S Eriksen, MP Green, L Blanton, C Loo, C Batchelor, S Yach, D AF Warren, CW Riley, L Asma, S Eriksen, MP Green, L Blanton, C Loo, C Batchelor, S Yach, D TI Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE tobacco; smoking, epidemiology; tobacco use disorder, epidemiology; smoking cessation; adolescence; schools; data collection, methods; cluster analysis; questionnaires AB The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) project was developed by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track tobacco use among youth in countries across the world, using a common methodology and core questionnaire. The GYTS is school based and employs a two-stage sample design to produce representative data an smoking among students aged 13-15 years. The first stage consists of a probabilistic selection of schools, and the second consists of a random selection of classes from the participating schools. All students in the selected classes are eligible for the survey. In 1999, the GYTS was conducted in 13 countries and is currently in progress in over 30 countries. This report describes data from 12 countries: Barbados, China, Costa Rica, Fiji, Jordan, Poland, the Russian Federation (Moscow), South Africa, Sri Lanka, Ukraine (Kiev), Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The findings show that tobacco use in the surveyed age group ranged from a high of 33% to a low of 10%. While the majority of current smokers wanted to stop smoking, very few were able to attend a cessation programme. In most countries the majority of young people reported seeing advertisements for cigarettes in media outlets, but anti-tobacco advertising was rare. The majority of young people reported being taught in school about the dangers of smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was very high in all countries. These results show that the GYTS surveillance system is enhancing the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco prevention and control programmes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Tobacco Free Initiat, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Asma, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 125 Z9 131 U1 2 U2 5 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 7 BP 868 EP 876 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 341ZD UT WOS:000088620100002 PM 10994259 ER PT J AU Corrao, MA Guindon, GE Cokkinides, V Sharma, N AF Corrao, MA Guindon, GE Cokkinides, V Sharma, N TI Building the evidence base for global tobacco control SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE smoking, statistics; smoking,epidemiology; tobacco, statistics; prevalence; commerce; databases, factual,utilization; information ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PRICE AB The tobacco control movement needs a global information system permitting routine monitoring of the tobacco trade, tobacco farming, the tobacco industry, the prevalence of tobacco use, associated mortality, and national resources for combating tobacco. The Tobacco Control Country Profiles database, a data collection initiative led by the American Cancer Society in collaboration with WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, represents the first step in the development of such a system. Baseline data on several indicators of tobacco use were obtained from 191 Member States of WH, two Associate Members, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong SAR), China (Province of Taiwan) and the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The methods used to compile the data are described in the present paper. Selected indicators from the database were analysed in order to demonstrate the potential utility and value of data derived from an information system devoted to tobacco control. The analyses covered gender-specific smoking prevalence by WHO Region, per capita cigarette consumption by Human Development Index (HDI) category, and average real annual percentage changes in cigarette prices between 1990 and 1999 for selected countries in each category. In 1998, men were almost four times more likely than women to be smokers. The prevalence of smoking among men was highest in the Western Pacific Region. The differential in gender-specific smoking prevalence was narrowest in the Region of the Americas and the European Region. It was wider in the South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region. The lowest and highest per capita consumption of manufactured cigarettes occurred in the lowest and highest HDI categories respectively. In the medium HDI category, China's growing cigarette consumption after 1975 had a major bearing on the rise in per capita consumption. Cigarette price trends suggest that there is considerable scope for increasing taxes on tobacco products, particularly in low or medium HDI countries. The implications of the findings for future tobacco control efforts are discussed, as are issues surrounding the quality of available data, priorities for future data collection and the need to maintain and improve the information system in order to support such efforts. C1 Amer Canc Soc, Tobacco Control Country Profiles, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. WHO, Tobacco Free Initiat, Geneva, Switzerland. Amer Canc Soc, Risk Factor Surveillance, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Corrao, MA (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Tobacco Control Country Profiles, 1599 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 11 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 7 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 7 BP 884 EP 890 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 341ZD UT WOS:000088620100004 PM 10994261 ER PT J AU Khan, AJ Luby, SP Fikree, F Karim, A Obaid, S Dellawala, S Mirza, S Malik, T Fisher-Hoch, S McCormick, JB AF Khan, AJ Luby, SP Fikree, F Karim, A Obaid, S Dellawala, S Mirza, S Malik, T Fisher-Hoch, S McCormick, JB TI Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B, transmission; hepatitis C, transmission; injections, adverse effects; epidemiological studies; Pakistan ID VIRUS-INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; NON-A; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODY; ASSOCIATION; CHILDREN; DISEASE AB Following reports of frequent deaths associated with jaundice and chronic liver disease among adults in a periurban community of Karachi, Pakistan, an investigation was conducted to evaluate the relationship between injections and viral hepatitis infections, to identify the reasons why patients received frequent injections, and to observe the injection practices employed in clinics. Two hundred and three adult patients were interviewed as they left each of the 18 area clinics. Practitioners were interviewed and three consecutive injections were observed at each clinic. Eighty-one per cent of patients received an injection on the day of the interview. Of the 135 patients who provided a serum sample, 59 (44%) had antibodies against hepatitis C virus and 26 (19%) had antibodies against hepatitis B virus. Patients who received more injections were more likely to be infected with hepatitis C. if oral and injected medications were equally effective, 44% of patients preferred injected medication. None of the practitioners knew that hepatitis C could be transmitted by injections. Non-sterile syringes and needles that had been used earlier in the day on other patients were used for 94% of the observed injections. interventions to limit injections to those which are safe and clinically indicated are needed to prevent injection-associated infections in Pakistan and other low-income countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pathol, Karachi, Pakistan. RP Luby, SP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 8 BP 956 EP 963 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 346VR UT WOS:000088892200003 PM 10994278 ER PT J AU Bloland, PB Ettling, M Meek, S AF Bloland, PB Ettling, M Meek, S TI Combination therapy for malaria in Africa: hype or hope? SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE malaria; drug therapy; transmission; drug combinations; antimalarials; pharmacology; drug resistance; forecasting; cross-cultural comparison ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; DRUG-RESISTANT MALARIA; ENTOMOLOGIC INOCULATION RATES; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUGS; WESTERN KENYA; PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS; CHILDHOOD MALARIA; MATING PATTERNS; HOME TREATMENT AB The development of resistance to drugs poses one of the greatest th reals to malaria control, In Africa, the efficacy of readily affordable antimalarial drugs is declining rapidly, while highly efficacious drugs tend to be too expensive. Cost-effective strategies are needed to extend the useful life spans of antimalarial drugs. Observations in South-East Asia on combination therapy with artemisinin derivatives and mefloquine indicate that the development of resistance to both components is slowed down. This suggests the possibility of a solution to the problem of drug resistance in Africa, where, however, there are major obstacles in the way of deploying combination therapy effectively. The rates of transmission are relatively high, a large proportion of asymptomatic infection occurs in semi-immune persons, the use of drugs is frequently inappropriate and ill-informed, there is a general lack of laboratory diagnoses, and public health systems in sub-Saharan Africa are generally weak. Furthermore, the cost of combination therapy is comparatively high. We review combination therapy as used in South-East Asia and outline the problems that have to be overcome in order to adopt it successfully in sub-Saharan Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Agcy Int Dev, Bur Africa, Washington, DC 20523 USA. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Malaria Consortium, London WC1, England. RP Bloland, PB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Malaria Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 80 TC 108 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 6 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA MARKETING AND DISSEMINATION, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 1378 EP 1388 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 393EH UT WOS:000166455900004 PM 11196485 ER PT J AU Brady, TJ Sniezek, J Conn, DL AF Brady, TJ Sniezek, J Conn, DL TI Enhancing patient self-management in clinical practice SO BULLETIN ON THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; EDUCATION; EXERCISE; OSTEOARTHRITIS; INTERVENTIONS; EFFICACY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brady, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARTHRITIS FOUNDATION PI ATLANTA PA 1314 SPRING STREET NW, ATLANTA, GA 30309 USA SN 0007-5248 J9 B RHEUM DIS JI Bull. Rheum. Dis. PY 2000 VL 49 IS 9 BP 1 EP 4 PG 8 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 415BG UT WOS:000167700200001 ER PT J AU Correa, A Mohan, A Jackson, L Perry, H Helzlsouer, K AF Correa, A Mohan, A Jackson, L Perry, H Helzlsouer, K TI Use of hair dyes, hematopoietic neoplasms, and lymphomas: A literature review. I. Leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes SO CANCER INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC-LEUKEMIA; MULTIPLE-MYELOMA; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; COLORING PRODUCTS; RISK-FACTORS; CANCER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPOSURE; WOMEN; MEN AB We review published epidemiologic studies on personal use of hair dyes and leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). A subsequent article will review studies on lymphomas and multiple myeloma. A computerized literature search for the years 1966 through 1996 was completed using MEDLINE. Data were extracted using a standardized form that recorded study design, study population, type of cases, comparison group, sources of data on personal exposure to hair dyes, method of data collection, type of exposure data collected, covariates, and results. The above search identified 13 epidemiologic studies on the possible association between personal use of hair dyes and leukemias and MDS. Although there are some reports of positive associations, overall the evidence linking personal use of hair dyes to various leukemia and MDS subgroups is weak. One cannot definitively rule out an association, however, because of the methodologic limitations, such as small numbers of exposed cases and lack of detailed exposure information. Any further research would need much better assessment of hair dye use, including product type color frequency, duration, and changes in use over time, and adequate statistical power. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Correa, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0735-7907 J9 CANCER INVEST JI Cancer Invest. PY 2000 VL 18 IS 4 BP 366 EP 380 DI 10.3109/07357900009012180 PG 15 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 305PK UT WOS:000086549300010 PM 10808373 ER PT J AU Correa, A Jackson, L Mohan, A Perry, H Helzlsouer, K AF Correa, A Jackson, L Mohan, A Perry, H Helzlsouer, K TI Use of hair dyes, hematopoietic neoplasms, and lymphomas: A literature review. II. Lymphomas and multiple myeloma SO CANCER INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID COLORING PRODUCTS; CANCER; RISK AB We review studies on hair dyes and lymphomas and mLtltiple myeloma (MM). A computerized literature search for the years 1966 through 1996 was conducted Data were extracted using a standardized form that recorded study design, study population, type of cases, comparison group, sources of data on personal exposure to hair dq es, method of data collection, type of exposure data collected covariates, and results. This review identified 10 epidemiologic studies published in the English literature that examined personal use of hair dyes and lymphomas or MM. These studies include three evaluations of Hodgkin's disease, five of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), two of lymphomas with type not specified and six of MM. For Hodgkin's disease, one case-control study reported some positive associations with use of permanent hair dyes, whereas two cohort studies found no associations with ever rise of hair dyes. For NHL and MM, several evaluations suggest associations with use of permanent dyes, particularly with duration, frequency, age at first use, and dark colors. However; these associations are not consistent within and between studies. For lymphomas with type not specified one study was superseded by a more recent report with NHL specific data and a second study was limited by small numbers of exposed subjects. At this time, it is not possible to determine if the inconsistent associations between permanent hair dyes and NHL and MM reflect sampling variability or differences in methods between studies. Because an appreciable fraction of the population hers potential exposure to permanent hair dyes, elucidation of such issues may be warranted with studies that include adequate numbers of exposed subjects and that elicit information on personal use of hair dyes over time. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Correa, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0735-7907 J9 CANCER INVEST JI Cancer Invest. PY 2000 VL 18 IS 5 BP 467 EP 479 DI 10.3109/07357900009032818 PG 13 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 315WJ UT WOS:000087135700008 PM 10834031 ER PT J AU Reh, BD DeBord, DG Butler, MA Reid, TM Mueller, C Fajen, JM AF Reh, BD DeBord, DG Butler, MA Reid, TM Mueller, C Fajen, JM TI O-6-methylguanine DNA adducts associated with occupational nitrosamine exposure SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID P-32 POSTLABELING ASSAY; N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE; ALKYLATING-AGENTS; DOSE-RESPONSE; RAT; METHYLTRANSFERASE; CARCINOGENESIS; REPAIR; DIETHYLNITROSAMINE; O6-METHYLGUANINE AB Occupational nitrosamine exposures from a rubber vehicle seal (VS) curing operation were compared with the peripheral blood lymphocyte concentrations of two nitrosamine-related DNA adducts, N-7-methylguanine (N(7)mdG) and O-6-methylguanine (O(6)mdG), and with the activity of the enzyme that repairs O(6)mdG adducts, O-6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), The occupational personal breathing zone (PBZ) nitrosamine exposures ranged from 0.4 to 9.3 mu g/m(3) in the VS area, from 0.1-2 mu g/m(3) in an area remote from the VS and were not detected at a nearby rubber plant. Workers from all three of these locations had detectable concentrations of N(7)mdG adducts, ranging from 0.1 to 133.2 adducts/10(7) deoxyguanosine nucleosides. Although N(7)mdG concentrations were elevated for those who worked in the VS area (median 3.60 compared with 1.44), the difference was not statistically significant after controlling for confounding factors. The O(6)mdG adduct concentrations were much lower than those of N(7)mdG, ranging from non-detectable to 12.7 O(6)mdG adducts/10(7) deoxyguanosine nucleosides and many of the participants (40/78 successfully analyzed) did not have detectable amounts of these adducts (limit of detection 0.03 O(6)mdG adducts/10(7) deoxyguanosine nucleosides). Analysis of the ordinal exposure categories thigh, medium/high, medium/low, low and no exposure) yielded a statistically significant association with having detectable O(6)mdG adducts (Kendall's tau b = -0.253, asymptotic SE = 0.096). There was no significant association between AGT activity and nitrosamine exposure or exposure category (P > 0.30). Although no association was found between PBZ exposure and either the N(7)mdG adduct concentrations or AGT activity, the significant positive association between working in and near the VS department and the presence of O(6)mdG adducts, which have mutagenic potential, provides evidence to link nitrosamine exposure one step closer to human cancer by demonstrating an association between external nitrosamine exposures and cancer-related biological effects. C1 NIOSH, DSHEFS, HETAB, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, DBBS, ETB, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, DSHEFS, SSB, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. AIG Consultants Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45255 USA. RP Reh, BD (reprint author), NIOSH, DSHEFS, HETAB, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,Mailstop R-11, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 29 EP 33 DI 10.1093/carcin/21.1.29 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 277YF UT WOS:000084960600005 PM 10607730 ER PT J AU Adam, BW Alexander, JR Smith, SJ Chace, DH Loeber, JG Elvers, LH Hannon, WH AF Adam, BW Alexander, JR Smith, SJ Chace, DH Loeber, JG Elvers, LH Hannon, WH TI Recoveries of phenylalanine from two sets of dried-blood-spot reference materials: Prediction from hematocrit, spot volume, and paper matrix SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID CALIBRATORS; NEED C1 Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NeoGen Screening Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15220 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Diagnost Lab Infect Dis & Perinatal Screening, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Adam, BW (reprint author), Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS-19,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 BP 126 EP 128 PG 3 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 274YR UT WOS:000084793100020 PM 10620584 ER PT J AU Wang, SA Tokars, JI Bianchine, PJ Carson, LA Arduino, MJ Smith, AL Hansen, NC Fitzgerald, EA Epstein, JS Jarvis, WR AF Wang, SA Tokars, JI Bianchine, PJ Carson, LA Arduino, MJ Smith, AL Hansen, NC Fitzgerald, EA Epstein, JS Jarvis, WR TI Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections traced to contaminated human albumin SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT; NATIONWIDE EPIDEMIC; OUTBREAK; PRODUCTS; FLUIDS AB In August 1996, a patient in Kansas developed an Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection (BSI) shortly after receiving Albuminar, a brand of human albumin. Albuminar contamination was suspected, A case-control study of patients with primary gram-negative bacterial BSIs showed that patients with E. cloacae BSIs were significantly more likely than patients with non-E, cloacae gram-negative BSIs to have received Albuminar within 3 days of developing their BSIs (3 of 5 vs. 0 of 9; OR, undefined; P = .03), The E, cloacae isolate from the Kansas patient was found by pulsed-held gel electrophoresis to be identical to the isolate from the patient's Albuminar vial, to isolates from 2 previously unopened Albuminar vials, and to an isolate from a Wisconsin patient who had received Albuminar, A worldwide recall of similar to 116,000 Albuminar vials took place. This multistate outbreak was detected because of clinical astuteness and prompt reporting. Combined epidemiological and laboratory approaches are valuable when investigating potentially contaminated blood components and plasma derivatives. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Blood Res & Review, Rockville, MD USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Prod Qual Control, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Via Christi Reg Med Ctr, Wichita, KS USA. Bellin Mem Hosp, Green Bay, WI USA. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 20 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1086/313585 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800009 PM 10619730 ER PT J AU Cairns, L Blythe, D Kao, A Pappagianis, D Kaufman, L Kobayashi, J Hajjeh, R AF Cairns, L Blythe, D Kao, A Pappagianis, D Kaufman, L Kobayashi, J Hajjeh, R TI Outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in Washington State residents returning from Mexico SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 28-OCT 03, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP South African Med Res Council, Harry Crossley Fdn, Univ Stellenbosch ID DISEASE AB In July 1996 the Washington State Department of Health (Seattle) was notified of a cluster of a flulike, rash-associated illness in a 126-member church group, many of whom were adolescents. The group had recently returned from Tecate, Mexico, where members had assisted with construction projects at an orphanage, After 1 member was diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis, we initiated a study to identify further cases. We identified 21 serologically confirmed cases of coccidioidomycosis (minimum attack rate, 17%), Twenty cases (95%) occurred in adolescents, and 13 patients (62%) had rash, Sixteen symptomatic patients saw 19 health care providers; 1 health care provider correctly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides immitis was isolated from soil samples from Tecate by use of the intraperitoneal mouse inoculation method. Trip organizers were unaware of the potential for C. immitis infection. Travelers visiting regions where C, immitis is endemic should be made aware of the risk of acquiring coccidioidomycosis, and health care providers should be familiar with coccidioidomycosis and its diagnosis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Sect Communicable Dis Epidemiol, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med Prevent Med Residen, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Cairns, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, MS E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1086/313602 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800013 PM 10619734 ER PT J AU Fiore, AE Moroney, JF Farley, MM Harrison, LH Patterson, JE Jorgensen, JH Cetron, M Kolczak, MS Breiman, RF Schuchat, A AF Fiore, AE Moroney, JF Farley, MM Harrison, LH Patterson, JE Jorgensen, JH Cetron, M Kolczak, MS Breiman, RF Schuchat, A TI Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; CEFOTAXIME TREATMENT; TREATMENT FAILURE; UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; CEPHALOSPORIN; MANAGEMENT; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Limited data are available on clinical outcomes of meningitis due to cefotaxime-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae. We analyzed data from 109 cases of pneumococcal meningitis in Atlanta, Baltimore, and San Antonio, which were identified through population-based active surveillance from November 1994 to April 1996. Pneumococcal isolates from 9% of the cases were resistant to cefotaxime, and isolates from 11% had intermediate susceptibility. Children were more likely to have cephalosporin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal meningitis, but mortality was significantly higher among adults aged 18-64 years. Vancomycin was given upon admission to 29% of patients, and within 48 h of admission to 52%, Nonsusceptibility to cefotaxime was not associated with the following outcomes: increased mortality, prolonged length of hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) stay, requirement of intubation or oxygen, ICU care, discharge to another medical or long-term-care facility, or neurological deficit. Empirical use of vancomycin, current prevalence of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae, and degree of nonsusceptibility to cefotaxime may have influenced these findings. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Fiore, AE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, MS G-37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 DI 10.1086/313606 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800015 PM 10619736 ER PT J AU Rosenstein, NE Stocker, SA Popovic, T Tenover, FC Perkins, BA AF Rosenstein, NE Stocker, SA Popovic, T Tenover, FC Perkins, BA CA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance TI Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria meningitidis in the United States, 1997 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; PENICILLIN C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rosenstein, NE (reprint author), 160 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 212 EP 213 DI 10.1086/313599 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800040 PM 10619761 ER PT J AU Meng, YX Lam, LL Kite-Powell, K Stamey, FR Pau, CP Pellett, PE Spira, TJ AF Meng, YX Lam, LL Kite-Powell, K Stamey, FR Pau, CP Pellett, PE Spira, TJ TI Human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individual with persistent human herpesvirus 8 infection for > 11 years without development of Kaposi's sarcoma SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DNA-SEQUENCES; SEROCONVERSION; ANTIBODIES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AID STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Spira, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A25,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 221 EP 222 DI 10.1086/313615 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800046 PM 10619767 ER PT J AU McCombs, SB Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT AF McCombs, SB Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis TI Helminth infections in HIV-infected persons in the United States, 1990-1999 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DISEASE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McCombs, SB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 241 EP 242 DI 10.1086/313631 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 278TJ UT WOS:000085004800066 PM 10619787 ER PT J AU Song, R Schlecht, PC Groff, JH AF Song, R Schlecht, PC Groff, JH TI A composite binomial model derived from correlated random variables SO COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS LA English DT Article DE outlier; Bernoulli variable; exchangeable; link function AB Motivated by a correlation problem in a power calculation of proficiency testing, a composite binomial model is developed to describe the distribution for the number of outliers from measurement results of multiple analytes contained in a single sampler. This model is different from other binomial models in that its component Bernoulli variables are derived from correlated random variables. By modeling the correlated random variables and selecting a binary link function to convert these correlated random variables to Bernoulli variables, various composite binomial distributions can be derived. Formulas for calculating the probabilities of the composite binomial distribution are provided. Although the composite binomial model is developed for a power calculation, it can be applied to other problems related to a sum of correlated Bernoulli variables. C1 NIOSH, HGO, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0361-0926 J9 COMMUN STAT-THEOR M JI Commun. Stat.-Theory Methods PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5-6 BP 1179 EP 1195 DI 10.1080/03610920008832538 PG 17 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 308RV UT WOS:000086727400017 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Datta, S AF Satten, GA Datta, S TI The S-U algorithm for missing data problems SO COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE estimating equation; missing data problem; simulate and update; maximum likelihood; EM algorithm; Monte-Carlo method ID PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; INTERVAL-CENSORED-DATA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; EM ALGORITHM; INFERENCE AB We present a new Monte-Carlo method for finding the solution of an estimating equation that can be expressed as the expected value of a 'full data' estimating equation in which the expected value is with respect to the 'distribution of the missing data given the observed data. Equations such as these arise whenever the E-M algorithm can be used. The algorithm alternates between two steps: an S-step, in which the missing data are simulated, either from the conditional distribution described above or from a more convenient importance sampling distribution, and a U-step, in which parameters are updated using a closed-form expression that does not require a numerical maximization. We present two numerical examples to illustrate the method. Theoretical results are obtained establishing consistency and asymptotic normality of the approximate solution obtained by our method. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, MS E-48,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU PHYSICA VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, 69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0943-4062 J9 COMPUTATION STAT JI Comput. Stat. PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 243 EP 277 DI 10.1007/s001800000031 PG 35 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 338DB UT WOS:000088401900007 ER PT J AU Backer, LC AF Backer, LC TI Assessing the acute gastrointestinal effects of ingesting naturally occurring, high levels of sulfate in drinking water SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE diarrhea; transients; infants; sodium sulfate; osmotic diarrhea ID INORGANIC SULFATE; CATTLE; PERFORMANCE AB Concerns regarding the health effects from sulfate in drinking water have been raised because of reports that diarrhea may be associated with ingesting water that contains high levels of sulfate. Of particular concern an groups in the general population (i.e., infants and transients) that may be at greater risk from the laxative effects of sulfate when they switch abruptly to drinking water with high sulfate concentrations. There have been a number of studies of the effects of sulfate in the drinking water of domestic animals (cattle, swine, and poultry), and most report minimal adverse effects from exposure to fairly high levels of sulfate. Anecdotal reports and case studies suggest that people suffer gastrointestinal effects when exposed to drinking water containing high levels of sulfate. However, there have been few experimental studies of the effects of sulfate on adults, and only two epidemiologic studies designed to assess the effects of high levels of sulfate on infants, and it is not yet possible to accurately determine the concentration of sulfate in drinking water that will produce adverse human health effects. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30241 USA. RP Backer, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-46, Atlanta, GA 30241 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-8363 J9 CRIT REV CL LAB SCI JI Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1080/10408360091174259 PG 12 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 352AQ UT WOS:000089192700004 PM 10983999 ER PT J AU Karem, KL AF Karem, KL TI Immune aspects of Bartonella SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Bartonella; cat-scratch disease; bacillary angiomatosis; molecular genetics; immunity ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE INFECTION; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; PATHOGEN-FREE CATS; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; SP-NOV; BACILLIFORMIS; PATIENT AB Bartonella species have been recognized as important human pathogens only recently. Until the early 1990s, this genus was represented by one species, Bartonella bacilliformis. The recent identification of other Bartonella species as the agents of cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis has left little doubt of their emerging importance as opportunistic human pathogens. Over the last decade, extensive research has been performed on Bartonella species, resulting in an explosion in our knowledge of the genetic diversity of this genus. Unusual aspects of disease sequelae have fueled worldwide interest in defining the natural history, pathology, and molecular biology of Bartonella species. While much information about these interests has been presented, the advancement of immunological knowledge regarding Bartonella species has been slow. This review discusses immunological data on Bartonella species, focusing on the three primary human pathogens of this genus: B. bacilliformis, B. quintana, and B. henselae. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Karem, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G-18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 58 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 1040-841X J9 CRIT REV MICROBIOL JI Crit. Rev. Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 133 EP 145 DI 10.1080/10408410008984173 PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 363DB UT WOS:000089818600001 PM 11052646 ER PT J AU Jack, L Liburd, L AF Jack, L Liburd, L TI Race, ethnicity, and diabetes care: Where to from here? SO DIABETES EDUCATOR LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Jack, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DIABETES EDUCATORS PI CHICAGO PA STE 1240, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611-3901 USA SN 0145-7217 J9 DIABETES EDUCATOR JI Diabetes Educ. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 91 EP 93 DI 10.1177/014572170002600109 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 280DA UT WOS:000085085900008 PM 10776100 ER PT J AU Dent, AL Fowler, DA Kaplan, BM Zarus, GM Henriques, WD AF Dent, AL Fowler, DA Kaplan, BM Zarus, GM Henriques, WD TI Using GIS to study the health impact of air emissions SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Topics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL WRIGHT-PATTERSON AF BASE, OHIO SP ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Naval Res Ctr Detachment, USA Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevet Med, Div Toxicol Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Res Council & Natl Acad Sci AB Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a fast-developing technology with an ever-increasing number of applications. Air dispersion modeling is a well-established discipline that can produce results in a spatial context. The marriage of these two applications is optimal because it leverages the predictive capacity of modeling with the data management, analysis, and display capabilities of GIS. In the public health arena, exposure estimation techniques are invaluable. The utilization of air emission data, such as U.S. EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data, and air dispersion modeling with GIS enable public health professionals to identify and define the potentially exposed population, estimate the health risk burden of that population, and determine correlations between point-based health outcome results with estimated health risk. C1 Elect Data Syst, Plano, TX 75024 USA. Agcy Tox subst & Dis Registry, Exposure Invest & Consultat Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ATSDR, Fed Facil Assessment Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ATSDR, Program Evaluat Records & Informat Disseminat Bra, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dent, AL (reprint author), Elect Data Syst, 5400 Legacy Dr, Plano, TX 75024 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 161 EP 178 DI 10.1081/DCT-100100109 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 292DD UT WOS:000085778100014 PM 10711396 ER PT J AU Kuempel, ED AF Kuempel, ED TI Comparison of human and rodent lung dosimetry models for particle clearance and retention SO DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Tri-Service/EPA/ATSDR Toxicology Conference on Topics in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL WRIGHT-PATTERSON AF BASE, OHIO SP ManTech Environm Technol Inc, Naval Res Ctr Detachment, USA Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevet Med, Div Toxicol Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US EPA, Natl Res Council & Natl Acad Sci ID CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE; DIESEL EXHAUST; RATS; DUST; TONER AB Interspecies differences in the kinetics and/or mechanisms of particle retention can influence the amount and location of particle retention in the lungs, which can also influence the tissue response to a given particle burden. Dosimetric models may be used to adjust for differences in the exposure-dose relationships in different species, thus allowing for comparison of lung responses at equivalent doses. Although the rat is one of the most frequently used animal models for assessing the risk of exposures to hazardous substances in humans, few data are available far comparison of human and animal responses to inhaled particles. A biologically-based human dosimetric lung model was developed to describe the fate of respirable particles in the lungs of humans, using data from U.S. coal miners and assumptions about the overloading of alveolar clearance from studies in rats. This model includes alveolar, interstitial, and hilar lymph node compartments. The form of thr model that provides the best fit to the lung dust burden data in these coal miners includes a first-order interstitialization process and either no dose-dependent decline in alveolar clearance or much less decline than expected from rodent studies. These findings are consistent with the particle retention patterns observed previously in the lungs of primates. This human lung dosimetry model is useful for investigating the factors that may influence the relationships between the airborne particle exposure, lung dust burden, and fibrotic lung disease. C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Kuempel, ED (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, 4676 columbia Pkwy MS C-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0148-0545 J9 DRUG CHEM TOXICOL JI Drug Chem. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 203 EP 222 DI 10.1081/DCT-100100111 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 292DD UT WOS:000085778100016 PM 10711398 ER PT B AU Glass, RI Ando, T Noel, J Fankhauser, R Bresee, J Parashar, U Belliot, G Monroe, SS AF Glass, RI Ando, T Noel, J Fankhauser, R Bresee, J Parashar, U Belliot, G Monroe, SS BE Scheld, WM Craig, WA Hughes, JM TI The human enteric caliciviruses: an expanded role for old viruses SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA ID NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; INFECTIOUS NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS; IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; OUTBREAKS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SHELLFISH C1 CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-197-3 PY 2000 BP 33 EP 44 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA BS08Q UT WOS:000168586400004 ER PT B AU Slutsker, L Evans, MC Schuchat, A AF Slutsker, L Evans, MC Schuchat, A BE Scheld, WM Craig, WA Hughes, JM TI Listeriosis SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEONATAL LISTERIOSIS; MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; SPORADIC LISTERIOSIS; FECAL CARRIAGE; UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIC LISTERIOSIS; CHANGING PATTERN; OUTBREAK; MENINGITIS C1 CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Slutsker, L (reprint author), CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 115 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-197-3 PY 2000 BP 83 EP 106 PG 24 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA BS08Q UT WOS:000168586400007 ER PT B AU Schuchat, A Schrag, S AF Schuchat, A Schrag, S BE Scheld, WM Craig, WA Hughes, JM TI Group B streptococci: from emerging infection to prevention success story SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA ID SELECTIVE INTRAPARTUM CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; ONSET NEONATAL SEPSIS; RISK-FACTORS; PREMATURE RUPTURE; DISEASE; STRATEGIES; INFANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MENINGITIS; POPULATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schuchat, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 55 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-197-3 PY 2000 BP 107 EP 120 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA BS08Q UT WOS:000168586400008 ER PT B AU Peters, CJ AF Peters, CJ BE Scheld, WM Craig, WA Hughes, JM TI Are hemorrhagic fever viruses practical agents for biological terrorism? SO EMERGING INFECTIONS 4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) CY SEP 26-29, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA ID MARBURG VIRUS; INFECTION; AEROSOL C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N STREET NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA BN 1-55581-197-3 PY 2000 BP 201 EP 209 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA BS08Q UT WOS:000168586400014 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; HEALTH; DISEASES; IMPACTS AB Present global temperatures are in a warming phase that began 200 to 300 years ago. Some climate models suggest that human activities may have exacerbated this phase by raising the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Discussions of the potential effects of the weather include predictions that malaria will emerge from the tropics and become established in Europe and North America. The complex ecology and transmission dynamics of the disease, as well as accounts of its early history, refute such predictions. Until the second half of the 20th century, malaria was endemic and widespread in many temperate regions, with major epidemics as far north as the Arctic Circle. From 1564 to the 1730s-the coldest period of the Little Ice Age-malaria was an important cause of illness and death in several parts of England. Transmission began to decline only in the 19th century, when the present warming trend was well under way. The history of the disease in England underscores the role of factors other than temperature in malaria transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, 2 Calle Casia, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 39 TC 70 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 6 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 283QR UT WOS:000085286900001 PM 10653562 ER PT J AU Gill, J Stark, LM Clark, GC AF Gill, J Stark, LM Clark, GC TI Dengue surveillance in Florida, 1997-98 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VIRUS; URBAN AB Recent dengue outbreaks in the Caribbean and Central and South America and the presence of competent mosquito vectors increase the likelihood of future autochthonous transmission in Florida. During April 1997 to March 1998, a laboratory-based active surveillance program detected 18 cases of dengue involving all four dengue serotypes. All patients reported recent travel to countries with indigenous dengue transmission. These results demonstrate that dengue infections are imported into Florida at a much higher rate than reflected by previous passive surveillance; therefore, the risk for local dengue transmission may be increasing. C1 Florida Dept Hlth, Bur Labs, Tampa, FL USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Publ Hlth, Tampa, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Juan, PR USA. RP Gill, J (reprint author), Florida Dept Hlth, Pinellas Cty Hlth Dept, Dis Control Div, 500 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 6 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 283QR UT WOS:000085286900005 PM 10653566 ER PT J AU Brandt, ME Harrison, LH Pass, M Sofair, AN Huie, S Li, RK Morrison, CJ Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA AF Brandt, ME Harrison, LH Pass, M Sofair, AN Huie, S Li, RK Morrison, CJ Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA TI Candida dubliniensis Fungemia: the first four cases in North America SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTED INDIVIDUALS; IDENTIFICATION; ALBICANS AB We report the first four North American cases of Candida dubliniensis fungemia, including the first isolation of this organism from the bloodstream of an HIV-infected person. All isolates were susceptible in vitro to commonly used antifungal drugs. This report demonstrates that C. dubliniensis can cause bloodstream infection; however, the incidence of disease is not known. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. RP Brandt, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 6 IS 1 BP 46 EP 49 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 283QR UT WOS:000085286900008 PM 10653569 ER PT J AU Goldman, LR Harnly, M Flattery, J Patterson, DG Needham, LL AF Goldman, LR Harnly, M Flattery, J Patterson, DG Needham, LL TI Serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans among people eating contaminated home-produced eggs and beef SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE beef; chicken eggs; dietary intake; food contamination; human blood levels; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; WHOLE-BLOOD; EXPOSURE; ANIMALS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; CONSUMPTION; SAMPLES; SITES; PCDDS; PCDFS AB We compared serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzoflurans (PCDFs) among residents of two homes to levels among age- and sex-matched comparison subjects. The residents of the two homes consumed contaminated eggs and beef from animals raised at the homes. The animals had greater soil contact than those raised with conventional commercial husbandry, practices. The comparison subjects were from a similar rural area, but did not consume home-produced beef and eggs. Serum levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra-, penta-, and hexaCDDs and penta-, hexa-, and heptaCDFs were increased between 2- and G-fold in residents from one home; contaminated eggs and beef were consumed by residents for 2-15 years. Elevations were less for those in the other index home, where only home-produced eggs were consumed for 2 years; a S-fold elevation of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD as compared to controls was most apparent. Very strong bivariate correlations among all of the 2,3,7,8 penta- and hexaCDDs/CDFs were observed. The elevations observed verify that PCDD/PCDF-contaminated food contributed to the body burden of these compounds. The blood levels among the highest exposed participants are generally higher than those observed in other studies of U.S. contaminated-fish consumers and higher than average adipose tissue levels observed in U.S. urban populations. There are sufficient animal toxicologic and human epidemiologic data to recommend that exposures be reduced. In the study area, pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol incineration sources have been identified, and the animal contamination and blood elevations probably reflect these sources. Soil reference values and site-specific risk assessments should include estimates of exposures co contamination in home-produced animal products. Such estimates can be verified with limited PCDD/PCDF sampling of animals and humans. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Invest Branch, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Calif Occupat Hlth Branch, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Harnly, M (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Environm Hlth Invest Branch, 1515 Clay St,Suite 1700, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012 NR 54 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.2307/3454290 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 273XP UT WOS:000084734900020 PM 10620519 ER PT J AU Burkhart, JG Ankley, G Bell, H Carpenter, H Fort, D Gardiner, D Gardner, H Hale, R Helgen, JC Jepson, P Johnson, D Lannoo, M Lee, D Lary, J Levey, R Magner, J Meteyer, C Shelby, MD Lucier, G AF Burkhart, JG Ankley, G Bell, H Carpenter, H Fort, D Gardiner, D Gardner, H Hale, R Helgen, JC Jepson, P Johnson, D Lannoo, M Lee, D Lary, J Levey, R Magner, J Meteyer, C Shelby, MD Lucier, G TI Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE amphibian malformation; environmental health ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; RETINOIC ACID; HOMEOTIC TRANSFORMATION; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; THYROID-HORMONE; HYLA-REGILLA; LIMBS; RECEPTORS; SURVIVAL; TOXICITY AB The recent increase in the incidence of deformities among natural frog populations has raised concern about the state of the environment and the possible impact of unidentified causative agents on the health of wildlife and human populations. An open workshop on Strategies for Assessing the Implications of Malformed Frogs for Environmental Health was convened on 4-5 December 1997 at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The purpose of the workshop was to share information among a multidisciplinary group with scientific interest and responsibility for human and environmental health at the federal and state level. Discussions highlighted possible causes and recent findings directly related to frog deformities and provided insight into problems and strategies applicable to continuing investigation in several areas. Possible causes of the deformities were evaluated in terms of diagnostics performed on field amphibians, biologic mechanisms that can lead to the types of malformations observed, and parallel laboratory and field studies. Hydrogeochemistry must be more integrated into environmental toxicology because of the pivotal role of the aquatic environment and the importance of faces and transport relative to any potential exposure. There is no indication of whether there may be a human health factor associated with the deformities. However, the possibility that causal agents may be waterborne indicates a need to identify the relevant factors and establish the relationship between environmental and human health in terms of hazard assessment. C1 NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. US EPA, Off Sci & Technol, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Stover Grp, Stillwater, OK USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Colorado State Univ, USA, Ctr Environm Hlth Res, Ctr Environm Toxicol & Technol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, St Paul, MN USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. No Prairie Ctr, Jamestown, ND USA. Ball State Univ, Muncie Ctr Med Educ, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. AECL, Chalk River, ON, Canada. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Ra LaRosa Environm Lab, Waterbury, VT USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. RP Burkhart, JG (reprint author), NIEHS, MD C1-08,Box 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Jepson, Paul/E-8669-2011 OI Jepson, Paul/0000-0003-3419-4715 NR 32 TC 53 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.2307/3454299 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 273XP UT WOS:000084734900029 PM 10620528 ER PT J AU Balluz, LS Philen, RM Brock, J Falter, K Kiefer, M Hart, R Hill, RH AF Balluz, LS Philen, RM Brock, J Falter, K Kiefer, M Hart, R Hill, RH TI Health complaints related to pesticide stored at a public health clinic SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pesticides; biomarkers; environmental sampling; exposure; psychogenic ID PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS; EPIDEMIC; SCHOOL; OUTBREAK; HYSTERIA AB Employees at a health center in Georgia were concerned that symptoms experienced by some employees were related to pesticide exposure at the center. Malathion and DDT, used for mosquito control from 1969 to 1981, had been stored and handled at the center's first floor. We surveyed 117 (91%) of 129 employees to determine whether reported symptoms were associated with pesticide exposure. We performed environment al sampling for pesticides. We analyzed serum samples for 17 chlorinated pesticides, and urine samples for malathion. We found that 37% of the participants had reported a diagnosis of sinusitis and 24% of bronchitis since working at the health center, Frequently reported symptoms were eye irritation (44%) and headache (68%), DDT and malathion were found at levels of 2.4 and 11%, respectively, in bulk samples from the loading dock of the building. Multivariate analysis of responses to the questionnaire showed that the perception of odors, inadequate air how, and length of employment were significantly associated with the employees' health complaints. Pesticide concentrations in employees' serum and urine samples were not associated with any health complaint, The health complaints reported by the employees at the health center were precipitated by both environmental and psychological factors. The epidemiology and laboratory components of this study highlight the importance of obtaining biological measurements in episodes of perceived environmental exposure. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hlth Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Balluz, LS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hlth Lab, 4770 Buford Highway,MS F46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3994 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 280YJ UT WOS:000085131100001 PM 10677141 ER PT J AU Schubauer-Berigan, MK Smith, M Hopkins, J Cormier, SM AF Schubauer-Berigan, MK Smith, M Hopkins, J Cormier, SM TI Using historical biological data to evaluate status and trends in the Big Darby Creek watershed (Ohio, USA) SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Measuring the Vulnerability of Ecosystems at Regional Scales for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP US EPA, Soc Environm Toxicol & Chem, Amer Soc Testing & Mat DE bioindicators; biomonitoring; spatial autocorrelation; watershed management AB Assessment of watershed ecological status and trends is challenging for managers who lack randomly or consistently sampled data, or monitoring programs developed from a watershed perspective. This study investigated analytical approaches for assessment of status and trends using data collected by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency as part of state requirements for reporting stream quality and managing discharge permits. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics collected during three time periods (1979-1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1993) were analyzed for the mainstem of Big Darby Creek, a high-quality warm-water stream in central Ohio, USA. Analysis of variance of transformed metrics showed significant differences among time periods for six fish metrics. In addition, significant positive linear trends were observed for four metrics plus the index of biotic integrity score, and negative linear trends for two fish metrics. An analysis of a subset of sites paired by location and sampled over the three periods reflected findings using all available data for the mainstem. In particular, mean estimates were very similar between the reduced and full data sets, whereas standard error estimates were much greater in the reduced subset. Analysis of serial autocorrelation patterns among the fish metrics over the three time periods suggests changes in the nature of stressors over time. A comparison within the most recent time period showed significantly better condition for Big Darby Creek mainstem than for Hellbranch Run (the easternmost subwatershed), after adjusting for watershed size. The consistency of paired and nonrandomized results suggested that either type of data might be judiciously used for this watershed assessment. Results indicated that overall biological condition of the mainstem of the Big Darby Creek watershed has significantly improved since the early 1980s. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio Environm Protect Agcy, Columbus, OH 43228 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Cormier, SM (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. RI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/B-3149-2009 OI Schubauer-Berigan, Mary/0000-0002-5175-924X NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 11 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1097 EP 1105 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<1097:UHBDTE>2.3.CO;2 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 300BK UT WOS:000086232800006 ER PT J AU Beaty, TH Khoury, MJ AF Beaty, TH Khoury, MJ TI Interface of genetics and epidemiology SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GENOME EPIDEMIOLOGY; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; TRANSMISSION/DISEQUILIBRIUM TEST; PUBLIC-HEALTH; POPULATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHROMOSOME-2; ASSOCIATION; FUTURE; WOMEN C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beaty, TH (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 120 EP 125 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 340WZ UT WOS:000088560400018 PM 10939016 ER PT J AU Coughlin, SS AF Coughlin, SS TI Ethics in epidemiology at the end of the 20th century: Ethics, values, and mission statements SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL-EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFORMED CONSENT; MEDICAL RECORDS; BLACK-BOX; FUTURE; GUIDELINES; SCIENCE; PARADIGMS; PRIVACY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Coughlin, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 72 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 169 EP 175 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 340WZ UT WOS:000088560400026 PM 10939024 ER PT J AU Marx, A Glass, JD Sutter, RW AF Marx, A Glass, JD Sutter, RW TI Differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; MOTOR AXONAL NEUROPATHY; ENTEROVIRUS-71 INFECTION; CLINICAL-EVALUATION; CASE CONFIRMATION; NEURON DISEASES; OUTBREAK; VACCINE; POLIOVIRUS; ERADICATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Sutter, RW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 156 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 2000 VL 22 IS 2 BP 298 EP 316 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 395GT UT WOS:000166573100010 PM 11218380 ER PT J AU Rechav, Y Nuttall, PA AF Rechav, Y Nuttall, PA TI The effect of male ticks on the feeding performance of immature stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma americanum (Acari : Ixodidae) SO EXPERIMENTAL AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE co-feeding of ixodid ticks; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Amblyomma americanum; immunoglobulin-binding proteins ID G BINDING-PROTEINS; IXODES-RICINUS; GUINEA-PIGS; APPENDICULATUS; ARTHROPODS; IMMUNITY; TRANSMISSION; VARIEGATUM; RESISTANCE; HEBRAEUM AB A unique group of immunoglobulin-binding proteins (IGBPs), produced by ixodid male ticks during the latter half of their prolonged feeding period, improves the feeding performance of co-feeding females. As a follow-up to this observation, we investigated whether male tick feeding also affects the feeding of other developmental stages. Immature stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreeille) and Amblyomma americanum (L.) were fed on rabbits in the presence or absence of conspecific males. The mean weight of larvae and nymphs of both species that fed around males and detached from the host on the first day of dropping was significantly higher than when the immature ticks fed on rabbits in the absence of males. However, larvae of both species and nymphs of R. sanguineus that fed slower and detached on the second day of dropping did not show significant differences in weight. A similar pattern was observed for A. americanum nymphs although, unlike R. sanguineus, the presence of males also influenced the feeding performance of the nymphs that fed slowly and detached on the second day of drop-off. The improved feeding performance demonstrated by immature ticks in the presence of males may be due to immunomodulatory saliva proteins, such as immunoglobulin-binding proteins (IGBPs) that are introduced into the co-feeding site. The results are considered in relation to the distribution of ixodid tick species on their natural hosts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NERC, Inst Virol & Environm Microbiol, Oxford OX1 3SR, England. RP Rechav, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-13,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Nuttall, Pat/I-6142-2012 OI Nuttall, Pat/0000-0002-0385-8294 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-8162 J9 EXP APPL ACAROL JI Exp. Appl. Acarol. PY 2000 VL 24 IS 7 BP 569 EP 578 DI 10.1023/A:1026531926109 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 379FU UT WOS:000165632000003 PM 11201360 ER PT J AU Aidoo, M Lalvani, A Gilbert, SC Hu, JT Daubersies, P Hurt, N Whittle, HC Druihle, P Hill, AVS AF Aidoo, M Lalvani, A Gilbert, SC Hu, JT Daubersies, P Hurt, N Whittle, HC Druihle, P Hill, AVS TI Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for HLA-B53 and other HLA types in the malaria vaccine candidate liver-stage antigen 3 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID FALCIPARUM CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; SPOROZOITE SURFACE PROTEIN-2; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; CELL EPITOPES; EXPORTED PROTEIN-1; RESPONSES; PROTECTION; IMMUNITY; IDENTIFICATION; IMMUNIZATION AB The development of an effective preerythrocytic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria is likely to require inclusion of components from several preerythrocytic antigens. The association of HLA-B53 with resistance to severe malaria in West Africa provided evidence that HLA class I-restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses play a role in protective immunity in African children, supporting data from rodent models of malaria. Previously, a single epitope from liver-stage-specific antigen 1 (LSA-1) has been shown to be recognized by HLA-B53-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), but HLA-B53 epitopes were not found in four other antigens. In this study we measured CTL responses to peptides from the recently sequenced antigen liver-stage antigen 3 (LSA-3) and identified in it a new epitope restricted by HLA-B53. Several CTL epitopes restricted by other class I types were also identified within LSA-3 in studies in The Gambia and Tanzania. CTL were also identified to an additional P. falciparum antigen, exported protein 1 (Exp-1), the homologue of which is a protective antigen in a rodent model of malaria. These findings emphasize the diversity of P. falciparum antigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells in humans and support the inclusion of components from several antigens in new CTL-inducing vaccines against malaria. C1 Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Mol Immunol Grp, Inst Mol Med,Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England. Natl Inst Med Res, Ifakara Ctr, Kilombero, Tanzania. MRC Labs, Fajara, Gambia. RP Aidoo, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunogenet Sect, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI HILL, Adrian/C-1306-2008; OI Gilbert, Sarah/0000-0002-6823-9750 NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 227 EP 232 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 266LQ UT WOS:000084301800033 PM 10603392 ER PT J AU Miller, BH Shinnick, TM AF Miller, BH Shinnick, TM TI Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes involved in resistance to killing by human macrophages SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; VIRULENCE; PROTEIN; SMEGMATIS; STRESS; IDENTIFICATION; PATHOGENICITY; EXPRESSION; PHAGOSOME AB A coinfection assay was developed to examine Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes suspected to be involved in resistance to killing by human macrophages. THP-1 macrophages were infected with a mixture of equal numbers of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis LR222 bacteria expressing an M. tuberculosis gene and wild-type M. smegmatis LR222 bacteria expressing the xylE gene. At various times after infection, the infected macrophages were lysed and the bacteria were plated. The resulting colonies were sprayed with catechol to determine the number of recombinant colonies and the number of xylE-expressing colonies. M. smegmatis bacteria expressing the M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase A (glnA) gene or open reading frame Rv2962c or Rv2958c demonstrated significantly increased survival rates in THP-1 macrophages relative to those of xylE-expressing bacteria. M. smegmatis bacteria expressing M. tuberculosis genes for phospholipase C (plcA and plcB) or for high temperature requirement A (htrA) did not. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Shinnick, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop G35,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 387 EP 390 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 266LQ UT WOS:000084301800054 PM 10603413 ER PT J AU Gilmore, RD Piesman, J AF Gilmore, RD Piesman, J TI Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi migration from the midgut to the salivary glands following feeding by ticks on OspC-immunized mice SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; OUTER SURFACE PROTEIN; IXODES-DAMMINI; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; TRANSMISSION; IXODIDAE; ACARI; CHALLENGE AB Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks were fed on either OspC-immunized mice or normal, nonimmunized mice. After 72 h, the ticks were detached, followed by dissection and subsequent culturing in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelley II medium of the salivary glands from each tick to determine the presence of borreliae. Forty percent (10 of 25) of salivary glands from ticks that had fed on nonimmunized mice were culture positive, while only 7.4% (2 of 27) of salivary glands from ticks: that had fed on OspC-immunized mice were culture positive, thus indicating a much reduced borrelial migration from the midgut when the bloodmeal contained anti-OspC antibodies. Fluorescent antibody staining of the corresponding midguts from ticks that had fed on the OspC-immunized mice showed that borreliae were present but did not produce OspC. In contrast, borreliae in midguts from ticks that had fed on normal mice demonstrated substantial ospC expression. This study provides evidence that, during tick feeding on an OspC-immunized host, transmission of borreliae from the tick is prevented; it also suggests that OspC functions in a tick-to-host transmission mechanism. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Gilmore, RD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 18 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 411 EP 414 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 266LQ UT WOS:000084301800060 PM 10603419 ER PT J AU Kramer, MH Mangram, AJ Pearson, ML AF Kramer, MH Mangram, AJ Pearson, ML TI Surgical-site complications associated with a morphine nerve paste used for postoperative pain control after laminectomy - The authors reply. SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kramer, MH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 275PD UT WOS:000084827800005 ER PT J AU Robert, J Fridkin, SK Blumberg, HM Anderson, B White, N Ray, SM Chan, J Jarvis, WR AF Robert, J Fridkin, SK Blumberg, HM Anderson, B White, N Ray, SM Chan, J Jarvis, WR TI The influence of the composition of the nursing staff on primary bloodstream infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTION; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; LIPID EMULSION; RISK-FACTORS; CATHETER; MORTALITY AB OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors for acquisition of nosocomial primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), including the effect of nursing-staff levels, in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients. DESIGN: A nested case-control study. SETTING: A 20-bed SICU in a 1,000-bed inner-city public hospital. PATIENTS: 28 patients with BSI (case-patients) were compared to 99 randomly selected patients (controls) hospitalized greater than or equal to 3 days in the same unit. RESULTS: Case- and control-patients were similar in age, severity of illness, and type of central venous catheter (CVC) used. Case-patients were significantly more likely than controls to be hospitalized during a 5-month period that had lower regular-nurse-to-patient and higher pool-nurse-to-patient ratios than during an 8-month reference period; to be in the SICU for a longer period of time; to be mechanically ventilated longer; to receive more antimicrobials and total parenteral nutrition; to have more CVC days; or to die. Case-patients had significantly lower regular-nurse-to-patient and higher pool-nurse-to-patient ratios for the 3 days before BSI than controls. In multivariate analyses, admission during a period of higher pool-nurse-to-patient ratio (odds ratio [OR] =3.8), total parenteral nutrition (OR=1.3), and CVC days (OR=1.1) remained independent BSI risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, in addition to other factors, nurse staffing composition (ie, pool-nurse-to-patient ratio) may be related to primary BSI risk. Patterns in intensive care unit nurse staffing should be monitored to assess their impact on nosocomial infection rates. This may be particularly important in an era of cost containment and healthcare reform (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:12-17). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Htlh Syst, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, Lab Bacteriol & Hyg, Paris, France. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI ROBERT, Jerome/C-3993-2011 OI ROBERT, Jerome/0000-0002-9380-0570 NR 39 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 6 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 12 EP 17 DI 10.1086/501690 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 275PD UT WOS:000084827800009 PM 10656348 ER PT J AU Hopkins, HA Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Rudin, BA Keyserling, HL Jarvis, WR AF Hopkins, HA Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Rudin, BA Keyserling, HL Jarvis, WR TI Vancomycin use in pediatric hematology-oncology patients SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI; EPIDEMIOLOGY; USAGE AB A cross-sectional study was performed of pediatric hematology-oncology patients who received vancomycin; use was compared to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for vancomycin use. Thirty-seven patients received 308 doses of vancomycin. All patients initially received vancomycin as empirical therapy; 100% of this use was not consistent with the CDC recommendations (Infect Central Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:48-50). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Egleston Childrens Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 48 EP 50 DI 10.1086/501698 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 275PD UT WOS:000084827800018 PM 10656357 ER PT J AU Kuempel, ED Tran, CL O'Flaherty, EJ Stayner, LT Smith, RJ Dankovic, DA Bailer, AJ AF Kuempel, ED Tran, CL O'Flaherty, EJ Stayner, LT Smith, RJ Dankovic, DA Bailer, AJ TI Evaluation of particle clearance and retention kinetics in the lungs of US coal miners SO INHALATION TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Particle Toxicology CY OCT 13-15, 1999 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS ID RATS; DUST AB Recent studies are frequently used to assess risk in humans, yet it is not known whether the overloading of lung clearance, as observed in rodents, occurs in humans, or whether overloading is related to particle-related lung diseases in humans. The objective of this study is to develop a biologically based mathematical model to describe the retention and clearance of respirable coal mine dust in the lungs of humans. A human dosimetric icing model was developed that includes alveolar interstitial, and hilar lymph-node compartments. The model describes the particle mass transfer kinetics among these compartments and clearance via the tracheobronchi. The model was calibrated using data in U.S, coal miners, including individual working lifetime exposure histories and lung and lymph-node particle burdens. The model fit to the human data was evaluated using a least-squared error criterion. The end-of-life lung dust burdens of all coal miners in this study were substantially greater than expected from a simple, linear First-order model with effective clearance, yet their lung and lymph-node dust burdens were lower than expected from the rodent-based overload model. particularly at higher exposures. The best fitting model included a predominant First-order interstitial compartment in which the particles are essentially sequestered weither no dose-dependent decline (overloading) or much less than expected from the rodent studies. These findings are consistent with the findings from magnetopneumography studies of clearance in retired miners and from studies of particle retention patterns in rodents and primates. This human dosimetric lung model is useful for evaluating the kinetic differences of particle retention in humans and rodents, and for evaluating the lung doses in humans given different exposure scenarios. C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Inst Occupat Med, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH USA. NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Miami Univ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Kuempel, ED (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM edkl@cdc.gov NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0895-8378 J9 INHAL TOXICOL JI Inhal. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 3 BP 397 EP 402 DI 10.1080/08958370050165292 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 361GG UT WOS:000089714800048 PM 26368641 ER PT S AU Bove, FJ AF Bove, FJ BE Reichard, EG Hauchman, FS Sancha, AM TI Birth outcomes and drinking water contamination SO INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON DRINKING WATER RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 2nd International Symposium on Assessing and Managing Health Risk From Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications CY SEP 07-10, 1998 CL UNIV CHILE, SANTIAGO, CHILE SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Qual, US Geol Survey, Univ Chile HO UNIV CHILE C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-11-2 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2000 IS 260 BP 137 EP 138 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Water Resources GA BR04W UT WOS:000165502300032 ER PT J AU Epstein, SL Stack, A Misplon, JA Lo, CY Mostowski, H Bennink, J Subbarao, K AF Epstein, SL Stack, A Misplon, JA Lo, CY Mostowski, H Bennink, J Subbarao, K TI Vaccination with DNA encoding internal proteins of influenza virus does not require CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes: either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells can promote survival and recovery after challenge SO INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE infectious immunity-virus; influenza; T lymphocytes; lung; transgenic/knockout ID I-DEFICIENT MICE; A VIRUS; BETA(2)-MICROGLOBULIN-DEFICIENT MICE; VACCINIA VIRUS; BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN-DEFICIENT MICE; RESPIRATORY-INFECTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HETEROTYPIC IMMUNITY; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; EFFECTOR FUNCTION AB DNA vaccination offers the advantages of viral gene expression within host cells without the risks of infectious virus. Like viral vaccines, DNA vaccines encoding internal influenza virus proteins can induce immunity to conserved epitopes and so may defend the host against a broad range of viral variants, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been described as essential effecters in protection by influenza nucleoprotein (NP), although a lesser role of CD4(+) cells has been reported. We immunized mice with plasmids encoding influenza virus NP and matrix (M). NP + M DNA allowed B6 mice to survive otherwise lethal challenge infection, but did not protect BG-beta(2)m(-/-) mice defective in CD8(+) CTL. However, this does not prove CTL are required, because beta(2)m(-/-) mice have multiple immune abnormalities. We used acute T cell depletion in vivo to identify effecters critical for defense against challenge infection. Since lung lymphocytes are relevant to virus clearance, surface phenotypes and cytolytic activity of lung lymphocytes were analyzed in depleted animals, along with lethal challenge studies. Depletion of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in NP + M DNA-immunized BALB/c mice during the challenge period did not significantly decrease survival, while simultaneous depletion of CD4+ and CD8(+) cells or depletion of all CD90(+) cells completely abrogated survival. We conclude that T cell immunity induced by NP + M DNA vaccination is responsible for immune defense, but CD8(+) T cells are not essential in the active response to this vaccination. Either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells can promote survival and recovery in the absence of the other subset. C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Cellular & Gene Therapies, Mol Immunol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, Viral Immunol Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Epstein, SL (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Cellular & Gene Therapies, Mol Immunol Lab, HFM-521,Bldg 29B,Room 2G15,29 Lincoln Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 75 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0953-8178 J9 INT IMMUNOL JI Int. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 12 IS 1 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1093/intimm/12.1.91 PG 11 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 277HD UT WOS:000084925900011 PM 10607754 ER PT J AU Schalick, LM Hadden, WC Pamuk, E Navarro, V Pappas, G AF Schalick, LM Hadden, WC Pamuk, E Navarro, V Pappas, G TI The widening gap in death rates among income groups in the United States from 1967 to 1986 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES LA English DT Article ID EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENTIALS; MORTALITY; INEQUALITIES; HEALTH; TRENDS; TIME AB Death rates in the United States have fallen since the 1960s, but improvements have not been shared equally by all groups. This study investigates the change in inequality in mortality by income level from 1967 to 1986. Comparable death rates are constructed for 1967 and 1986 using National Mortality Followback Surveys as numerators and National Health Interview Surveys as denominators. Direct age-adjusted death rates are calculated for income levels for the U.S. noninstitutionalized civilian population 35 to 64 years old. A summary measure of inequality in mortality adjusts for differences in the size and definition of income groups in the two years. In both 1967 and 1986, mortality decreased with each rise in income level. Measured in relative terms, this inverse relationship was greater in 1986 then in 1967 for men and women, blacks and whites. Between 1967 and 1986, death rates for those with maximal income declined between two and three times more rapidly than did rates for the middle and low income groups. The greatest increase in relative inequality was seen among white males. C1 Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Massachusetts Ctr Birth Defects Res & Prevent, Boston, MA 02108 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Div Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Dept HHS, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Popeau Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. RP Schalick, LM (reprint author), Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Massachusetts Ctr Birth Defects Res & Prevent, 250 Washington St,5th Floor, Boston, MA 02108 USA. RI Navarro, Vicente/E-8174-2014 OI Navarro, Vicente/0000-0002-3310-3984 NR 36 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0020-7314 J9 INT J HEALTH SERV JI Int. J. Health Serv. PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 13 EP 26 PG 14 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 287QZ UT WOS:000085518400002 PM 10707297 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Griffin, GE AF Lawn, SD Griffin, GE TI Further consequences of thioacetazone-induced cutaneous reactions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Letter ID THIACETAZONE; TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTION; TIME; CALL; HALT C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 4 IS 1 BP 92 EP 93 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 275EW UT WOS:000084807300018 PM 10654652 ER PT J AU Stoeckli, TC Steffen-Klopfstein, I Erb, P Brown, TM Kalish, ML AF Stoeckli, TC Steffen-Klopfstein, I Erb, P Brown, TM Kalish, ML CA Swiss HIV Cohort Study TI Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Switzerland: Evidence for a silent mutation in the C2V3 region distinguishing intravenous drug users from homosexual men SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on AIDS CY JUN-JUL -, 1998 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND DE HIV; molecular epidemiology; Switzerland ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TYPE-1 STRAINS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; V3 SEQUENCES; SUBTYPE; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; EUROPE; RISK; AIDS AB Objectives: To study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 strains found in Switzerland and to determine possible genetic linkages among strains sorted by risk group or geographic region. Design: A cross-sectional, clinic-based survey of HIV-1 molecular sequences and linked patient history from Swiss people. Methods: Specimens were collected from 215 HIV-1-infected people in HIV outpatient clinics of four tertiary referral centers (Lausanne, St. Gallen, Zurich, and Basel) between May and August 1996, mainly from homosexual men, injecting drug users (IDU), and heterosexually infected people. In addition, specimens collected between 1991 and 1995 in the HIV outpatient clinic at University of Geneva were included into this survey. These specimens were collected primarily for an ongoing, prospective cohort (Swiss HIV Cohort Study). Direct C2V3C3 sequences of the env gene were determined from 158 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Genetic data were analyzed with the available patient history on each specimen. Results: As found in other previous studies in Europe, primarily subtype B viruses were identified, whereas seven (4%) of 158 were non-subtype B: one subtype D, four subtype A, and two subtype E. Five of seven non-B subtypes occurred in immigrants from African or Asian countries and all seven were found exclusively in individuals who had been infected by heterosexual contact. No significant clustering of strains within different study sites or risk groups was found. A silent mutation (LAI env 834) occurred significantly more often in IDU than in homosexual men (p < .001). Conclusions: Although the lack of significant clustering of strains by risk group or geographic region may result from early introduction of subtype B viruses in Switzerland, the strong association of a silent mutation with IDU suggests that, early in the epidemic, there was a unique founder Virus among IDUs. The HIV epidemic in Switzerland is still predominantly caused by subtype B viruses. GenBank Accession Numbers: AF181288-AF181445. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Basel, Inst Med Microbiol, Basel, Switzerland. RP Stoeckli, TC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Infect Dis, 4200 E 9th Ave,Box B 168, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RI SHCS, only/G-4080-2011; Infektiologie, USZ/A-6921-2011; SHCS, all/G-4072-2011; SHCS, ch/G-4077-2011 NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 58 EP 67 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 287FY UT WOS:000085496900008 PM 10708057 ER PT J AU Biagini, R Krieg, E Hamilton, R AF Biagini, R Krieg, E Hamilton, R TI Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and reproducibility analyses of FDA-cleared latex-specific IgE assays SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, DHHS, PHS,CDC, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Clin Immunol & Allergy, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 SU S MA 247 BP S82 EP S82 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90677-8 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 287WR UT WOS:000085530100245 ER PT J AU Rowe, AK Schwartz, B Wasas, A Klugman, KP AF Rowe, AK Schwartz, B Wasas, A Klugman, KP TI Evaluation of the Etest as a means of determining the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from children in the Central African Republic SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Letter ID ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Epidem Intelligence Serv,Int Child Survival & Eme, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis, Pneumococcal Dis Res Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. S African Inst Med Res, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa. RP Rowe, AK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Epidem Intelligence Serv,Int Child Survival & Eme, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 132 EP 134 DI 10.1093/jac/45.1.132 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 280KF UT WOS:000085101400024 PM 10629028 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Giles, WH AF Ford, ES Giles, WH TI Serum C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations and self-reported angina pectoris and myocardial infarction - Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE angina pectoris; C-reactive protein; cross-sectional studies; fibrinogen; health surveys; myocardial infarction; risk factors ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; UNSTABLE ANGINA; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; HEMOSTATIC FUNCTION; PLASMA-FIBRINOGEN; RISK-FACTORS; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; PROGNOSTIC VALUE; SUDDEN-DEATH AB C-reactive protein may predict the risk of cardiovascular disease, but its association with angina pectoris in the general population has not been clearly established, however. We used data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III conducted from 1988-1994 to examine the associations between serum C-reactive protein and plasma fibrinogen concentrations and self-reported angina pectoris and myocardial infarction among 7,948 U.S. men and women aged 40 years and older. C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations were moderately correlated (r = 0.43). After adjustment for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and physical activity, fibrinogen (but not C-reactive protein) concentration was significantly associated with self-reported angina pectoris. Neither fibrinogen or C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly associated with angina pectoris when entered in the model simultaneously. C-reactive protein and fibrinogen concentrations were positively associated with myocardial infarction when entered separately into models, but only C-reactive protein concentration was significantly associated with-myocardial infarction when both variables were entered simultaneously. These cross-sectional data showed a significant positive association between C-reactive protein concentration and myocardial infarction but not self-reported angina pectoris in the U.S. population. Published by Elsevier Science, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 41 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 53 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00143-2 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 283RW UT WOS:000085290300013 PM 10693909 ER PT J AU Fischer, TK Steinsland, H Molbak, K Ca, R Gentsch, JR Valentiner-Branth, P Aaby, P Sommerfelt, H AF Fischer, TK Steinsland, H Molbak, K Ca, R Gentsch, JR Valentiner-Branth, P Aaby, P Sommerfelt, H TI Genotype profiles of rotavirus strains from children in a suburban community in Guinea-Bissau, Western Africa SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRAZILIAN CHILDREN; VP7 SEROTYPES; NEW-DELHI; DIARRHEA; INDIA; DIVERSITY AB The P (VP4) and G (VP7) genotypes of 167 group A rotavirus strains obtained during the period 1996 to 1998 from 149 children living in a suburban community in Guinea-Bissau, western Africa, were determined by the reverse transcription-PCR technique. A. total of nine combinations including five different P types and five different G types were identified. The globally common genotype pairs P[8], G1; P[4], G2; P[8], G3 and P[8], G4 were underrepresented in this study area. We found a substantial par-to-year variation in the occurrence of the genotype combinations. In 1996 and 1997, P[6], Gt was the most frequent, whereas P[8], G1 was more common in 1998. The unusual type P[9], G3 and a few mixed infections were detected. Sixteen percent of the rotavirus-positive samples were nontypeable. C1 Univ Bergen, Ctr Int Hlth, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. Lab Natl Saude Publ, Bissau 1004, Guinea Bissau. Statens Serum Inst, Dept Epidemiol Res, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Statens Serum Inst, Dept Gastrointestinal Infect, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fischer, TK (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Ctr Int Hlth, Armauer Hansen Bldg, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. NR 31 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 264 EP 267 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 273CN UT WOS:000084689800046 PM 10618098 ER PT J AU Totten, PA Kuypers, JM Chen, CY Alfa, MJ Parsons, LM Dutro, SM Morse, SA Kiviat, NB AF Totten, PA Kuypers, JM Chen, CY Alfa, MJ Parsons, LM Dutro, SM Morse, SA Kiviat, NB TI Etiology of genital ulcer disease in Dakar, Senegal, and comparison of PCR and serologic assays for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSE; CLINICAL-DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; INFECTION; ASSOCIATION; ANTIBODIES; WORKERS AB We used PCR assays to determine the etiology of genital ulcers in patients presenting to a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Dakar, Senegal, and evaluated the ability of mo PCR tests (groEL and recD) and two serological tests (adsorption enzyme immunoassay [EIA] and lipooligosaccharide [LOS] EW) to detect current Haemophilus ducreyi infection, We found that in this population, H. ducreyi, T. pallidum, and herpes simplex virus HSV DNA were detected in 56, 15, and 13% of 39 genital ulcer specimens, respectively, and H. ducreyi DNA was detected in 60% (3 of 5) of samples from ulcerated bubos. Among 40 consecutive patients with genital nicer disease and with sufficient sample for both PCR assays, the recD and groEL H. ducreyi PCR assays were 83% concordant, with the recD PCR assay detecting six (15%) additional positive specimens and the groEL assay detecting one (3%) additional positive specimen. Compared to PCR, the adsorption EW and LOS EM tests had sensitivities of 71 and 59% and specificities of 57 and 90% respectively, for the diagnosis of current RI. ducreyi infection, While these differences in specificity could be due either to previous infection with H. ducreyi or to the detection of cross-reacting antibodies, only 6% of patients from a nearby family planning clinic gave a positive reaction in both the adsorption EIA and LOS EIA assays, indicating that cross-reacting antibodies are not prevalent among clinic attendees in this city, Our studies indicate that the adsorption EIA detects both current and past infection, while the LOS EIA assay is more specific for current infection with H. ducreyi in this population. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Harbor Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. St Boniface Gen Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Div Infect Dis, Albany, NY 12201 USA. RP Totten, PA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Harbor Med Ctr, 325 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. OI Alfa, Michelle/0000-0002-0540-7438 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA50856] NR 30 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 268 EP 273 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 273CN UT WOS:000084689800047 PM 10618099 ER PT J AU Schwan, TG Piesman, J AF Schwan, TG Piesman, J TI Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; WHITE-FOOTED MICE; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; IN-VITRO; OSPA; TRANSMISSION; ARTHROPOD AB The Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in enzootic cycles involving Ixodes ticks and small, mammals. Previous studies demonstrated that B. Burgdorferi expresses outer surface protein A (OspA) but not OspC when residing in the midgut of unfed ticks. However, after ticks feed on blood, some spirochetes stop making OspA and express OspC, Our current work examined the timing and frequency of OspA and OspC expression by B. burgdorferi in infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs as they fed on uninfected mice and in uninfected I. scapularis larvae and nymphs as they first acquired spirochetes from infected mite. Smears of midguts from previously infected ticks were prepared at 12- or 24-h intervals following attachment through repletion at 96 h, and spirochetes were stained for immunofluorescence for detection of antibodies to OspA and OspC. As shown previously, prior to feeding spirochetes in nymphs expressed OspA but not OspC. During nymphal feeding, however, the proportion of spirochetes expressing OspA decreased, while spirochetes expressing OspC became detectable. In fact, spirochetes rapidly began to express OspC, with the greatest proportion of spirochetes having this protein at 48 h of attachment and then with the proportion decreasing significantly by the time that the ticks had completed feeding. In vitro cultivation of the spirochete at different temperatures showed OspC to be most abundant when the spirochetes were grown at 37 degrees C. Yet, the synthesis of this protein waned with continuous passage at this temperature. Immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in smears of midguts from larvae and nymphs still attached or having completed feeding on infected mice demonstrated that OspA but not OspC was produced by these spirochetes recently acquired from mice, Therefore, the temporal synthesis of OspC by spirochetes only in feeding ticks that were infected prior to the blood meal suggests that this surface protein is involved in transmission from tick to mammal but not from mammal to tick. C1 NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Lab Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Schwan, TG (reprint author), NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Lab Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, NIH, 903 S 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. NR 47 TC 276 Z9 281 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 382 EP 388 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 273CN UT WOS:000084689800068 PM 10618120 ER PT J AU Lerma, JGG Soriano, V Mas, A Quinones-Mateu, ME Arts, EJ Heneine, W AF Lerma, JGG Soriano, V Mas, A Quinones-Mateu, ME Arts, EJ Heneine, W TI Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O load in plasma by measuring reverse transcriptase activity SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASSAY; GENE AB We have evaluated the use of an ultrasensitive reverse transcriptase (RT) activity assay to monitor plasma viremia in two human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) group O-infected patients treated with stavudine, lamivudine, and indinavir. After a initial decline in RT levels observed at 4 weeks of therapy, RT-based plasma viremia returned to baseline values at 28 or 44 weeks of treatment. The rebound in levels of RT activity was associated with the detection of phenotypic resistance to lamivudine and with the Met184Val mutation.;Analysis of RT activity in plasma provides a sequence-independent means of monitoring virus lends in HIV-1 group O-infected patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hosp Carlos III, Inst Salud Carlos III, Serv Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Mas, Antonio/F-2505-2011 OI Mas, Antonio/0000-0003-2563-570X NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 402 EP 405 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 273CN UT WOS:000084689800073 ER PT J AU Morrison, KE Lake, D Crook, J Carlone, GM Ades, E Facklam, R Sampson, JS AF Morrison, KE Lake, D Crook, J Carlone, GM Ades, E Facklam, R Sampson, JS TI Confirmation of psaA in all 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR and potential of this assay for identification and diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA; PROTEIN PSAA; VACCINE AB The gene encoding the pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) protein, psaA was confirmed in all Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes by a newly developed PCR (psaA PCR) assay. Eighty-nine of the 90 serotypes amplified produced an 838-bp fragment; the exception nas a serotype 16F strain acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). analysis of 20 additional 16F strains from the United States and Brazil showed that the gene was amplified in all 16F strains, implying that the serotype 16F ATCC strain must be a variant. The specificity of the assay was verified by the lack of signal from analysis of heterologous bacterial species (n = 30) and genera (n = 14), including viridans group streptococci, The potential of the assay far clinical application was shown by its ability to detect pneumococci in culture-positive nasopharyngeal specimens. Demonstration of psaA in all 90 serotypes and lack of amplification of heterologous organisms suggest that this assay could be a useful tool for detection of pneumococci and diagnosis of disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sampson, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE,Mailstop G05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 15 TC 86 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 434 EP 437 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 273CN UT WOS:000084689800084 PM 10618136 ER PT J AU Byrant, P Gooch, B Backinger, C Lester, A Dornoto, P Capilouto, E White, BA AF Byrant, P Gooch, B Backinger, C Lester, A Dornoto, P Capilouto, E White, BA TI Expanding horizons, strengthening alliances to conduct practise-based and community-based research SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Behav Sci Hlth Serv & Educ Res Grp, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NCI, Behav Sci Hlth Serv & Educ Res Grp, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Washington, Behav Sci Hlth Serv & Educ Res Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alabama, Behav Sci Hlth Serv & Educ Res Grp, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Kaiser Permanente Ctr Hlth Res, Behav Sci Hlth Serv & Educ Res Grp, Portland, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1 BP 144 EP 144 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000002 ER PT J AU Beltran, ED Griffin, S Lockwood, S AF Beltran, ED Griffin, S Lockwood, S TI Historical comparison of dental fluorosis prevalence and severity in the US between the 1931s and 1980s. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Div Oral Dent, Surveillance Invest & Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 493 BP 205 EP 205 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000490 ER PT J AU Griffin, S Beltran, E Lockwood, SA AF Griffin, S Beltran, E Lockwood, SA TI Association between optimally fluoridated water and tooth-specific fluorosis severity. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Invest & Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 490 BP 205 EP 205 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000492 ER PT J AU Gooch, BF Beltran, ED Kaste, LM Gift, HC AF Gooch, BF Beltran, ED Kaste, LM Gift, HC TI Predictors of perceived oral health in US children. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. MUSC, Charleston, SC USA. Brevard Coll, Brevard, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 507 BP 207 EP 207 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000505 ER PT J AU Bedi, R Asma, S Anees, K AF Bedi, R Asma, S Anees, K TI Tobacco use prevention and control in minority groups. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UCL Eastman Dent Inst, London, England. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2871 BP 502 EP 502 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002862 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL AF Tomar, SL TI Oral cancer risk factors and dental visits among US racial ethnic groups. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 3281 BP 554 EP 554 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937003273 ER PT J AU Macek, MD Malvitz, DM Beltran, ED Lockwood, SA AF Macek, MD Malvitz, DM Beltran, ED Lockwood, SA TI Sociodemographic differences in dental caries experience using permanent molars. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Dent, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 3740 BP 611 EP 611 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937003734 ER PT J AU Daley, WR Smith, A Paz-Argandona, E Malilay, J McGeehin, M AF Daley, WR Smith, A Paz-Argandona, E Malilay, J McGeehin, M TI An outbreak of carbon monoxide poisoning after a major ice storm in Maine SO JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE carbon monoxide; poisoning; disaster; winter storm; epidemiology; environmental exposure ID INTOXICATION; ENGINES; DEATHS AB Unintentional carbon monoxide (CO) exposure kills over 500 people in the U.S. annually. Outbreaks of CO poisoning have occurred after winter storms,the objective of this study was to describe clinical features and identify important risk factors of a CO poisoning outbreak occurring after a major ice storm. The study design included a case series of CO poisoning patients, a telephone survey of the general community, and a case-controlled study of households using specific CO sources. The setting was the primary service area of four hospital emergency departments located in the heavily storm-impacted interior region of Maine. Participants included all patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of CO poisoning during the 2 weeks after the storm onset, and a population-based comparison group of 522 households selected by random digit dialing. There were 100 cases identified, involving 42 common-source exposure incidents, most of them during the first week. Though classic CO symptoms of headache, dizziness, and nausea predominated, 9 patients presented with chest pain and 10 were asymptomatic. One patient died and 5 were transferred for hyperbaric oxygen therapy, Gasoline-powered electric generators were a CO source in 30 incidents, kerosene heaters in 8, and propane heaters in 4, In the community, 31.4% of households used a generator after the ice storm. The strongest risk factor for poisoning was locating a generator in a basement or an attached structure such as a garage. Cases of CO poisoning with various presentations can be expected in the early aftermath of a severe ice storm. Generators are a major CO source and generator location an important risk factor for such disasters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth,Div Environm Hazards & Hlt, Hlth Studies Branch,Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training,Epidem Intelligence S, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Dept Human Serv, Bureau Hlt, Environm Toxicol Program, Augusta, ME 04333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Hlth Studies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Daley, WR (reprint author), HSB, EHHE, NCEH, CDC, 4770 Buford Hwy,F-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0736-4679 J9 J EMERG MED JI J. Emerg. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00184-5 PG 7 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 274BN UT WOS:000084744000019 PM 10645845 ER PT J AU Berger, SA Jones, PA White, MC AF Berger, SA Jones, PA White, MC TI Exploratory analysis of respiratory illness among persons living near a landfill SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID POLLUTION; ASTHMA; HEALTH AB Residents living near one of the largest landfills in the United States expressed longstanding concern about respiratory health within their community. As a result, the authors evaluated the severity and frequency of respiratory symptoms occurring in the past 12 months among self identified residents with asthma, severe breathing, or respiratory conditions. A telephone survey was performed over a 30-day data collection period to characterize respiratory illness among residents living in two communities on Staten Island. Responses were received from 541 residents of the landfill community and 289 residents of the north shore community, over I miles from the landfill. In addition, 449 per sons living elsewhere on Staten Island responded voluntarily. The proportion of respondents who reported having asthma was higher among north-shore residents. Reports from respondents who lived adjacent to the landfill and those who lived in the north-shore community differed primarily with respect to two measures: odors (rotten eggs and garbage) and eye, nose, and throat irritation, In spite of longstanding community health concerns about the landfill, the respiratory health of Staten Island residents had never been investigated in relation to the landfill. The results of this assessment indicate that a fairly large number of Staten Island residents experience respiratory-related symptoms and conditions. It was concluded that further investigation of respiratory illness among this population is warranted. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Berger, SA (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI White, Mary /C-9242-2012 OI White, Mary /0000-0002-9826-3962 NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 6 BP 19 EP 23 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 390MM UT WOS:000166300100004 ER PT J AU Boiano, JM Wallace, ME Sieber, WK Groff, JH Wang, J Ashley, K AF Boiano, JM Wallace, ME Sieber, WK Groff, JH Wang, J Ashley, K TI Comparison of three sampling and analytical methods for the determination of airborne hexavalent chromium SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID INDUSTRIAL-HYGIENE SAMPLES; ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION; WELDING FUMES; SPECIATION; SYSTEM AB A field study was conducted with the goal of comparing the performance of three recently developed or modified sampling and analytical methods for the determination of airborne hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI). The study was carried out in a hard chrome electroplating facility and in a jet engine manufacturing facility where airborne Cr-VI was expected to be present. The analytical methods evaluated included two laboratory-based procedures (OSHA Method ID-215 and NIOSH Method 7605) and a field-portable method (NIOSH Method 7703). These three methods employ an identical sampling methodology: collection of Cr-VI-containing aerosol on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter housed in a sampling cassette, which is connected to a personal sampling pump calibrated at an appropriate flow rate. The basis of the analytical methods for all three methods involves extraction of the PVC filter in alkaline buffer solution, chemical isolation of the Cr-VI ion, complexation of the Cr-VI ion with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, and spectrometric measurement of the violet chromium-diphenylcarbazone complex at 540 nm. However, there are notable specific differences within the sample preparation procedures used in three methods. To assess the comparability of the three measurement protocols, a total of 20 side-by-side air samples were collected, equally divided between a chromic acid electroplating operation and a spray paint operation where water soluble forms of Cr-VI were used. A range of Cr-VI concentrations from 0.6 to 960 mu g m(-3), with Cr-VI mass loadings ranging from 0.4 to 32 mu g, was measured at the two operations. The equivalence of the means of the log-transformed Cr-VI concentrations obtained from the different analytical methods was compared. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, no statistically significant differences were observed between mean values measured using each of the three methods. Small but statistically significant differences were observed between results obtained from performance evaluation samples for the NIOSH field method and the OSHA laboratory method. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 329 EP 333 DI 10.1039/b002456m PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 338TX UT WOS:000088440300010 PM 11249787 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JE Jones, JL Dykewicz, CA AF Kaplan, JE Jones, JL Dykewicz, CA TI Protists as opportunistic pathogens: Public health impact in the 1990s and beyond SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Society-of-Protozoologists/6th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY MAY 27-29, 1999 CL RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA SP Soc Protozoologists DE cryptococcosis; cryptosporidiosis; fungus; HIV; isosporiasis; PCP; protozoa; opportunistic infections; toxoplasmosis; transplantation ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; HIV-INFECTION; MORTALITY; TRIAL AB Proist organisms (protozoa and fungi) have become increasingly prominent as opportunistic pathogens among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and among organ transplant recipients-two immunocompromised populations that have increased dramatically in the past two decades. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia continues to be the most common serious opportunistic infection (OI) among HIV-infected persons in the United States, occurring frequently among persons not previously receiving medical care. Toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, and isosporiasis occur frequently in HIV-infected persons in the developing world. Candidiasis and aspergillosis are common OIs in organ transplant recipients. As these populations of immuno-suppressed patients continue to expand worldwide new OIs caused by protist pathogens are likely to emerge. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kaplan, JE (reprint author), CDC, Mail Stop G-29,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00004.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 260VA UT WOS:000083973100004 PM 10651290 ER PT J AU Chantarapanont, W Slutsker, L Tauxe, RV Beuchat, LR AF Chantarapanont, W Slutsker, L Tauxe, RV Beuchat, LR TI Factors influencing inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis in hard-cooked eggs SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; INFECTED HENS; WHOLE EGG; YOLK; TYPHIMURIUM; SURVIVAL; SHELL; WHITE AB The inside of a hen's egg, once considered sterile, is now known to occasionally harbor Salmonella Enteritidis. At least two recent outbreaks of salmonellosis in which Salmonella Enteritidis PT34 was involved have been associated with hard-cooked eggs. This study was undertaken to compare D-56 degrees C values of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W and six strains of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from outbreaks associated with eggs. D-56 degrees C values for Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid egg yolk ranged from 5.14 to 7.39 min; the D-56 degrees C value for Salmonella Senftenberg was 19.96 min. The two PT34 strains from outbreaks associated with hard-cooked eggs did not exhibit significantly higher resistance to heat compared with two PT4 strains and one strain each of PTs and PT13a. A PT4 strain and a PT34 strain of Salmonella Enteritidis were separately inoculated (10(7) to 10(8) CFU) into the yolk of medium and extra large shell eggs at 10 and 21 degrees C, and survival was monitored using two cooking methods: (i) placing eggs in water at 23 degrees C, heating to 100 degrees C, removing from heat, and holding for 15 min (American Egg Board method) and (ii) placing eggs in water at 100 degrees C, then holding for 15 min at this temperature. Within the 15-min holding periods, inactivation was more rapid using the method recommended by the American Egg Board compared with method 2. Within each cooking method, inactivation was most rapid in medium eggs initially at 21 degrees C. The PT4 strain survived in yolk of extra large eggs initially at 10 degrees C when eggs were held in boiling water 9 min using method 2. The final temperature of the yolk in these eggs was 62.3 +/- 2 degrees C. Of the two methods evaluated for hard cooking eggs, the American Egg Board method is clearly most effective in killing Salmonella Enteritidis in the yolk.. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beuchat, LR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 36 EP 43 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 273ER UT WOS:000084695400006 PM 10643767 ER PT J AU Aggarwal, R Krawczynski, K AF Aggarwal, R Krawczynski, K TI Hepatitis E: An overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research SO JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Review DE enterically-transmitted virus; hepatitis E virus ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; E VIRUS-INFECTION; TRANSMITTED NON-A; EPIDEMIC NON-A; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ACUTE VIRAL-HEPATITIS; OPEN-READING FRAME-2; SPORADIC NON-A; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES AB Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped RNA (7.5 kb) virus that is responsible for large epidemics of acute hepatitis and a proportion of sporadic hepatitis cases in southeast and central Asia, the Middle East, parts of Africa and Mexico. Hepatitis E virus infection spreads by the faecal-oral route (usually through contaminated water) and presents after an incubation period of 8-10 weeks with a clinical illness resembling other forms of acute viral hepatitis. Clinical attack rates are the highest among young adults. Asymptomatic and anicteric infections are known to occur. Chronic HEV infection is not observed. Although the mortality rate is usually low (0.07-0.6%), the illness may be particularly severe among pregnant women, with mortality rates reaching as high as 25%. Recent isolation of a swine virus resembling human HEV has opened the possibility of zoonotic HEV infection. Studies of pathogenetic events in humans and experimental animals reveal that viral excretion begins approximately 1 week prior to the onset of illness and persists for nearly 2 weks; viraemia can be detected during the late phase of the incubation period. Immunoglobulin M antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) appears early during clinical illness but disappears rapidly over a few months. Immunoglobulin G anti-HEV appears a few days later and persists for at least a few years. There is no specific treatment available for hepatitis E virus infection. Ensuring a clean drinking water supply remains the best preventive strategy. Recombinant vaccines are being developed that may be particularly useful for travellers to disease-endemic areas and for pregnant women. (C) 2000 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Gastroenterol, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Krawczynski, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM kzk1@cdc.gov OI Aggarwal, Rakesh/0000-0001-9689-494X NR 120 TC 134 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0815-9319 J9 J GASTROEN HEPATOL JI J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 9 EP 20 DI 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02006.x PG 12 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 290RK UT WOS:000085689800003 PM 10719741 ER PT J AU Krawczynski, K Fattom, A Culver, D Kamili, S Spelbring, J Basham, L Sapan, C Naso, R Purdy, M Carson, D AF Krawczynski, K Fattom, A Culver, D Kamili, S Spelbring, J Basham, L Sapan, C Naso, R Purdy, M Carson, D TI Experimental immune treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Passive anti-HCV (HCIg) transfer in chronically infected chimpanzees SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Nabi Inc, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PY 2000 VL 32 SU 2 BP 37 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80470-5 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 315GP UT WOS:000087104500042 ER PT J AU Dietzschold, B Morimoto, K Hooper, DC Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Koprowski, H AF Dietzschold, B Morimoto, K Hooper, DC Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Koprowski, H TI Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: Implications for postexposure prophylaxis SO JOURNAL OF HUMAN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rabies virus; neuropathogenesis; silver-haired bat; viral immunity ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; CROSS-PROTECTION; BAT RABIES; PATHOGENESIS AB Objectives: Rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (SHBRV) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the United States. which are nor associated with a history of exposure. We compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (DRV) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination. Methods: Eleven silver-haired bat and 8 dog rabies virus isolates were characterized by sequencing the glycoprotein gene, by assessing their ability to replicate in neuronal versus nonneuronal cultures at optimal and suboptimal temperatures, by assessing their pathogenicity in mice, and by determining the resistance of these viruses to therapeutic immunization with commercial vaccines. Results: SHURV isolates were less genetically diverse, less neuronal cell specific, more temperature sensitive. but as pathogenic, on average, as DRV isolates. Immune protection was equivalent fur SHBRV and DRV strains of similar pathogenicity. Conclusions: SHBRV strains have unique characteristics that ma? explain their exceptional association with human rabies but have little bearing on their lethality in mice. The pathogenicity of a particular virus, rather than its antigenic makeup, determines the outcome of immunization. C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Neurovirol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Koprowski, H (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Neurovirol, Rm M-85,JAH,1020 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. OI Hooper, Douglas/0000-0002-8578-5104 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-09706, AI-45097] NR 22 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1090-9508 J9 J HUMAN VIROL JI J. Human Virol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 3 IS 1 BP 50 EP 57 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 299TW UT WOS:000086214800007 PM 10774807 ER PT J AU El Sayed, NM Gomatos, PJ Beck-Sague, CM Dietrich, U von Briesen, H Osmanov, S Esparza, J Arthur, RR Wahdan, MH Jarvis, WR AF El Sayed, NM Gomatos, PJ Beck-Sague, CM Dietrich, U von Briesen, H Osmanov, S Esparza, J Arthur, RR Wahdan, MH Jarvis, WR TI Epidemic transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in renal dialysis centers in Egypt SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV; STABILITY; BLOOD AB In 1993 an epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occurred among 39 patients at 2 renal dialysis centers in Egypt, The centers, private center A (PCA) and university center A (UCA) were visited, HIV-infected patients were interviewed, seroconversion rates at UCA were calculated, and relatedness of HIV strains was determined by sequence analysis; 34 (62%) of 55 patients from UCA and 5 (42%) of 12 patients from PCA were HIV-infected. The HIV seroconversion risk at UCA varied significantly with day and shift of dialysis session. Practices that resulted in sharing of syringes among patients were observed at both centers. The analyzed V3 loop sequences of the HIV strain of 12 outbreak patients were >96% related to each other. V3 loop sequences from each of 8 HIV-infected Egyptians unrelated to the 1993 epidemic were only 76%-89% related to those from outbreak strains, Dialysis patients may be at risk for HIV infection if infection control guidelines are not followed. C1 Minist Hlth & Populat, Natl AIDS Programme, Cairo, Egypt. USN, Med Res Unit 3, Cairo, Egypt. WHO, Eastern Mediterranean Reg Off, Alexandria, Egypt. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Georg Speyer Haus, Frankfurt, Germany. WHO, Global Programme AIDS, Joint UN Programme HIV AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Gomatos, PJ (reprint author), Broadway Hlth Ctr, 301 Broadway Ave, Riviera Beach, FL 33404 USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1086/315167 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300013 PM 10608755 ER PT J AU Chuachoowong, R Shaffer, N Siriwasin, W Chaisilwattana, P Young, NL Mock, PA Chearskul, S Waranawat, N Chaowanachan, T Karon, J Simonds, RJ Mastro, TD AF Chuachoowong, R Shaffer, N Siriwasin, W Chaisilwattana, P Young, NL Mock, PA Chearskul, S Waranawat, N Chaowanachan, T Karon, J Simonds, RJ Mastro, TD CA Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HI TI Short-course antenatal zidovudine reduces both cervicovaginal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels and risk of perinatal transmission SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; HIV TRANSMISSION; PREGNANT-WOMEN; INFECTED WOMEN; VIRAL LOAD; SECRETIONS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; PREVALENCE; INFANT AB Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) levels in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and plasma samples were evaluated in relation to perinatal transmission in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of brief antenatal zidovudine treatment, Samples were collected at 38 weeks' gestation from 310 women and more frequently from a subset of 74 women. At 38 weeks, after a 2-week treatment period, CVL HIV-1 was quantifiable in 23% and 52% of samples in the zidovudine and placebo groups, respectively (P < .001), The perinatal transmission rate was 28.7% among women with quantifiable CVL HIV-I and high plasma virus levels (>10,000 copies/mL) and 1% among women without quantifiable CVL HIV-1 and with low plasma virus levels (P < .001). A 1-log increase in plasma HIV-1 increased the transmission odds 1.8 and 6.1 times (95% confidence interval, 0.9-3.5 vs. 2.4-15.4) for women with and without quantifiable CVL HIV-1, respectively (P = .03), CVL HIV-1 is an independent risk factor for perinatal HIV-1 transmission. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok, Thailand. Minist Publ Hlth, Queen Sirikit Natl Inst Child Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Rajavithi Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chuachoowong, R (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 27 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1086/315179 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300014 PM 10608756 ER PT J AU Navin, TR Rimland, D Lennox, JL Jernigan, J Cetron, M Hightower, A Roberts, JM Kaplan, JE AF Navin, TR Rimland, D Lennox, JL Jernigan, J Cetron, M Hightower, A Roberts, JM Kaplan, JE TI Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; AEROSOLIZED PENTAMIDINE; HIV-INFECTION; TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; PRIMARY PROPHYLAXIS; TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS; DAPSONE PYRIMETHAMINE; SECONDARY PROPHYLAXIS AB Two hundred eleven adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP; patients), and 192 matched HIV-infected hospitalized patients without pneumonia (controls) were interviewed to determine risk factors for pneumonia, Multivariate logistic regression showed that patients were less likely than controls to have used trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) prophylaxis (odds ratio [OR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CT], 0.12-0.41) and more likely to have been hospitalized previously with pneumonia (OR, 6.25; CI, 3.40-11.5). Patients were also more likely than controls to have gardened (OR, 2.24; CI, 1.00-5.02) and to have camped or hiked (OR, 4.95; CI, 1.31-18.7), but stratified analysis by etiologic agent showed this association only for PCP. These findings reconfirm the efficacy of TMP-SMZ in preventing community-acquired pneumonia, In addition, hospitalization for pneumonia might represent a missed opportunity to encourage HIV-infected patients to enter into regular medical care and to adhere to prescribed antiretroviral and prophylaxis medications. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, US PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Res Ctr AIDS & HIV Infect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Navin, TR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Mailstop F 22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014 OI Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565 NR 43 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 158 EP 164 DI 10.1086/315196 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300020 PM 10608762 ER PT J AU Brennan, M Strebel, P George, H Yih, WK Tachdjian, R Lett, SM Cassiday, P Sanden, G Wharton, M AF Brennan, M Strebel, P George, H Yih, WK Tachdjian, R Lett, SM Cassiday, P Sanden, G Wharton, M TI Evidence for transmission of pertussis in schools, Massachusetts, 1996: Epidemiologic data supported by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis studies SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OUTBREAK; COUGH AB In 1996, 18 of 20 pertussis outbreaks reported in Massachusetts occurred in schools, Pertussis surveillance data were reviewed and a retrospective cohort study was conducted in a high school that experienced an outbreak, Bordetella pertussis isolates from 9 school cases and from 58 cases statewide were examined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Statewide incidence rates were highest among children aged <1 year, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years (106, 117, and 104 cases per 100,000, respectively). Among 34 confirmed and 20 probable cases at the school, 61% had cough onset within 8 weeks of school opening. Five different PFGE types were identified among the 58 B. pertussis isolates from throughout the state, All 9 isolates from the affected high school were the same PFGE type. School-aged children may play an important role in pertussis epidemics. Consideration should be given to use of acellular pertussis vaccines among school-aged children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pertussis Lab, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Massachusetts State Lab Inst, Boston, MA USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis Control, Boston, MA USA. RP Strebel, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E-05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 210 EP 215 DI 10.1086/315192 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300027 PM 10608769 ER PT J AU Gherardi, G Whitney, CG Facklam, RR Beall, B AF Gherardi, G Whitney, CG Facklam, RR Beall, B TI Major related sets of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in the United States as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pbp1a-pbp2b-pbp2x-dhf restriction profiles SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Microbiology CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CAPSULAR TRANSFORMATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; HORIZONTAL TRANSFER; IN-VIVO; CLONES; GENES; GENETICS; STRAINS AB To assess the genetic diversity of pneumococci causing serious disease within the United States, restriction profiles of 3 penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-gene amplicons and the dhf amplicon were examined in 241 recent sterile-site isolates from 7 population centers, This analysis provided markers useful for epidemiologic studies and was generally predictive of resistances to beta-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eight pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types, each representing 3-40 isolates, accounted for 134 of the 144 beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci (MICs greater than or equal to 1 mu g/mL for penicillin, cefotaxime, or both). Five of these PFGE types contained subtypes highly related to subtypes of previously characterized pneumococcal clones. Within 4 of these PFGE types, the major composite PBP gene-dhf profile was highly related to the composite profile from the previously characterized related clone. Eight capsular serotypes were found among the 144 beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci, Divergent capsular types among isolates with identical PBP gene-dhf profiles and related PFGE types indicated several instances of capsular serotype switching. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Gherardi, Giovanni/0000-0001-6010-3157 NR 46 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 216 EP 229 DI 10.1086/315194 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300028 PM 10608770 ER PT J AU Bridges, CB Katz, JM Seto, WH Chan, PKS Tsang, D Ho, W Mak, KH Lim, W Tam, JS Clarke, M Williams, SG Mounts, AW Bresee, JS Conn, LA Rowe, T Hu-Primmer, J Abernathy, RA Lu, XH Cox, NJ Fukuda, K AF Bridges, CB Katz, JM Seto, WH Chan, PKS Tsang, D Ho, W Mak, KH Lim, W Tam, JS Clarke, M Williams, SG Mounts, AW Bresee, JS Conn, LA Rowe, T Hu-Primmer, J Abernathy, RA Lu, XH Cox, NJ Fukuda, K TI Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among health care workers exposed to patients with influenza A (H5N1), Hong Kong SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV 12-15, 1998 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID VIRUS; CONJUNCTIVITIS AB The first outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) occurred among humans in Hong Kong in 1997, To estimate the risk of person-to-person transmission, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the prevalence of H5N1 antibody among health care workers (HCWs) exposed to H5N1 case-patients with the prevalence among nonexposed HCWs, Information on H5N1 case-patient and poultry exposures and blood samples for H5N1-specific antibody testing were collected, Eight (3.7%) of 217 exposed and 2 (0.7%) of 309 nonexposed HCWs were H5N1 seropositive (P = .01). The difference remained significant after controlling for poultry exposure (P = .01). This study presents the first epidemiologic evidence that H5N1 viruses were transmitted from patients to HCWs, Human-to-human transmission of avian influenza may increase the chances for the emergence of a novel influenza virus with pandemic potential. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Adult Vaccine Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Prince Wales Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Kwong Wah Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Dept Hlth, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Bridges, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, US Dept HHS, MS A-32,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Chan, Paul/J-9360-2013 NR 15 TC 139 Z9 148 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 344 EP 348 DI 10.1086/315213 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300044 PM 10608786 ER PT J AU Herwaldt, BL Grijalva, MJ Newsome, AL McGhee, CR Powell, MR Nemec, DG Steurer, FJ Eberhard, ML AF Herwaldt, BL Grijalva, MJ Newsome, AL McGhee, CR Powell, MR Nemec, DG Steurer, FJ Eberhard, ML TI Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose the fifth reported US case of autochthonous transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, in Tennessee, 1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY NOV, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Socn Trop Med & Hygiene ID CHAGAS-DISEASE; AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; REACTION AMPLIFICATION AB In July 1998, the mother of an 18-month-old boy in rural Tennessee found a triatomine bug in his crib, which she saved because it resembled a bug shown on a television program about insects that prey on mammals. The gut contents of the Triatoma sanguisuga were found, by light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi; PCR products hybridized with T. cruzi-specific oligonucleotide probes. Whole-blood specimens obtained from the child in July and August were negative by buffy-coat examination and hemoculture but positive by PCR and DNA hybridization, suggesting that he had low-level parasitemia, Specimens obtained after treatment with benznidazole were negative. He did not develop anti-T. cruzi antibody; 19 relatives and neighbors also were seronegative, Two of 3 raccoons trapped in the vicinity had positive hemocultures for T. cruzi. The child's case of T. cruzi infection-the fifth reported US autochthonous case-would have been missed without his mother's attentiveness and the availability of sensitive molecular techniques. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Middle Tennessee State Univ, Dept Biol, Murfreesboro, TN 37130 USA. Vanderbilt Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Nashville, TN USA. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Grijalva, Mario/0000-0003-1964-1425 NR 15 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 181 IS 1 BP 395 EP 399 DI 10.1086/315212 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 282QJ UT WOS:000085229300054 PM 10608796 ER PT J AU Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Lane, DB Kingree, JB AF Thompson, MP Kaslow, NJ Lane, DB Kingree, JB TI Childhood maltreatment, PTSD and suicidal behavior among African American females SO JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE LA English DT Article ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; LONG-TERM SEQUELAE; SEXUAL ABUSE; MENTAL-DISORDERS; COMMUNITY; WOMEN; HISTORIES; ASSAULT AB The independent and combined roles of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) and current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined in predicting nonfatal suicide attempts among 335 African American women. It was hypothesized that suicide attempters (n = 157) would evidence higher rates of all forms of childhood maltreatment and higher rates of current PTSD than controls (n = 178). The authors predicted that women with both current PTSD and a lifetime history of child maltreatment would be at greatest risk for making a nonfatal suicide attempt. Results revealed that current PTSD and all five forms of childhood maltreatment were independently related to risk for suicide attempts. PTSD in combination with any of the five forms of childhood maltreatment increased a woman's risk for making a nonfatal suicide attempt. This suggests interventions designed to reduce suicidal behavior should focus on women with PTSD and a history of child maltreatment. C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Thompson, MP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Mail Stop K-60,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 35 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0886-2605 J9 J INTERPERS VIOLENCE JI J. Interpers. Violence PD JAN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1177/088626000015001001 PG 13 WC Criminology & Penology; Family Studies; Psychology, Applied SC Criminology & Penology; Family Studies; Psychology GA 266PM UT WOS:000084308400001 ER PT J AU Phelan, EA Buist, DSM Anderson, LA Newton, KM Delaney, KM LaCroix, AZ AF Phelan, EA Buist, DSM Anderson, LA Newton, KM Delaney, KM LaCroix, AZ TI Understanding attitudes toward hormone replacement therapy among older women. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 1 SU S MA 219 BP 40A EP 40A PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 302CD UT WOS:000086346600226 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, KL Rollin, PE Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Greer, PW Peters, CJ AF Hutchinson, KL Rollin, PE Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Greer, PW Peters, CJ TI Transmission of Black Creek Canal virus between cotton rats SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hantavirus; rodent; reservoir ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; NORTH-AMERICAN HANTAVIRUS; KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; SEOUL VIRUS; INFECTION; ARGENTINA; PATHOGENESIS AB Black Creek Canal (BCC) virus is a hantavirus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in southeastern North America. The virus was isolated from the spleen of a cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) trapped in southern Florida. Our previous studies have shown that we could consistently infect male cotton rats with BCC virus in the laboratory. These animals became persistently infected and virus could be detected in salivary glands, urine, and feces. In this report we show: (1) female and male cotton rats are equally susceptible to BCC virus infection, (2) susceptibility to infection was not influenced by age, (3) all inoculated rats transmitted the infection to uninoculated cage mates, and (4) offspring of infected rats became infected despite the presence of high maternal antibodies. The course of BCC virus infection, as determined by antibody response and the ability to isolate or detect virus, appeared to be similar regardless of whether the rats obtained their infection by inoculation or contact with inoculated rats. J. Med. Virol. 60:70-76, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hutchinson, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,G 14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 60 IS 1 BP 70 EP 76 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200001)60:1<70::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 262HV UT WOS:000084062000012 PM 10568766 ER PT J AU Trout, D Mueller, C Venczel, L Krake, A AF Trout, D Mueller, C Venczel, L Krake, A TI Evaluation of occupational transmission of hepatitis A virus among wastewater workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE WORKERS; A VIRUS; INFECTION; VACCINATION AB To provide information concerning potential occupational transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) among wastewater workers in a large city in the United States, a cross-sectional survey was performed using a saliva test to detect antibodies to HAV(anti-HAV), Fifty-nine (20%) of 302 participants tested positive for anti-HAV, After controlling for the confounding effects of age and race, wastewater work was not significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of anti-HAV (prevalence ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 2.4), Additionally, when examining only the wastewater workers, no statistically significant occupational risk factors for anti-HAV were identified. The results of this survey are consistent with the position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding groups at risk for HAV infection. C1 NIOSH, MHS, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Trout, D (reprint author), NIOSH, MHS, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 83 EP 87 DI 10.1097/00043764-200001000-00020 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 276KR UT WOS:000084877400015 PM 10652693 ER PT J AU Presson, SM Niendorff, WJ Martin, RF AF Presson, SM Niendorff, WJ Martin, RF TI Tooth loss and need for extractions in American Indian and Alaska Native dental patients SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY LA English DT Article DE American Indians; Alaska Natives; tooth loss; need for tooth extraction ID STATES EMPLOYED ADULTS; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; ORAL HEALTH; PATTERNS AB Objective: This article reports results of the 1991 Indian Health Service Patient Oral Health Survey in the areas of tooth loss and need for tooth extraction. Methods: The survey examined a sample of American Indian and Alaska Native dental patients. Tooth loss and need for tooth extraction are explored for a fetal of 12,349 individuals aged 18 years and older. Results: Complete tooth loss in patients aged 35 years and older was I I percent; in patients aged 65 years and older, it was 42 percent. The mean number of remaining teeth in dentate patients aged 35 years and older was 20.7; the mean number of remaining teeth decreased in each older age group. Partial and complete tooth loss were more severe in diabetic patients. In 35- to 44-year-old patients, only 20 percent had not lost at least one permanent tooth. The prevalence of tooth loss differs by geographic region. The percentage of dental patients with 20 or more teeth increased between 1984 and 1991. Conclusion: Tooth loss remains a substantial problem in American Indian and Alaska Native adult dental patients. This article presents results of an Indian Health Service (IHS) oral health survey conducted in 1991 of the American Indian and Alaska Native (Native American) population with respect to tooth loss. Limited comparisons of tooth loss observed in the 1991 patient survey are made to the 1984 patient survey. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Oral Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Presson, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Oral Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,MS F-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AAPHD NATIONAL OFFICE PI PORTLAND PA 3760 SW LYLE COURT, PORTLAND, OR 97221 USA SN 0022-4006 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH DENT JI J. Public Health Dent. PY 2000 VL 60 SU 1 BP 267 EP 272 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 408PH UT WOS:000167334200008 PM 11243046 ER PT J AU Grunbaum, JA Kann, L Kinchen, SA Ross, JG Gowda, VR Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ AF Grunbaum, JA Kann, L Kinchen, SA Ross, JG Gowda, VR Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ TI Youth risk behavior surveillance - National Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 1998 SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENTS; SYSTEM AB Alternative high schools serve approximately 280,000 students nationwide who are at high risk for failing or dropping out of regular high school or who have been expelled from regular high school because of illegal activity or behavioral problems. Such settings provide important opportunities for delivering health promotion education and services to these youth and young adults. However; before this survey, the prevalence of health-risk behaviors among students attending alternative high schools nationwide was unknown. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors the following six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use: sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection); unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. The national Alternative High School Youth Risk Behavior, Survey (ALT-YRBS) is one component of the YRBSS; it was conducted in 1998 to measure priority health-risk behaviors among students at alternative high schools. The 1998 ALT-YRBS used a three-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9-12 in the United States who attend alternative high schools. The school response rate Ir as 81.0%, and the student response rate was 81.9%, resulting in an overall response rate of 66.3%. Tills report summarizes results from the 1998 ALT-YRBS. The reporting period is February - May 1998. In the United States, 73.6% of all deaths among youth and young adults aged 10-24 years results from only four causes - motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1998 ALT-YRBS demonstrates that many students at alternative high schools engage in behaviors that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes. During the 30 days preceding the survey 51.9% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, 25.1% had driven a vehicle after drinking alcohol. 32.9% had carried a weapon, 64.5% had drunk alcohol, and 53.0% had used marijuana. During the 12 months preceding the survey, 15.7% had attempted suicide, and 29.0% had rarely or never worn a seat belt. Substantial morbidity among school-aged youth and young adults also results from unintended pregnancies and STDs, including HIV infection. ALT-YRBS results indicate that in 1998, a total of 87.8% of students students at alternative high schools had had sexual intercourse, 54.1% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 5.7% had ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults aged greater than or equal to 25 years, 66.5% of all deaths result from two causes - cardiovascular disease and cancer Most risk behaviors associated with these causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1998, a total of 64.1% of students at alternative high schools had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, 38.3% had smoked a cigar during the 30 days preceding the survey, 71.2% had not eaten greater than or equal to 5 servings of fruits and vegetables during the day preceding the survey, and 81.0% had nor attended physical education (PE) class daily. Comparing ALT-YRBS, results with 1997 national YRBS results demonstrates that the prevalence of most most, risk behaviors is higher among students attending alternative high schools compared with students at regular high schools. Some risk behaviors are more common among certain sex and racial/ethnic subgroups of students. ALT-YRBS data can be used nationwide by health and education officials to improve policies and programs designed to reduce risk behaviors associated with the leading causes of,morbidity and mortality among students attending alternative high schools. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Macro Int Inc, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. RP Grunbaum, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-K33, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 19 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD JAN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 1 BP 5 EP 17 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 284CB UT WOS:000085312200003 PM 10697808 ER PT J AU Crosby, RA Lawrence, JS AF Crosby, RA Lawrence, JS TI Adolescents' use of school-based health clinics for reproductive health services: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CARE; CENTERS AB Offering reproductive health services to students through school-based clinics (SBCs) may be a valuable public health strategy. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this report describes adolescents' use of SBCs for family planning and STD-related services. Of more than 1,200 students receiving reproductive health services in the year preceding the survey 13.3% received family planning services from a SBC and 8.9% received STD-related services. Rural residence, no driver's license, younger age, and minority ethnicity increased the likelihood of using a SBC for family planning services. Rural residence, minority ethnicity, male gender, having a physical exam from a SBC, and Las perceived parental approval of sex increased the likelihood of using a SBC for STD-related services. Further research should determine factors that increase adolescents' acceptance of reproductive health services from a SBC. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Crosby, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD JAN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 1 BP 22 EP 27 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 284CB UT WOS:000085312200005 PM 10697810 ER PT J AU Trick, WE Scheckler, WE Tokars, JI Jones, KC Reppen, ML Smith, EM Jarvis, WR AF Trick, WE Scheckler, WE Tokars, JI Jones, KC Reppen, ML Smith, EM Jarvis, WR TI Modifiable risk factors associated with deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting SO JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY LA English DT Article ID CONSECUTIVE OPERATIVE PROCEDURES; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; WOUND-INFECTION; COMPLICATIONS; SURGERY; STERNOTOMY AB Objective: Our objective was to identify risk factors for deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting at a community hospital. Methods: We compared the prevalence of deep sternal site infection among patients having coronary artery bypass grafting during the study (January 1995-March 1998) and pre-study (January 1992-December 1994) periods. We compared any patient having a deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass graft surgery during the study period (case-patients) with randomly selected patients who had coronary artery bypass graft surgery but no deep sternal site infection during the same period (control-patients), Results: Deep sternal site infections were significantly more common during the study than during the pre-study period (30/1796 [1.7%] vs 9/1232 [0.7%]; P =.04). Among 30 case-patients, 29 (97%) returned to the operating room for sternal debridement or rewiring, and 2 (7%) died. In multivariable analyses, cefuroxime receipt 2 hours or more before incision (odds ratio = 5.0), diabetes mellitus with a preoperative blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or more (odds ratio = 10.2), and staple use for skin closure (odds ratio = 4.0) were independent risk factors for deep sternal site infection. Staple use was a risk factor only for patients with a normal body mass index. Conclusions: Appropriate timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis, control of preoperative blood glucose levels, and avoidance of staple use in patients with a normal body mass index should prevent deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass graft operations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. St Marys Hosp, Med Ctr, Madison, WI 53715 USA. RP Trick, WE (reprint author), CDC, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 94 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0022-5223 J9 J THORAC CARDIOV SUR JI J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 119 IS 1 BP 108 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70224-8 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Respiratory System; Surgery SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Respiratory System; Surgery GA 276BZ UT WOS:000084856900022 PM 10612768 ER PT J AU Arguin, PM Krebs, JW Mandel, E Guzi, T Childs, JE AF Arguin, PM Krebs, JW Mandel, E Guzi, T Childs, JE TI Survey of rabies preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis among missionary personnel stationed outside the United States SO JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID AMERICAN MISSIONARIES; VIRAL-HEPATITIS; HEALTH; SURVEILLANCE; CHILDREN; AFRICA AB Background: Of the 36 cases of human rabies that have occurred in the United States since 1980, 12 (33%) were presumed to have been acquired abroad. In the United States, it is recommended that international travelers likely to come in contact with animals in canine rabies-enzootic areas that lack immediate access to appropriate medical care, including vaccine and rabies immune globulin, should be considered for preexposure prophylaxis. In 1992, the death of an American missionary who had contracted rabies while stationed in Bangladesh highlighted this high-risk group. Methods: To assess their knowledge of rabies risk, rabies exposures, and compliance with preventive recommendations, we asked 695 missionaries and their family members to complete questionnaires about their time stationed abroad. Results: Of the 293 respondents stationed in countries where rabies is endemic, 37% reported prior knowledge of the presence of rabies in their country of service. Only 28% of the personnel stationed in rabies-endemic countries received preexposure prophylaxis. Having preexposure prophylaxis specifically recommended increased the likelihood of actually receiving it (O.R. 15.6, 95%CI 7.4 - 34.9). There were 38 reported exposures (dogs = 66%, another human = 20%), proven or presumed to be rabid. Three of the people exposed received rabies immune globulin and vaccine; 11 received vaccine alone; 8 received only basic first aid, and 16 received no treatment. Conclusions: Although American missionaries stationed abroad are at an increased risk for exposure to rabies, compliance with established preventive measures was low. Prior to being stationed abroad, an educational rabies-prevention briefing, including encouragement to receive preexposure prophylaxis, could be an effective intervention for missionaries to decrease their risk of rabies. C1 US Dept HHS, PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,DVRD, NCID,Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, NCID, DVRD, Biometr Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Catholic Foreigh Mission Soc Amer, Brewster, NY USA. RP Arguin, PM (reprint author), US Dept HHS, PHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,DVRD, NCID,Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 23 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1195-1982 J9 J TRAVEL MED JI J. Travel Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 7 IS 1 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 414UD UT WOS:000167683800005 PM 10689232 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Roberts, BD Griffin, GE Folks, TM Butera, ST AF Lawn, SD Roberts, BD Griffin, GE Folks, TM Butera, ST TI Cellular compartments of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vivo: Determination by presence of virion-associated host proteins and impact of opportunistic infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADHESION RECEPTORS; SOLUBLE CD14; CLASS-II; HIV; CELLS; CD55; GLYCOPROTEINS; PATHOGENESIS; TUBERCULOSIS; ACQUISITION AB Antigens derived from host cells are detectable in the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and result in a distinctive viral phenotype reflecting that of the host cell. An immunomagnetic capture assay targeting discriminatory host proteins was developed to differentiate between HIV-1 derived from macrophages and lymphocytes. HIV-1 propagated in macrophages or lymphocytes in vitro was selectively captured by monoclonal antibodies directed against the virally incorporated cell-type-specific host markers CD36 (macrophages) and CD26 (lymphocytes). Furthermore, by targeting these markers, virus of defined cellular origin was selectively captured from a mixed pool of in vitro-propagated viruses. This technique was further refined in order to determine the impact of opportunistic infection on HIV-1 expression from these cellular compartments in vivo. Analysis of cell-free virus purified from plasma of patients with HIV-1 infection suggested that in those with an opportunistic infection, viral replication occurred in activated lymphocytes, Interestingly, there was also significant replication in activated macrophages in those patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, in addition to lymphocytes, the macrophage cellular pool may serve as an important source of cell-free HIV-1 in patients with opportunistic infections that lead to marked macrophage activation. This novel viral capture technique may allow researchers to address a wide range of important questions regarding virus-host dynamics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St George Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, London, England. RP Butera, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 74 IS 1 BP 139 EP 145 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 263QQ UT WOS:000084137100017 PM 10590100 ER PT J AU Stoltenow, CL Solemsass, K Niergoda, M Yager, P Rupprecht, CE AF Stoltenow, CL Solemsass, K Niergoda, M Yager, P Rupprecht, CE TI Rabies in an American bison from North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE American bison; Bison bison; case report; rabies; zoonoses ID SEROLOGIC SURVEY; UNITED-STATES; BRUCELLOSIS; PATHOGENS; ANTIBODY; VIRUS AB In North Dakota (USA) during April 1998, a ranched female bison (Bison bison) was found dead. At gross necropsy, there was profound hair loss and consolidated lung lobes. Intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions suggestive of Negri bodies were observed in the brain stem and hippocampus, and a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. Antigenic typing demonstrated the occurrence of a rabies virus variant associated with skunks from the upper midwestern USA. This case of a rabid bison was one of only four such instances recorded from the USA over the past 40 yr, and is the first case report of rabies in a bison that reports clinical, pathologic, and antigenic findings. Although rabies in bison is rare, veterinarians and wildlife managers that work closely with such of the non-traditional species are reminded dangers that zoonoses such as rabies present. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Pinkerton Anim Hosp, Minot, ND 58701 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Stoltenow, CL (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, 164 Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 169 EP 171 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 279WB UT WOS:000085067100023 PM 10682762 ER PT J AU Thierry, JM AF Thierry, JM TI Observations from the CDC - Increasing breast and cervical cancer screening among women with disabilities SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Thierry, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F-29, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1089/152460900318894 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 289NY UT WOS:000085629900002 PM 10718499 ER PT J AU Galavotti, C Richter, DL AF Galavotti, C Richter, DL TI Talking about hysterectomy: The experiences of women from four cultural groups SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB As part of the Ethnicity, Needs, and Decisions of Women (ENDOW) project, in-depth qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted at four sites, Alabama, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Texas. In South Carolina and Alabama, African American and: white women were interviewed. In Texas, African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic women were interviewed, and in New Mexico, focus groups with Caucasian, Hispanic, and Navajo women were conducted. The Texas site also conducted focus groups with lesbian women. Data were collected on women's experiences with and attitude toward menopause, hysterectomy, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Information also was gathered on women's concerns and what experiences they have had or expect to have with healthcare providers and what they perceive their friends', families', and sexual partners' attitudes are toward hysterectomy. Numerous commonalties of experience existed across racial and ethnic groups. Overall, the women who participated believed that doctors do not take the time to explain issues related to menopause, hysterectomy, and HRT. Most of the women who have had a hysterectomy were satisfied with the outcome of surgery, as painful symptoms were relieved. There are also several interesting differences among the groups. Decision-making patterns differed among the ethnic groups, as did experience with healthcare providers. Many women in the focus groups expressed mistrust of or negative opinions of healthcare providers. African Americans expressed mistrust of their motives font recommending surgery, as did several of the Caucasian, non-Hispanic women. Most of the Hispanic participants respected and trusted their providers. All groups said they would seek additional medical opinions if they could afford to do so. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Richter, DL (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 7 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PY 2000 VL 9 SU 2 BP S63 EP S67 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 290TG UT WOS:000085693500007 PM 10714746 ER PT J AU Lewis, CE Groff, JY Herman, CJ McKeown, RE Wilcox, LS AF Lewis, CE Groff, JY Herman, CJ McKeown, RE Wilcox, LS TI Overview of women's decision making regarding elective hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and hormone replacement therapy SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BREAST-CANCER RISK; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; UNITED-STATES; OLDER WOMEN; HEALTH-CARE; BONE MASS; MENOPAUSE; OUTCOMES AB Over 600,000 hysterectomies are performed each year in the United States, the majority of which are to improve quality of life for perimenopausal women. Hysterectomy rates for common conditions differ between African American and white women, and African American women undergo surgery at a younger age for most diagnoses. Many hysterectomies are accompanied by elective oophorectomy, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly used, especially among women experiencing surgical menopause, despite questions about its long-term benefits and risks. Despite the high rates of hysterectomy in the United States, little is known about how women make decisions regarding this surgery and, in particular, how ethnic and cultural factors may influence these decisions. This article provides a review of what is currently known about the epidemiology of hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and HRT use and identifies gaps in knowledge about women's decision making, with a special focus on ethnic variations and cultural influences, issues addressed by the Ethnicity, Needs, and Decisions of Women (ENDOW) project. C1 Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Div Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Hlth Promot, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Family Practice & Community Med, Houston, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Prevent Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Med & Gerontol, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Hlth Promot Rural Amer Indian Communities, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Ctr Bioeth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lewis, CE (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Sch Med, Div Prevent Med, 1717 11th Ave S,Room 734, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA. NR 96 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PY 2000 VL 9 SU 2 BP S5 EP S14 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 290TG UT WOS:000085693500002 PM 10714741 ER PT J AU Richter, DL Galavotti, C AF Richter, DL Galavotti, C TI The role of qualitative research in a national project on decision making about hysterectomy and the use of hormone replacement therapy SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FOCUS C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Richter, DL (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PY 2000 VL 9 SU 2 BP S1 EP S3 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 290TG UT WOS:000085693500001 PM 10714740 ER PT J AU Simon, A Bindl, L Kramer, MH AF Simon, A Bindl, L Kramer, MH TI Surveillance of nosocomial infections: Prospective study in a pediatric intensive care unit SO KLINISCHE PADIATRIE LA German DT Review DE dyskeratosis congenita; immunodeficiency; pancytopenia; bone marrow failure ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTIONS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI; ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS; HOSPITAL PERSONNEL; ONCOLOGY UNIT; RISK-FACTORS; PREVENTION; CHILDREN; COLONIZATION; PNEUMONIA AB Background, Patients and Methods: From November 1997 through May 1998, the incidence of nosocomial infections was studied prospectively in a 10-bed multidisciplinary pediatric intensive care unit in Germany. A standardized surveillance [SEKI] system based on the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance [NNIS] System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] was used. The CDC definitions for nosocomial infections were adapted to the current practice of pediatric intensive care in Germany. Infection rates were calculated as infections per 100 patients, per 1000 patient-days, and per 1000 device-days (central venous catheters, urinary-catheters, and mechanical ventilation). Results: Fifteen nosocomial infections were recorded in 201 patients during 1035 patient-days. The overall nosocomial infection rates were 7.5/100 patients and 14.5/1000 patient-days. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates for urinary-catheters and mechanical ventilation were 7.2/1000 utilization-days and thus below the 75(th) percentile of the last NNIS report. Central line infection rates were 10.7/1000 utilization days and therefore above the 75(th) percentile of the NNIS data (10.2/1000). The median length-of-stay was 5.1 days. Conclusions: Surveillance data are indispensable for internal and external quality control, and prospective surveillance of nosocomial infections should become an essential component of hospital infection control programs in pediatric intensive care in Germany. The standardized calculation of (device utilization ratios and) device-specific infection rates yields results which can be compared with national and international surveillance data. SEKI meets the criteria of a practice oriented, prospective and standardized surveillance system. Considerable efforts for collecting and interpreting the required data should be balanced against the benefit of prevention of nosocomial infections in this population of critically ill persons. C1 Univ Bonn, Kinderklin, Interdisziplinare Intens Stn, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. Univ Bonn, Inst Hyg, D-5300 Bonn, Germany. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Simon, A (reprint author), Zentrum Kinderheilkunde, Adenauerallee 119, D-53113 Bonn, Germany. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU FERDINAND ENKE VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA POSTFACH 30 03 66, D-70443 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0300-8630 J9 KLIN PADIATR JI Klinische Padiatr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 212 IS 1 BP 2 EP 9 DI 10.1055/s-2000-9643 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 289BK UT WOS:000085599300001 PM 10719676 ER PT J AU Woods, CW Armstrong, G Sackey, SO Tetteh, C Bugri, S Perkins, BA Rosenstein, NE AF Woods, CW Armstrong, G Sackey, SO Tetteh, C Bugri, S Perkins, BA Rosenstein, NE TI Emergency vaccination against epidemic meningitis in Ghana: implications for the control of meningococcal disease in West Africa SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID FAILURE AB Background Recurrent epidemics of meningococcal disease have been reported throughout the African meningitis belt since description of the disease in 1912, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines can effectively prevent disease but the optimum strategy for their use in this setting has been controversial. We used data from an outbreak of meningococcal disease in northern Ghana in 1997 to assess the potential effect of different vaccination strategies. Methods We identified all reported cases of meningococcal meningitis and estimated the number of cases and deaths that could have been prevented by vaccination through use of a simple mathematical model. We then assessed the potential effect of different vaccination strategies and the burden of these strategies on the public-health system. Findings In the three affected regions in northern Ghana there were 18 703 cases and 1356 deaths reported between November, 1996, and May, 1997. Vaccination began in the third week of February and continued to April, reaching 72% of the at-risk population and preventing an estimated 23% of cases and 18% of deaths. A strategy of routine childhood and adult immunisation would have prevented 61% of cases had this same rate of vaccine coverage been achieved and maintained before the epidemic. If vaccination had started after the onset of the epidemic in January, as currently advocated by WHO guidelines, a similar proportion (61%) of cases could have been prevented. Interpretation Prevention of epidemics of meningococal disease in west Africa will be difficult until long-lasting conjugate vaccines capable of interrupting transmission of Neisseria meningitidis can be incorporated into routine infant-immunisation schedules, Until then, the strategy of surveillance and response advocated by WHO is as effective and more practical than a strategy of routine childhood and adult vaccination with currently available polysaccharide vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Surveillance, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ghana Minist Hlth, Accra, Ghana. RP Rosenstein, NE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-C23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9197 BP 30 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03366-8 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 279MU UT WOS:000085049200013 PM 10615888 ER PT J AU Page, EH AF Page, EH TI Allergic fungal sinusitis SO MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Letter C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Page, EH (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS PI ROCHESTER PA 660 SIEBENS BLDG MAYO CLINIC, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 0025-6196 J9 MAYO CLIN PROC JI Mayo Clin. Proc. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 75 IS 1 BP 122 EP 122 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 270ZN UT WOS:000084567200020 PM 10630768 ER PT J AU McNamara, P Caldwell, B Fraser, I De la Mare, J Arent, J AF McNamara, P Caldwell, B Fraser, I De la Mare, J Arent, J TI Quality improvement: New contributions from the field of health services research SO MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1077-5587 J9 MED CARE RES REV JI Med. Care Res. Rev. PY 2000 VL 57 SU 2 BP 5 EP 8 PG 4 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 375NQ UT WOS:000165408500001 PM 11105503 ER PT J AU Mayberry, RM Mili, F Ofili, E AF Mayberry, RM Mili, F Ofili, E TI Racial and ethnic differences in access to medical care SO MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW LA English DT Review ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; INVASIVE CARDIAC PROCEDURES; OF-VETERANS-AFFAIRS; CORONARY-REVASCULARIZATION PROCEDURES; HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEYS; BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENCES; ARTERY BYPASS-SURGERY; NON-HISPANIC WHITES; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; BREAST-CANCER AB The authors' review of the health services literature since the release of the landmark Report of the secretary's Task Force Report of Black and Minority Health in 1985 revealed significant differences in access to medical care by race and ethnicity within certain disease categories and types of health services. The differences are not explained by such factors as socioeconomic status (SES) insurance coverage, stage or severity of disease, comorbidities, type and availability of health care services, and patient preferences. Under certain circumstances when important variables are controlled, racial and ethnic disparities in access are reduced and wry disappear Nonetheless, the literature shows that racial and ethnic disparities persist in significant measure for several disease categories and service types. The complex challenge facing current and future researchers is to understand the basis for such disparities and to determine why disparities are apparent in some but not other disease categories and service types. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mayberry, RM (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. NR 131 TC 338 Z9 339 U1 7 U2 26 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1077-5587 J9 MED CARE RES REV JI Med. Care Res. Rev. PY 2000 VL 57 SU 1 BP 108 EP 145 DI 10.1177/107755800773743628 PG 38 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 369AU UT WOS:000090150300006 PM 11092160 ER PT J AU Reiss, E Obayashi, T Orle, K Yoshida, M Zancope-Oliveira, RM AF Reiss, E Obayashi, T Orle, K Yoshida, M Zancope-Oliveira, RM TI Non-culture based diagnostic tests for mycotic infections SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIVth Congress of the International-Society-for-Human-and-Animal-Mycology CY MAY 08-12, 2000 CL BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA SP Int Soc Human & Anim Mycol DE fungal PCR; galactomannan; Histoplasma; M antigen ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HISTOPLASMA-CAPSULATUM; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; D-ARABINITOL; PLASMA (1->3)-BETA-D-GLUCAN; PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS; CLINICAL-APPLICATIONS; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; BLOOD CULTURES AB Non-culture methods being developed and evaluated for mycotic infections include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), galactomannan (GM) antigenemia, Western blot (WB) to detect antibodies, and detection of the fungal metabolites D-arabinitol and (1,3)-beta -D-glucan. Sample preparation for PCR from blood specimens depends on fractionation of peripheral blood, its pre-incubation in blood culture broth, or a total DNA method, which does not rely on fractionation, or pre-incubation. Targets for PCR of fungi in the 18S or ITS2 subunits of the ribosomal RNA genes facilitated the design of Aspergillus and Candida genus and species probes. Amplicons were identified using PCR-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or reverse line-blot formats. A pilot study indicated that PCR tests on blood specimens were positive at least once in patients with confirmed invasive aspergillosis (IA). When serum-PCR and serum-GM tests were compared in IA patients, antigenemia was more often positive. PCR detected Aspergillus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients at risk even when cultures were negative. D-Arabinitol can be detected as a marker of candidiasis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or enzyme dependent-fluorometry. Each method can differentiate the microbial D- and host L-enantiomers. (1,3)-beta -D-Glucan is produced by most genera of pathogenic fungi and can be detected in plasma by the 'G-test'. In patients with febrile neutropenia the efficacy of azole therapy correlated with plasma (1,3)-beta -D-glucan concentrations of greater than or equal to 10 pg ml(-1). The diagnosis of early acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can be improved by a WB test utilizing deglycosylated M antigen, a 94-kDa glycoprotein. The identity of M antigen as a catalase was deduced from the sequence of the cloned gene. PCR identification of Histoplasma capsulatum cultures was accomplished with primer pairs selected from H and M antigen gene sequences. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Jichi Med Sch, Dept Clin Pathol, Minami Kawachi, Tochigi 32904, Japan. Roche Mol Diagnost, Div Infect Dis, Alameda, CA USA. Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med 4, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Hosp Evandro Chagas, Ctr Pesquisas, Lab Micol Med, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Reiss, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Mail Stop G-11,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Zancope-Oliveira, Rosely /I-1955-2013 NR 61 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 2 PU B I O S SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI OXFORD PA 9 NEWTEC PLACE, MAGDALEN RD, OXFORD OX4 1RE, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PY 2000 VL 38 SU 1 BP 147 EP 159 DI 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.147.159 PG 13 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 401ZE UT WOS:000166958800016 PM 11204140 ER PT J AU Ellis, D Marriott, D Hajjeh, RA Warnock, D Meyer, W Barton, R AF Ellis, D Marriott, D Hajjeh, RA Warnock, D Meyer, W Barton, R TI Epidemiology: surveillance of fungal infections SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIVth Congress of the International-Society-for-Human-and-Animal-Mycology CY MAY 08-12, 2000 CL BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA SP Int Soc Human & Anim Mycol DE Cryptococcus; dermatophytes; epidemiology; surveillance ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEOFORMANS VAR GATTII; INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE; NOSOCOMIAL ASPERGILLOSIS; CANDIDA-ALBICANS AB Surveillance for fungal diseases is essential to improve our understanding of their epidemiology and to enable research and prevention efforts to be prioritized. In order to conduct better surveillance for fungal diseases, it is important to develop more accurate and timely diagnostic tests, to follow rigorous epidemiological methods and to have adequate support from public health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. Investigations of nosocomial and community outbreaks of fungal infection have also resulted in a better understanding of the sources and routes of transmission of these diseases, and of the risk factors for infection. This has led to more effective prevention and control strategies. In addition, outbreak investigations have offered excellent opportunities to develop new molecular sub-typing methods, and to evaluate and validate older ones. For example, results obtained from a global epidemiological study of the genomic structure of Cryptococcus neoformans have led to a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Similarly, a study of variations in the genotype of Trichophyton rubrum has found that patients may become infected with multiple strains, which has important implications for study design when looking at the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. C1 Adelaide Womens & Childrens Hosp, Mycol Unit, N Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. St Vincents Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Ctr Infect Dis & Microbiol, Mol Mycol Lab, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. Univ Leeds, Dept Microbiol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Ellis, D (reprint author), Adelaide Womens & Childrens Hosp, Mycol Unit, N Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. RI Ellis, David/B-3677-2011; Meyer, Wieland/G-1204-2015 OI Meyer, Wieland/0000-0001-9933-8340 NR 67 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU B I O S SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI OXFORD PA 9 NEWTEC PLACE, MAGDALEN RD, OXFORD OX4 1RE, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PY 2000 VL 38 SU 1 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.173.182 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 401ZE UT WOS:000166958800018 PM 11204143 ER PT J AU Espinel-Ingroff, A Warnock, DW Vazquez, JA Arthington-Skaggs, BA AF Espinel-Ingroff, A Warnock, DW Vazquez, JA Arthington-Skaggs, BA TI In vitro antifungal susceptibility methods and clinical implications of antifungal resistance SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIVth Congress of the International-Society-for-Human-and-Animal-Mycology CY MAY 08-12, 2000 CL BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA SP Int Soc Human & Anim Mycol DE antifungal resistance; susceptibility testing; moulds; yeasts ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; REFERENCE MACRODILUTION METHOD; BROTH MICRODILUTION METHODS; LABORATORY STANDARDS METHOD; IN-VITRO; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; AMPHOTERICIN-B; NATIONAL-COMMITTEE; FLUCONAZOLE-RESISTANT; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI AB As new antifungal agents are introduced for the treatment of infections caused by yeasts and filamentous fungi (moulds), it is important that reliable methods are available for the in vitro testing of both new and established agents. The ultimate goal of in vitro testing is the prediction of the clinical outcome of therapy. The use of the M27-A procedures that were developed by the US National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has led to increased interlaboratory agreement of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for yeasts and has facilitated the establishment of interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and itraconazole. The clinical relevance and limitations of these breakpoints are discussed elsewhere. The focus of this paper is to review the advantages and disadvantages of the available methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts and moulds as well as the clinical implications of in vitro antifungal resistance. C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Detroit, MI USA. RP Espinel-Ingroff, A (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, POB 980049, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. NR 96 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU B I O S SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS LTD PI OXFORD PA 9 NEWTEC PLACE, MAGDALEN RD, OXFORD OX4 1RE, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PY 2000 VL 38 SU 1 BP 293 EP 304 DI 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.293.304 PG 12 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 401ZE UT WOS:000166958800031 PM 11204157 ER PT J AU Colley, DG AF Colley, DG TI Parasitic diseases: Opportunities and challenges in the 21st century SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Perspectives of Biomedical Research in the XXIst Century CY MAY 21-26, 2000 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP CNPq, Capes, Finep, Fdn Amparo Pesquisa Rio Janeiro, Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Linha Amarela SA, Minist Cultura, Prefeitura Rio Janeiro DE parasitic diseases; research; molecular biology; cell biology; immunology; control ID TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; MALARIA PARASITE; INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; GENOME; SEQUENCE AB The opportunities and challenges for the study and control of parasitic diseases in the 21st century are both exciting and daunting. Based on the contributions from this field over the last part of the 20th century, we should expect new biologic concepts will continue to come from this discipline to enrich the general area of biomedical research. The general nature of such a broad category of infections is difficult to distill, but they often depend on well-orchestrated, complex life cycles and they often involve chronic, relatively well-balanced host/parasite relationships. Such characteristics force biological systems to their limits, and this may be why studies of these diseases have made fundamental contributions to molecular biology, cell biology and immunology. However, if these findings are to continue apace, parasitologists must capitalize on the new findings being generated though genomics, bioinformatics, proteomics, and genetic manipulations of both host and parasite. Furthermore, they must do so based on sound biological insights and the use of hypothesis-driven studies of these complex systems. A major challenge over the next century will be to capitalize on these new findings and translate them into successful sustainable strategies for control, elimination and eradication of the parasitic diseases that pose major public health threats to the physical and cognitive development and health of so many people worldwide. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv,Publ Hlth Serv, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv,Publ Hlth Serv, Div Parasit Dis, Bldg 102,MS F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM DColley@cdc.gov NR 65 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 EI 1678-8060 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PY 2000 VL 95 SU 1 BP 79 EP 87 DI 10.1590/S0074-02762000000700015 PG 9 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 377RD UT WOS:000165526400016 PM 11142732 ER PT B AU Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE Lopareva, E Ulanova, T Talekar, G Devash, Y AF Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE Lopareva, E Ulanova, T Talekar, G Devash, Y BE Sibinga, CTS Klein, HG TI Development of a new diagnostic method for the detection of HCV antibodies: The rapid lateral flow test SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION SE DEVELOPMENTS IN HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Symposium on Blood Transfusion CY 1999 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Blood Bank Noord Nederland ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; RECOMBINANT IMMUNOBLOT ASSAY; NON-A; REACTIVITY; GENOTYPES; GENOME; AMINOTRANSFERASE; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; JAPAN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fields, HA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6534-8 J9 DEV HEMATOL PY 2000 VL 35 BP 111 EP 123 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hematology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Hematology GA BR72N UT WOS:000167335500008 ER PT B AU Boneva, RS Moore, CA Botto, L Wong, LY Erickson, JD AF Boneva, RS Moore, CA Botto, L Wong, LY Erickson, JD BE Koren, G Bishai, R TI Nausea of pregnancy, antinausea preparations and congenital heart defects: A population-based case-control study SO NAUSEA AND VOMITING OF PREGNANCY, VOL 1: STATE OF THE ART 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy CY OCT 30, 1998 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Hosp Sick Children, Motherisk Program, Soc Obstet & Gynaecol Canada, Canadian Fdn Women Hlth, Canadian Soc Clin Pharmacol, Reprod Toxicol Ctr, Natl Org Rare Disorders, Univ Montreal, Hosp St Justine, Chaire Pharmaceut Famille Louis Boivin Med Grossessse & Allaitement ID BIRTH-DEFECTS; CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Boneva, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HOSP SICK CHILDREN, MOTHERISK PROGRAM PI TORONTO PA 555 UNIV AVE, TORONTO, ONT M5G 1X8, CANADA BN 0-9686598-0-2 PY 2000 BP 60 EP 72 PG 13 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA BQ90Y UT WOS:000090037300010 ER PT S AU Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP Ali, SF AF Miller, DB O'Callaghan, JP Ali, SF BE Ali, SF TI Age as a susceptibility factor in the striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity observed in the mouse following substituted amphetamine exposure SO NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Neurobiological Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY AUG 04-06, 1999 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Int Soc Neurochem, Neuroresearch, Sevier Amer, Bie & Berntsen AS, Parke Davis, Neurosci Res Div, USDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; METHAMPHETAMINE NEUROTOXICITY; C57BL/6J MOUSE; NEONATAL RAT; MICE; BRAIN; HYPERTHERMIA; ONTOGENY; ASSAYS; RNA AB A number of substituted amphetamines, including methamphetamine (METH) are considered dopaminergic neurotoxicants. METH causes long-term depletions of striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) that are accompanied by other changes indicative of nerve terminal degeneration. These include argyrophilia as detected by silver degeneration stains and an elevation in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of reactive gliosis in response to injury, as well as a long-term decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels. The susceptibility to the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of METH and the other amphetamines can be affected by a number of factors including age, gender, stress, and environment. Many of these susceptibility factors have been extensively investigated in the rat but less so in the mouse. As the availability of genetically altered mice continues to expand, this species is increasingly selected for study. Thus, in previous work we determined that stress, gender, and the environment can significantly impact the neurotoxicity of the amphetamines. Here we determined how age affects the striatal DA depletion and GFAP elevation induced by d-METH in C57BL/6 mice. Age was a significant determinant of the ability of a known neurotoxic regimen of d-METH (10 mg/kg x 4) to produce striatal DA depletion with one-month-old C57BL/6 mice displaying minimal and nonpersistent depletion of DA or its metabolites while mice 12 months of age displayed large and persistent depletions of DA (87%), DOPAC (71%), and HVA (94%). Large elevations in striatal GFAP were induced in mice 2-23 months of age by d-METH, with lower dosages of d-METH being effective in the older mice. In contrast, the usual neurotoxic regimen of d-METH was minimally effective in inducing GFAP elevations (49% over control) in one-month-old mice, despite elevations in body temperature equivalent to those observed in older mice. Although increasing the dosage of d-METH (20 to 80 mg/kg) did increase the GFAP response (100% over control), it was still well below that usually exhibited at the usual neurotoxic dosage (300-400% over control) in fully mature mice. These data suggest maturity of striatal dopamine systems may be an essential element in the striatal damage induced by the neurotoxic amphetamines. C1 NIOSH, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Neurotoxicol, Neurochem Lab, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. RP Miller, DB (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Miller, Diane/O-2927-2013; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-279-7 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 914 BP 194 EP 207 PG 14 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BT09R UT WOS:000171939100019 PM 11085321 ER PT S AU Hebert, MA O'Callaghan, JP AF Hebert, MA O'Callaghan, JP BE Ali, SF TI Protein phosphorylation cascades associated with methamphetamine-induced glial activation SO NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Neurobiological Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY AUG 04-06, 1999 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Int Soc Neurochem, Neuroresearch, Sevier Amer, Bie & Berntsen AS, Parke Davis, Neurosci Res Div, USDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN; P70 S6 KINASE; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; FOCAL CEREBRAL-ISCHEMIA; ADULT-RAT BRAIN; FOCUSED MICROWAVE IRRADIATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY; FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; DEPENDENT GENE-EXPRESSION AB Reactive gliosis is the most prominent response to diverse forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury. The signaling events that mediate this characteristic response to neural injury are under intense investigation. Several studies have demonstrated the activation of phosphoproteins within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Janus kinase (JAK) pathways following neural insult. These signaling pathways may be involved or responsible for the glial response following injury, by virtue of their ability to phosphorylate and dynamically regulate the activity of various transcription factors. This study sought to delineate, in vivo, the relative contribution of MAPK- and JAK-signaling components to reactive gliosis as measured by induction of glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), following chemical-induced neural damage. At time points (6,24, and 48 h) following methamphetamine (METH, 10 mg/kg x 4, s.c.) administration, female C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed by focused microwave irradiation, a technique that preserves steady-state phosphorylation. Striatal (target) and nontarget (hippocampus) homogenates were assayed for METH-induced changes in markers of dopamine (DA) neuron integrity as well as differences in the levels of activated phosphoproteins. GFAP upregulation occurred as early as 6 h, reaching a threefold induction 48 li following METH exposure. Neurotoxicant-induced reductions in striatal levels of DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) paralleled the temporal profile of GFAP induction. Blots of striatal homogenates, probed with phosphorylation-state specific antibodies, demonstrated significant changes in activated forms of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), c-jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2),70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70 S6), cAMP responsive element binding protein (CRE B), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). MAPK-related phosphoproteins exhibited an activation profile that peaked at 6 h, remained significantly increased at 24, and fell to baseline levels 48 h following neurotoxicant treatment. The ribosomal S6 kinase was enhanced over 60% for all time points examined. Immunoreactivity profiles for the transcription factors CREB and STAT3 indicated maximal increases in phosphorylation occurring at 24 h, and measuring greater than 2- or 17-fold, respectively. Specific signaling events were found to occur with a time course suggestive of their involvement in the gliotic response. The toxicant-induced activation of these growth-associated signaling cascades suggests that these pathways could be obligatory for the triggering and/or persistence of reactive gliosis and may therefore serve as potential targets for modulation of glial response to neural damage. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 176 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-279-7 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 914 BP 238 EP 262 PG 25 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BT09R UT WOS:000171939100023 PM 11085325 ER PT J AU Pennypacker, KR Yang, X Gordon, MN Benkovic, S Miller, D O'Callaghan, JP AF Pennypacker, KR Yang, X Gordon, MN Benkovic, S Miller, D O'Callaghan, JP TI Long-term induction of Fos-related antigen-2 after methamphetamine-, methylenedioxymethamphetamine-, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- and trimethyltin-induced brain injury SO NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE transcription factor; gene regulation; neuronal regeneration; AP-1; glial fibrillary acidic protein; terminal degeneration ID AP-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; RAT HIPPOCAMPUS; SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES; PROLONGED EXPRESSION; NEURONAL DEATH; C57BL/6J MOUSE; DNA-BINDING; NEUROTOXICITY; PROTEINS AB A long-term induction of Fos-related antigens has been shown in neurons after brain injury, suggesting that Fos-related antigens are involved in enhancing the transcription of genes related to the process of regeneration and repair. In the present study, we report that levels of Fos-related antigen-2 are elevated in several models of chemically induced brain injury. Trimethyltin, which causes degeneration of neurons primarily in the hippocampus and other limbic regions, results in a five-fold induction of Fos-related antigen-2 immunoreactivity in neurons in the pyramidal and dentate layers of the hippocampus starting at seven days post-treatment and persisting for 60 days. Methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine, agents which cause degeneration of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum of the mouse, cause an increase in Fos-related antigen-2 immunoreactivity which begins at three days post-treatment and returns to basal levels by days 5 and 15, respectively. Treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine elevated levels of Fos-related antigen-2 in the mouse striatum at three days post-treatment. This abbreviated time-course of Fos-related antigen-2 induction is consistent with less severe insult (terminal damage) relative to trimethyltin (cell death), but induction occurs during the period of regeneration and repair in both models. Dexfenfluramine, a non-neurotoxic amphetamine, does not induce Fos-related antigen-2 expression. Decreasing core temperature of the mouse, which blocks amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, also blocks Fos-related antigen-2 induction. In summary, Fos-related antigen-2 is induced in models of both cell death and terminal degeneration, suggesting that this transcription factor may serve as a universal signal transduction molecule involved in the regulation of genes related to regeneration and repair in the CNS. (C) 2000 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Pennypacker, KR (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. RI Pennypacker, Keith/I-5092-2012; Gordon, Marcia N./K-2420-2012; O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 OI Gordon, Marcia N./0000-0002-4051-9283; NR 42 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4522 J9 NEUROSCIENCE JI Neuroscience PY 2000 VL 101 IS 4 BP 913 EP 919 DI 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00381-X PG 7 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 385BZ UT WOS:000165982900012 PM 11113340 ER PT J AU Schildkraut, JM Halabi, S Bastos, E Marchbanks, PA McDonald, JA Berchuck, A AF Schildkraut, JM Halabi, S Bastos, E Marchbanks, PA McDonald, JA Berchuck, A TI Prognostic factors in early-onset epithelial ovarian cancer: A population-based study SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID P53 OVEREXPRESSION; BREAST-CANCER; EXPRESSION; TUMORS; MUTATION; ACCUMULATION; CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL; PROTEIN AB Objective: To investigate the clinical prognostic factors that influence ovarian cancer survival in women with early-onset epithelial ovarian cancer using population-based data. Methods: Subjects in the current study were from a population-based series of 197 patients with invasive ovarian cancer and 60 patients with ovarian cancer of low malignant potential who were identified from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone study. All subjects were between 20 and 54 years of age at diagnosis for ovarian cancer. Epidemiologic data were obtained from each participant. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess p53 expression in paraffin-embedded ovarian cancers. Univariate and multivariate analyses for survival were conducted using the proportional hazards model to test the prognostic significance of several clinicopathologic factors among subjects. Results: Among women with invasive tumors, the proportional hazards model revealed that advanced stage at diagnosis [hazard ratio = 4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5, 6.6], age at diagnosis 46-54 (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3, 3.0), and overexpression of p53 (hazard ratio = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1, 2.3) were significantly associated with decreased survival. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that stage, age, and P53 overexpression are independent predictors of decreased survival in women with invasive ovarian cancer diagnosed younger than age 55. Further investigation of the effect of age at diagnosis on the relationship between p53 overexpression and ovarian cancer survival is warranted. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:119-27. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.). C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Canc Prevent, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Canc Detect, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Control Res Program, Div Biometry & Obstet & Gynecol,Div Gynecol Oncol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schildkraut, JM (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Canc Prevent, Box 2949,Hanes House,Room 235,Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 64592, CA 66540, CA 76016] NR 28 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 95 IS 1 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(99)00535-9 PG 9 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 272EU UT WOS:000084638200023 PM 10636514 ER PT J AU Kauppinen, T Toikkanen, J Pedersen, D Young, R Ahrens, Y Boffetta, P Hansen, J Kromhout, H Blasco, JM Mirabelli, D de la Orden-Rivera, V Pannett, B Plato, N Savela, A Vincent, R Kogevinas, M AF Kauppinen, T Toikkanen, J Pedersen, D Young, R Ahrens, Y Boffetta, P Hansen, J Kromhout, H Blasco, JM Mirabelli, D de la Orden-Rivera, V Pannett, B Plato, N Savela, A Vincent, R Kogevinas, M TI Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union SO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE exposure; carcinogen; Europe AB Objectives-To construct a computer assisted information system for the estimation of the numbers of workers exposed to established and suspected human carcinogens In the member states of the European Union (EU). Methods-A database called CAREX (carcinogen exposure) was designed to provide selected exposure data and documented estimates of the number of workers exposed to carcinogens by country, carcinogen, and industry. CAREX includes data on agents evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (all agents in groups 1 and 2A as of February 1995, and selected agents in group 2B) and on ionising radiation, displayed across the 55 industrial classes. The 1990-3 occupational exposure was estimated in two phases. Firstly, estimates were generated by the CAREX system on the basis of national labour force data and exposure prevalence estimates from two reference countries (Finland and the United States) which had the most comprehensive data available on exposures to these agents. For selected countries, these estimates were then refined by national experts in view of the perceived exposure patterns in their own countries compared with those of the reference countries. Results-About 32 million workers (23% of those employed) in the EU were exposed to agents covered by CAREX. At least 22 million workers were exposed to IARC group 1 carcinogens. The exposed workers had altogether 42 million exposures (1.3 mean exposures for each exposed worker). The most common exposures were solar radiation (9.1 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), environmental tobacco smoke (7.5 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), crystalline silica (3.2 million exposed), diesel exhaust (3.0 million), radon (2.7 million), and wood dust (2.6 million). Conclusion-These preliminary estimates indicate that in the early 1990s, a substantial proportion of workers in the EU were exposed to carcinogens. C1 FIOH, Helsinki 00250, Finland. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Bremen Inst Prevent Res & Social Med, Bremen, Germany. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. Danish Canc Soc, Copenhagen, Denmark. Wageningen Univ Agr, Wageningen, Netherlands. Inst Nacl Seguridad & Hig Trabajo, Madrid, Spain. Agenzia Protez Ambientale Piemonte, Grugliasco, Italy. MRC, Southampton, Hants, England. Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. Inst Natl Rech & Secur, Vandoeuvre, France. Inst Municipal Invest Med, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. RP Kauppinen, T (reprint author), FIOH, Topeliukenk 41aA, Helsinki 00250, Finland. RI Kromhout, Hans/A-9159-2008; Kogevinas, Manolis/C-3918-2017 NR 15 TC 183 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 7 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1351-0711 J9 OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 10 EP 18 DI 10.1136/oem.57.1.10 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 270QJ UT WOS:000084546800002 PM 10711264 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Fine, L Belkic, K Landsbergis, P Schnall, P Baker, D Theorell, T Siegrist, J Peter, R Karasek, R Marmot, M Brisson, C Tuchsen, F AF Steenland, K Fine, L Belkic, K Landsbergis, P Schnall, P Baker, D Theorell, T Siegrist, J Peter, R Karasek, R Marmot, M Brisson, C Tuchsen, F TI Research findings linking workplace factors to cardiovascular disease outcomes SO OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE-STATE OF THE ART REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; AMBULATORY BLOOD-PRESSURE; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; OCCUPATIONAL NOISE EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; JOB CONTENT QUESTIONNAIRE; URBAN BUS DRIVERS; RISK-FACTORS C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 313 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 4 U2 13 PU HANLEY & BELFUS-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0885-114X J9 OCCUP MED-STATE ART JI Occup. Med.-State Art Rev. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 7 EP 68 PG 62 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 303YB UT WOS:000086454400002 PM 10620786 ER PT J AU Shepherd, JA Kelly, T Genant, HK Looker, A AF Shepherd, JA Kelly, T Genant, HK Looker, A TI Do spine phantom quality assurance scans ensure the accuracy and quality of DXA whole body BMD and tissue compostion? SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Holog Inc, Bedford, MA USA. UCSF, San Francisco, CA USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth & Stat, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 2000 VL 11 SU 3 MA P34 BP 29 EP 30 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 382RZ UT WOS:000165837400099 ER PT J AU Shepherd, JA Saeed, I Sherman, M Genant, HK Looker, A AF Shepherd, JA Saeed, I Sherman, M Genant, HK Looker, A TI Comparison of the adult and pediatric whole body analysis algorithms for the hologic QDR-4500A on a pediatric population SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth & Stat, Washington, DC USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 2000 VL 11 SU 3 MA P79 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 382RZ UT WOS:000165837400144 ER PT J AU Vesper, HW Demers, LM Eastell, R Garnero, P Kleerekoper, M Robins, SP Srivastava, AK Pettis, JL Warnick, GR Watts, NB Myers, G AF Vesper, HW Demers, LM Eastell, R Garnero, P Kleerekoper, M Robins, SP Srivastava, AK Pettis, JL Warnick, GR Watts, NB Myers, G TI Guidelines on preanalytical criteria for the measurement of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline as bone resorption markers in urine SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. No Gen Hosp, Sheffield S5 7AU, S Yorkshire, England. INSERM, U403, Lyon, France. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. Rowett Res Inst, Aberdeen, Scotland. VAMC, Loma Linda, CA USA. Pacific BioMetr Res Fdn, Seattle, WA USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Eastell, Richard/G-5851-2011 OI Eastell, Richard/0000-0002-0323-3366 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 2000 VL 11 SU 2 MA 44 BP S68 EP S69 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 337GB UT WOS:000088348100065 ER PT J AU Mervis, CA Yeargin-Allsopp, M Winter, S Boyle, C AF Mervis, CA Yeargin-Allsopp, M Winter, S Boyle, C TI Aetiology of childhood vision impairment, metropolitan Atlanta, 1991-93 SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL-DISABILITIES; ETIOLOGIC FACTORS; CHILDREN; PREVALENCE; BLINDNESS; POPULATION AB Data from the population-based Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) were used to describe the underlying causes of vision impairment (VI; corrected visual acuity in the better eye of 20/70 or worse) in young children (n = 228) in metropolitan Atlanta in 1991-93. Children with VI were identified through record review at multiple educational and medical sources. Children were categorised as having isolated VI or multiple disabilities (i.e. VI plus one or more of four additional developmental disabilities) and as having low vision (visual acuity 20/70-20/400) or blindness (visual acuity worse than 20/400). Medical conditions abstracted from MADDSP sources were reviewed to determine the probable aetiology of a child's VI. Aetiologies were assigned to one of three developmental time periods: prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal. Prenatal aetiologies were identified in 43% of the children; 38% of the prenatal aetiologies were genetic. Perinatal aetiologies were found in 27% of the children. Postnatal aetiologies were rare. Prenatal aetiologies were more common in children with isolated VI; perinatal and postnatal aetiologies were more common in children with multiple disabilities. Children with prenatal aetiologies tended to have less severe vision loss than did children with perinatal or postnatal aetiologies. The distribution varied by birthweight, but did not differ significantly by sex or race. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Dev Disabil Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mervis, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Dev Disabil Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-15, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2000.00232.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 289GK UT WOS:000085612000012 PM 10703037 ER PT J AU Horton, J Witt, C Ottesen, EA Lazdins, JK Addiss, DG Awadzi, K Beach, MJ Belizario, VY Dunyo, SK Espinel, M Gyapong, JO Hossain, M Ismail, MM Jayakody, RL Lammie, PJ Makunde, W Richard-Lenoble, D Selve, B Shenoy, RK Simonsen, PE Wamae, CN Weerasooriya, MV AF Horton, J Witt, C Ottesen, EA Lazdins, JK Addiss, DG Awadzi, K Beach, MJ Belizario, VY Dunyo, SK Espinel, M Gyapong, JO Hossain, M Ismail, MM Jayakody, RL Lammie, PJ Makunde, W Richard-Lenoble, D Selve, B Shenoy, RK Simonsen, PE Wamae, CN Weerasooriya, MV TI An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lymphatic filariasis; albendazole; ivermectin; diethylcarbamazine; DEC; drug regimens for LF; drug safety; adverse events; Wuchereria bancrofti; Brugia malayi; Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PELF); tropical disease control ID ASYMPTOMATIC BRUGIAN FILARIASIS; ALBENDAZOLE; IVERMECTIN; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; MICROFILAREMIA; COMBINATIONS AB This review of the safety of the co-administration regimens to be used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (albendazole + ivermectin or albendazole + diethylcarbamazine [DEC]) is based on 17 studies conducted in Sri Lanka, India, Haiti, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Ecuador, the Philippines, Gabon, Papua New Guinea, and Bangladesh. The total data set comprises 90635 subject exposures and includes individuals of all ages and both genders. Results are presented for hospital-based studies, laboratory studies, active surveillance of microfilaria-positive and microfilaria-negative individuals, and passive monitoring in both community-based studies and mass treatment programmes of individuals treated with albendazole (n = 1538), ivermectin (9822), DEC (576), albendazole + ivermectin (7470), albendazole + DEC (69020), or placebo (1144). The most rigorous monitoring, which includes haematological and biochemical laboratory parameters pre- and post-treatment, provides no evidence that consistent changes are induced by any treatment; the majority of abnormalities appear to be sporadic, and the addition of albendazole to either ivermectin or DEC does not increase the frequency of abnormalities. Both DEC and ivermectin show, as expected, an adverse event profile compatible with thr destruction of microfilariac. The addition of albendazole to either single-drug treatment regimen does not appear to increase the frequency or intensity of events seen with these microfilaricidal drugs when used alone. Direct observations indicated that the level of adverse events, both frequency and intensity, was correlated with the level of microfilaraemia. In non microfilaracmic individuals, who form 80 90% of the 'at risk' populations to be treated in most national public health programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF), the event profile with the compounds alone or in combination does not differ significantly from that of placebo. Data on the use of ivermectin + albendazole in areas either of double infection (onchocerciasis and I,T;), or of loiais (with or without concurrent LF) are still inadequate and further studies are needed. Additional data are also recommended for populations infected with Brugia malayi, since most data thus far derive from populations infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. C1 SmithKline Beecham Int, Dept Therapeut Trop Med, Brentford TW8 9BD, Middx, England. WHO, Dept Control Prevent & Eradicat, Lymphat Filariasis Eliminat, CPE CEE FIL, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. WHO, Speical Programme Res & Training Trop Dis, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Hohoe Hosp, Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Res Ctr, Hohoe, Ghana. Univ Philippines, Coll Publ Hlth, Manila, Philippines. Univ Ghana, Noguchi Mem Inst Med Res, Legon, Ghana. Inst Juan Cesar Garcia, Quito, Ecuador. Minist Hlth, Hlth Res Unit, Accra, Ghana. Inst Epidemiol, Dis Control & Res IEDCR, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. Univ Colombo, Fac Med, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. Bombo Res Stn, Tanga, Tanzania. Fac Med, Tours, France. Misima Mines Pty Ltd, Bwagoia, Papua N Guinea. TD Med Coll Hosp, Filariasis Chemotherapy Unit, Alleppey 688011, Kerala, India. Danish Bilharziasis Lab, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. Kenya Med Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. Univ Ruhuna, Fac Med, Filarasis Res Lab, Galle, Sri Lanka. RP Horton, J (reprint author), SmithKline Beecham Int, Dept Therapeut Trop Med, Brentford TW8 9BD, Middx, England. NR 15 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PY 2000 VL 121 SU S BP S147 EP S160 DI 10.1017/S0031182000007423 PG 14 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 437AU UT WOS:000168968700011 PM 11386686 ER PT J AU Lowther, SA Shay, DK Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Kaufman, SF Anderson, LJ AF Lowther, SA Shay, DK Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Kaufman, SF Anderson, LJ TI Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among American Indian and Alaska Native children SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE bronchiolitis; human respiratory syncytial virus; American Indians; Alaska Natives ID RESPIRATORY-SYNCYTIAL-VIRUS; WOOD-BURNING STOVES; PARENTAL SMOKING; INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RISK; WASHINGTON; INFANTS; DISEASE; ILLNESS AB Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness among infants and young children, Respiratory system diseases account for a large proportion of hospitalizations in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children; however, aggregate estimates of RSV-associated hospitalizations among AI/AN children have not been made. Methods. We used Indian Health Service hospitalization data from 1990 through 1995 to describe hospitalizations associated with bronchiolitis, the most characteristic clinical manifestation of RSV infection, among AI/AN children <5 years old. Results. The overall bronchiolitis-associated hospitalization rate among AI/AN infants <1 year old was considerably higher (61.8 per 1000) than the 1995 estimated bronchiolitis hospitalization rate among all US infants (34.2 per 1000). Hospitalization rates were higher among male infants (72.2 per 1000) than among females infants (51.1 per 1000). The highest infant hospitalization rate was noted in the Navajo Area (96.3 per 1000). Hospitalizations peaked annually in January or February, consistent with national peaks for RSV detection. Bronchiolitis hospitalizations accounted for an increasing proportion of hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illnesses. Conclusions. Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalization rates are substantially greater for AI/AN infants than those for all US infants. This difference may reflect an increased likelihood of severe RSV-associated disease or a decreased threshold for hospitalization among AI/AN infants with bronchiolitis compared with all US infants. AI/AN children would receive considerable benefit from lower respiratory tract illness prevention programs, including an RSV vaccine, if and when one becomes available. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Dept HHS, Indian Hlth Serv, Rockville, MD USA. RP Lowther, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, MS A-34,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 41 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1097/00006454-200001000-00004 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 274KZ UT WOS:000084766200003 PM 10643844 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Besser, RE Olson, C Burns, JC Arguin, PM Gimenez-Sanchez, F Stevens, VA Pruckler, JM Fields, BS Belay, ED Ginsberg, M Dowell, SF AF Schrag, SJ Besser, RE Olson, C Burns, JC Arguin, PM Gimenez-Sanchez, F Stevens, VA Pruckler, JM Fields, BS Belay, ED Ginsberg, M Dowell, SF TI Lack of association between Kawasaki syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: an investigation of a Kawasaki syndrome cluster in San Diego County SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Kawasaki syndrome; etiology; Chlamydia pneumoniae; case-control study ID CHILDREN; PSITTACOSIS; OUTBREAKS; TWAR AB Background. The etiology of Kawasaki syndrome (KS), the leading cause of acquired coronary artery disease in children, is unknown. Recent studies have suggested that Chlamydia pneumoniae, a common respiratory pathogen associated with an increased risk of heart disease, might lead to KS. Objective. To assess whether KS was associated with an elevated risk of having a current or antecedent infection with C. pneumoniae. Methods. Blood, urine and pharyngeal specimens from KS patients in San Diego County, CA, during a period of high KS incidence were analyzed for evidence of recent C. pneumoniae infection by culture, PCR and serology. Specimens collected from two control groups, family members of KS patients and age-matched children attending outpatient clinics for well child visits, were similarly analyzed. Results. Thirteen cases were identified. Forty-five outpatient controls and an average of three family members per patient were enrolled in the study. All specimens tested negative for the presence of C. pneumoniae by PCR and culture except for one blood specimen from the mother of a case-patient. Serologic analysis of patients and a subset of outpatient and family controls revealed no evidence of current C. pneumoniae infection; 4 of 13 adult family controls had IgG titers consistent with past exposure to C. pneumoniae. Case patients were no more likely than outpatient controls to have had a respiratory illness in the preceding 2 months (11 of 13 patients vs. 35 of 45 controls; odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 11.9). Conclusions. We found no evidence that C. pneumoniae infection was associated with KS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Training Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Cty San Diego Dept Hlth Serv, San Diego, CA USA. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013; Burns, Jane/J-6167-2015 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1097/00006454-200001000-00005 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 274KZ UT WOS:000084766200004 PM 10643845 ER PT J AU Morita, JY Kahn, E Thompson, T Laclaire, L Beall, B Gherardi, G O'Brien, EL Schwartz, B AF Morita, JY Kahn, E Thompson, T Laclaire, L Beall, B Gherardi, G O'Brien, EL Schwartz, B TI Impact of azithromycin on oropharyngeal carriage of Group A Streptococcus and nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Group A Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; antimicrobial resistance; macrolide; carriage; colonization ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; PEDIATRIC-PATIENTS; NURSING-HOME; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; ERYTHROMYCIN; STRAINS AB Background. Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections are a cause of serious morbidity and high mortality. There is a need for a simple, effective antimicrobial regimen that could be used to prevent invasive GAS disease in high risk situations. To assess azithromycin as a chemoprophylactic agent, we evaluated its efficacy for eradication of oropharyngeal (OP) GAS and its impact on the nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization rate of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods. We obtained OP and NP swabs for GAS and pneumococcus culture, respectively, from 300 schoolmates of a child with an invasive GAS infection. GAS culture-positive students were treated with daily azithromycin (12 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. We obtained follow-up OP and NP swabs at 9 (Day 17) and 24 (Day 32) days posttreatment from those students identified as GAS carriers on Day 0 and determined macrolide susceptibility of GAS and pneumococcal isolates. Results. Of the 300 students swabbed 152 (50%) carried GAS in their oropharynx. On Day 17, efficacy of azithromycin for GAS eradication was 95% (140 of 147) for all students. NP colonization rates for pneumococci decreased from 46% (67 of 146) to 12% (17 of 144; P < 0.001) by Day 17 and to 20% (27 of 137; P < 0.001) by Day 32. The prevalence of erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal isolates increased from 2% (3 of 146) to 4% (6 of 144) by Day 17 and to 8% (11 of 137; P = 0.04) by Day 32. Conclusions. Azithromycin is an effective short course regimen for eradication of oropharyngeal GAS. However, azithromycin selected for macrolide-resistant strains of pneumococci. These findings highlight the importance of determining the appropriate circumstances for antimicrobial prophylaxis to-prevent invasive GAS infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morita, JY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop C-23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Kahn, Emily/0000-0001-7812-7958 NR 33 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1097/00006454-200001000-00009 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 274KZ UT WOS:000084766200008 PM 10643849 ER PT J AU Schuchat, A Zywicki, SS Dinsmoor, MJ Mercer, B Romaguera, J O'Sullivan, MJ Patel, D Peters, MT Stoll, B Levine, OS AF Schuchat, A Zywicki, SS Dinsmoor, MJ Mercer, B Romaguera, J O'Sullivan, MJ Patel, D Peters, MT Stoll, B Levine, OS CA PENS Study Grp TI Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: A multicenter case-control study SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE group B streptococcal; neonatal; sepsis; meningitis; Escherichia coli; antibiotic resistance; streptococcal; risk factors ID B STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE; PREMATURE RUPTURE; INTRAPARTUM CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; AMPICILLIN; MEMBRANES; COLONIZATION; INFECTION; COHORT AB Background. Early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) prevention efforts are based on targeted use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP); applicability of these prevention efforts to infections caused by other organisms is not clear. Methods. Multicenter surveillance during 1995 to 1996 for culture-confirmed, early-onset sepsis in an aggregate of 52 406 births; matched case-control study of risk factors for GBS and other sepsis. Results. Early-onset disease occurred in 188 infants (3.5 cases per 1000 live births). GBS (1.4 cases per 1000 births) and Escherichia coli (0.6 cases per 1000 births) caused most infections. GBS sepsis less often occurred in preterm deliveries compared with other sepsis. Compared with gestation-matched controls without documented sepsis, GBS disease was associated with intrapartum fever (matched OR, 4.1; CI, 1.2-13.4) and frequent vaginal exams (matched OR, 2.9; CI, 1.1-8.0). An obstetric risk factor-preterm delivery, intrapartum fever, or membrane rupture greater than or equal to 18 hours-was found in 49% of GBS cases and 79% of other sepsis. IAP had an adjusted efficacy of 68.2% against any early-onset sepsis. Ampicillin resistance was evident in 69% of E coli infections. No deaths occurred among susceptible E coli infections, whereas 41% of ampicillin-resistant E coli infections were fatal. Ninety-one percent of infants who developed ampicillin-resistant E coli infections were preterm, and 59% of these infants were born to mothers who had received IAP. Conclusions. Either prenatal GBS screening or a risk-based strategy could potentially prevent a substantial portion of GBS cases. Sepsis caused by other organisms is more often a disease of prematurity. IAP seemed efficacious against early-onset sepsis. However, the severity of ampicillin-resistant E coli sepsis and its occurrence after maternal antibiotics suggest caution regarding use of ampicillin instead of penicillin for GBS prophylaxis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. Univ Tennessee, Reg Med Ctr, Memphis, TN USA. Univ Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ Miami, Jackson Mem Hosp, Med Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA. Broward Gen Med Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, OS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 132 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 21 EP 26 DI 10.1542/peds.105.1.21 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400004 PM 10617699 ER PT J AU Watson, B Seward, J Yang, A Witte, P Lutz, J Chan, C Orlin, S Levenson, R AF Watson, B Seward, J Yang, A Witte, P Lutz, J Chan, C Orlin, S Levenson, R TI Postexposure effectiveness of varicella vaccine SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE varicella; varicella vaccine; outbreak; postexposure; vaccine effectiveness ID ZOSTER VIRUS; HEALTHY-CHILDREN; LIVE VACCINE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; ADULTS; SPREAD AB Objective. 1) To describe the postexposure effectiveness of varicella vaccine in a homeless shelter; and 2) to demonstrate an effective public health intervention and its implications. Design. A prospective observational study. Setting. A women and children's shelter in Philadelphia with 2 cases of varicella before intervention. Outcome Measures. Varicella in vaccinated and unvaccinated shelter residents; vaccine effectiveness for prevention of varicella when administered after exposure among children <13 years of age. Results. Sixty-seven shelter residents received varicella vaccine after exposure, including 42 children <13 years of age. One child who was unvaccinated developed varicella, but no vaccinated child developed typical disease. Vaccine effectiveness was 95.2% (95% CI, 81.6%-98.8%) for prevention of any disease and 100% for prevention of moderate or severe disease among the children <13 years of age. Conclusion. When used within 36 hours after exposure to varicella in a setting where close contact occurred, varicella vaccine was highly effective in preventing further disease. This study provides support for the recent recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to administer varicella vaccine after exposure: this practice should minimize the number of moderate or severe cases of disease and prevent prolonged outbreaks. C1 Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19146 USA. Albert Einstein Med Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19141 USA. Philadelphia Hlth Management Corp, Philadelphia, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Watson, B (reprint author), Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, 500 S Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19146 USA. NR 26 TC 48 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 84 EP 88 DI 10.1542/peds.105.1.84 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400014 PM 10617709 ER PT J CA Comm Infect Dis TI Varicella vaccine update SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID HEALTHY-CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; FOLLOW-UP; INFECTIONS; CHICKENPOX; VIRUS; EFFICACY AB Recommendations for routine varicella vaccination were published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in May 1995, but many eligible children remain unimmunized. This update provides additional information on the varicella disease burden before the availability of varicella vaccine, potential barriers to immunization, efforts to increase the level of coverage, new safety data, and new recommendations for use of the varicella vaccine after exposure and in children with human immunodeficiency virus infections. Pediatricians are strongly encouraged to support public health officials in the development and implementation of varicella immunization requirements for child care and school entry. C1 AAP Council Pediat Practice, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Thorac Soc, New York, NY 10019 USA. Canadian Paediat Soc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Rockville, MD USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP AAP Council Pediat Practice, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 EI 1098-4275 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 136 EP 141 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400024 ER PT J CA Comm Infect Dis TI Prevention of Lyme disease SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID OUTER-SURFACE PROTEIN; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI TRANSMISSION; NEW-YORK STATE; TICK BITES; ANTIBIOTIC-PROPHYLAXIS; RISK-FACTORS; NEW-JERSEY; VACCINE; OSPA; ARTHRITIS AB Lyme disease is currently the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the United States, accounting for more than 95% of such cases. The purpose of this report is to provide recommendations for preventing Lyme disease, including the use of Lyme disease vaccine. Individuals can reduce their risk of Lyme disease by avoiding tick-infested habitats when in endemic areas. If exposure to tick-infested habitats cannot be avoided, individuals may reduce their risk of infection by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and regularly checking for and removing attached ticks. Morbidity from Lyme disease can be reduced significantly by detecting and treating the infection in its early stages; early and appropriate treatment almost always results in a prompt and uncomplicated cure. A Lyme disease vaccine (LYMErix, SmithKline Beecham, Collegeville, PA) was licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration on December 21, 1998, for persons 15 to 70 years of age. This vaccine seems to be safe and effective, but whether its use is cost-effective has yet to be clearly established. Use of this vaccine causes false-positive enzyme immunoassay results for Lyme disease. Lyme disease can be diagnosed in vaccinated persons by immunoblot testing. Decisions about the use of this vaccine should be based on an assessment of a person's risk as determined by activities and behaviors relating to tick exposure in endemic areas. This vaccine should be considered an adjunct to, not a replacement for, the practice of personal protective measures against tick exposure and the early diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. C1 AAP Council Pediat Practice, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Thorac Soc, New York, NY 10019 USA. Canadian Paediat Soc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Comm Infect Dis (reprint author), AAP Council Pediat Practice, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 142 EP 147 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400025 ER PT J CA Comm Infect Dis TI Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule - United States, January-December 2000 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article C1 Comm Infect Dis, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Red Book, New York, NY 10019 USA. Pediat Practice Act Grp, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Thorac Soc, New York, NY 10019 USA. Canadian Paediat Soc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Rockville, MD USA. RP Comm Infect Dis, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 EI 1098-4275 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 148 EP 151 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400026 ER PT J AU Hall, S Galil, K Watson, B Seward, J AF Hall, S Galil, K Watson, B Seward, J TI The use of school-based vaccination clinics to control varicella outbreaks in two schools SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE varicella; outbreak control; varicella vaccine; school-based clinics; vaccine coverage AB School-based vaccination clinics were offered in 2 schools experiencing varicella outbreaks. The clinics raised coverage of susceptible children from 52.9% to 92.2% and from 68.8% to 85.3% in the 2 schools, respectively. Although routine immunization and school-entry requirements are the best strategies for preventing outbreaks, school-based vaccination clinics may greatly increase coverage and shorten outbreaks. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. City Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Galil, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 AR e17 DI 10.1542/peds.105.1.e17 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 273KL UT WOS:000084706400044 PM 10617754 ER PT S AU Fowler, MG AF Fowler, MG BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI Prevention of perinatal HIV infection - What do we know? Where should future research go? SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; PROSPECTIVE COHORT; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; ORAL ZIDOVUDINE; COTE-DIVOIRE; TYPE-1; RISK; REDUCTION AB Major progress has been made in reduction of perinatal HIV transmission in the United States and Europe following the PACTG 076 results using zidovudine (ZDV) for prevention of mother-to-infant HIV transmission. Internationally in the past two years, short-course antiretroviral trials have shown efficacy for both antenatal or intrapartum and postnatal interventions. Trials in Bankok, Thailand, and Cote d'lvoire demonstrated that antenatal ZDV started at 36 weeks could reduce transmission by 50% among non-breastfeeding women and about 37% among breastfeeding women. Uganda trial results with one dose of nevirapine given to the mother at the onset of labor and to the newborn resulted in a 47 % reduction in transmission when compared to a regimen of ZDV given intrapartum and for 1 week to the newborn. These recent international research findings provide evidence that both short-course antenatal/intrapartum and intrapartum/neonatal prophylaxis can effectively reduce perinatal HIV transmission in resource-poor settings. In order to avert the 1600 new infant MV infections occurring daily, the world community must act to rapidly implement these international perinatal trial results. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Surveillance & Epidemiol, Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fowler, MG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Surveillance & Epidemiol, Epidemiol Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 45 EP 52 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500007 PM 11131733 ER PT S AU Marseille, E Kahn, JG Mmiro, F Guay, L Musoke, P Fowler, MG Jackson, JB AF Marseille, E Kahn, JG Mmiro, F Guay, L Musoke, P Fowler, MG Jackson, JB BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI The cost effectiveness of a single-dose nevirapine regimen to mother and infant to reduce vertical HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; UGANDA C1 Hlth Strategies Int, Orinda, CA 94563 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Inst Hlth Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Makerere Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Kampala, Uganda. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Makerere Univ, Dept Paediat, Kampala, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Marseille, E (reprint author), Hlth Strategies Int, Orinda, CA 94563 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-35173]; NIDA NIH HHS [DA 09531]; NIMH NIH HHS [T32 MH18261] NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500008 PM 11131734 ER PT S AU Rogers, MF Stockton, PL AF Rogers, MF Stockton, PL BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI Organizational approaches to the HIV/AIDS crisis SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID TRANSMISSION AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has played a major role in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. After implementation of perinatal zidovudine therapy in 1994, the efforts of the CDC and others produced a dramatic decline in perinatal HIV transmission. However, in recent years, approximately 300 perinatally infected infants have been born annually in the United States. To further reduce this number, the CDC has identified four prevention goals: improve prenatal care, recommend HIV testing, ensure treatment for HIV-infected pregnant women, and ensure followup care. To address these goals, the CDC launched a prevention plan consisting of surveillance, research, outreach strategies, grant programs, evaluation efforts, and policy development. Globally, the CDC tailors this plan to meet the needs of developing countries. The CDC provides technical assistance to international organizations to help develop, implement, and evaluate global prevention programs. Specific international sites are targeted for new research and programs to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rogers, MF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS D21, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 188 EP 194 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500023 PM 11131704 ER PT S AU Bulterys, M Nesheim, S Abrams, EJ Palumbo, P Farley, J Lampe, M Fowler, MG AF Bulterys, M Nesheim, S Abrams, EJ Palumbo, P Farley, J Lampe, M Fowler, MG CA Perinatal Safety Review Working Gr BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI Lack of evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the offspring of HIV-infected women - Retrospective review of perinatal exposure to antiretroviral drugs in the perinatal AIDS collaborative transmission study SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID ZIDOVUDINE; TOXICITY; CHILDREN; TRENDS AB A recent report suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction among eight HIV-exposed but uninfected children exposed perinatally to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) prompted a review within the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (PACTS). A standardized retrospective review was conducted of 118 deaths at <5 years. Deaths were classified as unrelated to mitochondrial dysfunction (Class 1), unlikely related (Class 2), possibly related (Class 3), or likely related or proven (Class 4). Among 35 deaths recorded in HIV-uninfected or indeterminate children, none were classified in either Class 2, 3, or 4. We also reviewed signs or symptoms consistent with possible mitochondrial dysfunction among 1,954 living uninfected children. Only one child was in Class 3 and two siblings were in Class 2; none had perinatal antiretroviral drug exposure. We found no evidence indicating that uninfected infants exposed to perinatal NRTIs died of mitochondrial disorders or that living exposed children had symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Epidemiol Branch,Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Mother Child Transmiss & Pediat & Adolescent Stud, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Harlem Hosp Med Ctr, New York, NY 10037 USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10037 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Dept Pediat, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Bulterys, M (reprint author), CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Epidemiol Branch,Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Mother Child Transmiss & Pediat & Adolescent Stud, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 14 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 212 EP 221 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500026 PM 11131707 ER PT S AU Lindegren, ML Rhodes, P Gordon, L Fleming, P AF Lindegren, ML Rhodes, P Gordon, L Fleming, P CA State Local Hlth Dept HIV AIDS Sur Perinatal Safety Review Working Gr BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI Drug safety during pregnancy and in infants - Lack of mortality related to mitochondrial dysfunction among perinatally HIV-exposed children in pediatric HIV surveillance SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS; UNITED-STATES; TRANSMISSION; MYOPATHY; TRIAL; AIDS; BORN AB The objectives were to assess whether any deaths reported among perinatally exposed, uninfected, or indeterminate children were consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. and to characterize perinatal exposure to antiretrovirals among children born in the last five years and reported to perinatal HIV surveillance. Population-based HIV/AIDS surveillance data on perinatally exposed children born in 1993 through 1998 from 32 states with HIV reporting and from a special HIV surveillance project in Los Angeles County and in 22 hospitals in New York City were used. The classifications of exposure and deaths were consistent with the investigation of deaths across all US cohorts. Deaths were ascertained from recent matches with death registries in each state. Causes of death were ascertained from death certificates, autopsy records when available, and medical records. None of the 98 deaths (1.1 %) among 9067 perinatally exposed uninfected or indeterminate children born from 1993 through 1998 and reported through pediatric HIV surveillance died of conditions that were consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. This included 679 children exposed to zidovudine (ZDV) and 3TC, 277 exposed to other antiretroviral combinations, 4512 exposed to ZDV alone, 927 with no antiretroviral exposure, and 2672 with unknown exposure-1128 of whom were born before March 1994 and were unlikely to have been exposed to ZDV. No deaths attributable to mitochondrial dysfunction were found through this evaluation of population-based HIV surveillance data. Long-term follow-up of antiretroviral-exposed children has been recommended by the Public Health Service. This evaluation highlights the contribution of population-based surveillance to the evaluation of potential toxicities associated with maternal antiretroviral use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Surveillance Branch, Reporting & Anal Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lindegren, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Surveillance Branch, Reporting & Anal Sect, Mailstop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 222 EP 235 PG 14 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500027 PM 11131709 ER PT S AU Dominguez, K Bertolli, J Fowler, M Peters, V Ortiz, I Melville, S Rakusan, T Frederick, T Hsu, H D'Almada, P Maldonado, Y Wilfert, C AF Dominguez, K Bertolli, J Fowler, M Peters, V Ortiz, I Melville, S Rakusan, T Frederick, T Hsu, H D'Almada, P Maldonado, Y Wilfert, C CA PSD Consortium Perinatal Safety Review Working Gr BE Ammann, AJ Rubinstein, A TI Lack of definitive severe mitochondrial signs and symptoms among deceased HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children <= 5 years of age, pediatric spectrum of HIV disease project (PSD), USA SO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants CY SEP 01-06, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Glaxo Welcome ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS AB Background: In response to recent reports of mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-uninfected infants exposed to antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis., the Perinatal Safety Review Working Group reviewed deaths in five large HIV-exposed perinatal cohorts in the United States to determine if similar cases of severe mitochondrial toxicity could be detected. We describe the results of this review for the PSD cohort. Methods: Hospitalization, clinic and death records for deceased HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children who were less than 5 years of age were reviewed. Standard definitions were used to classify HIV infection status and the likelihood that signs and symptoms were related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Children were classified as having signs and symptoms that were considered (1) unrelated, (2) unlikely, (3) consistent with, or (4) likely related to mitochondrial disease. SIDS deaths were put into a separate category. Results: 8,465 of 13,125 HIV-exposed children were either HIV-uninfected or HIV-indeterminate. Among the 84 deaths in the subgroup of 8,465 children, 9 were considered in Class 2 (unlikely), 4 were considered in Class 3 (consistent with), and none were considered in Class 4 (likely). 97% of those children who received ARV prophylaxis received zidovudine alone. None of the HIV-uninfected deaths were classified in 2, 3, or 4; and only one of these was exposed to ARV prophylaxis. Among the 3 HIV-indeterminate children who were classified in 3 (consistent with), 2 had no or unknown ARV exposure before 1994 when use of ZDV prophylaxis became the standard of care. Both HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children with ARV exposure or unknown exposure had lower mortality rates than children without ARV exposure. Conclusion: Monoprophylaxis with ZDV was not associated with higher death rates in the cohort of 8,465 children or with any findings likely consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction among the 85 deaths. Ongoing monitoring of drug safety in large multi-site prospective cohort studies of HIV-exposed children is essential in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mother Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Studie, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Off AIDS Surveillance, New York, NY 10012 USA. Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, AIDS Surveillance Program, Rio Piedras, PR 00921 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Div HIV AIDS, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Pediat AIDS Surveillance Study, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. State Labs Inst, Pediat AIDS Surveillance Project, Boston, MA 02130 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NIAID, Pediat Med Branch, Div Aids, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Frontier Sci & Technol Res Fdn Inc, Amherst, NY USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceut Res Inst, Wallingford, CT USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Clin Trials & Surveys Corp, Baltimore, MD USA. Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Childrens Hosp, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. NICHHD, Pediat Adolescent & Maternal AIDS Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Biostat AIDS Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NIAID, Pediat Med Branch, Div Aids, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US FDA, CDER, Div Antiviral Drug Prod, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Dominguez, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mother Child Transmiss Pediat & Adolescent Studie, Epidemiol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 7 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-267-3 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 918 BP 236 EP 246 PG 11 WC Infectious Diseases; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Pediatrics SC Infectious Diseases; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Pediatrics GA BT09V UT WOS:000171939500028 PM 11131710 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR Layde, PM AF Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR Layde, PM TI Incremental cost-effectiveness of two zidovudine regimens to prevent perinatal HIV transmission in the United States SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE HIV; perinatal transmission; prevention; zidovudine; cost-effectiveness ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; INFECTION; INFANT; CARE AB Background Recently concluded clinical trials in Thailand have demonstrated that a short course of zidovudine therapy administered to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women during late pregnancy and labor can substantially reduce the likelihood of perinatal transmission of HIV. This regimen is both less expensive and less effective than the full course of therapy recommended for use in the United States by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). The objective of the current study is to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of the full-course zidovudine regimen in comparison to the short-course regimen that was tested in Thailand and to determine conditions under which the PUS-recommended regimen produces a net savings in societal resource utilization, relative to the shorter regimen. Methods. We used standard methods of incremental cost-effectiveness analysis and derived cost and effectiveness estimates from published studies. The main outcome measure is the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which is the additional cost per additional case of perinatal HIV infection averted by the full course of therapy. Results. Full-course zidovudine therapy costs an additional $21,337 per additional case of HIV infection averted, relative to the shorter regimen; this is much less than the cost of treating a case of pediatric HIV infection. Conclusions. Economic and clinical findings both favor full-course zidovudine therapy over short-course therapy to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Family & Community Med, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pinkerton, SD (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01MH55440, R01-MH56830]; PHS HHS [U62CCU513481] NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 DI 10.1006/pmed.1999.0601 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 279CB UT WOS:000085024800009 PM 10642461 ER PT B AU Heitbrink, WA Thimons, ED Organiscak, JA Cecala, AR Schmitz, M Ahrenholtz, E AF Heitbrink, WA Thimons, ED Organiscak, JA Cecala, AR Schmitz, M Ahrenholtz, E BE Niemela, R Railio, J Sundquist, E Tahti, E TI Static pressure requirements for ventilated enclosures SO PROGRESS IN MODERN VENTILATION, VOL 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Ventilation for Contaminant Control (Ventilation 2000) CY JUN 04-07, 2000 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP Finnish Work Environm Fund, European Commiss, COST, Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Minist Social Affairs & Hlth, Assoc Finnish Mfg Air Handling Equipment, Finnish Dev Ctr Bldg Serv Ltd C1 NIOSH, CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, PHS,DHHS,US HHS, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Heitbrink, WA (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, PHS,DHHS,US HHS, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FINNISH INST OCCUPATIONAL HLTH PI HELSINKI PA INFORMATION OFFICE, TOPELIUKSENKATU 41 A A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND BN 951-802-364-6 PY 2000 BP 97 EP 99 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BQ79T UT WOS:000089545300027 ER PT J AU Crosby, RA Yarber, WL Meyerson, B AF Crosby, RA Yarber, WL Meyerson, B TI Prevention strategies other than male condoms employed by low-income women to prevent HIV infection SO PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AIDS RISK; SEX; POWER AB This study sought to determine HIV prevention strategies other than male condom use employed by low-income women who have sex with men (WSM) and to identify variables that predict use of these strategies. A cross-sectional survey of nearly 4,000 women receiving Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits in 21 Missouri counties was conducted. The response rate was 58%, with 2,256 completed questionnaires returned. Women were asked to indicate one or more of nine methods they had ever used to prevent HIV infection. Women were also asked about their use of male condoms, preference for male condoms versus female condoms, and which partner usually made decisions about STD/HIV prevention. Of the 2,256 questionnaires returned, 1,325 WSM indicated use of at least one HIV prevention strategy other than condom use. Strategies were: being tested for HIV (68.2%), partner being tested for HIV (44.1%), asking partner about his sex history (41.1%), using oral contraceptives (18.8%), asking him if he has HIV (13.7%), douching (11.8%), withdrawal (9.4%), and having anal or oral sex (6.6%). Common predictors of these strategies were race, education, history of STD, condom use, and marital status. Basic misunderstandings about HIV prevention are common in specified subpopulations of low-income women. HIV prevention programs for low-income WSM should capitalize on women's efforts to prevent HIV by designing programs to help women replace ineffective prevention strategies with effective prevention strategies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Appl Sci, Bloomington, IN USA. Indiana Univ, Rural Ctr AIDS STD Prevent, Bloomington, IN USA. Missouri Dept Hlth, Bur STD HIV Prevent, Jefferson City, MO USA. RP Crosby, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 39 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0737-1209 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH NURS JI Public Health Nurs. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 17 IS 1 BP 53 EP 60 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1446.2000.00053.x PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nursing SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nursing GA 276LJ UT WOS:000084879000008 PM 10675053 ER PT J AU Zell, ER Ezzati-Rice, TM Battaglia, MP Wright, RA AF Zell, ER Ezzati-Rice, TM Battaglia, MP Wright, RA TI National Immunization Survey: The methodology of a vaccination surveillance system SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID RECALL AB The National Immunization Survey (NIS) was designed to measure vaccination coverage estimates for the US, the 50 states, and selected urban areas for children ages 19-35 months. The NIS includes a random-digit-dialed telephone survey and a provider record check study. Data are weighted to account for the sample design and to reduce nonresponse and non-coverage biases in order to improve vaccination coverage estimates. Adjustments are made for biases resulting from nonresponse and nontelephone households and estimation procedures are used to reduce measurement bias, The NIS coverage estimates represent all US children, not just children living in households with telephones. NIS estimates are highly comparable to vaccination estimates derived from the National Health Interview Survey. The NIS allows comparisons between states and urban areas over time and is used to evaluate current and new vaccination strategies. C1 CDC, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Zell, ER (reprint author), CDC, NCID, Mailstop C-09,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ezrl@cdc.gov NR 39 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 115 IS 1 BP 65 EP 77 DI 10.1093/phr/115.1.65 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 293DD UT WOS:000085835500018 PM 10968587 ER PT B AU Sleet, D Zaza, S Sosin, D Thompson, RS AF Sleet, D Zaza, S Sosin, D Thompson, RS BE McClure, R TI A systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve the use of child restraint devices and seat belts SO READINGS IN INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd National Conference on Injury Prevention and Control CY MAY 09-12, 1999 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Injury Prevent Network, Conrod, Carrs, Qut, Univ Queensland, Queensland Inst Med Res, WAIC, Hlth & Aged Care C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Sleet, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury, 4770 Buford Highway NE K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV QUEENSLAND, SCH MED, CTR NATL RES DISABIL & REHAB MED PI HERSTON PA HERSTON RD, HERSTON, QLD 4006, AUSTRALIA BN 1-864-99378-2 PY 2000 BP 252 EP 252 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BQ64V UT WOS:000089036600074 ER PT B AU Sleet, BA AF Sleet, BA BE McClure, R TI Health promotion for injury control: using education and behavioural change SO READINGS IN INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd National Conference on Injury Prevention and Control CY MAY 09-12, 1999 CL BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Injury Prevent Network, Conrod, Carrs, Qut, Univ Queensland, Queensland Inst Med Res, WAIC, Hlth & Aged Care ID ADOLESCENTS; PROGRAM C1 Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sleet, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Unintent Injury, 4770 Buford Highway NE K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV QUEENSLAND, SCH MED, CTR NATL RES DISABIL & REHAB MED PI HERSTON PA HERSTON RD, HERSTON, QLD 4006, AUSTRALIA BN 1-864-99378-2 PY 2000 BP 260 EP 262 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BQ64V UT WOS:000089036600077 ER PT J AU Popoff, MY Bockemuhl, J Brenner, FW AF Popoff, MY Bockemuhl, J Brenner, FW TI Supplement 1998 (no. 42) to the Kauffmann-White scheme SO RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; serovars; taxonomy; Kauffmann-White scheme AB This supplement reports the characterization of 14 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1998 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 11 were assigned to S. enterica subsp. enterica, one to subspecies salamae, one to subspecies diarizonae, and one to subsp. indica. In addition, the antigenic factor H:z(88) is described. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Bacteries Intracellulaires, WHO, Collaborating Reference & Res Salmonella, F-75724 Paris 15, France. Natl Referenzzentrum Salmonellen & Andere Bakteri, RKI, Arbeitsgrp Hamburg, Inst Hyg, Hamburg, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Popoff, MY (reprint author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Bacteries Intracellulaires, WHO, Collaborating Reference & Res Salmonella, F-75724 Paris 15, France. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2508 J9 RES MICROBIOL JI Res. Microbiol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 63 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0923-2508(00)00126-1 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 300PK UT WOS:000086261200008 PM 10724485 ER PT J AU Lewis, JR Boyle, DP Lewis, LS Evans, M AF Lewis, JR Boyle, DP Lewis, LS Evans, M TI Reducing AIDS and substance abuse risk factors among homeless, HIV-infected, drug-using persons SO RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SELF-REPORTS; KNOWLEDGE; USERS; BEHAVIORS; RELIABILITY; EDUCATION; BELIEFS AB Objective: The impact of a comprehensive HN education, housing support and 12-step recovery program in a day treatment program for homeless persons infected with HN was studied. Method: Participants' knowledge of HN and substance abuse risk factors was assessed for a group of new clients and for a group of clients enrolled for 3 months using an author-developed questionnaire. Continuation of high-risk sexual and substance use behaviors was assessed using the approach. Success in maintaining housing and 12-step recovery was assessed using a retrospective chart review on a separate group of past participants. Results: Statistically significant positive changes in participants' knowledge of HN and substance use and a decrease in self-reported high-risk behaviors were found. The retrospective chart review also indicated positive changes in housing stability and substance abuse recovery. Conclusions: Preliminary results support the conclusion that the day treatment program had positive effects on the three variables of concern. C1 Univ Georgia, Sch Social Work, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. AID Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Boyle, DP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Sch Social Work, 5155 Sugarloaf Pkwy,Suite 1370, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-7315 J9 RES SOCIAL WORK PRAC JI Res. Soc. Work. Pract. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 15 EP 33 PG 19 WC Social Work SC Social Work GA 271UA UT WOS:000084610800003 ER PT J AU Black, CM Byrne, G Carlin, E Gruber, F Johnson, FN Mardh, PA McClarty, G Marra, F Nuovo, J Ostergaard, L Paavonen, J Patton, DL Quinn, TC Raulston, JE Robinson, A Rosenn, MF Scholes, D Steingrimsson, O Worm, AM Wyrick, PB AF Black, CM Byrne, G Carlin, E Gruber, F Johnson, FN Mardh, PA McClarty, G Marra, F Nuovo, J Ostergaard, L Paavonen, J Patton, DL Quinn, TC Raulston, JE Robinson, A Rosenn, MF Scholes, D Steingrimsson, O Worm, AM Wyrick, PB TI Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections and single-dose azithromycin therapy SO REVIEWS IN CONTEMPORARY PHARMACOTHERAPY LA English DT Review ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; DIRECT FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY; FIRST-VOID URINE; TRANSCRIPTION-MEDIATED AMPLIFICATION; ENDOMETRIAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FAMILY-PLANNING CLINICS AB The recognized species of Chlamydia are all prokaryotic obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia trachomatis has a developmental cycle which is complex and dimorphic. The infective forms (elementary bodies) attach to and enter columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelial host cells where they transform into noninfective forms (reticulate bodies) within endosomes which do not undergo fusion with host cell lysosomes. Individual endosomes fuse into a single inclusion within which the reticulate bodies multiply Maturation of the reticulate bodies into infective elementary bodies is followed by the release of the latter from the host cell to infect neighbouring cells. Chlamydial infections constitute the most common class of bacterial sexually transmitted disease in western countries. Including asymptomatic individuals, the annual worldwide incidence of new infections is estimated to be in the region of 50 million. Prevalence rates differ widely according to the population subgroup, being highest amongst young, sexually active individuals. The majority of infected women, and about half of all infected men, remain asymptomatic. The mechanisms responsible for the pathological changes seen during chlamydial infection have yet to be fully elucidated, but hypersensitivity to repeated infections is probably an important element. The possibility of developing a vaccine continues to be explored. In men, symptomatic chlamydial infections of the urogenital tract present as nongonococcal urethritis, orchitis, epididymitis, prostatitis or proctitis. In women, the symptoms are mucopurulent cervicitis, with or without cervical bleeding, and/or pelvic inflammatory disease (endometritis and salpingitis). Structural damage resulting from chlamydial infection, whether or not asymptomatic, may lead to the serious sequelae of tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydial infection may impair ovarian function or increase the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The extent to which chlamydial infection affects the outcome of pregnancy is a matter of debate. Neonates born to women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection may develop pneumonitis or conjunctivitis. Azithromycin is administered as a single dose of Ig in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. The mechanism of action of azithromycin against Chlamydia trachomatis involves inhibition of protein synthesis, which results in damage to metabolically active chlamydiae in inclusions and significantly reduces cell entry results in an inability of chlamydiae to modify their endosomal vacuole; this results in diversion of the chlamydia-containing endosome to the lysosomal pathway and blocks the normal developmental cycle. Azithromycin is concentrated within phagocytes which carry it to sites of local infection, where it is retained within tissue cell lysosomes. Release from the tissues is slow, and this, in conjunction with a store held in various cell types, but particularly in fibroblasts, ensures sustained high tissue concentrations, in excess of the MIG, for periods longer than the chlamydial developmental cycle. Most clinical trials with azithromycin have been open-label, and the majority of these have involved comparisons with doxycycline given at a dose of 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. Azithromycin was found to be at least as effective as doxycycline therapy and has also been compared favourably with various other alternative therapies. Double-blind trials confirm the results of the open-label trials. Azithromycin is well tolerated, and possesses a favourable adverse event and safety profile. The availability of sensitive and specific nonculture test procedures makes possible the introduction of screening programmes for Chlamydia trachomatis; the use of a single oral dose of 1 g azithromycin enables treatment to be delivered quickly, and with a minimum of noncompliance. The identification of relevant risk factors permits screening and treatment to be targeted, and there has been a decline in the incidence of new infections where screening and treatment programmes have been put in place. Nonculture techniques for identifying Chlamydia trachomatis include direct fluorescent antibody tests, enzyme immunoassays, nucleic acid detection and amplification procedures (polymerase and ligase chain reactions). A rapid, but nonspecific, leukocyte esterase dipstick test is also available and might be useful in association with other, more specific, test procedures. The costs of chlamydial infections and their sequelae are substantial. Health economic analyses indicate that a screening programme for chlamydial infection, coupled with effective treatment of patients and their partners, will be financially viable as a consequence of avoiding the acute and chronic morbidity effects of chlamydial infection. Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection using azithromycin has considerable cost advantages over other available treatments (such as doxycycline) with which it has been compared, the high compliance rate with a single-dose regimen being largely responsible for this advantage. There remains much work to be done in this area, and particularly in regard to the continued economic viability of screening and treatment programmes in the face of the rapidly falling prevalence and incidence of chlamydial infections which such initiatives will undoubtedly produce C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Res Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Serv Mem Inst 436, Madison, WI 53706 USA. City Hosp Nottingham, Dept Genitourinary Med, Nottingham NG5 1PB, England. Klin Bolnicki Ctr, Klin Kozne & Spolne Bolesti, Rijeka 51000, Croatia. Univ Lancaster, Cartmel Coll, Lancaster LA1 4YF, England. Lund Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, S-22185 Lund, Sweden. Univ Manitoba, Dept Med Microbiol, JC Wilt Med Microbiol Labs, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada. Vancouver Hosp & Hlth Sci Ctr, CSU Pharmaceut Sci, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Black, CM (reprint author), Box 15, Carnforth LA6 1HW, England. NR 1018 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 5 U2 9 PU MARIUS PRESS PI CARNFORTH PA PO BOX 15, CARNFORTH LA6 1HW, ENGLAND SN 0954-8602 J9 REV CONTEMP PHARMACO JI Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother. PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3-4 BP 139 EP 256 PG 118 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 296TZ UT WOS:000086043600001 ER PT J AU Dollard, SC Pellett, PE AF Dollard, SC Pellett, PE TI Human herpesviruses 6, 7 and 8 SO REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE human herpesvirus (HHV)-6; HHV-7; HHV-8; roseola; Kaposi's sarcoma; post-transplant disease ID SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; EXANTHEM-SUBITUM; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FATAL ENCEPHALITIS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; GENE-EXPRESSION AB Four human herpesviruses (HHV) were discovered between 1986 and 1994: HHV-6 variants A and B, HHV-7, and HHV-8 (also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). Each of the viruses has its own epidemiology and clinical spectrum, and each is associated with human disease. HHV-6A is associated with pneumonitis and neurological disease in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6B is the major aetiological agent of roseola (exanthem subitum or sixth disease) and can cause more severe febrile illnesses in young children. In addition, HHV-6B activity has been associated with illnesses such as pneumonitis and sinusitis in immunocompromised organ transplant recipients. There is some evidence that the virus might have a role in multiple sclerosis, but the association remains unproven. HHV-7 is the likely cause of a subset of roseola cases and other febrile illness in children that can include neurological complications. It can also be active in organ transplant recipients, sometimes in association with and possibly exacerbating human cytomegalovirus infections. Finally, HHV-8 is the aetiological agent of all farms of Kaposi's sarcoma, and is closely associated with some cases of multicentric Castleman's disease and a class of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma known as primary-effusion or body-cavity lymphoma. Collectively, these viruses present new diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pellett, PE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd G18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 70 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0954-139X J9 REV MED MICROBIOL JI Rev. Med. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 287RQ UT WOS:000085520100001 ER PT J AU Dutra, WO Colley, DG Pinto-Dias, JC Gazzinelli, G Brener, Z Pereira, MES Coffman, RL Correa-Oliveira, R Carvalho-Parra, JF AF Dutra, WO Colley, DG Pinto-Dias, JC Gazzinelli, G Brener, Z Pereira, MES Coffman, RL Correa-Oliveira, R Carvalho-Parra, JF TI Self and nonself stimulatory molecules induce preferential expansion of CD5(+) B cells or activated T cells of chagasic patients, respectively SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; CD5+ LYMPHOCYTES-B; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; DISEASE; ANTIGENS; PROFILE AB It has previously been demonstrated that Trypanosoma cruzi-derived antigens (TRP) and human parasite-specific antibodies (Id) stimulate proliferation of cells from chagasic patients. More recently, we have shown that activated T cells and CD5(+) B cells are present in elevated levels in the peripheral blood of chagasic patients. Upon in vitro exposure to these two different types of stimulatory molecules (TRP, Id), we now show that each of these elevated populations respond differentially to TRP or Id. We found that stimulation with TRP led to preferential expansion of activated T cells, while Id preferentially stimulated CD5(+) B cells and CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, this expansion of CD5(+) B cells by Id was even more pronounced in cultures of cells from chagasic patients with the severe, cardiac form of the disease, as compared to indeterminate patients. CD8(+) T cells comprise approximately 50% of the total T cells in cultures stimulated by Id while in TRP-stimulated cultures their frequency is proportionally lower. Since parasite antigens and antiparasite antibodies are always present in the host during the chronic phase of the disease, they may also be involved with differential activation mechanisms of these cell populations in vivo. C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Morfol, BR-31270911 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US DHHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA. Inst Ludwig de Pesquisa Sobre Canc, BR-01509010 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Dutra, WO (reprint author), Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Morfol, Av Antonio Carlos 6627, BR-31270911 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI26505] NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 51 IS 1 BP 91 EP 97 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 282VK UT WOS:000085240700015 PM 10632982 ER PT J AU Messmer, T Tully, TN Ritchie, BW Moroney, JF AF Messmer, T Tully, TN Ritchie, BW Moroney, JF TI A tale of discrimination: Differentiation of Chlamydiaceae by polymerase chain reaction SO SEMINARS IN AVIAN AND EXOTIC PET MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Chlamydia; chlamydophila psittaci; PCR; psittacosis; chlamydiosis ID PSITTACOSIS; CHLAMYDIOSIS; PNEUMONIAE; DIAGNOSIS; INFECTION; OUTBREAK AB We developed a nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection and discrimination of three species of chlamydia in human and avian specimens to determine transmission of chlamydophila psittaci from infected birds to humans. The nested PCR strategy was used to increase sensitivity and to circumvent inhibitors of PCR present in clinical specimens. The target sequence of our PCR is the 16S ribosomal DNA gene. The first-step PCR is genus-specific, and the second-step is multiplexed (ie, has multiple primer sets in the same tube) and can simultaneously discriminate and detect Chlamydophila pneumoniae, C psittaci, and Chlamydia trachomatis on the basis of the molecular weight of the amplicon. With available tests, pet stores can fail to identify birds infected with C psittaci that are asymptomatic before sale. We used PCR and serological evidence during outbreaks of psittacosis to infer that C psittaci had been transmitted from birds purchased in pet stores to humans. We also used PCR to determine whether both live and dead birds from pet stores in West Virginia were infected with Cpsittaci. Finally, PCR showed that a human lung sample from a man with atypical pneumonia in a rural town in Victoria, Australia, was infected with C psittaci and not with C pneumoniae, sometimes a difficult diagnosis for clinicians to distinguish. Copyright (C) 2000 by W. B. Saunders Company. C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Vet Teaching Hosp & Clin, Sch Vet Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA USA. RP Messmer, T (reprint author), CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G 05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1055-937X J9 SEMIN AVIAN EXOT PET JI Semin. Avian Exot. Pet Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S1055-937X(00)80014-6 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 273PV UT WOS:000084716800005 ER PT J AU Wasley, A Alter, MJ AF Wasley, A Alter, MJ TI Epidemiology of hepatitis C: Geographic differences and temporal trends SO SEMINARS IN LIVER DISEASE LA English DT Review DE hepatitis C; epidemiology ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; ANTI-HCV ANTIBODIES; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; NON-B-HEPATITIS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; TO-INFANT TRANSMISSION; RECOMBINANT IMMUNOBLOT ASSAY AB Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection appears to be endemic in most parts of the world, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3%. However there is considerable geographic and temporal variation in the incidence and prevalence of HCV infection. Using age-specific prevalence data, at least three distinct transmission patterns can be identified, In countries with the first pattern (e.g., United States, Australia), most infections are found among persons 30-49 years old, indicating that the risk for HCV infection was greatest in the relatively recent past (10-30 years ago) and primarily affected young adults. In countries with the second pattern (e.g., Japan, Italy), most infections are found among older persons, consistent with the risk for HCV infection having been greatest in the distant past. In countries with the third pattern (e.g., Egypt), high rates of infection are observed in all age groups, indicating an ongoing high risk for acquiring HCV infection. In countries with the first pattern, injection drug use has been the predominant risk factor for HCV infection, whereas in those with the second or third patterns, unsafe injections and contaminated equipment used in healthcare-related procedures appear to have played a predominant role in transmission. Much of the variability between regions can be explained by the frequency and extent to which different risk factors have contributed to the transmission of HCV: Because different strategies are required to interrupt different patterns of HCV transmission, determining the epidemiology of HCV infection in areas where that information has not yet been assessed is critical for developing appropriate prevention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wasley, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Mailstop G37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Jepsen, Peter/A-2593-2010 OI Jepsen, Peter/0000-0002-6641-1430 NR 248 TC 618 Z9 646 U1 3 U2 31 PU THIEME MEDICAL PUBL INC PI NEW YORK PA 333 SEVENTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 0272-8087 J9 SEMIN LIVER DIS JI Semin. Liver Dis. PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1055/s-2000-9506 PG 16 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 330WL UT WOS:000087984100003 PM 10895428 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Kitsutani, PT Corneli, AL AF Khan, AS Kitsutani, PT Corneli, AL TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas: The early years SO SEMINARS IN RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE epidemiology; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Sin Nombre virus; transmission ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; TO-PERSON TRANSMISSION; CREEK-CANAL VIRUS; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; WESTERN PARAGUAY; INFECTION; OUTBREAK; DISEASE; ARGENTINA AB The initial recognition of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) as a new disease associated with a cluster of acute respiratory deaths among American Indians in the southwestern United States in 1993 bears little resemblance to the current understanding of this syndrome. HPS is now recognized as a zoonotic disease that has been endemic throughout the Americas for at least 40 years and that is closely linked to population densities and virus dynamics among a specific subfamily of rodents. The classic disease description has also been markedly broadened to include a spectrum of illness that ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminate cardiorespiratory failure. Clinical variants with hemorrhagic or prominent renal manifestations have also been recognized, Prevention efforts have been targeted at minimizing peri-domestic contact with rodents and their excreta and improving clinical recognition of infection. This paper describes the pathogenesis underlying the profound cardiorespiratory compromise, person-to-person transmission reported in South America, and viable treatment modalities. C1 CDC, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Corneli, AL (reprint author), CDC, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSA26, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 69 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU THIEME MEDICAL PUBL INC PI NEW YORK PA 333 SEVENTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 1069-3424 J9 SEM RESP CRIT CARE M JI Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 4 BP 313 EP 322 DI 10.1055/s-2000-9864 PG 10 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 366GR UT WOS:000089996900006 PM 16088742 ER PT J AU Rothenberg, R Kimbrough, L Lewis-Hardy, R Heath, B Williams, OC Tambe, P Johnson, D Schrader, M AF Rothenberg, R Kimbrough, L Lewis-Hardy, R Heath, B Williams, OC Tambe, P Johnson, D Schrader, M TI Social network methods for endemic foci of syphilis - A pilot project SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; DYNAMICS AB Background: Social network methods have improved our understanding of sexually transmitted disease transmission dynamics, and may be of use in routine field operations for partner notification. Goal: To augment traditional syphilis-control activities with social network methods in an Atlanta area with high syphilis morbidity, Study Design: Disease investigators conducted interviews, used network diagrams to prioritize their work, and relied on network connections for finding hard-to-reach persons. Results: A total of 396 contacts were elicited from 48 infected and 50 uninfected persons. The cumulative prevalence of syphilis was 12.6%, and 24 persons infected with HIV mere identified. Network methods disclosed a large, interconnected group (276 persons) characterized by high network centrality and the substantial presence of small, interactive subgroups (microstructures). Conclusion: The network approach is a feasible field technique, and can identify core groups involved in the intense transmission of syphilis. The targeted, network-based approach may be useful in attempts to eliminate syphilis. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Fulton Cty Dept Hlth & Wellness, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Dept Geochem, Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rothenberg, R (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 12 EP 18 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00003 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900003 PM 10654862 ER PT J AU Spencer, JN AF Spencer, JN TI A critical piece by whatever name SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Spencer, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Ave E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 19 EP 20 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00004 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900004 PM 10654863 ER PT J AU Chen, CY Ballard, RC Beck-Sague, CM Dangor, Y Radebe, F Schmid, S Weiss, JB Tshabalala, V Fehler, G Htun, Y Morse, SA AF Chen, CY Ballard, RC Beck-Sague, CM Dangor, Y Radebe, F Schmid, S Weiss, JB Tshabalala, V Fehler, G Htun, Y Morse, SA TI Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa - The herpetic connection SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; SIMPLEX INFECTIONS; CLINICAL-DIAGNOSIS; HIV-INFECTION; RISK FACTOR; TYPE-2; MEN; ASSOCIATION; PREVENTION AB Background with Objectives: While genital ulcers are a risk factor in HIV infection, the association of specific agents of genital ulcer disease (GUD) with HIV infection may vary. Goal: To determine the etiology of GUD in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Durban, Johannesburg, and Cape Town, South Africa, and the association of previous and current sexually transmitted infections with HIV infection in men with ulcerative and nonulcerative STDs, Study Design: A cross-sectional study of 558 men with genital ulcers and 602 men with urethritis, Results: Patients with GUD were more likely to be infected with HIV than patients with urethritis (39.4% versus 21.4%, P less than or equal to 0.001), Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) was the most common agent identified in ulcer specimens (35.9%), and was detected in a significantly higher proportion of ulcer specimens from HIV-infected patients than in specimens from HIV-uninfected patients (47.3% versus 28.2%, P less than or equal to 0.001), Patients infected with HIV-1 were significantly more likely to have HSV-2 infection, as measured by the presence of the antibody to glycoprotein G-2, than patients not infected with HIV (63.1% versus 38.5 %, P less than or equal to 0.001), Patients infected with HIV-1 were also significantly more likely to have initial HSV-2 infection than HIV-uninfected patients with GUD (50.0% versus 31.6%, P = 0.007), Haemophilus ducreyi was detected in 31.7% of ulcer specimens; prevalence did not vary by HIV-infection status, Treponema pallidum DNA was detected significantly less frequently in ulcer specimens from patients infected with HIV than in specimens from patients not infected with HIV (10.2% versus 26%, P less than or equal to 0.001); no association was found between HIV-infection status and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test seroreactivity, even when men with M-PCR-positive syphilis lesions were excluded from the analyses. Conclusion: The authors found that HSV-2 is a more common etiology of GUD than has been suggested by previous studies conducted in South Africa; serologic evidence of HSV-2 infection and current cases of genital herpes are strongly associated with HIV infection among men who present to STD clinics with GUD or urethritis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Natl Reference Ctr Sexually Transmitted Dis, Dept Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis, Sch Pathol, Johannesburg, South Africa. S African Inst Med Res, Johannesburg, South Africa. Roche Mol Syst, Alameda, CA USA. RP Morse, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, MS-A12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 161 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00005 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900005 PM 10654864 ER PT J AU Tao, GY Kassler, WJ Rein, DB AF Tao, GY Kassler, WJ Rein, DB TI Medical care expenditures for genital herpes in the United States SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-2; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; CESAREAN DELIVERY; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; LESIONS; FEMALE; COUNTY; HIV-1; WOMEN AB Background: Approximately 45 million Americans have serologic evidence of HSV-2 infection and HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States has increased 30% over the past two decades. Despite rapid increases in HSV-2 prevalence, the last estimate of the U.S. national direct medical cost for genital herpes (GH) was completed in 1985. The objective of this study is to assess the U.S. direct medical expenditures for GH and its complications to assist policy makers in allocating limited STD resources efficiently. Methods: We estimated the number of GH-related clinical visits and pharmacy claims from several national and state sources, estimated the average direct medical cost per visit from two administrative claims databases, and calculated the U.S. national direct medical costs for GH by applying the average direct medical cost per visit to the number of clinical visits and pharmacy claims. Results: The U.S. national number of GH-related clinical visits was estimated to he 499,655 and there were approximately 2,056,080 pharmacy claims annually, Of those clinical visits, private office-based physician and public STD clinic visits alone accounted for 89%. The U.S. national direct medical costs were estimated at $166 million annually for 1992-1994, which represents $207 million in 1999 dollars. Of the total cost, medical care accounted for 36% and drug treatment for 64%. Conclusions: The medical costs of pharmacy claims and office-based physician visits account for the majority of the medical expenditures for GH, Our estimates, based on the best available data on medical expenditure, indicate that GH is a major public health problem with a substantial economic burden. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tao, GY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 32 EP 38 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00007 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900007 PM 10654866 ER PT J AU Trees, DL Fakile, Y Neal, SW Knapp, JS AF Trees, DL Fakile, Y Neal, SW Knapp, JS TI Prevalence and tetM subtype of tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Ohio, 1994 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID STRAINS; PLASMIDS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Bacterial STD Branch, DASTLR,Div AIDS,STD & TB Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Trees, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Bacterial STD Branch, DASTLR,Div AIDS,STD & TB Lab, Mailstop G-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 46 EP 48 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00009 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900009 PM 10654868 ER PT J AU Blocker, ME Levine, WC St Louis, ME AF Blocker, ME Levine, WC St Louis, ME TI HIV prevalence in patients with syphilis, United States SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; GENITAL-ULCER-DISEASE; NEW-YORK-CITY; CD4 CELL DEPLETION; HIV-1-INFECTED MEN; TYPE-1 HIV-1; COCAINE USE; DRUG-USERS; INFECTION AB Background: Among persons with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), the proportion who are also infected with HIV is a major factor influencing the public health impact of that STD on HIV transmission. Goal: To assess HIV infection in persons with syphilis in the United States. Study Design: A systematic literature review was conducted of U.S. studies with HIV seroprevalence data in patients with syphilis, Results: Thirty studies were identified and analyzed. The median HIV seroprevalence in men and women infected with syphilis was 15.7% (interquartile range [IQR]: 13.6-21.8%), among men was 27.5% (23.1-29.6%), and among women was 12.4% (8.3-20.5%). Median odds ratios for men and women, men only, and women only were 4.5, 8.5, and 3.3, respectively. Seroprevalences among men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDU) ranged from 64.3-90.0% and 22.5-70.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Despite substantial variability, HIV seroprevalence is high among patients with syphilis in the United States, identifying them as a critical target group for HIV prevention efforts. C1 Univ N Carolina, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Blocker, ME (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Div Infect Dis, 547 Burnett Womack CB 7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 53 TC 69 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00011 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 276HV UT WOS:000084872900011 PM 10654870 ER PT J AU Schulte, JM Burkham, S Squires, JE Doran, T Hamaker, DW Pelosi, J Graper, J Davis, R Caldwell, MB AF Schulte, JM Burkham, S Squires, JE Doran, T Hamaker, DW Pelosi, J Graper, J Davis, R Caldwell, MB TI Immunization status of children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers in two Texas cities SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATIONS; PERTUSSIS IMMUNIZATION; INFECTED CHILDREN; CONJUGATE VACCINE; RISK-FACTORS; INFANTS; CARE; HIV; MEASLES; TETANUS AB Background. Because HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children are at risk of acquiring infectious diseases, they should be immunized. Methods. We abstracted charts at pediatric HIV clinics in Dallas and San Antonio, matched the children to birth certificates and assessed up-to-date immunization status. Results, Of the 178 children, 108 (61%) were up to date for the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), polio, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) series. In multivariate analysis, predictors of delayed immunization included maternal high-risk sexual partners and infant antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion. In this population of children born to HIV-infected mothers, immunizations were up to date in 61%, a figure that exceeds or equals immunization levels for other Texas children. Texas falls short of the recommended goal of 90% immunization for children of HIV-infected mothers and healthy children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Schulte, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 USA SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 275XM UT WOS:000084845500008 PM 10653065 ER PT J AU Obisesan, TO Vargas, CM Gillum, RF AF Obisesan, TO Vargas, CM Gillum, RF TI Geographic variation in stroke risk in the United States - Region, urbanization, and hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO STROKE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention CY MAR 19-21, 1998 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO DE aged; blacks; cross-sectional studies; geography; hypertension ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HIGH BLOOD-PRESSURE; FOLLOW-UP; MORTALITY; PREVALENCE; TRENDS; POPULATIONS; GENES AB Background-In the United States, stroke mortality is higher in the south than in other regions. Hypertension is the main risk factor for stroke among older adults; however, few studies have examined group-specific regional and urbanization differences in hypertension prevalence. Methods-Data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988 to 1994, were analyzed to calculate the prevalence of hypertension (systolic >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg and/or taking antihypertensive medication) by region and urbanization for age (40 to 59 and 60 to 79 years), sex, and ethnic subgroups. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the association of hypertension with region and urbanization. Results-With age and urbanization kept constant, southern residence was associated with hypertension among middle-aged non-Hispanic white men (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.90; P<0.006), non-Hispanic black men (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.66; P=0.019), and non-Hispanic black women (OR, 1.23, 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.45; P=0.034). Among older non-Hispanic white men, a significant interaction was noted between region and urbanization (P=0.01), with a higher prevalence in the south only for nonmetropolitan residents (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.56; P<0.013). A similar but not statistically significant trend was also confirmed among non-Hispanic black men in logistic regression analysis (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.68; P=0.061). No statistically significant association was observed for urbanization or region in the other subgroups. Conclusions-Southern residence was associated with increased hypertension prevalence among middle-aged non Hispanic white men, non-Hispanic black men and women, and older non-Hispanic white men. C1 Howard Univ, Coll Med, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Obisesan, TO (reprint author), Howard Univ Hosp, Dept Med, Sect Geriatr, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060 USA. RI Obisesan, Thomas/D-4184-2011 NR 42 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD JAN PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 19 EP 25 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 271HX UT WOS:000084589100005 PM 10625710 ER PT J AU Erickson, JD AF Erickson, JD TI Introduction: Birth defect surveillance in the United States SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Erickson, JD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 270BP UT WOS:000084515800001 PM 10603195 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ AF Khoury, MJ TI Genetic susceptibility to birth defects in humans: From gene discovery to public health action SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mail Stop K28, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 20 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200001/02)61:1/2<17::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-X PG 4 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 270BP UT WOS:000084515800004 PM 10603198 ER PT J AU Eriksen, MP AF Eriksen, MP TI Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs: opportunities for managed care organisations SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Addressing Tobacco in Managed Care National Conference CY JAN 31-FEB 02, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Assoc Hlth Plan, Address Tobacco Managed Care Natl Techn Assistance Off Partners, Alliance Commun Hlth Plans C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Eriksen, MP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PY 2000 VL 9 SU 1 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292NB UT WOS:000085800100004 ER PT J AU Orleans, CT Fishman, J AF Orleans, CT Fishman, J TI I. Tailored communications for smoking cessation - Introduction SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Editorial Material ID SMOKERS C1 Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Orleans, CT (reprint author), Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Coll Rd E, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PY 2000 VL 9 SU 1 BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292NB UT WOS:000085800100015 ER PT J AU Hovell, MF Zakarian, JM Matt, GE Hofstetter, CR Bernert, JT Pirkle, J AF Hovell, MF Zakarian, JM Matt, GE Hofstetter, CR Bernert, JT Pirkle, J TI Decreasing environmental tobacco smoke exposure among low income children: preliminary findings SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE SMOKING; ASTHMATIC-CHILDREN; BREAST-MILK; REDUCTION; COTININE; INFANTS; URINE C1 San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Behav Epidemiol & Community Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hovell, MF (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Behav Epidemiol & Community Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PY 2000 VL 9 SU 3 BP 70 EP 71 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 357VA UT WOS:000089520400018 ER PT J AU Husten, CG AF Husten, CG TI Resources on tobacco prevention and control available to managed care organisations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Addressing Tobacco in Managed Care National Conference CY JAN 31-FEB 02, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Assoc Hlth Plan, Address Tobacco Managed Care Natl Techn Assistance Off Partners, Alliance Commun Hlth Plans C1 Ctr Dis Control, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Husten, CG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Off Smoking & Hlth, MS K-50 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PY 2000 VL 9 SU 1 BP 74 EP 74 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 292NB UT WOS:000085800100033 ER PT J AU Melvin, CL Tucker, P AF Melvin, CL Tucker, P CA Smoke Free Families Common Evaluat Meas TI Measurement and definition for smoking cessation intervention research: the Smoke-Free Families experience SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article DE smoking cessation; pregnancy; clinical trials; addiction ID PREGNANT-WOMEN AB The measures, definitions, and processes used in the Smoke-Free Families clinical trials to assure consistent measurement and reporting of various aspects of the trials are described. Definitions of current smokers at different points in the pregnancy, levels of addiction, biological verification, cessation, stages of change, and intervention approaches are presented along with the rationale underlying their adoption and development. C1 Univ N Carolina, Cecil G Sheps Ctr Hlth Serv Res, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Univ Alabama, Smoke Free Families Natl Program Off, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Melvin, CL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Cecil G Sheps Ctr Hlth Serv Res, CB 7590,725 Airport Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 9 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PY 2000 VL 9 SU 3 BP 87 EP 90 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 357VA UT WOS:000089520400024 ER PT J AU Wandra, T Subahar, R Simanjuntak, GM Margono, SS Suroso, T Okamoto, M Nakano, M Sako, Y Nakaya, K Schantz, PM Ito, A AF Wandra, T Subahar, R Simanjuntak, GM Margono, SS Suroso, T Okamoto, M Nakano, M Sako, Y Nakaya, K Schantz, PM Ito, A TI Resurgence of cases of epileptic seizures and burns associated with cysticercosis in Assologaima, Jayawijaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 1991-95 SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE neurocysticercosis; Taenia solium; epileptic seizures; burns; mitochondrial DNA; immunoblotting; Irian Jaya; Indonesia ID TAENIID CESTODE; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; COMMUNITY; DISEASE AB Historically, neurocysticercosis (NCC) caused by the larval stage, cysticercus or cysticerci, of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium was recognized in Paniai District, western Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia, in the early 1970s. In the 1990s, we observed a rapid increase in the number of cases of epileptic seizures and burns in Assologaima Sub-District, Jayawijaya District, eastern Irian Jaya. There were totals of 1120 new cases of burns and 293 new cases of epileptic seizures during 1991-95 in Assologaima where the number of inhabitants was 15939. Histopathological examination of resected cysts from patients and a pig revealed that they were cysticerci of T. solium. DNA analysis of these cysts revealed that the nucleotide sequences of 391 base-pair fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene were exactly the same in those from patients and the pig. Although 3 of 391 base-pair fragments might differ from that of T. solium reported previously, there were no differences in the amino-acid sequences. Approximately 67% and 65% of persons with epileptic seizures and with subcutaneous nodules, respectively, showed antibody responses highly specific to cysticercosis. Therefore, most cases of epileptic seizures and burns were considered to be associated with cysticercosis in Irian Jaya. C1 Univ Indonesia, Fac Med, Dept Parasitol, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. Minist Hlth, Directorate Gen Communicable Dis Control & Enviro, Jakarta, Indonesia. Tottori Univ, Fac Agr, Sch Vet Med, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Tottori 680, Japan. Asahikawa Med Coll, Dept Parasitol, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078, Japan. Asahikawa Med Coll, Anim Lab Med Res, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078, Japan. Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Margono, SS (reprint author), Univ Indonesia, Fac Med, Dept Parasitol, J1 Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. RI ito, akira/E-9377-2014 OI ito, akira/0000-0002-5070-9187 NR 26 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 94 IS 1 BP 46 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90433-4 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 292ZH UT WOS:000085825800016 PM 10748897 ER PT J AU Sarti, E Schantz, PM Avila, G Ambrosio, J Medina-Santillan, R Flisser, A AF Sarti, E Schantz, PM Avila, G Ambrosio, J Medina-Santillan, R Flisser, A TI Mass treatment against human taeniasis for the control of cysticercosis: a population-based intervention study SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE taeniasis; Taenia solium; anti-cysticercus antibodies; cysticercosis; disease control; mass treatment; praziquantel; swine cysticercosis; Mexico ID SOLIUM TAENIASIS; RURAL-COMMUNITY; PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS; MEXICO; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; PREVALENCE; VILLAGE; PIGS AB An intervention study with mass treatment against taeniasis to prevent neurocysticercosis due to Taenia solium in a rural community in Mexico was performed in 1991-96. Information and biological samples were obtained at the beginning of the study, at 6 months and at 42 months after mass treatment with praziquantel at a single dose of 5 mg/kg. Prevalence rates of taeniasis were measured by the detection of Taenia coproantigens and Taenia eggs in faeces; neurocysticercosis was suggested by clinical data and by serum antibodies in humans and also in swine. A reduction of 53% after 6 months and of 56% after 42 months for human taeniasis was seen after treatment. Late-onset general seizures decreased 70%. Anti-cysticercus antibodies in the human population were reduced by 75% after 42 months. Antibodies in pigs also showed a significant reduction of 55% after 6 months. In conclusion, an impact of mass chemotherapy against taeniasis to control cysticercosis in the short and long term was demonstrated. Praziquantel for tapeworm treatment should not be given at doses lower than 10 mg/kg. Late-onset convulsive crisis and specific antibodies are good indicators of neurocysticercosis and of exposure to the parasite, respectively. C1 Direcc Gen Epidemiol, Direcc Informac, Unidad Lomas Plateros, Secretaria Salud, Mexico City 01480, DF, Mexico. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Med, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Inst Politecn Nacl, Escuela Med, Dept Posgrado, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Secretaria Salud, Inst Nacl Diagnost & Referencia Epidemiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Sarti, E (reprint author), Direcc Gen Epidemiol, Direcc Informac, Unidad Lomas Plateros, Secretaria Salud, Francisco de P Miranda 177 Col, Mexico City 01480, DF, Mexico. RI Ambrosio, Javier/A-6099-2008 NR 31 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 94 IS 1 BP 85 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90451-6 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 292ZH UT WOS:000085825800028 PM 10748908 ER PT J AU Richards, F Carter, K Cupp, E Sauerbrey, M Klein, R AF Richards, F Carter, K Cupp, E Sauerbrey, M Klein, R TI Monitoring for the emergence of new foci of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in the Americas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Letter C1 Carter Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Onchocerciasis Eliminat Program Amer, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Richards, F (reprint author), Carter Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 94 IS 1 BP 108 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90458-9 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 292ZH UT WOS:000085825800035 PM 10748915 ER PT J AU Richardson, LC Evatt, BL AF Richardson, LC Evatt, BL TI Risk of hepatitis A virus infection in persons with hemophilia receiving plasma-derived products SO TRANSFUSION MEDICINE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID FACTOR-VIII CONCENTRATE; INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; A VIRUS; VIRAL-HEPATITIS; BLOOD PRODUCTS; HIGH-PURITY; INACTIVATION; TRANSFUSION; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Richardson, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E-64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 62 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0887-7963 J9 TRANSFUS MED REV JI Transf. Med. Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 64 EP 73 DI 10.1016/S0887-7963(00)80116-9 PG 10 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 276QW UT WOS:000084889700007 PM 10669941 ER PT S AU Bechara, GH Szabo, MPJ Duarte, JMB Matushima, ER Pereira, MC Rechav, Y Keirans, JE Fielden, LJ AF Bechara, GH Szabo, MPJ Duarte, JMB Matushima, ER Pereira, MC Rechav, Y Keirans, JE Fielden, LJ BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Ticks associated with wild animals in the Nhecolandia Pantanal, Brazil SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID SPOTTED-FEVER; ARGENTINA; IXODIDAE; CATTLE; RICKETTSIAE; NORTHWEST AB A study of ticks associated with wild animals was carried out from September 1996 to April 1998 at the Fazenda Alegria (21,000 ha), in the Nhecolandia Pantanal, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, a sunken plain bordering the upper Paraguay river, located 19 x 08'S; 56 x 46'W. A total of 81 wild animals (13 species, 6 orders) were captured with the aid of nets, and ticks were found on 63 (78%). Tick species identified included Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), Amblyomma cajennense (F.), A. parvum (Aragao), A. pseudo-concolor (Aragao), A. scalpturatum (Neumann), A. nodosum (Neumann), A. ovale (Koch), and A. tigrinum (Koch). Dragging from grasslands (campos) yielded negative results compared to the high concentration of ticks, mainly nymphs, that were collected from leaves in the forests (capao). Predominance of immature instars (Amblyomma genera) was observed in the end of winter (August-September). Ticks were associated mainly with coatis, deer (Mazama gouazoubira) and anteater, and these animals may play a role in the epidemiology of tick-transmitted pathogens in the Pantanal if one considers their coexistence with local domestic animals. C1 Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, UNESP, BR-14780 Jaboticabal, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootecn, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia So Univ, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. Berry Coll, Mt Berry, GA USA. RP Bechara, GH (reprint author), Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, UNESP, BR-14780 Jaboticabal, Brazil. RI Szabo, Matias/A-5704-2013; Barbanti Duarte, Jose Mauricio /C-6946-2013; Bechara, Gervasio/E-5023-2015 OI Szabo, Matias/0000-0001-8642-3968; Barbanti Duarte, Jose Mauricio /0000-0002-7805-0265; Bechara, Gervasio/0000-0003-4619-3744 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 289 EP 297 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300037 PM 11193635 ER PT S AU Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE AF Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the United States, 1981-1998 SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida ID RACCOON RABIES; BAT RABIES AB Between 1981 and 1998, 37 cases of rabies were diagnosed in human beings in the United States. Information directly linking the cause of infection to animal bite was available for only eight of these cases. Indirect incrimination of the vector by analysis of cDNA sequences obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples indicated that for all cases (12/12) believed to have been acquired in foreign countries, variants of the rabies virus (VRVs) associated with dogs (7/12 involved known bite histories) were the cause of the rabies infections. In contrast, VRVs associated with bats (bat-associated VRVs or BAVs) were implicated as the cause of 88% (22/25) of infections believed to have been acquired within the United States (1/22 involved known bite histories). Sequence analyses revealed that a single BAV (Ln/Ps), associated with rabid silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and Eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) bats, was implicated in 73% (16/22) of bat-associated infections. Silver-haired bats are predominantly solitary and migratory. Eastern pipistrelle bats may occur individually or in small clusters. Both species are only infrequently submitted for rabies testing. Unrecognized bites and unique properties of the Ln/Ps BAV may explain its association with the majority of rabies infections in human beings in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Krebs, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS-G13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 52 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 345 EP 353 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300045 PM 11193644 ER PT S AU Sweat, JM Abdy, M Weniger, BG Harrington, R Coyle, B Abuknesha, RA Gibbs, EPJ AF Sweat, JM Abdy, M Weniger, BG Harrington, R Coyle, B Abuknesha, RA Gibbs, EPJ BE House, JA Kocan, KM Gibbs, EPJ TI Safety testing of needle free, jet injection devices to detect contamination with blood and other tissue fluids SO TROPICAL VETERINARY DISEASES: CONTROL AND PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 12-16, 1999 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP Int Fdn Sci, Merial Anim Hlth, Minist Affaires Etrangres, USDA, ARS, USDA, APHIS, USDA, CSREES, USDA, FAS, USDA, T STAR, Univ Florida AB Needle free jet injection guns have been used extensively in both veterinary and human health to deliver both vaccine and drugs, but in recent years, concerns have mounted for their potential to transmit blood borne disease agents among consecutive vaccinates. A Ped-O-Jet (R) type jet injection device was used to deliver serial subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mL saline (as a surrogate for vaccine) into calves and pigs, with intervening ejectates collected in vials to represent what the next vaccinate would have received. An enzyme linked immunosorbant assay was developed to detect species specific albumin as a marker for blood, using calibration standards from known dilutions of bovine or porcine blood. Assay sensitivity of 20 pL/mL corresponded to the estimated minimal chimpanzee infectious dose of 10 pL for hepatitis B virus. The methodology and available results for evaluating the safety of jet injector devices are reported. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Jet Injector Inc, Lansdale, PA USA. Kings Coll, London, England. RP Sweat, JM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-281-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 916 BP 681 EP 682 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BT09T UT WOS:000171939300095 PM 11193700 ER PT J AU Hubalek, Z Savage, HM Halouzka, J Juricova, Z Sanogo, YO Lusk, S AF Hubalek, Z Savage, HM Halouzka, J Juricova, Z Sanogo, YO Lusk, S TI West Nile virus investigations in South Moravia, Czechland SO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARBOVIRUSES; NEUROINVASIVENESS; ANTIBODIES; STRAINS AB Seven virus isolates were obtained from 11,334 mosquitoes after the 1997 Morava River flooding in South Moravia (Czech Republic): 6 strains of Tahyna bunyavirus, California antigenic group (5 from Aedes vexans, 1 from Ae. cinereus), and 1 strain of West Nile flavivirus (WNV) from Culex pipiens. In 1999, one isolate of Tahyna virus from Ae. vexans and one isolate of WNV from Cx. pipiens were recovered from a total of 14,354 mosquitoes examined in the same area, whereas no virus was detected there in 1,179 overwintering mosquitoes (mostly Cx. pipiens) in March 2000. The infection rate of mosquitoes with arboviruses was significantly higher in 1997, the year of the flood and an enormously high population density of mosquitoes. Antibodies neutralizing WNV were detected in 13 of 619 (2.1%) hospitalized patients or persons seeking outpatient clinics of the area in 1997. Five of the seroreactors revealed clinical symptoms compatible with West Nile fever: in 2 of them (children), recent infection with WNV was confirmed by a significant increase of antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum samples. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Vertebrate Biol, Dept Med Zool, CZ-69142 Valtice, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Vertebrate Biol, Dept Aquat Ecosyst, CZ-69142 Valtice, Czech Republic. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Hubalek, Z (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Vertebrate Biol, Dept Med Zool, Klasterni 2, CZ-69142 Valtice, Czech Republic. RI Hubalek, Zdenek/G-1111-2014; Lusk, Stanislav/A-2224-2015; Juricova, Zina/A-2459-2015 OI Hubalek, Zdenek/0000-0003-4732-0987; FU PHS HHS [FY-99 EID] NR 25 TC 40 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0882-8245 J9 VIRAL IMMUNOL JI Viral Immunol. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 4 BP 427 EP 433 DI 10.1089/vim.2000.13.427 PG 7 WC Immunology; Virology SC Immunology; Virology GA 389QB UT WOS:000166248300005 PM 11192289 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ Campbell, GL Nasci, R Komar, N Petersen, L Roehrig, JT AF Gubler, DJ Campbell, GL Nasci, R Komar, N Petersen, L Roehrig, JT TI West Nile virus in the United States: Guidelines for detection, prevention, and control SO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS AB The epidemic/epizootic of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in the northeastern United States in the summer and fall of 1999 was an unprecedented event, underscoring the ease with which emerging Infectious pathogens can be introduced into new geographic areas in today's era of rapid transportation and increased movement of people, animals, and commodities. This epidemic/epizootic and the increased frequency of other exotic pathogens being imported into the United States raises the issue of whether local, state, and national public health agencies are prepared to deal with epidemics/epizootics of vector-borne infectious diseases. The overwintering of WN virus and the epizootic transmission in the summer of 2000 reinforces the need to rebuild the public health infrastructure to deal with vector-borne diseases in this country. This article summarizes guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of WN virus that were drafted in December 1999 to help prepare state and local health departments for monitoring WN virus activity in the spring and summer of 2000 and also summarizes the data collected from those surveillance systems through September 2000. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US PHS, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US PHS, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 18 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 7 U2 16 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0882-8245 J9 VIRAL IMMUNOL JI Viral Immunol. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 4 BP 469 EP 475 DI 10.1089/vim.2000.13.469 PG 7 WC Immunology; Virology SC Immunology; Virology GA 389QB UT WOS:000166248300009 PM 11192293 ER PT J AU Casteel, MJ Sobsey, MD Arrowood, MJ AF Casteel, MJ Sobsey, MD Arrowood, MJ TI Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and other microbes in water and wastewater by electrochemically generated mixed oxidants SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Minimising Risk from Crytosporidium and Other Waterborne Particles CY APR 19-23, 1999 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc, Int Ozone Assoc DE mixed oxidants; disinfection; indicators; cell culture infectivity assay; Cryptosporidium parvum; Clostridium perfringens spores ID CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; DISINFECTION; VIABILITY; CHLORINE AB Alternative disinfectants of water and wastewater are needed because conventional chlorination is ineffective against C. parvum oocysts. Reliable indicators of disinfection efficacy against C. parvum also are needed. Mixed oxidants (MO) electrochemically generated from brine were evaluated in batch disinfection experiments for inactivation of C. parvum oocysts and Cl. perfringens spores in both oxidant demand-free (ODF) water and treated wastewater. Coliphage MS2 and Escherichia coli B were also tested under some conditions. C. parvum oocyst infectivity was quantified by cell culture assay, and the dyes DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and propidium iodide (PI) were used to assess oocyst viability in wastewater experiments. In treated wastewater dosed with 10-13 mg/L MO, inactivation after 90 minutes was about 3 log(10) for C. parvum and about 2.5 log(10) for CI. perfringens spores; MS2 and E. coli were rapidly inactivated by > 5 log(10). In ODF water, a 4 mg/L dose of MO inactivated -3 log(10) of C. parvum oocysts and -1.5 log(10) of CI. perfringens spores. Inactivation of C. parvum oocysts and Cl. perfringens spores was less extensive at a lower MO dose of 2 mg/L. The use of DAPI and Pl to determine viability of oocysts treated with MO did not correlate with, and greatly overestimated, cell culture infectivity. At practical doses and contact times, MO disinfection of water and wastewater achieves appreciable inactivation of both C. parvum oocysts and Cl. perfringens spores. Cl. perfringens spores reliably indicated oocyst inactivation by MO, but E. coli and coliphage MS2 were inactivated much too rapidly to indicate C. parvum inactivation. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Casteel, MJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Sch Publ Hlth, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 41 IS 7 BP 127 EP 134 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 344UN UT WOS:000088777600017 ER PT J AU Rabin, C O'Leary, A Neighbors, C Whitmore, K AF Rabin, C O'Leary, A Neighbors, C Whitmore, K TI Pain and depression experienced by women with interstitial cystitis SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE interstitial cystitis; self-efficacy; self-stigmatization; pain; depression ID LOW-BACK-PAIN; SELF-EFFICACY; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; ADJUSTMENT; BEHAVIOR; BELIEFS; STIGMA AB The goal of this: study was to better understand the experience of women suffering from interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic pain condition that has, as of yet, received little attention from psychosocial investigators. Eighty women with IC participated. The results from this study demonstrate that, in addition to frequency of voiding (the hallmark symptom of the disorder), IC sufferers also endure significant pain and depression. Levels of pain experienced by IC patients during their most painful fares exceed levels of pain experienced by other chronic pain patients. Similarly, levels of depression experienced by IC patients exceed those evidenced by the general population and by other populations of chronic pain patients. Furthermore, the pain and depression experienced by IC patients may be predicted by cognitive factors. Severity of pain is associated with self-efficacy for coping with pain. Severity of depression is associated with pain, self-efficacy for coping with pain, and self-stigmatization. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Brown Univ, Ctr Alcohol & Addict Studies, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Allegheny Univ Grad Hosp, Dept Urol, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Rabin, C (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 67 EP 81 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 425QD UT WOS:000168301800005 PM 11310812 ER PT J AU Britton, JA Gammon, MD Kelsey, JL Brogan, DJ Coates, RJ Schoenberg, JB Potischman, N Swanson, CA Stanford, JL AF Britton, JA Gammon, MD Kelsey, JL Brogan, DJ Coates, RJ Schoenberg, JB Potischman, N Swanson, CA Stanford, JL TI Characteristics associated with recent recreational exercise among women 20 to 44 years of age SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE physical activity; exercise; women ID TIME PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; BREAST-CANCER RISK; HEALTH BEHAVIORS; UNITED-STATES; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; PATTERNS; TRENDS AB Data on 1,501 control women from a multi-center, population-based, case-control study of breast cancer were used to examine characteristics associated with; recreational exercise during the year prior to the interview among women 20 to 44 years of age. In a univariate analysis, higher levels of recreational exercise were associated with: higher education; higher family income; white race; previous participation in recreational exercise above the median level at ages 12 to 13 and at age 20; being nulliparous; ever lactating; being a never or past smoker; having a low current Quetelet's index (QI: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); and living in Atlanta or Seattle (compared to New Jersey). In a multiple linear regression model, independent predictors of higher levels of recreational exercise were: participation in higher levels of exercise at 20 years of age; having a low current QI; and never having smoked. Though all women should be encouraged to participate in exercise, these findings identity subgroups of women that may need targeting when developing exercise intervention programs. C1 Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Div Epidemiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Canc Epidemiol Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP Britton, JA (reprint author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Environm Hlth Sci, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl,Box 1057, New York, NY 10029 USA. RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2-3 BP 81 EP 96 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 415ZR UT WOS:000167753900004 PM 11289687 ER PT J AU Heesch, KC Brown, DR Blanton, CJ AF Heesch, KC Brown, DR Blanton, CJ TI Perceived barriers to exercise and stage of exercise adoption in older women of different racial/ethnic groups SO WOMEN & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE stages of change; exercise; barriers; minority women ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; HEALTH PROMOTION; BEHAVIOR; DETERMINANTS; BENEFITS; DISEASE; MODEL AB The purpose of this study was to determine whether barriers to exercise differ among racial/ethnic groups at the same stage of exercise adoption and adjacent stages within racial/ethnic groups. Questions about stage of exercise adoption and perceived barriers to exercise were administered to a cross sectional sample of 745 African American, 660 Hispanic, 738 Native American/Native Alaskan, and 769 Caucasian U.S. women aged 40 years and older. Correlations between rankings of barriers among racial/ethnic groups within the same stage ranged from .43 to .89. For each racial/ethnic group, significant differences existed between adjacent stages in the percentage of women reporting barriers to interfere with exercise (p < .10). Barriers were not similar enough among racial/ethnic groups to recommend that the same barriers be addressed for all races/ethnicities. C1 Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, CHRPD, Houston, TX 77225 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Heesch, KC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, CHRPD, POB 20186,RAS E-903, Houston, TX 77225 USA. RI Heesch, Kristi/B-7863-2009; Heesch, Kristiann/J-1288-2012 OI Heesch, Kristiann/0000-0003-1931-3683 FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU710806] NR 27 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 13 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 0363-0242 J9 WOMEN HEALTH JI Women Health PY 2000 VL 30 IS 4 BP 61 EP 76 DI 10.1300/J013v30n04_05 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 347ZA UT WOS:000088958000005 PM 10983610 ER PT J AU Alter, MJ Kruszon-Moran, D McQuillan, GM AF Alter, MJ Kruszon-Moran, D McQuillan, GM TI Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alter, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 30 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 27 BP 2094 EP 2095 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 271BR UT WOS:000084573300015 ER PT J AU Willett, WC Colditz, G Dietz, W AF Willett, WC Colditz, G Dietz, W TI Guidelines for healthy weight. Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Willett, WC (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 30 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 27 BP 2098 EP 2098 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 271BR UT WOS:000084573300023 ER PT J AU Hollowell, JG Garbe, PL Miller, DT AF Hollowell, JG Garbe, PL Miller, DT TI Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID IODINE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hollowell, JG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 23 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 26 BP 2016 EP 2017 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 268DQ UT WOS:000084399400012 PM 10617396 ER PT J AU Levy, C Finnerty, M Hansen, C Cory, J McGuill, M Matyas, B DeMaria, A Schmunk, G Grantham, J Archer, J Kazmierczak, J Davis, J AF Levy, C Finnerty, M Hansen, C Cory, J McGuill, M Matyas, B DeMaria, A Schmunk, G Grantham, J Archer, J Kazmierczak, J Davis, J TI Reptile-associated Salmonellosis - Selected states, 1996-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1009-1012, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; IGUANAS C1 Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Topeka, KS USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brown Cty Med Examiners Off, Green Bay, WI USA. CDC, Wisconsin Dept Hlth & Social Serv, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Levy, C (reprint author), Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 22 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 24 BP 2293 EP 2294 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 265TK UT WOS:000084261700009 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Himelright, IR Lee, B Cragan, JD Patterson, L Correa, A Hall, S Erickson, JD AF Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Himelright, IR Lee, B Cragan, JD Patterson, L Correa, A Hall, S Erickson, JD TI Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after pertussis prophylaxis with erythromycin: a case review and cohort study SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ULTRASOUND; MOTILITY; OLIVE AB Background In February, 1999, a local US health department identified a cluster of pertussis cases among neonates born at a community hospital and recommended oral erythromycin for post-exposure prophylaxis for about 200 neonates born at that hospital between Feb 1 and Feb 24, 1999, We investigated a cluster of seven cases of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) that occurred the following month among the neonates who had received erythromycin. Methods We obtained a masked, independent review of the IHPS ultrasonography diagnoses, calculated the monthly IHPS incidence, and compared index and historical (1998-99) IHPS cases with respect to several characteristics including erythromycin exposure. We used a retrospective cohort of infants born in January and February, 1999, to investigate further erythromycin exposure and development of IHPS. Findings An independent review confirmed the ultrasonographic diagnoses of all seven index IHPS cases. All index cases versus none of the historical IHPS cases had been given erythromycin for pertussis prophylaxis. The IHPS rate for infants born in the hospital in February, 1999, was 323 per 1000 liveborn infants, representing nearly a seven-fold increase over 1997-98 (relative risk 6.8 [95% CI 3.0-15.7]). Among infants born in January and February, 1999, erythromycin was associated with IHPS (absolute risk 4.5%, relative risk infinity [1.7-infinity]). Interpretation Neonates receiving oral erythromycin may have an increased risk of IHPS. The risks and benefits of erythromycin for neonatal pertussis prophylaxis should be re-evaluated, and caution should be used in defining risk groups for prophylaxis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Knox Cty Hlth Dept, Knoxville, TN USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. E Tennessee Childrens Hosp, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, MS F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 29 TC 97 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 18 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9196 BP 2101 EP 2105 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)10073-4 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 266UG UT WOS:000084318200010 PM 10609814 ER PT J AU Lanciotti, RS Roehrig, JT Deubel, V Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K Crise, B Volpe, KE Crabtree, MB Scherret, JH Hall, RA MacKenzie, JS Cropp, CB Panigrahy, B Ostlund, E Schmitt, B Malkinson, M Banet, C Weissman, J Komar, N Savage, HM Stone, W McNamara, T Gubler, DJ AF Lanciotti, RS Roehrig, JT Deubel, V Smith, J Parker, M Steele, K Crise, B Volpe, KE Crabtree, MB Scherret, JH Hall, RA MacKenzie, JS Cropp, CB Panigrahy, B Ostlund, E Schmitt, B Malkinson, M Banet, C Weissman, J Komar, N Savage, HM Stone, W McNamara, T Gubler, DJ TI Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; E-GLYCOPROTEIN; DNA-SEQUENCES; IDENTIFICATION; EVOLUTION; TREES; KUNJIN; GENE AB In Late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Inst Pasteur, Unite Arbovirus & Virus Fievres Hemorragiques, F-75724 Paris 15, France. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol & Pathol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Minist Agr & Rural Dev, Kimron Vet Inst, Div Avian Dis, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Div Fish Wildlife & Marine Resources, Wildlife Pathol Unit, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. RP Lanciotti, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Smith, Jane/B-6254-2009; OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 21 TC 969 Z9 1012 U1 14 U2 170 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 17 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5448 BP 2333 EP 2337 DI 10.1126/science.286.5448.2333 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 266UK UT WOS:000084318500059 PM 10600742 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF AF Gillum, RF TI Risk factors for stroke in blacks: A critical review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE blacks; cerebrovascular disorders; risk factors ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; NORTHERN MANHATTAN STROKE; ARTERY WALL THICKNESS; MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS; UNITED-STATES; WHITE DIFFERENCES; CEREBROVASCULAR-DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; ISCHEMIC STROKE AB Stroke is the third leading cause of death in US Blacks and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Mortality rates are higher in Blacks than in Whites in the United States at ages below 70 years. In Blacks, advanced age, elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and smoking are the only risk factors for stroke whose status has been firmly established by published data. More data are needed to assess other likely risk factors of importance for risk stratification and intervention and to determine the fraction of racial differences in stroke that may be explained by risk factor differences. Higher prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, obesity (in women), elevated lipoprotein(a) level, smoking (in men), and low socioeconomic status may contribute to the higher stroke incidence and mortality in US Blacks as compared with Whites. However, further environmental influences must be studied and candidate genes identified before assuming that racial differences can be attributed to inborn susceptibility linked to inheritance of specific genes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 730, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 109 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 12 BP 1266 EP 1274 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 265ZU UT WOS:000084276800003 PM 10604768 ER PT J AU Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Caspersen, CJ Nagelkerke, N Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D AF Bijnen, FCH Feskens, EJM Caspersen, CJ Nagelkerke, N Mosterd, WL Kromhout, D TI Baseline and previous physical activity in relation to mortality in elderly men - The Zutphen Elderly Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aged; cohort studies; exercise; men; mortality; physical fitness ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; OLDER ADULTS; ACTIVITY LEVEL; LEISURE-TIME; FOLLOW-UP; ASSOCIATIONS; LONGEVITY; HISTORY; COHORT AB Understanding the effect of changes in physical activity on mortality risk may help researchers clarify intervention strategies. This study investigated associations of physical activity at baseline and 5 years previously with all-cause mortality risk in a cohort of 472 elderly Dutch men. Relative risks were estimated for relations between mortality in 1990-1995 and physical activity levels in 1990 and 1985. Adjustments were made for baseline age, chronic diseases, functional: status, and lifestyle factors. In contrast to previous levels of physical activity (adjusted p-trend = 0.39), baseline total time spent in physical activity was inversely associated with mortality risk (p-trend = 0.004; for the most active tertile vs. the least active, relative risk = 0.44; 95% confidence interval: 0.25, 0.80). No consistent associations were observed after fractionating total physical activity into activities of differing intensity or into four different types of activity. Relative to maintaining a physically active lifestyle (i.e., walking or bicycling for 20 minutes at least three times per week) in both survey years, a gradient of increasing risk was observed from adopting an active lifestyle to becoming sedentary td remaining sedentary (p-trend = 0.004). Recent levels of physical activity were more important for mortality risk among elderly men than activity 5 years previously Becoming or remaining sedentary was significantly associated with increased mortality risk in comparison with remaining physically active. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Chron Dis, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Fac Med, Dept Med Physiol & Sports Med, Utrecht, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nuttr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Management Team Comp & Methodol Consultancy, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Bijnen, FCH (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Chron Dis, Bilthoven, Netherlands. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009; Feskens, Edith/A-3757-2012; Kromhout, Daan/A-8566-2014; OI Feskens, Edith/0000-0001-5819-2488 NR 26 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 12 BP 1289 EP 1296 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 265ZU UT WOS:000084276800006 PM 10604771 ER PT J AU Nicholson, JKA Hubbard, M Dawson, CD AF Nicholson, JKA Hubbard, M Dawson, CD TI Evaluation of stabilized whole blood control materials for lymphocyte immunophenotyping SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; quality control; standards ID INFECTION AB We evaluated stabilized whole blood control materials for their performance as a routine control material for immunophenotyping using flow cytometry. These materials serve as the method control, controlling for both the binding of monoclonal antibodies to the cells and the efficiency of the red-blood-cell lysing reagent. Three products (FluoroTrol, StatusFlow, and CD-Chex) were tested. The controls performed very well in evaluating both CD4 and CD8 percentages and absolute cell counts using flow cytometry. Light scattering patterns and fluorescence intensity of antibody binding were slightly different from those of normal whole blood. These products are not appropriate for quantitative fluorescence standards. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 38:268-273, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nicholson, JKA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS C-12,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 6 BP 268 EP 273 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19991215)38:6<268::AID-CYTO2>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 267WP UT WOS:000084382500002 PM 10589041 ER PT J CA CDC TI Tobacco use - United States, 1900-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 986-993, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 23 BP 2202 EP 2204 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 263RG UT WOS:000084138600010 ER PT J AU Shafey, O Sekereke, HJ Hughes, BJ Heber, S Hunter, RG Brooks, RG AF Shafey, O Sekereke, HJ Hughes, BJ Heber, S Hunter, RG Brooks, RG TI Surveillance for acute pesticide-related illness during the Medfly Eradication Program - Florida, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1015-1027, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID SANTA-CLARA COUNTY; CALIFORNIA; PROJECT C1 Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. CDC, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIOSH, Surveillance Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, CDC, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Shafey, O (reprint author), Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 23 BP 2204 EP 2206 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 263RG UT WOS:000084138600012 ER PT J AU Jones, B Sleet, D Dellinger, A Wallace, D Quinlan, K Branche, C AF Jones, B Sleet, D Dellinger, A Wallace, D Quinlan, K Branche, C TI Reductions in motor vehicle-related injuries and deaths - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jones, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 23 BP 2210 EP 2211 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 263RG UT WOS:000084138600020 ER PT J AU McFarland, W Busch, MP Kellogg, TA Rawal, BD Satten, GA Katz, MH Dilley, J Janssen, RS AF McFarland, W Busch, MP Kellogg, TA Rawal, BD Satten, GA Katz, MH Dilley, J Janssen, RS TI Detection of early HIV infection and estimation of incidence using a sensitiveness-sensitive enzyme immunoassay testing strategy at anonymous counseling and testing sites in San Francisco SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV incidence; HIV testing; early HIV infection ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; YOUNG MENS SURVEY; RISK BEHAVIORS; SEROPREVALENCE; PREVALENCE; TESTERS; COHORT; SEX AB Timely estimates of HIV incidence are needed to monitor the epidemic and target primary prevention but have been difficult to obtain. We applied a sensitive/ less-sensitive (S/LS) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing strategy to stored HIV-positive sera (N = 452) to identify early infections, estimate incidence, and characterize correlates of recent seroconversion among persons seeking anonymous HIV testing in San Francisco from 1996 to 1998 (N = 21,292). Sera positive on a sensitive EIA but negative on a less-sensitive EIA were classified as early HIV infections; sera positive on both EIA were classified as long standing. Seventy-nine sera were from people with early HIV infection. Estimated HIV incidence was 1.1% per year (95% confidence interval [CT], 0.68%-1.6%) overall and 1.9% per year (95% CI, 1.2%-3.0%) among men who have sex with men (MSM). Early HIV infection among MSM was associated with injection drug use, unprotected receptive anal sex, and multiple sex partners in the previous year. No temporal trend in HIV incidence was noted over the study period. The S/LS strategy provides a practical public health tool to identify early HIV infection and estimate HIV incidence in a variety of study designs and settings. C1 San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. Irwin Ctr, Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Hlth Project, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP McFarland, W (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, 25 Van Ness Ave,Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU902948, U62/CCU913184] NR 18 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 484 EP 489 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 284MR UT WOS:000085336600009 PM 10961610 ER PT J AU Weidle, PJ Ganea, CE Irwin, KL McGowan, JP Ernst, JA Olivo, N Holmberg, SD AF Weidle, PJ Ganea, CE Irwin, KL McGowan, JP Ernst, JA Olivo, N Holmberg, SD TI Adherence to antiretroviral medications in an inner-city population SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE adherence; antiretroviral therapy; medications; HIV ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ZIDOVUDINE THERAPY AB Adherence to antiretroviral medications is essential for optimal treatment of HIV infection. We investigated nonadherence to antiretroviral medications in an inner-city population by using a confidential interview and a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. We estimated adherence on the day before and the month before the interview and asked reasons for nonadherence. Of 173 people who were taking antiretroviral medications, all participated in the confidential interview and 101 also completed the anonymous questionnaire. Results of the confidential interview and the anonymous questionnaire revealed rates of 6% and 28%, respectively, for nonadherence to any drug on the preceding day and of 11% and 39%, respectively, in the preceding month. The most common reasons for nonadherence in both methods were forgetfulness, inaccessibility of medications, and perceived or actual toxicity. On 12% of the anonymous questionnaires one reason for nonadherence was perceived or actual lack of drug efficacy; this reason was not given in any of the confidential interviews. Responses about the extent of nonadherence and the reasons for it may differ depending on the method of ascertainment. Interventions to improve adherence should focus on making medication dosages easier to remember, ensuring a continued supply of medications, and circumventing toxicities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr, Bronx, NY 10456 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weidle, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [UC64/CCU213430-01] NR 15 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 498 EP 502 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 284MR UT WOS:000085336600011 PM 10961612 ER PT J AU Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE AF Krebs, JW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE TI Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1998 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RACCOON RABIES; VACCINATION PROGRAM; ORAL VACCINATION; PUBLIC-HEALTH; VIRUS; COYOTES; EXPOSURES; WILDLIFE; EFFICACY; ANIMALS AB During 1998, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,961 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a decrease of 6.5% from 8,509 cases in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings reported in 1997. More than 92% (7,358 cases) were in wild animals, whereas > 7.5% (603 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93% in wild animals and 7% in domestic species in 1997). Decreases were evident in all of the major contributing species groups, with the exception of skunks and bats. The relative contributions of the major groups to the total reported for 1998 were raccoons (44.0%; 3.502 cases), skunks (28.5%; 2,272), bats (12.5%; 992), foxes (5.5%; 435), cats (3.5%; 282), cattle (1.5%; 116), and dogs (11.5%; 113). No further discernable westward extension of the epizootic of rabies in raccoons in Ohio was reported, Twelve of the 19 states enzootic for the raccoon variant of the rabies virus and the District of Columbia reported decreased numbers of cases of rabies during 1998, compared with 13 states and the District of Columbia that reported increases during 1997. Three slates, Rhode island (143.2%), Massachusetts (77.2%), and New Hampshire (69.4%), reported increases of > 50% during 1998, compared with totals reported for 1997. In Texas, the number of cases of rabies associated with enzootic canine variants of the rabies virus remained greatly diminished; however, overall totals of reported cases of rabies increased in Texas and 12 other stales where skunks are the major terrestrial reservoir of rabies. At the national level, the total of 82 reported cases of rabies among horses and mules was greater than that reported for any year since 1981 (88 cases) and represented a 74.5% increase, compared with the total for 1997. The 992 cases of rabies reported in bats during 1998 were the greatest proportionate contribution by bats since 1990. Reported cases of rabies in cats (282), dogs (113), and cattle (116) decreased 6.0%, 10.3%, and 4.9%, respectively. One indigenously acquired case of rabies reported in a human being during 1998 was the result of infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired and eastern pipistrelle bats. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Krebs, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 34 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 12 BP 1786 EP 1798 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 264WQ UT WOS:000084206300007 PM 10613210 ER PT J AU Falter, KH AF Falter, KH TI Symposium on statistical bases for public health decision making: From exploration to modelling - Preface SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Falter, KH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3159 EP 3160 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3159::AID-SIM305>3.0.CO;2-R PG 2 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400001 ER PT J AU Broome, CV AF Broome, CV TI Symposium on statistical bases for public health decision making: From exploration to modelling - Introduction and welcome SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Broome, CV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3165 EP 3165 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3165::AID-SIM307>3.0.CO;2-W PG 1 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400002 PM 10602142 ER PT J AU Mungiole, M Pickle, LW Simonson, KH AF Mungiole, M Pickle, LW Simonson, KH TI Application of a weighted head-banging algorithm to mortality data maps SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ROBUST AB Smoothed data maps permit the reader to identify general spatial trends by removing the background noise of random variability often present in raw data. To smooth mortality data from 798 small areas comprising the contiguous United States, we extended the head-banging algorithm to allow for differential weighting of the values to be smoothed. Actual and simulated data sets were used to determine how head-banging smoothed spike and edge features in the data, and to observe the degree to which weighting affected the results. As expected, spikes were generally removed while edges and clusters of high rates near the U.S. borders were maintained by the unweighted head-banging algorithm. Incorporating weights inversely proportional to standard errors had a substantial effect on smoothed data, for example determining whether observed spikes were retained or removed. The process used to obtain the smoothed data, including the choice of head-banging parameters, is discussed. Results are considered in the context of general spatial trends, Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Mungiole, M (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. NR 10 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3201 EP + DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3201::AID-SIM310>3.0.CO;2-U PG 14 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400005 PM 10602145 ER PT J AU Williamson, GD Hudson, GW AF Williamson, GD Hudson, GW TI A monitoring system for detecting aberrations in public health surveillance reports SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS; TIME-SERIES; MORTALITY; DISEASES; IMPACT; PATTERNS AB Routine analysis of public health surveillance data to detect departures from historical patterns of disease frequency is required to enable timely public health responses to decrease unnecessary morbidity and mortality. We describe a monitoring system incorporating statistical 'flags' identifying unusually large increases (or decreases) in disease reports compared to the number of cases expected. The two-stage monitoring system consists of univariate Box-Jenkins models and subsequent tracking signals from several statistical process control charts. The analyses are illustrated on 1980-1995 national notifiable disease data reported weekly to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by state health departments and published in CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Drexel Univ, Coll Business & Adm, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Williamson, GD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 55 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3283 EP 3298 PG 16 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400011 PM 10602151 ER PT J AU Vanbrackle, L Williamson, GD AF Vanbrackle, L Williamson, GD TI A study of the average run length characteristics of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL PROCESS-CONTROL; CUSUM CONTROL CHARTS; SCHEMES AB This study examines the statistical properties (that is, false positive and negative signals) in detecting unusual patterns of reported cases of diseases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Control charts are applied to the residuals of one-step ahead forecasts based on Box-Jenkins models of reported cases of disease. Simulation and analytical techniques are used to study the average run length characteristics of these control charts for various types of changes in the levels of the series, including spike, trend and step changes. The average run lengths for the highly correlated disease series are much longer than for the usual independent data case. This increase in the average run lengths is strongly influenced by the type of change in the level of the series and by the type of control chart. Understanding the average run length characteristics of the control charts can lead to timely detection of changes in the levels of disease series, and subsequent timely public hearth actions to decrease unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Math, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Vanbrackle, L (reprint author), Kennesaw State Univ, Dept Math, 1000 Chastain Rd, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3309 EP 3319 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3309::AID-SIM318>3.0.CO;2-G PG 11 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400013 PM 10602153 ER PT J AU Wassell, JT Wojciechowski, WC Landen, DD AF Wassell, JT Wojciechowski, WC Landen, DD TI Recurrent injury event-time analysis SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SEMIPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION; FRAILTY MODELS; MULTIVARIATE AB Public health decision making based on data sources that are characterized by a lack of independence and other complicating factors requires the development of innovative statistical techniques. Studies of injuries in occupational cohorts require methods to account for recurrent injuries to workers over time and the temporary removal of workers from the 'risk set' while recuperating. In this study, the times until injury events are modelled in an occupational cohort of employees in a large power utility company when employees are susceptible to recurrent events. The injury history over a ten-year period is used to compare the hazards of specific jobs, adjusted for age when first hired, and race/ethnicity differences. Subject-specific random effects and multiple event-times are accommodated through the application of frailty models which characterize the dependence of recurrent events over time. The counting process formulation of the proportional hazards regression model is used to estimate the effects of covariates for subjects with discontinuous intervals of risk. In this application, subjects are not at risk of injury during recovery periods or other illness, changes in jobs, or other reasons. Previous applications of proportional hazards regression in frailty models have not needed to account for the changing composition of the risk set which is required to adequately model occupational injury data. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pittsburgh Res Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Wassell, JT (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM jtw2@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3355 EP 3363 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3355::AID-SIM322>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 9 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400017 PM 10602157 ER PT J AU Stroup, DF AF Stroup, DF TI Closing remarks SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Stroup, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 23 BP 3373 EP 3375 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19991215)18:23<3373::AID-SIM324>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 3 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 262QF UT WOS:000084077400018 PM 10602158 ER PT J AU Herwaldt, BL AF Herwaldt, BL TI Miltefosine - The long-awaited therapy for visceral leishmaniasis? SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 9 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 24 BP 1840 EP 1842 DI 10.1056/NEJM199912093412411 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 262NU UT WOS:000084074000011 PM 10588972 ER PT J CA CDC TI Assessment of laboratory tests for plasma homocysteine - Selected laboratories, July-September 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 48, pg 1013-1015, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID DISEASE C1 CDC, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 8 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 22 BP 2112 EP 2113 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 260UG UT WOS:000083971400010 ER PT J CA CDC TI Cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR vol 48, pg 993-996, 1999) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 8 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 22 BP 2115 EP 2116 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 260UG UT WOS:000083971400014 ER PT J AU Visser, M Bouter, LM McQuillan, GM Wener, MH Harris, TB AF Visser, M Bouter, LM McQuillan, GM Wener, MH Harris, TB TI Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; NATIONAL-HEALTH; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; US ADULTS; RISK; INTERLEUKIN-6; MEN; ASSOCIATION AB Context Human adipose tissue expresses and releases the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, potentially inducing low-grade systemic inflammation in persons with excess body fat. Objective To test whether overweight and obesity are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation as measured by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Design and Setting The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the US population from 1988 to 1994, Participants A total of 16 616 men and nonpregnant women aged 17 years or older Main Outcome Measures Elevated CRP level of 0.22 mg/dL or more and a more stringent clinically raised CRP level of more than 1.00 mg/dL. Results Elevated CRP levels and clinically raised CRP levels were present in 27.6% and 6.7% of the population, respectively. Both overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obese (BMI, greater than or equal to 30 kg/m(2)) persons were more likely to have elevated CRP levels than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI, <25 kg/m(2)). After adjustment for potential confounders, including smoking and health status, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated CRP was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.91) for obese men and 6.21 (95% CI, 4.94-7.81) for obese women. In addition, BMI was associated with clinically raised CRP levels in women, with an OR of 4.76 (95% CI, 3.42-6.61) for obese women. Waist-to-hip ratio was positively associated with both elevated and clinically raised CRP levels, independent of BMI. Restricting the analyses to young adults (aged 17-39 years) and excluding smokers, persons with inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus and estrogen users did not change the main findings. Conclusion Higher BMI is associated with higher CRP concentrations, even among young adults aged 17 to 39 years. These findings suggest a state of low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight and obese persons. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Med, Inst Res Extramural Med, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. Univ Washington, Dept Lab Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Visser, M (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Med, Inst Res Extramural Med, Boechorststr 7, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. OI Bouter, Lex/0000-0002-2659-5482 NR 45 TC 1263 Z9 1308 U1 8 U2 54 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 8 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 22 BP 2131 EP 2135 DI 10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 260UG UT WOS:000083971400031 PM 10591334 ER PT J AU Masur, H Kaplan, JE Holmes, KK Alston, BL Ampel, N Anderson, JR Baker, AC Barr, D Bartlett, JG Bennett, JE Benson, CA Bozzette, SA Chaisson, RE Crumpacker, CS Currier, JS Deyton, L Drew, WL Duncan, WR Eisinger, RW El-Sadr, W Feinberg, J Freedberg, KA Furrer, H Gnann, JW Goldberger, MJ Goldie, S Goosby, EP Gross, PA Hafner, R Havlir, D Hooton, TM Jabs, DA Jacobson, MA Janoff, E Kitahata, M Kovacs, JV Leport, C Levin, MJ Lopez, JC Marco, M Mayers, DL Melnick, DA Mofenson, LM Montaner, JSG Moore, R Neaton, J Nelson, C O'Neill, JF Palefsky, J Pau, A Phair, JP Piscitelli, S Polis, MA Quinn, TC Reiss, P Rimland, D Sears, CL Seeff, L Sepkowitz, KA Slama, TG Sloand, EM Spector, SA Thomas, DL Van Dyke, RB Watts, DH Wheat, LJ Whitcup, SM Williams, P Wright, TC Castro, KG DeCock, KM Dowell, SF Dworkin, MS Dykewicz, C Ellerbrock, T Hajjeh, R Holmberg, S Holtgrave, DR Jaffe, HW Jones, JL Juranek, DD Mast, E Navin, T Pellett, PE Reeves, WC Stewart, JA Villarino, ME Kaplan, JE AF Masur, H Kaplan, JE Holmes, KK Alston, BL Ampel, N Anderson, JR Baker, AC Barr, D Bartlett, JG Bennett, JE Benson, CA Bozzette, SA Chaisson, RE Crumpacker, CS Currier, JS Deyton, L Drew, WL Duncan, WR Eisinger, RW El-Sadr, W Feinberg, J Freedberg, KA Furrer, H Gnann, JW Goldberger, MJ Goldie, S Goosby, EP Gross, PA Hafner, R Havlir, D Hooton, TM Jabs, DA Jacobson, MA Janoff, E Kitahata, M Kovacs, JV Leport, C Levin, MJ Lopez, JC Marco, M Mayers, DL Melnick, DA Mofenson, LM Montaner, JSG Moore, R Neaton, J Nelson, C O'Neill, JF Palefsky, J Pau, A Phair, JP Piscitelli, S Polis, MA Quinn, TC Reiss, P Rimland, D Sears, CL Seeff, L Sepkowitz, KA Slama, TG Sloand, EM Spector, SA Thomas, DL Van Dyke, RB Watts, DH Wheat, LJ Whitcup, SM Williams, P Wright, TC Castro, KG DeCock, KM Dowell, SF Dworkin, MS Dykewicz, C Ellerbrock, T Hajjeh, R Holmberg, S Holtgrave, DR Jaffe, HW Jones, JL Juranek, DD Mast, E Navin, T Pellett, PE Reeves, WC Stewart, JA Villarino, ME Kaplan, JE CA USPHS IDSA Prevention Oportunisti TI 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM COMPLEX; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS; AEROSOLIZED PENTAMIDINE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY C1 NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Assoc People AIDS, Washington, DC USA. Forum Collaborat HIV Res, Washington, DC USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Harvard Univ, Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. US Dept Vet Affairs, Washington, DC USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Mt Zion Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94120 USA. Harlem Hosp, New York, NY USA. Holmes Hosp, Cincinnati, OH USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Univ Hosp Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Washington, DC USA. Hackensack Med Ctr, Hackensack, NJ 07604 USA. Univ Washington, Harborview Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hop Bichat Claude Bernard, F-75877 Paris 18, France. Hosp Univ Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain. Treatment Act Grp, New York, NY USA. Henry Ford Hosp, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Kaiser Permanente, Springfield, VA USA. St Pauls Hosp, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Johns Hopkins Hosp, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Natl Fdn Infect Dis, Indianapolis, IN USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Masur, H (reprint author), NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Furrer, Hansjakob/G-6768-2013 OI Furrer, Hansjakob/0000-0002-1375-3146 NR 90 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 7 PY 1999 VL 131 IS 11 BP 873 EP 908 PG 36 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 262ET UT WOS:000084053200019 ER PT J AU Broome, C AF Broome, C TI Lifeline - Claire Broome SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Broome, C (reprint author), CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 4 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9194 BP 2010 EP 2010 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 261XA UT WOS:000084034700071 ER PT J AU Valdiserri, RO Holtgrave, DR West, GR AF Valdiserri, RO Holtgrave, DR West, GR TI Promoting early HIV diagnosis and entry into care SO AIDS LA English DT Review DE HIV testing; early intervention; social marketing ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE; AIDS BEHAVIORAL SURVEYS; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; UNITED-STATES; ANTIBODY-TEST; BISEXUAL MEN; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; PUBLIC-HEALTH C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Valdiserri, RO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 155 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 10 U2 15 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD DEC 3 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 17 BP 2317 EP 2330 DI 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00003 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 261JZ UT WOS:000084007200003 PM 10597773 ER PT J AU Dean-Gaitor, HD Fleming, PL AF Dean-Gaitor, HD Fleming, PL TI Epidemiology of AIDS in incarcerated persons in the United States, 1994-1996 SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE prisoners; AIDS; epidemiology; correctional facilities; surveillance ID ANONYMOUS HIV SURVEILLANCE; RISK REDUCTION; PRISONS; WOMEN; PREVALENCE; INFECTION AB Objective: To compare demographic, behavioral, and geographic characteristics of incarcerated persons with AIDS and those of all persons with AIDS reported from January 1994 through December 1996. Design: Population-based surveillance. Setting: Medical records of persons for whom AIDS diagnosis was made in hospitals, clinics, and other settings (e.g., prisons) in the United States. Patients: Adults (13 years or older) with AIDS reported from January 1994 through December 1996. Results: Of the 220 000 AIDS cases in adults, 4% were reported in incarcerated persons. Compared with all persons with AIDS, a higher proportion were male (89% versus 82%), black (58% versus 39%), younger at time of diagnosis (35 versus 37 years), had injected drugs (61% versus 27%), and were reported on the basis of the 1993 immunologic criteria (71% versus 50%). Fewer cases in incarcerated persons were diagnosed at death (3% versus 10%). The South (38%) and the Northeast (37%) United States accounted for the largest proportion of incarcerated persons. The 1996 AIDS rate for incarcerated persons (199 per 100 000) was six times the national rate of 31 per 100 000. Among persons incarcerated at time of diagnosis, rates for women were higher than for men (287 versus 185 per 100 000) and higher for blacks and Hispanics than for whites (253, 313, and 100 per 100 000, respectively). By state of report, Connecticut had the highest rate among incarcerated persons (1348 per 100 000). Conclusion: These data illustrate differences in demographic, behavioral, and geographic characteristics of incarcerated persons compared with all persons with AIDS. However, they reflect only the minimum numbers of incarcerated persons with AIDS in the United States. Our results highlight the need for state health departments to work with correctional systems to ensure accurate and timely reporting of AIDS cases and to develop HIV prevention, education, and treatment both in prison and on release into the community. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dean-Gaitor, HD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mail Stop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD DEC 3 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 17 BP 2429 EP 2435 DI 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00015 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 261JZ UT WOS:000084007200015 PM 10597785 ER PT J AU Moore, J Schuman, P Schoenbaum, E Boland, B Solomon, L Smith, D AF Moore, J Schuman, P Schoenbaum, E Boland, B Solomon, L Smith, D TI Severe adverse life events and depressive symptoms among women with, or at risk for, HIV infection in four cities in the United States of America SO AIDS LA English DT Article ID PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; MEDICAL OUTCOMES; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; AIDS; PREVALENCE; DISEASE; MEN; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; POPULATIONS AB Objective: To examine frequency and predictors of severe adverse life events and depressive symptoms among HIV-infected women and a comparison group of uninfected women. Design: Analysis of baseline data collected from HIV-infected and uninfected women in a prospective cohort study of HIV infection and women, the HIV Epidemiologic Research Study. Method: The sample of 871 HIV-infected and 439 demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected women were recruited from four metropolitan areas in the USA. Women provided interview information that included sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and drug-using behaviors, and social and psychological functioning. The outcome measures were number of severe adverse life events (e.g., insufficient money for necessities, physical attack or rape, death of a person close to them) and levels of depressive symptoms. Results: HIV-infected and uninfected women reported numerous adverse life events and high levels of depressive symptoms. The two groups, however, did not differ on either outcome measure. Low socio-economic status, injecting drug and crack cocaine use, and high risk sexual activity were related to reports of more adverse events and depressive symptoms for both groups, Conclusions: HIV-infected and uninfected women in socially and economically disadvantaged environments experience many adverse events and high levels of depressive symptoms. HIV infection, at least during the early phase, may be less important than socio-environmental factors in predicting negative psychosocial outcomes for women. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. State Maryland Dept Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Moore, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD DEC 3 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 17 BP 2459 EP 2468 DI 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00018 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 261JZ UT WOS:000084007200018 PM 10597788 ER PT J AU Bush, RM Bender, CA Subbarao, K Cox, NJ Fitch, WM AF Bush, RM Bender, CA Subbarao, K Cox, NJ Fitch, WM TI Predicting the evolution of human influenza A SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ AB Eighteen codons in the HA1 domain of the hemagglutinin genes of human influenza A subtype H3 appear to be under positive selection to change the amino acid they encode. Retrospective tests show that viral Lineages undergoing the greatest number of mutations in the positively selected codons were the progenitors of future H3 Lineages in 9 of 11 recent influenza seasons. Codons under positive selection were associated with antibody combining site A or B or the sialic acid receptor binding site. However, not all codons in these sites had predictive value. Monitoring new H3 isolates for additional changes in positively selected codons might help identify the most fit extant viral strains that arise during antigenic drift. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bush, RM (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NR 8 TC 308 Z9 330 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 3 PY 1999 VL 286 IS 5446 BP 1921 EP 1925 DI 10.1126/science.286.5446.1921 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 261HH UT WOS:000084003400041 PM 10583948 ER PT J AU Rhodes, F Deren, S Wood, MM Shedlin, MG Carlson, RG Lambert, EY Kochems, LM Stark, MJ Falck, RS Wright-DeAguero, L Weir, B Cottler, L Rourke, KM Trotter, RT AF Rhodes, F Deren, S Wood, MM Shedlin, MG Carlson, RG Lambert, EY Kochems, LM Stark, MJ Falck, RS Wright-DeAguero, L Weir, B Cottler, L Rourke, KM Trotter, RT TI Understanding HIV risks of chronic drug-using men who have sex with men SO AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV LA English DT Article ID USERS; BEHAVIOR; ORIENTATION; AMPHETAMINE; STOCKHOLM; GAY AB Focus groups and individual structured interviews were conducted in six cities with 98 predominantly street-recruited men who had a recent history of smoking crack or injecting drugs and who reported having had sex with other men (MSM) in the past year. Twenty-six focus groups explored the cultural and social context of participants' drug use and sexual activity and addressed outreach and HIV prevention issues pertinent to this population. Narrative summaries developed from verbatim focus group transcripts identified seven themes: (a) sexual orientation and gender identity; (b) interactions within and between MSM networks; (c) drug use, sexual activity and personal relationships; (d) HIV transmission bridges; (e) preferred HIV information sources; (f) HIV knowledge, prevention practices and risk behaviours; and (g) availability of HIV and drug-related services. Of the 98 MSM drug users, 42% identified publicly as gay or homosexual; 35% identified publicly, but only 21% privately, as heterosexual. A total of 51% had one or more female sex partners in the past year. There was a high frequency of unprotected sex in conjunction with drug use and a distinct preference for having sex when high. For most participants, drug use rather than sexual orientation formed the core of personal identity. Participants reported associating primarily with other drug users, usually MSM, and had limited contact with people who did not use drugs and the,mainstream gay community. Participants' sexual and drug-injecting activities were judged to be a bridge for transmission of HIV to both people who used drugs and those who did not. C1 Calif State Univ Long Beach, Ctr Behav Res & Serv, Long Beach, CA 90813 USA. Natl Dev & Res Inst Inc, New York, NY 10013 USA. Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. NIDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Rhodes, F (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Ctr Behav Res & Serv, 1090 Atlantic Ave, Long Beach, CA 90813 USA. OI Shedlin, Michele/0000-0003-2112-7601 FU NIDA NIH HHS [1-U01-DA-07474, 1-U01-DA-07286, 1-U01-DA-07305] NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0121 J9 AIDS CARE JI Aids Care-Psychol. Socio-Med. Asp. Aids/Hiv PD DEC PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 629 EP 648 DI 10.1080/09540129947550 PG 20 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Respiratory System; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology; Respiratory System; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 271LY UT WOS:000084596500001 PM 10716005 ER PT J AU Bennetts, A Shaffer, N Phophong, P Chaiyakul, P Mock, PA Neeyapun, K Bhadrakom, C Mastro, TD AF Bennetts, A Shaffer, N Phophong, P Chaiyakul, P Mock, PA Neeyapun, K Bhadrakom, C Mastro, TD TI Differences in sexual behaviour between HIV-infected pregnant women and their husbands in Bangkok, Thailand SO AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN THAILAND; CONDOM USE; YOUNG MEN; HIGH AGREEMENT; AIDS EPIDEMIC; LOW KAPPA; RISK; PREVENTION; PREVALENCE; PARADOXES AB In a Bangkok antenatal clinic, we interviewed 102 HIV-infected pregnant women and their husbands, 30% of whom were HIV-negative. We evaluated these data by matched and unmatched analysis, compared men and women in stable couple relationships on a number of sociodemographic and risk factor indicators and investigated further whether there were any differences in sociodemographic or risk factor profiles between HIV-serodiscordant couples and seroconcordant couples. When compared to wives, more of the husbands were working (p = 0.001), earning more money (p = 0.001), had had more than two sex partners (p = 0.001) and had had syphilis (p = 0.001). Serodiscordant couples did not differ greatly from seroconcordant couples except that women married to HIV-negative men were more likely to have been divorced or separated than their husbands which was not the case for women married to HIV-positive men (p = 0.02). There was poor agreement between husband and wife reports of husband risk behaviour and this did not differ between concordant and discordant couples. These findings suggest that assessment of risk and counselling of Thai women is incomplete without information on the HIV status and risk behaviour of her partner Prevention strategies to decrease heterosexual transmission among couples need to target both the man and the woman. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP Mastro, TD (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0121 J9 AIDS CARE JI Aids Care-Psychol. Socio-Med. Asp. Aids/Hiv PD DEC PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 649 EP 661 DI 10.1080/09540129947569 PG 13 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Respiratory System; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology; Respiratory System; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 271LY UT WOS:000084596500002 PM 10716006 ER PT J AU Alstead, M Campsmith, M Halley, CS Hartfield, K Goldbaum, G Wood, RW AF Alstead, M Campsmith, M Halley, CS Hartfield, K Goldbaum, G Wood, RW TI Developing, implementing, and evaluating a condom promotion program targeting sexually active adolescents SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTION; INCARCERATED ADOLESCENTS; AIDS KNOWLEDGE; PREVENTION; ATTITUDES; BEHAVIOR; PREDICTORS; EDUCATION; IMPACT; SEX AB This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the Condom Campaign, a 1995 HIV prevention program promoting condom use among sexually active adolescents in three King County, Washington, urban communities. This program employed three main strategies: (a) mobilizing all levels of the target communities to support and guide program development and implementation; (b) creating and implementing a mass media campaign targeting sexually active teenagers that promoted correct condom use and favorable attitudes toward condoms; and (c) recruiting public agencies, community organizations, and businesses to distribute condoms from bins and vending machines. We evaluated the program through a series of cross-sectional interviews conducted in the three communities chosen for their elevated levels of adolescent sexual risk behavior. Overall, 73% of target youth reported exposure to the Condom Campaign; exposure did not differ by age, gender, race, or level of sexual experience. Levels of sexual activity remained stable throughout the media campaign. C1 Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Program, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Hartfield, K (reprint author), Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Program, 400 Yesler Way,3rd Floor, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 497 EP 512 PG 16 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 276YZ UT WOS:000084907100003 PM 10693646 ER PT J AU Keenlyside, RA Collins, CL Hancock, JS Gagnon, MC Cohn, RD Menoff, AL Dodd, LG Kurtycz, DFI Hearn, TL Baker, EL AF Keenlyside, RA Collins, CL Hancock, JS Gagnon, MC Cohn, RD Menoff, AL Dodd, LG Kurtycz, DFI Hearn, TL Baker, EL TI Do proficiency test results correlate with the work performance of screeners who screen Papanicolaou smears? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE proficiency testing; cytologists; computer testing; Papanicolaou smears; work performance; correlation ID INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON PROGRAM; CERVICOVAGINAL CYTOLOGY; GYNECOLOGIC CYTOLOGY; CERVICAL CYTOLOGY; NEW-YORK; CYTOPATHOLOGY; LABORATORIES; EXPERIENCE; ONTARIO; STATE AB We rescreened Papanicolaou smear slides from 40,245 women, which had been examined by 81 cytology screeners, scored the screeners' work performance, and compared these scores with the results of the screeners' performance on glass slide and computer-based proficiency tests. All diagnoses (ie, from the proficiency tests, the original slides, and the rescreened slides) were classified in the 4 diagnostic categories specified in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. The rescreening scores were standardized to account for different distributions of abnormalities in the proficiency tests and rescreened slides. We compared a standardized score with the proficiency test scores. Of the cases, 91% were categorized as normal, benign, or reactive changes when rescreened, and 98% of these agreed with the original diagnosis. Sixteen percent of low-grade and 15% of high-grade intraepithelial lesions were classified as normal. The rank correlation between the rescreening scores and both proficiency tests was 0.24 using a scoring scheme for cytotechnologists. The correlation between the rescreening and proficiency testing scores indicates that performance on a 10-slide test gives some indication of the true performance of screeners. The computer-based test shows promise as an alternative to the glass slide test but needs further development and validation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHSTP, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Analyt Sci, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathol, Madison, WI USA. RP Keenlyside, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCHSTP, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, MS E-07,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN PATHOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 112 IS 6 BP 769 EP 776 PG 8 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 258XL UT WOS:000083864900006 PM 10587699 ER PT J AU Hennessey, KA Ion-Nedelcu, N Craciun, MD Toma, F Wattigney, W Strebel, PM AF Hennessey, KA Ion-Nedelcu, N Craciun, MD Toma, F Wattigney, W Strebel, PM TI Measles epidemic in Romania, 1996-1998: Assessment of vaccine effectiveness by case-control and cohort studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disease outbreaks; immunity; immunization programs; measles; measles vaccine; vaccination ID RISK-FACTORS; SCHOOL POPULATION; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAK; FAILURE; EFFICACY; TRANSMISSION; STRATEGIES; DURATION; AGE AB A measles epidemic occurred in Romania with 32,915 cases and 21 deaths reported between November 1996 and June 1998, despite high vaccination coverage since the early 1980s. Most cases were unvaccinated children aged <2 years and vaccinated school-aged children. A case-control study among preschool children and a cohort study among primary-school children were conducted to estimate effectiveness of Romanian-produced measles vaccine, and to evaluate age at Vaccination and waning immunity as risk factors for vaccine failure. Both studies indicated that measles vaccine was highly effective. One dose reduced the risk for measles by 89% (95% confidence interval (CI) 85, 91); two doses reduced the risk by 96% (95% CI 92, 98). Children vaccinated at cl year of age were not at increased risk for measles compared with children vaccinated at greater than or equal to 1 year. Waning immunity was not identified as a risk factor since Vaccine effectiveness was similar for children vaccinated 6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years in the past. Because specific groups were not at risk for vaccine failure, an immunization campaign that targets all school-aged children who lack two doses may be an effective strategy for preventing outbreaks. A mass campaign followed by increased first-dose coverage should provide the population immunity required to interrupt indigenous measles virus transmission in Romania. C1 CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv E34, Data Management Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Expanded Program Immunizat, Bucharest, Romania. RP Hennessey, KA (reprint author), CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Informat Serv E34, Data Management Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 150 IS 11 BP 1250 EP 1257 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 261GW UT WOS:000084002300015 PM 10588086 ER PT J AU Rugg, D Buehler, J Renard, M Gilliam, A Heitgerd, J Westover, B Wright-Deaguero, L Bartholow, K Swanson, S AF Rugg, D Buehler, J Renard, M Gilliam, A Heitgerd, J Westover, B Wright-Deaguero, L Bartholow, K Swanson, S TI Evaluating HIV prevention: A framework for national, state and local levels SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EVALUATION LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMS AB The 21st century brings with it the 20th year of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. HIV prevention programs have matured; however, evaluations of those programs have lagged behind. Nationwide, the need for such evaluation has never been greater. It is time to comprehensively assess the status of HIV prevention and control. We must build on previous studies to create a comprehensive, integrated national picture that includes evaluations at national, state, and local levels of the quality, costs, and short- and long-term effectiveness of various HIV prevention programs and policies. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourages a phased approach to implementing a comprehensive evaluation strategy. This paper, which describes the 1995-1997 evaluation framework and activities of the Program Evaluation Research Branch, National Center for HN, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), and Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention, is offered as a platform on which future efforts in determining the most effective means to prevent HIV can be built. Lessons learned in developing this comprehensive evaluation framework have advanced HIV prevention. This framework and lessons learned may also, in this era of performance measurement and public accountability, be generalizable beyond HIV prevention to the comprehensive and strategic evaluation of other politically complex, publically-funded disease prevention and health promotion programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rugg, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 46 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1098-2140 J9 AM J EVAL JI Am. J. Eval. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 35 EP 56 DI 10.1177/109821409902000104 PG 22 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 190GW UT WOS:000079955300003 ER PT J AU Sun, Y Keshava, C Sharp, DS Weston, A McCanlies, EC AF Sun, Y Keshava, C Sharp, DS Weston, A McCanlies, EC TI DNA sequence variants of p53: Cancer and aging SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN LUNG-CANCER; GERM-LINE POLYMORPHISM; CERVICAL-CANCER; BREAST-CANCER; CODON-72 POLYMORPHISM; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA; ALLELIC FREQUENCY; INCREASED RISK; ETHNIC-GROUPS; HAPLOTYPES C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Weston, A (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 65 IS 6 BP 1779 EP 1782 DI 10.1086/302650 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 266CF UT WOS:000084282500035 PM 10577934 ER PT J AU Robinson, CF Petersen, M Palu, S AF Robinson, CF Petersen, M Palu, S TI Mortality patterns among electrical workers employed in the US construction industry, 1982-1987 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE electrician; electrocution; mesothelioma; brain tumor; leukemia; magnetic field; blood disorders; injuries; indoor; outdoor ID OCCUPATIONAL RISK-FACTORS; MAGNETIC-FIELD EXPOSURE; TABLE ANALYSIS SYSTEM; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; UTILITY WORKERS; ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELDS; UNITED-STATES; BRAIN-TUMORS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CANCER MORTALITY AB Background Studies of electrical workers in the utility and manufacturing industries have reported excess site-specific cancer. No previous studies of electrical workers in the construction industry have been conducted. Methods Our study evaluated the mortality patterns of 31,068 U.S. members of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers who primarily worked in the construction industry and died 1982-1987. Results Comparison to the U.S. population by using the NIOSH life table showed significantly elevated proportionate mortality far many causes. Excess mortality far leukemia (proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) = 115) and brain tumors (PMR = 136) is similar to reports of electrical workers with occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields in the electric utility or manufacturing industry. Excess deaths due to melanoma skin cancer (PMR = 123) are consistent with findings of other PCB-exposed workers. A significantly elevated PMR was observed for the diseases caused by asbestos: lung cancer (PMR = 117) asbestosis (PMR = 247), and malignant mesothelioma (PMR = 356) and from fatal injuries, particularly electrocutions (PMR = 1180). The findings of statistically significant excess deaths for prostate cancer (PMR = 107), musculoskeletal disease (PMR = 130), suicide (PMR = 113), and disorders of the blood forming organs (PMR = 141) were unexpected. Conclusion Results suggest that more detailed investigations of occupational risk factors and evaluation of preventive practices are needed to prevent excess mortality in this hazardous occupation. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc(dagger). C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Robinson, CF (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Mail Stop R-44,4676 Comumbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 630 EP 637 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199912)36:6<630::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 253LY UT WOS:000083559100005 PM 10561683 ER PT J AU Kang, SK Burnett, CA Freund, E Sestito, J AF Kang, SK Burnett, CA Freund, E Sestito, J TI Hernia: Is it a work-related condition? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hernia; industry; occupation; strenous manual work ID INGUINAL-HERNIA; RISK-FACTORS AB Background Development of hernias among active workers is a major occupational problem, however; the work-relatedness of hernias has not been well investigated. It is a difficult question far occupational and primary care physicians who must often address whether a worker with an inguinal hernia should be restricted from work requiring lifting of heavy objects. Methods To evaluate the possible work-relatedness of inguinal hernias, a cross-sectional study was performed. The goal of the study was to determine hernia incidence according to occupation with the Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1994, Hernia incidence rates (per 10,000 workers) for industry and occupation categories were calculated with the estimates of the number of hernias in males and the employed male workers from the Current Population Survey Rate ratios (RR) of hernia incidence rates were calculated. Results In 1994, an estimated 30, 791 work-related hernias in mates were reported by US private establishments. The occupation groups with the highest RR were laborers and handlers (RR, 2.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.14-2.80), machine operators (RR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.81-2.44), and mechanics and repairers (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.43-2.00). Conclusions Rate ratios for hernias vary considerably within industries and occupations with the highest ratios found in industries and occupations involving manual labor This provides support for the hypothesis that the hernias are work-related especially in work involving strenuous, heavy manual labor. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 KISCO, Ind Hlth Res Inst, Inchon 403711, South Korea. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Kang, SK (reprint author), KISCO, Ind Hlth Res Inst, 34-6 Kusan Dong, Inchon 403711, South Korea. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 638 EP 644 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199912)36:6<638::AID-AJIM6>3.0.CO;2-W PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 253LY UT WOS:000083559100006 PM 10561684 ER PT J AU Lillibridge, SR Bell, AJ Roman, RS AF Lillibridge, SR Bell, AJ Roman, RS TI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bioterrorism preparedness and response SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lillibridge, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, NCID, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E51, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 463 EP 464 DI 10.1016/S0196-6553(99)70020-9 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 263RE UT WOS:000084138400002 PM 10586146 ER PT J AU Shah, SS Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Keyserling, HL Jarvis, WR AF Shah, SS Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Keyserling, HL Jarvis, WR TI Vancomycin use in pediatric neurosurgery patients SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECIUM; ANTIBIOTIC-PROPHYLAXIS; NOSOCOMIAL OUTBREAK; INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BACTEREMIA; GENTAMICIN; USAGE; TRIAL AB Objective: The objective of this article is to describe a pediatric neurosurgery patient population receiving vancomycin and examine the indications for and appropriateness of vancomycin use. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on the pediatric neurosurgery patients at Egleston Children's Hospital who received vancomycin from January 1 through December 31, 1996. Vancomycin use was compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee recommendations for vancomycin use. Results: Thirty patients received 115 doses of vancomycin. The median patient age was 8.0 years, and 17 (56.7%) were male. Vancomycin was used for prophylaxis in 28 (93.3%) patients and empiric therapy in 3 (10.0%) patients; one patient received vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis followed by empiric therapy for suspected meningitis. Vancomycin prophylaxis was initiated after the incision in 6 (21.4%) patients and was continued as prophylaxis for more than one dose in 26 (92.9%) patients. Conclusions: Vancomycin was used primarily as surgical prophylaxis in pediatric neurosurgery patients, and use was not consistent with the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee recommendations. These data suggest that for certain subpopulations, such as pediatric neurosurgery patients, there is a need for more specialized recommendations. Furthermore, prudent vancomycin use is warranted to successfully decrease the risk of further emergence of vancomycin resistance. Because vancomycin use may be prevalent in this population, assessment of vancomycin use in pediatric neurosurgery patients followed by establishment of vancomycin clinical guidelines may help improve the appropriateness of vancomycin use in this population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shah, Samir/0000-0001-7902-7000 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 482 EP 487 DI 10.1016/S0196-6553(99)70025-8 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 263RE UT WOS:000084138400007 PM 10586151 ER PT J AU Gerberding, J Gaynes, R Horan, T Abshire, J Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, J Emori, G Fridkin, S Hageman, J Henderson, T Killen, L Lawton, R McLay, C Peavy, G Richards, C Tolson, J AF Gerberding, J Gaynes, R Horan, T Abshire, J Alonso-Echanove, J Edwards, J Emori, G Fridkin, S Hageman, J Henderson, T Killen, L Lawton, R McLay, C Peavy, G Richards, C Tolson, J CA NNIS System TI National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1990-May 1999, issued June 1999 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gerberding, J (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 421 Z9 441 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 520 EP 532 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 263RE UT WOS:000084138400012 ER PT J AU McElroy, PD Lal, AA Hawley, WA Bloland, PB Ter Kuile, FO Oloo, AJ Harlow, SD Lin, XH Nahlen, BL AF McElroy, PD Lal, AA Hawley, WA Bloland, PB Ter Kuile, FO Oloo, AJ Harlow, SD Lin, XH Nahlen, BL TI Analysis of repeated hemoglobin measures in full-term, normal birth weight Kenyan children between birth and four years of age III. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN CHILDREN; MALARIA; ANEMIA; MODELS; MALAWI AB Anemia is an important public health problem. During very early childhood numerous factors affect hemoglobin (Hb) concentration over time, making single cross-sectional measurements difficult to interpret when studying the natural history of anemia or evaluating anemia control strategies, We analyzed repeated Hb measures contributed by 942 Kenyan children between birth and 48 months of life using a mixed effects model, with a regression spline used to describe the population mean Hb profile, and random intercepts and slopes and first-order autoregressive correlation structure to accommodate the within-individual correlation among the repeated Hb measures. The approach facilitates the study of time-stationary and time-varying covariates that influence Hb in early life. The fitted mean Hb profile obtained from the analytic model is consistent with the observed mean Hb of the study population. Village of residence was associated with greatest difference in mean Hb at time of birth (16 versus 19 g/dL; P < 0.0001), Monthly weight-for-age was also associated with mean Hb after 3 months of age. This is the first description of an analysis strategy specifically for repeated Hb measures collected in a longitudinal field study in Africa. The strategy will facilitate improved study of time-varying covariates thought to influence pediatric anemia. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F-12, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 932 EP 940 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 281PE UT WOS:000085169200017 PM 10674673 ER PT J AU Osorio, LE Giraldo, LE Grajales, LF Arriaga, AL Andrade, ALSS Ruebush, TK Barat, LM AF Osorio, LE Giraldo, LE Grajales, LF Arriaga, AL Andrade, ALSS Ruebush, TK Barat, LM TI Assessment of therapeutic response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in an area of low malaria transmission in Colombia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DRUG-RESISTANCE; PARASITES; EFFICACY; URINE AB Although chloroquine (CQ) resistance was first reported in Colombia in 1961 and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in 1981, the frequency of treatment failures to these drugs in Colombia is unclear. A modified World Health Organization 14-day in vivo drug efficacy test for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas with intense malaria transmission was adapted to reflect the clinical and epidemiologic features of a low-intensity malaria transmission area in the Pacific Coast Region of Colombia. Patients greater than or equal to 1 year of age with a parasite density greater than or equal to 1,000 asexual parasites per microliter were enrolled in this study. Forty-four percent (24 of 54) of the CQ-treated patients were therapeutic failures, including 7 early treatment failures (ETFs) and 17 late treatment failures (LTFs). Four (6%) of 67 SP-treated patients were therapeutic failures (2 ETFs and 2 LTFs). Therapeutic failure in the CQ-treated group was associated with an age <15 years old (P < 0.01), but was not associated with initial parasite density, the presence of CQ or sulfa-containing drugs in urine, or a history of malaria. The high level of therapeutic failures to CQ detected in this study underscores the need and importance of drug efficacy evaluation in the development of a rational national antimalarial drug policy. The relatively low level of therapeutic failures to SP compared with other South American countries raises further questions regarding factors that might have prevented the rapid development of in vivo resistance to this drug combination. C1 Ctr Int Entrenamiento & Invest Med, Cali, Colombia. Dept Adm Salud Choco, Quibdo, Colombia. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Osorio, LE (reprint author), Ctr Int Entrenamiento & Invest Med, Cali, Colombia. RI Andrade, Ana Lucia/L-5751-2013; OI Osorio, Lyda/0000-0002-5121-4741 NR 23 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 61 IS 6 BP 968 EP 972 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 281PE UT WOS:000085169200024 PM 10674680 ER PT J AU Phillips-Howard, PA AF Phillips-Howard, PA TI Epidemiological and control issues related to malaria in pregnancy SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd European Congress on Tropical Medicine CY NOV 18-22, 1998 CL LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND ID SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; ANTIMALARIAL REGIMENS; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; PREVENTION; INFECTION; WOMEN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; PRIMIGRAVIDAE; EFFICACY; ANEMIA AB Pregnant women infected with malarial parasites have an increased risk of maternal anaemia, abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation, and infants of low birthweight. A 'state-of-the-art' symposium on malaria in pregnancy was convened in Kisumu, Kenya, in November 1997, to discuss the biological and clinical impact of malaria in pregnancy, and to identify antimalarial drugs and control strategies to protect pregnant women. The deleterious effects of malarial infection during pregnancy were shown to be associated both with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections, and to occur under a wide range of malaria transmission pressures. Control interventions, thus, need to be targeted at pregnant women in all endemic areas. Alternative antimalarial drugs to chloroquine have been tested and shown to be effective (and safe) against malaria in pregnancy. Delivery of cost-effective control interventions has been explored; investments are needed to facilitate the scaring-up of successful approaches to national-programme level. Several important research questions related to malaria in pregnancy were highlighted at the Kisumu meeting. Increased international and local commitment, to resource effective malaria control in pregnancy adequately, is a public-health priority. C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, CDC, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Phillips-Howard, PA (reprint author), Kenya Med Res Inst, CDC, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, POB 1578, Kisumu, Kenya. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 93 SU 1 BP S11 EP S17 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 278HT UT WOS:000084983800003 PM 10715684 ER PT J AU Steketee, RW Mutabingwa, TK AF Steketee, RW Mutabingwa, TK TI Malaria in pregnant women: research, epidemiology, policy and practice SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; BIRTH-WEIGHT; INFECTION; PREVENTION; EFFICACY; AFRICA; GAMBIA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Med Res, Amani Tanga, Tanzania. RP Steketee, RW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop E-46,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 93 SU 1 BP S7 EP S9 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 278HT UT WOS:000084983800002 PM 10715683 ER PT J AU Hunt, C Dionne, M Delorme, M Murdock, D Erdrich, A Wotsey, D Groom, A Cheek, J Jacobson, J Cunningham, B Shirley, L Belai, K Kurachek, S Ackerman, P Cameron, S Schlievert, P Pfeiffer, J Johnson, S Boxrud, D Bartkus, J Besser, J Smith, K LeDell, K O'Boyle, C Lynfield, R White, K Osterholm, M Moore, K Danilla, R AF Hunt, C Dionne, M Delorme, M Murdock, D Erdrich, A Wotsey, D Groom, A Cheek, J Jacobson, J Cunningham, B Shirley, L Belai, K Kurachek, S Ackerman, P Cameron, S Schlievert, P Pfeiffer, J Johnson, S Boxrud, D Bartkus, J Besser, J Smith, K LeDell, K O'Boyle, C Lynfield, R White, K Osterholm, M Moore, K Danilla, R CA CDC TI Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR) SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Reprint C1 Indian Hlth Serv, Program Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. N Dakota Dept Hlth, Bismark, ND 58505 USA. Childrens Hosp & Clin, Minneapolis, MN USA. Fairview Univ, Med Ctr, St Paul, MN USA. Hennepin Cty Med Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55415 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. CDC, Acute Dis Epidemiol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP Hunt, C (reprint author), Indian Hlth Serv, Program Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 135 IS 12 BP 1566 EP 1568 PG 3 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 263QP UT WOS:000084137000042 ER PT J AU Minkovitz, C Holt, E Hughart, N Hou, W Thomas, L Dini, E Guyer, B AF Minkovitz, C Holt, E Hughart, N Hou, W Thomas, L Dini, E Guyer, B TI The effect of parental monetary sanctions on the vaccination status of young children - An evaluation of welfare reform in Maryland SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; IMMUNIZATION STATUS; PROVIDER PRACTICES; INNER-CITY; UNDERIMMUNIZATION; IMPACT AB Objective: To determine whether financial sanctions to Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients can be used to improve vaccination coverage of young children. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Six AFDC jurisdictions in Maryland. Intervention: Recipients of AFDC were randomized to the experimental or control group of the Primary Prevention Initiative. Families in the experimental group were penalized financially for failing to verify that their children received preventive health care, including vaccinations; control families were not. Participants: Children aged 3 to 24 months from assigned families were randomly selected for the evaluation (911 in the experimental, 864 in the control, and 471 in the baseline groups). Main Outcome Measures: Up-to-date for age for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP),polio, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines; missed opportunities to vaccinate; and number of visits per year. Analysis: Comparisons among baseline and postimplementation years 1 and 2. Results: Vaccination coverage of children was low. Less than 70% of children were up-to-date for age for polio and MMR vaccines; slightly more than 50% were up-to-date for DTP vaccine. Up-to-date rates differed little among baseline, experimental, and control groups. Over time, there was a decrease in missed opportunities, and more children made at least 1 well-child visit; however, neither improvement resulted in a change in vaccination status. Conclusions: The Primary Prevention Initiative did not contribute to an increase in vaccination coverage among these children. Minimal economic sanctions alone levied against parents should not be expected substantially to affect vaccination rates. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Populat & Family Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Baltimore, Schaefer Ctr Publ Policy, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Minkovitz, C (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Populat & Family Hlth Sci, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 153 IS 12 BP 1242 EP 1247 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 261HK UT WOS:000084003600006 PM 10591300 ER PT J AU St Lawrence, JS Chapdelaine, AP Devieux, JG O'Bannon, RE Brasfield, TL Eldridge, GD AF St Lawrence, JS Chapdelaine, AP Devieux, JG O'Bannon, RE Brasfield, TL Eldridge, GD TI Measuring perceived barriers to condom use: Psychometric evaluation of the Condom Barriers Scale SO ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE condoms; African American; women; barriers to condom use; measurement ID AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN; AIDS RISK; GENDER DIFFERENCES; HIV PREVENTION; BEHAVIOR; ATTITUDES; PARTNERS; ISSUES; SEX AB A programmatic series of three studies developed and evaluated the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS), an instrument measuring women's perceived barriers to condom use for prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Following item generation and selection, Study 1 evaluated the CBS in a sample of minority women (N = 178), reduced the number of items, assessed the factor structure, evaluated the internal consistency, and explored the convergent validity of the CBS. In Study 2, the CBS was administered to a cross-validation sample (N = 278). Confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency were compared against the original sample and construct, criterion, and discriminant validity were assessed. In Study 3 (N = 30), temporal stability of the CBS was evaluated. The resulting instrument appears to have sound psychometric properties and can be used to measure a key construct in the leading theoretical models of health behavior for which a measure with known psychometric properties previously has not been available. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Jackson State Univ, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP St Lawrence, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Corp Sq,Bldg 12,Room 1302 MS-E44,Corp Sq Blvd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [1 R01 HD 28842] NR 48 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT RESOURCES INC PI ODESSA PA PO BOX 998, ODESSA, FL 33556 USA SN 1073-1911 J9 ASSESSMENT JI Assessment PD DEC PY 1999 VL 6 IS 4 BP 391 EP 404 DI 10.1177/107319119900600409 PG 14 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 265DR UT WOS:000084226500009 PM 10539985 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Janssen, R Busch, MP Datta, S AF Satten, GA Janssen, R Busch, MP Datta, S TI Validating marker-based incidence estimates in repeatedly screened populations SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE blood donors; cross-sectional survey; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); incidence; longitudinal data ID INCIDENCE RATES; HIV INCIDENCE; INFECTION AB Disease incidence (new cases of disease per person per year) is usually measured by using longitudinal data. However, several recent proposals for measuring the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rely on cross-sectional data only. These methods assume each person is only sampled once; however, in some instances, it is necessary to consider these cross-sectional methods when individuals are represented more than once in the survey sample. We derive an extension of the cross-sectional incidence estimator that is valid for data from repeatedly screened populations and show under what conditions our new estimator reduces to the old estimator. An example involving estimation of HIV incidence among repeat blood donors is presented. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 1999 VL 55 IS 4 BP 1224 EP 1227 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.01224.x PG 4 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265BB UT WOS:000084218000033 PM 11315072 ER PT J AU Satten, GA AF Satten, GA TI Estimating the extent of tracking in interval-censored chain-of-events data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE chain-of-events data; frailty; HIV; interval censoring; Markov model; multistage model; multivariate failure time model; non-Markov model; repeated events; tracking AB This paper describes a method for determining whether the times between a chain of successive events (which all individuals experience in the same order) are correlated, for data in which the exact event times are not observed. Such data arise when individuals are only observed occasionally to determine which events have occurred. In such data, the (unknown) event times are interval censored. In addition, some individuals may have experienced some of the events before their first observation and may be lost to follow-up before experiencing the last event. Using a frailty model proposed by Aalen (1988, Mathematical Scientist 13, 90-103) but which has never been used to analyze real data, we examine whether individuals who develop early markers of HIV infection can also be expected to develop antibody and other indicators of HIV infection more rapidly. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1441 I ST, NW, SUITE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-2210 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 1999 VL 55 IS 4 BP 1228 EP 1231 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.01228.x PG 4 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 265BB UT WOS:000084218000034 PM 11315073 ER PT J AU Chapman, LE AF Chapman, LE TI Xenogeneic infections and public health SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology Symposium on Transplantation into the Next Century - Gentetic Engineering and Xenotransplantion CY 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE endogenous retroviruses; infectious diseases; public health; xenogeneic infections; xenotransplantation ID HEPATITIS-E VIRUS; ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; HUMAN-CELLS; LIVER-TRANSPLANTATION; NO EVIDENCE; XENOTRANSPLANTATION; PIGS; DISEASE; BABOON; SWINE AB 1. The scarcity of available human donor organs for use in allotransplantation has fuelled interest in xenotransplantation, the therapeutic use of living animal tissue in humans. The use of living animal tissue for therapeutic purposes in humans has raised concerns that xenotransplantation clinical trials may pose a presently unquantifiable but undeniable risk to public health. 2. Xenotransplantation has the potential to introduce new infections to the human community by infecting human recipients with agents that were not previously endemic in human populations (xenogeneic infections). 3. Manipulations intended to prevent xenograft rejection may also facilitate the transmission of agents that rarely or never infect humans under natural circumstances. 4. The US Food and Drug Administration (the government agency responsible for monitoring drug safety) has chosen to allow limited numbers of xenotransplantation clinical trials to proceed under carefully monitored conditions outlined in the Public Health Service (PHS) Guideline on Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation, 5. This PHS guideline particularly emphasizes the importance of pretransplantation screening and post-transplantation surveillance for safety monitoring. 6. Laboratory based surveillance for endogenous retroviruses viruses and other identifiable agents that cannot be removed from the xenograft can augment clinical surveillance. 7. Laboratory based studies of xenograft survivors increase our ability to quantify xenotransplant-associated risks and, thereby, expand our capacity to make science-based assessments of appropriate public policy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Chapman, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0305-1870 J9 CLIN EXP PHARMACOL P JI Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 26 IS 12 BP 1005 EP 1008 DI 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03181.x PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Physiology GA 265UV UT WOS:000084264900014 PM 10626071 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Loyevsky, M Gordeuk, VR AF Looker, AC Loyevsky, M Gordeuk, VR TI Increased serum transferrin saturation is associated with lower serum transferrin receptor concentration SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; FERRITIN MESSENGER-RNA; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; BINDING-PROTEIN; SULFUR CLUSTER; OVERLOAD; MUTATIONS; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; GENE AB Background: Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations are increased in iron deficiency. We wished to examine whether they are decreased in the presence of potential iron-loading conditions, as reflected by increased transferrin saturation (TS) on a single occasion. Methods: We compared sTfR concentrations between 570 controls with normal iron status and 189 cases with increased serum TS on a single occasion; these latter individuals may be potential cases of iron overload. Cases and controls were selected from adults who had been examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) and for whom excess sera were available to perform sTfR measurements after the survey's completion. Increased TS was defined as >60% for men and >55% for women; normal iron status was defined as having no evidence of iron deficiency, iron overload, or inflammation indicated by serum ferritin, TS, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and C-reactive protein. Results: Mean sTfR and mean log sTfR:ferritin were similar to 10% and 24% lower, respectively, in cases than in controls (P <0.002). Cases were significantly more likely to have an sTfR value <2.9 mg/L, the lower limit of the reference interval, than were controls (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.37). Conclusion: Our results support previous studies that suggested that sTfR may be useful for assessing high iron status in populations. (C) 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Looker, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Room 900,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 52 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2191 EP 2199 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 262MQ UT WOS:000084071400019 PM 10585352 ER PT J AU Stanton, NV Maney, JM Jones, R AF Stanton, NV Maney, JM Jones, R TI Evaluation of filter paper blood lead methods: Results of a pilot Proficiency testing program SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; COLLECTION AB Background: Lead testing on dried filter paper (FP) blood spots is used routinely by some laboratories for lead poisoning screening. Proficiency testing (PT) as required under CLIA '88 laboratory regulations has not been available for these methods. Methods: We describe a suitable PT scheme and evaluate FP laboratory performance based on program results. Monthly testing events consisting of five FP specimens were provided to six participating laboratories. Results were evaluated against target values determined by referee laboratories. Results: Preliminary FP laboratory results showed poor agreement with specimen target values, exhibiting a mean absolute bias of 0.29 mu mol/L (5.9 mu g/dL). Five of six participating laboratories demonstrated significant improvement in later testing events, with bias decreasing to 0.12 mu mol/L (2.5 mu g/dL). Performance varied widely between the participating laboratories and appeared to be method dependent. When evaluated using CLIA blood lead acceptability criteria, the proportion of acceptable individual specimen results (n = 35) ranged from 54% to 100%. On a testing event basis (n = 7), the proportion of acceptable events ranged from 29% to 100%. Conclusions: A suitable FP PT program now exists to capably assist and monitor FP laboratories. Based on overt PT results, properly utilized FP testing methods can accurately measure blood lead concentration. (C) 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Toxicol Sect, Madison, WI 53707 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Environm Hlth Lab Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Stanton, NV (reprint author), Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Toxicol Sect, 2601 Agr Dr,POB 7996, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RI Jones, Robert/E-1170-2011 FU PHS HHS [H64/CCH506537-06] NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2229 EP 2235 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 262MQ UT WOS:000084071400024 PM 10585357 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, CM Smith, SJ Miller, DT Gunter, EW AF Pfeiffer, CM Smith, SJ Miller, DT Gunter, EW TI Comparison of serum and plasma methylmalonic acid measurements in I3 laboratories: An international study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; URINE; ELEVATION AB Background: Detection of cobalamin deficiency is increasingly important, and methylmalonic acid (MMA) appears to be a useful marker. Information on interlaboratory variation and on methodological differences for MMA in serum and plasma is limited. Methods: Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 13 laboratories participated in a 2-day analysis of 8 serum and 11 EDTA-plasma specimens. Results were analyzed for imprecision, recovery, and differences among laboratories and methods. Results: The mean among-laboratory imprecision (CV) was 19% and 21% for serum and plasma samples, respectively, and 9.3% and 7.8% for serum and plasma samples with added MMA, respectively. The mean within-laboratory (among-run) CV was 13% for both serum and plasma samples and 5.2% and 4.9% for serum and plasma samples with added MMA. Within-method imprecision was the same or higher than among-method imprecision. The mean among-laboratory recovery of MMA was 105% and 95% in serum and plasma, respectively. Most laboratories showed a proportional bias relative to the consensus mean of up to 15%. Two laboratories reported results that on average were almost 30% higher than the consensus mean. Conclusions: No method differences were found, but significant among-laboratory imprecision was found in the present study. Improvements are needed to reduce the analytical imprecision of most laboratories, and attention must be focused on calibration issues. Differences among laboratories can be improved by introducing high-quality reference materials and by instituting external quality assessment programs. (C) 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pfeiffer, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2236 EP 2242 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 262MQ UT WOS:000084071400025 PM 10585358 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Shoemaker, PC Anderson, DE AF Dworkin, MS Shoemaker, PC Anderson, DE TI Tick paralysis: 33 human cases in Washington State, 1946-1996 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Tick paralysis is a preventable cause of illness and death that, when diagnosed promptly, requires simple, low-cost intervention (tick removal). We reviewed information on cases of tick paralysis that were reported to the Washington State Department of Health (Seattle) during 1946-1996. Thirty-three cases of tick paralysis were identified, including 2 in children who died, Most of the patients were female (76%), and most cases (82%) occurred in children aged <8 years, Nearly all cases with information on site of probable exposure indicated exposure east of the Cascade Mountains. Onset of illness occurred from March 14 to June 22. Of the 28 patients for whom information regarding hospitalization was available, 54% were hospitalized. Dermacentor andersoni was consistently identified when information on the tick species was reported. This large series of cases of tick paralysis demonstrates the predictable epidemiology of this disease. Improving health care provider awareness of tick paralysis could help limit morbidity and mortality due to this disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Washinton State Dept Hlth, Sect Communicable Dis Epidemiol, Seattle, WA USA. Sacred Heart Med Ctr, Spokane, WA USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1435 EP 1439 DI 10.1086/313502 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 273DW UT WOS:000084693400021 PM 10585792 ER PT J AU Belongia, EA Reed, KD Mitchell, PD Chyou, PH Mueller-Rizner, N Finkel, MF Schriefer, ME AF Belongia, EA Reed, KD Mitchell, PD Chyou, PH Mueller-Rizner, N Finkel, MF Schriefer, ME TI Clinical and epidemiological features of early Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; IXODES-DAMMINI; RISK AB To compare clinical features and assess risk factors for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and early Lyme disease, we enrolled patients in a case-control study during the 1996 and 1997 tick seasons. Clinical and demographic characteristics were assessed for patients with laboratory-confirmed cases of HGE or Lyme disease, and risk factors were compared with those of matched control subjects. We identified 83 persons with Lyme disease, 27 with HGE, and 11 with apparent coinfection. Unsuspected Ehrlichia infection was identified in El (13%) of 60 patients with Lyme disease. Patients with HGE were older and more likely to have fever, chills, or dyspnea than were those with Lyme disease only. Most patients with apparent coinfection did not have hematologic abnormalities. In the risk factor analysis, tickborne illness was independently associated with rural residence and camping. The clinical spectrum of HGE overlaps that of Lyme disease, and physicians in areas of endemicity should consider both diseases in treating patients with a compatible rash or febrile illness. C1 Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Epidemiol Res Ctr ML2, Marshfield Clin, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. Mayo Midelfort Clin, Eau Claire, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Belongia, EA (reprint author), Marshfield Med Res Fdn, Epidemiol Res Ctr ML2, Marshfield Clin, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50CCU5103909-03, UR8/CCU513366-01] NR 24 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1472 EP 1477 DI 10.1086/313532 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 273DW UT WOS:000084693400027 PM 10585798 ER PT J AU Howard, MJ Doyle, TJ Koster, FT Zaki, SR Khan, AS Petersen, EA Peters, CJ Bryan, RT AF Howard, MJ Doyle, TJ Koster, FT Zaki, SR Khan, AS Petersen, EA Peters, CJ Bryan, RT TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in pregnancy SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS SYNDROME; ELEVATED LIVER-ENZYMES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; HELLP-SYNDROME; PUUMALA VIRUS; INFECTION; DISEASE; HEMOLYSIS; AGENT; RATS AB This comprehensive case review of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) during, pregnancy in 5 women characterizes the effect of Sin Nombre virus infection on maternal and fetal outcomes. Histopathologic, serological, and clinical information were evaluated for evidence of vertical transmission. Maternal ages ranged from 20 to 34 years and gestational ages from 13 to 29 weeks. Symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory values other than those related to pregnancy were not noticeably different from those of nonpregnant patients with HPS, although fevers were somewhat lower. One maternal death and 2 fetal losses occurred, Gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical examination for hantavirus antigen were done on 2 fetal autopsies and 3 placentas showing no evidence of transplacental hantavirus transmission. There was no serological evidence of conversion in the 3 surviving children, Maternal and fetal outcomes of HPS appear similar to those of nonpregnant HPS patients and of pregnant patients with other causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome. No evidence of vertical transmission of Sin Nombre virus was found. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ New Mexico, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med, Albuquerque, NM USA. Univ New Mexico, Ctr Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Dept Med, Albuquerque, NM USA. Holy Cross Hosp, Toos, NM USA. Univ Arizona, Div Infect Dis, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Bryan, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, IHS HQW, Epidemiol Branch,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Special Pathogens Branch & Infect Dis Pathol Act, 5300 Homestead Rd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. EM rrb2@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1538 EP 1544 DI 10.1086/313513 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 273DW UT WOS:000084693400038 PM 10585809 ER PT J AU Feikin, DR Moroney, JF Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Code, JE Schwartz, LA Erdman, DD Butler, JC Cetron, MS AF Feikin, DR Moroney, JF Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Code, JE Schwartz, LA Erdman, DD Butler, JC Cetron, MS TI An outbreak of acute respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus at a federal service training academy: New implications from an old scenario SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID SEROLOGIC DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; INFECTION; FACILITY; SEASON; IGM AB Outbreaks of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus have been reported in military institutions for several decades. During a recent outbreak in a federal service training academy, we performed an epidemiological and laboratory investigation to better characterize and control the outbreak, Of 586 students responding to a questionnaire, 317 (54%) reported having a respiratory illness during the outbreak period, Among 42 students who underwent complete laboratory testing, 24 (57%) had evidence of M. pneumoniae infection, 8 (19%) had evidence of adenovirus infection, and 4 (10%) had evidence of both. Polymerase chain reaction testing of oropharyngeal swabs revealed more acute M. pneumoniae infections (57% positive) than did serology or culture. Multivariate analysis revealed that visiting the campus health clinic >3 times for a nonrespiratory condition, such as injury, was a significant risk factor for illness among freshmen early in the course of the outbreak, whereas having an ill roommate was a risk factor throughout the duration of the outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US Merchant Marines Acad, Kings Point, NY USA. Northshore Univ Hosp, Div Gen Internal Med, Manhasset, NY USA. RP Cetron, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Quarantine, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1545 EP 1550 DI 10.1086/313500 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 273DW UT WOS:000084693400039 PM 10585810 ER PT J AU Kassoff, A Kieval, S Mehu, M Buehler, J Eglow, M Kaufman, F Margherio, RR Cox, MS Garretson, B Hassan, T Ruby, A Trese, MT Werner, JC Williams, GA Regan, V Manatrey, P Cumming, K Zajechowski, M Falk, R Streasick, P Szydlowski, L Dreyer, RF Ma, C Beardsley, C Crider, H Capone, A Aaberg, TM Martin, D Saperstein, D Sternberg, P Curtis, L Stribling, B Gilman, J Myles, B Swords, R Orth, DH Flood, TP Civantos, J deBustros, S Packo, KH MacLeod, C Morrison, C Bryant, DA Doherty, D Sandoval, S Seddon, JM Pinnolis, MK Jones-Devonish, DA Crouse, VD Snow, KK Evans, C Davis, N Callahan, C Walsh, D Dubois, J Burton, I Ferris, FL Chew, EY Csaky, K McCarthy, SA Dabas, KH Goodman, L Kim, YJ Lopez, P Mercer, R Ayres, LM LaRean, T Randall, A Chicca, M Ciatto, PF Kuehl, E Kivitz, I Koutsandreas, D Friberg, TR Eller, A Gorin, MB Alexander, J Mack, B Bressler, SB Bressler, NM Cassel, G Goldberg, M Haller, JA Ratner, L Schachat, AP Sherman, SH Sunness, JS Schenning, S Sackett, C Cain, D Emmert, D George, T Wheeler, S Elman, MJ Ballinger, R Betancourt, A Glasser, D Lammlein, J Seff, R Shuman, M Starr, J Carrigan, A Ringrose, C Mathews, T Sotirakos, P Cain, T Chandra, SR Myers, FL Nork, TM Stevens, T Blodi, B Gottlieb, J Perkins, T Blatz, M Walker, W Harrison, B Knutson, G Krolnik, D Somers, G Davis, MD Klein, BEK Klein, R Hubbard, L Magli, YL Brickbauer, J Ansay, S Armstrong, J Neider, M Wabers, H Baliker, J Kastorff, L Laher, K Badal, D Geithman, PL Miner, KD King, WN Osterly, KR Dohm, KL Onofrey, JA Esser, B Hurtenback, C Fisher, MR Robinson, NL Reimers, J Miller, D Bowman, B Gunter, E Sowell, A Lindblad, AS Ederer, F Milton, RC Gensler, G Anand, R Entler, G Stine, E Berlin, SH Scholl, PR Mengers, SA Ferris, FL Chew, EY Sperduto, R Kurinij, N AF Kassoff, A Kieval, S Mehu, M Buehler, J Eglow, M Kaufman, F Margherio, RR Cox, MS Garretson, B Hassan, T Ruby, A Trese, MT Werner, JC Williams, GA Regan, V Manatrey, P Cumming, K Zajechowski, M Falk, R Streasick, P Szydlowski, L Dreyer, RF Ma, C Beardsley, C Crider, H Capone, A Aaberg, TM Martin, D Saperstein, D Sternberg, P Curtis, L Stribling, B Gilman, J Myles, B Swords, R Orth, DH Flood, TP Civantos, J deBustros, S Packo, KH MacLeod, C Morrison, C Bryant, DA Doherty, D Sandoval, S Seddon, JM Pinnolis, MK Jones-Devonish, DA Crouse, VD Snow, KK Evans, C Davis, N Callahan, C Walsh, D Dubois, J Burton, I Ferris, FL Chew, EY Csaky, K McCarthy, SA Dabas, KH Goodman, L Kim, YJ Lopez, P Mercer, R Ayres, LM LaRean, T Randall, A Chicca, M Ciatto, PF Kuehl, E Kivitz, I Koutsandreas, D Friberg, TR Eller, A Gorin, MB Alexander, J Mack, B Bressler, SB Bressler, NM Cassel, G Goldberg, M Haller, JA Ratner, L Schachat, AP Sherman, SH Sunness, JS Schenning, S Sackett, C Cain, D Emmert, D George, T Wheeler, S Elman, MJ Ballinger, R Betancourt, A Glasser, D Lammlein, J Seff, R Shuman, M Starr, J Carrigan, A Ringrose, C Mathews, T Sotirakos, P Cain, T Chandra, SR Myers, FL Nork, TM Stevens, T Blodi, B Gottlieb, J Perkins, T Blatz, M Walker, W Harrison, B Knutson, G Krolnik, D Somers, G Davis, MD Klein, BEK Klein, R Hubbard, L Magli, YL Brickbauer, J Ansay, S Armstrong, J Neider, M Wabers, H Baliker, J Kastorff, L Laher, K Badal, D Geithman, PL Miner, KD King, WN Osterly, KR Dohm, KL Onofrey, JA Esser, B Hurtenback, C Fisher, MR Robinson, NL Reimers, J Miller, D Bowman, B Gunter, E Sowell, A Lindblad, AS Ederer, F Milton, RC Gensler, G Anand, R Entler, G Stine, E Berlin, SH Scholl, PR Mengers, SA Ferris, FL Chew, EY Sperduto, R Kurinij, N CA Age-Related Eye Dis Study Res Grp TI The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): Design implications AREDS report no. 1 SO CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS LA English DT Article DE age-related macular degeneration; cataract; clinical trial; clinical course; antioxidants; zinc; vitamin C; vitamin E; beta-carotene ID DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; SENILE MACULAR DEGENERATION; FAILURE TIME DATA; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CLINICAL-TRIALS; BETA-CAROTENE; RISK-FACTORS; ZINC; SUPPLEMENTATION; MACULOPATHY AB The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was initially conceived as a long-term multicenter, prospective study of the clinical course of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-related cataract. Data on progression rates and risk factors from the study will increase understanding of the clinical course of both conditions, generate hypotheses about etiology, and aid in the design of clinical trials of potential interventions. In addition to collecting natural history data, AREDS includes a clinical trial of high-dose vitamin and mineral supplements for AMD and a clinical trial of high-dose vitamin supplements for cataract. The clinical trials were initiated largely because of the widespread public use in the United States of commercially available pharmacologic doses of vitamins and minerals to treat these two eye conditions and the absence of definitive studies on the safety and efficacy of their use. Important design issues for the clinical trials include: defining cataract and AMD, estimating event rates, determining the type and dosage of vitamins and minerals to be tested for each condition, and identifying the parameters necessary for monitoring safety and efficacy. This paper describes the AREDS design, including the study rationale and operational structure, and the approach adopted to combine, for two diseases, clinical trials with a natural history study. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1999. C1 Devers Eye Inst, Portland, OR USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ingalls Mem Hosp, Harvey, IL USA. Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NEI, Ctr Clin, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Reading Ctr, Madison, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cent Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. NEI, Project Off, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Hlth, Div Contracts & Grants, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceut, Rochester, NY 14601 USA. RP Lindblad, AS (reprint author), EMMES Corp, AREDS Coordinating Ctr, 11325 7 Locks Rd,Suite 214, Potomac, MD 20854 USA. NR 54 TC 178 Z9 180 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0197-2456 EI 1879-050X J9 CONTROL CLIN TRIALS JI Controlled Clin. Trials PD DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 6 BP 573 EP 600 PG 28 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 258LV UT WOS:000083841400009 ER PT J AU Ford, ES AF Ford, ES TI Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among US adults SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; RISK-FACTORS; FACTOR-ALPHA; ANGINA-PECTORIS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HEALTHY-MEN; EXPRESSION; OBESITY AB OBJECTIVE - The author examined the relationship between C-reactive protein and BMI and diabetes status among 16,573 participants aged greater than or equal to 20 years of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - The study had a cross-sectional design. RESULTS - Geometric mean concentrations of C-reactive protein were lowest among individuals with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2) and increased with increasing BMI categories. Restricting the analysis to participants without various medical conditions did not change the relation. After adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity and education, using logistic regression analysis, odds ratios for an elevated C-reactive protein concentration (greater than or equal to 85th percentile of the sex-specific C-reactive protein concentration distribution) among participants with a BMI of 25 to <30, 30 to <35, 35 to <40, and greater than or equal to 40 kg/m(2) were 1.51 (95% CI 1.23-1.86), 3.19 (2.60-3.91), 6.11 (4.67-7.98), and 9.30 (6.43-13.46), respectively, compared with participants with a BMI <25 kg/m(2). C-reactive protein concentrations were lowest among those individuals without diabetes or with impaired fasting glucose and highest among those with newly or previously diagnosed diabetes. Compared with participants with a normal fasting glucose, participants with impaired fasting glucose, newly diagnosed diabetes, and previously diagnosed diabetes had 0.99 (0.72-1.37), 1.84 (1.25-2.71), and 1.59 (1.25-2.01) odds of having an elevated C-reactive protein concentration after adjustment for age, sex, race or ethnicity education, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS - These results confirm cross-sectional findings from previous studies that show elevated C-reactive protein concentrations among individuals who are obese or have diabetes. The implications of these findings, however, remain unclear. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, 4770 Buford Highway MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 398 Z9 430 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 12 BP 1971 EP 1977 DI 10.2337/diacare.22.12.1971 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 259TM UT WOS:000083910000010 PM 10587828 ER PT J AU Ford, ES Cogswell, ME AF Ford, ES Cogswell, ME TI Diabetes and serum ferritin concentration among US adults SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID IRON STORES; DEFEROXAMINE THERAPY; ELDERLY POPULATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLASMA FERRITIN; INSULIN ACTION; MELLITUS; COMPLICATIONS; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; INDIVIDUALS AB OBJECTIVE - We examined the association between serum ferritin concentration and the risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We examined the cross-sectional associations among ferritin concentration, glucose tolerance status, and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in 9,486 U.S. adults aged greater than or equal to 20 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Sun er (1988-1994). RESULTS - After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, alanine aminotransferase concentration, C-reactive protein concentration, and examination session attended, and after dichotomizing ferritin concentration into <300 and greater than or equal to 300 mu g/l for men and <150 and greater than or equal to 150 mu g/l for women, the odds ratios for newly diagnosed diabetes were 4.94 (95% CI 3.05-8.01) for men and 3.61 (2.01-6.48) for women. The increased risk of newly diagnosed diabetes was concentrated among participants with transferrin saturations <45%. All multiple linear regression coefficients between ferritin concentration and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin were positive and significant for both men and women. CONCLUSIONS - Elevated serum ferritin concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes. We were unable to eliminate conclusively the possibility that the observed association reflected inflammation rather than excess body iron stores. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 30 TC 213 Z9 228 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 12 BP 1978 EP 1983 DI 10.2337/diacare.22.12.1978 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 259TM UT WOS:000083910000011 PM 10587829 ER PT J AU Lemkin, PF Myrick, JM Lakshmanan, Y Shue, MJ Patrick, JL Hornbeck, PV Thornwal, GC Partin, AW AF Lemkin, PF Myrick, JM Lakshmanan, Y Shue, MJ Patrick, JL Hornbeck, PV Thornwal, GC Partin, AW TI Exploratory data analysis groupware for qualitative and quantitative electrophoretic gel analysis over the Internet-WebGel SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE Web; databases; two-dimensional electrophoresis; Internet; groupware; exploratory data analysis ID PROSTATE-CANCER; MATRIX; IMAGES; PATTERNS AB Many scientists use quantitative measurements to compare the presence and amount, of various proteins and nucleotides among series of one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) electrophoretic gels. These gels are often scanned into digital image files. Gel spots are then quantified using stand-alone analysis software. However, as more research collaborations take place over the Internet, it has become useful to share intermediate quantitative data between researchers. This allows research group members to investigate their data and share their work in progress. We developed a World Wide Web group-accessible software system, WebGel, for interactively exploring qualitative and quantitative differences between electrophoretic gels. Such Internet databases are useful for publishing quantitative data and allow other researchers to explore the data with respect to their own research. Because intermediate results of one user may be shared with their collaborators using WebGel, this form of active data-sharing constitutes a groupware method for enhancing collaborative research. Quantitative and image gel data from a stand-alone gel image processing system are copied to a database accessible on the WebGel Web server. These data are then available for analysis by the WebGel database program residing on that server. Visualization is critical for better understanding of the data. WebGel helps organize labeled gel images into montages of corresponding spots as seen in these different gels. Various views of multiple gel images, including sets of spots, normalization spots, labeled spots, segmented gels, etc, may also be displayed. These displays are active and may be used for performing database operations directly on individual protein spots by simply clicking on them. Corresponding regions between sets of gels may be visually analyzed using Flicker-comparison (Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 122-140) as one of the WebGel methods for qualitative analysis. Quantitative exploratory data analysis can be performed by comparing protein concentration values between corresponding spots for multiple samples run in separate gels. These data are then used to generate reports on statistical differences between sets of gels (e.g., between different disease states such as benign or metastatic cancers, etc.). Using combined visual and quantitative methods, WebGel can help bridge the analysis of dissimilar gels which are difficult to analyze with stand-alone systems and can serve as a collaborative Internet tool in a groupware setting. C1 NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Lab Expt & Computat Biol, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Worcester, MA USA. Johns Hopkins Hosp, James Buchanan Brady Urol Inst, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Med Coll Ohio, Dept Pathol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. PhosphoProt Databases, Baltimore, MD USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Frederick, MD USA. RP Lemkin, PF (reprint author), NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Lab Expt & Computat Biol, Bldg 469,Room 150, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 18 BP 3492 EP 3507 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19991201)20:18<3492::AID-ELPS3492>3.3.CO;2-M PG 16 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 279LH UT WOS:000085044900003 PM 10612275 ER PT J AU Steenland, K AF Steenland, K TI Risk assessment for heart disease and workplace ETS exposure among nonsmokers SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Risl Assessment CY JUL 09-10, 1998 CL BALTMORE, MARYLAND DE environmental tobacco smoke; heart disease; risk assessment ID ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; PASSIVE SMOKING; COTININE; COHORT; ATTACK; HEALTH AB In 1994 the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) published a study of risk assessment for heart disease and lung cancer resulting from workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among nonsmokers. This assessment is currently being revised. The present article considers different possible approaches to a risk assessment for heart disease among nonsmokers resulting from workplace ETS exposure, reviews the approach taken by OSHA in 1994, and suggests some modifications to that approach. Since 1994 the literature supporting an association between ETS exposure and heart disease among never smokers (sometimes including long-term former smokers) has been strengthened by new studies, including some studies that have specifically considered workplace exposure. A number of these studies are appropriate for inclusion in a meta-analysis, whereas a few may not be due to methodological problems or problems in exposure definition. A meta-analysis of eight relative risks (either rate ratios or odds ratios) for heart disease resulting from workplace ETS exposure, based on one reasonable selection of appropriate studies, yields a combined relative risk of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.41). This relative risk, which is similar to that used by OSHA in 1994, yields an excess risk of death from heart disease by age 70 of 7 per 1000 (95% CI 0.001-0.013) resulting from ETS exposure in the workplace. This excess risk exceeds OSHA's usual threshold for regulation of 1 per 1000. Approximately 1,710 excess ischemic heart disease deaths per year would be expected among nonsmoking U.S. workers 35-69 years of age exposed to workplace ETS. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, MS R13,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 107 SU 6 BP 859 EP 863 DI 10.2307/3434566 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 271WA UT WOS:000084616000007 PM 10592143 ER PT J AU Helfand, RF Kebede, S Mercader, S Gary, HE Beyene, H Bellini, WJ AF Helfand, RF Kebede, S Mercader, S Gary, HE Beyene, H Bellini, WJ TI The effect of timing of sample collection on the detection of measles-specific IgM in serum and oral fluid samples after primary measles vaccination SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID MUMPS AB This study compares the timing of the rise and decline of measles-specific IgM in serum samples and in oral fluid samples. Two hundred and eighty 9-month-old infants presenting for routine measles vaccination in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were enrolled. Paired serum and oral fluid samples were collected before and 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after measles vaccination. Samples were tested by using a modified antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay. For the 321 IgM-negative pre- and post-vaccination serum samples, 317 (99 %) of their corresponding oral fluid samples were IgM-negative. Among the 130 IgM-positive serum samples, 75 % of their paired oral fluid samples were IgM-positive, with the percentage rising to 87% after oral fluid samples collected greater than or equal to 3.5 weeks after vaccination were excluded. Among the post-vaccination serum samples, the percent IgM-positive peaked in week 3 and declined to 79 % in week 4. For postvaccination oral fluid samples, the percent IgM-positive peaked in weeks 2 and 3, and then declined to 43 % in week 4. This modified antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay appears to detect vaccine-induced measles-specific IgM in the first 3 weeks after vaccination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Ent Viruses Branch, Div Viral Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Addis Ababa, Dept Pediat, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Biokit SA, Barcelona, Spain. RP Helfand, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Ent Viruses Branch, Div Viral Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 123 IS 3 BP 451 EP 455 DI 10.1017/S0950268899002988 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285UG UT WOS:000085406000012 PM 10694156 ER PT J AU Drobeniuc, J Hutin, YJF Harpaz, R Favorov, M Melnik, A Iarovoi, P Shapiro, CN Woodruff, BA AF Drobeniuc, J Hutin, YJF Harpaz, R Favorov, M Melnik, A Iarovoi, P Shapiro, CN Woodruff, BA TI Prevalence of hepatitis B, D and C virus infections among children and pregnant women in Moldova: additional evidence supporting the need for routine hepatitis B vaccination of infants SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; CARRIER STATE; VILLAGES; ANTIGEN; AGE AB Rates of acute hepatitis B are high in Moldova, but the prevalence of chronic infection is unknown. In 1994, we surveyed children and pregnant women, collected demographic information, and drew blood for laboratory testing. Among the 439 children (mean age, 5 years), the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 17.1 and 6.8 %, respectively. Among the 1098 pregnant women (mean age, 26 years), 52.4% were anti-HBc-positive and 9.7 % were HBsAg-positive. Of the HBsAg-positive pregnant women, 35.6 % were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 18.3% had antibodies to hepatitis D virus. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was 1.4% in children and 2.3% in pregnant women. The high HBeAg prevalence among HBsAg-positive pregnant women and the high anti-HBc prevalence among children indicate that both perinatal and early childhood transmission contribute to the high hepatitis B virus endemicity in Moldova. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Sci & Appl Prevent Med, Chisinau, Moldova. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Program, Emergency Response Coordinat Grp, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hutin, YJF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 123 IS 3 BP 463 EP 467 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003003 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 285UG UT WOS:000085406000014 PM 10694158 ER PT J AU Mack, KA Bland, SD AF Mack, KA Bland, SD TI HIV testing behaviors and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS of adults aged 50-64 SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE HIV/AIDS; epidemiology; disease prevention ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; VIRUS INFECTION; OLDER PATIENTS; AIDS; PREVENTION; AMERICANS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNE; CARE AB This article explores knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV/AIDS for persons aged 50-64 by using data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. It examines what percentage have been tested for HIV, where and why they have been tested, knowledge about condom effectiveness, and self-perceived risk. The purpose is twofold: First, it presents an epidemiologic analysis of HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors of adults aged 5064; second, it explores whether theoretical models used on other groups fit well with this age group. The authors conclude that the conceptual model is less robust for this group and there is a substantial need for health promotion efforts directed at older adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mack, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Mailstop K-47,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Mack, Karin/A-3263-2012 OI Mack, Karin/0000-0001-9274-3001 NR 45 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 3 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD DEC PY 1999 VL 39 IS 6 BP 687 EP 694 PG 8 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331UV UT WOS:000088037800007 PM 10650678 ER PT J AU Hodgson, TA Cohen, AJ AF Hodgson, TA Cohen, AJ TI Medical expenditures for major diseases, 1995 SO HEALTH CARE FINANCING REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-HEALTH EXPENDITURES AB This article distributes the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) estimates of 1995 personal health care expenditures (PHCE) according to sex, age, and diagnosis for each type of health care service Aggregate and per capita expenditures are reported for 18 broad categories of disease classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-SCM). Special emphasis is given to expenditures for persons age 65 or over the segment of the population with the highest expenditures. These results show how the relative importance of medical conditions and type of health services differs between the sexes and changes with increasing age. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Hodgson, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU HEALTH CARE FINANCING REVIEW PI BALTIMORE PA 7500 SECURITY BLVD, C-3-11-07, BALTIMORE, MD 21224-1850 USA SN 0195-8631 J9 HEALTH CARE FINANC R JI Health Care Finan. Rev. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 2 BP 119 EP 164 PG 46 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 400MF UT WOS:000166874900009 PM 11481772 ER PT J AU Maciak, BJ Guzman, R Santiago, A Villalobos, G Israel, BA AF Maciak, BJ Guzman, R Santiago, A Villalobos, G Israel, BA TI Establishing LA VIDA: A community-based partnership to prevent intimate violence against Latina women SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID HEALTH PROMOTION; COALITIONS; INTERVENTIONS; EMPOWERMENT; PERCEPTIONS; COMPETENCE; STRATEGIES; EDUCATION; PROGRAMS; SERVICES AB LA VIDA-the Southwest Detroit Partnership to Prevent Intimate Violence Against Latina Women-evolved in response to community concern about the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the lack of culturally competent preventive and support services for Latino women and men in southwest Detroit. Since 1997, diverse organizations have mobilized as a community-academic partnership to ensure the availability, accessibility, and utilization of IPV services. This article describes and analyzes the evolution of LA VIDA within a community-based participatory research framework using a case study approach that draws on multiple data sources including group and individual interviews and field notes. The challenges and lessons learned in addressing a complex multifaceted problem such as IPV in an ethnic minority community are highlighted in an examination of the process of mobilizing diverse organizations, conducting community diagnosis and needs assessment activities, establishing goals and objectives within a social ecological framework and integrating evaluation during the development phase. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Detroit Community Acad Urban Res Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Community Hlth & Social Serv Ctr, CHASS, Detroit, MI USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Social Work, Res Off, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Detroit Counseling & Dev Ctr, Child Serv, Detroit, MI USA. Detroit Counseling & Dev Ctr, Family Serv, Detroit, MI USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Detroit Community Acad Urban Res Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Urban Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Maciak, BJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Detroit Community Acad Urban Res Ctr, 1420 Washington Hts, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 65 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 26 IS 6 BP 821 EP 840 DI 10.1177/109019819902600606 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 253DF UT WOS:000083540800005 PM 10608573 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Herrera-Goepfert, R Mohar, A Sanchez, L Halperin, D Ley, C Parsonnet, J AF Guarner, J Herrera-Goepfert, R Mohar, A Sanchez, L Halperin, D Ley, C Parsonnet, J TI Interobserver variability in application of the revised Sydney classification for gastritis SO HUMAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gastritis; Helicobacter pylori; variability; Sydney classification ID HELICOBACTER-PYLORI GASTRITIS; INTESTINAL METAPLASIA; SYSTEM; LESIONS; STOMACH AB The Sydney classification for gastritis provides guidelines for histological grading of gastric biopsies. In an ongoing study of gastric preneoplastic lesions in Chiapas, Mexico, 7 biopsies from 150 patients (4 from the antrum and 3 from the body) were obtained during endoscopy and studied histologically. The first 74 endoscopy specimens were read independently by 2 general surgical pathologists. We assessed diagnostic concordance using kappa statistics. The 2 pathologists then jointly reviewed biopsies about which they had disagreed to reach a final diagnosis. A second group of 76 endoscopies was subsequently evaluated independently by the 2 pathologists, and concordance was again assessed. In the first group of biopsies, we found low concordance rates (Heliobacter pylori 0.59, acute inflammation 0.22, intestinal metaplasia 0.60, and atrophy 0.04). In the second group, of independently reviewed cases, there was better concordance (H pylori 0.77, acute inflammation 0.50, intestinal metaplasia 0.70, and atrophy 0.64). We presumed that use of the Sydney classification would result in minimal interpretational differences achieving ideal kappas greater than 0.80. Because pathology results are based on subjective interpretation of this classification, complete diagnostic agreement is practically impossible. Concordance by general surgical pathologists after joint review of cases was similar to that obtained by gastrointestinal pathologists. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, DVRD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Nacl Cancerol, Surg Pathol & Res Div, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Biomed, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ECOSUR, Div Res, San Cristobal de las Casa, Mexico. Stanford Univ, Div Infect Dis, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, DVRD, Mailstop G32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA67488-04] NR 17 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0046-8177 J9 HUM PATHOL JI Hum. Pathol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1431 EP 1434 DI 10.1016/S0046-8177(99)90164-8 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 270YJ UT WOS:000084564500010 PM 10667420 ER PT J AU Igietseme, JU Ananaba, GA Bolier, J Bowers, S Moore, T Belay, T Lyn, D Black, CM AF Igietseme, JU Ananaba, GA Bolier, J Bowers, S Moore, T Belay, T Lyn, D Black, CM TI The intercellular adhesion molecule type-1 is required for rapid activation of T helper type 1 lymphocytes that control early acute phase of genital chlamydial infection in mice SO IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; TRACT INFECTION; DENDRITIC CELLS; NITRIC-OXIDE; TRYPTOPHAN CATABOLISM; TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; DEFICIENT MICE; KNOCKOUT MICE AB Recent studies in animal models of genital chlamydial disease revealed that early recruitment of dendritic cells and specific T helper type-1 (Th1) cells into the genital mucosae is crucial for reducing the severity of the acute phase of a cervico-vaginal infection and arresting ascending disease. These immune effecters are therefore important for preventing major complications of genital chlamydial infection. Other in vitro studies showed that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays a role in the antichlamydial action of specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In the present study, we investigated the clinicopathological consequences of ICAM-1 deficiency during chlamydial genital infection in ICAM-1 knockout (ICAM-1KO) mice, and analysed the cellular and molecular immunological bases for any observed pathology or complication. Following a primary genital infection of female ICAM-1(-/-) and ICAM-1(+/+) mice, the intensity of the disease during the first 3 weeks las assessed by shedding of chlamydiae in the genital tract) was significantly greater in ICAM-1KO mice than in ICAM-1(+/+) mice (P < 0.0001), although both TCAM-1(-/-) and ICAM-I+/+ mice subsequently cleared the primary infection. There was greater ascending disease during the initial stage of the infection, and a higher incidence of tubal disease (hydrosalpinx formation) after multiple infections in ICAM-1(-/-) mice. Analysis of the cellular and molecular bases for the increased acute and ascending disease in ICAM-1(-/-) mice revealed that the high affinity of ICAM-1 for leucocyte function antigen type-1 is a property that promotes rapid activation of specific Th1 cells, as well as their early recruitment into the genital mucosa. Moreover, ICAM-1 was more important for naive T-cell activation than primed Th1 cells, although its absence delayed or suppressed immune T-cell activation by at least 50%. Taken together, these results indicated that ICAM-1 is crucial for rapid T-cell activation, early recruitment and control of genitally acquired Chlamydia trachomatis. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Spelman Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Igietseme, JU (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12 RR003034, RR03034]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI041231, AI41231]; NIGMS NIH HHS [S06 GM008248, GM08248] NR 51 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0019-2805 J9 IMMUNOLOGY JI Immunology PD DEC PY 1999 VL 98 IS 4 BP 510 EP 518 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00926.x PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 268UQ UT WOS:000084434400005 PM 10594682 ER PT J AU Seppanen, OA Fisk, WJ Mendell, MJ AF Seppanen, OA Fisk, WJ Mendell, MJ TI Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE ventilation rates; carbon dioxide; health effects; SBS symptoms; air exchange rate; relative risks ID INDOOR AIR-QUALITY; OFFICE BUILDINGS; PERSONAL FACTORS; EXCHANGE-RATE; SYNDROME SBS; SYMPTOMS; SCHOOLS; RISK; REQUIREMENTS; TEMPERATURE AB This paper reviews current literature on the associations of ventilation rates and carbon dioxide concentrations in nonresidential and non-industrial buildings (primarily offices) with health and other human outcomes. Twenty studies, with close to 30,000 subjects, investigated the association of ventilation rates with human responses, and 21 studies, with over 30,000 subjects, investigated the association of carbon dioxide concentration with these responses. Almost all studies found that ventilation rates below 10 Ls(-1) per person in all building types were associated with statistically significant worsening in one or more health or perceived air quality outcomes. Some studies determined that increases in ventilation rates above 10 Ls(-1) per person, up to approximately 20 Ls(-1) per person, were associated with further significant decreases in the prevalence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms or with further significant improvements in perceived air quality. The carbon dioxide studies support these findings. About half of the carbon dioxide studies suggest that the risk of sick building syndrome symptoms continued to decrease significantly with decreasing carbon dioxide concentrations below 800 ppm. The ventilation studies reported relative risks of 1.5-2 for respiratory illnesses and 1.1-6 for sick building syndrome symptoms for low compared to high low ventilation rates. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Indoor Environm Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Helsinki Univ Technol, Lab Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, Helsinki, Finland. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Fisk, WJ (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Indoor Environm Dept, Environm Energy Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 94 TC 241 Z9 246 U1 5 U2 51 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 226 EP 252 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x PG 27 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 320GN UT WOS:000087393600003 PM 10649857 ER PT J AU Kool, JL Bergmire-Sweat, D Butler, JC Brown, EW Peabody, DJ Massi, DS Carpenter, JC Pruckler, JM Benson, RF Fields, BS AF Kool, JL Bergmire-Sweat, D Butler, JC Brown, EW Peabody, DJ Massi, DS Carpenter, JC Pruckler, JM Benson, RF Fields, BS TI Hospital characteristics associated with colonization of water systems by Legionella and risk of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: A cohort study of 15 hospitals SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTABLE WATER; TAP WATER; PNEUMONIA; CONTAMINATION; SURVEILLANCE; PNEUMOPHILA; OUTBREAK AB OBJECTIVE: To investigate an increase in reports of legionnaires' disease by multiple hospitals in San Antonio, Texas, and to study risk factors for nosocomial transmission of legionnaires' disease and determinants for Legionella colonization of hospital hot-water systems. SETTING: The 16 largest hospitals in the cities of San Antonio, Temple, and Austin, Texas. DESIGN: Review of laboratory databases to identify patients with legionnaires' disease in the 3 years prior to the investigation and to determine the number of diagnostic tests for Legionella performed; measurement of hot-water temperature and chlorine concentration and culture of potable water for Legionella Exact univariate calculations, Poisson regression, and linear regression were used to determine factors associated with water-system colonization and transmission of Legionella RESULTS: Twelve cases of nosocomial legionnaires' disease were identified; eight of these occurred in 1996. The rise in cases occurred shortly after physicians started requesting Legionella urinary antigen tests. Hospitals that frequently used Legionella urinary antigen tests tended to detect more cases of legionnaires' disease. Legionella was isolated from the water systems of 11 of 12 hospitals in San Antonio; the 12th had just experienced an outbreak of legionnaires' disease and had implemented control measures. Nosocomial legionellosis cases probably occurred in 5 hospitals. The number of nosocomial legionnaires' disease cases in each hospital correlated better with the proportion of water-system sites that tested positive for Legionella (P=.07) than with the concentration of Legionella bacteria in water samples (P=.23). Hospitals in municipalities where the water treatment plant used monochloramine as a residual disinfectant (n=4) and the hospital that had implemented control measures were Legionella-free. The hot-water systems of all other hospitals (n=11) were colonized with Legionella. These were all supplied with municipal drinking water that contained free chlorine as a residual disinfectant. In these contaminated hospitals, the proportion of sites testing positive was inversely correlated with free residual chlorine concentration (P=.01). In all hospitals, hot-water temperatures were too low to inhibit Legionella growth. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in reporting of nosocomial legionnaires' disease was attributable to increased use of urinary antigen tests; prior cases may have gone unrecognized. Risk of legionnaires' disease in hospital patients was better predicted by the proportion of water-system sites testing positive for Legionella than by the measured concentration of Legionella bacteria. Use of monochloramine by municipalities for residual drinking water disinfection may help prevent legionnaires' disease (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:798-805). C1 Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidemiol Elect Program, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidemiol Elect Program, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Kool, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, CIE, Postbus 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NR 24 TC 117 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 4 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 20 IS 12 BP 798 EP 805 DI 10.1086/501587 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 266AB UT WOS:000084277500004 PM 10614602 ER PT J AU Beltran-Aguilar, ED Estupinan-Day, S Baez, R AF Beltran-Aguilar, ED Estupinan-Day, S Baez, R TI Analysis of prevalence and trends of dental caries in the Americas between the 1970s and 1990s SO INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; DENTITION; URBAN AB Data on the prevalence and severity of dental caries collected by country members of the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) were summarised to analyse current status and trends since the 1970s. The mean number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF-T) among 12-year-old children and the relative contribution of each DMF-T component were collected from official reports and publications in the scientific literature. Overall, a secular trend toward lower caries prevalence was observed in most countries, more notably among those with large prevention programmes using fluorides. Many countries have reached the World Health Organization (WHO) year 2000 goal of a mean DMF-T of less than or equal to 3 but others are still far from reaching that goal. Few countries have reached the status of having large proportions of disease prevalence localised in a small percentage of the population, a pattern observed as prevalence decreases. Since 1994, PAHO's Regional Oral Health Program has developed two strategies to address these issues: the introduction and reinforcement of national preventive programmes using fluorides and the introduction of the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Beltran-Aguilar, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Div Oral Hlth, Mailstop F-10,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU F D I WORLD DENTAL PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 7 CARLISLE ST, LONDON W1V 5RG, ENGLAND SN 0020-6539 J9 INT DENT J JI Int. Dent. J. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 322 EP 329 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 279EK UT WOS:000085031300004 PM 10907429 ER PT J AU Combs, DL Quenemoen, LE Parrish, RG Davis, JH AF Combs, DL Quenemoen, LE Parrish, RG Davis, JH TI Assessing disaster-attributed mortality: development and application of a definition and classification matrix SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case ascertainment; classification system; disaster epidemiology; hurricane; natural disaster; disaster prevention ID HURRICANE-ANDREW; LOUISIANA; DEATHS AB Background A useful step in developing and implementing sound policies to prevent disaster-attributed mortality is to classify the relationship between disasters and mortality. While there are classification methods for specific health outcomes, there is no standard method that includes all potential outcomes from exposure to a natural disaster. Without standards, our ability to assess health effects from disasters and implement prevention programmes is limited. Methods We present a method for ascertaining and classifying disaster-attributed mortality which includes a case definition, flow chart, and matrix. The matrix is used for coding, reporting, and evaluating information about manner, cause, and circumstance of disaster-attributed deaths and geographical location and time of the disaster. To illustrate its use, two readers determine and classify deaths attributed to Hurricane Andrew (1992, USA). Results Of 322 deaths investigated by the Dade County Medical Examiner's Office, our readers showed 97% (313/322) agreement on case status and 83% (35/42) agreement on case classification. Conclusions Our definition allows for a liberal interpretation of what constitutes disaster-related circumstances and the conditions or diseases that might arise from these circumstances. The inclusion of the now chart and matrix provides a framework for consistent case classification and reporting. It also provides information about relationships between exposures and health effects, thereby identifying prevention policy needs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Surveillance & Programs Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Work Right, Duluth, MN USA. Off Dist 11, Miami, FL USA. RP Combs, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Surveillance & Programs Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1124 EP 1129 DI 10.1093/ije/28.6.1124 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 270FB UT WOS:000084523800016 PM 10661657 ER PT J AU Meikle, SF Danel, I Wilcox, LS AF Meikle, SF Danel, I Wilcox, LS TI Surveillance of assisted reproductive technology in the United States - An update SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN HEALTH CARE LA English DT Article DE assisted reproductive technology; surveillance; pregnancy success rates ID IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the first Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Pregnancy Success Rate Report in 1997. This article presents a description of the law that initiated the public report, a description of the surveillance system used to accumulate data for the report, and some of the results from ART cycles intitiated in 1995. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Meikle, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K34,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0266-4623 J9 INT J TECHNOL ASSESS JI Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care PD WIN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 DI 10.1017/S0266462399015135 PG 4 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics GA 197NV UT WOS:000080372100003 PM 10407592 ER PT J AU Sherman, LF Fujiwara, PI Cook, SV Bazerman, LB Frieden, TR AF Sherman, LF Fujiwara, PI Cook, SV Bazerman, LB Frieden, TR TI Patient and health care system delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; diagnostic delays; patient delay; health care system delay; diagnosis ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEW-YORK-CITY; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; SEEKING CARE AB SETTING: All culture-positive tuberculosis patients without previous treatment for tuberculosis (n = 184), New York City, April 1994. OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with delays in presenting to a health care provider (patient delay) and in starting antituberculosis treatment (health care system delay). DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review and patient interviews. RESULTS: Median total delay was 57 days (range 4-764), 35 for acid-fast bacilli smear-positive patients and 79 for smear-negative patients (P < 0.001). Median patient delay was 25 (range 0-731). Median health care system delay was 15 days, 6 for smear-positive patients and 31 for smear-negative patients (P < 0.001). In logistic regression, age 55-64 years (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 10.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-86.9), and primary language other than English (ORadj 2.5, 95%CI 1.0-5.8), were associated with longer patient delays. Homelessness (ORadj 7.1, 95%CI 1.05-33.5), not having a chest radiograph at the first medical visit (ORadj 2.4, 95%CI 1.0-5.4), negative smear (ORadj 10.2, 95%CI 4.4-23.3) and absence of cough (ORadj 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-6.8) were associated with longer health care system delays. CONCLUSION: TO reduce delays, patients should be educated to seek care more quickly, and should be provided with culturally appropriate health care and language services. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for tuberculosis and perform appropriate diagnostic tests. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fujiwara, PI (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, 125 Worth St,Box 74, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 18 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 3 IS 12 BP 1088 EP 1095 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 260NJ UT WOS:000083956500007 PM 10599012 ER PT J AU Tao, GY Branson, BM Kassler, WJ Cohen, RA AF Tao, GY Branson, BM Kassler, WJ Cohen, RA TI Rates of receiving HIV test results: Data from the US National Health Interview Survey for 1994 and 1995 SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV test results; receipt of test results ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INFECTION AB Objective: To determine the frequency and predictors of receipt of HIV test results. Methods: Analysis of responses from 19,127 adults in 1994 and 16,848 in 1995 surveyed for the U.S. National Health Interview Survey, using legit models to determine factors independently associated with decreased likelihood of receiving HIV test results. Results: Overall, 12.5% (+/-1.0%) of persons tested in 1994 and 13.3% (+/-0.9%) in 1995 had not received their test results. Those whose test was not self-initiated were significantly less likely (p < .05) to receive their test results. The proportion who did not receive results was lowest among persons who had sought testing (6.1% in 1994 and 4.3% in 1995) and highest among persons whose tests were required for hospitalization or surgery (24.2% in 1994 and 22.9% in 1995). Conclusions: An estimated 2.3 million of the 17.5 million people tested annually for HIV infection did not receive their test results. Alternative measures to increase the number of persons who receive their results need to be evaluated. These may include enhancing prevention counseling about the importance of receiving test results, telephone notification, or using rapid HIV-screening tests that provide results at the time of testing. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Tao, GY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 395 EP 400 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 284MP UT WOS:000085336400011 PM 10634202 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A AF Hadgu, A TI Discrepant analysis: A biased and an unscientific method for estimating test sensitivity and specificity SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE discrepant analysis; sensitivity; specificity; DNA-amplification tests; Chlamydia trachomatis ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS; URINE SPECIMENS; WOMEN; MODELS; MEN AB Discrepant analysis is a widely used technique for estimating test performance indices (sensitivity, specificity, etc.) of DNA-amplification tests for detecting infectious diseases. It has recently been claimed that the discrepant analysis-based estimates of specificity are typically less biased than those based on culture and that the discrepant analysis-based specificity shows little appreciable bias. In this article, I show that those conclusions are incorrect. Using a typical example from the published literature, I show that the discrepant analysis-based estimates of sensitivity and specificity can generate a significant and clinically important overestimation of the true sensitivity and specificity values. Moreover, I demonstrate that the concept of discrepant analysis is profoundly flawed and unscientific. It violates a fundamental principle of diagnostic testing-the principle that the new test should not be used to determine the true disease status. Thus, the major problem with discrepant analysis is not only that it is biased but that it is unscientific. Therefore, discrepant analysis should not be adopted for the evaluation of any diagnostic or screening test. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 52 IS 12 BP 1231 EP 1237 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00101-8 PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 258AZ UT WOS:000083817000014 PM 10580787 ER PT J AU Oberste, MS Maher, K Kennett, ML Campbell, JJ Carpenter, MS Schnurr, D Pallansch, MA AF Oberste, MS Maher, K Kennett, ML Campbell, JJ Carpenter, MS Schnurr, D Pallansch, MA TI Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of echovirus type 30 (E30): Genotypes correlate with temporal dynamics of E30 isolation SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREE TOPOLOGIES; ENTEROVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS; REGION AB Echovirus type 30 (E30) (genus, Enterovirus; family, Picornaviridae) has caused large outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in many regions of the world in the last 40 years. U,S, enterovirus surveillance data for the period 1961 to 1998 indicated that the annual proportion of E30 isolations relative to total enterovirus isolations has fluctuated widely, from a low of 0% in 1966 to a high of 42% in 1998, Peaks of E30 isolations occurred in the years 1968 to 1969, 1981 to 1984, 1990 to 1993, and 1997 to 1998, coincident with large nationwide outbreaks of E30-associated aseptic meningitis. Analysis of the complete VP1 sequence (876 nucleotides) of 136 E30 strains isolated in geographically dispersed regions of the United States and nine other countries between 1956 and 1998 indicated that the currently circulating E30 strains are genetically distinct from those isolated 30 to 40 years ago. Phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated the existence of at least four distinct genetic groups, three of which have not been isolated in North America since 1981, Two of the three groups disappeared during periods when E30 was isolated infrequently. All North American E30 strains isolated after 1988 were closely related to one another, and all post-1993 isolates were of the same lineage within this group. Surveillance data indicate that E30 causes large national outbreaks of 2- to l-year durations, separated by periods of relative quiescence. Our results show that shifts in the overall genetic diversity of E30 and the predominant genetic type correlate temporally with the dynamics of E30 isolation. The sequence data also provide a basis for the application of molecular techniques for future epidemiologic investigations of E30 disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Victorian Infect Dis Reference Lab, N Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Natl Ctr Enteroviruses, Halifax, NS, Canada. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP Oberste, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 93 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3928 EP 3933 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400024 PM 10565909 ER PT J AU De Jong, JC Wermenbol, AG Verweij-Uijterwaal, MW Slaterus, KW Wertheim-Van Dillen, P Van Doornum, GJJ Khoo, SH Hierholzer, JC AF De Jong, JC Wermenbol, AG Verweij-Uijterwaal, MW Slaterus, KW Wertheim-Van Dillen, P Van Doornum, GJJ Khoo, SH Hierholzer, JC TI Adenoviruses from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, including two strains that represent new candidate serotypes Ad50 and Ad51 of species B1 and D, respectively SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUBGENUS-D; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION AB Adenovirus (Ad) isolates from a large number of human immunodeficiency virus (HN)-infected individuals were compared serologically and genetically with Ad isolates from immunocompetent patients. Between 1982 and 1994, stool and urine samples from 137 subjects with AIDS hospitalized in The Netherlands yielded 143 Ad strains. Forty additional Ad strains were obtained from 35 HIV-positive patients in Manchester, United Kingdom, in 1992 and 1993, Of these 183 HIV-associated Ad strains, 84% belonged to species D and 3% belonged to species C, These strains were compared with 2,301 Ad strains collected during general diagnostic examinations in The Netherlands from 1973 to 1992. Of the latter strains, 5% belonged to species D and 49% belonged to species C. Two of the Ads isolated from fecal specimens of AIDS patients represent new serotypes: candidate Ad serotype 50 (prototype strain, Wan) of subspecies B1 and candidate Ad serotype 51 (prototype strain, Bom) of species D, The DNA restriction enzyme patterns of strains Wan and Bom differed from the patterns of all established prototypes. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Res Lab Infect Dis, RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Lab Med Microbiol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. Municipal Hlth Lab, Amsterdam, Netherlands. N Manchester Gen Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Manchester, Lancs, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP De Jong, JC (reprint author), Erasmus Univ, Fac Med, Dept Virol, Dr Molewaterpl 50, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands. NR 21 TC 183 Z9 186 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3940 EP 3945 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400026 PM 10565911 ER PT J AU Liang, FT Steere, AC Marques, AR Johnson, BJB Miller, JN Philipp, MT AF Liang, FT Steere, AC Marques, AR Johnson, BJB Miller, JN Philipp, MT TI Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-SURFACE PROTEIN; CROSS-REACTIVITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RHESUS-MONKEY; ELISA TESTS; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION; LIPOPROTEIN; ADSORPTION; INFECTION AB VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi, contains an immunodominant conserved region named IR,, In the present study, the diagnostic performance of a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a 26-mer synthetic peptide (C-6) with the IR, sequence was explored, Sensitivity was assessed with serum samples (n = 210) collected from patients with clinically defined Lyme disease at the acute (early Localized or early disseminated disease), convalescent, or late disease phase, The sensitivities for acute-, convalescent-, and late-phase specimens were 74% (29 of 39), 85 to 90% (34 of 40 to 35 of 39), and 100% (59 of 59), respectively. Serum specimens from early neuroborreliosis patients were 95% positive (19 of 20), and those from an additional group of patients with posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome yielded a sensitivity of 62% (8 of 13), To assess the specificity of the peptide ELISA, 77 serum samples from patients with other spirochetal or chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, or neurologic diseases and 99 serum specimens from hospitalized patients in an area where Lyme disease is not endemic were examined. Only two potential false positives from the hospitalized patients were found, and the overall specificity was 99% (174 of 176), Precision, which was assessed with a panel of positive and negative serum specimens arranged in blinded duplicates, was 100%. Four serum samples with very high anti-OspA antibody titers obtained from four monkeys given the OspA vaccine did not react with the C-6 peptide. This simple, sensitive, specific, and precise ELISA may contribute to alleviate some of the remaining problems in Lyme disease serodiagnosis. Because of its synthetic peptide base, it will be inexpensive to manufacture. It also will be applicable to serum specimens from OspA-vaccinated subjects. C1 Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Tulane Reg Primate Res Ctr, Dept Parasitol, Covington, LA 70433 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Philipp, MT (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Tulane Reg Primate Res Ctr, Dept Parasitol, 18703 3 Rivers Rd, Covington, LA 70433 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [P51 RR000164, RR00164]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI35027] NR 42 TC 192 Z9 197 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3990 EP 3996 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400035 PM 10565920 ER PT J AU Matar, GM Koehler, JE Malcolm, G Lambert-Fair, MA Tappero, J Hunter, SB Swaminathan, B AF Matar, GM Koehler, JE Malcolm, G Lambert-Fair, MA Tappero, J Hunter, SB Swaminathan, B TI Identification of Bartonella species directly in clinical specimens by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 16S rRNA gene fragment SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; ROCHALIMAEA; HENSELAE; ENDOCARDITIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BACTEREMIA; PELIOSIS; PATHOGEN; FEVER AB It is now established that two species of Bartonella, namely, Bartonella henselae and B, quintana, cause bacillary angiomatosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. In addition, B, henselae causes cat scratch disease and B. quintana, B, henselae, and B, elizabethae can cause bacteremia and endocarditis in immunocompetent persons. We have developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based assay for direct detection and identification to species level of Bartonella in clinical specimens. This is accomplished by PCR amplification of Bartonella DNA using primers derived from conserved regions of the gene carrying the 16S ribosomal DNA, followed by restriction analysis using DdeI and MseI restriction endonucleases. We amplified a Bartonella genus-specific 296-bp fragment from 25 clinical samples obtained from 25 different individuals. Restriction analysis of amplicons showed that identical patterns were seen from digestion of B, henselae and B, quintana amplicons with DdeI, whereas a different unique pattern was seen by using the same enzyme with B, vinsonii and B, elizabethae. With MseI digestion, B, henselae and B, vinsonii gave nearly identical patterns while B, quintana and B, elizabethae gave a different pattern. By combining the restriction analysis data generated with MseI and DdeI, unique "signature" restriction patterns characteristic for each species were obtained. These patterns were useful in identifying the Bartonella species associated with each tissue specimen. C1 Amer Univ Beirut, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10022 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Matar, GM (reprint author), Amer Univ Beirut, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 850 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10022 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R29AI36075] NR 21 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4045 EP 4047 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400044 PM 10565929 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Jones, RN Swenson, JM Zimmer, B McAllister, S Jorgensen, JH AF Tenover, FC Jones, RN Swenson, JM Zimmer, B McAllister, S Jorgensen, JH CA NCCLS Staphylococcus Working Grp TI Methods for improved detection of oxacillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci: Results of a multicenter study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METHICILLIN-RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; BLOOD CULTURES; MECA GENE; AUREUS; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS; TESTS; AGAR AB A multilaboratory study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of the current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) oxacillin breakpoints for broth microdilution and disk diffusion testing of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) by using a PCR assay for mecA as the reference method. Fifty well-characterized strains of CoNS were tested for oxacillin susceptibility by the NCCLS broth microdilution and disk diffusion procedures in 11 laboratories. In addition, organisms were inoculated onto a pair of commercially prepared oxacillin agar screen plates containing 6 mu g of oxacillin per mi and 4% NaCl. The results of this study and of several other published reports suggest that, in order to reliably detect the presence of resistance mediated by mecA, the oxacillin MIC breakpoint for defining resistance in CoNS should be lowered from greater than or equal to 4 to greater than or equal to 0.5 mu g/ml and the breakpoint for susceptibility should be lowered from less than or equal to 2 to less than or equal to 0.25 mu g/ml. In addition, a single disk diffusion breakpoint of less than or equal to 17 mm for resistance and greater than or equal to 18 mm for susceptibility is suggested. Due to the poor sensitivity of the oxacillin agar screen plate for predicting resistance in this study, this test can no longer be recommended for use with CoNS. The proposed interpretive criteria for testing CoNS have been adopted by the NCCLS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. Dade MicroScan, W Sacramento, CA 95616 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 65 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4051 EP 4058 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400046 PM 10565931 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Mohammed, MJ Gorton, TS Dembek, ZF AF Tenover, FC Mohammed, MJ Gorton, TS Dembek, ZF TI Detection and reporting of organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: Survey of laboratories in Connecticut SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; MEDICAL-CENTER; RESISTANCE; OUTBREAK; MEMBERS; CEPHALOSPORINS; PREVALENCE; STRAINS AB Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes produced in some gram-negative bacilli that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. They are most common in Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli but are present in a variety of Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance mediated by these enzymes can be difficult to detect depending on the antimicrobial agents tested. AmpC beta-lactamases are related to the chromosomal enzymes of Enterobacter and Citrobacter spp, and also mediate resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam in addition to cephamycins, such as cefoxitin. Unlike ESBLs, however, AmpC beta-lactamases are not inhibited by clavulanic acid or other similar compounds. To assess the abilities of various antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods to detect ESBLs, we sent three ESBL-producing organisms, one AmpC-producing organism, and a control strain that was susceptible to extended-spectrum cephalosporins to 38 laboratories in Connecticut for testing. Eight (21.0%) of 38 Labs failed to detect extended-spectrum cephalosporin or aztreonam resistance in any of the ESBL- or AmpC-producing isolates. Errors were encountered with both automated and disk diffusion methods. Conversely, seven (18.4%) labs categorized at least some of the four resistant isolates as potential ESBL producers and reported the results with the extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam as resistant as suggested by current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The percentage of laboratories that failed to detect resistance in the ESBL or AmpC isolates ranged from 23.7 to 31.6% depending on the type of enzyme present in the test organism, This survey suggests that many laboratories have difficulty detecting resistance in ESBL and AmpC-producing organisms and may be unaware of the NCCLS guidelines on modifying susceptibility testing reports for ESBL-producing strains. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Program Epidemiol, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4065 EP 4070 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400048 PM 10565933 ER PT J AU Nace, EK Steurer, FJ Eberhard, ML AF Nace, EK Steurer, FJ Eberhard, ML TI Evaluation of Streck tissue fixative, a nonformalin fixative for preservation of stool samples and subsequent parasitologic examination SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We undertook a study to evaluate Streck tissue fixative (STF) as a substitute for formalin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in fecal preservation. A comparison of formalin, PVA, (mercuric chloride based), and STF was done by aliquoting fecal samples into each fixative, Stool specimens were collected in Haiti, and parasites included Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli, lodamoeba butschlii, Endolimax nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Necator americanus. Preserved stools were examined at various predetermined times (1 week, 1 month, and 3 months) to establish the quality of the initial preservation as well as the suitability of the fixative for long-term storage. At each time point, stool samples in fixatives were examined microscopically as follows: (i) in wet mounts (with bright-field and epifluorescence microscopy), (ii) in modified acid-fast-, trichrome-, and safranin-stained smears, and (iii) with two commercial test kits. At the time points examined, morphologic features remained comparable for samples fixed with 10% formalin and STF, For comparisons of STF- and 10% formalin-fixed samples, specific findings showed that Cyclospora oocysts retained full fluorescence, modified acid-fast- and safranin-stained smears of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora oocysts were equal in staining quality, and results were comparable in the immunofluorescence assay and enzyme immunoassay commercial kits. Stool fixed in STF and stained with trichrome showed less-than-acceptable staining quality compared with stool fixed in PVA, STF provides an excellent substitute for formalin as a fixative in routine examination of stool samples for parasites. However, modifications to the trichrome staining procedures will be necessary to improve the staining quality for protozoal cysts fixed in STF to a level comparable to that with PVA. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Nace, EK (reprint author), CDC, Div Parasit Dis F13, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4113 EP 4119 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400055 PM 10565940 ER PT J AU Alonso-Echanove, J Jarvis, WR AF Alonso-Echanove, J Jarvis, WR TI Proficiency of Spanish laboratories in detecting vancomycin-resistant enterococci - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alonso-Echanove, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4204 EP 4205 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400085 ER PT J AU Nicholson, WL Castro, MB Kramer, VL Sumner, JW Childs, JE AF Nicholson, WL Castro, MB Kramer, VL Sumner, JW Childs, JE TI Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as reservoirs of granulocytic ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales : Ehrlichieae) in northern California (vol 37, pg 3323, 1999) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Vector Borne Dis Sect, Sacramento, CA 94234 USA. RP Nicholson, WL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 12 BP 4206 EP 4206 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 259CY UT WOS:000083877400087 ER PT J AU Miagostovich, MP Nogueira, RMR dos Santos, FB Schatzmayr, HG Araujo, ESM Vorndam, V AF Miagostovich, MP Nogueira, RMR dos Santos, FB Schatzmayr, HG Araujo, ESM Vorndam, V TI Evaluation of an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for dengue diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnostic; dengue virus; HI; Mac-ELISA; IgG ELISA ID RIO-DE-JANEIRO; ANTIBODIES; VIRUSES; BRAZIL; STATE AB Background: The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has been one of the standards, with the IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA), for the diagnosis of dengue virus infections. The spread of dengue throughout the world and the increasing number of cases to be tested makes an ELISA-format test for IgG antibodies to replace the HI test highly desirable. Objectives: Evaluate the use of the IgG-ELISA as a substitute for the HI test in dengue diagnosis. Study design: Paired serum samples defined as being from primary or secondary dengue virus infections by HI, were tested by an ELISA that detects IgG antibodies. The correlations of titers and serologic interpretations between these two tests were examined. Results: The IgG-ELISA showed a low correlation with the HI in primary infections, and a higher correlation in secondary infections because of the influence of IgM antibodies in the HI test. Nevertheless, IgG ELISA titers could be reliably associated with primary or secondary infections when analyzed by days after onset of symptoms, and can be used to characterize the immune response after flavivirus infections. Conclusion: The combination of the IgM and IgG ELISAs may be used to serologically diagnose dengue virus infections, since the IgG ELISA can substitute for the HI test in characterizing the immune response to dengue virus infections. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 FIOCRUZ, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Virol, Lab Flavivirus, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, San Juan, PR USA. RP Miagostovich, MP (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Virol, Lab Flavivirus, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NR 18 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00059-1 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 265WQ UT WOS:000084269500004 PM 10614855 ER PT J AU Brener, ND Hassan, SS Barrios, LC AF Brener, ND Hassan, SS Barrios, LC TI Suicidal ideation among college students in the United States SO JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; UNIVERSITY-STUDENTS; YOUNG-ADULTS; DRUG-USE; ADOLESCENTS; BEHAVIORS; DEPRESSION; PREVALENCE; MODEL AB This study analyzed data from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS) to assess the prevalence of suicidal ideation among college students in the United States and to examine the association between suicidal ideation and substance use in this population. The NCHRBS used a mail questionnaire to assess health-risk behaviors in a nationally representative sample of undergraduate students. During the 12 months preceding the survey, 10% of the students had seriously considered attempting suicide. When controlling for demographic characteristics, the analysis showed that students who had considered suicide were at increased odds of using tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs. These results suggest that colleges and universities should establish suicide prevention programs that also address the related problem of substance use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. RP Brener, ND (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, CDC, Mailstop K-33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Culwell, M. Shaun/F-5156-2010 NR 30 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0022-006X J9 J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH JI J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1004 EP 1008 DI 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.1004 PG 5 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 260XP UT WOS:000083979000020 PM 10596523 ER PT J AU Johnson, BL Tinker, T AF Johnson, BL Tinker, T TI An assessment of federal environmental health training resources SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB In 1988, the Health Resources and Set-vices Administration (HRSA) conducted a workshop to determine how many environmental health workers there mere nationwide and what their training needs were. The workshop produced data on the level of training received, as well as on training needs projected for 1992, In 1988, the workshop found, a large majority of environmental health professionals had little or no formal training in their field. HRSA concluded that there was a shortfall in the number of trained environmental health professionals and allied workers. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Risk Communication and Education Subcommittee (RCES) of the Environmental Health Policy Committee conducted a survey to update the HRSA data and review the status of recommendations made in the 1988 report, RCES's survey yielded information from 15 federal government agencies and departments. Separately from the survey the subcommittee also sought information about employment figures for environmental health specialists. Although in 1995 the federal agencies and departments responding to the survey provided $72 million in support of programs for environmental health training, only 23 percent of projected environmental health training needs were being addressed. The need for more training of local and entry-level environmental health professionals was found to be critical. Moreover, RCES found no indication that federal agencies have developed an integrated, coordinated strategic plan for supporting the training of environmental health personnel. RCES also found no current information on the actual number of environmental health specialists in the U.S. workforce. C1 Agcy Toxic Subst & Dis Registry, Commun & Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tinker, T (reprint author), Agcy Toxic Subst & Dis Registry, Commun & Res Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD DEC PY 1999 VL 62 IS 5 BP 21 EP 25 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 261XE UT WOS:000084035200004 ER PT J AU Birch, ME Dahmann, D Fricke, HH AF Birch, ME Dahmann, D Fricke, HH TI Comparison of two carbon analysis methods for monitoring diesel particulate levels in mines SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LA English DT Article ID EXHAUST AB Two carbon analysis methods are currently being applied to the occupational monitoring of diesel particulate matter. Both methods are based on thermal techniques for the determination of organic and elemental carbon. In Germany, method ZH 1/120.44 has been published. This method, or a variation of it, is being used for compliance measurements in several European countries, and a Comite Europeen de Normalization Working Group was formed recently to address the establishment of a European measurement standard. In the USA, a 'thermal-optical' method has been published as Method 5040 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. As with ZH 1/120.44, organic and elemental carbon are determined through temperature and atmosphere' control, but different instrumentation and analysis conditions are used. Although the two methods are similar in principle, they gave statistically different results in a previous interlaboratory comparison. Because different instruments and operating conditions are used, between-method differences can be expected in some cases. Reasonable agreement is expected when the sample contains no other tie., non-diesel) sources of carbonaceous particulate and the organic fraction is essentially removed below about 500 degrees C. Airborne particulate samples from some mines may meet these criteria. Comparison data on samples from mines are important because the methods are being applied in this workplace for occupational monitoring and epidemiological studies. In this paper, results of a recent comparison on samples collected in a Canadian mine are reported. As seen in a previous comparison, there was good agreement between the total carbon results found by the two methods, with ZH 1/120.44 giving about 6% less carbon than Method 5040. Differences in the organic and elemental carbon results were again seen, but they were much smaller than those obtained in the previous comparison. The relatively small differences in the split between organic and elemental carbon are attributed to the different thermal programs used. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Bergbau Berufsgenossenschaft, Inst Gefahrstoff Forsch, D-44789 Bochum, Germany. RP Birch, ME (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Phys Sci & Engn, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1464-0325 J9 J ENVIRON MONITOR JI J. Environ. Monit. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 1 IS 6 BP 541 EP 544 DI 10.1039/a905204f PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 265FC UT WOS:000084230600008 PM 11534530 ER PT J AU Thurman, DJ Alverson, C Dunn, KA Guerrero, J Sniezek, JE AF Thurman, DJ Alverson, C Dunn, KA Guerrero, J Sniezek, JE TI Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective SO JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE brain injury; disability; epidemiology; incidence; mortality; patient care; prevalence; prevention; public health; surveillance ID HEAD-INJURY; POPULATION; TRENDS; COUNTY AB Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among persons in the United States. Each year, an estimated 1.5 million,Americans sustain a TBI. As a result of these injuries, 50,000 people die, 230,000 people are hospitalized and sun ive, and an estimated 80,000-90,000 people experience the onset of long-term disability. Rates of TBI-related hospitalization have declined nearly 50% since 1980, a phenomenon that may be attributed, in part, to successes in injury prevention and also to changes in hospital admission practices that shift the care of persons with less severe TBI from inpatient to outpatient settings. The magnitude of TBI in the United States requires public health measures to prevent these injuries and to improve their consequences. State surveillance systems can provide reliable data on injury causes and risk factors, identify trends in TBI incidence, enable the development of cause-specific prevention strategies focused on populations at greatest risk, and monitor the effectiveness of such programs. State follow-up registries, built on surveillance systems, can provide more information regarding the frequency and nature of disabilities associated with TBI. This information can help states and communities to design, implement, and evaluate cost-effective programs for people living with TBI and for their families, addressing acute care, rehabilitation, and vocational, school, and community support. C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Thurman, DJ (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F41, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Thurman, David/0000-0002-0533-7062 NR 29 TC 732 Z9 741 U1 5 U2 56 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0885-9701 J9 J HEAD TRAUMA REHAB JI J. Head Trauma Rehabil. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 14 IS 6 BP 602 EP 615 PG 14 WC Clinical Neurology; Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA 269AV UT WOS:000084454300008 PM 10671706 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC AF Tenover, FC TI Implications of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SO JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference of the Hospital-Infection-Society CY SEP 13-17, 1998 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SP Hosp Infect Soc DE staphylococci; vancomycin ID NASAL CARRIAGE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIONS; HOSPITALS; STRAIN AB Strains of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been reported from Japan (multiple strains), the United States (four strains), and Europe (France, the UK and Spain) and the Far East (Hong Kong and Korea). The isolates from the US, France, and strain Mu50 from Japan, demonstrate vancomycin MICs of 8 mu g/mL by broth microdilution testing and appear to have developed from pre-existing methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. The strain from the UK and other parts of Europe appears heteroresistant to vancomycin and has MICs in the 1-2 mu g/mL range. Many of the isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been associated with therapeutic failures with vancomycin. Although nosocomial spread of the glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) strains has not been observed in US hospitals or in Europe, spread of GISA strains has apparently occurred in Japan. Laboratory studies have indicated that the disk diffusion test, the Stoke's method, and several automated methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing do not detect GISA strains. The requirement to choose from a relatively small number of acceptable techniques for screening may well influence the ability of laboratories to conduct surveillance for these organisms. Finally, the isolation of such strains in three geographically distinct regions suggests that this phenomenon will continue to occur worldwide. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6701 J9 J HOSP INFECT JI J. Hosp. Infect. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 SU S BP S3 EP S7 DI 10.1016/S0195-6701(99)90060-9 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 275PP UT WOS:000084828800002 PM 10658753 ER PT J AU Katz, JM Lim, W Bridges, CB Rowe, T Hu-Primmer, J Lu, XH Abernathy, RA Clarke, M Conn, L Kwong, H Lee, M Au, G Ho, YY Mak, KH Cox, NJ Fukuda, K AF Katz, JM Lim, W Bridges, CB Rowe, T Hu-Primmer, J Lu, XH Abernathy, RA Clarke, M Conn, L Kwong, H Lee, M Au, G Ho, YY Mak, KH Cox, NJ Fukuda, K TI Antibody response in individuals infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses and detection of anti-H5 antibody among household and social contacts SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Meeting of the American-Society-for-Virology CY JUL 11-15, 1998 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Amer Soc Virol ID CONJUNCTIVITIS AB The first documented outbreak of human respiratory disease caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses occurred in Hong Kong in 1997, The kinetics of the antibody response to the avian virus in H5N1-infected persons was similar to that of a primary response to human influenza A viruses; serum neutralizing antibody was detected, in general, greater than or equal to 14 days after symptom onset. Cohort studies were conducted to assess the risk of human-to-human transmission of the virus. By use of a combination of serologic assays, 6 of 51 household contacts, 1 of 26 tour group members, and none of 47 coworkers exposed to H5N1-infected persons were positive for H5 antibody. One H5 antibody-positive household contact, with no history of poultry exposure, provided evidence that human-to-human transmission of the avian virus may have occurred through close physical contact with H5N1-infected patients. In contrast, social exposure to case patients was not associated with H5N1 infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mail Stop G16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 174 Z9 190 U1 1 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 180 IS 6 BP 1763 EP 1770 DI 10.1086/315137 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 263QW UT WOS:000084137600002 PM 10558929 ER PT J AU Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Stephens, DS Lefkowitz, L Cartter, ML Danila, R Cieslak, P Shutt, KA Popovic, T Schuchat, A Harrison, LH Reingold, AL AF Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Stephens, DS Lefkowitz, L Cartter, ML Danila, R Cieslak, P Shutt, KA Popovic, T Schuchat, A Harrison, LH Reingold, AL CA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance TI The changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States 1992-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINE; OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; SEROGROUP; POPULATION; SEROTYPE; TRIAL AB New meningococcal vaccines are undergoing clinical trials, and changes in the epidemiologic features of meningococcal disease will affect their use. Active laboratory-based, population-based US surveillance for meningococcal disease during 1992-1996 was used to project that 2400 cases of meningococcal disease occurred annually. Incidence was highest in infants; however, 32% of cases occurred in persons greater than or equal to 30 years of age. Serogroup C caused 35% of cases; serogroup B, 32%; and serogroup Y, 26%. Increasing age (relative risk [RR], 1.01 per year), having an isolate obtained from blood (RR, 4.5), and serogroup C (RR, 1.6) were associated with increased case fatality. Among serogroup B isolates, the most commonly expressed serosubtype was P1.15; 68% of isolates expressed 1 of the 6 most common serosubtypes. Compared with cases occurring in previous years, recent cases are more likely to be caused by serogroup Y and to occur among older age groups. Ongoing surveillance is necessary to determine the stability of serogroup and serosubtype distribution. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Vanderbilt Med Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth & Addict Serv, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Oregon Emerging Infect Program, Portland, OR USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Rosenstein, NE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Mailstop C-09,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012; OI Shutt, Kathleen/0000-0003-3376-6152 NR 41 TC 316 Z9 333 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 180 IS 6 BP 1894 EP 1901 DI 10.1086/315158 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 263QW UT WOS:000084137600019 PM 10558946 ER PT J AU Chang, JC Ruedinger, B Cong, M Lambert, S Lopareva, E Purdy, M Holloway, BP Jue, DL Ofenloch, B Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE AF Chang, JC Ruedinger, B Cong, M Lambert, S Lopareva, E Purdy, M Holloway, BP Jue, DL Ofenloch, B Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE TI Artificial NS4 mosaic antigen of hepatitis C virus SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HCV; recombinant proteins; antigens; peptides; sequence-specific antibodies ID RECOMBINANT IMMUNOBLOT ASSAY; NON-B-HEPATITIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; NON-A; CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES; SEROLOGICAL RESPONSES; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; CAPSID PROTEIN AB An artificial antigen composed of 17 small antigenic regions derived from the NS4-protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 through 5 was designed and constructed. Eleven antigenic regions were derived from the 5-1-1 region, and 6 others were derived from the C-terminus of the NS4-protein of different genotypes. The gene encoding for this artificial antigen was assembled from synthetic oligonucleotides by a new approach designated as restriction enzyme-assisted ligation (REAL). The full-length synthetic gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. By the use of site-specific antibodies raised against synthetic peptides, it was shown that all regions for which sequence-specific antibodies were obtained were accessible to antibody binding. The diagnostic relevance of the NS4 artificial antigen was demonstrated by testing this antigen with 4 HCV seroconversion panels and a panel of previously tested and stored serum specimens. The artificial antigen was found to specifically detect anti-NS4 antibodies in a number of specimens that were previously found to be anti-NS4 negative. Furthermore, this antigen detected anti-NS4 activity earlier in 2 of 4 seroconversion panels than did the antigen used in a commercially available supplemental assay. Equally important is the observation that the artificial NS4 antigen demonstrated equivalent anti-NS4 immunoreactivity with serum specimens obtained from patients infected with different HCV genotypes, whereas the NS4 recombinant protein derived from genotype 1, used in the commercial supplemental test, was less immunoreactive with serum specimens containing HCV genotypes 2, 3, and 4. Collectively, these data support the significant diagnostic potential of the NS4 mosaic antigen. The strategy employed in this study may be applied to the design and construction of other artificial antigens with improved diagnostically pertinent properties. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biotechnol Core Facil Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, D-82372 Penzberg, Germany. RP Khudyakov, YE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, MS A-33,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 59 IS 4 BP 437 EP 450 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<437::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 251JZ UT WOS:000083443700004 PM 10534724 ER PT J AU Johnson, AM de Souza, LTM Ferreira, IB Pereira, LE Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Johnson, AM de Souza, LTM Ferreira, IB Pereira, LE Ksiazek, TG Rollin, PE Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Genetic investigation of novel hantaviruses causing fatal HPS in Brazil SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; PCR; phytogenetic analysis ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PROSPECT-HILL VIRUS; M-GENOMIC SEGMENT; PULMONARY SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; FAMILY BUNYAVIRIDAE; RENAL SYNDROME; S-GENOME AB Although hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was discovered in North America in 1993, more recent investigations have shown that the disease is a much larger problem in South America, where a greater number of cases and HPS-associated viruses have now been detected. Here we describe the genetic investigation of three fatal HPS cases from Brazil, including a 1995 case in Castelo dos Sonhos (CAS) in the state of Mate Grosso and two 1996 cases in the counties of Araraquara (ARA) and Franca (FRA), in the state of Sao Paulo. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products representing fragments of the hantavirus N, G1, and G2 coding regions were amplified from patient acute-phase serum samples, and the nucleotide (nt) sequences (394, 259, and 139 nt, respectively) revealed high deduced amino acid sequence identity between ARA and FRA viruses (99.2%, 96.5%, and 100%, respectively. However, amino acid differences of up to 14.0% were observed when ARA and FRA virus sequences were compared with those of the geographically more distant CAS virus. Analysis of a 643-nt N coding region and a 1734-nt predominantly G2-encoding region of ARA and CAS virus genomes confirmed that these Brazilian viruses were distinct and monophyletic with previously characterized Argentinean hantaviruses, and suggested that Laguna Negra (LN) virus from Paraguay was ancestral to both the Brazilian and Argentinean viruses. The phylogenetic tree based on the N coding fragment also placed LN in a separate clade with Rio Mamore virus from Bolivia. At the amino acid level, ARA and CAS viruses appeared more closely related to the Argentinean viruses than they were to each other. Similarly, analysis of the diagnostic 139-nt G2 fragment showed that the Juquitiba virus detected in a 1993 fatal HPS case close to Sao Paulo city, Brazil was closer to Argentinean viruses than to ARA or CAS viruses. These data indicate that at least three different hantavirus genetic lineages are associated with Brazilian HPS cases. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Inst Adolfo Lutz, Serv Virol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, MS G-14,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 58 TC 88 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 59 IS 4 BP 527 EP 535 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<527::AID-JMV17>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 251JZ UT WOS:000083443700017 PM 10534737 ER PT J AU Furnia, A Lal, RN Maloney, E Wiktor, S Pate, E Rudolph, D Waters, D Blattner, W Manns, A AF Furnia, A Lal, RN Maloney, E Wiktor, S Pate, E Rudolph, D Waters, D Blattner, W Manns, A TI Estimating the time of HTLV-I infection following mother-to-child transmission in a breast-feeding population in Jamaica SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HTLV-I; vertical transmission; infants; seroconversion; immunoglobulins; polymerase chain reaction ID VIRUS TYPE-I; PERINATAL HIV-INFECTION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; IGA ANTIBODIES; INFANTS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; ASSAY AB Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is primarily due to prolonged breast-feeding (>6 months) in the postnatal period. Most infant infections are not identifiable until 12 to 18 months of age by available whole virus Western blot serologic tests because of their inability to distinguish passively transferred maternal antibody from infant antibody. We investigated two methods to assess more accurately the time of infant infection. In prospectively collected serial biospecimens, HTLV-I-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes of IgM and IgA were determined by Western blot and HTLV-I proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IgA and IgG reactivity was assessed in periodic serum samples from 16 HTLV-l-seropositive children while IgM reactivity was assessed in 9 of the 16 children. Approximately three to five samples were tested for each child. IgG reactivity was observed in 100% of children at 24 months of age and 73% of children at 6-12 months of age; however, this could represent maternal and not infant antibody. Both IgA and IgM reactivity were insensitive indicators of infection, with only 50% of children showing reactivity at 24 months of age. PCR testing was performed in biospecimens obtained from 11 of these children. An estimated median time of infection of 11.9 months was determined by PCR, which was similar to the median time to infection determined by whole virus Western blot (12.4 months; P = 0.72). PCR tests support a median time to infection that is similar to that estimated by whole virus Western blot. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. George Washington Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Washington, DC USA. George Washington Univ, Hlth Serv, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ W Indies, Dept Pediat, Kingston 7, Jamaica. SAIC, Frederick, MD USA. RP Manns, A (reprint author), NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 59 IS 4 BP 541 EP 546 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199912)59:4<541::AID-JMV19>3.0.CO;2-S PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 251JZ UT WOS:000083443700019 PM 10534739 ER PT J AU Vargas, CM Manski, RJ AF Vargas, CM Manski, RJ TI Dental expenditures and source of payment by race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic characteristics SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Hispanic-Dental-Association CY OCT, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Hispan Dent Assoc DE non-Hispanic blacks; dental expenditures; discretionary services; Hispanics; Medicaid; NMES; out-of-pocket; private dental insurance ID UNITED-STATES; PERMANENT DENTITION; CARIES; ACCESS; ADULTS; CARE AB Objective: This study presents race/ethnic-specific distributions of dental expenditures and their sources of payment by socioeconomic characteristics among US working-age adults. Methods: Data for persons aged 19-64 years from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) (n=18,696) were used to calculate mean dental expenditures and their 95 percent confidence intervals. Results: Dental expenditures were reported by 44.5 percent of participants. Non-Hispanic whites and persons with higher income were more likely to report dental expenditures than their counterparts. Among persons reporting expenditures, those with lower income had lower expenditures than higher-income persons. No differences in the amount of expenditures by race/ethnicity, sex, or employment status were observed. In all race/ethnic groups almost half the expenditures were paid out-of-pocket and one-third by dental insurance. Conclusion: While sociodemographic characteristics determined who had dental expenditures, they did not determine the amount or source of those expenditures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Dept HHS, Agcy Hlth Care Policy & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Vargas, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 730, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AAPHD NATIONAL OFFICE PI PORTLAND PA 3760 SW LYLE COURT, PORTLAND, OR 97221 USA SN 0022-4006 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH DENT JI J. Public Health Dent. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 DI 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03232.x PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 232CT UT WOS:000082348700005 PM 11396042 ER PT J AU Garrett, LC Conway, GA AF Garrett, LC Conway, GA TI Characteristics of moose-vehicle collisions in Anchorage, Alaska, 1991-1995 SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE moose; motor vehicle collision AB Moose have successfully adapted to Anchorage's urban environment, using greenbelt areas for shelter; forage, and protection from nearby predator populations. However, the proximity of moose to people poses unique hazards: a motor vehicle colliding a moose may cause significant injury and vehicle damage. The annual Moose Vehicle Collision (MVC) rate increased during the study period from 40 to 52 MVCs per 100,000 registered vehicles in Anchorage, a significant (X-2 = 7.8, p < 0.01) increase of 23%. Of 519 reported MVCs, 23% resulted in injury to 158 people, with no human fatalities. Collisions were 2.6 times more Likely to have occurred in the dark (n = 375, [72%]) than during daylight hours. An MVC on a dry road was twice (95% CI: 1.29, 3.08) as likely to have resulted in an injury as an incident on a slick road. MVCs may be prevented by: reducing speed limits around greenbelt areas, brighter vehicle headlights, placement of street lights in known moose areas, underpasses for wildlife at known crossings, and snow removal to reduce berm height in areas of high moose concentrations. Published by National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CDC, Alaska Field Stn, NIOSH, Div Safety Res Anchorage, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0022-4375(99)00017-1 PG 5 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 265ZW UT WOS:000084277000002 ER PT J AU Kawchak, DA Sowell, AL Hofley, PM Zemel, BS Scanlin, TF Stallings, VA AF Kawchak, DA Sowell, AL Hofley, PM Zemel, BS Scanlin, TF Stallings, VA TI Longitudinal analysis shows serum carotenoid concentrations are low in children with cystic fibrosis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INCREASED LIPID-PEROXIDATION; BETA-CAROTENE; SUPPLEMENTATION C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Gastroenterol & Nutr,Nutr & Growth Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Gastroenterol & Nutr,Nutr Sect, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Cyst Fibrosis Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kawchak, DA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Gastroenterol & Nutr,Nutr & Growth Lab, 34th St & Civ Ctr Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Zemel, Babette/D-1117-2009 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR00240] NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 99 IS 12 BP 1569 EP 1572 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00386-7 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 261MW UT WOS:000084013800028 PM 10608954 ER PT J AU Hanlon, CA Childs, JE Nettles, VF AF Hanlon, CA Childs, JE Nettles, VF CA Natl Working Grp Rabies Prevention TI Article III: Rabies in wildlife SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GLYCOPROTEIN RECOMBINANT VIRUS; RACCOONS PROCYON-LOTOR; ORAL VACCINATION; UNITED-STATES; VACCINIA VIRUS; FOXES; FIELD; MASSACHUSETTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNIZATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hanlon, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 63 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 215 IS 11 BP 1612 EP 1618 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 258BV UT WOS:000083819000029 PM 14575027 ER PT J AU Alfieri, AA Leite, JPG Alfieri, AF Jiang, BM Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Alfieri, AA Leite, JPG Alfieri, AF Jiang, BM Glass, RI Gentsch, JR TI Detection of field isolates of human and animal group C rotavirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE probe-hybridization; rotavirus C; RT-PCR ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OUTER CAPSID GLYCOPROTEIN; SERIAL PROPAGATION; CELL-LINE; SEQUENCE CONSERVATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ATYPICAL ROTAVIRUSES; BILIARY ATRESIA; VP7 GENE; BRAZIL AB Rotaviruses (RV) are important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children, as well as the young of a variety of animals worldwide. These viruses belong to Reoviridae family and contain a genome of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Two major proteins, VP4 and VP7, encoded by genome segments 4 and 7, 8 or 9, respectively, evoke a neutralizing antibody response and form the basis for the current classification of group (gp) A rotavirus into P (VP4) and G (VP7) serotypes, Although much recent progress has been made on the molecular biology of gp C RV, routine methods to detect and discriminate human, porcine, and bovine strains are not available widely. In this study, a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and digoxigenin-labeled (dig) oligonucleotide probes using chemiluminescence has been developed to detect and discriminate VP7 genes from culture-adapted and field isolates of human, porcine and bovine gp C RV. The multiplex RT-PCR and dig-probes were specific for the VP7 genes of human, porcine and bovine gp C RV and allowed detection and characterization of single and mixed infections of porcine gp C RV with porcine gp A or gp B rotaviruses. Detection rates for gp C RV were more than 50% when compared with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These new diagnostic assays may help determine the epidemiological importance of these viruses in human and animal infections. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Virol, Lab Comparat Virol, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Londrina State Univ UEL, Lab Anim Virol, Londrina, PR, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Leite, JPG (reprint author), Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Virol, Lab Comparat Virol, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD DEC PY 1999 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00104-4 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 262AB UT WOS:000084042600005 PM 10598081 ER PT J AU Brown, BA Oberste, MS Alexander, JP Kennett, ML Pallansch, MA AF Brown, BA Oberste, MS Alexander, JP Kennett, ML Pallansch, MA TI Molecular epidemiology and evolution of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from 1970 to 1998 SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; TYPE-71 INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; POLIOMYELITIS; OUTBREAK; NUCLEOTIDE; POLIOVIRUS; LIKELIHOOD; PARALYSIS AB Enterovirus 71 (EV71) (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae), a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), may also cause severe neurological diseases, such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like paralysis, To examine the genetic diversity and rate of evolution of EV71, we have determined and analyzed complete VPI sequences (891 nucleotides) for 113 EV71 strains isolated in the United States and five other countries from 1970 to 1998, Nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated three distinct EV71 genotypes, designated A, B, and C, The genetic variation within genotypes (12% or fewer nucleotide differences) was less than the variation between genotypes (16.5 to 19.7%). Strains of all three genotypes were at least 94% identical to one another in deduced amino acid sequence. The EV71 prototype strain, BrCr-CA-70, isolated in California in 1970, is the sole member of genotype A. Strains isolated in the United States and Australia during the period from 1972 to 1988, a 1994 Colombian isolate, and isolates from a large HFMD outbreak in Malaysia in 1997 are all members of genotype B, Although strains of genotype B continue to circulate in other parts of the world, none have been isolated in the United States since 1988. Genotype C contains strains isolated in 1985 or later in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the Republic of China, The annual rate of evolution within both the B and C genotypes was estimated to be approximately 1.35 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide and is similar to the rate observed for poliovirus, The results indicate that EV71 is a genetically diverse, rapidly evolving virus, Its worldwide circulation and potential to cause severe disease underscore the need for additional surveillance and improved methods to identify EV71 in human disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Victorian Infect Dis Reference Lab, N Melbourne, Vic 3051, Australia. RP Brown, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US PHS,US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 288 Z9 396 U1 6 U2 21 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 73 IS 12 BP 9969 EP 9975 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 255ZD UT WOS:000083699300033 PM 10559310 ER PT J AU Greby, SM Singleton, JA Walker, FJ Strikas, RA AF Greby, SM Singleton, JA Walker, FJ Strikas, RA TI Promoting women's health through age-appropriate vaccination SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Strikas, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 8 IS 10 BP 1225 EP 1231 DI 10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1225 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 272EX UT WOS:000084638500003 PM 10643828 ER PT J AU Cox, NJ AF Cox, NJ TI Prevention and control of influenza SO LANCET LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch G 16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cox, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch G 16, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC PY 1999 VL 354 SU S BP 30 EP 30 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 267DT UT WOS:000084342100031 ER PT J AU Dykstra, MJ Sharp, NJH Olivry, T Hillier, A Murphy, KM Kaufman, L Kunkle, GA Pucheu-Haston, C AF Dykstra, MJ Sharp, NJH Olivry, T Hillier, A Murphy, KM Kaufman, L Kunkle, GA Pucheu-Haston, C TI A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs SO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE canine; diagnosis; pythiosis; therapy ID PATHOGEN PYTHIUM-INSIDIOSUM; GASTROINTESTINAL PHYCOMYCOSIS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; HORSES AB Information regarding signalment, duration of clinical signs, history of swimming, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, biopsy findings and mycological results, together with treatments and outcome, was retrieved from the medical records of 15 dogs with a diagnosis of pythiosis made between 1985 and 1995 at the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University and the University of Florida. Most of the dogs were young (median age 22 months) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Lesions were characteristically chronic, ulcerated, and nodular with multiple draining tracts on the limbs, thoracic wall or perineal regions. The median duration of these lesions was 3 months with a range of 2 weeks-6 months. Seven dogs had a history of swimming. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in 14 of the dogs. Cytological evaluation of discharge, aspirates, or impression smears made from biopsy specimens revealed hyphae in five of 11 dogs (45%). Histopathological evaluation using the Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) stain was the most useful test for providing presumptive evidence of cutaneous pythiosis. Immunotherapy or antifungal therapy using either amphotericin B, liposomal nystatin, itraconazole, or ketoconazole were all unsuccessful. The only dog to survive underwent amputation of the affected limb; thus, the prognosis for cutaneous pythiosis in the dog is poor. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Compan Anim & Special Species Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunodiagnost Lab, Div Bacterial, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Brach, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Dykstra, MJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RI Hillier, Andrew/C-9159-2012; Olivry, Thierry/E-3289-2013; Pucheu-Haston, Cherie/D-8322-2015 OI Pucheu-Haston, Cherie/0000-0003-1916-7188 NR 28 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1369-3786 J9 MED MYCOL JI Med. Mycol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 37 IS 6 BP 427 EP 433 DI 10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00248.x PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology; Veterinary Sciences GA 271YT UT WOS:000084623200007 PM 10647124 ER PT J AU Crespo, CJ Ainsworth, BE Keteyian, SJ Heath, GW Smit, E AF Crespo, CJ Ainsworth, BE Keteyian, SJ Heath, GW Smit, E TI Prevalence of physical inactivity and its relation to social class in US adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE physical activity; Nhanes; social class; SES; income; exercise; poverty ID WOMEN; MEN; BEHAVIORS; CENSUS AB Purpose: This study examines the prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time in a national representative sample of U.S. adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994. A total of 18,825 adults aged 20 yr and older participated in a home interview where information about physical activity, education, income, occupation, employment, and labor force participation was obtained. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity among U.S. adults was 23%, with more women (28%) than men (17%) reporting being inactive during their leisure time. Additionally, inactivity is more common among in social class such as persons who are less educated, living below the poverty line, living in households with income below 20,000 dollars, and who are retired. In every category of social class, women experienced a higher prevalence of physical inactivity than men. Conclusions: We conclude that social class is associated with physical inactivity and that more research is needed to better understand the effect that other social and environmental factors have on sedentary behaviors in our society. C1 American Univ, Dept Hlth & Fitness, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Henry Ford Heart & Vasc Inst, Detroit, MI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Crespo, CJ (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Hlth & Fitness, Washington, DC 20016 USA. NR 32 TC 126 Z9 128 U1 2 U2 10 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1821 EP 1827 DI 10.1097/00005768-199912000-00019 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 265MC UT WOS:000084247100019 PM 10613434 ER PT J AU Fantappie, MR Galina, A de Mendonca, RL Furtado, DR Secor, WE Colley, DG Correa-Oliveira, R Freeman, G Tempone, AJ de Camargo, LL Rumjanek, FD AF Fantappie, MR Galina, A de Mendonca, RL Furtado, DR Secor, WE Colley, DG Correa-Oliveira, R Freeman, G Tempone, AJ de Camargo, LL Rumjanek, FD TI Molecular characterisation of a NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 from Schistosoma mansoni and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain function by testosterone SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NADH Q oxidoreductase; S-mansoni; testosterone; mitochondria ID SUSCEPTIBILITY DIFFERENCES; FEMALE MICE; GENE; PROTEIN; HAEMATOBIUM; JAPONICUM; RECEPTORS AB Complementary DNA, encoding the mitochondrial enzyme NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (SmND5) of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni was isolated by screening a S. mansoni cDNA library with a human androgen receptor (hAR) cDNA probe. The complete nucleotide and deduced aminoacid sequences of SmND5 were determined. Southern blot analysis revealed the occurrence of a single copy gene for SmND5 and by means of RT-PCR, it was shown that sex- and stage-specific expression of SmND5 occurred. In order to establish a functional relationship between the mitochondrial enzyme and the androgen receptor, the effects of testosterone were compared to those of classical respiratory chain inhibitors, using adult schistosome and beef heart submitochondrial particles. Physiological concentrations of testosterone were able to inhibit the maintenance of proton gradient across the mitochondrial membranes, as well as ATP synthesis. The steroid was found to be cytotoxic to the larvae, but not to adult schistosomes. A model is proposed to explain the observed in vivo testosterone-related differences in worm burdens, in experimental chronic infections. C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, ICB, CCS, Dept Bioquim Med, BR-21941590 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Inst Pasteur, Ctr Immunol & Biol Parasitaire, INSERM, U167, F-59019 Lille, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Saude, Fdn Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. RP Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, ICB, CCS, Dept Bioquim Med, ICB CCS Bloco E Sala 22,Ilha Fundao, BR-21941590 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RI Galina, Antonio/A-9292-2008; Furtado, Daniel/B-8697-2008 OI Furtado, Daniel/0000-0001-7072-7879 NR 26 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 EI 1573-4919 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 202 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1023/A:1007057903390 PG 10 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 268BV UT WOS:000084395200017 PM 10706005 ER PT J AU Puglielli, MT Browning, JL Brewer, AW Schreiber, RD Shieh, WJ Altman, JD Oldstone, MBA Zaki, SR Ahmed, R AF Puglielli, MT Browning, JL Brewer, AW Schreiber, RD Shieh, WJ Altman, JD Oldstone, MBA Zaki, SR Ahmed, R TI Reversal of virus-induced systemic shock and respiratory failure by blockade of the lymphotoxin pathway SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; T-CELL RESPONSES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SURFACE LYMPHOTOXIN; VIRAL PERSISTENCE; KILLER-CELLS; BETA; RECEPTOR AB At present, little is known about the pathogenesis of acute virus-induced shock and pulmonary failure. A chief impediment in understanding the underlying disease mechanisms and developing treatment strategies has been the lack of a suitable animal model. This study describes a mouse model of virus-induced systemic shock and respiratory distress, and shows that blockade of the lymphotoxin beta receptor pathway reverses the disease. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. Schering Plough Res Inst, Lafayette, NJ 07848 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, Div Virol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Ahmed, R (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Schreiber, Robert/A-1276-2013; OI Schreiber, Robert/0000-0001-6311-0432; Browning, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9168-5233 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30048, AI09866]; NINDS NIH HHS [NS21496] NR 34 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 12 BP 1370 EP 1374 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 262DE UT WOS:000084049700035 PM 10581078 ER PT J AU Sempos, CT Looker, AC AF Sempos, CT Looker, AC TI Iron status and the risk of coronary heart disease SO NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES LA English DT Review DE iron; ferritin; heart disease; coronary heart disease; epidemiology ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; EASTERN FINNISH MEN; SERUM FERRITIN; ARTERY DISEASE; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; LDL-OXIDATION; BLOOD DONATION; DIETARY IRON; CAUSE MORTALITY; NO ASSOCIATION C1 NIH, Off Res Minor Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Sempos, CT (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, 270 Farber Hall,3435 Main St,Bldg 26, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. NR 100 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU MEDIKAL PRESS S R L PI MILAN PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA, 30, 20153 MILAN, ITALY SN 0939-4753 J9 NUTR METAB CARDIOVAS JI Nutr. Metab. Carbiovasc. Dis. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 9 IS 6 BP 294 EP 303 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 291HW UT WOS:000085729400005 PM 10765522 ER EF