FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Lawn, SD Karanja, DMS Mwinzi, P Andove, J Colley, DG Folks, TM Secor, WE AF Lawn, SD Karanja, DMS Mwinzi, P Andove, J Colley, DG Folks, TM Secor, WE TI The effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on blood plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE Africa; coinfections; immune activation; HIV-1; plasma HIV load; praziquantel; schistosomiasis ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; WESTERN KENYA; INFECTION; MANSONI; RESPONSES; ANTIGEN; TUBERCULOSIS AB Objective: To determine whether drug treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection leads to a reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals. Methods: Stool and plasma samples were obtained prospectively from a cohort of HIV-infected persons (n = 30) in Kisumu, Kenya, before and after treatment of schistosomiasis with praziquantel (mean follow-up, 5.6 months; range 1-15 months). Schistosomal circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) concentrations in plasma were determined by ELISA and fecal egg counts were determined by microscopy. HIV-1 RNA concentrations were measured in pre- and post-treatment plasma samples obtained from the patients whose stool samples remained free of schistosomal eggs for the great majority of the follow-up period. Results: Comparison of pretreatment and follow-up samples revealed that mean +/- SD fecal egg burden was reduced by 96.7% (481.5 +/- 803.5 versus 16.1 +/- 24.4 eggs/g feces) and mean plasma CCA concentration decreased by 90.1% (3.22 +/- 3.26 versus 0.32 +/- 0.38 mug/ml). In contrast, mean plasma HIV-1 load increased from 3.60 +/- 0.90 to 3.93 +/- 0.95 log(10) RNA copies/ml (P < 0.001). Although no correlation was found between changes in HIV-1 load and changes in schistosomal burden, there was a significant correlation between changes in plasma HIV load and the time interval between pretreatment and follow-up samples (r = 0.41; P = 0.027). Conclusions: Treatment of schistosomiasis was not associated with a reduction in plasma HIV-1 load. This study does not, however, exclude the possibility of an adverse effect of helminthic infections on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB & Mycobacteriol Branch, Mail Stop G35,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16 BP 2437 EP 2443 DI 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00004 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 373ZW UT WOS:000165320800004 PM 11101053 ER PT J AU Ghys, PD Belec, L Diallo, MO Ettiegne-Traore, V Becquart, P Maurice, C Nkengasong, JN Coulibaly, IM Greenberg, AE Laga, M Wiktor, SZ AF Ghys, PD Belec, L Diallo, MO Ettiegne-Traore, V Becquart, P Maurice, C Nkengasong, JN Coulibaly, IM Greenberg, AE Laga, M Wiktor, SZ TI Cervicovaginal anti-HIV antibodies in HIV-seronegative female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE Africa; HIV resistance; female sex workers; mucosal immunity ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; VAGINAL SECRETIONS; SEMINAL ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; RESISTANCE; INDIVIDUALS; INTERCOURSE; IMMUNITY; MUCOSAL; COHORT AB Objective: To detect anti-HIV antibodies in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-seronegative female sex workers and to evaluate whether the presence of these antibodies is associated with increased sexual exposure. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at a confidential clinic for female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. The participants were 342 HIV-seronegative female sex workers in whom a cervicovaginal ravage was collected. The main outcome measures were the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 in cervicovaginal lavages using an in-house and a commercial (Seradyn Sentinel(R); Calypte Biomedical Corporation, Berkeley, California, USA) enzyme immunoassay; the detection of semen in cervicovaginal lavages; and the assessment of epidemiological and biological markers of sexual exposure to HIV. Results: Cervicovaginal anti-HIV antibodies were detected in 7.3 and 29.8% of women using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Seradyn Sentinel respectively. All cervicovaginal secretions found to be positive by in-house ELISA were also positive by Seradyn Sentinel. In a minority of women, ranging from 2.9% by in-house ELISA to 12.3% by Seradyn Sentinel, the anti-HIV antibodies were present in vaginal fluids that did not contain semen. Sexual exposure to HIV was similar in women with anti-HIV antibodies in their semen-free cervicovaginal secretions compared with women without anti-HIV antibodies in their cervicovaginal secretions. Conclusions: Cervicovaginal HIV-specific antibodies were detected in a minority of sexually exposed HIV-seronegative female sex workers in Abidjan. The lack of association between increased sexual exposure to HIV and presence of cervicovaginal HIV-specific antibodies suggests that the production of genital HIV-specific antibodies in exposed seronegative women depends on the ability of individual women to mount specific mucosal immunity to HIV antigens, the determinants of which are currently unknown. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Inst Trop Med, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Hop Broussais, Virol Lab, F-75674 Paris, France. Hop Broussais, INSERM U430, F-75674 Paris, France. Programme Natl Lutte Contre SIDS MST & TB, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ghys, PD (reprint author), UNAIDS, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 16 BP 2603 EP 2608 DI 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00025 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 373ZW UT WOS:000165320800025 PM 11101074 ER PT J AU Vincent, MJ Quiroz, E Gracia, F Sanchez, AJ Ksiazek, TG Kitsutani, PT Ruedas, LA Tinnin, DS Caceres, L Garcia, A Rollin, PE Mills, JN Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Vincent, MJ Quiroz, E Gracia, F Sanchez, AJ Ksiazek, TG Kitsutani, PT Ruedas, LA Tinnin, DS Caceres, L Garcia, A Rollin, PE Mills, JN Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Panama: Identification of novel Hantaviruses and their likely reservoirs SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; VIRUS; ARGENTINA; RNA; HPS AB Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), a severe respiratory disease with high mortality caused by rodent-borne hantaviruses, has previously been identified in the United States and Canada as well as central and southern South America. In late 1999 and early 2000, an outbreak of acute illness compatible with HPS was reported in Los Santos, Panama, with the death of 3 of the 12 (25%) suspected cases. Hantavirus-specific antibodies were detected in patient sera, and virus RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis of virus genome N-, G1-, and G2-encoding fragments showed this to be a novel hantavirus, Choclo virus. Serologic and virus genetic analyses of rodents trapped in the area showed Oligoryzomys fulvescens to be the likely reservoir for the HPS-associated Choclo virus. In addition, Zygodontomys brevicauda rodents were shown to harbor another genetically unique hantavirus. Calabazo virus. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Inst Conmemorat Gorgas Estudios Salud, Panama City, Panama. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD NOV 10 PY 2000 VL 277 IS 1 BP 14 EP 19 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0563 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 376WX UT WOS:000165480700003 PM 11062031 ER PT J AU Arishi, H Ageel, A Rahman, MA Hazmi, AA Arishi, AR Ayoola, B Menon, C Ashraf, J Frogusin, O Sawwan, F Al Hazmi, M As-Sharif, A Al Sayed, M Ageel, AR Alrajhi, ARA Al-Hedaithy, MA Fatani, A Sahaly, A Ghelani, A Al Basam, T Turkistani, A Al Hamadan, N Mishkas, A Al-Jeffri, MH Al Mazroa, YY Alamri, MMA Al-Qahtani, MM Al Drees, A Madden, T Al Gazebo, G Shubokshi, OA Jupp, P Kemp, A Burt, F Swanepoel, R AF Arishi, H Ageel, A Rahman, MA Hazmi, AA Arishi, AR Ayoola, B Menon, C Ashraf, J Frogusin, O Sawwan, F Al Hazmi, M As-Sharif, A Al Sayed, M Ageel, AR Alrajhi, ARA Al-Hedaithy, MA Fatani, A Sahaly, A Ghelani, A Al Basam, T Turkistani, A Al Hamadan, N Mishkas, A Al-Jeffri, MH Al Mazroa, YY Alamri, MMA Al-Qahtani, MM Al Drees, A Madden, T Al Gazebo, G Shubokshi, OA Jupp, P Kemp, A Burt, F Swanepoel, R CA CDC TI Outbreak of Rift Valley fever - Saudi Arabia, August-October, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 905-908, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 King Fahd Cent Hosp, Jizan, Saudi Arabia. King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. King Saud Univ, King Khalid Univ Hosp, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Field Epidemiol Training Program, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Labs & Blood Banks, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Natl Inst Virol, Pathogens Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. CDC, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Special Pathogens Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Arishi, H (reprint author), King Fahd Cent Hosp, Jizan, Saudi Arabia. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2310 EP 2311 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500010 ER PT J CA CDC TI Enterovirus surveillance - United States, 1997-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 913-916, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2311 EP 2312 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Measuring childhood asthma prevalence before and after the 1997 redesign of the National Health Interview Survey - United States (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 908-911, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Interview Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Br, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Br, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Interview Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Br, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2312 EP 2313 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500012 ER PT J AU Condon, K Suarez, L Perrotta, D AF Condon, K Suarez, L Perrotta, D CA CDC TI Screening with the prostate-specific antigen test - Texas, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 818-820, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Epidemiol & Hlth Svcs Res Br, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Epidemiol Program Off, State Br, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2313 EP 2314 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500013 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS Williamson, DF AF Kahn, HS Williamson, DF TI Race, parity, and gestational diabetes as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID PREGNANCY C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2318 EP 2318 DI 10.1001/jama.284.18.2318 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500016 PM 11066172 ER PT J AU Gibbons, RV Holman, RC Belay, ED Schonberger, LB AF Gibbons, RV Holman, RC Belay, ED Schonberger, LB TI Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gibbons, RV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 5 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 18 BP 2322 EP 2323 DI 10.1001/jama.284.18.2322 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 369NU UT WOS:000165074500025 PM 11066181 ER PT J AU Nichol, ST Arikawa, J Kawaoka, Y AF Nichol, ST Arikawa, J Kawaoka, Y TI Emerging viral diseases SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Japanese-American Frontiers of Science Symposium CY OCT 01-03, 1999 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN ID VIRUSES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Sch Med, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arikawa, Jiro/D-9858-2012 NR 9 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 7 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 23 BP 12411 EP 12412 DI 10.1073/pnas.210382297 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 372GK UT WOS:000165225800012 PM 11035785 ER PT J AU Walter, R Hartmann, K Pool, V Gargiullo, P Kuhn, M AF Walter, R Hartmann, K Pool, V Gargiullo, P Kuhn, M TI Reactivation of herpes virus infections by vaccination: evidence or coincidence SO SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA German DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 68th Annual Meeting of the Swiss-Society-for-Internal-Medicine CY MAR 09-11, 2000 CL ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Soc Internal Med DE vaccination; herpes virus infection; vaccine-induced immunomodulation; spontaneous reports AB Varicella tester and herpes simplex viruses cause latent infections by persisting in human cells. Reactivation has been associated with increasing age, immunosuppression, cancer, stress, fever, exposure to ultraviolet light, and tissue damage. Based on three cases reported to the Swiss Drug Monitoring Centre SANZ, we postulated previously that vaccinations may trigger reactivation of herpes virus infections due to vaccine-induced immunomodulation. In the meantime, 10 new cases of reactivated herpes virus infections soon after vaccinations have been reported. They involved 5 women and 5 men with an age range between 16 and 60. In only one case had a trauma preceded, otherwise healthy subjects with no known relevant comorbidity were vaccinated. The clustering of reports after publication points to a previous underreporting of similar cases. This may be explained by the fact that both vaccinations and reactivations of herpes virus infections are frequent, and a causal link is not suspected. However, these new cases do not prove causality, and extensive epidemiological or experimental studies are needed to elucidate the possible link between vaccination and reactivation of herpes virus infections. C1 SANZ, CH-7000 Chur, Switzerland. Univ Spital Zurich, Med Klin B, Dept Innere Med, Zurich, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hartmann, K (reprint author), SANZ, Neubruchstr 37, CH-7000 Chur, Switzerland. RI Walter, Roland/C-1064-2008 OI Walter, Roland/0000-0002-9268-3341 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU E M H SWISS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS LTD PI BASEL PA STEINENTORSTRASSE 13, CH-4-10 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0036-7672 J9 SCHWEIZ MED WSCHR JI Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. PD NOV 4 PY 2000 VL 130 IS 44 BP 1685 EP 1688 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 374BG UT WOS:000165324100011 PM 11103441 ER PT J AU Page, SJ Organiscak, JA AF Page, SJ Organiscak, JA TI Suggestion of a cause-and-effect relationship among coal rank, airborne dust, and incidence of workers' pneumoconiosis SO AIHAJ LA English DT Editorial Material ID POTENTIAL ROLE; FREE-RADICALS; LUNG INJURY; PARTICLES; MINERS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, NIOSH, Pittsburgh Res Lab, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. RP Page, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept HHS, NIOSH, Pittsburgh Res Lab, POB 18070, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 61 IS 6 BP 785 EP 787 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 390FX UT WOS:000166286000001 PM 11192209 ER PT J AU Kuczmarski, RJ Flegal, KM AF Kuczmarski, RJ Flegal, KM TI Criteria for definition of overweight in transition: background and recommendations for the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE body mass index; overweight; obesity; healthy weight; practice guidelines; dietary guidelines ID BODY-MASS INDEX; HEIGHT-WEIGHT TABLES; RELATIVE WEIGHT; IDEAL WEIGHT; US ADULTS; PREVALENCE; OBESITY; HEALTH; ADIPOSITY; GUIDELINES AB Overweight and obesity are leading nutrition-related disorders of clinical and public health concern. Assessment and classification of these conditions are dependent on specific body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) cutoff points. US government agencies are making the transition to a revised BMI definition of overweight from that previously recommended for general use. The purpose of this article is to inform the broader medical and scientific communities of the transition that is underway in the United States to identify and classify overweight among adults by using BMI. Historical background on the use of BMI in a variety of applications, as reported in US federal government agency documents, provides an understanding of previous and current weight-for-height guidelines and the basis for arriving at them. On the basis of the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans, US government agencies are moving toward the use of criteria for overweight and obesity that are consistent with current international standards. Clinicians, researchers, and journal editors should be aware of the transition toward a common definition of healthy weight, overweight, and obesity. To facilitate comparisons and reporting of data, others are encouraged to consider making this transition as well. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Kuczmarski, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 68 TC 351 Z9 358 U1 4 U2 21 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1074 EP 1081 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 369XN UT WOS:000165093200005 PM 11063431 ER PT J AU Troiano, RP Briefel, RR Carroll, MD Bialostosky, K AF Troiano, RP Briefel, RR Carroll, MD Bialostosky, K TI Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Colloquium on Fat Intake During Childhood CY JUN 08-09, 1998 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Mars Inc DE National Health and Nutrition Examination; Survey; NHANES; energy intake; dietary fats; beverages; health surveys; nutrition surveys; trends; child; preschool; adolescence; United States ID RISK-FACTORS; OBESITY; TRENDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OVERWEIGHT AB Background: Dietary factors related to body weight and chronic disease risk are of interest because of recent increases in the prevalence of overweight. Objective: Secular trends in energy and fat intakes of youths aged 2-19 y were assessed. Current intakes were compared with recommendations. Design: Dietary 24-h recall data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) and earlier national surveys were examined. Results: Mean energy intake changed little from the 1970s to 1988-1994 except for an increase among adolescent females. Over the same time period, the mean percentage of energy from total and saturated fat decreased, but remained above recommendations, with overall means of 33.5% of energy from fat and 12.2% of energy from saturated fat, in 1988-1994, approximate to1 in 4 youths met the recommendations for intakes of fat and saturated fat and 3 in 4 met the recommendation for cholesterol intake. Beverages contributed 20-24% of energy across all ages and soft drinks provided 8% of energy in adolescents. Except for adolescent girls, beverage energy contributions were generally higher among overweight than nonoverweight youths; soft drink energy contribution was higher among overweight youths than among nonoverweight youths for all groups. Conclusions: The lack of evidence of a general increase in energy intake among youths despite an increase in the prevalence of overweight suggests that physical inactivity is a major public health challenge in this age group. Efforts to increase physical activity and decrease nonnutritive sources of energy may be important approaches to counter the rise in overweight prevalence. C1 NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Troiano, RP (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, NIH, ARP Execut Plaza N,Room 4005,6130 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 54 TC 181 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 SU S BP 1343S EP 1353S PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 371KE UT WOS:000165177500012 PM 11063476 ER PT J AU Kroll, MH Cole, TG Rifai, N Cooper, G Warnick, GR Jialal, I AF Kroll, MH Cole, TG Rifai, N Cooper, G Warnick, GR Jialal, I TI Standardization of lipoprotein reporting SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary artery disease; coronary heart disease; atherosclerosis; clinical laboratory ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LIPID-LOWERING THERAPY; GLYCOL-MODIFIED ENZYMES; HEART-DISEASE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; LDL-CHOLESTEROL; SULFATE-MG2+ METHOD; ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; HOMOGENEOUS ASSAY AB We wanted to ascertain whether the current format of lipid laboratory reports seemed adequate to promote identification and treatment of patients with dyslipidemia. In a random survey of lipid laboratory reports from 25 laboratories, we found great inconsistencies among reporting formats and contents, Fewer than half the laboratories correctly reported the ranges for cholesterol, only 4 correctly reported ranges fbr high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, only 2 correctly reported ranges for triglycerides, and none presented law-density lipoprotein cholesterol ranges in terms of risk factors for coronary heart disease. Reports typically were disjointed and difficult to read The current practice of reporting results for lipid panels is confusing and does not follow the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. We recommend that reporting of results be standardized, and a "model" standardized report is presented herein, based on consensus from a team of experts. The standardized report uses current recommendations for ranges, follows the flowcharts of the NCEP guidelines, and takes the patient's clinical condition (the number of risk factors and the presence of coronary heart disease) into consideration. Standardizing lipid reports should decrease confusion and perhaps increase application of the guidelines and patient compliance with treatment. C1 Dallas Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75216 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Core Lab Clin Studies, St Louis, MO USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Lab Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Pacific Biometr, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Internal Med, Dallas, TX USA. RP Kroll, MH (reprint author), Dallas Vet Affairs Med Ctr, 4500 Lancaster Rd 113, Dallas, TX 75216 USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN PATHOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 114 IS 5 BP 696 EP 702 PG 7 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 367JL UT WOS:000090057900004 PM 11068542 ER PT J AU Kegler, M Cleaver, V Kingsley, B AF Kegler, M Cleaver, V Kingsley, B TI The social context of experimenting with cigarettes: American Indian "start stories" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article ID SMOKING ONSET; SITUATIONS C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot Sci, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Coll Publ Hlth, Ctr Prevent Res Native Amer, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Kegler, M (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU PHS HHS [48/CCU 610817] NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 89 EP 92 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 387PQ UT WOS:000166131300004 PM 11194700 ER PT J AU Dilley, A Austin, H El-Jamil, M Hooper, WC Barnhart, E Evatt, BL Sullivan, PS Ellingsen, D Patterson-Barnett, A Eller, D Randall, H Philipp, C AF Dilley, A Austin, H El-Jamil, M Hooper, WC Barnhart, E Evatt, BL Sullivan, PS Ellingsen, D Patterson-Barnett, A Eller, D Randall, H Philipp, C TI Genetic factors associated with thrombosis in pregnancy in a United States population SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blood coagulation factors; genetics; pregnancy; risk factors; thrombosis; thrombophilia; factor V Leiden; angiotensin-converting enzyme; methylenetrahydrofolate reductase ID ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME; PROTEIN-C RESISTANCE; DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS; FACTOR-V-LEIDEN; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; RISK FACTOR; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; DELETION POLYMORPHISM; MUTATION AB OBJECTIVE: Polymorphisms in the genes for factor V (factor V Leiden), prothrombin, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme have been associated with the occurrence of venous thrombosis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships of these polymorphisms to thrombosis during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: This case-control study included 41 case patients with venous thrombosis during pregnancy and 76 control subjects matched for hospital acid for race (white vs black) who had a normal pregnancy. RESULTS: Among white subjects, mutations in the genes for factor V and prothrombin were associated with increased risks of venous thrombosis during pregnancy (factor V: odds ratio, 18.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.7-432; P = .001;prothrombin: odds ratio P; 95% lower confidence limit, 1.7; P = .01). No black subject had either of these two mutations. For both black and white subjects the D/D genotype of the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme entailed increased risk compared with the other genotypes (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.3; P = .02). The polymorphism in the gene for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was unrelated to thrombosis during pregnancy among both blacks and whites. CONCLUSION: Women who had thrombotic complications during pregnancy demonstrated an increased prevalence of genetic mutations related to coagulation. The additional risk of thrombosis during pregnancy associated with such genetic mutations can be substantial. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Northside Womens Specialists, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Div Hematol, New Brunswick, NJ USA. RP Dilley, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 25 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 183 IS 5 BP 1271 EP 1277 DI 10.1067/mob.2000.106820 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 377KD UT WOS:000165512000038 PM 11084577 ER PT J AU Waalen, J Goodwin, MM Spitz, AM Petersen, R Saltzman, LE AF Waalen, J Goodwin, MM Spitz, AM Petersen, R Saltzman, LE TI Screening for intimate partner violence by health care providers - Barriers and interventions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE domestic violence; health personnel; health services; intervention studies; spouse abuse ID TREATING WIFE ABUSE; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; BATTERED WOMEN; OVERCOMING BARRIERS; FAMILY VIOLENCE; EMERGENCY; ATTITUDES; PHYSICIANS; PREVENTION; QUESTIONS AB Introduction: Routine screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) is endorsed by numerous health professional organizations. Screening rates in health care settings, however, remain low. in this article, we present a review of studies focusing on provider-specific barriers to screening for IPV and interventions designed to increase IPV screening in clinical settings. Methods: A review of published studies containing original research with a primary focus on screening for IPV by health professionals was completed. Results: Twelve studies identifying barriers to IPV screening as perceived by health care providers yielded similar lists; top provider-related barriers included lack of provider education regarding IPV, lack of time, and lack of effective interventions. Patient-related factors (e.g., patient nondisclosure, fear of offending the patient) were also frequently mentioned. Twelve additional studies evaluating interventions designed to increase IPV screening by providers revealed that interventions limited to education of providers had no significant effect on screening or identification rates. However, most interventions that incorporated strategies in addition to education (e.g., providing specific screening questions) were associated with significant increases in identification rates. Conclusions: Barriers to screening for IPV are documented to be similar among health care providers across diverse specialties and settings. Interventions designed to overcome these barriers and increase IPV-screening rates in health care settings are likely to be more effective if they include strategies in addition to provider education. C1 San Diego State Univ, Univ Calif San Diego, Gen Prevent Med Residency Program, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Cecil Sheps Ctr Hlth Serv Res, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Waalen, J (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Univ Calif San Diego, Gen Prevent Med Residency Program, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. NR 60 TC 205 Z9 207 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 230 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00229-4 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 372LF UT WOS:000165234600005 PM 11064226 ER PT J AU Durant, T Gilbert, BC Saltzman, LE Johnson, CH AF Durant, T Gilbert, BC Saltzman, LE Johnson, CH CA PRAMS Working Grp TI Opportunities for intervention - Discussing physical abuse during prenatal care visits SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE crisis intervention; domestic violence; pregnancy; prenatal care; reproductive medicine; spouse abuse; violence; women ID DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; PREVALENCE; PREGNANCY; VICTIMS; WOMEN AB Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that screening for physical abuse during prenatal care visits becomes routine. Although prenatal care visits offer a unique intervention opportunity, screening is not yet standard practice. Data and Methods: We used data from the 1996 and 1997 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to assess the prevalence of and the factors associated with health care providers' discussion of physical abuse with pregnant women in 14 states. PRAMS is a state-specific, population-based surveillance system that collects information from women on maternal behaviors before and during pregnancy, and at 2 to 6 months postpartum. Results: Between 22% and 39% of the women surveyed reported that health care providers talked with them about physical abuse during prenatal care visits. Health care providers were more likely to discuss physical abuse with women who were black, Hispanic, young (aged <20 and 20 to 29), had a high school education or less, or paid for prenatal care with Medicaid. Conclusions: Our results indicate that most pregnant women do not report that their prenatal care providers discussed physical abuse with them. Logistic regression analyses identified consistent associations across the 14 states between discussion of abuse and demographic and pregnancy-related factors. A better understanding of the factors associated with whether a health care provider discusses physical abuse with a pregnant woman could increase intervention opportunities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Durant, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 238 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00232-4 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 372LF UT WOS:000165234600006 PM 11064227 ER PT J AU Saltzman, LE Green, YT Marks, JS Thacker, SB AF Saltzman, LE Green, YT Marks, JS Thacker, SB TI Violence against women as a public health issue - Comments from the CDC SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PARTNER ABUSE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Womens Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Saltzman, LE (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 325 EP 329 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00241-5 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 372LF UT WOS:000165234600020 PM 11064239 ER PT J AU Sondik, EJ Lucas, JW Madans, JH Smith, SS AF Sondik, EJ Lucas, JW Madans, JH Smith, SS TI Race/ethnicity and the 2000 census: Implications for public health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. This article addresses the potential impact of the revised standards for race and ethnicity on data from the 2000 census and public health data sources, policies, and programs. Method's. The authors examine the relationship between race/ethnicity and health in selected measures, identify the factors that influence race/ethnicity identification, consider past experience in race/ethnicity reporting, and explore the challenges in understanding and managing the effects of new racial/ethnic categories in various data sets. Results. The multiple-race group seems to compose only a small percentage of the US population and may have little impact on data for single-race,groups. Actual effects will vary according to a number of factors, including the size, composition, and geographic distribution of the group. Conclusions. More research is needed to support a thorough understanding of the reporting of multirace data and the development of techniques for analyzing these data. Given the importance of understanding the relationship between race/ethnicity and health, the ability to produce useful, comparable, and meaningful data is essential. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Sondik, EJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 1140, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 6 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 2000 VL 90 IS 11 BP 1709 EP 1713 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.11.1709 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 369FJ UT WOS:000165055000007 PM 11076236 ER PT J AU Bern, C Hernandez, B Lopez, MB Arrowood, MJ De Merida, AM Klein, RE AF Bern, C Hernandez, B Lopez, MB Arrowood, MJ De Merida, AM Klein, RE TI The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID GUINEA-BISSAU; INFECTION; CAYETANENSIS; DIARRHEA; OUTBREAK; COMMUNITY; CHILDREN; PATHOGEN; BRAZIL; PARVUM AB We compared epidemiologic characteristics of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in surveillance data from outpatient departments in Guatemala. Routinely-submitted stool specimens were screened by microscopy. Age, sex, and symptom data were collected. Cyclospora was detected in 117 (2.1%) and Cryptosporidium in 67 (1.2%) of 5,520 specimens. The prevalence of Cyclospora peaked in the warmer months, while Cryptosporidium was most common in the rainy season. Both affected children more than adults, but Cryptosporidium affected children at a younger age than Cyclospora (median age 2 years versus 5 years: P < 0.001). Cyclospora showed a stronger association with diarrhea than Cryptosporidium, even when data were stratified by age. These contrasts may reflect differences in the relative importance of transmission modes, the frequency of exposure, and the development of immunity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Valle, Med Entomol Res & Training Unit, Guatemala City, Guatemala. RP Bern, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5-6 BP 231 EP 235 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 441VM UT WOS:000169250300003 PM 11421369 ER PT J AU Ashford, DA Kaiser, RM Spiegel, RA Perkins, BA Weyant, RS Bragg, SL Plikaytis, B Jarquin, C Reyes, JOD Amador, JJ AF Ashford, DA Kaiser, RM Spiegel, RA Perkins, BA Weyant, RS Bragg, SL Plikaytis, B Jarquin, C Reyes, JOD Amador, JJ TI Asymptomatic infection and risk factors for leptospirosis in Nicaragua SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE; WATERBORNE OUTBREAK; IGM AB As part of an investigation of a 1995 outbreak of leptospirosis in Nicaragua, a cross-sectional serologic survey was conducted in the town of El Sauce. Of 566 persons, 85 (15%) were positive for IgM anti-Leptospira antibodies, indicating recent leptospirosis infection. Asymptomatic leptospirosis infection was common, with only 25 (29.4%) of the 85 seropositive inhabitants reporting a febrile illness in the 2 months before the survey. Multivariable analysis revealed that having an indoor water source remained independently protective against leptospirosis. Gathering wood was independently associated with infection. These findings suggest that asymptomatic infection with Leptospira is common in endemic areas of Leptospira transmission. Improvement in water sanitation and behavioral modifications to reduce environmental exposure may reduce the risk of leptospirosis in endemic regions. C1 CDCP, Meningitis Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial Mycot Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Salud, Complejo Nacl Salud, Edificio Dra Concepc Palacios, Managua, Nicaragua. RP Ashford, DA (reprint author), CDCP, Meningitis Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial Mycot Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 5-6 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 441VM UT WOS:000169250300006 PM 11421372 ER PT J AU Sun, FZ Flanders, WD Yang, QH Zhao, HY AF Sun, FZ Flanders, WD Yang, QH Zhao, HY TI Transmission/disequilibrium tests for quantitative traits SO ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION DISEQUILIBRIUM TEST; FAMILY-BASED TESTS; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; SIBSHIP TEST; TEST TDT; ASSOCIATION; PARENTS; LOCI AB The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) is a powerful method of locating disease genes. The TDT was originally proposed for use in studies of qualitative traits in families with both parents available. Recently, the TDT has been extended to studies of qualitative traits in sibships without parents available and in families with one parent available. It has also been extended for use in studies of quantitative traits in families with both parents available and in sibships with multiple offspring. In this paper, we first propose a new class of TDT-type tests for linkage in the presence of linkage disequilibrium for use in studies of families with both parents available. The TDT of Spielman et al. (1993) for qualitative traits and the TDT of Rabiaowitz (1997) for quantitative traits are special cases of the new tests. Second, we propose a new class of TDT-type tests for linkage for use in studies of families with one parent available. Third, we study the validity and the power of the tests using simulations. Finally, we propose a method of combining data from different types of families. The combined test is valuable and allows researchers full use of the available data in detecting linkage between a marker locus and an unobservable quantitative trait locus. An important feature of the tests proposed in this paper is that no assumptions on the distribution of the quantitative traits are needed. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Sun, FZ (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Math, 1042 W 36th Pl,DRB155, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RI Sun, Fengzhu /G-4373-2010 FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD36834]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK53392]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM59507] NR 25 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0003-4800 J9 ANN HUM GENET JI Ann. Hum. Genet. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 64 BP 555 EP 565 DI 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6460555.x PN 6 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 409YE UT WOS:000167412600007 PM 11281218 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, JH Weigel, LM Swenson, JM Whitney, CG Ferraro, MJ Tenover, FC AF Jorgensen, JH Weigel, LM Swenson, JM Whitney, CG Ferraro, MJ Tenover, FC TI Activities of clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and trovafloxacin against recent clinical isolates of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE; TOPOISOMERASE-IV; UNITED-STATES; DNA GYRASE; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; IN-VITRO; PARC; EMERGENCE; MUTATIONS; GENE AB The activities of two investigational fluoroquinolones and three fluoroquinolones that are currently marketed were determined for 182 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The collection included 57 pneumococcal isolates resistant to levofloxacin (MIC greater than or equal to 8 mug/ml) recovered from patients in North America and Europe. All isolates were tested with clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution and disk diffusion susceptibility test methods. Gemifloxacin demonstrated the greatest activity on a per gram basis, followed by clinafloxacin, trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and levofloxacin, Scatterplots of the MICs and disk diffusion zone sizes revealed a well-defined separation of levofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible strains when the isolates were tested against clinafloxacin and gatifloxacin, DNA sequence analyses of the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE from 21 of the levofloxacin-resistant strains identified eight different patterns of amino acid changes. Mutations among the four loci had the least effect on the MICs of gemifloxacin and clinafloxacin, while the MICs of gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin increased by up to six doubling dilutions. These data indicate that the newer fluoroquinolones have greater activities than levofloxacin against pneumococci with mutations in the DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV genes, Depending upon pharmacokinetics and safety, the greater potency of these agents could provide improved clinical efficacy against levofloxacin-resistant pneumococcal strains. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Jorgensen, JH (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. NR 29 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2962 EP 2968 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.11.2962-2968.2000 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 366WL UT WOS:000090029200006 PM 11036007 ER PT J AU Rao, JK Weinberger, M Kroenke, K AF Rao, JK Weinberger, M Kroenke, K TI Visit-specific expectations and patient-centered outcomes - A literature review SO ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID MEDICAL-CARE; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; GENERAL-PRACTICE; PATIENTS DESIRES; SATISFACTION; PHYSICIAN; QUESTIONNAIRE; PERCEPTIONS; AWARENESS; AGREEMENT AB Background: Primary care patients often have certain expectations when visiting physicians, many of which may be undetected. These unmet expectations can affect outcomes such as satisfaction with care. We performed a format literature review to examine the effect of fulfillment of patients' visit-specific expectations on their satisfaction as well as on health status and compliance. Patients and Methods: Included studies were conducted in primary care settings, systematically recruited patients, elicited previsit and/or postvisit expectations relative to specific visits, and measured patient-centered outcomes. Two reviewers abstracted information on study characteristics; types, timing, and method of expectation ascertainment; and outcomes. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: Twenty-three studies were reviewed including 7 trials, 4 cohort studies, and 12 cross-sectional studies. Patients frequently expected information rather than specific physician actions, but physicians often did not accurately perceive patients' visit-specific expectations. In 19 studies that assessed postvisit patient satisfaction, a positive association between meeting patient expectations and overall satisfaction was demonstrated in 11 studies, inconclusive in 3, and not established in 5. In 2 studies assessing physician satisfaction, physicians with access to patients' expectations were more satisfied than those without access. Other outcomes (symptom or disease improvement, health status, test ordering, health care costs, psychological symptoms) were measured in only a few studies, and the results were inconclusive. Conclusions: Addressing patients' visit-specific expectations appears to affect satisfaction to a modest degree. Future studies should evaluate methods that efficiently elicit, prioritize, and provide patients' previsit expectations for physicians and should examine the longitudinal effect of expectation fulfillment on patient outcomes. C1 VAMC, Ctr Hlth Serv Res Primary Care, Durham, NC USA. Richard L Roudebush Vet Adm Med Ctr, Ctr Hlth Serv Res, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Regenstrief Inst Hlth Care, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Rao, JK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 39 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1063-3987 J9 ARCH FAM MED JI Arch. Fam. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1148 EP 1155 DI 10.1001/archfami.9.10.1148 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 384GL UT WOS:000165934400032 PM 11115222 ER PT J AU Akinbami, LJ Schoendorf, KC Kiely, JL AF Akinbami, LJ Schoendorf, KC Kiely, JL TI Risk of preterm birth in multiparous teenagers SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PRENATAL-CARE UTILIZATION; MATERNAL AGE; UNITED-STATES; INFANT-MORTALITY; OUTCOMES; PREGNANCY; MOTHERS; WEIGHT; HEALTH; WHITE AB Background: Previous studies of teenage primiparas have found little or no association between young maternal age and preterm birth. However, the risk of preterm birth in teenage multiparas should not be overlooked because of the high rate of repeat teenage pregnancies. Objective: To compare the risk of preterm birth in teenage and adult multiparas. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of US Natality Files, 1990 to 1996. Methods: We calculated the risk of very preterm birth (<33 weeks' gestation) for multiparas aged 10 to 20 years compared with 25-year-olds, stratified by age and race/ethnicity. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were estimated controlling for maternal education, marital status, prenatal care, and previous preterm births. Effects of smoking and interpregnancy interval were analyzed separately. Results: Throughout adolescence, multiparas face higher AORs for very preterm births. For white non-Hispanic multiparas compared with 25-year-old multiparas, 10-to 14-year-olds had an AOR of 4.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.26-7.88), 15- to 17-year-olds had an AOR of 2.19 (95% CI, 1.99-2.42), 18- and 19-year-olds had an AOR of 1.69 (95% CI, 1.58-1.80), and 20-year-olds had an AOR of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.24-1.41). A similar pattern of decreasing AOR with increasing maternal age was observed for black non-Hispanic and Hispanic mothers, although wide race/ethnicity disparities exist. Adjusting for maternal smoking and short interpregnancy interval did not change these results. Conclusions: Risk of very preterm birth in teenage multiparas is associated with young age after controlling for other risk factors. Interventions to prevent repeat pregnancies and the associated risk of premature birth deserve high priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Branch, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Child Hlth Stat Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Akinbami, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Branch, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 790, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 34 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 154 IS 11 BP 1101 EP 1107 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 370NL UT WOS:000165129100006 PM 11074850 ER PT J AU Ballew, C Kuester, S Gillespie, C AF Ballew, C Kuester, S Gillespie, C TI Beverage choices affect adequacy of children's nutrient intakes SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID US CHILDREN AB Objective: To assess the relationship between beverage choices and the adequacy of nutrient intakes among children and adolescents. Design: Beverages reported in 24-hour recall records were classified as milk, 100% juice, fruit-flavored drinks, or carbonated sodas. Recommended intakes were based on Recommended Dietary Allowances or Dietary Reference Intakes. Participants: Four thousand seventy children aged 2 to 5, 6 to 11, and 12 to 17 years participating in the 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Statistical Analysis: The likelihood of achieving recommended intakes of selected nutrients on the day of recall was assessed with multiple logistic regression including ounces of milk, juice, fruit-flavored drinks, and carbonated sodas in the model while controlling for sex, age in years, race/ethnic group, household income, and total energy intake. Results: Milk consumption was positively (P<.0001) associated with the likelihood of achieving recommended vitamin A, folate, vitamin B-12, calcium, and magnesium intakes in all age strata. Juice consumption was positively (P.001) associated with achieving recommended vitamin C and folate intakes in all age strata and magnesium intakes among children aged 6 years and older. Carbonated soda consumption was negatively (P less than or equal to .01) associated with achieving vitamin A intake in all age strata, calcium in children younger than 12 years, and magnesium in children aged 6 years and older. Conclusion: Beverage choice can have a significant effect on the nutrient adequacy of the diets of children and adolescents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ballew, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Gillespie, Cathleen/0000-0003-1878-1055 NR 13 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 154 IS 11 BP 1148 EP 1152 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 370NL UT WOS:000165129100014 PM 11074858 ER PT J AU Donlan, RM AF Donlan, RM TI Role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance SO ASAIO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA BIOFILMS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI BIOFILMS; CANDIDA-ALBICANS BIOFILMS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-EPIDERMIDIS; IN-VITRO; BACTERIAL BIOFILMS; GROWTH-RATE; ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; ADHERENT BACTERIA AB Biofilms are formed by a spectrum of microorganisms, including pathogens, and provide a means for these organisms to protect themselves against antimicrobial agents. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon of resistance within biofilms, including delayed penetration of the antimicrobial into the biofilm extracellular matrix, slowing of growth rate of organisms within the biofilm, or other physiologic changes brought about by interaction of the organisms with a surface. The practical implications of biofilm formation are that alternative control strategies must be devised both for testing the susceptibility of the organisms within the biofilm and treating the established biofilm to alter its structure. A number of testing protocols have been developed. Effective treatment strategies will incorporate antimicrobials or other agents that have been demonstrated to penetrate and kill biofilm organisms, or treatments that disrupt or target specific components of the biofilm matrix. A better understanding of the role of biofilms in infection and how in vivo biofilms respond to selected treatments requires more study. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biofilm Lab, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Donlan, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biofilm Lab, Hosp Infect Program, Mail Stop C-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 41 TC 106 Z9 109 U1 8 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1058-2916 J9 ASAIO J JI Asaio J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 46 IS 6 BP S47 EP S52 DI 10.1097/00002480-200011000-00037 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA 374LU UT WOS:000165347300036 PM 11110294 ER PT J AU Thomas, TK Bensyl, DM Manwaring, JC Conway, GA AF Thomas, TK Bensyl, DM Manwaring, JC Conway, GA TI Controlled flight into terrain accidents among commuter and air taxi operators in Alaska SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE aviation; accidents; controlled flight into terrain; Alaska ID BICYCLE SAFETY HELMETS; CRASHES AB Background: Between 1990 and 1998, aviation accidents in Alaska caused 100 occupational pilot deaths (equivalent to 430/100,000pilots/year, approximately 86 times the overall U.S. worker fatality rate). Although Alaskan geography and climate increase aviation risks, many accidents were attributed to pilot error. While most accidents occurred during takeoff/landing, most fatalities resulted from Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT). The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for:CFIT. Methods: Using National Transportation Safety Board airplane accident data we identified CFIT from fight phase and event description fields, and calculated odds ratios for CFIT/non-CFIT accidents for visual conditions, aircraft features, and pilot experience. Results: Between 1991 and 1998, 351 single aircraft commuter and air taxi accidents occurred in Alaska; 59 (17%) were CFIT. Of 140 total fatalities, 82 (59%) occurred in 30 CFIT accidents. There was a twelve-fold risk for death in CFIT vs, non-CFIT accidents (OR = 12.42, 95% CI = 8.19-18.88). Accidents while flying Visual Flight Rules (VFR) into poor visibility were more likely CFIT than non-CFIT (Odds ratio = 46.06, Confidence Interval = 19.32-112.46), and caused 37% of all deaths. Additionally, flights in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) were 47 times more likely to be CFIT than non-CFIT. No risk for CFIT was shown for fight hours, number of engines, passenger presence, or pilot age. All CFIT were attributed to pilot error, often for continuing VFR into poor visibility. Conclusion: CFIT caused most aviation deaths. Further research into human factors contributing to CFIT is needed. Implementation of global positioning, ground-proximity/avoidance technology, might reduce CFIT incidence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Div Safety Res, Alaska Field Stn, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Bensyl, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, NIOSH, 4230 Univ Dr 310, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 71 IS 11 BP 1098 EP 1103 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 371CE UT WOS:000165159600003 PM 11086662 ER PT J AU Moher, D Cook, DJ Eastwood, S Olkin, I Rennie, D Stroup, DF AF Moher, D Cook, DJ Eastwood, S Olkin, I Rennie, D Stroup, DF CA QUOROM Grp TI Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS; HEALTH-CARE; COCHRANE-COLLABORATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; EMPIRICAL-EVIDENCE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; PUBLICATION BIAS; USERS GUIDES; METAANALYSIS; EFFICACY AB Background: The Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses (QUOROM) conference was convened to address standards for improving the quality of reporting of meta-analyses of clinical randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The QUOROM group consisted of 30 clinical epidemiologists, clinicians, statisticians, editors, and researchers. In conference, the group was asked to identify items they thought should be included in a checklist of standards. Whenever possible, checklist items were guided by research evidence suggesting that failure to adhere to the item proposed could lead to biased results. A modified Delphi technique was used in assessing candidate items. Findings: The conference resulted in the QUOROM statement, a checklist, and a flow diagram. The checklist describes our preferred way to present the abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of a report of a meta-analysis. It is organised into 21 headings and subheadings regarding searches, selection, validity assessment, data abstraction, study characteristics, and quantitative data synthesis, and in the results with 'trial flow', study characteristics, and quantitative data synthesis; research documentation was identified for eight of the 18 items. The flow diagram provides information about both the numbers of RCTs identified, included, and excluded and the reasons for exclusion of trials. Interpretation: We hope this report will generate further thought about ways to improve the quality of reports of meta-analyses of RCTs and that interested readers, reviewers, researchers, and editors will use the QUOROM statement and generate ideas for its improvement. C1 Univ Ottawa, Thomas C Chalmers Ctr Systemat Reviews, Eastern Ontario Res Inst, Childrens Hosp, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. JAMA, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Moher, D (reprint author), Univ Ottawa, Thomas C Chalmers Ctr Systemat Reviews, Eastern Ontario Res Inst, Childrens Hosp, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada. OI Moher , David /0000-0003-2434-4206 NR 49 TC 136 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1323 J9 BRIT J SURG JI Br. J. Surg. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1448 EP 1454 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01610.x PG 7 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 377KW UT WOS:000165513600003 PM 11091231 ER PT J AU Slebos, RJC Hoppin, JA Tolbert, PE Holly, EA Brock, JW Zhang, RH Bracci, PM Foley, J Stockton, P McGregor, LM Flake, GP Taylor, JA AF Slebos, RJC Hoppin, JA Tolbert, PE Holly, EA Brock, JW Zhang, RH Bracci, PM Foley, J Stockton, P McGregor, LM Flake, GP Taylor, JA TI K-ras and p53 in pancreatic cancer: Association with medical history, histopathology, and environmental exposures in a population-based study SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID LASER-CAPTURE MICRODISSECTION; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE; ONCOGENE ACTIVATION; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; EXOCRINE PANCREAS; MUTATIONS; SMOKING; CARCINOMAS; COFFEE AB Pancreatic cancer is a highly fatal cancer with few identified risk factors. Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in tobacco smokers and among diabetic patients is well established, and some reports have suggested associations with coffee consumption and occupational exposure to organochlorines. At present, there is little information regarding the possible association of these risk factors with the known genetic alterations found in pancreatic cancers, such as activation of the K-ras oncogene and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Knowledge of such relationships may help to understand the molecular pathways of pancreatic tumorigenesis. We investigated the association between these molecular defects and risk factors for pancreatic cancer in 61 newly diagnosed patients identified through an ongoing study of pancreatic cancer in the San Francisco Bay Area. Interview information was obtained regarding environmental exposures, medical history, and demographic factors, Serum levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls were available on a subset of 24 patients. Tumor blocks were located from local hospitals and used for K-ras mutational analysis at codon 12 and for p53 protein immunohistochemistry. The molecular analyses were facilitated through the use of laser capture microdissection, which provides a reliable method to obtain almost pure populations of tumor cells. Mutations in K-ms codon 12 were found in 46 (75%) of 61 pancreatic cancers. A prior diagnosis of diabetes was significantly associated with K-ras negative tumors (P = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). The absence of this mutation was also associated with increased serum levels of DDE, although this association was not statistically significant (P = 0.16, Wilcoxon's test). There was no difference in polychlorinated biphenyl levels between the K-ras wild-type and mutant groups. Immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein did not differ by patient characteristics or clinical history, but significant associations were found with poor glandular differentiation (P = 0.002, chi (2) trend test), severe nuclear atypia (P = 0.0007, chi (2) trend test), and high tumor grade (P = 0.004, chi (2) trend test). Our results are suggestive of the presence of K-ras codon 12 mutation-independent tumorigenesis pathways in patients with prior diabetes and possibly in patients with higher serum levels of DDE, Our results also support a role for the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the maintenance of genomic integrity. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Lab Expt Pathol, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Taylor, JA (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233,Maildrop A3-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015; OI taylor, jack/0000-0001-5303-6398 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01-CA59706] NR 45 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1223 EP 1232 PG 10 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 373YW UT WOS:000165318500012 PM 11097231 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K Katz, J AF Subbarao, K Katz, J TI Avian influenza viruses infecting humans SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE influenza; avian influenza; pandemic; H5N1; genetic features; pathogenesis ID A H5N1 VIRUS; HEMAGGLUTININ CLEAVAGE SITE; HOST RANGE RESTRICTION; T-CELL CLONES; HONG-KONG; AMINO-ACID; RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY; LYMPHOCYTES-T; H7 SUBTYPES; MOUSE MODEL AB Avian species, particularly waterfowl, are the natural hosts Of influenza A viruses. Influenza viruses bearing each of the 15 hemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtypes infect birds and serve as a reservoir from which influenza viruses or genes are introduced into the human population. Viruses with novel hemagglutinin genes derived from avian influenza viruses, with or without other accompanying avian influenza virus genes, have the potential for pandemic spread when the human population lacks protective immunity against the new hemagglutinin. Avian influenza viruses were thought to be limited in their ability to directly infect humans until 1997, when 18 human infections with avian influenza H5N1 viruses occurred in Hong Kong. In 1999, two human infections with avian influenza H9N2 viruses Ts ere also identified in Hong Kong. These events established that avian viruses could infect humans without acquiring human influenza genes by reassortment in an intermediate host and highlighted challenges associated with the detection of human immune responses to avian influenza viruses and the development of appropriate vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Influenza Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 99 TC 77 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 17 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1420-682X J9 CELL MOL LIFE SCI JI Cell. Mol. Life Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 57 IS 12 BP 1770 EP 1784 DI 10.1007/PL00000657 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 380GD UT WOS:000165691100009 PM 11130181 ER PT J AU Parkinson, AJ Gold, BD Bulkow, L Wainwright, RB Swaminathan, B Khanna, B Petersen, KM Fitzgerald, MA AF Parkinson, AJ Gold, BD Bulkow, L Wainwright, RB Swaminathan, B Khanna, B Petersen, KM Fitzgerald, MA TI High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska native population and association with low serum ferritin levels in young adults SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IRON-DEFICIENCY; INFECTION; ACQUISITION; CHILDREN AB Iron deficiency anemia is a common public health problem in the Alaska Native population. Yet, a clear etiology has eluded researchers for decades. Previous studies suggested a Link between Helicobacter pylori infection, gastrointestinal blood loss due to hemorrhagic gastritis, and generalized iron deficiency anemia in adult Alaska Natives. Therefore, we examined the association between the prevalence of H. pylori-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum ferritin levels, a marker of iron deficiency. A random sample of 2,080 serum samples from Alaska Native residents drawn between 1980 and 1986 from residents in 13 regions was selected, and the samples were stratified by age, sex, and region. Overall, 75% were positive for H. pylori-specific IgG. The rate of H. pylori seropositivity increased with age; by age 14 years, 78% of the residents were positive. There were no gender differences in H. pylori seropositivity. However, marked regional differences were observed. Serum ferritin levels of <12 ng/ml were found most commonly among persons <20 years of age and among women of childbearing age. A significant association between low serum ferritin levels and prevalence of H, pylori-specific IgG was found, particularly for people aged less than 20 years. H. pylori may be a factor contributing to the iron deficiency anemia in the Alaska Native population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dep Hlth & Human Serv, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Parkinson, AJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dep Hlth & Human Serv, 4055 Tudor Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-53708-01, R01 DK053708] NR 23 TC 104 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 7 IS 6 BP 885 EP 888 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.6.885-888.2000 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 415VG UT WOS:000167743800006 PM 11063492 ER PT J AU Hurst, SF Reyes, GH McLaughlin, DW Reiss, E Morrison, CJ AF Hurst, SF Reyes, GH McLaughlin, DW Reiss, E Morrison, CJ TI Comparison of commercial latex agglutination and sandwich enzyme immunoassays with a competitive binding inhibition enzyme immunoassay for detection of antigenemia and antigenuria in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis (vol 7, pg 477, 2000) SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hurst, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 7 IS 6 BP 992 EP 992 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.6.992-992.2000 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 415VG UT WOS:000167743800029 ER PT J AU Myers, GL Kimberly, MM Waymack, PP Smith, SJ Cooper, GR Sampson, EJ AF Myers, GL Kimberly, MM Waymack, PP Smith, SJ Cooper, GR Sampson, EJ TI A reference method laboratory network for cholesterol: A model for standardization and improvement of clinical laboratory measurements SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM; CANDIDATE REFERENCE METHOD; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DEFINITIVE METHOD; DISEASE; ACCURACY; PROGRAM; RISK AB Background: Accurate and precise measurement of blood cholesterol plays a central role in the National Cholesterol Education Program's strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality attributable to coronary heart disease. Matrix effects hamper the ability of manufacturers to adequately calibrate and validate traceability to the National Reference System for Cholesterol (NRS/ CHOL). CDC created the Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network (CRMLN) to improve cholesterol measurement by assisting manufacturers of in vitro diagnostic products with validation of the traceability of their assays to the NRS/CHOL, Methods: CRMLN laboratories established the CDC cholesterol reference method (modification of the Abell-Levy-Brodie-Kendall chemical method) and are standardized using CDC frozen serum reference materials. CRMLN laboratories use common quality-control materials and participate in monthly external performance evaluations conducted by CDC. The CRMLN performance criteria require member laboratories to agree with CDC within +/- 1.0% and maintain a CV less than or equal to2.0%. Results: From 1995 to 2000, the CRMLN laboratories met the accuracy criterion 97% of the time and the precision criterion 99% of the time. During this time period, the CRMLN maintained an average bias to CDC of 0.01% and an average collective CV of 0.33%, Conclusions: CDC established the CRMLN as the first international reference method laboratory network. The CRMLN assists manufacturers in the validation of the calibration of their diagnostic products so that clinical laboratories can measure blood cholesterol more reliably. The CRMLN can serve as a model for other clinical analytes where traceability to a hierarchy of methods is needed and matrix effects of the field methods with processed calibrators or reference materials are present. (C) 2000 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Myers, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,F25, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 95 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1762 EP 1772 PG 11 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 372HR UT WOS:000165228700007 PM 11067811 ER PT J AU Dube, MP Sprecher, D Henry, WK Aberg, JA Torriani, FJ Hodis, HN Schouten, J Levin, J Myers, G Zackin, R Nevin, T Currier, JS AF Dube, MP Sprecher, D Henry, WK Aberg, JA Torriani, FJ Hodis, HN Schouten, J Levin, J Myers, G Zackin, R Nevin, T Currier, JS CA Adult AIDS Clin Trial Grp Cardiova TI Preliminary guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy: Recommendations of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease Focus Group SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HEART-DISEASE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; HIV-1 PROTEASE; REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; SECONDARY PREVENTION AB Dyslipidemia is a prevalent condition that affects patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy, These preliminary recommendations summarize the current understanding in this area and propose guidelines for management. Existing guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in the general population formed the general basis for our recommendations. Data on the prevalence and treatment of dyslipidemia of HIV-infected patients, implications of treatment-related dyslipidemia in other chronically ill populations, and pharmacokinetic profiles for the available hypolipidemic agents in non-HIV populations were considered. Although the implications of dyslipidemia in this population are not fully known, the frequency, type, and magnitude of lipid alterations in HIV-infected people are expected to result in increased cardiovascular morbidity, We propose that these patients undergo evaluation and treatment on the basis of existing guidelines for dyslipidemia, with the caveat that avoidance of interactions with antiretroviral agents is paramount. C1 Indiana Univ, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA. Cleveland Clin, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. Commun Constituency Grp Seattle, Seattle, WA USA. Natl AIDS Treatment Advocacy Program, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Biostat AIDS Res, Boston, MA USA. Adult AIDS Clin Trials Grp, Operat Ctr, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Dube, MP (reprint author), Wishard Hosp, 1001 W 10th St,OPW-430, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. NR 85 TC 140 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1216 EP 1224 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 380LY UT WOS:000165704400020 PM 11073755 ER PT J AU Holding, KJ Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT Hanson, DL Klevens, RM Jones, JL Sullivan, PS AF Holding, KJ Dworkin, MS Wan, PCT Hanson, DL Klevens, RM Jones, JL Sullivan, PS CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum HIV Dis TI Aspergillosis among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Incidence and survival SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; HIV-INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; AIDS; DISEASE AB Aspergillosis is a life-threatening fungal infection in immunocompromised people, including people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We determined the incidence of aspergillosis among HIV-infected people and survival after aspergillosis diagnosis by use of a national HIV surveillance database. Among 35,252 HIV-infected patients, the incidence of aspergillosis was 3.5 cases per 1000 person-years (p-y; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0-4.0 per 1000 p-y). Incidence was higher among people aged greater than or equal to 35 years (4.1 per 1000 p-y, 95% CI, 3.5-4.8), among people with CD4 counts of 50-99 cells/mm(3) (5.1 per 1000 p-y, 95% CI, 2.8-7.3), or CD4 counts of <50 cells/mm(3) (10.2 per 1000 p-y, 95% CI, 8.0-12.2), versus people with CD4 counts of >200 cells/mm(3), people with greater than or equal to1 acquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining opportunistic illness (8.6 per 1000 p-y, 95% CI, 7.4-9.9), and people who were prescribed at least one medication associated with neutropenia (27.7 per 1000 p-y, 95% CI, 21.0-34.3). Median survival time after diagnosis of aspergillosis was 3 months, and 26% survived for greater than or equal to1 year. These findings suggest that aspergillosis is uncommon, occurs especially among severely immunosuppressed or leukopenic HIV-infected people, and is associated with poor survival. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sexually Tr, AIDS Surveillance Branch,DHAP,Div Human Immunodef, Epidem Intelligence Serv,Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sullivan, PS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sexually Tr, AIDS Surveillance Branch,DHAP,Div Human Immunodef, Epidem Intelligence Serv,Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 23 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1253 EP 1257 DI 10.1086/317452 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 380LY UT WOS:000165704400025 PM 11073760 ER PT J AU Jones, TF Erwin, PC Craig, AS Baker, P Touhey, KE Patterson, LER Schaffner, W AF Jones, TF Erwin, PC Craig, AS Baker, P Touhey, KE Patterson, LER Schaffner, W TI Serological survey and active surveillance for La Crosse virus infections among children in Tennessee SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS; HUMANS AB In 1998 and 1999, we performed a serosurvey and active surveillance for La Crosse encephalitis at a children's hospital in eastern Tennessee. Fifteen cases of La Crosse encephalitis were confirmed. Only 5 (0.5%) of 1000 serum samples being tested at the state laboratory for other diseases had evidence of antibodies to La Crosse virus. These findings suggest that La Crosse virus is newly endemic to eastern Tennessee. C1 Tennessee Dept Hlth, Communicable & Environm Dis Serv, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Reg Lab, Knoxville, TN USA. E Tennessee Childrens Hosp, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Jones, TF (reprint author), Tennessee Dept Hlth, Communicable & Environm Dis Serv, 4th Floor,Cordell Hull Bldg,425 5th Ave, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1284 EP 1287 DI 10.1086/317458 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 380LY UT WOS:000165704400030 PM 11073765 ER PT J AU Bray, GA Culbert, IW Champagne, CM Dawson, L Eberhardt, B Greenway, FL Guillory, FG Hebert, AA Jeffirs, ML Kennedy, BM Lovejoy, JC Melancon, LE Morris, LH Reed, L Perault, J Ryan, DH Sanford, DA Smith, KG Smith, LL St Amant, JA Tucker, E Tulley, RT Vicknair, PC Williamson, D Zachwieja, JJ Tobian, JA Matulik, MJ Clarke, B Collins, DA Czech, KB DeSandre, C Ehrmann, DA Geiger, G Harding-Clay, B Hilbrich, RM McNabb, WL Polonsky, KS Semenske, AR Stepp, KA Watson, PG Mendoza, JT Smith, KA Goldstein, BJ Lark, C Liberoni, R Murphy, L Pepe, C Spandorfer, JM Goldberg, RB Rowe, P Calles, J Casanova, P Donahue, RP Florez, HJ Giannella, A McLymont, V Mendez, J O'Hara, P Ojito, J Prineas, R Haffner, SM Montez, MG Miettinen, H Mobley, CM Mykkanen, LA Rozek, MM Hamman, RF Nash, PV Calonge, BN Hill, JO Hoyer, SR Jortberg, BT Miller-Stone, M Regensteiner, JG Seagle, H Steinke, SC Testaverde, L Van-Dorsten, B Horton, ES Lawton, KE Arky, RA Bryant, M Burke, JP Caballero, E Callaghan, KM Ganda, OP Franklin, T Jackson, SD Jacobsen, AM Kula, LM Kocal, M Malloy, MA Nicosia, M Oldmixon, CF Pan, J Quitingon, M Rubtchinsky, S Seely, EW Schweizer, D Simonson, D Smith, F Solomon, CG Warram, J Kahn, SE Montgomery, BK Fujimoto, WY Knopp, RH Lipkin, EW Marr, M McCann, BS Nguyen, TT Palmer, JP Schwartz, RS Kitabchi, AE Murphy, ME Applegate, WB Bryer-Ash, M Crisler, A Cunningham, G Franklin, AW Frieson, SL Green, DL Imseis, R Kennedy, CL Lambeth, HC Lichtermann, LC Oktaei, H O'Toole, ML Ricks, H Rutledge, LMK Sherman, AR Smith, CM Soberman, JE Williams-Cleaves, BJ Metzger, BE Johnson, MK Behrends, C Cook, ML Fitzgibbon, M Heard, D McPherson, D Molitch, ME Moore, M Pitts, T Roston, S Schinleber, PA Nathan, DM McKitrick, C Abbott, K Anderson, E Bissett, L Cagliero, E Crowell, S Delahanty, L Fritz, S Levina, E Michel, T Norman, D O'Keefe, J Poulos, A Ronan, L Rosal, M Salerno, M Shagensky, C Steiner, B Turgeon, H Young, A Olefsky, JM Carrion-Petersen, ML Barrett-Connor, E Beltran, M Caenepeel-Mills, K Edelman, SV Ford, RO Garcia, J Henry, RR Hill, M Horne, J Leos, D Mudaliar, S Pollard, A Torio-Hurley, J Pi-Sunyer, FX Lee, JE Allison, DB Aronoff, NJ Barreras, IM Crandall, JP Orlando, SJ Parkes, K Rooney, ES Van Wye, GEH Viscovich, KA Marrero, DG Kukman-Kelly, MS Dotson, YF Fineberg, SE Guare, JC Hadden, A Ignaut, JM Jackson, MA Kirkman, MS Porter, BD Prince, MJ Wheeler, ML Ratner, RE Youssef, G Boner, A Bronsord, M Brown, E Cheatham, WW Cola, S Comfort, A Boggs, G Evans, C Levetan, C Kellum, T Nair, AK Passaro, MD Rubin, R Shapiro, S Saad, MF Budgett, M Jinagouda, SD Aziz, A Bernaba, B Bodkin, SL Ciobanu, V Cosenza, C Hagar, JE Khan, A Kumar, D Khawaja, Q Lui, G Marston, AR Mehta, V Sharma, AR Szamos, K Vargas, A Vargas, B Zambrana, N Dagogo-Jack, S Santiago, AS Brendle, JS Fisher, EB Gherardini, DC Heins, JM Marsala, JM Raspberry, CC Santiago, JV Saudek, CD Bradley, VL Brancati, FL Cappelli, S Charleston, JB Rubin, RR Stewart, KJ Sullivan, E Schade, DS Adams, KS Atler, LF Bowling, DA Boyle, PJ Burge, MR Butler, L Canady, JL Chai, L Guillen, M Gutierrez, M Hornbeck, D Johannes, C Katz, P King, C McCalman, R Montoya, DA Rassam, A Senter, W Shamoon, H Brown, JO Adames, J Blanco, E Cox, L Duffy, H Engel, S Friedler, A Harroun, T Howard-Century, CJ Kloiber, S Longchamp, N Pompi, D Walker, EA Wylie-Rosett, J Zonszein, J Wing, RR Kramer, MK Barr, S Clifford, L Culyba, R Frazier, M Gilligan, R Harris, L Harrier, S Henderson, W Jeffries, S Koenning, G Maholic, K Mullen, M Noel, A Orchard, TJ Otto, A Smith, M Stapinski, V Viteri, J Wilson, T Williams, KV Zgibor, J Arakaki, RF Latimer, RW Baker-Ladao, NK Beddow, RM Dias, LM Dupont, DA Fukuhara, LL Mau, MK Odom, SK Perry, RU Tokunaga, JS Knowler, WC Cooeyate, NJ Hoskin, MA Percy, CA Acton, KJ Andre, VL Antone, S Baptisto, NM Barber, R Bennett, PH Benson, MB Bird, EC Broussard, BA Chavez, M Dacawyma, TS Duncan, R Ghahate, JM Glass, M Gohdes, D Grant, G Hanson, RL Horse, E Hughte, G Ingraham, LE Jackson, MC Jay, PA Kaskalla, RS Kessler, D Kobus, KM Morgan, T Nashboo, Y Poirier, S Reidy, M Ridpath, S Roumain, J Rowse, DH Roy, RJ Sangster, S Sewemaenewa, J Wilson, C Yazzie, M Fowler, S Bain, R Bamdad, J Brenneman, T Callaghan, J Edelstein, SL Grimes, KL Jones, S Jones, TL Lachin, JM Mucik, P Orlosky, R Stimpson, CE Suiter, C Temprosa, E Van Aerden, C Eastman, R Garfield, S Andres, R Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Williamson, DF Herman, WH Marcovina, SM Aldrich, A Chandler, WL Rautaharju, PM Alexander, T Pemberton, NT Prineas, R Rautaharju, FSR Zhang, Z Mayer-Davis, EJ Martin, M O'Leary, DH Funk, LRC O'Leary, KA Polak, JF Stamm, ER Scherzinger, AL Wing, RR Gillis, BP Kriska, AM Huffmyer, C Venditti, EM Kaplan, RM David, KM Sieber, WJ AF Bray, GA Culbert, IW Champagne, CM Dawson, L Eberhardt, B Greenway, FL Guillory, FG Hebert, AA Jeffirs, ML Kennedy, BM Lovejoy, JC Melancon, LE Morris, LH Reed, L Perault, J Ryan, DH Sanford, DA Smith, KG Smith, LL St Amant, JA Tucker, E Tulley, RT Vicknair, PC Williamson, D Zachwieja, JJ Tobian, JA Matulik, MJ Clarke, B Collins, DA Czech, KB DeSandre, C Ehrmann, DA Geiger, G Harding-Clay, B Hilbrich, RM McNabb, WL Polonsky, KS Semenske, AR Stepp, KA Watson, PG Mendoza, JT Smith, KA Goldstein, BJ Lark, C Liberoni, R Murphy, L Pepe, C Spandorfer, JM Goldberg, RB Rowe, P Calles, J Casanova, P Donahue, RP Florez, HJ Giannella, A McLymont, V Mendez, J O'Hara, P Ojito, J Prineas, R Haffner, SM Montez, MG Miettinen, H Mobley, CM Mykkanen, LA Rozek, MM Hamman, RF Nash, PV Calonge, BN Hill, JO Hoyer, SR Jortberg, BT Miller-Stone, M Regensteiner, JG Seagle, H Steinke, SC Testaverde, L Van-Dorsten, B Horton, ES Lawton, KE Arky, RA Bryant, M Burke, JP Caballero, E Callaghan, KM Ganda, OP Franklin, T Jackson, SD Jacobsen, AM Kula, LM Kocal, M Malloy, MA Nicosia, M Oldmixon, CF Pan, J Quitingon, M Rubtchinsky, S Seely, EW Schweizer, D Simonson, D Smith, F Solomon, CG Warram, J Kahn, SE Montgomery, BK Fujimoto, WY Knopp, RH Lipkin, EW Marr, M McCann, BS Nguyen, TT Palmer, JP Schwartz, RS Kitabchi, AE Murphy, ME Applegate, WB Bryer-Ash, M Crisler, A Cunningham, G Franklin, AW Frieson, SL Green, DL Imseis, R Kennedy, CL Lambeth, HC Lichtermann, LC Oktaei, H O'Toole, ML Ricks, H Rutledge, LMK Sherman, AR Smith, CM Soberman, JE Williams-Cleaves, BJ Metzger, BE Johnson, MK Behrends, C Cook, ML Fitzgibbon, M Heard, D McPherson, D Molitch, ME Moore, M Pitts, T Roston, S Schinleber, PA Nathan, DM McKitrick, C Abbott, K Anderson, E Bissett, L Cagliero, E Crowell, S Delahanty, L Fritz, S Levina, E Michel, T Norman, D O'Keefe, J Poulos, A Ronan, L Rosal, M Salerno, M Shagensky, C Steiner, B Turgeon, H Young, A Olefsky, JM Carrion-Petersen, ML Barrett-Connor, E Beltran, M Caenepeel-Mills, K Edelman, SV Ford, RO Garcia, J Henry, RR Hill, M Horne, J Leos, D Mudaliar, S Pollard, A Torio-Hurley, J Pi-Sunyer, FX Lee, JE Allison, DB Aronoff, NJ Barreras, IM Crandall, JP Orlando, SJ Parkes, K Rooney, ES Van Wye, GEH Viscovich, KA Marrero, DG Kukman-Kelly, MS Dotson, YF Fineberg, SE Guare, JC Hadden, A Ignaut, JM Jackson, MA Kirkman, MS Porter, BD Prince, MJ Wheeler, ML Ratner, RE Youssef, G Boner, A Bronsord, M Brown, E Cheatham, WW Cola, S Comfort, A Boggs, G Evans, C Levetan, C Kellum, T Nair, AK Passaro, MD Rubin, R Shapiro, S Saad, MF Budgett, M Jinagouda, SD Aziz, A Bernaba, B Bodkin, SL Ciobanu, V Cosenza, C Hagar, JE Khan, A Kumar, D Khawaja, Q Lui, G Marston, AR Mehta, V Sharma, AR Szamos, K Vargas, A Vargas, B Zambrana, N Dagogo-Jack, S Santiago, AS Brendle, JS Fisher, EB Gherardini, DC Heins, JM Marsala, JM Raspberry, CC Santiago, JV Saudek, CD Bradley, VL Brancati, FL Cappelli, S Charleston, JB Rubin, RR Stewart, KJ Sullivan, E Schade, DS Adams, KS Atler, LF Bowling, DA Boyle, PJ Burge, MR Butler, L Canady, JL Chai, L Guillen, M Gutierrez, M Hornbeck, D Johannes, C Katz, P King, C McCalman, R Montoya, DA Rassam, A Senter, W Shamoon, H Brown, JO Adames, J Blanco, E Cox, L Duffy, H Engel, S Friedler, A Harroun, T Howard-Century, CJ Kloiber, S Longchamp, N Pompi, D Walker, EA Wylie-Rosett, J Zonszein, J Wing, RR Kramer, MK Barr, S Clifford, L Culyba, R Frazier, M Gilligan, R Harris, L Harrier, S Henderson, W Jeffries, S Koenning, G Maholic, K Mullen, M Noel, A Orchard, TJ Otto, A Smith, M Stapinski, V Viteri, J Wilson, T Williams, KV Zgibor, J Arakaki, RF Latimer, RW Baker-Ladao, NK Beddow, RM Dias, LM Dupont, DA Fukuhara, LL Mau, MK Odom, SK Perry, RU Tokunaga, JS Knowler, WC Cooeyate, NJ Hoskin, MA Percy, CA Acton, KJ Andre, VL Antone, S Baptisto, NM Barber, R Bennett, PH Benson, MB Bird, EC Broussard, BA Chavez, M Dacawyma, TS Duncan, R Ghahate, JM Glass, M Gohdes, D Grant, G Hanson, RL Horse, E Hughte, G Ingraham, LE Jackson, MC Jay, PA Kaskalla, RS Kessler, D Kobus, KM Morgan, T Nashboo, Y Poirier, S Reidy, M Ridpath, S Roumain, J Rowse, DH Roy, RJ Sangster, S Sewemaenewa, J Wilson, C Yazzie, M Fowler, S Bain, R Bamdad, J Brenneman, T Callaghan, J Edelstein, SL Grimes, KL Jones, S Jones, TL Lachin, JM Mucik, P Orlosky, R Stimpson, CE Suiter, C Temprosa, E Van Aerden, C Eastman, R Garfield, S Andres, R Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Williamson, DF Herman, WH Marcovina, SM Aldrich, A Chandler, WL Rautaharju, PM Alexander, T Pemberton, NT Prineas, R Rautaharju, FSR Zhang, Z Mayer-Davis, EJ Martin, M O'Leary, DH Funk, LRC O'Leary, KA Polak, JF Stamm, ER Scherzinger, AL Wing, RR Gillis, BP Kriska, AM Huffmyer, C Venditti, EM Kaplan, RM David, KM Sieber, WJ CA Diabet Prevention Program Res Grp TI The Diabetes Prevention Program - Baseline characteristics of the randomized cohort SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; 10-YEAR FOLLOW-UP; FAT DISTRIBUTION; PIMA-INDIANS; MELLITUS; INSULIN; MEN; NIDDM; DIET; CLASSIFICATION AB OBJECTIVE - The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is a 27-center randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventions that may delay or prevent development of diabetes in people at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Eligibility requirements were age greater than or equal to 25 years, BMI greater than or equal to 24 kg/m(2) (greater than or equal to 22 kg/m(2) for Asian-Americans), and impaired glucose tolerance plus a fasting plasma glucose of 5.3-6.9 mmol/l (or less than or equal to6.9 mmol for American Indians). Randomization of participants into the DPP over 2.7 years ended in June 1999. Baseline data for the three treatment groups-intensive lifestyle modification, standard care plus metformin, and standard care plus placebo-are presented for the 3,234 participants who have been randomized. RESULTS - Of all participants, 55% were Caucasian, 20% were African-American, 16% were Hispanic, 5% were American Indian, and 4% were Asian-American. Their average age at entry was 51 +/- 10.7 years (mean +/- SD), and 67.7% were women. Moreover, 16% were <40 years of age, and 20% were 60 years of age. Of the women, 48% were postmenopausal. Men and women had similar frequencies of history of hypercholesterolemia (37 and 33%, respectively) or hypertension (29 and 26%, respectively). On the basis of fasting lipid determinations, 54% of men and 40% of women fit National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for abnormal lipid profiles. More men than women were current or former cigarette smokers or had a history of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, 66% of men and 71% of women had a first-degree relative with diabetes. Overall, BMI averaged 34.0 +/- 6.7 kg/m(2) at baseline with 57% of the men and 73% of women having a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m(2). Average fasting plasma glucose (6.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) and HbA(1c) (5.9 +/- 0.5%) in men were comparable with values in women (5.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/l and 5.9 +/- 0.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS - The DPP has successfully randomized a large cohort of participants with a wide distribution of age, obesity, and ethnic and racial backgrounds who are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The study will examine the effects of interventions on the development of diabetes. C1 George Washington Univ, Diabet Prevent Program Coordinating Ctr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, New York, NY 10025 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Medstar Res Inst, New York, NY USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Data Coordinating Ctr, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NIDDKD, Program Off, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIA, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Epicare Ctr, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Univ S Carolina, Nutr Coding Ctr, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. New England Med Ctr, Cent Carotid Ultrasound Unit, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, CT Scan Reading Unit, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Qual Well Being Reading Unit, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Bray, GA (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Diabet Prevent Program Coordinating Ctr, 6110 Execut Blvd,Suite 750, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 48 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD NOV PY 2000 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1619 EP 1629 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 368FD UT WOS:000090106300004 ER PT J AU Caspersen, CJ Zack, MM Fulton, JE AF Caspersen, CJ Zack, MM Fulton, JE TI Moderate-intensity physical activity and fasting insulin levels in women SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Letter ID MINORITY WOMEN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Caspersen, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD NOV PY 2000 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1712 EP 1712 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.11.1712 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 368FD UT WOS:000090106300026 PM 11092306 ER PT J AU Petersen, LR Ammon, A Hamouda, O Breuer, T Kiessling, S Bellach, B Niemer, U Bindert, FJ Ostroff, S Kurth, R AF Petersen, LR Ammon, A Hamouda, O Breuer, T Kiessling, S Bellach, B Niemer, U Bindert, FJ Ostroff, S Kurth, R TI Developing national epidemiologic capacity to meet the challenges of emerging infections in Germany SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID OUTBREAK; COMMUNITY; FEVER AB In January 1996, the Robert Koch institute, Germany's national public health institute, began strengthening its epidemiologic capacity to respond to emerging and other infectious diseases. Six integrated strategies were initiated: developing employee training, outbreak investigation, and epidemiologic research programs; strengthening surveillance systems; improving communications to program partners and constituents; and building international collaborations. By December 1999, five employees had completed a 2-year applied epidemiology training program, 186 health department personnel had completed a 2-week training course, 27 outbreak investigations had been completed, eight short-term research projects had been initiated, major surveillance and epidemiologic research efforts for foodborne and nosocomial infections had begun, and 16 scientific manuscripts had been published or were in press. The German experience indicates that, with a concerted effort, considerable progress in building a national applied infectious disease program can be achieved in a short time frame. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Robert Koch Inst, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Fed Minist Hlth, Bonn, Germany. RP Petersen, LR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 576 EP 584 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 382GZ UT WOS:000165815700005 PM 11076715 ER PT J AU Hu, DJ Baggs, J Downing, RG Pieniazek, D Dorn, J Fridlund, C Biryahwaho, B Sempala, SDK Rayfield, MA Dondero, TJ Lal, R AF Hu, DJ Baggs, J Downing, RG Pieniazek, D Dorn, J Fridlund, C Biryahwaho, B Sempala, SDK Rayfield, MA Dondero, TJ Lal, R TI Predominance of HIV-1 subtype A and D infections in Uganda SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; 2 SUBTYPES; THAILAND; BANGKOK; AFRICA AB To better characterize the virus isolates associated with the HIV-1 epidemic in Uganda, 100 specimens from HIV-1-infected persons were randomly selected from each of two periods from late 1994 to late 1997. The 200 specimens were classified into HIV-1 subtypes by sequence-based phylogenetic analysis of the envelope (env) gp41 region; 98 (49%) were classified as env subtype A, 96 (48%) as D, 5 (2.5%) as C, and 1 was not classified as a known env subtype. Demographic characteristics of persons infected with the two principal HIV-1 subtypes, A and D, were Very similar, and the proportion of either subtype did not differ significantly between early and later periods. Our systematic characterization of the HIV-1 epidemic in Uganda over an almost 3-year period documented that the distribution and degree of genetic diversity of the HIV subtypes A and D are very similar and did not change appreciably over that time. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Activities Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, NCHSTP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. State Washington, Dept Labor & Ind, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Res Collaborat, Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. RP Hu, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Activities Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, NCHSTP, E-50, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Baggs, James/0000-0003-0757-4683 NR 26 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 609 EP 615 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 382GZ UT WOS:000165815700009 PM 11076719 ER PT J AU Rhodes, LV Huang, C Sanchez, AJ Nichol, ST Zaki, SR Ksiazek, TG Humphreys, JG Freeman, JJ Knecht, KR AF Rhodes, LV Huang, C Sanchez, AJ Nichol, ST Zaki, SR Ksiazek, TG Humphreys, JG Freeman, JJ Knecht, KR TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome associated with Monongahela virus, Pennsylvania SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; CALIFORNIA; SEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; LEUCOPUS; GENOME; MICE AB The first two recognized cases of rapidly fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Pennsylvania occurred within an 8-month period in 1997. Illness in the two patients was confirmed by immunohistochemical techniques on autopsy material. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of tissue from one patient and environmentally associated Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) identified the Monongahela virus variant. Physicians should be vigilant for such Monongaheta virus-associated cases in the eastern United States and Canada, particularly in the Appalachian region. C1 Lehigh Valley Hosp, Allentown, PA USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Indiana Univ Penn, Indiana, PA USA. RP Rhodes, LV (reprint author), 1210 S Cedar Crest Blvd,Suite 2700, Allentown, PA 18103 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 616 EP 621 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 382GZ UT WOS:000165815700010 PM 11076720 ER PT J AU Papa, A Mills, JN Kouidou, S Ma, BJ Papadimitriou, E Antoniadis, A AF Papa, A Mills, JN Kouidou, S Ma, BJ Papadimitriou, E Antoniadis, A TI Preliminary characterization and natural history of hantaviruses in rodents in northern Greece SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RENAL SYNDROME C1 Aristotelian Univ Salonika, Salonika, Greece. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Papa, A (reprint author), Aristotelian Univ Salonika, Salonika, Greece. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 654 EP 655 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 382GZ UT WOS:000165815700018 PM 11076727 ER PT J AU Blanck, HM Marcus, M Tolbert, PE Rubin, C Henderson, AK Hertzberg, VS Zhang, RH Cameron, L AF Blanck, HM Marcus, M Tolbert, PE Rubin, C Henderson, AK Hertzberg, VS Zhang, RH Cameron, L TI Age at menarche and tanner stage in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyl SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE menarche; Michigan; puberty; polybrominated biphenyl; polychlorinated biphenyl; sex maturation; prenatal exposures; breastfeeding ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; PCBS; MOTHERS; RATS; ACCURACY; ESTROGEN; PUBERTY; INFANTS; LIFE; PBB AB Accidental contamination of the Michigan food chain with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) led to the exposure of more than 4,000 individuals in 1973. Because PBB exposure is suspected to disrupt endocrine function, we assessed pubertal development in females 5-24 years of age (N = 327) who were exposed to PBB in utero and, in many cases, through breastfeeding. We estimated in utero PBB exposure using maternal serum PBB measurements taken after exposure (1976-1979) and extrapolated to time of pregnancy using a model of PBB decay. We found that breastfed girls exposed to high levels of PBB in utero (greater than or equal to7 parts per billion) had an earlier age at menarche (mean age = 11.6 years) than breastfed girls exposed to lower levels of PBB in utero (mean age = 12.2-12.6 years) or girls who were not breastfed (mean age = 12.7 years). This association persisted after adjustment for potential confounders (menarche ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-9.0). Perinatal PBB exposure was associated with earlier pubic hair stage in breastfed girls, but little association was found with breast development. The associations observed here lend support to the hypothesis that pubertal events may be affected by pre- and postnatal exposure to organohalogens. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biol & Biomed Sci, Nutr & Hlth Sci Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. RP Marcus, M (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES08341-01]; PHS HHS [U37/CCU500392] NR 48 TC 153 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 641 EP 647 DI 10.1097/00001648-200011000-00005 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 367LE UT WOS:000090061900005 PM 11055623 ER PT J AU Cragan, JD Khoury, MJ AF Cragan, JD Khoury, MJ TI Effect of prenatal diagnosis on epidemiologic studies of birth defects SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prenatal diagnosis; elective termination; neural tube defect; epidemiologic studies; bias; odds ratio ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; ELECTIVE TERMINATION; PERICONCEPTIONAL USE; MATERNAL OBESITY; FETAL ANOMALIES; IMPACT; ABNORMALITIES; PREVALENCE; PREGNANCY; HAWAII AB Prenatal diagnostic technology makes it possible to offer women the option of electively terminating pregnancies affected by birth defects. Excluding these pregnancies from epidemiologic studies may affect study results. We explored this effect using examples from the literature. We calculated the bias in the odds ratio caused by excluding prenatally diagnosed pregnancies when the exposure of interest is not correlated with the likelihood of terminating an affected pregnancy and when it is correlated with an increase or decrease in this likelihood. We assumed that control infants did not have birth defects. When the exposure is not associated with the likelihood of a pregnancy termination, studies excluding terminations suffer a loss of precision. When the exposure is associated with an increase or decrease in this likelihood, the odds ratios are biased toward or away from the null, respectively. The magnitude of the bias will vary according to characteristics of the study population such as the prevalence of the exposure and the frequency with which prenatal diagnosis and elective termination are used. Whenever possible, pregnancies terminated after prenatal diagnosis must be included in epidemiologic studies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Cragan, JD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 695 EP 699 DI 10.1097/00001648-200011000-00014 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 367LE UT WOS:000090061900014 PM 11055632 ER PT J AU German, RR AF German, RR TI Sensitivity and predictive value positive measurements for public health surveillance systems SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE population surveillance; sensitivity; predictive value positive; public health ID SPINAL-CORD INJURIES; MEDICARE CLAIMS DATA; BIRTH-DEFECTS; COLORADO; POPULATION; EMERGENCY; OKLAHOMA; ACCURACY; STANDARD; QUALITY AB Two important measurements for the evaluation of a public health surveillance system are sensitivity and predictive value positive (PVP). The computation of sensitivity and PVP for a public health surveillance system, however, can be complicated by the absence of an appropriate gold standard. In addition, there are few references for the computation of sensitivity and PVP for a surveillance system. To determine how these attributes of evaluation have been reported in epidemiologic literature, I review papers that report sensitivity and PVP for public health surveillance systems. Of the 31 papers that met selection criteria, 21 (68%) included either a reference for the computation or a definition of the attributes, whereas 18 (58%) reported both attributes. AIL 31 papers reported sensitivity, and among the 31 papers, 24 (77%) reported more than one sensitivity measurement. Among the 18 papers that reported at least PVP, 13 (72%) reported more than one PVP measurement. This review provides guidance in computing sensitivity and PVP for a public health surveillance system. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP German, RR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Epidemiol Program Off, Mailstop K74,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 12 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 720 EP 727 DI 10.1097/00001648-200011000-00020 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 367LE UT WOS:000090061900020 PM 11055638 ER PT J AU Bash, MC Lynn, F Concepcion, NF Tappero, JW Carlone, GM Frasch, CE AF Bash, MC Lynn, F Concepcion, NF Tappero, JW Carlone, GM Frasch, CE TI Genetic and immunologic characterization of a novel serotype 4, 15 strain of Neisseria meningitidis SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neisseria meningitidis; porin; genotype; meningococcal vaccine ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; B MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; VESICLE VACCINE; MOLECULAR VARIATION; VARIABLE REGIONS; ANTIBODY-BINDING; SAO-PAULO; PORA; IMMUNOGENICITY; SPECIFICITY AB The porin proteins of Neisseria meningitidis are important components of outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines. The class 3 porin gene, porB, of a novel serogroup B, serotype 3, 15 isolate from Chile (Ch501) was found to be VR1-4, VR2-15, VR3-15 and VR4-15 by pol B variable region (VR) typing. Rabbit immunization studies using outer membrane vesicles revealed immunodominance of individual PorB (class 3) VR epitopes, The predominant anti-Ch501 PorB response was directed to the VRI epitope. Anti-PorB VR1 mediated killing was suggested by the bactericidal activity of Ch501 anti-sera against a type 4 strain not expressing PorA or class 5 OMPs. Studies that examine the molecular epidemiology of individual porB VRs, and the immune responses to PorB epitopes, may contribute co the development of broadly protective group B meningococcal vaccines. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Lab Bacterial Polysaccharides, Div Bacterial Parasit & Allergen Prod, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogen Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bash, MC (reprint author), Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Lab Bacterial Polysaccharides, Div Bacterial Parasit & Allergen Prod, HFM-428,1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 29 IS 3 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0928-8244(00)00201-7 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 374BZ UT WOS:000165325700001 PM 11064262 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JE Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Jeng, G Peterson, HB AF Schmidt, JE Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Jeng, G Peterson, HB CA US Collaborative Rev Sterilization TI Requesting information about and obtaining reversal after tubal sterilization: findings from the US Collaborative Review of Sterilization SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XVth Meeting of the International-Epidemiological-Association (IEA) CY AUG 31-SEP 03, 1999 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP Int Epidemiol Assoc DE tubal sterilization; poststerilization regret; request for reversal information; obtaining sterilization reversal ID RISK-FACTORS; REGRET; WOMEN AB Objective: To determine the cumulative probabilities over 14 y of requesting information on sterilization reversal and of obtaining a reversal and to identify risk factors observable at sterilization for both measures of regret. Design: The U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization, a prospective cohort study. Setting: Fifteen medical centers in 9 cities. Patient(s): 11,232 women. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cumulative probabilities of requesting information on reversal and undergoing reversal. Result(s): The 14-y cumulative probability of requesting reversal information was 14.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.4%-16.3%). Among women aged 18 to 24 y at sterilization, the cumulative probability was 40.4% (95% CI, 31.6%-49.2%). Women aged 18 to 24 y were almost 4 times as likely to request reversal information as were women greater than or equal to 30 years of age (adjusted rate ratio [RR], 3.5; 95% CI, 2.8-4.4). Number of living children was not associated with requesting reversal information. The overall cumulative probability of obtaining reversal was 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.6). Younger women (18 to 30 y) were more likely to obtain reversal (RR, 7.6; 95% CI, 3.2-18.3). Conclusion(s): Women who were sterilized at a young age had a high chance of later requesting information about reversal, regardless of their number of living children. (Fertil Steril(R) 2000;74:892-8. (C) 2000 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP MS K 34, DRH, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, EIS, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP MS K 34, DRH, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [3-402-HD41075-10] NR 28 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 5 BP 892 EP 898 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01558-2 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 371GD UT WOS:000165169700008 PM 11056229 ER PT J AU Biloukha, OO Utermohlen, V AF Biloukha, OO Utermohlen, V TI Correlates of food consumption and perceptions of foods in an educated urban population in Ukraine SO FOOD QUALITY AND PREFERENCE LA English DT Article DE Ukraine; food; taste; health; cost; perception; consumption; sex ID PREFERENCES; ATTITUDES; STUDENTS; GENDER; CUTS AB Taste, health and cost perceptions, and frequency of consumption of 34 food items, characteristic of the Ukrainian diet and representing the major food groups, were examined in 919 educated urban Ukrainian subjects (303 males and 616 females, ages 18-60). There were differences in food perception and consumption patterns according to gender. Although these findings parallel those obtained in Western populations, there were notable differences. For example, whole milk and butter were considered healthier than skimmed milk and margarine. While taste perceptions were highly correlated with consumption of most foods, cost affected consumption of fruits, sweets and some meats. Taste and health perceptions were intercorrelated, and usually not related to cost perceptions. Health perceptions had the least effect on consumption. This study provides insight into predictors of food choice, and has implications for developing nutrition policy and nutrition interventions in the Commonwealth of Independent States. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Utermohlen, V (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-3293 J9 FOOD QUAL PREFER JI Food. Qual. Prefer. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 11 IS 6 BP 475 EP 485 DI 10.1016/S0950-3293(00)00020-3 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 365RW UT WOS:000089965100005 ER PT J AU Evatt, BL AF Evatt, BL TI Survival of haemophilia care in the developed world SO HAEMOPHILIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XXIVth International Congress of the World-Federation-of-Hemophilia CY JUL 16-21, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP World Federat Hemophilia C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Evatt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-8216 J9 HAEMOPHILIA JI Haemophilia PD NOV PY 2000 VL 6 SU 2 BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 382BG UT WOS:000165798100009 ER PT J AU Waters, M Bloom, TF Grajewski, B AF Waters, M Bloom, TF Grajewski, B TI The NIOSH/FAA working women's health study: Evaluation of the cosmic-radiation exposures of flight attendants SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE National Council on Radiation Protection and; Measurements; exposure, occupational; radiation, cosmic; health effects ID ALTITUDES AB Air crew are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic ionizing radiation of galactic and solar origin and are among the more highly exposed occupational groups to ionizing radiation in the United States. Depending on flight route patterns, the annual dose may range from 0.2 to 5 mSv. By comparison, the average annual radiation dose equivalent of occupationally exposed adults in the United States is estimated to be 1.1 mSv. Cosmic-radiation dose depends primarily on altitude and geomagnetic latitude and to a lesser degree on solar activity. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection has recommended that air crew exposures to natural radiation in-flight be treated as occupational exposures, United States flight crew exposures to natural cosmic radiation are not regulated or typically monitored. There are approximately 148,000 air crew (flight deck crew and flight attendants) in the United States. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Waters, Martha/B-7441-2011 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 79 IS 5 BP 553 EP 559 DI 10.1097/00004032-200011000-00012 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 364LD UT WOS:000089893100012 PM 11045529 ER PT J AU Ickovics, JR Ethier, KA Koenig, LJ Wilson, TE Walter, EB Fernandez, MI AF Ickovics, JR Ethier, KA Koenig, LJ Wilson, TE Walter, EB Fernandez, MI TI Infant birth weight among women with or at high risk for HIV infection: The impact of clinical, behavioral, psychosocial, and demographic factors SO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV AIDS; pregnancy; birth weight; psychosocial ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; PREGNANT-WOMEN; DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS; SMOKING CESSATION; OBSTETRIC FACTORS; PRETERM DELIVERY; WEEKS GESTATION; UNITED-STATES AB The purpose of these analyses was to provide a prospective examination of the impact of HN on birth weight using clinical, behavioral, psychosocial, and demographic correlates. HIV-positive (n = 319) and HIV-negative (n = 220) pregnant women matched for EW risk factors (i.e., drug use and sexual risk behaviors) were interviewed during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. Medical chart reviews were also conducted for the HIV-seropositive pregnant women to verify pregnancy-related and birth outcome data In a logistic regression analysis, model chi (2)(9, N = 518) = 124.8, p < .001, controlling for parity and gestational age, women who were HN seropositive were 2.6 times more likely to have an infant with low birth weight. In addition, Black women and those who did not live with their partners were more than 2 times as likely to have infants with low birth weight, and those who smoked were 3.2 times more likely to have infants with low birth weight. Knowing that women with HN, those who are Black, and those not living with a partner are at highest risk for adverse birth outcomes can help those in prenatal clinics and HIV specialty clinics to target resources and develop prevention interventions. This is particularly important for women with HIV because birth weight is associated with risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Ickovics, JR (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 60 Coll St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU112274, U64/CCU212267, U64/CCU412294] NR 55 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0278-6133 J9 HEALTH PSYCHOL JI Health Psychol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 515 EP 523 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology SC Psychology GA 381FF UT WOS:000165751100003 PM 11129354 ER PT J AU Hahn, R Vesely, S Chang, MH AF Hahn, R Vesely, S Chang, MH TI Health risk aversion, health risk affinity, and socio-economic position in the USA: the demographics of multiple risk SO HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE health; ethnicity; gender; class; behaviour; risk ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; AMERICAN-INDIANS; TAKING BEHAVIOR; BODY-SIZE; CANCER; WOMEN; ALCOHOL; ADULTS AB Understanding the distribution of behavioural risk factors in the population can improve health promotion. This article reports on a research project which analysed the distribution of numbers of behavioural risk factors among US adults, by race/Hispanic origin, sex, and age. Income, education, and region were examined as potential confounders in observed patterns. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for 1993 were used to assess the distribution of numbers of risk factors, i.e. smoking, heavy drinking, overweight, inadequate seatbelt use, Papanicolaou (pap) smear screening, mammography, colorectal screening, and influenza and pneumonia vaccination. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) given the distribution of each risk factor in the US population by age and sex, prevalences both of low and of high numbers of risk behaviours (but not of moderate numbers of risk behaviours) are greater than expected within each race/Hispanic origin-sex-age group; and (2) differences in socio-economic position among these groups account for the differences between observed and expected prevalences of numbers of risk factors. The second hypothesis was assessed both graphically by adjustment for income and education, and by multiple linear regression. The research found higher than expected prevalences of both low and high numbers of risk factors among whites and, possibly, among Hispanics. Among Asians prevalences were less than expected with greater numbers of risk factors. Among blacks and American Indians prevalences were lower than expected for low numbers of risk factors and were greater than expected with greater numbers of risk factors. Adjustment for income or education reduced differences between observed and expected prevalences. It appears that risk aversion and risk affinity vary substantially by race/Hispanic origin and are only partially explained by socio-economic position. Exploration of the causes of high and low risk behaviour may improve risk behaviour interventions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Oklahoma City, OK USA. CDC, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hahn, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Vesely, Sara/0000-0003-3448-0156 NR 89 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1369-8575 J9 HEALTH RISK SOC JI Health Risk Soc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3 BP 295 EP 314 DI 10.1080/713670164 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 370BY UT WOS:000165103800004 ER PT J AU Dobos, KM Spotts, EA Quinn, FD King, CH AF Dobos, KM Spotts, EA Quinn, FD King, CH TI Necrosis of lung epithelial cells during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is preceded by cell permeation SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; ALVEOLAR CELLS; NITRIC-OXIDE; APOPTOSIS; VIRULENT; EXPRESSION; PHAGOSOME; MONOCYTES AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis establishes infection, progresses towards disease, and is transmitted from the alveolus of the lung. However, the role of the alveolar epithelium in any of these pathogenic processes of tuberculosis is unclear. In this study, lung epithelial cells (A549) were used as a model in which to examine cytotoxicity during infection with either virulent or avirulent mycobacteria in order to further establish the role of the lung epithelium during tuberculosis. Infection of A549 cells with M. tuberculosis strains Erdman and CDC1551 demonstrated significant cell monolayer clearing, whereas infection with either Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Mycobacterium smegmatis LR222 did not. Clearing of M. tuberculosis-infected A549 cells correlated to necrosis, not apoptosis, Treatment of M. tuberculosis-infected A549 cells with streptomycin, but not cycloheximide, demonstrated a significant reduction in the necrosis of A549 cell monolayers, This mycobacterium-induced A549 necrosis did not correlate to higher levels of intracellular or extracellular growth by the mycobacteria during infection. Staining of infected cells with propidium iodide demonstrated that M, tuberculosis induced increased permeation of A549 cell membranes within 24 h postinfection, Quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from infected cells further demonstrated that cell permeation was specific to M. tuberculosis infection and correlated to A549 cellular necrosis, Inactivated M. tuberculosis or its subcellular fractions did not result in A549 necrosis or LDH release, These studies demonstrate that lung epithelial cell cytotoxicity is specific to infection by virulent mycobacteria and is caused by cellular necrosis, This necrosis is not a direct correlate of mycobacterial growth or of the expression of host cell factors, but is preceded by permeation of the A549 cell membrane and requires infection with live bacilli. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP King, CH (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI Dobos, Karen/D-1170-2017 OI Dobos, Karen/0000-0001-7115-8524 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N0I-AI-75320] NR 53 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 68 IS 11 BP 6300 EP 6310 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.11.6300-6310.2000 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 366LN UT WOS:000090007000030 PM 11035739 ER PT J AU Gleich, S Morad, Y Echague, R Miller, JR Kornblum, J Sampson, JS Butler, JC AF Gleich, S Morad, Y Echague, R Miller, JR Kornblum, J Sampson, JS Butler, JC TI Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 outbreak in a home for the aged: Report and review of recent outbreaks SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; TERM-CARE FACILITY; CHLAMYDIA-PNEUMONIAE; HOSPITAL OUTBREAK; CROSS-INFECTION; REQUIRING HOSPITALIZATION; NURSING-HOMES; DISEASE; BACTEREMIA AB OBJECTIVE: To describe a pneumonia outbreak caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae among residents of a home for the aged and to review contemporary pneumococcal outbreaks. DESIGN: Epidemiological investigation. METHODS: S pneumoniae isolates were serotyped and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Paired sera were tested for antibodies to pneumococcal surface adhesin A protein (PsaA, a 37-kDa cell-wall protein). Pneumococcal outbreaks reported in the last decade in English were reviewed. RESULTS: Pneumonia developed in 18 of 200 residents. In 11 (61%), a pneumococcal etiology was demonstrated. S pneumoniae, serotype 4, was isolated from the blood cultures of 3 patients; all isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Pneumococcal involvement was established in 2 by sputum culture and latex agglutination of parapneumonic fluid and in 6 others by a twofold rise in optical density of serum antibody reactive to PsaA. Pneumococcal immunization had not previously been received by any patient; mortality was 22%. No additional cases were noted following administration of pneumococcal vaccine and antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillin or erythromycin. Twenty-six outbreaks of invasive pneumococcal disease since 1990 were reviewed. Twelve occurred in the United States, and serotypes 23F, 14, and 4 accounted for 8 (67%) of 12 outbreaks. All confirmed serotypes in US outbreaks are included in the 23-valent vaccine. More than one half of pneumococcal outbreaks worldwide involved elderly persons in hospitals or longterm-care facilities. CONCLUSIONS: A pneumococcal pneumonia outbreak occurred among unvaccinated residents of a residential facility for the aged. Institutionalized elderly persons are at risk of outbreaks of pneumococcal disease and should be vaccinated. C1 St Johns Episcopal Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Far Rockaway, NY 11691 USA. St Johns Episcopal Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Far Rockaway, NY 11691 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Parasit Surveillance Unit, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Mol Typing Lab, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gleich, S (reprint author), St Johns Episcopal Hosp, Div Infect Dis, 327 Beach 19th St, Far Rockaway, NY 11691 USA. NR 70 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 21 IS 11 BP 711 EP 717 DI 10.1086/501717 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 373QB UT WOS:000165299200004 PM 11089655 ER PT J AU Roth, VR Murphy, C Perl, TM DeMaria, A Sohn, AH Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR AF Roth, VR Murphy, C Perl, TM DeMaria, A Sohn, AH Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR TI Should we routinely use mupirocin to prevent Staphylococcal infections? SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AUREUS NASAL CARRIAGE; HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS; RESISTANCE; ELIMINATION; EMERGENCE; REDUCTION; OINTMENT; CALCIUM AB Routine use of mupirocin to prevent staphylococcal infections is controversial. We assessed attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals attending the Fourth Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections regarding mupirocin prophylaxis. Eighty percent of participants did not use mupirocin routinely. At the end of the session, 58% indicated they would consider increased use of mupirocin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis Control, Jamaica Plains, MA USA. RP Roth, VR (reprint author), Ottawa Gen Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, 501 Smyth Rd,Room G-12, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 21 IS 11 BP 745 EP 749 DI 10.1086/501720 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 373QB UT WOS:000165299200013 PM 11089665 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Gold, BD Swerdlow, DL AF Dworkin, MS Gold, BD Swerdlow, DL TI Helicobacter pylori: Review of clinical and public health aspects for the practitioner SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Review ID PEPTIC-ULCER DISEASE; LYMPHOID-TISSUE TYPE; UREA BREATH TEST; CAMPYLOBACTER-PYLORI; GASTRIC LYMPHOMA; DUODENAL-ULCER; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; RISK-FACTORS; INFECTION; ERADICATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dworkin, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 107 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 8 BP 349 EP 357 DI 10.1097/00019048-200009080-00012 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 372CN UT WOS:000165216200012 ER PT J AU Jones, JL Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS DeCock, KM AF Jones, JL Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS DeCock, KM CA Adult-Adolescent Spectrum HIV Di TI HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE HIV; AIDS; tuberculosis; antiretroviral therapy ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; CD4 CELL COUNTS; UNITED-STATES; CUBIC MILLIMETER; AIDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRENDS; TRIAL; USERS AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the risk of tuberculosis (TB) among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to examine trends in TB. METHODS: For the risk factor analysis, we examined data from the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HN Disease (ASD) project from January 1996 through June 1998. ASD is an observational cohort study conducted in over 100 clinics and hospitals in 11 US cities. Poisson regression was used to model the incidence of TB while controlling for HIV-exposure mode, race, country of birth, CD4 count, TB preventive therapy, and half-year of diagnosis. We also examined trends in TB incidence January 1992 to June 1998. RESULTS: During the risk factor analysis period, 80 cases of TB occurred in 16 032 person-years (5.0 cases/ 1000 person-years). In multivariate analysis, the risk of TB was much lower among persons prescribed HAART (RR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5, P< 0.001), and also lower among persons prescribed other antiretroviral therapy (RR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-1.0, P = 0.05), than the risk in persons not prescribed antiretroviral therapy In addition, TB rates declined from January 1992 to June 1998 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Widespread use of HAART reduced the risk for TB and may help bring about further declines in TB among persons infected with HIV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jones, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MPH, DPD, NCID,CDC, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 4 IS 11 BP 1026 EP 1031 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 372AY UT WOS:000165212500008 PM 11092714 ER PT J AU Sterling, TR Thompson, D Stanley, RL McElroy, PD Madison, A Moore, K Ridzon, R Harrington, S Bishai, WR Chaisson, RE Bur, S AF Sterling, TR Thompson, D Stanley, RL McElroy, PD Madison, A Moore, K Ridzon, R Harrington, S Bishai, WR Chaisson, RE Bur, S TI A multi-state outbreak of tuberculosis among members of a highly mobile social network: implications for tuberculosis elimination SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY NOV 18-21, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer DE tuberculosis; DNA fingerprinting; epidemiology, molecular; restriction fragment length polymorphism; HIV-1; AIDS ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEW-YORK-CITY; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; CENTRAL LOS-ANGELES; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; TRANSMISSION; COMMUNITY AB SETTING: Baltimore, Maryland. OBJECTIVE: To describe a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak among a highly mobile population and the efforts required to control it. DESIGN: Epidemiologic outbreak investigation. RESULTS: Between June 1998 and January 2000, 20 TB outbreak cases were identified, of which 18 were culture confirmed. Seventeen isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis had an identical 11-band DNA fingerprint; another isolate had one additional band and was considered a match. Two cases were diagnosed in New York City; another patient lived primarily in Atlanta, but was diagnosed in Baltimore, Persons in the outbreak were predominantly young (median age 24 years), black, male, infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and gay, transvestite or transsexual. Activities common among many TB cases included attending two nightclubs, membership in one of three social 'Houses', attending balls or pageants in East Coast cities, marijuana use, and prostitution. Community outreach, extended contact tracing, DNA fingerprinting, directly-observed therapy, and expanded use of preventive therapy were utilized to assess and control the outbreak. During the outbreak period the Baltimore City TB rate declined by 10%. However, additional public health personnel were required to control the outbreak, resulting in a 17% increase in TB clinic staff. CONCLUSION: As TB rates decline, remaining cases are likely to occur in difficult-to-reach populations. Increased resources per case of TB treated will be required to eliminate TB. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Baltimore City Hlth Dept Eastern Chest Clin, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Sterling, TR (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, 1830 E Monument St,Room 444, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI40605]; PHS HHS [U300466-10] NR 22 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 4 IS 11 BP 1066 EP 1073 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 372AY UT WOS:000165212500014 PM 11092720 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - Ethiopia, 1997-August 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 867-870, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Dept Vaccines & Biol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, Reg Off Africa, Vaccine Preventable Dis Unit, Hrare, Zimbabwe. Minist Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RP CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 17 BP 2179 EP 2180 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 367GD UT WOS:000090052600008 ER PT J CA CDC TI Cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 881-885, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 17 BP 2180 EP 2181 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 367GD UT WOS:000090052600009 ER PT J AU Rifkin, G Sibounheuang, K Peterson, L Kelly, K Langkop, C Kauerauf, D Groeschel, E Adam, B Austin, C AF Rifkin, G Sibounheuang, K Peterson, L Kelly, K Langkop, C Kauerauf, D Groeschel, E Adam, B Austin, C TI Foodborne botulism from eating home-pickled eggs - Illinois, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 778-780, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Rockford Mem Hosp, Rockford, IL 61103 USA. Winnebago Cty Hlth Dept, Rockford, IL USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. CDC, Natl Botulism Surveillance & Reference Lab, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rifkin, G (reprint author), Rockford Mem Hosp, Rockford, IL 61103 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 17 BP 2181 EP 2182 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 367GD UT WOS:000090052600010 ER PT J AU Bulterys, M Burchett, SK Culnane, M Cunningham-Schrader, B Dominguez, K Dunkle, L Draper, L Fowler, MG Hanson, C Kpamegan, E Lindegren, ML Martin-Carpenter, L McIntosh, K McNamara, J McSherry, G Mitchell, WG Mofenson, LM Oleske, JM Rhodes, P Shapiro, DE Smith, ME Styrt, B AF Bulterys, M Burchett, SK Culnane, M Cunningham-Schrader, B Dominguez, K Dunkle, L Draper, L Fowler, MG Hanson, C Kpamegan, E Lindegren, ML Martin-Carpenter, L McIntosh, K McNamara, J McSherry, G Mitchell, WG Mofenson, LM Oleske, JM Rhodes, P Shapiro, DE Smith, ME Styrt, B CA Perinatal Safety Review Working Gr TI Nucleoside exposure in the children of HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral drugs: Absence of clear evidence for mitochondrial disease in children who died before 5 years of age in five United States cohorts SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV; mothers; infants; mitochondrial dysfunction; antiretroviral drugs ID INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; ZIDOVUDINE TREATMENT; MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA; LACTIC-ACIDOSIS; RISK-FACTORS; TOXICITY; ANALOGS; SKELETAL; IMPACT AB Background: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have been associated with mitochondrial toxicity in individuals receiving treatment. A report of two deaths in Europe attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-uninfected infants with perinatal NRTI exposure prompted a review of five U.S. cohorts. Methods: Deaths in HIV-exposed children <60 months of age and HIV-uninfected or indeterminate were reviewed. Review included birth history; perinatal antiretroviral drug exposure; hospital, laboratory, and clinic records; death reports; autopsy results; and local physician queries. Deaths were classified as unrelated (Class 1), unlikely related (Class 2), possibly related (Class 3), or highly suggestive or proven relationship (Class 4), to mitochondrial dysfunction; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was categorized separately. Results and Conclusions: Among over 20,000 children of HIV-infected women, over half of whom had been exposed to NRTIs, 223 died. In HIV-uninfected children, 26 deaths were attributed to Class 1, and 4 were attributed to SIDS. In HIV-indeterminate children, 141, 10, 3, and 0 were Classes 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively; 33 were due to SIDS and 6 could not be classified. There was no indication that antiretroviral exposure was associated with Class 2 or 3 deaths, or deaths from SIDS. A. search for mitochondrial dysfunction among living children in these cohorts is ongoing. C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. NIAID, Div Aids, Pediat Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Frontier Sci & Technol Res Fdn Inc, Amherst, NY USA. Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Pharmaceut Res Inst, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Clin Trials & Surveys Corp, Baltimore, MD USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Keck Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. NICHHD, Pediat Adolescent & Mat AIDS Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Biostat AIDS Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. US FDA, CDER, Div Antiviral Drug Prod, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP McIntosh, K (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Enders 609,300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Oleske, James/C-1951-2016; OI Oleske, James/0000-0003-2305-5605; Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 36 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 261 EP 268 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 381DE UT WOS:000165746400008 ER PT J AU Hsu, HW Pelton, S Williamson, JM Thomas, P Mascola, L Ortiz, I Rakusan, T Melville, S Bertolli, J AF Hsu, HW Pelton, S Williamson, JM Thomas, P Mascola, L Ortiz, I Rakusan, T Melville, S Bertolli, J CA Pediat Spectrum HIV Dis Project TI Survival in children with perinatal HIV infection and very low CD4 lymphocyte counts SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE pediatrics; cytomegalovirus; Mycobacterium avium intracellulare; wasting ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR; TYPE-1 INFECTION; NATURAL-HISTORY; INFANTS; DISEASE; GROWTH; PROGRESSION; RNA; MORTALITY AB Objectives: To evaluate clinical conditions associated with mortality in HIV-infected children with CD4(+) counts <100 cells/l. Methods: The Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Project is a longitudinal medical record review study with eight study sites in the United States, which have been enrolling children since 1989. Survival time from baseline very low CD4 count (<100 cells/l) to death was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of clinical variables on mortality. Results: Of 522 children (greater than or equal to1 year of age) with serial CD4(+) T-lymphocyte measurements, the median age at the first very low CD4 count was 4.8 years. The estimated median survival following the first very low CD4 count was 36 months. The following factors present at the first very low CD4 count were independently associated with a higher risk of death: younger age, weight-for-age >2 standard deviations below the mean, and previously diagnosed AIDS. The subsequent development of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated disease, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection, wasting syndrome, or esophageal candidiasis was also independently associated with a higher risk of death. Conclusion: Survival in HIV-infected children with very low CD4 counts before introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy was highly variable. Poor nutritional status and the development of CMV disease or MAI infection were associated with the shortest survival times. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02125 USA. Boston Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Puerto Rico Dept Hlth, Rio Piedras, PR USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Hsu, HW (reprint author), State Lab Inst, 6th Floor,305 S St,Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64CCU114918] NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 269 EP 275 DI 10.1097/00126334-200011010-00010 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 381DE UT WOS:000165746400009 PM 11115958 ER PT J AU Maher, JE Peterson, J Hastings, K Dahlberg, LL Seals, B Shelley, G Kamb, ML AF Maher, JE Peterson, J Hastings, K Dahlberg, LL Seals, B Shelley, G Kamb, ML TI Partner violence, partner notification, and women's decisions to have an HIV test SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV infections; AIDS serodiagnosis; contact tracing; female; domestic violence; intimate partner violence ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; EXPERIENCES AB Objectives: Reports of partner violence against HIV-positive women after they have disclosed their serostatus have led some to reassess partner notification strategies and to speculate that fear of partner violence following partner notification may influence women's HIV testing decisions. We studied whether associations exist between women's declining to have an HIV test and history of partner violence, fear of partner violence, previous experience with partner notification, or beliefs about partner notification. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we interviewed women seen at Newark and Miami sexually transmitted disease clinics. The women were at least 18 years old, not known to be HN positive, not tested for HIV in the previous 3 months, and offered HIV testing during the clinic visit Women who declined testing were compared with women who accepted. Results: Of 490 participants (89% of eligible women), 16% reported partner violence in the past year, and 28% declined HN testing. Declining the test was not significantly (p > .05) associated with history or fear of partner violence, previous experience with partner notification, or beliefs about partner notification. When specifically asked, only 2 women responded that their declining the test was related to fear that their partner or partners might harm them if the women tested positive. Conclusions: Among women seen at these clinics, we did not find evidence that declining the HIV test was strongly influenced by partner violence, previous experience with partner notification, or beliefs about partner notification. However, many women reported partner violence. Therefore, providers should assess the potential for partner violence and be prepared to make appropriate referrals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Comm, Div HIV AIDS PRevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Michaels Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Newark, NJ USA. Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Bur HIV AIDS, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div VIolence Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, Ctr AIDS Drugs & Community Hlth, New York, NY 10021 USA. Kaiser Permanente NW, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. RP Maher, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Comm, Div HIV AIDS PRevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 276 EP 282 DI 10.1097/00126334-200011010-00012 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 381DE UT WOS:000165746400010 PM 11115959 ER PT J AU Grunbaum, JA Lowry, R Kann, L Pateman, B AF Grunbaum, JA Lowry, R Kann, L Pateman, B TI Prevalence of health risk behaviors among Asian American/Pacific Islander high school students SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adolescent; alcohol use; Asian Americans; drug use; gender differences; high school students; injury; Pacific Islanders; risk behaviors; sexual behaviors; tobacco use ID ETHNIC-DIFFERENCES; TOBACCO USE; ALCOHOL-USE; DRUG-USE; ADOLESCENTS; DRINKING; PATTERNS; SMOKING; YOUTH AB Purpose: To compare the prevalence of selected risk behaviors among Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) students and white, black, and Hispanic high school students in the United States. Methods: The national Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced nationally representative samples of students in grades 9 through 12 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. To generate a sufficient sample of AAPI students, data from these four surveys were combined into one dataset yielding a total sample size of 55,734 students. Results: In the month preceding the survey, AAPI students were significantly less likely than black, Hispanic, or white students to have drunk alcohol or used marijuana. AAPI students also were significantly less likely than white, black, or Hispanic students to have had sexual intercourse; however, once sexually active, AAPI students were as likely as other racial or ethnic groups to have used alcohol or drugs at last intercourse or to have used a condom at last intercourse. AAPI students were significantly less likely than white, black, or Hispanic students to have carried a weapon or fought but were as likely as any of the other groups to have attempted suicide. Conclusions: A substantial percentage of AAPI students engage in risk behaviors that can affect their current and future health. Prevention programs should address the risks faced by AAPI students using culturally sensitive strategies and materials. More studies are needed to understand the comparative prevalence of various risk behaviors among AAPI subgroups. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Grunbaum, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD NOV PY 2000 VL 27 IS 5 BP 322 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00093-8 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 366YE UT WOS:000090033200008 PM 11044704 ER PT J AU Warren, JR Farmer, JJ Dewhirst, FE Birkhead, K Zembower, T Peterson, LR Sims, L Bhattacharya, M AF Warren, JR Farmer, JJ Dewhirst, FE Birkhead, K Zembower, T Peterson, LR Sims, L Bhattacharya, M TI Outbreak of nosocomial infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enteric Group 137, a new member of the family Enterobacteriaceae closely related to Citrobacter farmeri and Citrobacter amalonaticus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; GENERATION; COMPUTER; BACTERIA AB A member of the Enterobacteriaceae initially identified as Kluyvera cryocrescens by the MicroScan Gram-Negative Combo 13 panel caused an outbreak of nosocomial infections in four patients (pneumonia, n = 2; urinary tract infection, n = 1; wound infection, n = 1) and urinary tract colonization in one patient, When the strains were tested by the Enteric Reference Laboratory of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, biochemical results were most compatible with Yersinia intermedia, Kluyvera cryocrescens, and Citrobacter farmeri but identification scores were low and test results were discrepant. However, when the biochemical test profile was plated in the computer database as a new organism, all strains were identified as the organism with high identification scores (0.999968 to 0.999997) and no discrepant test results. By 16S rRNA sequence analysis the organism clustered most closely with, but was distinct from, Citrobacter farmeri and Citrobacter amalonaticus, Based on its unique biochemical profile and rRNA sequence, this organism is designated Enteric Group 137, Restriction endonuclease analysis and taxonomic antibiograms of strains causing the outbreak demonstrated a single clone of Enteric Group 137, and antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed the presence of extended-spectrum beta -lactamase (ESBL) resistance. Enteric Group 137 appears to be a new opportunistic pathogen that can serve as a source of ESBL resistance in the hospital. C1 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Vet Adm Chicago Hlth Care Syst Lakeside Div, Clin Microbiol Lab, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Enter Reference Lab, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Lab Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Forsyth Inst, Dept Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Warren, JR (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 3946 EP 3952 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900007 PM 11060050 ER PT J AU Goh, SH Facklam, RR Chang, M Hill, JE Tyrrell, GJ Burns, ECM Chan, D He, C Rahim, T Shaw, C Hemmingsen, SM AF Goh, SH Facklam, RR Chang, M Hill, JE Tyrrell, GJ Burns, ECM Chan, D He, C Rahim, T Shaw, C Hemmingsen, SM TI Identification of Enterococcus species and phenotypically similar Lactococcus and Vagococcus species by reverse checkerboard hybridization to chaperonin 60 gene sequences SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANCE; VANCOMYCIN; PCR; INFECTIONS; LEVEL; ELECTROPHORESIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; GARVIEAE AB Data from four recent studies (S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2164-2166, 1998; S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:818-823, 1996; S. H. Goh et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3116-3121, 1997; A. Y. C. Kwok et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:1181-1192, 1999) suggest that an approximately 600-bp region of the chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) gene, amplified by PCR with a single pair of degenerate primers, has utility as a potentially universal target for bacterial identification IID). This Cpn60 gene ID method correctly identified isolates representative of numerous staphylococcal species and Streptococcus iniae, a human and animal pathogen. We report herein that this method enabled us to distinguish clearly between 17 Enterococcus species (Enterococcus asini, Enterococcus rattus, Enterococcus dispar, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus cecorum, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus malodoratus, Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus pseudoavium, Enterococcus new sp. strain Facklam, and Enterococcus saccharolyticus), and Vagococcus fluvialis, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactococcus garvieae. From 123 blind-tested samples, only two discrepancies were observed between the Facklam and Collins phenotyping method (R. R. Facklam and M. D. Collins, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:731-734, 1989) and the Cpn60 ID method. In each case, the discrepancies were resolved in favor of the Cpn60 ID method. The species distributions of the 123 blind-tested isolates were Enterococcus new sp. strain Facklam (ATCC 700913), 3; E. asini, 1; E. rattus, 4; E. dispar, 2; E. gallinarum, 20; E. hirae, 9; E. durans, 9; E. faecalis, 12; E. mundtii, 3; E. casseliflavus, 8; E. faecium, 25; E. malodoratus, 3; E. raffinosus, 8; E. avium, 4; E, pseudoavium, 1; an unknown Enterococcus clinical isolate, sp. strain R871; Vagococcus fluvialis, 4; Lactococcus garvieae, 3; Lactococcus lactis, 3; Leuconostoc sp., 1; and Pediococcus sp., I. The Cpn60 gene ID method, coupled with reverse checkerboard hybridization, is an effective method for the identification of Enterococcus and related organisms. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. British Columbia Ctr Dis Control Soc, Lab Serv, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. Natl Ctr Streptococcus, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Goh, SH (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 655W 12th AVe, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada. RI Hill, Janet/B-5001-2011; OI Hill, Janet/0000-0002-2187-6277 NR 35 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 3953 EP 3959 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900008 PM 11060051 ER PT J AU Lanciotti, RS Kerst, AJ Nasci, RS Godsey, MS Mitchell, CJ Savage, HM Komar, N Panella, NA Allen, BC Volpe, KE Davis, BS Roehrig, JT AF Lanciotti, RS Kerst, AJ Nasci, RS Godsey, MS Mitchell, CJ Savage, HM Komar, N Panella, NA Allen, BC Volpe, KE Davis, BS Roehrig, JT TI Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS; EPIDEMIC; ROMANIA; RNA AB The authors report on the development and application of a rapid TaqMan assay for the detection of West Nile (WN) virus in a variety of human clinical specimens and field-collected specimens. Oligonucleotide primers and FAM- and TAMRA-labeled WN virus-specific probes were designed by using the nucleotide sequence of the New York 1999 WN virus isolate. The TaqMan assay was compared to a traditional reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay and to virus isolation in Vero cells with a large number (approximate to 5500) of specimens obtained from humans (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue), field-collected mosquitoes, and avian tissue samples. The TaqMan assay was specific for WN virus and demonstrated a greater sensitivity than the traditional RT-PCR method and correctly identified WN virus in 100% of the culture-positive mosquito pools and 98% of the culture-positive avian tissue samples. The assay should be of utility in the diagnostic laboratory to complement existing human diagnostic testing and as a tool to conduct WN virus surveillance in the United States. C1 CDC, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Lanciotti, RS (reprint author), CDC, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Rampart Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 17 TC 687 Z9 718 U1 2 U2 68 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4066 EP 4071 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900026 PM 11060069 ER PT J AU Xu, WH McDonough, MC Erdman, DD AF Xu, WH McDonough, MC Erdman, DD TI Species-specific identification of human adenoviruses by a multiplex PCR assay SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; VIRUS-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; SEQUENCE CHARACTERIZATION; RAPID DIAGNOSIS; FIBER GENE; CLINICAL-SAMPLES; CONJUNCTIVITIS; SEROTYPES; SPECIMENS AB A multiplex PCR assay was developed by using primers to the fiber gene that could differentiate human adenovirus (Ad) species A through F in a single amplification reaction, The assay correctly identified the species of all 49 recognized Ad prototype strains as well as 180 geographically and temporally diverse Ad field isolates. Ad serotype 6 (Ad6) (species C), Ad16 (species B), Ad31 (species A), and Ad40 and Ad41 (species F) could also be distinguished by amplicon size within each respective species. In comparison, a previously described Ad species-specific multiplex PCR assay that used primers to the Ad hexon gene gave equivocal results with several serotypes of species B, whereas our multiplex assay amplified all species B serotypes equally well. Our multiplex PCR assay will permit rapid, accurate, and cost-effective classification of Ad isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Erdman, DD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G-09,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 53 TC 165 Z9 182 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4114 EP 4120 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900034 PM 11060077 ER PT J AU Nicholson, ML Ferdinand, L Sampson, JS Benin, A Balter, S Pinto, SWL Dowell, SF Facklam, RR Carlone, GM Beall, B AF Nicholson, ML Ferdinand, L Sampson, JS Benin, A Balter, S Pinto, SWL Dowell, SF Facklam, RR Carlone, GM Beall, B TI Analysis of immunoreactivity to a Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus M-like protein to confirm an outbreak of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequences of M-like proteins from isolates obtained from different host species SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MENINGITIS AB The etiologic agent of a large 1998 outbreak of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSGN) in Nova Serrana, Brazil, was found likely to be a specific strain of Streptococcus equi subsp, zooepidemicus from contaminated cheese (S. Balter et al., Lancet 355:1776-1780, 2000). In the present study, we used a serologic screen for a known surface-exposed virulence factor to confirm the epidemiologic findings. Using primers Banking a previously characterized M-like protein gene (J. F. Timoney et al., Infect. Immun. 63:1440-1445, 1995), we amplified and sequenced the M-like protein (designated Szp5058) gene and found it to be identical among four independent acute-phase PSGN patient isolates. Convalescent-phase sera from 33 of 44 patients in the PSGN outbreak were found to contain antibodies highly reactive to a purified Szp5058 fusion protein, compared with 1 of 17 control sera (P < 0.0001), suggesting that Szp5058 was expressed during infection and further implicating this strain as the cause of the PSGN outbreak The predicted signal sequence and cell wall association motif of Szp5058 were highly conserved with the corresponding sequence from S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus SzpW60, while the predicted surface-exposed portions differed markedly between these two proteins. The 5' end of the szp5058 gene, including its variable region, was identical to the szp gene from another strain associated with a previous PSGN outbreak in England (M. Barham et al., Lancet i:945-948, 1983), and the corresponding szp sequence found from the Lancefield group C type strain isolated from a guinea pig. In addition, the hypervariable (HV) portion of szp5058 was identical to a previously published HV sequence from a horse isolate (J. A. Walker and J. F. Timoney, Am. J. Vet. Res. 59:1129-1133, 1998). Three other strains of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, including another strain previously associated with a PSGN outbreak, were each found to contain a distinct szp gene. Two of these szp genes had HV regions identical to szp regions from isolates recovered from different host species. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hosp Sao Joao de Deus, Dept Nephrol, Divinopolis, Brazil. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4126 EP 4130 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900036 PM 11060079 ER PT J AU Chamberlin, J Laughlin, L Gordon, S Romero, S Solorzano, N Regnery, RL AF Chamberlin, J Laughlin, L Gordon, S Romero, S Solorzano, N Regnery, RL TI Serodiagnosis of Bartonella bacilliformis infection by indirect fluorescence antibody assay: Test development and application to a population in an area of bartonellosis endemicity SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VERRUGA PERUANA; DISEASE AB Bartonella bacilliformis causes bartonellosis, a potentially life-threatening emerging infectious disease seen in the Andes Mountains of South America. There are no generally accepted serologic tests to confirm the disease. We developed an indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test for the detection of antibodies to B. bacilliformis and then tested its performance as an aid in the diagnosis of acute bartonellosis. The IFA is 82% sensitive in detecting B. bacilliformis antibodies in acute-phase blood samples of laboratory-confirmed bartonellosis patients. When used to examine convalescent-phase sera, the IFA is positive in 93% of bartonellosis cases. The positive predictive value of the test is 89% in an area of Peru where B. bacilliformis is endemic and where the point prevalence of infection is 45%. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med, Div Trop Publ Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Naval Med Res Inst Detachment, Lima, Peru. Minist Hlth, Caraz, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chamberlin, J (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Prevent Med, Div Trop Publ Hlth, Rm A3085,4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4269 EP 4271 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900065 PM 11060108 ER PT J AU Hemashettar, BM Siddaramappa, B Padhye, AA Sigler, L Chandler, FW AF Hemashettar, BM Siddaramappa, B Padhye, AA Sigler, L Chandler, FW TI White grain mycetoma caused by a Cylindrocarpon sp in India SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We describe a case of white grain eumycetoma of the foot of an Indian male caused by a slow-growing, poorly sporulating fungus that does not match any known agent of this infection. Histologic examination of a biopsy tissue specimen showed oval, lobular, white granules composed of hyaline, septate hyphae, and thick-walled chlamydospores. Culture of granules from a draining sinus yielded compact, very-slow-growing, poorly sporulating colonies producing a strong reddish brown pigment that diffused into the medium. The fungus was identified as a Cylindrocarpon sp. based on the development of rare cylindrical conidia borne from solitary phialides lacking collarettes, in addition to chlamydospores formed singly or in short chains. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Jawaharlal Nehru Med Coll, Dept Microbiol, Belgaum, India. Jawaharlal Nehru Med Coll, Dept Dermatol Venereol & Leprol, Belgaum, India. Univ Alberta, Devonian Bot Garden, Microfungus Collect & Herbarium, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. Med Coll Georgia, Dept Pathol, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. RP Padhye, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4288 EP 4291 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900072 PM 11060115 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A AF Hadgu, A TI Discrepant analysis is an inappropriate and unscientific method SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID TEST SENSITIVITY; BIAS; SPECIFICITY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11 BP 4301 EP 4302 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 400VT UT WOS:000166892900078 PM 11142698 ER PT J AU Scanlon, M Shaw, AP Zhou, CJ Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ AF Scanlon, M Shaw, AP Zhou, CJ Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ TI Infection by microsporidia disrupts the host cell cycle SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cyclins; Encephalitozoon; E. cuniculi; E. hellem; E. intestinalis; mitotic index; parasitophorous vacuole ID IN-VITRO CULTURE; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; ENCEPHALITOZOON-CUNICULI; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMES; MUSCLE-CELLS; N-SP; AIDS; PATIENT; ARREST AB Microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon infect mammalian cells and have become a source of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised humans. Encephalitozoon microsporidia develop and mature within parasitophorous vacuoles, enlarging the vacuole over time until it eventually occupies most of the cytoplasm of the host cell. The ability of the host cell to accommodate such a large burden for several days suggests that the parasite subverts normal host cell processes to ensure optimal environmental conditions for its growth and development. Since this environment would be threatened if cell division of the host cell occurred, we have formulated the hypothesis that infection with Encephalitozoon microsporidia induces an arrest in the cell cycle of the host cell. In support of this hypothesis, we have found that mitotic index and DNA duplication are reduced in infected cells as compared to uninfected cells. The number of host cell nuclei in S phase is increased. The levels of cyclin D1 and the percentage of cells in G1 are reduced; however, the levels of cyclin B1 are elevated even though the percentage of cells, in G2/M is decreased. These results suggest that host cells infected with Encephalitozoon microsporidia are blocked at multiple points in the cell cycle. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Anat, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Scanlon, M (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 720 Westview Dr Sw, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03034] NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 47 IS 6 BP 525 EP 531 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00085.x PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 381HH UT WOS:000165756100002 PM 11128703 ER PT J AU Naeher, LP Smith, KR Leaderer, BP Mage, D Grajeda, R AF Naeher, LP Smith, KR Leaderer, BP Mage, D Grajeda, R TI Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and CO in high- and low-density Guatemalan villages SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollution; biomass fuel; developing world; respiratory health ID AIR-POLLUTION; FUEL COMBUSTION; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; WOMEN AB Continuous particles less than 2.5 mum in diameter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored during breakfast, lunch, and dinner in three high-density and four low-density villages near Quetzaltenango, Guatemala a to help assess the viability of this region for a proposed respiratory health and stove intervention study. Approximately 15 homes were visited during each mealtime in each of the seven villages; in all, 98 homes were visited, with a sampling duration of 2-3 min per home per meal. For each village, a line (transect) was drawn on a village map along existing roads from one end of the village to the other; homes and between-home outside locations along the transect were monitored. Although the predominant stove type was the open fire, several other stoves, in various levels of disrepair, were observed frequently. The highest indoor concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in homes using the open fire (avg.= 5.31 mg/m(3): SD = 4.75 mg/m(3)) or equivalent, although homes using the plancha - indigenous wood-burning stove with chimney - also had measurements >13.8 mg/m(3), PM2.5 limit of detection. The highest indoor concentrations of CO were also observed in homes using the open fire (avg.=22.9 ppm; SD=28.1 ppm),with a maximum measurement of >250 ppm. For both PM2.5 and CO, levels measured in homes with plancha, lorena, or open fire were significantly higher than levels taken in the street or in homes using a gas stove. The Spearman correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and CO for all data combined was 0.81, and ranged from 0.30 for the lorena to 0.68 for the plancha in homes using wood-fueled stoves. Although indoor PM2.5 and CO levels were not significantly different between high- and low-density villages, street-level PM2.5, (p = 0.002) and CO (p = 0.002), were significantly higher in the high-density villages. These data provide a useful picture of the pollution levels coming from a range of cooking stoves in various levels of disrepair, as well as a representation of how outdoor particle moss and CO levels vary from high- versus low -density villages. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Inst Nutr Cent Amer & Panama, Div Nutr & Hlth, Human Nutr Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala. RP Naeher, LP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS-E23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES05410] NR 18 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 544 EP 551 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500113 PN 1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PX UT WOS:000166013800004 PM 11140438 ER PT J AU Needham, LL Sexton, K AF Needham, LL Sexton, K TI Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities - Introduction and overview SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE administrative issues; biological markers; chemical analysis methods; children; data-collection methods; exposure assessment; Institutional Review Boards ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; REFERENCE RANGE CONCENTRATIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH; PHASE-I FIELD; UNITED-STATES; ZEEMAN CORRECTION; SENSITIVE METHOD; LVOV PLATFORM AB There is renewed interest in the United States regarding characterization of children's exposures to hazardous environmental chemicals. Many studies are currently underway that use novel and innovative approaches to assess childhood exposures to a variety of toxic chemicals, including both persistent and nonpersistent compounds. This article reviews some of the critical challenges that can impede scientifically rigorous studies designed to measure children's environmental exposures. The discussion briefly examines three topical areas: administrative issues (IRB approval, participant incentives, community involvement and communication of results to research participants and stakeholders); data-collection issues (identifying and recruiting children/families, measuring actual exposures/doses); and issues related to chemical analysis of biological samples (examples of chemicals and chemical classes that can be measured in human tissue and excreta, effects of a child's age on the type and amount of biological samples available for analysis). These research complexities are discussed in the context of developing more effective and efficient exposure assessment methods. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 81 TC 81 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 611 EP 629 PN 2 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900001 PM 11138654 ER PT J AU Dimandja, JMD Grainger, J Patterson, DG Turner, WE Needham, LL AF Dimandja, JMD Grainger, J Patterson, DG Turner, WE Needham, LL TI Measurements for assessing environmental exposures to children using small amounts of serum and urine: state-of-the-art SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE comprehensive 2D GC (GCxGC); dioxin; PCBs; pesticides; time-compressed GC-TOFMS ID 2-DIMENSIONAL GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PESTICIDES; DIOXINS; WORKERS; BLOOD; TIME; PCBS AB This paper addresses the recent advances in gas chromatographic (GC)-based instrumentation for the analytical determination of environmental toxicants using small samples. One-dimensional GC/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) are shown to drastically improve sample component resolution, sensitivity and overall analytical throughput. A presentation of the concepts behind the new state-of-the-art, and results highlighting the advantages of the emerging technologies are presented. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dimandja, JMD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Toxicol Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 761 EP 768 PN 2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900015 PM 11138668 ER PT J AU Burse, VW Najam, AR Williams, CC Korver, MP Smith, BF Sam, PM Young, SL Needham, LL AF Burse, VW Najam, AR Williams, CC Korver, MP Smith, BF Sam, PM Young, SL Needham, LL TI Utilization of umbilical cords to assess in utero exposure to persistent pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DDE; environmental exposure; in utero; lipid; PCB; pesticide; umbilical cord ID PRENATAL EXPOSURE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IN-UTERO; CHILDREN; HOMOGENIZATION; CONGENERS; SERUM; AGE AB In support of a study to relate developmental and cognitive effects with prenatal exposure to selected environmental toxicants, we developed and applied an analytical method to determine the concentration of two persistent pesticides, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p.p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and 32 specific polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 316 umbilical cords taken in 1986-1987 from women of the Faroe Islands. The analytical method consisted of homogenization of the cords, partitioning, microsilica gel column chromatography for clean-up, and dual-column capillary gas chromatography (DB-5 and DB-1701) with electron capture detection. Several quality control parameters were followed to monitor the performance of the method. Important criteria used before reporting unknown data were the recovery of in vitro-spiked analytes from a bovine umbilical cord (BUC) and the percentage lipid obtained for a Certified Reference Material (CRM)-350 of mackerel oil (MO). Recoveries of analytes that had been spiked at two concentration ranges (0.26-0.95 ng/g whole weight; 0.35-2.42 ng/g whole weight) into bovine cords ranged from 38.5% to 158% and from 50.4% to 145%, respectively. with a median recovery of 77.7%. Measurement of the percentage lipid for CRM-350 ranged from 73.8% to 107% with a median lipid value of 96.0%. The most prevalent analytes detected (%) in unknown umbilical cords were HCB (100), DDE (100), Ballschmiter/Zell PCBs 153 ( 100), 138 (98), 180 (98), 170 (93), 118 (88), 187 (86), and 146 (83), with corresponding median concentrations (ng/g whole weight) of 0.17, 1.19, 0.38, 0.30, 0.17, 0.11, 0.12, 0.09, and 0.07, respectively. Total PCB-sum of all measurable PCB congeners-had a median concentration of 1.37 ng/g whole weight. The analytes, which were very low in lipid content were also quantified on a lipid-adjusted basis, which provided an analytical challenge in these umbilical cord samples. The gravimetrically measured lipids in the human specimens ranged from 0.01% to 1.43% (median of 0.18%). In the pooled BUCs, our lipid measurements varied from 0.05% to 0.33% with a median value of 0.13%. The utility of using the umbilical cord as a matrix to assess in utero exposure to persistent environmental pollutants, compared with the use of umbilical cord blood or mother's blood, is worthy of debate. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Burse, VW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mail Stop F17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 776 EP 788 PN 2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900017 PM 11138670 ER PT J AU Baker, SE Barr, DB Driskell, WJ Beeson, MD Needham, LL AF Baker, SE Barr, DB Driskell, WJ Beeson, MD Needham, LL TI Quantification of selected pesticide metabolites in human urine using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diazinon; human; mass spectrometry; pesticide metabolites; urine ID PYRETHROID METABOLITES; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; GENERAL-POPULATION; UNITED-STATES; MALATHION; EXPOSURE; ATRAZINE; CHILDREN; RESIDUES; RISKS AB The annual domestic use of pesticides is continually increasing, virtually ensuring that everyone is exposed to some level of pesticides on a regular basis through diet or environment. The potential developmental and physical adverse effects these chronic pesticide exposures have on children are of increasing concern. To adequately evaluate the potential adverse effects resulting from these exposures, accurate methods to measure the amount of the pesticide absorbed by the body must be developed. We have developed a sensitive method to measure the urinary metabolites of atrazine, diazinon, malathion, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and certain synthetic pyrethroids in human urine. in our method, stable isotopically labeled analogues of the metabolites were spiked into the urine, which was subsequently extracted at both a neutral and acidic pH using organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Our method has limits of detection ranging from 20 to 500 ng/l (parts per trillion) and relative standard deviations of less than 11%. This method has been used to measure the internal doses of these pesticides in both adults and children (n = 130) with no documented exposure to the pesticides. We detected atrazine and synthetic pyrethroid metabolites in less than 12% of the samples analyzed. The metabolites of 2,4-D, malathion, and diazinon were detected in 22%, 32%, and 57% of the samples, respectively. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Barr, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011 NR 24 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 789 EP 798 PN 2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900018 PM 11138671 ER PT J AU Valentin-Blasini, L Blount, BC Rogers, HS Needham, LL AF Valentin-Blasini, L Blount, BC Rogers, HS Needham, LL TI HPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of seven phytoestrogens in human serum and urine SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endocrine disrupters; HPLC-MS/MS; isoflavones; lignans; phytoestrogens ID PHYTO-ESTROGENS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ISOFLAVONOID PHYTOESTROGENS; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; JAPANESE MEN; PLASMA; CANCER; DERIVATIVES; INHIBITION; COUMESTROL AB The elevated exposure of children to hormonally active dietary phytoestrogens has led to the need for rapid, sensitive, and precise assays for phytoestrogen metabolites in physiological matrices. Here we report the development of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) MS/MS method for the quantitative detection of seven phytoestrogens in human serum and urine. The method uses enzymatic deconjugation of the phytoestrogen metabolites followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) and reverse-phase HPLC. The phytoestrogens are detected using a Sciex API III heated nebulizer atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (HN-APCI) interface coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method allows the detection of the primary dietary phytoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) in human serum and urine with limits of detection (LODs) in the low parts per billion range. The combination of tandem mass spectrometry and chromatographic separation of the analytes helps ensure the selectivity of the method. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards for all seven analytes improve the precision of the assay, resulting in interday CV values of <10% for most compounds studied. The accuracy and precision of the method were monitored over time using quality control (QC) samples containing known amounts of phytoestrogens. The majority of phytoestrogens in human sera and urine are present as their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Therefore, the thoroughness of deconjugation for each sample was monitored by the addition of a conjugated internal standard and subsequent detection of deconjugated compound. This method proves to be efficacious for measuring baseline urinary phytoestrogen levels in the American population and should prove useful for assessing the modulatory effects of dietary phytoestrogens on endocrine disrupter action in children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 36 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 10 IS 6 BP 799 EP 807 PN 2 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 385PY UT WOS:000166013900019 PM 11138672 ER PT J AU Shiferaw, B Yang, S Cieslak, P Vugia, D Marcus, R Koehler, J Deneen, V Angulo, F AF Shiferaw, B Yang, S Cieslak, P Vugia, D Marcus, R Koehler, J Deneen, V Angulo, F CA Foodnet Working Grp TI Prevalence of high-risk food consumption and food-handling practices among adults: A multistate survey, 1996 to 1997 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; RAW OYSTERS; OUTBREAK; INFECTIONS AB Risk factors for foodborne diseases include consumption of high-risk foods and unsanitary food-handling practices; however, little is known about the prevalence of these risk factors in the general population. A survey was done in five FoodNet sites (California, Connecticut, Georgia, Minnesota, Oregon) to determine the prevalence of these risk factors in the population. A total of 7,493 adults were interviewed by telephone between 1 July 1996 and 30 June 1997. Results showed that 1.5% drank raw milk, 1.9% ate raw shellfish, 18% ate runny egg, 30% preferred pink hamburger, 93% said they almost always washed their cutting board after cutting raw chicken, and 93% said they almost always washed their hands after handling raw meat or poultry, during 5 days before interview. The results differed by state and demographic group. Consumption of raw shellfish (3.2%) and undercooked hamburger (43%) were more common in Connecticut than other states. Raw milk consumption was more common among people who lived on a farm (8.6%) compared with people who lived in a city or urban area (1.1%). Preference for undercooked hamburger was more common among men (35%), young adults (18 to 25 years, 33%), people with college education (38%), and among people with household income of more than $100,000/year (49%). African-Americans were less likely to prefer undercooked hamburger compared to other racial groups (10% versus 30%). Young adults compared to older adults were less Likely to wash their hands after handling raw chicken (88% versus 95%), and men washed their hands less often than women (89% versus 97%). Although there were statistical differences between demographic groups, they are insufficient to warrant targeted educational programs. C1 Oregon Hlth Div, Dept Human Serv, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Calif State Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Shiferaw, B (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Div, Dept Human Serv, 800 NE Oregon St,Suite 772, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 22 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 63 IS 11 BP 1538 EP 1543 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 370QJ UT WOS:000165133500013 PM 11079697 ER PT J AU Cassiday, P Sanden, G Heuvelman, K Mooi, F Bisgard, KM Popovic, T AF Cassiday, P Sanden, G Heuvelman, K Mooi, F Bisgard, KM Popovic, T TI Polymorphism in Bordetella pertussis pertactin and pertussis toxin virulence factors in the United States, 1935-1999 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNIZED POPULATION; TEMPORAL TRENDS; VACCINE; NETHERLANDS; PROTECTION; INFECTION; CHILDREN; STRAINS AB To elucidate the potential role of the etiologic agent in recent increases of pertussis incidence in the United States, we studied the polymorphism in pertactin and pertussis toxin, which are Bordetella pertussis proteins important for pathogenesis and immunity, We sequenced regions of their genes (prn and ptx) in 152 B. pertussis strains isolated from 1935 through 1999 and identified 2 prn sequences: prn1 (old), observed continuously since 1935, and prn2 (new), not recognized until 1981 but seen in 97% of tested isolates in 1999, There were 3 ptx S1 subunit sequences: ptxS1D (old) was identified in 3 strains (1935 and 1939); ptxS1B (old) represented 87% of the strains recovered during 1935-1974; and ptxS1A (new) was the most prevalent during 1975-1987 and 1989-1999 (64% and 78%, respectively), Potential association between vaccination and the observed shift from old to new types requires further study, Our results provide the basis for prospectively monitoring for changes among circulating B. pertussis that might have epidemiologic relevance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Res Lab Infect Dis, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Cassiday, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop D11,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 89 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 182 IS 5 BP 1402 EP 1408 DI 10.1086/315881 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368FA UT WOS:000090106000015 PM 11023463 ER PT J AU Gay, K Baughman, W Miller, Y Jackson, D Whitney, CG Schuchat, A Farley, MM Tenover, F Stephens, DS AF Gay, K Baughman, W Miller, Y Jackson, D Whitney, CG Schuchat, A Farley, MM Tenover, F Stephens, DS TI The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: A 6-year population-based assessment SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SURVEILLANCE; GUIDELINES; PENICILLIN; PREVALENCE AB From 1994 through 1999, the available isolates (4148 isolates) from active population-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in metropolitan Atlanta were serotyped and were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Macrolide-resistant isolates were studied for the presence of ermAM (a ribosomal methylase gene), mefE (a macrolide efflux gene), and tetM (the class M tetracycline resistance gene). Macrolide resistance increased from 16% of all invasive isolates in 1994 to 32% in 1999. Of the macrolide-resistant pneumococcal isolates studied, 99% contained genomic copies of mefE or ermAM Isolates with ermAM were mainly serotypes 6B, 23F, 14, or 19F and contained tetM; mefE-associated isolates were predominantly serotypes 14, 6A, or 19F, and most did not contain tetM. The frequency of the ermAM-mediated phenotype in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae remained stable over the 6-year surveillance. However, the mefE-mediated phenotype increased from 9% in 1994 to 26% of all isolates in 1999 and was noted in new serotypes, By 1999, 93% of the mefE-containing strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations greater than or equal to8 mug/mL. Dissemination of the mefE determinant accounted for the rapid increase in the rate of macrolide resistance in our S. pneumoniae population. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Res Serv, Labs Microbial Pathogenesis, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Act Bacterial Core Surveillance Emerging Infect P, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Stephens, DS (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 FU PHS HHS [H50/CCH413121] NR 49 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 182 IS 5 BP 1417 EP 1424 DI 10.1086/315853 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368FA UT WOS:000090106000017 PM 11023465 ER PT J AU Doyle, TJ Bryan, RT AF Doyle, TJ Bryan, RT TI Infectious disease morbidity in the US region bordering Mexico, 1990-1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases CY MAR 08-11, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Council State & Terr Epidemiologists, Amer Soc Microbiol, Natl Fdn CDC, Alliance Prudent Use Antibiot, Amer Acad Pediat, Amer Assoc Blood Banks, Amer Assoc Hlth Plans, Amer Canc Soc, Amer Coll Prevent Med, Amer Hosp Assoc, Amer Med Assoc, Amer Mosquito Control Assoc, Amer Publ Hlth Assoc, Amer Sexually Transmitted Dis Assoc, Amer Soc Clin Pathologists, Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Assoc Amer Vet Med Coll, Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Assoc State & Terr Directors Hlth Promot & Publ Hlth Educ, Assoc State & Terr Hlth Officials, Assoc State & Terr Publ Hlth Lab Directors, Assoc Teachers Prevent Med, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Emory Univ, Sch Med, Fogarty Int Ctr, US FDA, Indian Hlth Serv, Infect Dis Soc Amer, Int Life Sci Inst, Int Soc Infect Dis, Int Soc Travel Med, Int Union Hlth Promot & Educ, Int Union Microbiol Soc, Minor Hlth Profess Fdn, Morehouse Sch Med, NASA, Natl Assoc City & County Hlth Officials, Natl Assoc State Publ Hlth Vetinarians, Natl Council Int Hlth, Natl Fdn Infect Dis, Natl Hispan Med Assoc, NIAID, Natl Med Assoc, NOAA, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Pan Amer Hlth Org, Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Amer, Soc Occupat & Environm Hlth, Soc Publ Hlth Educ, Carter Ctr, Henry J Kaiser Family Fdn, HMO Grp, Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Rockefeller Fdn, World Bank, Us Agcy Int Dev, USDA, US Dept Def, US Dept State, US Dept Justice, US Dept Vet Affairs, US EPA, WHO ID UNITED-STATES; HEPATITIS-A; HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS; SOUTH TEXAS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MEASLES; RABIES; HEALTH; TRANSMISSION; CALIFORNIA AB The United States and Mexico share an international boundary similar to 3000 km long. This border separates 2 nations with great differences in health status. The objective of this study was to assess morbidity due to infectious diseases in the US region bordering Mexico. The incidence between 1990 and 1998 of 22 nationally notifiable infectious diseases was compared between border and nonborder regions, Disease rates, reflected as rate ratios, were higher in the border region for botulism, brucellosis, diphtheria, hepatitis A, measles, mumps, rabies, rubella, salmonellosis, and shigellosis than in either of 2 nonborder comparison regions. These data indicate that incidence rates for a variety of infectious diseases of public health importance are significantly higher in the United States along the Mexican border than in nonborder regions, These results suggest that an inadequate public health infrastructure may contribute to excess morbidity due to infectious diseases in the border region. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Doyle, TJ (reprint author), CDC, EPO, Mail Stop K-74,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 39 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 182 IS 5 BP 1503 EP 1510 DI 10.1086/315876 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368FA UT WOS:000090106000028 PM 11010841 ER PT J AU Fernandez, J Levine, OS Sanchez, J Balter, S LaClaire, L Feris, J Romero-Steiner, S AF Fernandez, J Levine, OS Sanchez, J Balter, S LaClaire, L Feris, J Romero-Steiner, S CA Hib Vaccine Evaluation Team TI Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b colonization by vaccination: Correlation with serum anti-capsular IgG concentration SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference of Infectious Diseases CY APR, 2000 CL BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA ID CONJUGATE VACCINE; PNEUMONIA; CARRIAGE; TRIAL AB Concentrations of serum anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b (anti-Hib) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) greater than or equal to0.15 and greater than or equal to1.0 mug/mL are widely used as surrogates for protection against invasive Hib disease. However, the relationship between serum anti-Hib CPS following immunization and protection against colonization is not known, making it difficult to evaluate new Hib vaccines or combination vaccines. In the Dominican Republic, nasopharyngealswabs were collected from 546 9-month-old infants who had received Hib conjugate vaccine at ages 2, 4, and 6 months and from 600 unvaccinated infants of the same age. The prevalence of Hib colonization was lower among vaccinated infants than among unvaccinated infants (0.9% vs. 2,3%), Among vaccinated infants, protection against colonization was significantly correlated with anti-Hib CPS concentrations greater than or equal to5 mug/mL 1 month following the third dose of vaccine. These results suggest that the concentration of serum anti-Hib CPS needed for protection against colonization is greater than that needed for protection for invasive disease. C1 Clin Infantil Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, OS (reprint author), NIAID, Resp Dis Branch, DMID, 6700-B Rockledge Dr,Rm 3255,MSC 7630, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Romero-Steiner, Sandra/0000-0003-4128-7768 NR 12 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 182 IS 5 BP 1553 EP 1556 DI 10.1086/315870 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368FA UT WOS:000090106000039 PM 11023481 ER PT J AU Gimnig, JE AF Gimnig, JE TI Genetic and morphological variation in three snow pool Aedes mosquito species of the subgenus Ochlerotatus (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes hexodontus; Aedes punctor; Aedes abserratus; allozymes; genetic clines; larval morphology ID JAMESTOWN CANYON VIRUS; POPULATION-GENETICS; ENZYME VARIATION; CALIFORNIA AB Thirteen Aedes hexodontus Dyar populations from throughout the western United States were examined for genetic and morphological variation. Analysis of allozyme frequencies at 16 loci revealed a pattern of, genetic variation that formed a north-south cline across Washington, Oregon, and California in the number of alleles per locus, the percent of polymorphic loci, and the frequency of one allele of aconitase-1. Comparison of the genetic profile of Ae. hexodontus populations to two other widely distributed members of the punctor subgroup, Aedes punctor (Kirby) and Aedes abserratus (Felt & Young), revealed only one diagnostic locus for all three species. Seven loci exhibited frequency differences among species but were not diagnostic. Morphological characters also exhibited little variation within and among the three species. The adult females differed only in the scaling of the probasisternum. This area was extensively scaled in 91% of Ae. hexodontus specimens but bare or only lightly scaled in Ae. puntor and Ae. abserratus. No other differences were observed in the adult females or the male genitalia in any of the three species. The larvae of Be. abserratus could be separated by the single-branched seta 2-X. Six larval characters differed between As. hexodontus and Ae. punctor but the ranges of each character overlapped and none were diagnostic. These comparisons indicated that Ae. hexodontus is a single species, at least in the southern part of its range. Also, genetic and morphological comparison of the three species within the punctor subgroup attested to the close relationship hypothesized for these mosquitoes. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gimnig, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, MSF-22,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 902 EP 908 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.902 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380JT UT WOS:000165698600020 PM 11126548 ER PT J AU Pereira, MD Szabo, MPJ Bechara, GH Matushima, ER Duarte, JMB Rechav, Y Fielden, L Keirans, JE AF Pereira, MD Szabo, MPJ Bechara, GH Matushima, ER Duarte, JMB Rechav, Y Fielden, L Keirans, JE TI Ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) associated with wild animals in the Pantanal region of Brazil SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ticks; Pantanal region; wild animals AB This paper describes the identification of ticks from wild animals of the Pantanal region in Brazil as part of a comprehensive study about established and emerging tick-host relationships and related pathological aspects. Eighty-one animals were captured (representing 13 species, six orders), and. ticks were found on 63 (78%). Tick species identified included Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), Amblyomma cajennense (F.), Amblyomma parvum Aragao, Amblyomma pseudoconcolor Aragao, Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann, Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, Amblyomma ovale Koch, and Amblyomma tigrinum Koch. Dragging from grasslands yielded negative results compared with the high concentration of ticks that were collected from leaves in the forests. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Parasitol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, Dept Patol Vet, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Vet Med & Zootecn, Dept Parasitol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agrarias & Vet, Dept Melhoramento Genet Anim, BR-14870000 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Truman State Univ, Div Sci, Kirksville, MO 63501 USA. Georgia So Univ, Inst Arthropodol & Parasitol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Pereira, MD (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Parasitol, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 1374, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RI Szabo, Matias/A-5704-2013; Barbanti Duarte, Jose Mauricio /C-6946-2013; Bechara, Gervasio/E-5023-2015 OI Szabo, Matias/0000-0001-8642-3968; Barbanti Duarte, Jose Mauricio /0000-0002-7805-0265; Bechara, Gervasio/0000-0003-4619-3744 NR 20 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-2585 EI 1938-2928 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 979 EP 983 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.979 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380JT UT WOS:000165698600035 ER PT J AU Li, TC Zhang, J Shinzawa, H Ishibashi, M Sata, M Mast, EE Kim, K Miyamura, T Takeda, N AF Li, TC Zhang, J Shinzawa, H Ishibashi, M Sata, M Mast, EE Kim, K Miyamura, T Takeda, N TI Empty virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to hepatitis E virus SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE ELISA; recombinant HEV; VLP; anti-HEV IgM; anti-HEV IgG ID NON-B HEPATITIS; OPEN-READING FRAME-2; TRANSMITTED NON-A; INSECT CELLS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; FUSION PROTEINS; UNITED-STATES; EXPRESSION AB Hepatitis E, an enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is a serious viral infection that occasionally causes large epidemics in developing countries. In developed countries, the disease only appears sporadically due to the transmission routes, and it is considered to be less important. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) cannot grow in cultured cells and no reliable assay system has ever been developed. In addition, the present diagnostic are not perfect, and actual rates of HEV infection may be underestimated. Highly purified empty virus-like particles (VLPs) of HEV have been produced by the use of a recombinant baculovirus vector in insect cells. Using these VLPs as an antigen, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to HEV was developed. A panel of 164 sera that were randomized and coded, and sera collected periodically from three patients with hepatitis E were used for the evaluation. The sensitivity of the assay was shown to be equal to or better than that obtained in previous research that used the same serum panel. The ELISA demonstrated that the serum IgM level of the patients was highest at the onset of the clinical illness and then rapidly decreased. In contrast, a high level of circulating IgG antibody titers lasted for more than 4 years. In Japan, a non-endemic country, the prevalence of the IgG class antibody to HEV in healthy individuals was found to range from 1.9% to 14.1%, depending on the geographical area. Only one out of 900 (0.1%) serum samples was IgM-positive. The IgM class antibody to HEV was detected in 10.8% of non-A, non-B, and non-C acute hepatitis patients in northeast China, whereas none of the patients in Korea had the IgM antibody. The ELISA utilizing the VLPs is sensitive and specific in its detection of the IgM and IgG antibodies to HEV. The ELISA is therefore useful for diagnosing HEV infection and for seroepidemiological study of hepatitis E. J. Med. Virol. 62:327-333, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Virol 2, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628640, Japan. Epidem Prevent Stn Heilongjiang, Harbin, Peoples R China. Yamagata Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Yamagata 99023, Japan. Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med 2, Kurume, Fukuoka 830, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Hlth, Dept Virol, Seoul, South Korea. RP Takeda, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Virol 2, Shinjuku Ku, Toyama 1-23-1, Tokyo 1628640, Japan. NR 30 TC 90 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 327 EP 333 DI 10.1002/1096-9071(200011)62:3<327::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 360NG UT WOS:000089673700004 PM 11055242 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, CM Caudill, SP Gunter, EW Bowman, BA Jacques, PF Selhub, J Johnson, CL Miller, DT Sampson, EJ AF Pfeiffer, CM Caudill, SP Gunter, EW Bowman, BA Jacques, PF Selhub, J Johnson, CL Miller, DT Sampson, EJ TI Analysis of factors influencing the comparison of homocysteine values between the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and NHANES 1999+ SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE homocysteine analysis; blood sampling; freezing; thawing; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ID PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FOLATE; SERUM; BLOOD; ACID AB Two important changes occurred in the time between the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1991-1994) and the later survey (NHANES 1999+) regarding total homocysteine (tHcy), i.e., a change in matrix from serum to plasma and a change in analytical methods. The goals of this study were to determine the magnitude of potential differences between plasma and serum with regard to tHcy concentrations, and between the two analytical methods used in these surveys. Optimally prepared plasma, serum allowed to clot for 30 and 60 min at room temperature and serum allowed to clot for 30 and 60 min and subjected to four freeze-thaw cycles, prepared from blood samples collected from 30 healthy people, were analyzed by both methods. Serum samples had significantly higher tHcy concentrations than plasma samples, and the difference increased with longer clotting time. Freeze-thaw cycles had little or no effect on the variability or bias in the serum sample results. The tHcy results produced by the two analytical methods were significantly different, but consistent across sample types. On average, the results of the method used in NHANES III were lower by 0.64 mu mol/L; however, the relative bias varied with tHcy concentration. The tHcy results determined in surplus serum from NHANES III overestimated tHcy concentrations by similar to 10% compared with optimally prepared plasma. The average method bias was 6% between the two analytical methods. On the basis of changes in matrix and methodology, direct comparison of tHcy results between the two surveys is inappropriate. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Pfeiffer, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 130 IS 11 BP 2850 EP 2854 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 371WR UT WOS:000165202700036 PM 11053531 ER PT J AU Chiou, SS Pan, CS Keane, P AF Chiou, SS Pan, CS Keane, P TI Traumatic injury among drywall installers, 1992 to 1995 SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CONSTRUCTION-INDUSTRY; HAZARDS AB This study examined the traumatic-injury characteristics associated with one of the high-risk occupations in the construction industry-drywall installers-through an analysis of the traumatic-injury data obtained from the Bureau of labor Statistics, An additional objective was to demonstrate a feasible and economic approach to identify risk factors associated with a specific occupation by using an existing database, An analysis of nonfatal traumatic injuries with days away from work among wage-and-salary drywall installers was performed for 1992 through 1995 using the Occupational injury and Illness Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Results from this study indicate that drywall installers are at a high risk of overexertion and falls to a lower level. More than 40% of the injured drywall installers suffered sprains, strains, and/or tears. The most frequently injured body part was the trunk. More than one-third of the trunk injuries occurred while handling solid building materials, mainly drywall: In addition, the database analysis used in this study is valid in identifying overall risk factors for specific occupations. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Chiou, SS (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Safety Res, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS-P9119, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1101 EP 1108 DI 10.1097/00043764-200011000-00013 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 372FK UT WOS:000165223500009 PM 11094789 ER PT J AU Zeitz, P Berkowitz, Z Orr, MF Haugh, GS Kaye, WE AF Zeitz, P Berkowitz, Z Orr, MF Haugh, GS Kaye, WE TI Frequency and type of injuries in responders of hazardous substances emergency events, 1996 to 1998 SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB This analysis describes the frequency and type of injuries among responders to hazardous materials releases. Data were analyzed from states that participated in the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 1996 through 1998. A total of 348 responders were injured in 126 (0.7%) of 16,986 reported events. Firefighters and police officers were most often injured. Respiratory irritation and nausea were the most commonly reported injuries, and no injuries resulted in death. Almost half of the responder victims wore firefighter turn-out gear, and about a third had received hazardous materials training. Chemicals frequently released during these events were in the category other substances not otherwise specified" and "acids." Training; education, planning, and coordination are needed to effectively respond to hazardous substances emergency events. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Zeitz, P (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Hlth Studies, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-31, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1115 EP 1120 DI 10.1097/00043764-200011000-00017 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 372FK UT WOS:000165223500011 PM 11094791 ER PT J AU Mark, SD Qiao, YL Dawsey, SM Wu, YP Katki, H Gunter, EW Fraumeni, JF Blot, WJ Dong, ZW Taylor, PR AF Mark, SD Qiao, YL Dawsey, SM Wu, YP Katki, H Gunter, EW Fraumeni, JF Blot, WJ Dong, ZW Taylor, PR TI Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY; NUTRITION INTERVENTION TRIALS; DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY; SUBSEQUENT RISK; LUNG-CANCER; VITAMIN-E; FINNISH MEN; GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER; MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION; SEROLOGIC PRECURSORS AB Background: From March 1986 through May 1991, we conducted a randomized nutritional intervention trial, the General Population Trial, in Linxian, China, a region with epidemic rates of squamous esophageal and adenomatous gastric cardia cancers, We found that participants who received selenium, beta -carotene, and vitamin E had significantly lower cancer mortality rates than those who did not. In the current study, we examined the relationship between selenium levels measured in pretrial (1985) sera from participants and the subsequent risk of developing squamous esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia cancers during the trial. Methods: This study was designed and analyzed in accord with a stratified case-cohort sampling scheme, with the six strata defined by sex and three age categories. We measured serum selenium levels in 590 case subjects with esophageal cancer, 402 with gastric cardia cancers, and 87 with gastric non-cardia cancers as well as in 1062 control subjects. Relative risks (RRs), absolute risks, and population attributable risk for cancers were estimated on the basis of the Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests are two-sided. Results: We found highly significant inverse associations of serum selenium levels with the incidence of esophageal (P for trend <10(-4)) and gastric cardia (P for trend <10(-6)) cancers. The RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) for comparison of highest to lowest quartile of serum selenium was 0.56 (95% CI = 0.44-0.71) for esophageal cancer and 0.47 (95% CI = 0.33-0.65) for gastric cardia cancer. The population proportion of these cancers that is attributable to low selenium levels was 26.4% (95% CI = 14.45-38.36), We found no evidence for a gradient of serum selenium associated with incidence of gastric non-cardia cancer (P for trend = .96), with an RR of 1.07 (95% CI = 0.55-2.08) for the highest to lowest quartile of serum selenium, Conclusions: Our study supports findings from previous prospective studies and randomized trials that variations in selenium levels affect the incidence of certain cancers. In the United States, where intervention trials of selenium are in the planning stages, consideration should be given to including populations at high risk for squamous esophageal and gastric cardia cancers. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Div Clin Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Inst Canc, Dept Epidemiol, Beijing 100021, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Hlth & Nutr Examinat Survey Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Int Epidemiol Inst, Rockville, MD USA. RP Mark, SD (reprint author), NIH, 6120 Execut Blvd,Rm 8036,MSC 7244, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RI Qiao, You-Lin/B-4139-2012; Katki, Hormuzd/B-4003-2015 OI Qiao, You-Lin/0000-0001-6380-0871; NR 62 TC 161 Z9 171 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD NOV 1 PY 2000 VL 92 IS 21 BP 1753 EP 1763 DI 10.1093/jnci/92.21.1753 PG 11 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 368HC UT WOS:000090110800012 PM 11058618 ER PT J AU Barbour, EK Bejjani, NE Daghir, NJ Faroon, OM Bouljihad, M Spasojevic, R AF Barbour, EK Bejjani, NE Daghir, NJ Faroon, OM Bouljihad, M Spasojevic, R TI Induction of early immunopotentiation to fimbriae of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) by administering thymulin and zinc to SE-vaccinated chicken breeders: Relationship to protection SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken breeder; immunopotentiation; Salmonella Enteritidis; thymulin; vaccine; zinc ID IN-VITRO; MICE; SUPPLEMENTATION; INFECTIONS; EMERGENCE; BACTERINS; CELLS; HENS AB The purpose of this study is to attempt the induction of early immunopotentiation of antibodies specific to fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), by administering thymulin and zinc to SE-vaccinated chicken breeders, and the improvement of protection against a controlled-live challenge by SE. The first two groups of breeders were administered subcutaneously at 15 and 19 weeks of age a killed SE vaccine. Breeders of the third and fourth groups were left unvaccinated. Breeders of the first group, immunopotentiated by thymulin and zinc, were able to induce the earliest antibodies in their pooled sera at 2 weeks post the first SE-vaccination, specific to fimbriae (similar to 21 KDa) of SE. However, the second group that was only vaccinated with the same SE-vaccine produced specific antibodies to fimbriae at 3 weeks following the second vaccination (22 weeks of age). Breeders of the third group, that were neither SE-vaccinated nor immunopotentiated by thymulin and zinc, but were challenged by live SE at 22 weeks of age, were able to show specific antibodies to fimbriae at 3 weeks post challenge (25 weeks of age). The fourth group that was deprived of SE-vaccination, immunopotentiators, and challenge didn't show any background antibodies specific to SE-fimbriae. The presence of the earliest antibody-immunopotentiation to fimbriae of SE in breeders of the first group, administered thymulin and zinc, was associated with the lowest frequency of SE-infected ceca (10%) among the challenged groups. In addition, breeders of the first group were the only challenged birds resulting in absence of SE infection in their cecal tonsils. The first group-vaccinated, immunopotentiated, and challenged, and the second group-vaccinated and challenged only resulted in breeders with absence of SE infection in their oviducts and spleens. In conclusion, immunopotentiation of chicken breeders by thymulin and zinc induces the earliest specific antibodies to fimbriae of SE associated with the lowest frequency of SE-infected ceca, and absence of SE infection from cecal tonsils, oviducts and spleens. C1 Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, New York, NY 10022 USA. Ctr Dis Control, US Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. SPARBOE Co, Litchfield, MN USA. RP Barbour, EK (reprint author), Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, 850-3rd Ave, New York, NY 10022 USA. RI barbour, elie/P-6166-2014 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC VET SCI PI TOKYO PA UNIV TOKYO, 1-1-1 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 103, JAPAN SN 0916-7250 J9 J VET MED SCI JI J. Vet. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 62 IS 11 BP 1139 EP 1143 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 379BK UT WOS:000165620900004 PM 11129855 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Butera, ST AF Lawn, SD Butera, ST TI Incorporation of HLA-DR into the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo: Correlation with stage of disease and presence of opportunistic infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE ACTIVATION; CLASS-II; T-CELLS; HIV; TUBERCULOSIS; LOAD; SUPERANTIGEN AB Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) bearing HLA-DR in its envelope was detected in plasma from all patients with chronic HIV-1 infection (n = 16) and was present at higher levels in patients with active tuberculosis coinfection (n = 6). Intriguingly, however, HLA-DR was not detectable in HIV-1 from patients during primary viremia (n = 6), suggesting the possibility of virus replication in Less-activated cells. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Butera, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Sci, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 21 BP 10256 EP 10259 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.21.10256-10259.2000 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 363DN UT WOS:000089819900053 PM 11024159 ER PT J AU Katz, JM Lu, XH Tumpey, TM Smith, CB Shaw, MW Subbarao, K AF Katz, JM Lu, XH Tumpey, TM Smith, CB Shaw, MW Subbarao, K TI Molecular correlates of influenza A H5N1 virus pathogenesis in mice SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUS; HONG-KONG; CLEAVAGE SITE; MOUSE MODEL; HOST RANGE; AMINO-ACID; NEURAMINIDASE; HUMANS; VIRULENCE; GENE AB Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses caused an outbreak of human respiratory illness in Hong Kong. Of 15 human H5N1 isolates characterized, nine displayed a high-, five a low-, and one an intermediate-pathogenicity phenotype in the BALB/c mouse model. Sequence analysis determined that five specific amino acids in four proteins correlated with pathogenicity in mice. Alone or in combination, these specific residues are the likely determinants of virulence of human H5N1 influenza viruses in this model. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 135 Z9 151 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 74 IS 22 BP 10807 EP 10810 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.22.10807-10810.2000 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA 367WE UT WOS:000090083800058 PM 11044127 ER PT J AU Fishman, J AF Fishman, J TI The role of the environmental health laboratory in women's health SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BREAST-CANCER; NATIONAL-HEALTH; EXPOSURE; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Fishman, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F-20, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 9 BP 939 EP 943 DI 10.1089/15246090050199946 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 378PG UT WOS:000165592300003 PM 11103091 ER PT J AU Wingo, PA Calle, EE McTiernan, A AF Wingo, PA Calle, EE McTiernan, A TI How does breast cancer mortality compare with that of other cancers and selected cardiovascular diseases at different ages in US women? SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; DEATH CERTIFICATES; RISK AB Women tend to fear breast cancer and thus overestimate their risk of developing it, have less concern about developing heart disease, and do not know that lung cancer is the major cause of cancer death. Death certificate data, consolidated into a national database by the National Center for Health Statistics, were used to compare age-specific mortality due to selected cardiovascular diseases and cancers among women who died in 1997 in the United States. The outcomes examined included underlying cause of death categorized as all circulatory system disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart disease, including coronary and noncoronary disease, and as all cancers combined plus cancer of the lung, breast, and colon/rectum. In 1997, 500,703 women in the United States died from diseases of the circulatory system, including 370,357 deaths from heart disease. Most deaths from heart disease were due to coronary heart disease, which exceeded mortality from cerebrovascular disease at all ages except under age 40. In 1997, 258,463 women in the United States died from cancer, and before age 55, breast cancer death rates exceeded lung and colorectal cancer death rates. Mortality due to total heart disease exceeded breast and lung cancer mortality among women at all ages, but before age 55, when absolute death rates are low, breast cancer death rates exceeded those for coronary heart disease. In conclusion, aside from mortality due to all cancers combined and circulatory system disease, only accidents, which were not included in this study, and total heart disease caused more deaths than breast cancer before age 55. C1 Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. RP Wingo, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-53, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 9 IS 9 BP 999 EP 1006 DI 10.1089/15246090050200033 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 378PG UT WOS:000165592300011 PM 11103100 ER PT J AU Hebert, LE Wilson, RS Gilley, DW Beckett, LA Scherr, PA Bennett, DA Evans, DA AF Hebert, LE Wilson, RS Gilley, DW Beckett, LA Scherr, PA Bennett, DA Evans, DA TI Decline of language among women and men with Alzheimer's disease SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIGNS; LONGITUDINAL DATA; PREDICTORS; PROGRESSION; DIAGNOSIS; DEMENTIA; MODELS; STATE AB Previous research raises the possibility that gender differences occur in language function in Alzheimer's disease, but this hypothesis has not been evaluated systematically in longitudinal studies. The authors examined the association of gender with rate of decline in language and other cognitive functions among 410 persons with Alzheimer's disease. Participants were recruited from a dementia clinic and followed for up to 5 annual evaluations. Follow-up participation among survivors exceeded 90%. Decline in a composite score based on 8 language tests was evaluated in random effects models with age, education, and race controlled, Annual decline was 0.71 standard units (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62-0.79) for women and 0.74 units (95% CI = 0.61-0.86) for men, not a significant difference. Decline on the individual language tests and on composite measures of memory, perception, and global cognition also indicated no significant association with gender, These results suggest that Alzheimer's disease affects language and other cognitive functions similarly in women and men. C1 Rush Inst Healthy Aging, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Alzheimers Dis Ctr, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Neurol Sci, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hebert, LE (reprint author), Rush Inst Healthy Aging, 1645 W Jackson Blvd,Suite 675, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG10161, AG11862, AG09966] NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5014 J9 J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. B-Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 55 IS 6 BP P354 EP P360 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Psychology GA 373WL UT WOS:000165313000004 PM 11078105 ER PT J AU Antonini, JM Roberts, JR Yang, HM Barger, MW Ramsey, D Castranova, V Mal, JYC AF Antonini, JM Roberts, JR Yang, HM Barger, MW Ramsey, D Castranova, V Mal, JYC TI Effect of silica inhalation on the pulmonary clearance of a bacterial pathogen in fischer 344 rats SO LUNG LA English DT Article DE silica; macrophage; Listeria monocytogenes; polmonary clearance; chemiluminescence ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION; INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION; HOST-DEFENSE; LUNG; MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; PARTICLES; DISEASES; IMMUNITY; DUST AB Silica inhalation predisposes workers to bacterial infection and impairments in pulmonary defense function. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pre-exposure to silica on lung defense mechanisms by use of a rat pulmonary Listeria monocytogenes infection model. Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or silica (15 mg/m(3) x 6 h/day x 5 days/wk). After 21 or 59 days of silica exposure, the rats were inoculated intratracheally with 5 x 10(3) L. monocytogenes. At 0 (noninfected controls), 3, and 7 days after infection, the left lungs were removed, homogenized, and the number of viable L. monocytogenes was counted after an overnight culture at 37 degrees C. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was pet-formed on the right lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AM) were collected, and the AM production of chemiluminescence (CL), an index of reactive oxygen species generation, was measured. The number of lavagable neutrophils (PMNs) and acellular BAL lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined as indices of inflammation and injury, respectively. Pre-exposure to silica for 59 days caused substantial increases in PMN number and LDH activity compared with the air controls, whereas silica inhalation for both 21 and 59 days significantly enhanced the pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes compared with air controls. Dramatic elevations were also observed in zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)stimulated CL production by lung phagocytes recovered from rats pre-exposed to silica for 59 days. These results demonstrate that short-term exposure to inhaled silica particles activates lung phagocytes, as evidenced by increases in reactive oxygen species. This up-regulation in the production of antimicrobial oxidants is likely responsible for the enhancement in pulmonary clearance oft. monocytogenes observed with short-term silica inhalation. C1 NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Antonini, JM (reprint author), NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0341-2040 J9 LUNG JI Lung PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 178 IS 6 BP 341 EP 350 DI 10.1007/s004080000038 PG 10 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA 415JQ UT WOS:000167718500002 PM 11361057 ER PT J AU Brownson, RC Jones, DA Pratt, M Blanton, C Heath, GW AF Brownson, RC Jones, DA Pratt, M Blanton, C Heath, GW TI Measuring physical activity with the behavioral risk factor surveillance system SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Conference CY MAY 19, 1997 CL SAFETY HARBOR, FLORIDA DE behavior; chronic diseases; exercise; methods; surveillance ID UNITED-STATES; RELIABILITY; HEALTH; TELEPHONE; VALIDITY AB Purpose and Methods: Because regular physical activity reduces the risk of premature death and disability, accurate methods of population-based measurement are important for public health surveillance efforts such as those based on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The present study: 1) briefly reviews and compares currently available methods to measure physical activity using BRFSS data, 2) describes physical activity patterns in the United States using these state-aggregated measures, and 3) provides suggestions on future directions for practitioners and researchers. Using a random-digit dialing, telephone survey, we collected data for noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 yr and older. We analyzed BRFSS data for 1996 from 50 states and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (N = 124,085). Based on recent literature and public health priorities, we developed eight different physical activity indices (one vigorous and seven moderate). These varied in their threshold for duration, kcal expenditure, and in frequency and intensity of activity. Results: Using different algorithms, the population prevalence of moderate physical activity ranged from about 20% to 38%. Only 20% of adults met the Healthy People 2000 definition for regular, sustained activity (greater than or equal to 30 min of moderate activity per day for at least 5 d.wk(-1)). Conclusions: Considerable progress is needed if the United States is to reach the current public health goal for regular physical activity. Standardized approaches to analyzing and collecting physical activity data are essential for public health surveillance, policy making, and communication to the public. C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Brownson, RC (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU710806] NR 38 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1913 EP 1918 DI 10.1097/00005768-200011000-00015 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 372ED UT WOS:000165220600015 PM 11079522 ER PT J AU Hsueh, C Jung, SM Shih, SR Kuo, TT Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Lin, TY Chang, LY Ning, HC Yen, DC AF Hsueh, C Jung, SM Shih, SR Kuo, TT Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Lin, TY Chang, LY Ning, HC Yen, DC TI Acute encephalomyelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus type 71 infection in Taiwan: Report of an autopsy case with pathologic, immunofluorescence, and molecular studies SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE encephalitis; encephalomyelitis; enterovirus; enterovirus type 71; hand, foot, and mouth disease; meningitis ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; MOUTH-DISEASE; EPIDEMIC; HAND; FOOT AB We report a fatal case of enterovirus type 71 (EV 71) infection in an 8-year-old girl during a summer outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in 1998 in Taiwan. The clinical course was rapidly progressive, with manifestations of hand, foot, and mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, and pulmonary edema The patient died 24 hours after admission. Postmortem study revealed extensive inflammation in the meninges and central nervous system and marked pulmonary edema with focal hemorrhage. Brain stem and spinal cord were most severely involved. The inflammatory infiltrates consisted largely of neutrophils involving primarily the gray matter with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, and neuronophagia. The lungs and heart showed no evidence of inflammation. EV 71 was isolated from the fresh brain tissues and identified by immuno-fluorescence method with type-specific EV 71 monoclonal antibody. It was also confirmed by neutralization test and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with sequence analysis. The present case was the first example in which EV 71 was demonstrated to be the causative agent of fatal encephalomyelitis during its epidemic in Taiwan. C1 Chang Gung Mem Hosp, Dept Pathol, Tao Yuan, Taiwan. Chang Gung Univ, Sch Med Technol, Tao Yuan, Taiwan. Chang Gung Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Tao Yuan, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kuo, TT (reprint author), Chang Gung Mem Hosp, Dept Pathol, 199 Tung Hwa N Rd, Taipei 105, Taiwan. RI Shih, Shin-Ru/M-9711-2016; OI Chang, Luan-Yin/0000-0003-2632-1956 NR 16 TC 66 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1200 EP 1205 DI 10.1038/modpathol.3880222 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 378DV UT WOS:000165570500007 PM 11106077 ER PT J AU Kurt-Jones, EA Popova, L Kwinn, L Haynes, LM Jones, LP Tripp, RA Walsh, EE Freeman, MW Golenbock, DT Anderson, LJ Finberg, RW AF Kurt-Jones, EA Popova, L Kwinn, L Haynes, LM Jones, LP Tripp, RA Walsh, EE Freeman, MW Golenbock, DT Anderson, LJ Finberg, RW TI Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus SO NATURE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-2; CELL WALL COMPONENTS; CUTTING EDGE; DROSOPHILA TOLL; HOST-DEFENSE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MICE; ACTIVATION; GENE; LPS AB The innate immune system contributes to the earliest phase of the host defense against foreign organisms and has both soluble and cellular pattern recognition receptors for microbial products. Two important members of this receptor group, CD14 and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pattern recognition receptors, are essential for the innate immune response to components of Gramnegative and Cram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes and yeast. We now find that these receptors function in an antiviral response as well,The innate immune response to the fusion protein of an important respiratory pathogen of humans, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), was mediated by TLR4 and CD14. RSV persisted longer in the lungs of infected TLR l-deficient mice compared to normal mice,Thus, a common receptor activation pathway can initiate innate immune responses to both bacterial and viral pathogens. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Adult Oncol, Program Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Rochester, NY USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Maxwell Finland Lab Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RP Kurt-Jones, EA (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. RI Finberg, Robert/E-3323-2010; OI Tripp, Ralph/0000-0002-2924-9956 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI31628, R01AI38515, R01AI39576]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01DK50305]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01GM54060] NR 41 TC 1001 Z9 1058 U1 12 U2 57 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1529-2908 J9 NAT IMMUNOL JI Nat. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 1 IS 5 BP 398 EP 401 DI 10.1038/80833 PG 4 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 369PL UT WOS:000165076100012 PM 11062499 ER PT J AU Sullivan, KM Belay, ED Durbin, RE Foster, DA Nordenberg, DF AF Sullivan, KM Belay, ED Durbin, RE Foster, DA Nordenberg, DF TI Epidemiology of Reye's syndrome, United States, 1991-1994: Comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data SO NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reye syndrome; epidemiology; population surveillance; mortality ID PUBLIC-HEALTH-SERVICE; ASPIRIN USE; MEDICATIONS AB This investigation describes the epidemiology of Reye's syndrome (RS) during 1991-1994 and compares two different sources of information in the United States, Estimates of the incidence of RS from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are compared with hospital inpatient data from approximately one third of the hospitals from HCIA, Inc. During 1991-1994, 48 RS cases were reported to the CDC and 93 RS hospitalizations based on HCIA data. When the HCIA data are extrapolated to the US population, there were an estimated 284 hospitalizations. Cases reported from both data sources were similar in distribution by onset, age, and sex. CDC data probably underestimate the incidence of RS due to incomplete reporting and HCIA data may overestimate it because not all cases were known to meet the CDC case definition. The true annual incidence of RS during the study years was probably between 0.2 and 1.1 cases per million population < 18 years of age. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. HCIA Inc, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Sullivan, KM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 1518 Clifton Rd NE,Room 448, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 25 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-5350 J9 NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY JI Neuroepidemiology PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 338 EP 344 DI 10.1159/000026274 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Clinical Neurology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 371UA UT WOS:000165195700008 PM 11060509 ER PT J AU Scanlon, KS Yip, R Schieve, LA Cogswell, ME AF Scanlon, KS Yip, R Schieve, LA Cogswell, ME TI High and low hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: Differential risks for preterm birth and small for gestational age SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MATERNAL HEMATOCRIT; IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANEMIA; DELIVERY AB Objective: To examine the association of maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy with preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of hemoglobin and birth outcome among 173,031 pregnant women who attended publicly funded health programs in ten states and delivered a liveborn infant at 26-42 weeks' gestation. We defined preterm as less than 37 weeks' gestation and SGA as less than the tenth percentile of a US fetal growth reference. Results: Risk of preterm birth was increased in women with low hemoglobin level in the first and second trimester. The odds ratio (OR) for preterm birth with moderate-to-severe anemia during the first trimester (more than three standard deviations [SD] below reference median hemoglobin, equivalent to less than 95 g/L at 12 weeks' gestation) was 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29, 2.21). Anemia was not associated with SGA. High hemoglobin level during the first and second trimester was associated with SGA but not preterm birth. The ORs for SGA in women with very high hemoglobin level during the first and second trimester (more than three SDs above reference median hemoglobin, equivalent to greater than 149 g/L at 12 weeks' gestation and greater than 144 g/L at 18 weeks') were 1.27 (95% CI 1.02, 1.58) and 1.79 (95% CI 1.49, 2.15), respectively. Conclusion: These data highlight the importance of considering anemia and high hemoglobin level as indicators for adverse pregnancy outcome. An elevated hemoglobin level (greater than 144 g/L) is an indicator for possible pregnancy complications associated with poor plasma volume expansion, and should not be mistaken for good iron status. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:741-8. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. UN Infant & Child Emergency Fund, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Scanlon, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-25, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 24 TC 132 Z9 136 U1 6 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 96 IS 5 BP 741 EP 748 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(00)00982-0 PN 1 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 367WK UT WOS:000090084300019 PM 11042311 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Decoufle, P Palakathodi, AS AF Ebrahim, SH Decoufle, P Palakathodi, AS TI Combined tobacco and alcohol use by pregnant and reproductive-aged women in the United States SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DRINKING AB Objective: To assess trends in the concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco among pregnant women. Methods: Using behavioral risk factor surveillance system data from 1987 through 1997, we determined the prevalence of concurrent tobacco and alcohol use among women aged 18-44 years by pregnancy status and indirectly estimated pregnancy-related disuse rates. Results: The percentage of women who used alcohol and tobacco decreased significantly from 1987 to 1990 among pregnant (5.4% to 3.0%) and nonpregnant women (17.6% to 14.2%), but thereafter did not change significantly. The estimated pregnancy-related disuse rate of tobacco and alcohol increased insignificantly from 70% in 1987 to 82% in 1997. Among women who used both substances, pregnancy-related disuse was slightly greater for alcohol alone (74%) than for tobacco alone (52%). There was not a significant decline in concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol between 1987 and 1997 among women 18-20 years old (pregnant, 4.4% to 3.6%; nonpregnant, 13.5% to 13.7%). That age group also showed a smaller pregnancy-related disuse rate than older women (1997, 74% versus 83%). Conclusion: The steady trend in concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol by young women emphasizes the need for enhanced efforts to reduce the initiation of tobacco and alcohol use by young people. Women who report abuse of tobacco or alcohol should be evaluated for abuse of both substances, and interventions should address abuse of both substances. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ebrahim, SH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, K-55,Mailstop K-55,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 96 IS 5 BP 767 EP 771 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01018-8 PN 1 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 367WK UT WOS:000090084300024 PM 11042316 ER PT J AU Lawson, HW Henson, R Bobo, JK Kaeser, MK AF Lawson, HW Henson, R Bobo, JK Kaeser, MK TI Implementing recommendations for the early detection of breast and cervical cancer among low-income women SO ONCOLOGY-NEW YORK LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lawson, HW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU P R R INC PI MELVILLE PA 48 SOUTH SERVICE RD, MELVILLE, NY 11747 USA SN 0890-9091 J9 ONCOLOGY-NY JI Oncology-NY PD NOV PY 2000 VL 14 IS 11 BP 1528 EP + PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 397AN UT WOS:000166670900005 PM 11125939 ER PT J AU Zeidner, NS Dolan, MC Massung, R Piesman, J Fish, D AF Zeidner, NS Dolan, MC Massung, R Piesman, J Fish, D TI Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis suppresses IL-2 and IFN gamma production and promotes an IL-4 response in C3H/HeJ mice SO PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Borrelia burgdorferi; HGE; cytokine; coinfection ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; IXODES-SCAPULARIS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; LYME-DISEASE; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; HUMAN MONOCYTES; TICKS ACARI; INFECTION; IXODIDAE AB Previously we demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi transmission by Ixodes scapularis suppressed IL-2 and IFN gamma production and promoted IL-4 production in mice. The present studies wee conducted to determine whether coinfection wit the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HE) agent would promote a Th2 cytokine response in mice. Transmission to the spleen of the agent of human agranulocytic ehrlichiosis (aoHGE) and B. burgdorferi occurred 4 and 7 days, respectively, after tick infestation. Coinfection synergized to suppress splenic IL-2 production 7-14 days after tick infestation. Transmission of B. burgdorferi or aoHGE alone significantly decreased splenic IFN gamma 4-7 days after tick infestation, while coinfection suppressed IFN gamma production 7-14 days after tick infestation. Splenic IL-4 production was significantly increased 4 days after coinfection, and by day 10, aoHGE plus B. burgdorferi induced greater splenic IL-4 (57.2 pg/ml. 348% of control values) that either organism transmitted alone (aoHGE, 22.7 pg/ml, B. burgdorferi, 25.1 pg/ml). Coinfection enhanced expansion of splenic T cells, CD4(+) lymphocytes and B cells while decreasing CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate that aoHGE and B. burgdorferi, when cotransmitted, suppress a systemic IL-2 and IFN gamma response, while strongly promoting systemic IL-4 production in the susceptible host. The antigen(s) responsible for this polarization are unknown and will be the subject of future studies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Zeidner, NS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087,Rampart Rd,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 38 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-9838 J9 PARASITE IMMUNOL JI Parasite Immunol. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 22 IS 11 BP 581 EP 588 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00339.x PG 8 WC Immunology; Parasitology SC Immunology; Parasitology GA 375LG UT WOS:000165400400006 PM 11116438 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K Bridges, CB AF Subbarao, K Bridges, CB TI Evaluation of novel influenza a viruses and their pandemic potential SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; HONG-KONG; PIGS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), CDC, Influenza Branch, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 29 IS 11 BP 712 EP 718 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 373JR UT WOS:000165286300010 PM 11098522 ER PT J AU Bornschein, RL Chisolm, JJ Damokosh, AI Dockery, DW Fay, ME Jones, RL Rhoads, GG Ragan, NB Rogan, WJ Salganik, M Schwarz, DF Ware, JH Wedeen, RP Serwint, J Brophy, M Davoli, CT Denckla, MB Farfel, MR Goldstein, GW Rubin, J Berger, O Dietrich, KN Wesolowski, C Wilkins, S Maynard-Wentzel, G Mortensen, ME Adubato, S El-safty, M Heenehan, M Sheffet, A Ty, A Campbell, C Gill, FM Guinn, J Henretig, F Knight, D Radcliffe, J Schwarz, DF Bowman, BB Gunter, E Huff, D Jones, RL Miller, DT Paschal, DC Bernstein, AJ Kotlov, TV Salganik, M Angle, CR Faison, J Gehlbach, SH Gray-Little, B James, SA Moye, LA Needleman, HL AF Bornschein, RL Chisolm, JJ Damokosh, AI Dockery, DW Fay, ME Jones, RL Rhoads, GG Ragan, NB Rogan, WJ Salganik, M Schwarz, DF Ware, JH Wedeen, RP Serwint, J Brophy, M Davoli, CT Denckla, MB Farfel, MR Goldstein, GW Rubin, J Berger, O Dietrich, KN Wesolowski, C Wilkins, S Maynard-Wentzel, G Mortensen, ME Adubato, S El-safty, M Heenehan, M Sheffet, A Ty, A Campbell, C Gill, FM Guinn, J Henretig, F Knight, D Radcliffe, J Schwarz, DF Bowman, BB Gunter, E Huff, D Jones, RL Miller, DT Paschal, DC Bernstein, AJ Kotlov, TV Salganik, M Angle, CR Faison, J Gehlbach, SH Gray-Little, B James, SA Moye, LA Needleman, HL CA Treatment Lead Exposed Children TL TI Safety and efficacy of succimer in toddlers with blood lead levels of 20-44 mu g/dL SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CINCINNATI LEAD; EXPOSURE; CHILDREN; COHORT; INTELLIGENCE; AGE AB Although lead encephalopathy has virtually disappeared from the United States, thousands of children still have sufficient lead exposure to produce cognitive impairment. It is not known whether treating children with blood lead levels < 45 g/dL (2.2 muM) is beneficial and can be done with acceptable safety. We conducted a 780-child, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of up to three courses of succimer in children with blood lead levels of 20-44 mug/dL (1.0-2.1 muM). Children were aged 12-33 mo, 77% were African-American, 7% were Hispanic, and they Lived in deteriorating inner city housing. Placebo-treated children had a gradual decrease in blood lead level. Succimer-treated children had an abrupt drop in blood lead level, followed by rebound. The mean blood lead level of the succimer-treated children during the 6 mo after initiation of treatment was 4.5 mug/dL (95% confidence intervals, 3.7 to 5.3 mug/dL; 0.22 muM, 0.18 to 0.26 muM) lower than that of placebo-treated children. There were more scalp rashes in succimer-treated children (3.5% versus 1.3%) and an unanticipated excess of trauma. Succimer lowers blood lead level with few side effects. The unanticipated excess of trauma requires confirmation. C1 TLC Clin Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Hosp, TLC Clin Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, TLC Clin Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Maryland, TLC Clin Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. TLC Clin Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. TLC Clin Ctr, Columbus, OH USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, TLC Clin Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Childrens Hosp Columbus, TLC Clin Ctr, Columbus, OH 43205 USA. TLC Clin Ctr, Newark, NJ USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, TLC Clin Ctr, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, TLC Clin Ctr, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. TLC Clin Ctr, Philadelphia, PA USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Joseph Stokes Jr Res Inst, TLC Clin Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. CDC, Nutr Biochem Branch, TLC Clin Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, TLC Clin Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NIEHS, Project Off, TLC Clin Ctr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Rogan, WJ (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Rogan, Walter/I-6034-2012 OI Rogan, Walter/0000-0002-9302-0160 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 48 IS 5 BP 593 EP 599 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 367CV UT WOS:000090044900007 ER PT J AU Blumberg, SJ AF Blumberg, SJ TI The white bear suppression inventory: revisiting its factor structure SO PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES LA English DT Article DE suppression; defense mechanisms; emotionality; personality; factor structure; self-report questionnaire; sex differences ID FIT INDEXES; THOUGHT SUPPRESSION; RELIABILITY; GOODNESS; MODEL AB The white bear suppression inventory [Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640] was designed as a self-report measure of people's chronic tendency to suppress thoughts. In the present study, maximum likelihood factor analyses (n = 456 and 459) revealed three correlated factors: unwanted intrusive thoughts, thought suppression, and self-distraction (to avoid thoughts). Gender differences were found for the second and third factors, with women more likely to endorse these cognitive avoidance strategies. The implications of these three factors for interpretation of the full scale are considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. AU rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Psychol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Blumberg, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 850, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 24 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8869 J9 PERS INDIV DIFFER JI Pers. Individ. Differ. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 29 IS 5 BP 943 EP 950 DI 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00245-7 PG 8 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 352PQ UT WOS:000089227400014 ER PT J AU Conlisk, AJ Galuska, DA AF Conlisk, AJ Galuska, DA TI Is caffeine associated with bone mineral density in young adult women? SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE BMD; caffeine; calcium; osteoporosis ID HIP FRACTURE; RISK-FACTORS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CALCIUM INTAKE; PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; DIETARY CALCIUM; COFFEE INTAKE; PREMENOPAUSAL; OSTEOPOROSIS AB Background. By increasing the urinary excretion of calcium, caffeine consumption may reduce bone mineral density (BMD) and subsequently increase the risk for osteoporotic fracture, Although negative associations between caffeine consumption and BMD have been reported for postmenopausal women, in particular for those who consume low amounts of dietary calcium, the relation between caffeine and BMD in younger women is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the association between caffeine consumption and BMD in a cross-sectional study of 177 healthy white women, age 19-26 years, who attended a Midwestern university. Methods. Average caffeine intake (milligrams per day) was calculated from self-reports of the consumption of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, colas, chocolate products, and select medications during the previous 12 months (mean caffeine intake = 99.9 mg/day), BMD (grams per square centimeter) at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results, After adjusting in Linear regression models for potential confounders, including height, body mass index, age at menarche, calcium intake, protein consumption, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use, caffeine consumption was not a significant predictor of BMD. For every 100 mg of caffeine consumed, femoral neck BMD decreased 0.0069 g/cm(2) (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.0215, 0.0076) and lumbar spine BMD decreased 0.0119 g/cm(2) (95% CI = -0.0271, 0.0033), No single source of caffeine was significantly associated with a decrease in BMD, Furthermore, the association between caffeine consumption and BMD at either site did not differ significantly between those who consumed low levels of calcium (less than or equal to 836 mg/day) and those who consumed high levels of calcium (>836 mg/day), Conclusions, Caffeine intake in the range consumed by young adult women is not an important risk factor for low BMD. C1 Emory Univ, Div Biol & Biomed Sci, Nutr & Hlth Sci Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Conlisk, AJ (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 37 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 562 EP 568 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0742 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 372GH UT WOS:000165225600014 PM 11071837 ER PT J AU Brown, MJ Shenassa, E Matte, TD Catlin, SN AF Brown, MJ Shenassa, E Matte, TD Catlin, SN TI Children in Illinois with elevated blood lead levels, 1993-1998, and lead-related pediatric hospital admissions in Illinois, 1993-1997 SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-HEALTH; EXPOSURE; CHILDHOOD; NHANES; IQ AB Objective. This study uses screening and hospitalization data to describe the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning in Chicago and the rest of the state of Illinois. Methods. The authors used aggregate data published by the Illinois Department of Public Health on blood lead testing of children ages 0-6 years and data on lead-related hospital admissions of children ages 0-6 years, drawn from an administrative dataset compiled as part of a state initiative. Results. No clear time trends in the percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels (defined as > 15 micrograms per deciliter [mug/dL] or > 45 mug/dL) were evident in either Chicago or the rest of Illinois. The propertions of children with elevated blood lead levels in Chicago and in the rest of Illinois did not decline at the dramatic rate seen in the US as a whole during the 1990s. Over a five-year period, in-hospital charges of $7.7 million were generated for the care of lead-poisoned children ages 6-16 in Chicago alone. Conclusion. Surveillance data, analyzed at the appropriate geographic level, can be used to focus resources on high-risk areas and to evaluate prevention efforts. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Behav & Prevent Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Miriam Hosp, Providence, RI 02906 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Las Vegas, Dept Math Sci, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Brown, MJ (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 115 IS 6 BP 532 EP 536 DI 10.1093/phr/115.6.532 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 425VF UT WOS:000168311800016 PM 11354336 ER PT J AU Smith, SS AF Smith, SS TI Major NHANES findings released; Response rates are up SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Smith, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 115 IS 6 BP 576 EP 578 DI 10.1093/phr/115.6.576 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 425VF UT WOS:000168311800020 ER PT J AU Aral, SO Roegner, R AF Aral, SO Roegner, R TI Mathematical modeling as a tool in STD prevention and control - A decade of progress, a millennium of opportunities SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEXUAL MIXING PATTERNS; SPREAD; HIV; TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; STRATEGIES; GONORRHEA C1 CDC, NCHSTP, Informat Technol Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US Consumer Prod Safety Commiss, Div Hazard Anal, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Aral, SO (reprint author), CDC, NCHSTP, Informat Technol Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 27 IS 10 BP 556 EP 557 DI 10.1097/00007435-200011000-00003 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 374GK UT WOS:000165337300003 PM 11099070 ER PT J AU Baume, C Helitzer, D Kachur, SP AF Baume, C Helitzer, D Kachur, SP TI Patterns of care for childhood malaria in Zambia SO SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE health-seeking behavior; malaria; fever; Zambia; treatment-seeking; resort to care ID TREATMENT-SEEKING; ANTIMALARIAL-DRUGS; RURAL COMMUNITIES; PERCEPTIONS; KENYA; CHILDREN; FEVER; PREVENTION; STRATEGIES; MORTALITY AB Malaria is a major cause of death among children in many parts of the world, even though simple and effective treatments exist. This study examines care-seeking patterns and barriers to appropriate treatment for Zambian children with fever or convulsions, two key symptoms of malaria. The study focuses on community perceptions of and response to febrile illness, using illness narratives as the primary data collection vehicle. The 154 detailed narratives indicate that mothers recognize fever and treat promptly, and consider chloroquine in conjunction with anti-pyretics to be the appropriate treatment. Synchronic and diachronic analyses show that most treatment begins at home, although the majority of cases are also seen in the formal health system. However, whether treated at home or taken to the health center, most children do not receive appropriate care - in this case, a 3-day course of chloroquine - because of problems of access and lack of understanding of the importance of giving the full dose. Further, those children who continue to have fever despite receiving chloroquine seldom receive the recommended second-line treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Most children with symptoms of convulsions are taken to the health center, but are more likely than children with simple malaria to receive traditional treatments as well. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Acad Educ Dev, Washington, DC 20009 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Community & Family Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Baume, C (reprint author), Acad Educ Dev, 1825 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NR 30 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-9536 J9 SOC SCI MED JI Soc. Sci. Med. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 51 IS 10 BP 1491 EP 1503 DI 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00049-6 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 359XQ UT WOS:000089637700005 PM 11077952 ER PT J AU Shepard, TH Barr, M Brent, RL Hendrickx, A Kochhar, D Oakley, G Scott, WJ AF Shepard, TH Barr, M Brent, RL Hendrickx, A Kochhar, D Oakley, G Scott, WJ TI A history of the Teratology Society SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: The 39-year history of the Teratology Society is reviewed. An abbreviated history is outlined in table form, along with listings of the Warkany Lectures, the postgraduate courses, and officers of the Society. Methods: A year-by-year description of the events, including the scientific and social content of the annual meetings and changes in the business of the Society, is given, in many cases using comments from the past presidents. The valuable and unique diversity of the members is discussed and illustrated, presenting the disciplines and main research area of the presidents. The number of submitted abstracts and the various categories are tabulated, averaging the number and type over four periods. Within the past 10 years, a significant increase in the number of abstracts dealing with epidemiology and developmental biology is evident. The Society's development is compared with that of a human, and the question is asked: Have we reached the maturational stage of old age or senescence, or is the Society still maturing gracefully? This question needs further discussion by all the members. Results: During the past 40 years, we have developed the scientific basis to prevent birth defects caused by rubella, alcoholism, and folate deficiency, as well as many other prenatal exposures. Conclusions: We must now engage in the political battles to obtain the resources needed to conduct further research and to implement the prevention programs, as well as to provide care and rehabilitation for persons with birth defects. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Washington, Birth Defects Res Lab, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. DuPont Hosp Children, Wilmington, DE 19899 USA. Jefferson Med Coll, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Jefferson Med Coll, Dept Pathol Anat & Cell Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. RP Shepard, TH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Birth Defects Res Lab, Dept Pediat, Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD NOV PY 2000 VL 62 IS 5 BP 301 EP 316 DI 10.1002/1096-9926(200011)62:5<301::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-X PG 16 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 368NH UT WOS:000090123400004 PM 11029148 ER PT J AU Toraason, M Sussman, G Biagini, R Meade, J Beezhold, D Germolec, D AF Toraason, M Sussman, G Biagini, R Meade, J Beezhold, D Germolec, D TI Latex allergy in the workplace SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR, 2000 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Soc Toxicol DE natural rubber latex (NRL); latex allergy; contact dermatitis; hypersensitivity ID NATURAL-RUBBER LATEX; CLASS-I CHITINASES; IGE ANTIBODIES; CROSS-REACTIVITY; FRUIT SYNDROME; CELL EPITOPES; B-CELL; PREVALENCE; IDENTIFICATION; SENSITIZATION AB While less than 1% of the general population is sensitized to latex, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration estimates that 8-12% of health-care workers are sensitized. The major source of workplace exposure is powdered natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves. NRL is harvested from Hevea brasiliensis trees and ammoniated to prevent coagulation resulting in the hydrolysis of the latex proteins. Prior to use in manufacturing, the latex is formulated by the addition of multiple chemicals. Thus, human exposure is to a mixture of residual chemicals and hydrolyzed latex peptides. Clinical manifestations include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis (type IV), and type I immediate hypersensitivity response. Type I (IgE-mediated) NRL allergy includes contact urticaria, systemic urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchospasm, and anaphylaxis. Taking an accurate history, including questions on atopic status, food allergy, and possible reactions to latex devices makes diagnosis of type-I latex allergy possible. To confirm a diagnosis, either in vivo skin prick testing (SPT) or in vitro assays for latex-specific IgE are performed. While the SPT is regarded as a primary confirmatory test for IgE-mediated disease, the absence of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensed Hevea brasiliensis latex extract has restricted its use in diagnosis. Serological tests have, therefore, become critically important as alternative diagnostic tests. Three manufacturers currently have FDA clearance for in vitro tests, to detect NRL-specific IgE. The commercially available assays may disagree on the antibody status of an individual serum, which may be due to the assay's detecting anti-NRL IgEs to different allergenic NRL proteins. Sensitized individuals produce specific IgE antibody to at least 10 potent Hevea allergens, Hev b l-Hev b 10, each of which differs in its structure, size, and net charge. The relative content and ratios of Hevs in the final allergen preparation most probably could effect diagnostic accuracy. The Hev proteins have been cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. Sequencing demonstrates both unique epitopes and sequences commonly found in other plant proteins. Sequence homology helps to explain the cross reactivity to a variety of foods experienced by latex allergic individuals. The development of recombinant allergens provides reagents that should improve the diagnostic accuracy of tests for latex allergy. Although clinical and exposure data have been gathered on the factors affecting response in latex-allergic individuals, less is known regarding the development of sensitization. Coupled with in vitro dermal penetration studies, murine models have been established to investigate the route of exposure in the development of latex sensitization. Time-course and dose-response studies have shown subcutaneous, intratracheal, or topical administrations of non-ammoniated latex proteins to induce IgE production. Both in vitro penetration and in vivo studies highlight the importance of skin condition in the development of latex allergy, with enhanced penetration and earlier onset of IgE production seen with experimentally abraded skin. The diagnosis of latex allergy is complicated by these variables, which in turn hinder the development of intervention strategies. Further epidemiological assessment is needed to more explicitly define the scope, trends, and demographics of latex allergy. Diagnostic accuracy can be improved through greater knowledge of proteins involved in the development of latex allergy, and better documentation of the presently available diagnostic tests. In vivo and in vitro models can elucidate mechanisms of sensitization and provide an understanding of the role of the exposure route in latex allergy-associated diseases. Together, these efforts can lead to intervention strategies for reducing latex allergy in the workplace. C1 NIOSH, Robert A Taft Labs, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M4V 1R2, Canada. Guthrie Res Inst, Sayre, PA 18840 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Toraason, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Robert A Taft Labs, Div Appl Res & Technol, C23,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM mtorasson@cdc.gov NR 58 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD NOV PY 2000 VL 58 IS 1 BP 5 EP 14 DI 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.5 PG 10 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 368MZ UT WOS:000090122500004 PM 11053535 ER PT J AU Garcia, HH Parkhouse, RME Gilman, RH Montenegro, T Bernal, T Martinez, SM Gonzalez, AE Tsang, VCW Harrison, LJS AF Garcia, HH Parkhouse, RME Gilman, RH Montenegro, T Bernal, T Martinez, SM Gonzalez, AE Tsang, VCW Harrison, LJS CA Cysticercosis Working Grp TI Serum antigen detection in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of neurocysticercosis patients SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE neurocysticercosis; Taenia solium; chemotherapy; albendazole; follow-up; antigen detection; ELISA; Peru ID LARVAL TAENIA-SOLIUM; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS; ELISA; ANTIBODIES; THERAPY; ASSAY; BLOT AB The efficacy of albendazole (ABZ) treatment for human neurocysticercosis (NCC) was assessed by using a monoclonal antibody-based parasite antigen detection ELISA which specifically detects the products of living cysticerci in human serum. The assay displayed 85% diagnostic sensitivity, detecting 39 of 46 NCC cases. Only patients with a single viable cyst or only enhancing lesions (degenerating parasites) were seronegative. Specificity of the assay was 92% (23/25) when tested in healthy Peruvian volunteers. In 'cured' patients, in whom all parasites died after ABZ therapy, parasite antigen levels fell sharply by 3 months post treatment. This pattern was not observed in patients refractory to treatment. The sensitivity of the assay with serum samples, and its ability to identify successfully treated patients, make this monoclonal antibody-based ELISA the test of choice for the follow-up of NCC cases. C1 Inst Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Lima 1, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. AFRC, Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Sch Vet Med, Lima 14, Peru. Ctr Dis Control, Parasit Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Trop Anim Hlth, Ctr Trop Vet Med, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England. RP Garcia, HH (reprint author), Inst Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Jr Ancash 1271,Barrios Altos, Lima 1, Peru. OI Parkhouse, Michael/0000-0001-5967-3291 FU FDA HHS [FD-R-001107]; FIC NIH HHS [TW00598]; NIAID NIH HHS [R03-AI-42037]; PHS HHS [U19-A145431] NR 20 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 1EY, ENGLAND SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV-DEC PY 2000 VL 94 IS 6 BP 673 EP 676 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90228-1 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 381WG UT WOS:000165786300022 PM 11198654 ER PT J AU de Oliveira, CF Diaz, RS Machado, DM Sullivan, MT Finlayson, T Gwinn, M Lackritz, EM Williams, AE Kessler, D Operskalski, EA Mosley, JW Busch, MP AF de Oliveira, CF Diaz, RS Machado, DM Sullivan, MT Finlayson, T Gwinn, M Lackritz, EM Williams, AE Kessler, D Operskalski, EA Mosley, JW Busch, MP TI Surveillance of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and diversity in the US blood supply SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; GROUP-O INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; TRANSMISSION; PLASMA; RNA AB BACKGROUND: Recent reports of variant (non-subtype B) HIV infections in US populations have raised concerns about the sensitivity of subtype B virus-based donor screening and diagnostic assays. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HIV subtypes in US blood donors over the last two decades. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three groups were studied: hemophiliacs infected by clotting factor concentrates in the early 1980s (n = 49), blood donors retrospectively identified as being seropositive in 1985 (n = 97), and blood donors identified as seropositive between 1993 and 1996 (n = 405). Subtype assignment was based primarily on heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) of HIV-1 env, with DNA sequence confirmation of selected specimens. HIV peptide-based EIA serotyping was used to rule out HIV-2 and group O infections and to serotype HMA-refractory specimens. RESULTS: Of 551 specimens, 535 (97%) were assigned subtypes; 532 (99%) of these were subtype B. Three postscreening donations (1%) were assigned non-B subtypes (2 A, 1 C). Two of these three donors were born in Africa; the third was born in the United States and reported no risk factors other than heterosexual activity. HMA distribution plots showed an increase in env diversity among HIV-1 group B strains over time. CONCLUSION: The results support the need for continued surveillance of HIV subtype diversity and ongoing validation of the sensitivity of HIV diagnostic assays to non-B subtype infections. C1 Blood Ctr Pacific, Res & Sci Serv, Irwin Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Amer Red Cross, Holland Lab, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. Univ So Calif, Transfus Safety Study, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Busch, MP (reprint author), Blood Ctr Pacific, Res & Sci Serv, Irwin Ctr, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. RI Diaz, Ricardo/K-3978-2012 FU FIC NIH HHS [D43-TW0003]; NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HB-47003] NR 61 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD NOV PY 2000 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1399 EP 1406 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40111399.x PG 8 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 377BT UT WOS:000165492600019 PM 11099672 ER PT J AU Redberg, RF Mosca, L Bazzarre, T Kaufmann, DM AF Redberg, RF Mosca, L Bazzarre, T Kaufmann, DM TI Effectiveness of a behavior modification program in healthy diet choices in women: The American Heart Association's Choose to Move Program SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. New York Presbyterian Hosp, New York, NY USA. Amer Heart Assoc, Dallas, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 3237 BP 670 EP 670 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072303229 ER PT J AU Zheng, ZJ Croft, JB Giles, HW Mensah, GA AF Zheng, ZJ Croft, JB Giles, HW Mensah, GA TI Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1984-1996 SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4042 BP 841 EP 841 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304033 ER PT J AU Davidson, KW Jonas, BS Gerin, W Pickering, TG Maclean, D AF Davidson, KW Jonas, BS Gerin, W Pickering, TG Maclean, D TI High hostility predicts hypertensive status in younger, but not older randomly sampled persons SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Baltimore, MD USA. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4052 BP 843 EP 843 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304043 ER PT J AU Koffman, DMM Schmid, TL Bazzarre, T Mosca, L Redberg, RF AF Koffman, DMM Schmid, TL Bazzarre, T Mosca, L Redberg, RF TI Choose to Move 1999 physical activity program for women SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Heart Assoc, Dallas, TX USA. New York Presbyterian Hosp, New York, NY USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Natl Ctr Excellence Womens Hlth, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4105 BP 855 EP 855 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304096 ER PT J AU Brown, DW Giles, WH Greenlund, KJ Valdez, R Croft, JB AF Brown, DW Giles, WH Greenlund, KJ Valdez, R Croft, JB TI Impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, and CVD risk factors are associated with prolonged QTc duration: The third national health and nutrition examination survey SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NCCDPHP, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4179 BP 872 EP 872 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304170 ER PT J AU Mosca, L Matson-Kauffman, D Bazzarre, T Redberg, RF AF Mosca, L Matson-Kauffman, D Bazzarre, T Redberg, RF TI An American Heart Association behavior modification program improves the awareness and knowledge of heart disease and stroke risk in women. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New York Presbyterian Hosp, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Heart Assoc, Dallas, TX USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Natl Ctr Excellence Womens Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 31 PY 2000 VL 102 IS 18 SU S MA 4191 BP 874 EP 874 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 367QE UT WOS:000090072304182 ER PT J AU Becker, KM Moe, CL Southwick, KL MacCormack, JN AF Becker, KM Moe, CL Southwick, KL MacCormack, JN TI Transmission of norwalk virus during a football game. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; OUTBREAKS; SPECIMENS AB Background: During a college football game in Florida, diarrhea and vomiting developed in many of the members of a North Carolina team. The next day, similar symptoms developed in some of the players on the opposing team. Methods: We interviewed those who ate the five meals served to the North Carolina team before the game and some of the players on the opposing team who became ill. Patients with primary cases were members or staff of the team who had vomiting or diarrhea at least 10 hours after but no more than 50 hours after eating a box lunch served the day before the game. Patients with secondary cases had a later onset of symptoms or had symptoms without having eaten the box lunch. Stool samples were examined by electron microscopy and by a reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Results: The two football teams shared no food or beverages and had no contact off the playing field. Of five meals served to the North Carolina team before the game, only the box lunch was associated with a significant risk of illness (relative risk of illness, 4.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 10.0). The rate of attack among those who ate the box lunch was 62 percent. There were 11 secondary cases among the members and staff of the North Carolina team and 11 such cases among the Florida players. All four stool samples obtained from North Carolina patients were positive for Norwalk-like virus on electron microscopy. All four samples as well as one of two stool samples from players on the Florida team were positive for a Norwalk-like virus of genogroup I on RT-PCR assay; the RT-PCR products had identical sequences. Conclusions: This investigation documents person-to-person transmission of Norwalk virus among players during a football game. Persons with acute gastroenteritis should be excluded from playing contact sports. C1 Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Off Int & Refugee Hlth, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Becker, KM (reprint author), Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Off Int & Refugee Hlth, Rm 18-105,Parklawn Bldg,5600 Fischers Ln, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RI Moe, Christine/G-6118-2012 NR 22 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 11 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD OCT 26 PY 2000 VL 343 IS 17 BP 1223 EP 1227 DI 10.1056/NEJM200010263431704 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 366PQ UT WOS:000090014100004 PM 11071673 ER PT J AU Minnich, L McJunkin, JE Bixler, D Slemp, C Haddy, L Busse, F Harrison, M Stobierski, MG Boulton, MI Jones, T Moore, W Barton, P Bradley, K Crutcher, M AF Minnich, L McJunkin, JE Bixler, D Slemp, C Haddy, L Busse, F Harrison, M Stobierski, MG Boulton, MI Jones, T Moore, W Barton, P Bradley, K Crutcher, M CA CDC TI Consequences of delayed diagnosis of Rocky Mountain Spotted fever in children West Virginia, Michigan, Tennessee, and Oklahoma, May-July 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 885-888, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Charleston Area Med Ctr, Charleston, WV 25325 USA. W Virginia Dept Hlth & Human Resources, Charleston, WV USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI USA. Tennessee Dept Publ Hlth, Nashville, TN USA. St Francis Hosp, Tulsa, OK USA. Oklahoma State Dept Hlth, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 USA. CDC, State Branch, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Infect Dis Pathol Act & Viral & Rickettsial Zoono, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Minnich, L (reprint author), Charleston Area Med Ctr, Charleston, WV 25325 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 25 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 16 BP 2049 EP 2050 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 364QA UT WOS:000089902100010 ER PT J AU Brown, P Preece, M Brandel, JP Sato, T McShane, L Zerr, I Fletcher, A Will, RG Pocchiari, M Cashman, NR d'Aignaux, JH Cervenakova, L Fradkin, J Schonberger, LB Collins, SJ AF Brown, P Preece, M Brandel, JP Sato, T McShane, L Zerr, I Fletcher, A Will, RG Pocchiari, M Cashman, NR d'Aignaux, JH Cervenakova, L Fradkin, J Schonberger, LB Collins, SJ TI Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at the millennium SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Review DE aaaaaaaa ID PRION PROTEIN GENOTYPE; HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; PERSON TRANSMISSION; TRANSPLANTATION; GRAFT AB The causes and geographic distribution of 267 cases of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are here updated at the millennium. Small numbers of still-occurring cases result from disease onsets after longer and longer incubation periods following infection by cadaveric human growth hormone or dura mater grafts manufactured and distributed before the mid-1980s. The proportion of recipients acquiring CJD from growth hormone varies from 0.3 to 4.4% in different countries, and acquisition from dura mater varies between 0.02 and 0.05% in Japan (where most cases occurred), Incubation periods can extend up to 30 years, and cerebellar onsets predominate in both hormone and graft recipients (in whom the site of graft placement had no effect on the clinical presentation). Homozygosity at codon 129 of the PRNP gene is over-represented in both forms of disease; it has no effect on the incubation period of graft recipients, but may promote shorter incubation periods in hormone cases. Knowledge about potential high-risk sources of contamination gained during the last quarter century, and the implementation of methods to circumvent them, should minimize the potential for iatrogenic contributions to the current spectrum of CJD. C1 NINDS, CNS Studies Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NINDS, Biometr Res Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDDKD, Div Diabet Endocrinol & Metab Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London, England. Grp Hosp Pitie Salpetriere, U360 INSERM, Ctr Natl Reference Malad CJ, Paris, France. Khonodai Hosp, Chiba, Japan. Univ Gottingen, Neurol Klin & Poliklin, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Western Gen Hosp, CJD Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland. Ist Super Sanita, Virol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Canadian CJD Surveillance Syst, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Amer Red Cross, Jerome H Holland Lab, Rockville, MD USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Brown, P (reprint author), NINDS, CNS Studies Lab, NIH, Bldg 36,Room 4A-05,36 Convent Dr,MSC 4122, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM brownp@ninds.nih.gov NR 19 TC 347 Z9 359 U1 3 U2 23 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD OCT 24 PY 2000 VL 55 IS 8 BP 1075 EP 1081 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 366PB UT WOS:000090012800003 PM 11071481 ER PT J AU Ohye, R Lee, V Whiticar, P Effler, P Domen, H Hoff, G Joyce, J Archer, R Hayes, M Hale, J Holmes, K Doyle, L Procop, G AF Ohye, R Lee, V Whiticar, P Effler, P Domen, H Hoff, G Joyce, J Archer, R Hayes, M Hale, J Holmes, K Doyle, L Procop, G TI Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hawaii, 1999, and decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in N. gonorrhoeae, Missouri, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 833-837, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Hawaii Dept Hlth, State Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Kansas City Hlth Dept, Kansas City, MO USA. Missouri Dept Hlth, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle GISP Reg Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland GISP Reg Lab, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Bacterial STD Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ohye, R (reprint author), Hawaii Dept Hlth, State Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 15 BP 1917 EP 1919 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 362JC UT WOS:000089774000009 ER PT J AU Taylor, D AF Taylor, D TI State-specific changes in singleton preterm births among black and white women United States, 1990 and 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 837-840, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID MORTALITY; WEIGHT C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. CDC, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, State Branch, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Reprod Stat Branch, Div Vital Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Taylor, D (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 15 BP 1919 EP 1920 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 362JC UT WOS:000089774000010 ER PT J AU Felson, DT Lawrence, RC Dieppe, PA Hirsch, R Helmick, CG Jordan, JM Kington, RS Lane, NE Nevitt, MC Zhang, YQ Sowers, M McAlindon, T Spector, TD Poole, AR Yanovski, SZ Ateshian, G Sharma, L Buckwalter, JA Brandt, KD Fries, JF AF Felson, DT Lawrence, RC Dieppe, PA Hirsch, R Helmick, CG Jordan, JM Kington, RS Lane, NE Nevitt, MC Zhang, YQ Sowers, M McAlindon, T Spector, TD Poole, AR Yanovski, SZ Ateshian, G Sharma, L Buckwalter, JA Brandt, KD Fries, JF TI Osteoarthritis: New Insights. Part 1: The Disease and Its Risk Factors SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; RADIOGRAPHIC KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURIZATION; CANINE ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURES; 1ST NATIONAL-HEALTH; HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEO-ARTHRITIS; FOLLOW-UP AB Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people in the United States. It is a complex disease whose etiology bridges biomechanics and biochemistry. Evidence is growing for the role of systemic factors (such as genetics, dietary intake, estrogen use, and bone density) and of local biomechanical factors (such as muscle weakness, obesity, and joint laxity). These risk factors are particularly important in weight-bearing joints, and modifying them may present opportunities for prevention of osteoarthritis-related pain and disability. Major advances in management to reduce pain and disability are yielding a panoply of available treatments ranging from nutriceuticals to chondrocyte transplantation, new oral anti-inflammatory medications, and health education. This article is part 1 of a two-part summary of a National Institutes of Health conference. The conference brought together experts on osteoarthritis from diverse backgrounds and provided a multidisciplinary and comprehensive summary of recent advances in the prevention of osteoarthritis onset, progression, and disability. Part 1 focuses on a new understanding of what osteoarthritis is and on risk factors that predispose to disease occurrence. It concludes with a discussion of the impact of osteoarthritis on disability. C1 Boston Univ Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Natl Inst Arthrit & Musculoskeletal & Skin Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Bristol, MRC Hlth Serv Res Collaborat, Bristol BS8 2PR, Avon, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ N Carolina, Thurston Arthrit Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Boston Univ Sch Med, Arthrit Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. St Thomas Hosp, Twin Res & Genet Epidemiol Unit, London SE1 7EH, England. McGill Univ, Shriners Hosp Children, Joint Dis Lab, Quebec City, PQ H3G1A6, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Surg, Quebec City, PQ H3G1A6, Canada. NIH, Natl Inst Diabet & Digest & Kidney Dis, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Columbia Univ, Orthoped Res Lab, New York, NY 10032 USA. Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Univ Iowa Hosp, Dept Orthopaed, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Indiana Univ Sch Med, Rheumatol Div, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Stanford Univ Sch Med, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Lawrence, RC (reprint author), Natl Inst Arthrit & Musculoskeletal & Skin Dis, NIH, Bldg 45,Room 5AS-37G, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Spector, Tim/F-6533-2012; OI Zhang, Yuqing/0000-0001-7954-1149; Felson, David/0000-0002-2668-2447 FU National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH); NIH Office of Disease Prevention; NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; NIH Office of Research on Women's Health; NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research; NIH National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Arthritis Foundation; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons FX The conference was initiated, organized, and funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which also coordinated and funded the reporting of the proceedings. Cofunding for the conference was provided by the NIH Office of Disease Prevention, NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NIH Office of Research on Women's Health, NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, NIH National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arthritis Foundation, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. NR 119 TC 1062 Z9 1106 U1 30 U2 299 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 EI 1539-3704 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD OCT 17 PY 2000 VL 133 IS 8 BP 635 EP 646 DI 10.7326/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00016 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 364RH UT WOS:000089906300020 PM 11033593 ER PT J AU Marti, GE Gaigalas, A Vogt, RF AF Marti, GE Gaigalas, A Vogt, RF TI Recent developments in quantitative fluorescence calibration for analyzing cells and microarrays SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CYTOMETRY C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Therapeut Res & Review, Div Cell & Gene Therapy, Bethesda, MD USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Diabet Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vogt, RF (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop F19, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 42 IS 5 BP 263 EP 263 DI 10.1002/1097-0320(20001015)42:5<263::AID-CYTO1>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 366DG UT WOS:000089989100001 PM 11025482 ER PT J AU Cross, GD Handsfield, JK Schalla, WO AF Cross, GD Handsfield, JK Schalla, WO TI Extreme values reported for CD4 absolute cell counts by laboratories using dual-platform methods: Results from a performance evaluation program SO CYTOMETRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Syst, Publ Practice Program, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0196-4763 J9 CYTOMETRY JI Cytometry PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 42 IS 5 MA 9 BP 314 EP 314 PG 1 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 366DG UT WOS:000089989100017 ER PT J AU Maynard, AD AF Maynard, AD TI Overview of methods for analysing single ultrafine particles SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ultrafine; aerosol; single-particle analysis; particle collection; electron microscopy; scanning probe microscopy ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; CONTROLLED DIMENSIONS; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; AERODYNAMIC LENSES; NOZZLE EXPANSIONS; SIZE; DIVERGENCE AB Increasing awareness that structures and attributes on a nanometre scale within aerosol particles may play a significant role in determining their behaviour has highlighted the need for suitable single ultrafine particle analysis methods. By adopting technologies developed within complementary disciplines, together with the development of aerosol-specific methods, a basis for characterizing single sub-100 nm (ultrafine) particles and features in terms of size, morphology, topology, composition, structure and physicochemical properties is established. Size, morphology and surface properties are readily characterized in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) allows structural information on particles and atomic clusters to sub-0.2 nm resolution. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray emission in the STEM allow the chemical analysis of particles and particle regions down to nanometre diameters. Scanning probe microscopy offers the possibility of analysing nanometre-diameter particles under ambient conditions, thus getting away from some of the constraints imposed by electron microscopy. Imaging methods such as atomic force microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) offer novel and exciting possibilities for the characterization of specific aerosols. Developments in aerosol mass spectrometry are providing the means for chemically characterizing size-segregated ultrafine particles down to 10 nm in diameter on-line. By taking a multi-disciplinary approach, the compilation and development of complementary tools allowing both routine and in-depth analysis of individual ultrafine particles is possible. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Maynard, AD (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. OI Maynard, Andrew/0000-0003-2117-5128 NR 54 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2593 EP 2609 DI 10.1098/rsta.2000.0671 PG 17 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100006 ER PT J AU Howard, CV Donaldson, K Williams, M Maynard, AD AF Howard, CV Donaldson, K Williams, M Maynard, AD TI Ultrafine particles: mechanisms of lung injury - Discussion SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. DETR, London, England. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Howard, CV (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-503X J9 PHILOS T R SOC A JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 358 IS 1775 BP 2748 EP 2749 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 368DH UT WOS:000090102100024 ER PT J AU Datta, S Satten, GA AF Datta, S Satten, GA TI Estimating future stage entry and occupation probabilities in a multistage model based on randomly right-censored data SO STATISTICS & PROBABILITY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE multistage models; stage occupation probabilities; right-censoring; fractional risk set; survival analysis AB A general multistage model is considered where all individuals start at a given initial stage at time zero. Based on randomly right-censored data, we provide both individual-specific and overall estimates of the probabilities of entry to a future stage. We also provide normalized estimators of the probability of occupying each stage as a function of time. These estimators are constructed using competing risks techniques but with risk sets consisting of fractional observations. The fractional observations correspond to estimates of the numbers of persons who ultimately enter each stage, based on the censored data. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7152 J9 STAT PROBABIL LETT JI Stat. Probab. Lett. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0167-7152(00)00086-9 PG 7 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 355JC UT WOS:000089381700011 ER PT J AU Tully, DB Collins, BJ Overstreet, JD Smith, CS Dinse, GE Mumtaz, MM Chapin, RE AF Tully, DB Collins, BJ Overstreet, JD Smith, CS Dinse, GE Mumtaz, MM Chapin, RE TI Effects of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead on gene expression regulated by a battery of 13 different promoters in recombinant HepG2 cells SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arsenic; cadmium; chromium; lead; chemical mixtures ID DNA-DAMAGING AGENTS; CONTROLLING INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION; PLANAR AROMATIC-COMPOUNDS; NF-KAPPA-B; BINDING ACTIVITY; GROWTH ARREST; LIVER-CELLS; METALLOTHIONEIN; INDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION AB Toxic metals occur naturally at low concentrations throughout the environment, but are found in higher concentrations at many of the hazardous waste sites on the EPA Superfund list. As part of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) mandate to evaluate the toxicity of metals and mixtures, we chose four of the high-priority metal pollutants from ATSDR's HAZ-DAT list, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, to test in a commercially developed assay system, CAT-Tox(L) (Xenometrix). This assay employs a battery of recombinant HepG2 cell lines to test the transcriptional activation capacity of xenobiotics in any of 13 different signal transduction pathways. Our specific aims were to identify metal-responsive promoters and determine whether the pattern of gene expression changed with a mixture of metals. Humic acid was used in all assays as a carrier to help solubilize the metals and, in all cases, the cells were exposed to the humic acid-metal mixture for 48 h. Humic acid alone, at 50-100 muM, showed moderate activation of the XRE promoter, but little other notable activity. As(V), at doses of 50-250 muM, produced a complex profile of activity showing significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA, GST Ya, HSP70, FOS, XRE, NF kappa BRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE promoters. Pb(II) showed dose-related induction of the GST Ya, XRE, hMTIIA, GRP78, and CYP IA1 promoters at doses in the range of 12-100 muM. Cd(II), at 1.25-15 muM, yielded significant dose-dependent induction of hMTIIA, XRE, CYP IA1, GST Ya, HSP70, NF kappa BRE, and FOS. Whereas Cr(III) yielded small, though significant inductions of the CRE, FOS, GADD153, and XRE promoters only at the highest dose (750 muM), Cr(VI) produced significant dose-related inductions of the p53RE, FOS, NF kappa BRE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters at much lower doses, in the range of 5-10 muM. Assays testing serial dilutions of a mixture comprising 7.5 muM Cd(II), 750 muM Cr(III), and 100 muM Pb(II) (the combination of metals most frequently found at National Priority List sites) showed significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA promoter, but failed to show dose-related induction of any other promoter and showed no evidence of synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in this mixture. Our results thus show metal activation of gene expression through several previously unreported signal transduction pathways, including As(V) induction of GST Ya, FOS, XRE, NFkBRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE; Pb(II) induction of GST Ya, XRE, Cyp IA1, and GADD153; Cd(II) induction of NFkBRE, Cyp IA1, XRE, and GST Ya; and Cr(VI) induction of p53RE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters, and thus suggest new insights into the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity of metals. It is also an important finding that no evidence of synergistic activity was detected with the mixture of Cd(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) tested in these assays. C1 NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NIEHS, Environm Dis & Med Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Publ Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tully, DB (reprint author), NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 NR 84 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 168 IS 2 BP 79 EP 90 DI 10.1006/taap.2000.9014 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 371YQ UT WOS:000165207200001 PM 11032763 ER PT J AU Obaro, SK Adegbola, RA Tharpe, JA Ades, EW McAdam, KPWJ Carlone, G Sampson, JS AF Obaro, SK Adegbola, RA Tharpe, JA Ades, EW McAdam, KPWJ Carlone, G Sampson, JS TI Pneumococcal surface adhesin A antibody concentration in serum and nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in young African infants SO VACCINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PROTEIN PSAA C1 MRC Labs, Banjul, Gambia. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Obaro, SK (reprint author), MRC Labs, POB 273, Banjul, Gambia. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 5 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD OCT 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4-5 BP 411 EP 412 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00201-2 PG 2 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 365CH UT WOS:000089930500007 PM 11027802 ER PT J CA WHO Carter Ctr CDC TI Progress toward global dracunculiasis eradication, June 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 731-735, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Emory Univ, Carter Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. WHO, Collaborating Ctr Res Training & Eradicat Dracunc, Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP WHO (reprint author), Emory Univ, Carter Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 14 BP 1778 EP 1779 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 359PW UT WOS:000089622100010 ER PT J AU Arday, D AF Arday, D CA CDC TI Receipt of advice to quit smoking in Medicare managed care - United States, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 797-901, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US Hlth Care Financing Adm, Off Clin Stand & Qual, Baltimore, MD 21207 USA. CDC, Epidemiol Br, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Arday, D (reprint author), US Hlth Care Financing Adm, Off Clin Stand & Qual, Baltimore, MD 21207 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 14 BP 1779 EP 1781 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 359PW UT WOS:000089622100011 ER PT J CA WHO WHO CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - African region, 1999-March 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 445-449, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Reg Off Africa, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Harare, Zimbabwe. WHO, Vaccines & Biol Div, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP WHO (reprint author), WHO, Reg Off Africa, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Harare, Zimbabwe. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 14 BP 1781 EP 1782 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 359PW UT WOS:000089622100012 ER PT J AU Szilagyi, PG Bordley, C Vann, JC Chelminski, A Kraus, RM Margolis, PA Rodewald, LE AF Szilagyi, PG Bordley, C Vann, JC Chelminski, A Kraus, RM Margolis, PA Rodewald, LE TI Effect of patient reminder/recall interventions on immunization rates - A review SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd National Immunization Conference CY JUL 21-24, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID COMPUTER-GENERATED REMINDERS; INFLUENZA VACCINATION RATES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; INNER-CITY; PRIMARY-CARE; CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS; POSTCARD REMINDERS; PUBLICATION BIAS; PREVENTIVE CARE AB Context Immunization rates for children and adults remain below national goals. While experts recommend that health care professionals remind patients of needed immunizations, few practitioners actually use reminders. Little is known about the effectiveness of reminders in different settings or patient populations. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of patient reminder systems in improving immunization rates, and to compare the effectiveness of different types of reminders for a variety of patient populations. Data Sources A search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and CAB Health Abstracts. Relevant articles, as well as published abstracts, conference proceedings, and tiles of study collaborators, were searched for relevant references. Study Selection and Data Extraction English-language studies involving patient reminder/recall interventions (using criteria established by the Cochrane Collaboration) were eligible for review if they involved randomized controlled trials, controlled before-after studies, or interrupted time series, and measured immunization rates. Of 109 studies identified, 41 met eligibility criteria. Studies were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers using a standardized checklist. Results of studies are expressed as absolute percentage-point changes in immunization rates and as odds ratios (ORs). Studies with similar characteristics of patients or interventions were pooled (random effects model). Data Synthesis Patient reminder systems were effective in improving immunization rates in 33 (80%) of the 41 studies, irrespective of baseline immunization rates, patient age, setting, or vaccination type. Increases in immunization rates due to reminders ranged from 5 to 20 percentage points. Reminders were effective for childhood Vaccinations (OR, 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-2.72), childhood influenza vaccinations (OR, 4.25; 95% CI, 2.10-8.60), adult pneumococcus or tetanus vaccinations (OR, 5.14; 95% CI, 1.21-21.78), and adult influenza vaccinations (OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.69-3.10)? While reminders were most effective in academic settings (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.98-5.58), they were also highly effective in private practice set tings (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.45-2.22) and public health clinics (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.42-3.07). All types of reminders were effective (postcards, letters, and telephone or autodialer calls), with telephone reminders being most effective but costliest. Conclusions Patient reminder systems in primary care settings are effective in improving immunization rates. Primary care physicians should use patient reminders to improve immunization delivery. C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Childrens Primary Care Res Grp, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Publ Hlth Leadership Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Szilagyi, PG (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Strong Mem Hosp, Box 632,601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. FU PHS HHS [U66/CCU312166] NR 70 TC 231 Z9 231 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 14 BP 1820 EP 1827 DI 10.1001/jama.284.14.1820 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 359PW UT WOS:000089622100034 PM 11025835 ER PT J AU Zhu, YD Rota, P Wyatt, L Tamin, A Rozenblatt, S Lerche, N Moss, B Bellini, W McChesney, M AF Zhu, YD Rota, P Wyatt, L Tamin, A Rozenblatt, S Lerche, N Moss, B Bellini, W McChesney, M TI Evaluation of recombinant vaccinia virus - Measles vaccines in infant rhesus macaques with preexisting measles antibody SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID T-CELL RESPONSES; MATERNAL ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; VIRAL REPLICATION; VACCINATION; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION; MICE; GLYCOPROTEIN AB immunization of newborn infants with standard measles vaccines is not effective because of the presence of maternal antibody. In this study, newborn rhesus macaques were immunized with recombinant vaccinia Viruses expressing measles virus hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins, using the replication-competent WR strain of vaccinia virus or the replication-defective MVA strain. The infants were boosted at 2 months and then challenged intranasally with measles virus at 5 months of age. Some of the newborn monkeys received measles immune globulin (MIG) prior to the first immunization, and these infants were compared to additional infants that had maternal measles-neutralizing antibody In the absence of measles antibody, vaccination with either Vector induced neutralizing antibody, cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses to measles virus and protection from systemic measles infection and skin rash. The infants vaccinated with the MVA vector developed lower measles-neutralizing antibody titers than those vaccinated with the WR vector, and they sustained a transient measles viremia upon challenge. Either maternal antibody or passively transferred MIG blocked the humoral response to vaccination with bath WR and MVA, and the frequency of positive CTL responses was reduced. Despite this inhibition of vaccine-induced immunity, there was a reduction in peak viral loads and skin rash after measles virus challenge in many of the infants with preexisting measles antibody. Therefore, vaccination using recombinant Vectors such as poxviruses may be able to prevent the severe disease that often accompanies measles in infants. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Measles Virus Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP McChesney, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00169]; PHS HHS [U50/CCU913348] NR 51 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 10 PY 2000 VL 276 IS 1 BP 202 EP 213 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0564 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 367XY UT WOS:000090088300021 PM 11022008 ER PT J CA CDC TI Missed opportunities for prevention of tuberculosis among persons with HIV infection - Selected locations, United States, 1996-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 685-687, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 TB Program Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. TB Program San Diego Cty, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. TB Program San Francisco Cty, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. TB Program Santa Clara Cty, Santa Clara, CA 95110 USA. TB Program Fulton Cty, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. TB Program, Chicago, IL USA. TB Program, Newark, NJ USA. TB Program, New York, NY USA. TB Program Shelby Cty, Memphis, TN 38103 USA. TB Program, Houston, TX USA. TB Program King Cty, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. CDC, Prevent Effectiveness Sect, Res & Evaluat Branch,Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP TB Program Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90012 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1641 EP 1642 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900008 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Cherry, B Edwin, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, V Miller, J Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Cherry, B Edwin, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, V Miller, J Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J TI Update: West Nile virus activity - Northeastern United States, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 820-822, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Hlth, Providence, RI 02908 USA. New Hampshire Dept Hlth, Concord, NH 03301 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1643 EP 1644 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900010 ER PT J AU Kassenborg, H Danila, R Snippes, P Wiisanen, M Sullivan, M Smith, KE Crouch, N Medus, P Weber, R Korlath, J Ristinen, T Lynfield, R Hull, HF Pahlen, J Boldingh, T Elfering, K Hoffman, G Lewis, T Friedlander, A Heine, H Culpepper, R Henchal, E Ludwig, G Rossi, C Teska, J Ezzell, J Eitzen, E AF Kassenborg, H Danila, R Snippes, P Wiisanen, M Sullivan, M Smith, KE Crouch, N Medus, P Weber, R Korlath, J Ristinen, T Lynfield, R Hull, HF Pahlen, J Boldingh, T Elfering, K Hoffman, G Lewis, T Friedlander, A Heine, H Culpepper, R Henchal, E Ludwig, G Rossi, C Teska, J Ezzell, J Eitzen, E TI Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis - Contaminated meat - Minnesota, August 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 813-816, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Roseau Cty Home Hlth Care, Roseau, Dominica. Minnesota Board Anim Hlth, St Paul, MN USA. Minnesota Dept Agr, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Washington, DC USA. Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Epidemiol Program Off, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kassenborg, H (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1644 EP 1646 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Outbreak of acute febrile illness among participants in EcoChallenge Sabah 2000 - Malaysia, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 816-817, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID LEPTOSPIROSIS C1 Calif State Dept Hlth, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. Idaho Dept Hlth, Boise, ID 83720 USA. Council State & Terr Epidemologists, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Calif State Dept Hlth, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1646 EP 1646 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900012 ER PT J AU Inglesby, TV Henderson, DA O'Toole, T Dennis, DT AF Inglesby, TV Henderson, DA O'Toole, T Dennis, DT TI Safety precautions to limit exposure from plague-infected patients - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Inglesby, TV (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1649 EP 1649 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900018 ER PT J AU Mokdad, AH Serdula, MK Dietz, WH Bowman, BA Marks, JS Koplan, JP AF Mokdad, AH Serdula, MK Dietz, WH Bowman, BA Marks, JS Koplan, JP TI The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mokdad, AH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 238 Z9 240 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1650 EP 1651 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1650 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900021 PM 11015792 ER PT J AU Buffington, J Damon, S Moyer, L Culver, D AF Buffington, J Damon, S Moyer, L Culver, D TI Racial differences in knowledge regarding hepatitis C virus infection SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Buffington, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1651 EP 1652 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1651 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900022 PM 11015793 ER PT J AU Bridges, CB Thompson, WW Meltzer, MI Reeve, GR Talamonti, WJ Cox, NJ Lilac, HA Hall, H Klimov, A Fukuda, K AF Bridges, CB Thompson, WW Meltzer, MI Reeve, GR Talamonti, WJ Cox, NJ Lilac, HA Hall, H Klimov, A Fukuda, K TI Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults - A randomized controlled trial SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ELDERLY PERSONS; EFFICACY; POPULATION; VIRUSES; ILLNESS; IMMUNIZATION; PNEUMONIA; EPIDEMICS; TECUMSEH; IMPACT AB Context Although the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination are well established for persons aged 65 years or older, the benefits for healthy adults younger than 65 years are less clear. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccine in preventing influenzalike illness (ILI) and reducing societal costs of ILI among healthy working adults. Design Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during 2 influenza seasons. Setting and Participants Healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and employed full-time by a US manufacturing company (for 1997-1998 season, n=1184; for 1998-1999 season, n=1191). Interventions For each season, participants were randomly assigned to receive either trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (n =595 in 1997-1998 and n = 587 in 1998-1999) or sterile saline injection (placebo; n = 589 in 1997-1998 and n = 604 in 1998-1999). Participants in 1997-1998 were rerandomized if they participated in 1998-1999. Main Outcome Measures Influenzalike illnesses and associated physician visits and work absenteeism reported in biweekly questionnaires by all participants, and serologically confirmed influenza illness among 23% of participants in each year (n = 275 in 1997-1998; n = 278 in 1998-1999); societal cost of ILI per vaccinated vs unvaccinated person. Results For 1997-1998 and 1998-1999, respectively, 95% (1130/1184) and 99% (1178/1191) of participants had complete follow-up, and 23% in each year had serologic testing. In 1997-1998, when the vaccine virus differed from the predominant circulating viruses, vaccine efficacy against serologically confirmed influenza illness was 50% (P=.33). In this season, vaccination did not reduce ILI, physician visits, or lost workdays; the net societal cost was $65.59 per person compared with no vaccination. In 1998-1999, the vaccine and predominant circulating viruses were well matched. Vaccine efficacy was 86% (P =.001), and vaccination reduced ILI, physician visits, and lost workdays by 34%, 42%, and 32%, respectively. However, vaccination resulted in a net societal cost of $11.17 per person compared with no vaccination. Conclusion Influenza vaccination of healthy working adults younger than 65 years can reduce the rates of ILI, lost workdays, and physician visits during years when the vaccine and circulating viruses are similar, but vaccination may not provide overall economic benefits in most years. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ford Motor Co, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Bridges, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-32,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 430 Z9 443 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1655 EP 1663 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1655 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900025 PM 11015795 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, ES Haber, M Chang, A Shope, T Teo, S Ginsberg, M Waecker, N Cox, NJ AF Hurwitz, ES Haber, M Chang, A Shope, T Teo, S Ginsberg, M Waecker, N Cox, NJ TI Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of day care children in reducing influenza-related morbidity among household contacts SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY ILLNESS; OTITIS-MEDIA; INFECTIONS; ATTENDANCE AB Context A growing proportion of young children in the United States participate in day care, and these children are considered to be at high risk for influenza infection. Whether vaccinating day care children reduces household transmission of influenza is not known. Objective To evaluate the effect of vaccinating day care children on reducing influenza-related morbidity among their household contacts. Design Single-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted during the 1996-1997 influenza season. Setting Ten day care centers for children of US Navy personnel in San Diego, Calif. Participants A total of 149 day care attendees (aged 24-60 months) and their families were randomized; 127 children and their 328 household contacts received 2 vaccine doses and were included in the analysis. Interventions Inactivated influenza vaccine was administered to 60 children with 162 household contacts, and hepatitis A vaccine as a control was administered to 67 age-matched children with 166 household contacts. Main Outcome Measures Information regarding febrile respiratory illnesses and related morbidity for household contacts of influenza-vaccinated vs control children (subgrouped by influenza-vaccinated and unvaccinated contacts), obtained by telephone interviews with parents every 2 weeks from November 1996 through April 1997, Results Influenza-unvaccinated household contacts (n=120) of influenza-vaccinated day care children had 42% fewer febrile respiratory illnesses (P=.04) compared with unvaccinated household contacts of control children. Among school-aged household contacts (aged 5-17 years), there was an 80% reduction among contacts of vaccinated children (n=28) vs contacts of unvaccinated children (n=31) in febrile respiratory illnesses (P=.01), as well as reductions of more than 70% in school days missed (P=.02), reported earaches (P=.02), physician visits (P=.007), physician-prescribed antibiotics (P=.02), and adults who missed work to take care of ill children (P=.04), Conclusions These results indicate that vaccinating day care children against influenza helps reduce influenza-related morbidity among their household contacts, particularly among school-aged contacts. Future studies should be conducted in civilian populations to assess the full effect of vaccinating day care children against influenza. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. USN, Dept Pediat, Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. San Diego Cty Hlth Dept, San Diego, CA USA. RP Hurwitz, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 195 Z9 204 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1677 EP 1682 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1677 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900028 PM 11015798 ER PT J AU Johnson, KR Braden, CR Cairns, KL Field, KW Colombel, AC Yang, ZH Woodley, CL Morlock, GP Weber, AM Boudreau, AY Bell, TA Onorato, IM Valway, SE Stehr-Green, PA AF Johnson, KR Braden, CR Cairns, KL Field, KW Colombel, AC Yang, ZH Woodley, CL Morlock, GP Weber, AM Boudreau, AY Bell, TA Onorato, IM Valway, SE Stehr-Green, PA TI Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medical waste SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th Annual Conference of the Epidemic-Intelligence-Service CY APR 19-23, 1999 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv ID NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION; IDENTIFICATION; BRONCHOSCOPE; RISK AB Context Washington State has a relatively low incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, from May to September 1997, 3 cases of pulmonary TB were reported among medical waste treatment workers at 1 facility in Washington. There is no previous documentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission as a result of processing medical waste. Objective To identify the source(s) of these 3 TB infections. Design, Setting, and Participants Interviews of the 3 infected patient-workers and their contacts, review of patient-worker medical records and the state TB registry, and collection of all multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) isolates identified after January 1, 1995, from the facility's catchment area; DNA fingerprinting of all isolates; polymerase chain reaction and automated DNA sequencing to determine genetic mutations associated with drug resistance; and occupational safety and environmental evaluations of the facility. Main Outcome Measures Previous exposures of patient-workers to TB; verification of patient-worker tuberculin skin test histories; identification of other cases of TB in the community and at the facility; drug susceptibility of patient-worker isolates; and potential for worker exposure to live M tuberculosis cultures. Results All 3 patient-workers were younger than 55 years, were born in the United States, and reported no known exposures to TB. We did not identify other TB cases. The 3 patient-workers' isolates had different DNA fingerprints. One of 10 MDR-TB catchment-area isolates matched an MDR-TB patient-worker isolate by DNA fingerprint pattern, DNA sequencing demonstrated the same rare mutation in these isolates. There was no evidence of personal contact between these 2 individuals. The laboratory that initially processed the matching isolate sent contaminated waste to the treatment facility. The facility accepted contaminated medical waste where it was shredded, blown, compacted, and finally deactivated. Equipment failures, insufficient employee training, and respiratory protective equipment inadequacies were identified at the facility. Conclusion Processing contaminated medical waste resulted in transmission of M tuberculosis to at least 1 medical waste treatment facility worker. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Olympia, WA USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Cent Arkansas Vet Hlth Care Syst, Little Rock, AR USA. NIOSH, Hazard Evaluat & Tech Assistance Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Atlanta, GA USA. NIOSH, Hazard Evaluat & Tech Assistance Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Denver, CO USA. RP Johnson, KR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1683 EP 1688 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1683 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900029 PM 11015799 ER PT J AU Koplan, JP Fleming, DW AF Koplan, JP Fleming, DW TI Current and future public health challenges SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Koplan, JP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 13 BP 1696 EP 1698 DI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1696 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357KY UT WOS:000089501900031 PM 11015801 ER PT J AU Bell, BP AF Bell, BP TI Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination of patients with chronic liver disease SO ACTA GASTRO-ENTEROLOGICA BELGICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th BASL Winter Meeting CY NOV 19, 1999 CL MARIEMONT, OHIO SP BASL DE chronic liver disease; hepatitis B vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine ID C VIRUS-INFECTION; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; FULMINANT-HEPATITIS; A VACCINE; CHRONIC CARRIERS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; RISK FACTOR; IMMUNOGENICITY; CIRRHOSIS; TRANSPLANTATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bell, BP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, G-37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 68 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC SOC SCIENTIFIQUE MED BELGES PI BRUSSELS PA AVENUE CIRCULAIRE 138 A RINGLAAN, B-1180 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SN 0001-5644 J9 ACTA GASTRO-ENT BELG JI Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 4 BP 359 EP 363 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 403QZ UT WOS:000167055100008 PM 11233518 ER PT J AU Bell, B Van Damme, P Bourgeois, N Michielsen, P AF Bell, B Van Damme, P Bourgeois, N Michielsen, P TI Hepatitis vaccination in chronic liver diseases - Summary of the discussion SO ACTA GASTRO-ENTEROLOGICA BELGICA LA English DT Editorial Material ID A VACCINE; IMMUNOGENICITY; SAFETY C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bell, B (reprint author), CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI van damme, pierre/I-4846-2013; Michielsen, Peter/D-7088-2017 OI Michielsen, Peter/0000-0001-7232-8927 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC SOC SCIENTIFIQUE MED BELGES PI BRUSSELS PA AVENUE CIRCULAIRE 138 A RINGLAAN, B-1180 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SN 0001-5644 J9 ACTA GASTRO-ENT BELG JI Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 4 BP 364 EP 365 PG 2 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 403QZ UT WOS:000167055100009 ER PT J AU Neumann, MS Sogolow, ED Holtgrave, DR AF Neumann, MS Sogolow, ED Holtgrave, DR TI Supporting the transfer of HIV prevention behavioral research to public health practice SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Neumann, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100001 PM 11063065 ER PT J AU Kraft, JM Mezoff, JS Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS Thomas, PA AF Kraft, JM Mezoff, JS Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS Thomas, PA TI A technology transfer model for effective HIV/AIDS interventions: Science and practice SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIV PREVENTION; COMMUNITY; DISSEMINATION; INNOVATIONS; ORGANIZATIONS; INFORMATION; DIFFUSION; ADOPTION; SERVICES; PROGRAM AB The widespread use of effective, science-based interventions to motivate and sustain behavior change provides an important approach to reducing the spread of HIV. The process of disseminating information about effective interventions and building capacity for implementing them in field settings must be improved, however. Starting with a review of diffusion of innovations and technology transfer literature, we offer a technology transfer model for HIV interventions. We identify participants and activities directed toward the use of effective interventions by prevention services providers (e.g., health departments and community-based organizations) in each phase of technology transfer: preimplementation, implementation, and maintenance and evolution. Preimplementation activities focus on selecting an intervention and preparing for implementation. implementation activities include initial implementation and process evaluation. Maintenance and evolution are ongoing with continued support for and evaluation of the intervention. This article takes the perspective of providers. Other perspectives are presented elsewhere in this issue. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Cr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. TRW Co Inc, CDC, Comp Informat Syst Support Serv Project, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, MS34,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 56 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 7 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 7 EP 20 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100002 PM 11063066 ER PT J AU Sogolow, ED Kay, LS Doll, LS Neumann, MS Mezoff, JS Eke, AN Semaan, S Anderson, JR AF Sogolow, ED Kay, LS Doll, LS Neumann, MS Mezoff, JS Eke, AN Semaan, S Anderson, JR TI Strengthening HIV prevention: Application of a research-to-practice framework SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article AB As the HIV epidemic continues to affect at-risk and vulnerable populations, providers strive to improve prevention programs, in part by seeking new interventions with greater effects. Although interventions with scientific evidence of effectiveness are vital to this effort, many challenges limit access to research products. We examine key challenges and offer a framework for moving research to practice, one in which research steps are Linked to practice steps and all these activities take place in a complex and dynamic environment. The Replicating Effective Programs (REP) project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other technology transfer activities illustrate the operation of this framework for HIV prevention. Further actions to improve technology transfer are called for. These include reducing time from study design to practice; learning from field-based implementations; providing guidance about fidelity to, and tailoring of, science-based interventions; improving linkages among consumers, providers, and researchers; and seeking additional resources. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Prevent Ctr Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Psychol Assoc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Sogolow, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 21 EP 32 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100003 PM 11063067 ER PT J AU Neumann, MS Sogolow, ED AF Neumann, MS Sogolow, ED TI Replicating effective programs: HIV/AIDS prevention technology transfer SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIV; INTERVENTION; MEN AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works to prevent HIV infection in collaboration with community and state partners. CDC is identifying effective interventions from the research literature and disseminating these interventions to its prevention partners. This article presents the methods used by CDC scientists and original intervention researchers in CDC's Replicating Effective Programs (REP) project to (a) translate some HIV prevention behavioral intervention research into materials with enough detail and clarity that state and community partners can select and implement effective interventions and (b) transfer and support these technologies so that they can be implemented successfully. The experience of the REP project indicates that technology transfer is complex, interventions need to be adapted to local circumstances. Prevention partners need written materials, training, and technical assistance. Researchers need to collaborate with prevention program providers to develop interventions that are feasible for prevention partners to conduct. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Neumann, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 35 EP 48 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100004 PM 11063068 ER PT J AU Rotheram-Borus, MJ Rebchook, GM Kelly, JA Adams, J Neumann, MS AF Rotheram-Borus, MJ Rebchook, GM Kelly, JA Adams, J Neumann, MS TI Bridging research and practice: Community-researcher partnerships for replicating effective interventions SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIV-PREVENTION INTERVENTION; AIDS; ATTITUDES; BEHAVIORS; MEN AB Long-term collaborations among researchers, staff and volunteers in community-based agencies, staff In institutional settings, and health advocates present challenges. Each group has different missions, procedures, attributes, and rewards. This article reviews areas of potential conflict and suggests strategies for coping with these challenges. During the replication of five effective I-W prevention interventions, strategies for maintaining mutually beneficial collaborations included selecting agencies with infrastructures that could support research-based interventions; obtaining letters of understanding that clarified roles, responsibilities, and time frames; and setting training schedules with opportunities for observing, practicing becoming invested in, and repeatedly implementing the intervention. The process of implementing interventions highlighted educating funders of research and public health services about (a) the costs of disseminating interventions, (b) the need for innovation to new modalities and theories for delivering effective interventions, and (c) adopting strategies of marketing research and quality engineering when designing interventions. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Community Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, CAPS, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, CAIR, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Family Hlth Council, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rotheram-Borus, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Community Hlth, 10920 Wilshire Blvd,Suite 350, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU916421-01] NR 37 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 49 EP 61 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100005 PM 11063069 ER PT J AU Kegeles, SM Rebchook, GM Hays, RB Terry, MA O'Donnell, L Leonard, NR Kelly, JA Neumann, MS AF Kegeles, SM Rebchook, GM Hays, RB Terry, MA O'Donnell, L Leonard, NR Kelly, JA Neumann, MS TI From science to application: The development of an intervention package SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIV-PREVENTION INTERVENTION; YOUNG GAY; MEN AB Many community-based organizations and health departments want to implement HIV prevention interventions with scientifically demonstrated effectiveness. The Replicating Effective Programs (REP) project supported researchers in developing intervention packages designed to help prevention partners replicate effective programs in their settings. Intervention packages convey the intervention's foundation, components, and methods and are one part of a larger system needed to transfer research-based HIV prevention technology to service providers. Implementation packages were developed using a multistage process. The original researchers drafted the materials, advisory groups reviewed the packages, and adopting agencies used the materials in trial runs. The advisory groups and adopting agencies recommended extensive use of examples, thorough explanations about the rationale for each intervention component, explicit representation of people of color in the materials, clear statements about the intended audience(s), and an easy-to-use and visually appealing format. Packages were revised based on these recommendations and the outcomes of the trial runs. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, FHC, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Educ Dev Ctr Inc, Newton, MA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, CCH, Los Angeles, CA USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, CAIR, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kegeles, SM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, 74 New Montgomery,Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH46816]; PHS HHS [CCU913552] NR 8 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 62 EP 74 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100006 PM 11063070 ER PT J AU Adams, J Terry, MA Rebchook, GM O'Donnell, L Kelly, JA Leonard, NR Neumann, MS AF Adams, J Terry, MA Rebchook, GM O'Donnell, L Kelly, JA Leonard, NR Neumann, MS TI Orientation and training: Preparing agency administrators and staff to replicate an HIV prevention intervention SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID PROJECT; MEN AB Effective orientation and training are fundamental to the successful implementation of any intervention because they communicate the critical first impressions of the intervention and the skills needed to conduct it. When research-based HN prevention interventions are translated into practice, issues arise that require adaptation and expansion of the basic functions of orientation and training. This article identifies some of these issues by drawing on the experience of researchers in the Replicating Effective Programs (REP) project. The purpose, structure, and instructional approach of the orientation and training for administrators, staff, and volunteers are described in depth for one project, with comparisons and additional examples from others. Based on these descriptions, critical issues for orientation and training for replication are presented. These include extending orientation and training to a broad audience within the adopting agency, allocating sufficient time to ensure understanding of the intervention, and planning for staff turnover. C1 Family Hlth Council Inc, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, CAPS, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Educ Dev Ctr Inc, Newton, MA USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, CAIR, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, CHIPTS, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Adams, J (reprint author), Family Hlth Council Inc, 960 Penn Ave,Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 75 EP 86 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100007 PM 11063071 ER PT J AU Kelly, JA Heckman, TG Stevenson, LY Williams, PN Hays, RB Leonard, NR O'Donnell, L Terry, MA Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS AF Kelly, JA Heckman, TG Stevenson, LY Williams, PN Hays, RB Leonard, NR O'Donnell, L Terry, MA Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS TI Transfer of research-based HIV prevention interventions to community service providers: Fidelity and adaptation SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID MEN AB HIV prevention research interventions usually follow protocols with specific procedures. if a community-delivered intervention uses the same procedures with the same populations as those in the original research, the behavior change effects should be similar. However, community-based providers may not replicate an intervention exactly as it was conducted in the effectiveness study. Adaptation may be needed to better meet the needs of the clients, community, or organization. We propose that interventions can be defined in terms of core elements likely to be responsible for effectiveness. These core elements cannot be changed without fundamentally changing the intervention, whereas other characteristics may be modified without altering effectiveness. HN prevention researchers and service providers can collaborate to develop interventions that not only are effective but can also be successfully implemented by service organizations. If researchers actively involve service providers and community members in intervention planning, technology transfer goals can be better achieved. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, CAIR, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, CAPS, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, CHIPTS, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Educ Dev Ctr Inc, Newton, MA USA. Family Hlth Council, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kelly, JA (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, CAIR, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [P30-MH57226]; PHS HHS [U62-CCU513447] NR 23 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 87 EP 98 PG 12 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100008 PM 11063072 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, L Scattergood, P Adler, M San Doval, A Barker, M Kelly, JA Kegeles, SM Rebchook, GM Adams, J Terry, MA Neumann, MS AF O'Donnell, L Scattergood, P Adler, M San Doval, A Barker, M Kelly, JA Kegeles, SM Rebchook, GM Adams, J Terry, MA Neumann, MS TI The role of technical assistance in the replication of effective HIV interventions SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID PATIENT EDUCATION; PREVENTION INTERVENTION; CONDOM ACQUISITION; MEN AB This article examines the role of technical assistance (TA) in supporting the replication of proven HIV interventions. A case study of the replication of the VOICES/VOCES intervention elucidates the level and types of TA provided to support new users through the adoption process. TA included help in garnering administrative support, identifying target audiences, recruiting groups for sessions, maintaining fidelity to the intervention's core elements, tailoring the intervention to meet clients' needs, strengthening staff members' facilitation skills, troubleshooting challenges, and devising strategies to sustain the intervention. Two to four hours per month of TA were provided to each agency adopting the intervention, at an estimated monthly cost of $206 to $412. Findings illustrate how TA supports replication by establishing a conversation between the researcher TA providers experienced with the intervention and new users. This communication helps preserve key program elements and contributes to ongoing refinement of the intervention. C1 Educ Dev Ctr Inc, Newton, MA 02458 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Family Hlth Council, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Donnell, L (reprint author), Educ Dev Ctr Inc, 55 Chapel St, Newton, MA 02458 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU113446] NR 20 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 99 EP 111 PG 13 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100009 PM 11063073 ER PT J AU Davis, D Barrington, T Phoenix, U Gilliam, A Collins, C Cotton, D Chen, H AF Davis, D Barrington, T Phoenix, U Gilliam, A Collins, C Cotton, D Chen, H TI Evaluation and technical assistance for successful HIV program delivery SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID PREVENTION; STATE AB Agencies that provide HIV prevention programs (including agencies using science-based interventions) need to conduct evaluation to facilitate the transfer of effective interventions, provide ongoing assistance to intervention providers, document services provided, demonstrate effectiveness, and improve programs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assists health departments, community-based organizations, and other CDC grantees with evaluation by providing direct, customized technical assistance and written guidance Together, these activities assist grantees in conducting evaluations that provide the information that grantees need as their programs develop. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Davis, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-59, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 115 EP 125 PG 11 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100010 PM 11063074 ER PT J AU Kelly, JA Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS AF Kelly, JA Sogolow, ED Neumann, MS TI Future directions and emerging issues in technology transfer between HIV prevention researchers and community-based service providers SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; INTERVENTIONS; BEHAVIOR; MEN AB The public health objective of preventing new HIV infections can be achieved only through effective information exchange among service providers, researchers, and policymakers. The potential for successful transfer of research-based HIV prevention technology to service providers will be enhanced if investigators take into account in the research planning stage how interventions will be used in the field, seek early input from community members and service providers, test variations of interventions that may increase their practicality in applied settings, and determine the cost and effectiveness of intervention delivery. Strategies are needed to ensure that the experiences of service providers help to inform the HN prevention research agenda, improve service organization infrastructure and capacity development, and facilitate organizational networking so that providers can use new-generation HIV prevention interventions. Policies are needed to facilitate the development of intervention packages, training, and ongoing technical assistance for service providers in implementing effective HIV prevention interventions. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, CAIR, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kelly, JA (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, CAIR, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [P30-MH527226]; PHS HHS [U62-CCU513447] NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 SU A BP 126 EP 141 PG 16 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368QM UT WOS:000090129100011 PM 11063075 ER PT J AU Crepaz, N Marks, G Mansergh, G Murphy, S Miller, LC Appleby, PR AF Crepaz, N Marks, G Mansergh, G Murphy, S Miller, LC Appleby, PR TI Age-related risk for HIV infection in men who have sex with men: Examination of behavioral, relationship, and serostatus variables SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID YOUNG GAY MEN; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; SAN-FRANCISCO; SAFER SEX; PARTNERS; HEALTH AB The study examined behavioral, relationship, and serostatus variables that potentially contribute to HIV infection risk in three age groups of men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM recruited in West Hollywood, California self-administered a questionnaire measuring unprotected insertive anal intercourse (UIAI) and unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) with primary and nonprimary partners. The following relationship/serostatus variables were also assessed: recency of HIV testing, knowledge of own HIV serostatus, perception of partner's serostatus, seroconcordance (self and partner seronegative), and self-reported monogamy status. The prevalence of UIAI and URAI was higher with primary than nonprimary partners. These sexual risk behaviors with primary partners were substantially more prevalent among men younger than 25 years of age than among men aged 25 to 30 or over age 30. UIAI and URAI with nonprimary partners were uncommon in each age group, and there were no significant age differences on the serostatus and relationship variables. The findings suggest that young MSM may be at elevated risk for contracting HIV by virtue of their sexual risk behavior with primary partners. Targeted interventions for MSM need to address sexual risk in the context of primary relationships. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. RP Marks, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Miller, Lynn/E-8101-2010 OI Miller, Lynn/0000-0003-3379-3564 NR 26 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 6 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 12 IS 5 BP 405 EP 415 PG 11 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 367AX UT WOS:000090040200002 PM 11063060 ER PT J AU Frith-Terhune, AL Cogswell, ME Khan, LK Will, JC Ramakrishnan, U AF Frith-Terhune, AL Cogswell, ME Khan, LK Will, JC Ramakrishnan, U TI Iron deficiency anemia: higher prevalence in Mexican American than in non-Hispanic white females in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Mexican females; non-Hispanic white females; nutrition; iron; poverty index ratio; obesity; iron supplements; vitamin C supplements; iron deficiency anemia; third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES III ID UNITED-STATES; SUPPLEMENTATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; POPULATION; DIETARY AB Background: Mexican American females have a higher prevalence of iron deficiency than do non-Hispanic white females. Objective: The objective was to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and examine potential reasons for this difference between Mexican American (n = 1194) and non-Hispanic white (n = 1183) females aged 12-39 y. Design: We used data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Iron deficiency anemia was defined as abnormal results fr om greater than or equal to 2 of 3 tests (erythrocyte protoporphyrin, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin) and a low hemoglobin concentration. We used multiple logistic regression to adjust for factors that were more prevalent in Mexican American females and significantly associated with iron deficiency anemia. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 6.2 +/- 0.8% ((x) over bar +/- SE) in Mexican American females and 2.3 +/- 0.4% in non-Hispanic white females. Mean dietary iron intake, mean serum vitamin C concentrations, and the proportion of females using oral contraceptives were similar in the 2 groups. Age <20 y and education were not associated with iron deficiency anemia. After adjustment for poverty level, parity, and iron supplement use, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 2.3 times higher in Mexican American than in non-Hispanic white females (95% CI: 1.4, 3.9). In those with a poverty income ratio (based on household income) >3.0, however, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 2.6 +/- 0.9% in Mexican American and 1.9 +/- 0.6% in non-Hispanic white females (NS). Conclusion: Although much of the ethnic disparity in iron deficiency anemia remains unexplained, factors associated with household income may be involved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Cogswell, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, MS 25, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mec0@cdc.gov RI Ramakrishnan, Usha/L-8921-2016 FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD034531, HD34531] NR 35 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 963 EP 968 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 357JF UT WOS:000089494200012 PM 11010938 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Moore, CA AF Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Moore, CA TI Family history, maternal smoking, and clubfoot: An indication of a gene-environment interaction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abnormalities; case-control studies; clubfoot; foot deformities; genetics; laterality; pregnancy; smoking ID IDIOPATHIC TALIPES EQUINOVARUS; SELF-REPORTED SMOKING; BIRTH-DEFECTS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ORAL CLEFTS; BLOOD-FLOW; PREGNANCY; POPULATION; RISK; DEFORMITIES AB Although epidemiologic studies of some birth defects have suggested a gene-smoking interaction, the possibility of this interaction in clubfoot has not been examined. The authors analyzed risk factors among 346 infants with isolated clubfoot and 3,029 infants without defects from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study. All infants were born during 1968-1980, and mothers were interviewed in 1982-1983. The authors examined the family history-smoking interaction as an indication of a gene-environment interaction. They defined "smoking" as smoking any time during the first 3 months of pregnancy and "family history" as having a first-degree relative with clubfoot. Conditional logistic regression (matching variables: race, birth hospital, and birth period) was used to obtain effect estimates. The adjusted odds ratios were 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.72) for smoking only, 6.52 (95% CI: 2.95, 14.41) for family history only, and 20.30 (95% CI: 7.90, 52.17) for a joint exposure of smoking and family history. The effect estimate for the joint exposure was higher than would be expected under either an additive or a multiplicative model of interaction and showed a statistically significant departure from additivity. This study confirms the importance of familiar factors and smoking in the etiology of clubfoot and identifies a potentially important interaction. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 55 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 7 BP 658 EP 665 DI 10.1093/aje/152.7.658 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358MA UT WOS:000089560800009 PM 11032161 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Rasmussen, SA Friedman, JM AF Yang, QH Rasmussen, SA Friedman, JM TI Down syndrome associated mortality in the United States from 1983 to 1997: improved survival and paucity of cancer. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCEH, BDPG, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 95 BP 26 EP 26 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400700097 ER PT J AU Ballif, BC Kashork, CD Shaffer, LG AF Ballif, BC Kashork, CD Shaffer, LG TI Trends in cytogenetic evaluation of babies with congenital defects,1968-1997. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, Div Med Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 255 BP 60 EP 60 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400700256 ER PT J AU Keshava, C McCanlies, EC Wolff, MS Weston, A AF Keshava, C McCanlies, EC Wolff, MS Weston, A TI Lack of association between HER2(V655) and breast cancer in a US population. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV USA. Mt Sinai Med Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 518 BP 105 EP 105 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400700518 ER PT J AU Brown, AS Wang, SS Gwinn, ML Khoury, MJ AF Brown, AS Wang, SS Gwinn, ML Khoury, MJ TI Public attitudes about the importance of genetic factors in determining health. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Office Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 1103 BP 206 EP 206 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400701104 ER PT J AU Lapham, EV Weiss, JO Kozma, C Wilson, MA Benkendorf, JL AF Lapham, EV Weiss, JO Kozma, C Wilson, MA Benkendorf, JL TI Genetics education for health professionals: What works, What doesn't work and Why. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Georgetown Univ, CDC, Dept Pediat, Washington, DC USA. Genet Alliance, Washington, DC USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 1109 BP 207 EP 207 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400701110 ER PT J AU McGovern, MM Benach, M Wallenstein, S Lubin, I AF McGovern, MM Benach, M Wallenstein, S Lubin, I TI Quality assurance practices in clinical biochemical genetics laboratories. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 67 IS 4 SU 2 MA 1350 BP 248 EP 248 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 355TA UT WOS:000089400701351 ER PT J AU Sanderson, WT Steenland, K Deddens, JA AF Sanderson, WT Steenland, K Deddens, JA TI Historical respirable quartz exposures of industrial sand workers: 1946-1996 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE quartz; crystalline silica; respirable dust; historical exposure matrix ID SILICA EXPOSURE; RECONSTRUCTION AB Background Besides a clear relationship to silicosis, crystalline silica-quartz-has been associated with lung cancer nonmalignant renal disease, and auto-immune disease, To study diseases associated with crystalline silica further NIOSH conducted a cohort mortality study of workers from 18 silica sand plants, which had quarry, crushing, and bagging operations to produce industrial sand. Twelve of these plants also had grinding mills to produce fine silica powder: The historical crystalline silica exposures of workers at these plants were estimated to facilitate exposure-response analyses in the epidemiologic study. Methods NIOSH obtained personal respirable dust measurement records from Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) compliance inspections at all 18 plants and from the archives of seven plants which had collected samples. These samples had been analyzed for quartz content by x-ray diffraction. Although no personal samples were available before 1974, impinger dust measurements were reported for 19 silica sand plants in 1946; these data were converted and used to estimate exposures prior to 1974. Statistical modeling of the samples was used to estimate quartz exposure concentrations for workers in plant-job-year categories from the 1930s when mortality follow-up of the cohort began until 1988 when follow-up stopped. Results Between 1974 and 1996 there were 4,269 respirable dust samples collected at these 18 plants. The geometric mean quartz concentration was 25.9 mu g/m(3) (GSD = 10.9) with a range from less than I to 11, 700 mu g/m(3). Samples below 1 mu g/m(3) were given a value of 0.5 mu g/m(3). Over one-third of the samples (37%) exceeded the MSHA permissible exposure limit value for quartz (PEL = 10 mg/m(3)/(%quartz + 2)) and half (51%) of the samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL=50 mu g/m(3)). The samples were collected from workers performing 143 jobs within the 18 plants, but too few samples were collected from many of the jobs to make accurate estimates. Therefore, samples were combined into 10 categories of jobs performing similar tasks or located within the same plant area. Conclusions The quartz concentrations varied significantly by plant, job, and year: Quartz concentrations decreased over time, with measurements collected in the 1970s significantly greater than those collected later The modeled exposure estimates improve upon duration of employment as an estimate of cumulative exposure and reduce exposure misclassification due to variation in quartz levels between plants, jobs, and over time. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Industrywide Studies Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Sanderson, WT (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Industrywide Studies Branch, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Banks, Tamara/G-3007-2012 NR 23 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 389 EP 398 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 351DT UT WOS:000089143100004 PM 10982979 ER PT J AU Larkin, EK Smith, TJ Stayner, L Rosner, B Speizer, FE Garshick, E AF Larkin, EK Smith, TJ Stayner, L Rosner, B Speizer, FE Garshick, E TI Diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer: Adjustment for the effect of smoking in a retrospective cohort study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE confounding; diesel exhaust; lung cancer; railroad workers; smoking ID RAILROAD WORKERS; BETA-CAROTENE; RISK; MORTALITY; VALIDITY; WOMEN; MEN AB Background The extent that cigarette smoking may confound the relationship between diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer was assessed in a retrospective cohort study of 55,395 U.S. railroad workers followed from 1959 to 1976. Methods The relative risk (RR) of lung cancer due to diesel exhaust was indirectly adjusted using job-specific smoking data from a case-control study Of railroad workers who died between 1981-1982 and from a survey of 514 living workers from an active railroad in 1982. Adjustment factors were developed based on the distribution of job specific smoking rates. Results The unadjusted RR for lung cancer was 1.58 (95% CI = 1.14-2.20)for workers aged 40-44 in 1959, who experienced the longest possible duration of exposure, and the smoking adjusted RR was 1.44 (1.01-2.05). Conclusions After considering differences in smoking rates between workers exposed and unexposed to diesel exhaust in a relatively large blue-collar cohort, there were still elevated risks of lung cancer in workers in jobs with diesel exhaust exposure. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 VA Boston Hlth Care Syst, Med & Res Serv, Boston, MA 02132 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Massachusetts Vet Epidemiol Res & Informat Ctr, Boston, MA USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. RP Garshick, E (reprint author), VA Boston Hlth Care Syst, Med & Res Serv, 1400 UFW Pkwy, Boston, MA 02132 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 4 BP 399 EP 409 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200010)38:4<399::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-D PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 351DT UT WOS:000089143100005 PM 10982980 ER PT J AU Bath, SK Singleton, JA Strikas, RA Stevenson, JM McDonald, LL Williams, WW AF Bath, SK Singleton, JA Strikas, RA Stevenson, JM McDonald, LL Williams, WW TI Performance of US hospitals on recommended screening and immunization practices for pregnant and postpartum women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article AB Objective: Recommendations by most national advisory committees on immunization include evaluating all pregnant women for chronic hepatitis B virus infection and immunity to rubella. It is recommended that all pregnant women be screened for hepatitis B surface antigen during an early prenatal visit and that rubella vaccine be administered in the postpartum period to women not known to be immune. This study determined the extent to which hospitals with labor and delivery services adhere to these recommendations. Methods: We conducted a mail survey of a stratified random sample of all US medical-surgical hospitals to (1) determine the proportion of hospitals with hepatitis B screening policies and rubella immunization programs and (2) identify significant factors associated with the presence of these policies and programs. Hospitals were stratified by number of beds (<100, 100-499, and greater than or equal to 500) and affiliation with a medical school. Results: Of 986 institutions surveyed, 858 (87%) responded. Of these, 635 (74%) were labor and delivery hospitals. Approximately half of these (51%) had hospital policies related to screening pregnant women for the hepatitis B surface antigen. Twenty-one percent had rubella immunization programs for postpartum women. Only 14% of labor and delivery hospital!; were in full compliance with published recommendations for hepatitis B surface antigen screening and rubella postpartum vaccination. Hospitals wee more likely to be compliant if they had more than 100 beds, were private rather than public institutions, were affiliated with a medical school, and were in states with laws regarding hepatitis B surface antigen screening of pregnant women. Conclusions: Almost half, and more than three quarters, of hospitals were not in compliance with hepatitis B screening and rubella postpartum immunization recommendations, respectively. Hospitals should develop and implement policies for these preventive services. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Adult Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bath, SK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD OCT PY 2000 VL 28 IS 5 SI SI BP 327 EP 332 DI 10.1067/mic.2000.109886 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 364PX UT WOS:000089901700001 PM 11029130 ER PT J AU Orenstein, WA Rodewald, LE AF Orenstein, WA Rodewald, LE TI Successful control of vaccine-preventable diseases requires more than vaccines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CDC, Div Immunizat Serv, NIP, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rodewald, LE (reprint author), CDC, Div Immunizat Serv, NIP, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS-E52,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 SU S BP 13 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00225-7 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 362PD UT WOS:000089785600003 PM 11024320 ER PT J AU Santoli, JM Setia, S Rodewald, LE O'Mara, D Gallo, B Brink, E AF Santoli, JM Setia, S Rodewald, LE O'Mara, D Gallo, B Brink, E TI Immunization pockets of need - Science and practice SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; government funding; health resources; immunization programs; medically underserved area; preschool child; poverty ID CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION; PRIMARY-CARE; MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; FREE VACCINE; PHYSICIANS; COVERAGE; UNDERIMMUNIZATION; EMERGENCY AB Despite high overall immunization coverage levels among U.S. preschool children, areas of underimmunization, called pockets of need, remain. These areas, which pose both a personal health and a public health risk, are typically poor, crowded, urban areas in which barriers to immunization are difficult to overcome and health care resources are limited. The purpose of this report is to review barriers to immunization of preschool children living in pockets of need and to discuss current issues in the identification of and implementation of interventions within these areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers a federal grants program that funds state and metropolitan immunization programs. This program promotes a three-pronged approach for addressing pockets of need: (1) identification of target areas, (2) selection and implementation of programmatic strategies to improve immunization coverage, and (3) evaluation of progress or impact. At each step, scientific evidence can guide programmatic efforts. While there is evidence that state and metropolitan immunization programs are currently making efforts to address pockets of need, much work remains to be done to improve. immunization coverage levels in pockets of need. Public health agencies must take on a broadened role of accountability, new partnerships must be forged, and it may be necessary to strengthen the oversight authority of public health. These tasks will require a concentration and redirection of resources to support the development of an immunization delivery infrastructure capable of ensuring the timely delivery of immunizations to the most vulnerable of America's children. C1 CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Santoli, JM (reprint author), CDC, Natl Immunizat Program, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 53 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 SU S BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00209-9 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 362PD UT WOS:000089785600016 PM 11024333 ER PT J AU Mandelson, MT Curry, SJ Anderson, LA Nadel, MR Lee, NC Rutter, CM LaCroix, AZ AF Mandelson, MT Curry, SJ Anderson, LA Nadel, MR Lee, NC Rutter, CM LaCroix, AZ TI Colorectal cancer screening participation by older women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE colorectal neoplasms; mass screening; primary health care; primary prevention; women ID UNITED-STATES; MAMMOGRAPHY; PHYSICIANS; KNOWLEDGE; PATIENT; TESTS; AUDIT; RISK; CARE AB Background: Although recent screening guidelines recommend annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) for adults aged greater than or equal to 50, a number of studies report that these tests are underused. Systematic efforts to increase awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to promote screening participation are needed to meet national objectives for CRC control. Methods: This study examined CRC-screening practices and evaluated factors related to recent participation in screening by FOBT in a sample of women aged 50 to 80 who were surveyed about their use of clinical preventive services at Group Health Cooperative, a managed care organization in western Washington State. Results: Of the 931 women eligible for analysis, 75% reported ever having been screened by FOBT and 48% reported having been screened within 2 years before the survey. Participation in screening did not vary by demographic characteristics or by perceived or actual risk of CRC. Women with a positive attitudes toward CRC screening had sevenfold greater odds of recent screening by FOBT (odds ratio=7.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.4 to 11.6). Only 58% of study women reported that their physicians encouraged CRC screening, but this factor was strongly related to participation (odds ratio=12.7; 95% confidence interval, 6.6 to 24.4). Conclusions: We identified several areas in which understanding of CRC risk may be low. As a whole, these findings suggest that effective strategies to control CRC may include efforts to improve knowledge of risk and prevention, but must also appeal directly to primary care physicians to identify and address their barriers to screening recommendations. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Ctr Hlth Studies, Grp Hlth Cooperat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mandelson, MT (reprint author), 1730 Minor Ave,Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [KO7CA71869] NR 30 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00193-8 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 361ME UT WOS:000089726200002 PM 11020590 ER PT J AU Frank, E Biola, H Burnett, CA AF Frank, E Biola, H Burnett, CA TI Mortality rates and causes among US physicians SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE health; mortality; physicians ID UNITED-STATES; PREVENTION; INTERNISTS; BEHAVIORS; DOCTORS; SMOKING; TRENDS; COHORT; WOMEN AB Content/Objectives: No recent national studies have been published on age at death and causes of death for U.S. physicians, and previous studies have had sampling limitations. Physician morbidity and mortality are of interest for several reasons, including the fact that physicians' personal health habits may affect their patient counseling practices. Methods: Data in this report are from the National Occupational Mortality Surveillance database and are derived from deaths occurring in 28 states between 1984 and 1995. Occupation is coded according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census classification system, and cause of death is coded according to the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Results: Among both U.S. white and black men, physicians were, on average, older when they died, (73.0 years for white and 68.7 for black) than were lawyers (72.3 and 62.0), all examined professionals (70.9 and 65.3), and all men (70.3 and 63.6). The top ten causes of death for white male physicians were essentially the same as those of the general population, although they were more likely to die from cerebrovascular disease, accidents, and suicide, and less likely to die from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia/influenza, or liver disease than were other professional white men. Conclusions: These findings should help to erase the myth of the unhealthy doctor. At least for men, mortality outcomes suggest that physicians make healthy personal choices. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Frank, E (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, 69 Butler St, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 28 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 155 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 361ME UT WOS:000089726200003 PM 11020591 ER PT J AU Crosby, RA Newman, D Kamb, ML Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Iatesta, M AF Crosby, RA Newman, D Kamb, ML Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Iatesta, M CA Project RESPECT Study Grp TI Misconceptions about STD-protective behavior SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE coitus; counseling; primary prevention; risk assessment; sex behavior; sexually transmitted diseases ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; WOMEN; INTERVENTION; ADOLESCENTS; ASSOCIATION; PREVENTION; INFECTIONS; DISEASE AB Context: Misconceptions about STD-protective behaviors have not been studied before and after STD counseling. Further, to the best of our knowledge, the relationship of these misconceptions to condom use and STD incidence has not previously been described in published reports. Objectives: The main purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of misconceptions about STD prevention among STD clinic attendees (N=3498) in five large cities, as well as whether misconceptions decreased after STD diagnosis, STD counseling, or both. The study also identified predictors of persistent misconceptions and determined the relationship of STD incidence and unprotected sex to persistent misconceptions. Methods: Data from a randomized controlled trial evaluating HIV/STD counseling interventions (Project RESPECT) were used for the present analyses. Participants completed an interview upon study enrollment and every 3 months following enrollment for a 1-year period. A portion of the interview assessed participants' misconceptions about STD-protective behaviors. Results: At baseline, 16.3% believed that washing the genitals after sex protected from STDs. Likewise, urinating after sex (38.7%), douching (45.7%), and use of oral contraceptives (19.9%) were believed to prevent STDs. Prevalence of misconceptions was significantly diminished at a 3-month follow-up (p<.001). Those continuing to have misconceptions were more likely to be aged greater than or equal to 24 and African American. Those continuing to have these misconceptions did not have higher STD incidence. Conclusions: Misconceptions about STD-protective behaviors are common, and the event of an STD or STD counseling or both generally reduces these misconceptions. Although these misconceptions may not directly translate into risky behavior, they may preclude movement toward safer sex. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Prevent Serv Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Baltimore City Hlth Dept, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Denver Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Newark Dept Publ Hlth, Newark, NJ USA. RP Crosby, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00194-X PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 361ME UT WOS:000089726200005 PM 11020593 ER PT J AU Preston, BL Warren, RC Stewart, P AF Preston, BL Warren, RC Stewart, P TI Factors affecting environmental awareness among Head Start families in Mississippi SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE environmental health; health education; poverty; social justice ID EXCESS MORTALITY; CRIMINAL INJUSTICE; MEDICAL-CARE; RISK-FACTORS; PERCEPTIONS; RACE; ATTITUDES; EDUCATION; INJURIES; HARLEM AB Conclusions: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in health status in the United States may be attributed in part to environmental injustice and differential exposure to environmental hazards among lo cv-income and/or minority populations. However, the environmental justice movement has historically focused on equity in the siting of point-source polluting facilities, giving little attention to environmental hazards and environmental awareness at the level of the individual household. Methods: Heads of 763 low-income households participating in Head Start programs in 20 counties of the Mississippi Delta region were surveyed regarding their education, the physical environment of their home and workplace, sour ces of food and water, awareness of local polluting sites/facilities, knowledge of government agencies, and behaviors that may affect their health or impact their local environment. Survey results were compared to demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental quality indicators. Results: Significant associations existed between both education and race/ethnicity and the responses of survey participants. Being African American was more commonly associated with poor quality-of-life indicators such as renting substandard older homes and living in close proximity to areas of unfavorable watershed quality. Higher education was more commonly and positively associated with indicators of heightened environmental awareness and increased political empowerment. No association was observed between race/ethnicity and the prevalence of polluting facilities. However, a significant association existed between race/ethnicity anti indicators of environmental quality/integrity. Conclusions: Environmental health education interventions that target individual households may be a useful mechanism for increasing the access of low-income communities to government health resources and reducing adverse health effects from the environment. However, racial/ethnic disparities in education and health remain an important consideration. C1 US Dept HHS, Off Urban Affairs, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ N Carolina, Carolina Environm Program, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Nat Sci Program, Edwards, MS USA. Environm Educ Program, Edwards, MS USA. RP Warren, RC (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Off Urban Affairs, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-28, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Preston, Benjamin/B-9001-2012 OI Preston, Benjamin/0000-0002-7966-2386 NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 174 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00195-1 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 361ME UT WOS:000089726200006 PM 11020594 ER PT J AU Carmichael, SL Ahluwalia, IB AF Carmichael, SL Ahluwalia, IB CA PRAMS Working Grp TI Correlates of postpartum smoking relapse - Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE monitoring, physiologic; pregnancy; puerperium; recurrence; risk assessment; smoking ID INFANT BIRTH-WEIGHT; CESSATION INTERVENTIONS; STOPPED SMOKING; WOMEN; PREVALENCE; PREDICTORS; SUPPORT AB Background: Using population-based data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), this study examines the prevalence and intensity of smoking before, during, and after pregnancy, and identifies correlates of postpartum smoking relapse. Methods: Women who delivered live births in 1996 responded to a mailed questionnaire approximately 2 to 6 months after delivery (N=17,378). Data from 10 states Participating in PRAMS were included in the study, and the overall participation rate was 75%. Analyses were adjusted for survey design and sampling strategy. Logistic regression analysis identified independent correlates of smoking relapse. Results: Overall, 25.6% of women reported cigarette smoking before pregnancy. Among women who smoked before pregnancy, 44.5% quit during pregnancy. Among women who quit during pregnancy, half relapsed by the time of the survey. Independent correlates associated with increased risk of postpartum relapse included African American race/ethnicity, multiparity, high maternal weight gain, late or no prenatal care, and stressful life events. Conclusions: Correlates of postpartum smoking relapse identified by this study may contribute to the development of effective and targeted interventions to maintain long-term smoking cessation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Syst, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Carmichael, SL (reprint author), Calif Birth Defects Monitoring Program, 1830 Embarcadero,Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94606 USA. NR 24 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 3 BP 193 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00198-7 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 361ME UT WOS:000089726200009 PM 11020597 ER PT J AU Aylward, B Hennessey, KA Zagaria, N Olive, JM Cochi, S AF Aylward, B Hennessey, KA Zagaria, N Olive, JM Cochi, S TI When is a disease eradicable? 100 years of lessons learned SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DRACUNCULIASIS AB Since the 1915 launch of the first international eradication initiative targeting a human pathogen, much has been learned about the determinants of eradicability of an organism. The authors outline the first 4 eradication efforts, summarizing the lessons learned in terms of the 3 types of criteria for disease eradication programs: (1) biological and technical feasibility, (2) costs and benefits, and (3) societal and political considerations. C1 WHO, Expanded Programme Immunizat Vaccines & Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aylward, B (reprint author), WHO, Expanded Programme Immunizat Vaccines & Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 51 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1515 EP 1520 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1515 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300002 PM 11029980 ER PT J AU Orenstein, WA Strebel, PM Papania, M Sutter, RW Bellini, WJ Cochi, SL AF Orenstein, WA Strebel, PM Papania, M Sutter, RW Bellini, WJ Cochi, SL TI Measles eradication: Is it in our future? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID VACCINE-INDUCED IMMUNITY; VIRUS; EPIDEMIC; ELIMINATION; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; DURATION; STRATEGY; CHILDREN AB Measles eradication would avert the current annual 1 million deaths and save the $1.5 billion in treatment and prevention costs due to measles in perpetuity. The authors evaluate the biological feasibility of eradicating measles according to 4 criteria: (1) the role of humans in maintaining transmission, (2) the availability of accurate diagnostic tests, (3) the existence of effective vaccines, and (4) the need to demonstrate elimination of measles from a large geographic area. Recent successes in interrupting measles transmission in the United States, most other countries in the Western Hemisphere, and selected countries in other regions provide evidence for the feasibility of global eradication. Potential impediments to eradication include (1) lack of political will in some industrialized countries, (2) transmission among adults, (3) increasing urbanization and population density, (4) the HIV epidemic, (5) waning immunity and the possibility of transmission from subclinical cases, and (6) risk of unsafe injections. Despite these challenges, a compelling ease can be made in favor of measles eradication, and the authors believe that it is in our future. The question is when. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Strebel, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 65 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1521 EP 1525 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1521 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300003 PM 11029981 ER PT J AU Ching, P Birmingham, M Goodman, T Sutter, R Loevinsohn, B AF Ching, P Birmingham, M Goodman, T Sutter, R Loevinsohn, B TI Childhood mortality impact and costs of integrating vitamin A supplementation into immunization campaigns SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID A SUPPLEMENTATION; CHILDREN; METAANALYSIS; MEASLES; TRIAL AB Country-specific activity and coverage data were used to estimate the childhood mortality impact (deaths averted) and costs of integrating vitamin A supplements into immunization campaigns conducted in 1998 and 1999. More than 94 million doses of vitamin A were administered in 41 countries in 1998, helping to avert nearly 169 000 deaths. During 1999, delivery of more than 97 million doses in 50 countries helped avert an estimated 242 000 deaths. The estimated incremental cost per death averted was US$72 (range: 36-142) in 1998 land US$64 (range: 32-126) in 1999. The estimated average total cost of providing supplementation per death averted was US $310 (range: 157-609) in 1998 and US $276 (range: 139-540) in 1999. Costs per death averted varied by campaign, depending on the number and proportion of the child population reached, number of doses received per child, and child mortality rates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Hlth Technol & Pharmaceut Cluster, Vaccines & Biol Dept, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Ching, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1526 EP 1529 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1526 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300004 PM 11029982 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Harper, SL Borntrager, DE Gonzales, PE St Louis, ME AF Gunn, RA Harper, SL Borntrager, DE Gonzales, PE St Louis, ME TI Implementing a syphilis elimination and importation control strategy in a low-incidence urban area: San Diego County, California, 1997-1998 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; REINTRODUCTION AB Objectives: This study assessed a strategy designed to contain imported cases of syphilis and prevent reestablishment of ongoing transmission. Methods. Reported syphilis cases during an endemic period (1990-1992) and an elimination period (1997-1998) were compared in San Diego, Calif. The elimination strategy, which focuses on rapid reporting of infectious syphilis cases by clinicians, prompt partner and sexual network management, outreach to marginalized populations, and implementation of an outbreak containment plan, was evaluated. Results. Infectious syphilis incidence fates declined from 18.3 per 100 000 in 1988 to 1.0 per 100 000 in 1998. Of the 46 cases involving probable infection during 1997-1998, 19 (41%) were imported, mostly (79%) from Mexico. Outbreak containment procedures were implemented successfully for 2 small clusters. Outreach workers provided sexually transmitted disease information to a large number of individuals; however, no cases of infectious syphilis were identified, suggesting that syphilis transmission was not occurring among marginalized groups. Conclusions. This syphilis elimination and importation control strategy will require monitoring and adjustments. Controlling syphilis along the US-Mexico border is a necessary component of syphilis elimination in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, San Diego, CA USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), STD Control P511B, 3851 Rosecrans St, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1540 EP 1544 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1540 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300007 PM 11029985 ER PT J AU Millar, EV O'Brien, KL Levine, OS Kvamme, S Reid, R Santosham, M AF Millar, EV O'Brien, KL Levine, OS Kvamme, S Reid, R Santosham, M TI Toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type B carriage and disease among high-risk American Indian children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID REDUCES OROPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN COMPLEX; CONJUGATE VACCINE; INVASIVE DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; POLYSACCHARIDE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION; COLONIZATION; IMPACT AB Objectives. This report describes the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease and oropharyngeal among Navajo and White: Mountain Apache children younger than 7 years in an era of wide-spread immunization. Methods. We conducted active surveillance for-invasive H influenzae disease from 1992 to 1999 and an oropharyngeal carriage study from 1997 to 1999. The predominant vaccine used was PedvaxHib. Results. The average annual incidence of invasive Hib disease among children younger:than 24 months was 22 cases per 100 000. Of 381 children younger than 7 years, only 1 (0.3%; 95% confidence interval = 0.0%, 1.3%) was colonized with Hib; 370 (97%) had received 2 or more doses of Hib conjugate vaccine. Conclusions Among Navajo and White Mountain Apache children, Hib conjugate vaccines have led to a sustained reduction in invasive Hib disease and a reduction in oropharyngeal Hib carriage. The disease incidence among children younger than 24 months remains 20 times higher than in the general US population. Hib elimination will require additional characterization of colonization and disease in these high-risk populations. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Amer Indian & Alaskan Native Hlth, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIAID, Resp Dis Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Brien, KL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Amer Indian & Alaskan Native Hlth, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, 621 N Washington St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1550 EP 1554 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1550 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300009 PM 11029987 ER PT J AU Lawn, JE Reef, S Baffoe-Bonnie, B Adadevoh, S Caul, EO Griffin, GE AF Lawn, JE Reef, S Baffoe-Bonnie, B Adadevoh, S Caul, EO Griffin, GE TI Unseen blindness, unheard deafness, and unrecorded death and disability: Congenital rubella in Kumasi, Ghana SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS; SYNDROME CRS; IMMUNIZATION; DIAGNOSIS; VACCINATION; ERADICATION; COMMUNITY; CATARACT; DISEASE AB Objectives. Although rubella sero-susceptibility among women of reproductive age in West Africa ranges From 10% to 30%, congenital rubella syndrome has not been reported. In Ghana, rubella immunization and serologic testing are unavailable. Our objectives were to identify congenital rubella syndrome cases, ascertain rubella antibody seroprevalence during pregnancy, and recommend strategies for congenital rubella syndrome surveillance. Methods. Congenital rubella syndrome cases were identified through prospective surveillance and retrospective surveys of hospital records. A rubella serosurvey of pregnant urban and rural women was performed. Results. Eighteen infants born within a 5-month period met the congenital rubella syndrome case definitions, coinciding with a 9-fold increase in presentation of infantile congenital cataract. The congenital rubella syndrome rate For this otherwise unrecorded rubella epidemic was conservatively estimated to be 0.8 per 1000 live births. A postepidemic rubella immunity rate of 92.6% was documented among 405 pregnant women; susceptibility was significantly associated with younger age (P = .000) and ethnicity (northern tribes, P = .024). Conclusions. Congenital rubella syndrome occurs in Ghana but is not reported. Information about congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to evaluate inclusion of rubella vaccine in proposed measles control campaigns. C1 Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Child Hlth, Kumasi, Ghana. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Kumasi, Ghana. Publ Hlth Lab, Bristol, Avon, England. St George Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, London, England. RP Lawn, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, Div Reprod Hlth, WHO,Collaborating Unit Perinatal Care, Mail Stop K22,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 59 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1555 EP 1561 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1555 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300010 PM 11029988 ER PT J AU Santelli, JS Lowry, R Brener, ND Robin, L AF Santelli, JS Lowry, R Brener, ND Robin, L TI The association of sexual behaviors with socioeconomic status, family structure, and race/ethnicity among US adolescents SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNITED-STATES; CONDOM USE; HEALTH; TRENDS; MALES; DIFFERENTIALS; INFECTION; MORTALITY; RACE AB Objectives. This study assessed the relation of socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, and race/ethnicity to adolescent sexual behaviors that are key determinants of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Methods. The 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey/Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey provided family data from household adults and behavioral data from adolescents. Results. Among male and female adolescents, greater parental education, living: in a 2-parent family, and White race were independently associated with never having had sexual intercourse. Parental education did not show a linear association with other behaviors. Household income was not linearly related to any sexual behavior. Adjustment for SES and family structure had a limited effect on the association between race/ethnicity and sexual behaviors. Conclusions. Differences in adolescent sexual behavior by race and SES were not large enough to fully explain differences in rates of pregnancy and STD infection. This suggests that other factors, including access to health services and community prevalence of STDs, may be important mediating variables between SES and STD transmission and pregnancy among adolescents. C1 CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Santelli, JS (reprint author), CDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop K20, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 41 TC 195 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1582 EP 1588 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1582 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300014 PM 11029992 ER PT J AU Steele, CB Miller, DS Maylahn, C Uhler, RJ Baker, CT AF Steele, CB Miller, DS Maylahn, C Uhler, RJ Baker, CT TI Knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among older men regarding prostate cancer SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION; AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES; ANTIGEN; MARKER; TRIAL AB Objectives. This study determined population-based rates of reported prostate cancer screening and assessed prostate cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among men in New York aged 50 years and older. Methods. Two telephone surveys were conducted. One was included in the 1994 and 1995 statewide Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System interviews, and the other was a community-level survey that targeted Black men (African-American Men Survey). Prevalence estimates were computed for each survey, and prostate cancer screening practices were assessed with logistic regression models. Results. Overall, fewer than 10% of the men in each survey perceived their prostate cancer risk to be high; almost 20% perceived no risk of developing the disease. Approximately 60% of the men ia each survey reported ever having had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. In both surveys, physician advice was significantly associated with screening with a PSA test or a digital rectal examination. Also, race was significantly associated with screening in the statewide survey. Conclusions. Many New York men appear to be unaware of risk factors for prostate cancer. However. a substantial percentage reported having been screened for the disease; physician advice may have been a major determining factor in their decision to be tested. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Div Chron Dis Prevent & Adult Hlth, Albany, NY USA. RP Steele, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K-53, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 41 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1595 EP 1600 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1595 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358LJ UT WOS:000089559300016 PM 11029994 ER PT J AU Sempos, CT Looker, AC Gillum, RF McGee, DL Vuong, CV Johnson, CL AF Sempos, CT Looker, AC Gillum, RF McGee, DL Vuong, CV Johnson, CL TI Serum ferritin and death from all causes and cardiovascular disease: The NHANES II Mortality Study SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ferritin; iron; death; cardiovascular disease; coronary heart disease; NHANES ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; BODY IRON STORES; ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; EASTERN FINNISH MEN; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ARTERY DISEASE; LDL-OXIDATION; RISK-FACTORS; NO ASSOCIATION; WOMEN AB PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between serum ferritin and death from all causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), CHD and myocardial infarction (MI). Positive body iron stores have been proposed as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). While most epidemiologic studies using serum ferritin and other measures of body iron stores have not found an association between iron and heart disease risk, the hypothesis remains controversial. As a result, we examined the relationship of serum ferritin, the principle blood measure of body iron stores, to risk of death in a cohort with a standardized exam and long follow-up. METHODS: The baseline data for this prospective cohort study were collected in 1976-1980 as part of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES II) with mortality followup using the National Death Index (NDI) through December 31, 1992. The analytic sample (n = 1604) consisted of 128 black men, 658 white men, 100 black women and 718 white women 45-74 years of age at baseline who, based on self-reported data, were free of coronary heart disease at baseline and had no missing data. The main outcome measures were the relative risk of death for persons with serum ferritin levels: <50 mu g/L; or 100-199 mu g/L; or greater than or equal to 200 mu g/L was compared to persons with serum ferritin levels of 50-99 mu g/L adjusted for possible confounding using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Most of the deaths were among white men (n = 254) and women (n = 168). There were relatively few deaths among black men (n = 50) and too few in women (n = 23) to reliably model. The largest number of CVD (n = 119), CHD (n = 82), and MI (n = 49) deaths were in white men while there were 69 CVD, 45 CHD and 13 MI deaths in white women. Black men with a serum ferritin level of <50 mu g/L had a significantly higher adjusted risk of death from all causes (RR = 3.1 with 95% confidence limits of 1.5-6.5). There were no other statistically significant associations for all causes mortality for the other three race/sex groups. Additionally, there were no statistically significant associations between serum ferritin and any of the cardiovascular endpoints for any of the groups. There was an apparent but nonsignificant u-shaped association between serum ferritin and all causes mortality in black men and between serum ferritin and CVD death in white women. However, in both cases very wide confidence limits preclude further interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results do not support the hypothesis that positive body iron stores, as measured by serum ferritin, are associated with an increased risk of CVD, CHD or MT death or between serum ferritin and all causes mortality. Most of the research to date with serum ferritin has been conducted in European men or in European American men. Our results are consistent with the primarily negative results for that race/sex group. More research is needed in women and minority groups, including an explanation of why such an association would exist in these groups but not in white men before an association can be established in them. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:441-448. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol, Maywood, IL USA. RP Sempos, CT (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, 270 Farber Hall,Bldg 26,3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. NR 65 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 7 BP 441 EP 448 DI 10.1016/S1047-2797(00)00068-5 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358JW UT WOS:000089555800005 PM 11023623 ER PT J AU Staudinger, R Levine, D Swaminathan, B Zagzag, D AF Staudinger, R Levine, D Swaminathan, B Zagzag, D TI Neurolisteriosis presenting as recurrent transient ischemic attacks SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; BRAIN-ABSCESS; COMPLICATIONS; ADULTS AB An elderly man experienced recurrent transient episodes of right arm weakness and expressive aphasia He was initially treated with aspirin and then with coumadin. Thirteen days after initial presentation, he became febrile and had signs of meningitis. The illness progressed relentlessly to death 9 weeks after admission to the hospital. Necropsy showed prominent meningitis with vasculitis extending into the left frontal lobe. Polymerase chain reaction identified the organism as Listeria monocytogenes. C1 NYU, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA. NYU, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10016 USA. NYU, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10016 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Zagzag, D (reprint author), NYU, Dept Pathol, 550 1St Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 661 EP 665 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 360DD UT WOS:000089650400014 PM 11026451 ER PT J AU Brouwer, DH Boeniger, MF Van Hemmen, J AF Brouwer, DH Boeniger, MF Van Hemmen, J TI Hand wash and manual skin wipes SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE skin exposure; washing; wiping; pesticides ID DERMAL EXPOSURE LIMITS; OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS; PERCUTANEOUS-ABSORPTION; INCOMPLETE REMOVAL; AZINPHOSMETHYL; PROPOSAL AB Hand wash and skin wipes are major techniques that have been used for dermal exposure sampling. Both techniques remove chemicals either deposited on or transfer red to the skin contaminant layer by a combination of chemical and mechanical actions, The paper overviews identified methods and techniques, with emphasis on sampling parameters and sampling efficiency. It is concluded that identified sampling protocols, including sampling techniques, deviate at possible key issues, which hampers comparisons of study results. It is recommended to conduct sampling efficiency studies prior to held sampling, under conditions that are quite similar to conditions of exposure regarding exposure process, levels of skin loading, and time of residence of the compound on the skin. Harmonization of sampling protocols will be a first step in creating a database for better understanding the influence of sampling parameters on the performance of removal techniques to assess dermal exposure. (C) 2000 British Occupational Hygiene Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 TNO Nutr & Food Res, Dept Chem Exposure Assessment, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Brouwer, DH (reprint author), TNO Nutr & Food Res, Dept Chem Exposure Assessment, POB 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. RI Brouwer, Derk/A-1594-2016 NR 39 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 44 IS 7 BP 501 EP 510 DI 10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00036-3 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 365KM UT WOS:000089950500003 PM 11042251 ER PT J AU Colby, TV Zaki, SR Feddersen, RM Nolte, KB AF Colby, TV Zaki, SR Feddersen, RM Nolte, KB TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is distinguishable from acute interstitial pneumonia SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DISEASE AB Context.-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) can share similar clinical presentations. AIP is an acute, diffuse lung disease that has some clinical features suggesting a viral infection, although causative agent(s) have not been identified. Objective.-To clinically, histologically, and immunohistochemically compare cases of HPS to cases of AIP and to determine if any cases of AIP were actually examples of HPS. Design.-Seven cases of HPS and 9 cases of AIP were compared clinically and histologically by semiquantitative grading of features in lung tissue. The cases were also evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of hantaviral antigens. Results.-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome had a shorter clinical duration and more acute changes histopathologically; AIP was of longer clinical duration and was usually accompanied by histologic evidence of organization. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was distinguished by the presence of immature leukocytes in the pulmonary vasculature. No hantaviral antigens were identified immunohistochemically in the 9 case of AIP. Hantaviral antigens were identified in all 7 cases of HPS. Conclusion.-Cases of AIP and fatal cases of HPS can generally be distinguished on clinical and histologic grounds, and this distinction can be further confirmed immunohistochemically. C1 Mayo Clin Scottsdale, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Scottsdale, AZ USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Off Med Investigator, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Colby, TV (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Dept Pathol, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 124 IS 10 BP 1463 EP 1466 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 364GP UT WOS:000089884300013 PM 11035576 ER PT J AU Wang, LY Davis, M Robin, L Collins, J Coyle, K Baumler, E AF Wang, LY Davis, M Robin, L Collins, J Coyle, K Baumler, E TI Economic evaluation of safer choices - A school-based human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy prevention program SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 127th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 10, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; HIV-INFECTION; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; MALE-ADOLESCENTS; RISK; INTERVENTION; IMPACT; WOMEN AB Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost benefit of Safer Choices, a school-based human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy prevention intervention for high school students. Methods: The baseline cost-effectiveness and cost benefit were derived in 4 steps: (1) estimation of intervention costs; (2) adaptation of the Bernoulli model to translate increases in condom use into cases of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases averted, and development of a model to translate increases in contraceptive use into cases of pregnancy averted; (3) translation of cases averted into medical costs and social costs averted; and (4) calculation of the net benefit of the program. Multivariable sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the robustness of the base-case results. Results: Under base-case assumptions, at an intervention cost of $105 243, Safer Choices achieved a 15% increase in condom use and an 11% increase in contraceptive use within 1 year among 345 sexually active students. An estimated 0.12 cases of human immunodeficiency virus, 24.37 cases of chlamydia, 2.77 cases of gonorrhea, 5.86 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease, and 18.5 pregnancies were prevented. For every dollar invested in the program, $2.65 in total medical and social costs were saved. Results of most of the scenarios remained cost saving under a wide range of model variable estimates. Conclusions: The Safer Choices program is cost-effective and cost saving in mast scenarios considered. School-based prevention programs of this type warrant careful consideration by policy makers and program planners. Program cost data should be routinely collected in evaluations of adolescent prevention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. ETR Associates, Scotts Valley, CA USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Hlth Promot Res & Dev, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. RP Wang, LY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 154 IS 10 BP 1017 EP 1024 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 361NA UT WOS:000089728100008 PM 11030854 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS Bowman, BA Otvos, JD Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS AF Freedman, DS Bowman, BA Otvos, JD Srinivasan, SR Berenson, GS TI Levels and correlates of LDL and VLDF, particle sizes among children: the Bogalusa heart study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; lipids; lipoproteins; VLDL; LDL; lipoprotein subfractions; children; blacks ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; TRIGLYCERIDE-RICH LIPOPROTEINS; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; MEN; ADIPOSITY; RISK; ASSOCIATION; CHOLESTEROL; SUBCLASSES AB Levels of lipids and lipoproteins among children vary by sex and race/ethnicity, and are correlated with age, obesity, and other characteristics. There is, however, little information on the distribution and correlates of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses in early life. We used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine mean LDL and VLDL particle sizes among 10- to 17-year-olds (n = 918) who participated in the 1992-94 examination of the Bogalusa heart study. As compared with girls, boys had a smaller (0.1 nm) mean LDL particle size and a larger (0.9 nm) mean VLDL size; furthermore, the average size of VLDL particles increased with age among white boys but not among other children. Although there were also black/white differences in particle sizes, with black children having larger LDL and smaller VLDL particles, these racial contrasts could be attributed to differences in lipid levels. Levels of triglycerides, insulin, and relative weight were associated with the size of VLDL (positive) and LDL (negative) particles. These results suggest that the analysis of lipoprotein subclasses may provide a better understanding of the role of various risk factors in the development of coronary heart disease (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. LipoMed, Raleigh, NC USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Tulane Ctr Cardiovasc Hlth, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Freedman, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr, K-26,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD OCT PY 2000 VL 152 IS 2 BP 441 EP 449 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00495-5 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 360DK UT WOS:000089651000019 PM 10998473 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Beck, JR Zaki, S AF Swayne, DE Beck, JR Zaki, S TI Pathogenicity of West Nile virus for turkeys SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE turkeys; West Nile virus; pathogenicity AB In the fall of 1993, West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated during an outbreak of neurologic disease in humans, horses, and wild and zoological birds in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Turkeys could potentially be a large reservoir for WNV because of the high-density turkey farming and the presence of large wild turkey populations in the eastern seaboard of the United States. Little is known about the pathogenicity of WNV in domestic or wild turkeys. Specific-pathogen-free S-wk-old turkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(33) mean tissue culture infective doses of a WNV strain isolated from the index case in a New York crow. No clinical signs were observed in the turkeys over the 21 days of the experiment. One turkey died abruptly at 8 days postinoculation (DPI). Many turkeys developed viremia between 2 and 10 DPI, but the average level of virus was very low, less than needed to efficiently infect mosquitos. Low levels of WNV were detected in feces on 4 and 7 DPI, bur no virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swabs. WNV was nor transmitted from WNV-inoculated to contact-exposed turkeys. All WNV-inoculatcd poults seroconvert ed on 7 DPI. In the turkey that died, WNV was not isolated from intestine, myocardium, brain, kidney, or cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs, bur sparse viral antigen was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the heart and spleen. Turkeys in contact with WNV-inoculated turkeys and sham-inoculated controls lacked WNV specific antibodies, and WNV was nor isolated from plasma and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. These data suggest that WNV lacks the potential to be a major new disease of turkeys and that turkeys will not be a significant amplifying host for infecting mosquitos. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 4 BP 932 EP 937 DI 10.2307/1593067 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 389ET UT WOS:000166226200022 PM 11195649 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Rogers, JD Weir, HK Miller, DS Uhler, RJ AF Hall, HI Rogers, JD Weir, HK Miller, DS Uhler, RJ TI Breast and cervical carcinoma mortality among women in the Appalachian region of the US, 1976-1996 SO CANCER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the North-American-Association-of-Cancer-Registries CY APR, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP N Amer Assoc Canc Registries DE breast carcinoma; cervical carcinoma; mortality; Appalachian region; screening ID CANCER; POPULATION; RACE AB BACKGROUND. Previous studies have shown high cervical carcinoma mortality and increasing breast carcinoma mortality in the Appalachian region of the U.S. (which includes parts of 12 states and all of West Virginia). In the current study the authors report trends in breast and cervical carcinoma death rates among women in Appalachia for 1976-1996. METHODS. Death rates were calculated from information provided on death certificates and reported to the National Center for Health Statistics for Appalachian women and for women living elsewhere in the U.S. ("other U.S. women"). Trends were examined with joinpoint regression techniques overall and by age and race. Average annual mortality rates were calculated by state for 1992-1996 for each state's Appalachian and non-Appalachian areas. RESULTS. Overall breast carcinoma mortality was lower among Appalachian women than among other U.S. women throughout the study period; however, after rates decreased among both groups in the 1990s, the difference appears to have narrowed. No such decline was observed for women age greater than or equal to 70 years. Overall cervical carcinoma mortality was higher among Appalachian women than among other U.S, women but decreased during the study period to rates closer to those for other U.S. women. No significant decrease was observed among women age < 50 years. Overall, for both black and white women, breast carcinoma mortality was lower and cervical carcinoma mortality higher among women in Appalachia compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the U.S. For both breast and cervical carcinoma, the average annual death rates (1992-1996) varied by geographic areas within the Appalachian states, but most differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS. Analysis of mortality trends in breast and cervical carcinoma may provide guidance for prevention and control activities to reduce premature mortality from these diseases. Cancer 2000;89:1593-602. Published 2000 by the American Cancer Society.* C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, DCPC, Toxicol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, DCPC, Toxicol Branch, K-53,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 89 IS 7 BP 1593 EP 1602 DI 10.1002/1097-0142(20001001)89:7<1593::AID-CNCR25>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 10 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 355WJ UT WOS:000089411300025 PM 11013376 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Rudolph, D Wiktor, S Coulibaly, D Ackah, A Lal, RB AF Lawn, SD Rudolph, D Wiktor, S Coulibaly, D Ackah, A Lal, RB TI Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV infection are independently associated with elevated serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor type 1 and beta(2)-microglobulin, respectively SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; HIV; immune activation markers; beta(2)-microglobulin; TNF receptors ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; HIV-1-INFECTED PATIENTS; REPLICATION; MARKERS; DISEASE; BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN AB The aim of this study was to identify immune markers that are independently associated with HIV infection or TB in vivo. Using commercially available assays, we measured concentrations of five immune markers in sera from 175 out-patients attending medical clinics in Cote D'Ivoire and Ghana, West Africa. Patients were categorized into groups with TB only (TB+HIV-, n = 55), TB and HIV coinfection (TB+HIV+, n = 50), HIV infection only (TB-HIV+, n = 35), or neither infection (TB-HIV-, n = 35). TB+HIV+ and TB-HIV+ groups were matched for blood CD4(+) lymphocyte count. Mean +/- s.d, concentrations of beta(2)-microglobulin were similarly increased in both the TB-HIV+ (5.3 +/- 2.1 mu g/ml, P < 0.0001) and the TB+HIV+ (5.0 +/- 1.5 mu g/ml, P < 0.0001) groups compared with the TB-HIV- group (2.2 +/- 1.8 mu g/ml), but were only slightly increased in the TB+HIV- group (3.2 +/- 1.8 mu g/ml, P = 0.01). In contrast, mean serum concentrations of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type I (sTNF-RI) were similarly elevated in the TB+HIV- (1873 +/- 749 pg/ml, P < 0.0001) and TB+HIV+ (1797 +/- 571 pg/ml, P < 0.0001) groups compared with uninfected subjects (906 +/- 613 pg/ml), but there was only a small increase in sTNF-RI in the TB-HIV+ group (1231 +/- 165 pg/ml, P = 0.03). Both TB and HIV infection were associated with substantial elevation of serum concentrations of soluble CD8, soluble CD54, and sTNF-R type II. Analysis of additional samples from groups of TB+HIV- and TB+HTV+ patients receiving anti-TB treatment showed significant and equal reductions in mean serum sTNF-RI concentrations, but no significant change in mean beta(2)-microglobulin. Thus, serum beta(2)-microglobulin and sTNF-RI serve as relatively independent markers of HIV infection and TB, respectively, in studies of co-infected persons. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch,Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Projet Retro CI & Ctr Antituberculeux, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Branch, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Mailstop G-35, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0009-9104 J9 CLIN EXP IMMUNOL JI Clin. Exp. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 122 IS 1 BP 79 EP 84 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01341.x PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 363DE UT WOS:000089818900014 PM 11012622 ER PT J AU Herwaldt, BL AF Herwaldt, BL TI Cyclospora cayetanensis: A review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID CYANOBACTERIUM-LIKE ORGANISM; IMPORTED RASPBERRIES; WATERY DIARRHEA; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; INTESTINAL PATHOGEN; FOREIGN RESIDENTS; LIFE-CYCLE; INFECTION; NEPAL; TRAVELERS AB Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. In retrospect, the first 3 documented human cases of Cyclospora infection were diagnosed in 1977 and 1978, However, not much was published about the organism until the 1990s. One of the surprises has been the fact that a parasite that likely requires days to weeks outside the host to become infectious has repeatedly caused foodborne outbreaks, including large multistate outbreaks in the United States and Canada. In this review, I discuss what has been learned about this enigmatic parasite since its discovery and what some of the remaining questions are. My focus is the foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis that were documented from 1990 through 1999. The occurrence of the outbreaks highlights the need for health care personnel to consider that seemingly isolated eases of infection could be pare of widespread outbreaks and should be reported to public health officials. Hearth care personnel should also be aware that stool specimens examined for ova and parasites usually are not examined for Cyclospora unless such testing is specifically requested and that Cyclospora infection is treatable with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 87 TC 140 Z9 158 U1 0 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1040 EP 1057 DI 10.1086/314051 PG 18 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 375EU UT WOS:000165387200029 PM 11049789 ER PT J AU Colbert, LH Hootman, JM Macera, CA AF Colbert, LH Hootman, JM Macera, CA TI Physical activity-related injuries in walkers and runners in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study SO CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE physical activity; walking; running ID WALKING; FITNESS AB Objective: To examine the association between physical activity-related injuries and participation in walking versus running. Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: Cooper Clinic Preventive Medicine Center, Dallas, Texas. Participants: 5,327 men and women undergoing exams between 1987 and 1995 and completing follow-up health history questionnaires in 1990 or 1995. Participants were classified as those reporting regular participation in walking or jogging/running at baseline. Those reporting both or neither activity were excluded from the study (n = 1404). Cases (698 men, 169 women) were those reporting physical activity-related injuries requiring physician visits in the previous year on the follow-up questionnaire. Controls (2,358 men, 698 women) were randomly selected from the remaining population. Main Outcome Measures: Logistic regression was used to examine the risk of injury in walkers versus runners and risk of injury by exercise dose while considering age, body mass index, previous injury, and strength training. Results: There was a significantly lower risk of injury for walkers compared with runners in young (<45 years old) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58-0.97) and older (45 years) men (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.49-0.82), and a nonsignificantly lower risk among young (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.39-1.37) and older women (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.38-1.35). There was no effect of greater amounts of walking on injuries for either gender; however, there was a higher injury risk associated with running 15-30 min/day (OR = 1.36, 95% Ct = 1.07-1.73) and 30+ min/day (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.14-2.04) compared with <15 min/day among men, but not among women. Conclusions: This low risk of musculoskeletal injury suggests that participation in walking can be safely recommended as a way to improve health and fitness. C1 NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Colbert, LH (reprint author), 6006 Execut Blvd,Suite 321, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG06945] NR 19 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1050-642X J9 CLIN J SPORT MED JI Clin. J. Sport Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 259 EP 263 DI 10.1097/00042752-200010000-00006 PG 5 WC Orthopedics; Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Orthopedics; Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 389HK UT WOS:000166232400006 PM 11086751 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Brenner, FW Miller, JM AF O'Hara, CM Brenner, FW Miller, JM TI Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID ORALLY-ADMINISTERED CEPHALOSPORINS; GLUCOSE-FERMENTING BACILLI; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI; DISK DIFFUSION TEST; FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; HUMAN FECES; VITEK GNI; MIRABILIS; PENNERI; VULGARIS AB This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop C16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 122 TC 219 Z9 238 U1 6 U2 49 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 13 IS 4 BP 534 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.13.4.534-546.2000 PG 14 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 363NW UT WOS:000089842300003 PM 11023955 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Beall, B Dowell, SF AF Schrag, SJ Beall, B Dowell, SF TI Limiting the spread of resistant pneumococci: Biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; RISK-FACTORS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; BETA-LACTAM; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; WORKING GROUP AB Strepzococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of respiratory illness in young children, the elderly, and persons with chronic medical conditions. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci has compromised the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for pneumococcal infections. As antibiotic-resistant strains increase in prevalence, there is a need for interventions that minimize the spread of resistant pneumococci. In this review we provide a framework for understanding the spread of pneumococcal resistance and evaluate proposed interventions to reduce this spread. Pneumococci differ from many drug-resistant pathogens because asymptomatic carriers play a key role in transmission of resistant strains and the genes encoding resistance are spread primarily by transformation and conjugative transposons. Evidence suggests that modifications of treatment regimens that have proved effective at limiting resistance in other pathogens may not prevent the spread of pneumococcal resistance. In contrast, programs encouraging more judicious antibiotic use have been shown to be effective. Additionally, a newly developed conjugate pneumococcal vaccine holds great potential as an "antiresistance vaccine" that simultaneously reduces the burden of invasive disease and the prevalence of resistant strains. Several areas of future epidemiologic and laboratory research hold promise to contribute to the reduced spread of pneumococcal resistance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, MS-C23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 89 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 13 IS 4 BP 588 EP + DI 10.1128/CMR.13.4.588-601.2000 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 363NW UT WOS:000089842300007 PM 11023959 ER PT J AU Kosoy, MY Saito, EK Green, D Marston, EL Jones, DC Childs, JE AF Kosoy, MY Saito, EK Green, D Marston, EL Jones, DC Childs, JE TI Experimental evidence of host specificity of Bartonella infection in rodents SO COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article DE animal model; bacteremia; Bartonella; co-evolution; experimental infection; host-parasite specificity; Peromyscus; rodent; Sigmodon hispidus ID DOMESTIC CATS; SP-NOV; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; HENSELAE INFECTIONS; ROCHALIMAEA; PREVALENCE; RATS; ENDOCARDITIS; GRAHAMELLA; BACTEREMIA AB A large number of Bartonella species and genetic variants were compared for their ability to cause bacteremia in different rodent species: the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), BALB/c mouse and Wistar rat. Experimental data supported field observations that host specificity can occur among certain Bartonella species and rodent species. Bacteremia could only be readily produced in cotton rats or white-footed mice if the strains used for inoculation were originally obtained from the same species or from a phylogenetically close species. A few Bartonella colonies could be observed in the blood of some BALB/c mice by 7 days after inoculation, but no evidence of the persistence of the infection was found. Host specificity suggests the possibility of a long co-speciation of Bartonella species with their rodent hosts. Host-parasite relationships measured by the duration and level of bacteremia and the minimal infectious dose may serve as additional criteria for classification of Bartonella isolates obtained from natural environments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kosoy, MY (reprint author), DVBID, CDC, POB 2087,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 26 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0147-9571 J9 COMP IMMUNOL MICROB JI Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 23 IS 4 BP 221 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00075-2 PG 18 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 354ZR UT WOS:000089361600001 PM 11038125 ER PT J AU Lynch, M Bresee, JS Gentsch, JR Glass, RI AF Lynch, M Bresee, JS Gentsch, JR Glass, RI TI Rotavirus vaccines SO CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; TETRAVALENT RHESUS-HUMAN; P-TYPE; ORAL IMMUNIZATION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ACUTE DIARRHEA; UNITED-STATES; EFFICACY; STRAINS AB The past few years have seen important developments in understanding the epidemiological and virological characteristics of rotaviruses, and rapid progress has been made in rotavirus vaccine development, but further challenges remain before a vaccine is introduced into widespread use. The licensure of the first rotavirus vaccine, a tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine, in the United States in 1998, marked a significant advance in preventing the morbidity associated with rotavirus diarrhea. The association between the tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine and intussusception has created significant hurdles as well as new opportunities to study the pathogenesis of rotavirus and rotavirus vaccine infection. Several other rotavirus vaccine candidates are in late stages of development, and results from trials have been encouraging. Curr Opin Infect Dis 13:495-501. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enteric Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bresee, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enteric Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jsb6@cdc.gov NR 67 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0951-7375 J9 CURR OPIN INFECT DIS JI Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 13 IS 5 BP 495 EP 502 DI 10.1097/00001432-200010000-00011 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 370JL UT WOS:000165119700011 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF Thompson, TJ Thun, M Flanders, D Pamuk, E Byers, T AF Williamson, DF Thompson, TJ Thun, M Flanders, D Pamuk, E Byers, T TI Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID BODY-WEIGHT; US ADULTS; MELLITUS; OBESITY; COMPLICATIONS; PREVENTION; POPULATION; VALIDITY; DISEASE; RISK AB OBJECTIVE - To estimate the effect of intentional weight loss on mortality in overweight individuals with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We performed a prospective analysis with a 12-year mortality follow-up (1959-1972) of 4,970 overweight individuals with diabetes, 40-64 years of age, who were enrolled in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study I. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated, comparing overall death rates, and death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes in individuals with and without reported intentional weight loss. RESULTS - Intentional weight loss was reported by 34% of the cohort. After adjustment for initial BMI, sociodemographic factors, health status, and physical activity, intentional weight loss was associated with a 25% reduction in total mortality (RR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.67-0.84), and a 28% reduction in CVD and diabetes mortality (RR = 0.72; 0.63-0.82). intentional weight loss of 20-29 lb was associated with the largest reductions in mortality (similar to 33%). Weight loss >70 Ib was associated with small increases in mortality. CONCLUSIONS - Intentional weight loss was associated with substantial reductions in mortality in this observational study of overweight individuals with diabetes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K68, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 289 Z9 301 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD OCT PY 2000 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1499 EP 1504 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1499 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 357RB UT WOS:000089513700010 PM 11023143 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL Lester, A AF Tomar, SL Lester, A TI Dental and other health care visits among US adults with diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID RISK FACTOR SURVEY; PERIODONTAL-DISEASE; COMPLICATIONS; MELLITUS; RELIABILITY; GLYCATION; VALIDITY; LEVEL AB OBJECTIVE - This study compared yearly dental visits of diabetic adults with those of non-diabetic adults. For adults with diabetes, we compared the frequency of past-year dental visits with past-year visits for diabetes care, dilated eye examinations, and foot examinations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We conducted a cross-sectional study using a sample of 105,718 dentate individuals aged greater than or equal to 25 years, including 4,605 individuals with diabetes who participated in the 1995-1998 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 38 stares. RESULTS - Dentate adults (i.e., those with at least some natural teeth) with diabetes were less likely than those without diabetes to have seen a dentist within the preceding 12 months (65.8 vs. 73.1%, P = 0.0000). Adults with diabetes were less likely to have seen a dentist than to have seen a health care provider for diabetes care (86.3%); the percentage who saw a dentist was comparable with the percentage who had their feet examined (67.7%) or had a dilated eye examination (62.3%). The disparity in dental visits among racial or ethnic groups and among socioeconomic groups was greater than that for any other type of health care visit for subjects with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS - Promotion of oral health among diabetic patients may be necessary, particularly in Hispanic and African-American communities. Information on oral health complications should be included in clinical training programs. Oral and diabetes control programs in state health departments should collaborate to promote preventive dental services, and the oral examination should be listed as a component of continuous care in the American Diabetes Association's standards of medical care for diabetic patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Oral Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Tomar, SL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Dent, Div Publ Hlth Serv & Res, 1600 SW Archer Rd,POB 100415,Rm D8-38, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. EM stomar@dental.ufl.edu NR 39 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD OCT PY 2000 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1505 EP 1510 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1505 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 357RB UT WOS:000089513700011 PM 11023144 ER PT J AU Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Herman, WH AF Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV Herman, WH TI Screening for type 2 diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Review ID FASTING PLASMA-GLUCOSE; CAPILLARY BLOOD-GLUCOSE; LOWER-EXTREMITY AMPUTATION; UNITED-STATES POPULATION; ASSOCIATION RISK TEST; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; NONPREGNANT ADULTS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med & Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Engelgau, MM (reprint author), CDC, Div Diabet Translat, NCCDPHP, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mxe1@cdc.gov RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 211 TC 196 Z9 208 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 EI 1935-5548 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD OCT PY 2000 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1563 EP 1580 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1563 PG 18 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 357RB UT WOS:000089513700020 PM 11023153 ER PT J AU Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Fagot-Campagna, A Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F AF Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Fagot-Campagna, A Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F TI Diabetes - a common, growing, serious, costly, and potentially preventable public health problem SO DIABETES RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in the Western Pacific Region CY MAR, 2000 CL TAIPEI, TAIWAN DE diabetes; prevalence; cost; prevention; quality of care; public health ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; CARE; POPULATION; MELLITUS; RISK; FEASIBILITY; EXERCISE; PROGRAM; ADULTS; DESIGN AB An estimated 135 million people worldwide had diagnosed diabetes in 1995, and this number is expected to rise to at least 300 million by 2025. The number of people with diabetes will increase by 42% (from 51 to 72 million) in industrialized countries between 1995 and 2025 and by 170% (from 84 to 228 million) in industrializing countries. Several potentially modifiable risk factors are related to diabetes, including insulin resistance, obesity, physical inactivity and dietary factors. Diabetes may be preventable in high-risk groups, but results of ongoing clinical trials are pending. Several efficacious and economically acceptable treatment strategies are currently available (control of glycemia, blood pressure, lipids; early detection and treatment of retinopathy, nephropathy, foot-disease; use of aspirin and ACE inhibitors) to reduce the burden of diabetes complications. Diabetes is a major public health problem and is emerging as a pandemic. While prevention of diabetes may become possible in the future, there is considerable potential now to better utilize existing treatments to reduce diabetes complications. Many countries could benefit from research aimed at better understanding the reasons why existing treatments are under-used and how this can be changed, (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Narayan, KMV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Mailstop K-68,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 45 TC 103 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-8227 J9 DIABETES RES CLIN PR JI Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 50 SU 2 BP S77 EP S84 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 384BW UT WOS:000165920000013 PM 11024588 ER PT J AU McNally, C Hackman, B Fields, BS Plouffe, JF AF McNally, C Hackman, B Fields, BS Plouffe, JF TI Potential importance of Legionella species as etiologies in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) SO DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL DNA; DISEASE; SURVEILLANCE; PNEUMOPHILA; PATHOGENS; THERAPY; CULTURE AB Large percentages of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) do not have a defined etiology. Between 1992-1993, 99 acute and convalescent sera were collected from patients with CAP of unknown etiology. The sera were tested using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) against the following antigens: Legionella pneumophila, serogroups 3,5,6 and 7 and L. longbeachae, L. anisa, L. bozemanii and Legionella-Like Amoebal Pathogens (LLAP). A four-fold rise in titer to at least one of the antigens tested, was seen in 14% of patients; 8% to L. bozemanii, 4% to L. anisa, 2% to S. lyticum, 2% to LLAP 10 and 1% each to LLAP 1, 6 and 9. Two patients reacted to several antigens. These results indicate that other species of legionella may be important in the etiology of CAP. L. bozemanii was the organism identified in the majority of these infections. Better diagnostic studies i.e. cultures, serologies and urinary antigen testing, which recognize legionella isolates other than L. pneumophila serogroup 1 need to be developed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All lights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McNally, C (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 24 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0732-8893 J9 DIAGN MICR INFEC DIS JI Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 2 BP 79 EP 82 DI 10.1016/S0732-8893(00)00181-4 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 365BJ UT WOS:000089928300002 PM 11035237 ER PT J AU Blount, BC Silva, MJ Caudill, SP Needham, LL Pirkle, JL Sampson, EJ Lucier, GW Jackson, RJ Brock, JW AF Blount, BC Silva, MJ Caudill, SP Needham, LL Pirkle, JL Sampson, EJ Lucier, GW Jackson, RJ Brock, JW TI Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE exposure; glucuronidase; human; metabolism; phthalates; urine ID BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE; PLASTICIZER DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE; RATS; EXCRETION; EXPOSURE; SAMPLES AB Using a novel and highly selective technique, we measured monoester metabolites of seven commonly used phthalates in urine samples from a reference population of 289 adult humans. This analytical approach allowed us to directly measure the individual phthalate metabolites responsible for the animal reproductive and developmental toxicity while avoiding contamination from the ubiquitous parent compounds. The monoesters with the highest urinary levels found were monoethyl phthalate (95th percentile, 3,750 ppb, 2,610 mug/g creatinine), monobutyl phthalate (95th percentile, 294 ppb, 162 mug/g creatinine), and monobenzyl phthalate (95th percentile, 137 ppb, 92 mug/g creatinine), reflecting exposure to diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and benzyl butyl phthalate. Women of reproductive age (20-40 years) were found to have significantly higher levels of monobutyl phthalate, a reproductive and developmental toxicant in rodents, than other age/gender groups (p < 0.005). Current scientific and regulatory attention on phthalates has focused almost exclusively on health risks from exposure to only two phthalates, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate. Our findings strongly suggest that health-risk assessments for phthalate exposure in humans should include diethyl, dibutyl, and benzyl butyl phthalates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NIEHS, Natl Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Brock, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway MS F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 29 TC 355 Z9 383 U1 10 U2 59 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 108 IS 10 BP 979 EP 982 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108979 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 367ZP UT WOS:000090093000026 PM 11049818 ER PT J AU Kohn, MC Parham, F Masten, SA Portier, CJ Shelby, MD Brock, JW Needham, LL AF Kohn, MC Parham, F Masten, SA Portier, CJ Shelby, MD Brock, JW Needham, LL TI Human exposure estimates for phthalates SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Letter ID METABOLISM; RAT; PHARMACOKINETICS; IDENTIFICATION C1 NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kohn, MC (reprint author), NIEHS, Environm Toxicol Program, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010; Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; masten, scott/R-1403-2016 OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279; masten, scott/0000-0002-7847-181X NR 11 TC 99 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 108 IS 10 BP A440 EP A442 DI 10.1289/ehp.108-a440b PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 367ZP UT WOS:000090093000003 PM 11097556 ER PT J AU Wolff, MS Berkowitz, GS Brower, S Senie, R Bleiweiss, IJ Tartter, P Pace, B Roy, N Wallenstein, S Weston, A AF Wolff, MS Berkowitz, GS Brower, S Senie, R Bleiweiss, IJ Tartter, P Pace, B Roy, N Wallenstein, S Weston, A TI Organochlorine exposures and breast cancer risk in New York City women SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; DDT; PCB; ethnic; BMI; trans-nonachlor ID RACIAL-DIFFERENCES; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; UNITED-STATES; BLOOD-LEVELS; BLACK-WOMEN; WHITE; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; RESIDUES AB A hospital-based case-control study of breast cancer risk related to organochlorine (OC) exposure was conducted in a multiethnic setting in New York City. We enrolled 175 breast cancer patients and 355 control patients, The overall racial/ethnic distribution was 57% Caucasian, 21% Hispanic, 22% African-American; cases and controls were frequency-matched by age and race/ethnicity, Tumor markers (estrogen and progesterone receptors, p53, erbB-2) were assessed and organochlorines (DDE, DDT, trans-nonachlor, and higher (HPCB) and lower (LPCB) chlorinated biphenyls) were measured in blood serum, Tumors among minority women were of slightly higher stage than among Caucasians, but tumor markers were similar across the racial/ethnic groups. DDE levels were highest among African-American and Hispanic women; DDT was highest among Hispanics; HPCBs were highest among African-Americans; LPCBs were lowest among Hispanics; and trans-nonachlor was highest among African-Americans. However, OC levels were not associated with risk for breast cancer, nor did OCs differ with respect to tumor stage or tumor markers, Higher DDE levels were associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but with decreasing level of education, frequency of nulliparity, and frequency of family history of breast cancer. HPCB levels decreased with BMI and were not correlated with breast cancer risk factors, These relationships can be attributed to historical patterns of exposure and to metabolic differences in OCs related to BMI. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, New York, NY 10019 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Wolff, MS (reprint author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA/ES62951, CA66572] NR 42 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 84 IS 2 BP 151 EP 161 DI 10.1006/enrs.2000.4075 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 365RE UT WOS:000089963600010 PM 11068929 ER PT J AU Ammon, A Reichart, PA Pauli, G Petersen, LR AF Ammon, A Reichart, PA Pauli, G Petersen, LR TI Hepatitis B and C among Berlin dental personnel: incidence, risk factors, and effectiveness of barrier prevention measures SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID INFECTION-CONTROL PRACTICES; OCCUPATIONAL RISK; VIRUS-INFECTION; ORAL SURGEONS; DENTISTS; VACCINATION; GLOVES AB A study of 215 Berlin dentists and 108 dental assistants recruited at the 1997 Berlin Dental Society meeting assessed their occupational risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, HBV vaccine coverage, and barrier prevention methods used. Among dentists, 7% (95% CI 4-11) and 0.5% (95% CT 0-3) had serological evidence of previous HBV and HCV infection, respectively. Similar figures for dental assistants were 1% (95% CI 0-5) and 0% (95% CI 0-4). Only 74% of dentists and 63% of dental assistants reported HBV vaccination. Approximately half always used gloves, eye glasses, or face masks. HBV unvaccinated dentists whose patients had HBV risk factors had a greater risk of HBV infection; those who always wore face masks were at lower risk (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.02-0.98). These data indicate that among Berlin dentists, the HCV risk was lower than that of HBV and that face masks may have lowered the risk of HBV, The use of eye glasses or gloves did not appear to lower the risk of HBV acquisition in this population. C1 Robert Koch Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. Robert Koch Inst, Dept Virol, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Univ Clin Charite, Ctr Dent Med, Berlin, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ammon, A (reprint author), Robert Koch Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Stesemannstr 90-102, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 125 IS 2 BP 407 EP 413 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004537 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 422BE UT WOS:000168097400020 PM 11117965 ER PT J AU Schieve, LA Rasmussen, SA Correa, A Santelli, J Tatham, L Wilcox, LS AF Schieve, LA Rasmussen, SA Correa, A Santelli, J Tatham, L Wilcox, LS TI Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 1997 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry - Commentary SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 74 IS 4 BP 653 EP 654 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01628-9 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 362KY UT WOS:000089778200009 ER PT J AU Navarro, VJ St Louis, TE Kunze, KB Taccariello, MT Manos, MM Bell, BP Terrault, NA Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP AF Navarro, VJ St Louis, TE Kunze, KB Taccariello, MT Manos, MM Bell, BP Terrault, NA Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP TI Sentinel surveillance for chronic liver disease: Two-year prospective experience in New Haven County, CT. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 614 BP 313A EP 313A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622400602 ER PT J AU McMahon, BJ Bruden, DA Peterson, KM Bulkow, LR Parkinson, AJ Khristova, M Nainan, O Margolis, H AF McMahon, BJ Bruden, DA Peterson, KM Bulkow, LR Parkinson, AJ Khristova, M Nainan, O Margolis, H TI Immunogenicty and duration of protection of hepatitis B vaccine: Results of a 15-year follow-up. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Alaska Native Med Ctr, Viral Hepatitis Program, Anchorage, AK USA. CDC, AIP, Anchorage, AK USA. CDC, Hepatitis Branch, Anchorage, AK USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 879 BP 379A EP 379A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622400865 ER PT J AU Kamili, S Spelbring, J Krawczynski, K AF Kamili, S Spelbring, J Krawczynski, K TI DNA vaccination protects non-human primates against hepatitis E virus. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 882 BP 380A EP 380A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622400870 ER PT J AU Navarro, VJ St Louis, TE Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP AF Navarro, VJ St Louis, TE Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP TI Alcohol use in patients with newly diagnosed chronic liver disease. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 1059 BP 424A EP 424A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622401044 ER PT J AU Terrault, NA Leyden, WA Murphy, RC Bell, BP Manos, MM AF Terrault, NA Leyden, WA Murphy, RC Bell, BP Manos, MM TI Abnormal liver enzymes as a marker of chronic liver disease: Frequency of test abnormalties and evaluation of "work-up" strategies by physician's. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Kaiser Permanente Med Grp, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 1057 BP 424A EP 424A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622401043 ER PT J AU Navarro, VJ Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP AF Navarro, VJ Benner, KG Zaman, A Ivie, KB Bell, BP TI Identification and management of patients with hepatitis C in the primary care setting. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 1066 BP 426A EP 426A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622401053 ER PT J AU Nakano, T Ling, L Hu, XL Shapiro, CN Hadler, SC Robertson, BH AF Nakano, T Ling, L Hu, XL Shapiro, CN Hadler, SC Robertson, BH TI Core deletion mutants of hepatitis B virus genotype F observed among co-infection with hepatitis D virus genotype III. SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 MA 1673 BP 578A EP 578A PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PZ UT WOS:000089622401658 ER PT J AU McMahon, BJ Bulkow, L Harpster, A Snowball, M Lanier, A Sacco, F Dunaway, E Williams, J AF McMahon, BJ Bulkow, L Harpster, A Snowball, M Lanier, A Sacco, F Dunaway, E Williams, J TI Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: A 16-year population-based study SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; VIRUS-INFECTION; CIRRHOSIS; ULTRASOUND; SEQUELAE; CARRIERS; MARKERS; SURGERY; PROGRAM AB The benefits of screening hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of long-term survival have not been established. We conducted a prospective 16-year, population-based cohort study to determine the impact of screening for HCC in 1,487 HBsAg positive Alaska native carriers with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) determinations every 6 months. Men and nonpregnant women with an elevated AFP level were evaluated for the presence of HCC by ultrasound (US) examination. The long-term survival rate for patients whose HCC was detected by the screening program was compared with a historical control group of Alaska native patients with HCC from the same population who were clinically diagnosed with HCC between 1969 and October 1982, through a National Cancer institute-sponsored Cancer Registry. Between October 1982 and December 1998, 26,752 AFP determinations in HBsAg carriers were performed. One or more AFP elevations were found in 61 men and 39 nonpregnant women. HCC was diagnosed in 32 patients (24 men and 8 women). HCC tumors less than 6 cm were found in 23 patients; 22 patients had resections, and 1 patient refused a resection, Compared with 12 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC diagnosed from 1969 to October 1982, before this program, the 5- and 10-year survival rate for the 32 patients with HCC were 42% (P = .008) and 30% (P = .07). respectively. Five- and 10-year tumor-free survival rates for carriers who had a normal AFP level on initial screening and subsequently developed HCC were 29% (P = .004) and 24% (P = .024), respectively. Screening of HBsAg carriers with semiannual AFP was effective in detecting mast HCC tumors at a resectable stage and significantly prolonged survival rates when compared with historical controls in this population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Investigat Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS,US Dep Hlth & Human Serv, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. US PHS, Dept Internal Med, Alaska Nat Med Ctr,Indian Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. US PHS, Dept Surg, Alaska Nat Med Ctr,Indian Hlth Serv, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. Alaska Nat Hlth Board, Anchorage, AK USA. RP McMahon, BJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Investigat Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS,US Dep Hlth & Human Serv, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 29 TC 197 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 842 EP 846 DI 10.1053/jhep.2000.17914 PN 1 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359PF UT WOS:000089618700022 PM 11003632 ER PT J AU Singh, GK Hoyert, DL AF Singh, GK Hoyert, DL TI Social epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1935-1997: Trends and differentials by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption SO HUMAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL MORTALITY; AMERICAN; MEN AB This study examines trends and ethnic and socioeconomic differentials in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States. Age-adjusted death rates from the National Vital Statistics System were used to analyze race and sex-specific mortality trends from 1968 through 1997, Age-adjusted liver cirrhosis mortality and per capita alcohol consumption data from 1935 through 1996 were modeled using time-series regression. Moreover, the Cox hazards regression was applied to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979-1989, to examine socioeconomic differentials at the individual level, whereas multivariate ordinary least squares regression was used to model state-specific cirrhosis mortality from 1990 to 1997 as a function of socioeconomic variables and alcohol consumption at the ecological level. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis continues to be an important cause of death in the United States, even after three decades of consistently declining mortality rates. For both men and women aged 25 years and older, significant mortality differentials were found by age, race/ethnicity, marital status, family income, and employment status. For men, marked differentials were also found by nativity, rural-urban residence, and education. Unemployment, minority concentration, and alcohol consumption were major predictors of state-specific cirrhosis mortality. Both time-series and cross-sectional data indicate a strong correlation between alcohol consumption and US cirrhosis mortality. Substantial ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cirrhosis mortality suggest the need for social and public health policies and interventions that target such high-risk groups as American Indians, Hispanic Americans, the socially isolated, and the poor. C1 NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Singh, GK (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, NIH, Execut Plaza N,Suite 343J,6130 Execut Blvd,MSC 73, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 38 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 12 PU WAYNE STATE UNIV PRESS PI DETROIT PA 4809 WOODWARD AVE, DETROIT, MI 48201-1309 USA SN 0018-7143 J9 HUM BIOL JI Hum. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 72 IS 5 BP 801 EP 820 PG 20 WC Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Genetics & Heredity GA 379MY UT WOS:000165647700005 PM 11126726 ER PT J AU Eick, A Larned, J Jason, J AF Eick, A Larned, J Jason, J TI Effects of HIV-1 peptides on T-cell receptor variable beta chain families SO HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV; superantigens; TCR ID MAMMARY-TUMOR VIRUS; GLYCOPROTEIN GP160; GENE-PRODUCTS; INFECTION; EXPRESSION; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPANSION; DISEASE; MOUSE; SUPERANTIGENS AB Superantigens (SAGs) selectively stimulate expansion and then deletion of specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) variable beta chain (VP) families. We investigated six synthetically produced HIV-l-related peptides for evidence of SAG activity: three derived all or in part from the transmembrane gp41 protein and three from the genetic sequence of the tRNA binding region. The first three were chosen because they are highly immunogenic; the second three, because their genetic sequence is completely homologous to a region of the mouse mammary tumor virus, a known superantigen. We cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-negative, healthy human donors with each of these six HIV-1 peptides. Resting and blastic CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes were assessed pre- and post-culture using 3-color cytofluorometry and monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD8, and 14 human TCR VP families. Significance testing was done using a Student t-test. Two of the HIV-1 peptides showed possible SAG activity, one from gp41 transmembrane protein, and one from tRNA binding region. Peptide JJ1, from gp41, was associated with an increased percentage of resting and blastic V beta 5, 8, and 21 in CD4(+), but not CD8(+) lymphocytes (3/3 donors,p = 0.014, P = 0.011, and P = 0.019, respectively, for blastic CD4(+) lymphocytes). Peptide JJ5, from the tRNA binding region, was associated with an increased percentage of resting and blastic V beta 5, 12, 16, and 17 in CD8(+) bur nor CD4(+) lymphocytes (4/4 donors for blastic CD8(+) lymphocytes, 3/4 for resting CD8(+) lymphocytes,p < 0.05 for each V family, for blastic CD8(+) lymphocytes). These results suggest that peptide JJ1 may have SAG activity restricted to CD4(+) lymphocytes and that peptide JJ5 may have restricted cytotoxic activity, associated with CD8(+) cell responsiveness, For both, the activities would lead to increased localized cytokine production and work to the advantage of the virus. These antigens might thus represent potential targets for future antiretroviral therapy. (C) American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, 2000. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch,US Publ Hlth Serv, Div AIDS Sexaully Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jason, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch,US Publ Hlth Serv, Div AIDS Sexaully Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0198-8859 J9 HUM IMMUNOL JI Hum. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 61 IS 10 BP 993 EP 1000 DI 10.1016/S0198-8859(00)00176-2 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 375UN UT WOS:000165419800005 PM 11082512 ER PT J AU Evans, ME Jordan, CT Chang, SMW Conrad, C Gerberding, JL Kaufman, HL Mayhall, CG Nolta, JA Pilaro, AM Sullivan, S Weber, DJ Wivel, NA AF Evans, ME Jordan, CT Chang, SMW Conrad, C Gerberding, JL Kaufman, HL Mayhall, CG Nolta, JA Pilaro, AM Sullivan, S Weber, DJ Wivel, NA TI Clinical infection control in gene therapy: A multidisciplinary conference SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Gene therapy is being studied for the treatment of a variety of acquired and inherited disorders. Retroviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpesviruses, and others are being engineered to transfer genes into humans. Treatment protocols using recombinant viruses are being introduced into clinical settings. Infection control professionals will be involved in reviewing the safety of these agents in their clinics and hospitals. To date, only a limited number of articles have been written on infection control in gene therapy,(1.2) and no widely available recommendations exist from federal or private organizations to guide infection control professionals. The goals of the conference were to provide a forum where gene therapy experts could share their perspectives and experience with infection control in gene therapy and to provide an opportunity for newcomers to the field to learn about issues specific to infection control in gene therapy. Recommendations for infection control in gene therapy were proposed (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:659-673). C1 Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Albert B Chandler Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Albert B Chandler Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Schering Plough Res Inst, San Diego, CA USA. Canji Inc, San Diego, CA USA. Stanford Univ, Lucile Packard Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Pulmonol, Palo Alto, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Yeshiva Univ, Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Childrens Hosp, Div Immunol Res BMT, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. US FDA, CBER, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Valentis Inc, The Woodlands, TX USA. Univ N Carolina Hosp, Dept Hosp Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina Hosp, Dept Occupat Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Inst Gene Therapy, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Evans, ME (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Room HG608,800 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. OI Nolta, Jan/0000-0003-4576-8542 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 84929-01]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK053041, R01 DK053041-04] NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 21 IS 10 BP 659 EP 673 DI 10.1086/501711 PG 17 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 364BV UT WOS:000089872900011 PM 11083185 ER PT J AU Grossman, GL Rafferty, CS Fraser, MJ Benedict, MQ AF Grossman, GL Rafferty, CS Fraser, MJ Benedict, MQ TI The piggyBac element is capable of precise excision and transposition in cells and embryos of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; piggyBac; Mos55; transposable elements; transposition assay; transformation; mosquitoes ID YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; HERMES ELEMENT; AEDES-AEGYPTI; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; EXPRESSION; VECTORS AB The piggyBac transposable element was tested for transposition activity in plasmid-based excision and inter-plasmid transposition assays to determine if this element would function in Anopheles gambiae cells and embryos. In the Mos55 cell line, precise excision of the piggyBac element was observed only in the presence of a helper plasmid. Excision occurred at a rate of 1 event per 1000 donor plasmids screened. Precise excision of the piggyBac element was also observed in injected An. gambiae embryos, but at a lower rate of 1 excision per 5000 donor plasmids. Transposition of the marked piggyBac element into a target plasmid occurred in An. gambiae cells at a rate of 1 transposition event per 24,000 donor plasmids. The piggyBac element transposed in a precise manner, with the TTAA target site being duplicated upon insertion, in 56% of transpositions observed, and only in the presence of the piggyBac helper. The remaining transpositions resulted in a deletion of target sequence, a novel observation for the phenomenon of piggyBac element insertion. 'Hot spots' for insertion into the target plasmid were observed, with 25 of 34 events involving one particular site. These results are the first demonstration of the precise mobility of piggyBac in this malaria vector and suggest that the lepidopteran piggyBac transposon is a candidate element for germline transformation of anopheline mosquitoes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Grossman, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-F22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Fraser, Malcolm/C-9100-2009 NR 20 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 30 IS 10 BP 909 EP 914 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00092-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 354HV UT WOS:000089324600002 PM 10899457 ER PT J AU Simard, F Lehmann, T Lemasson, JJ Diatta, M Fontenille, D AF Simard, F Lehmann, T Lemasson, JJ Diatta, M Fontenille, D TI Persistence of Anopheles arabiensis during the severe dry season conditions in Senegal: an indirect approach using microsatellite loci SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles arabiensis; malaria; dry season; microsatellites; effective population size ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; GAMBIAE COMPLEX; WEST-AFRICA; ALLELE FREQUENCIES; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; TEMPORAL CHANGES; MALARIA VECTOR; CULICIDAE; SURVIVAL; DIPTERA AB Variation at nine microsatellite loci was investigated to understand how Anopheles arabiensis populations survive the dry season in the sahelian region of Senegal. Low estimates of genetic differentiation (F-ST = 0.012, R-ST = 0.009) between two populations, 250 km apart, suggested extensive gene flow across this distance. Despite extreme seasonal fluctuation in abundance with dry season minima in which mosquitoes virtually disappeared, allele frequencies remained stable over time in the village of Barkedji from August 1994 to December 1997 (including four rainy seasons and three dry seasons). The effective population size (Ne) was estimated to be 601 with 95% CI (281, 1592), providing strong evidence against annual bottlenecks. Differences in measures of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium between the dry and the rainy seasons were not detected. These results suggest that despite extreme minima in local density, An. arabiensis maintains large permanent deme spread out over large area. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Inst Pasteur, French Inst Rech Dev, Lab Zool Med, Dakar, Senegal. Org Contre Endemies Afrique Cent, Lab Inst Rech Dev, Yaounde, Cameroon. RP Simard, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, MS F-22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI FONTENILLE, didier/G-4091-2013; SIMARD, Frederic/J-9489-2016 OI SIMARD, Frederic/0000-0002-2871-5329 NR 62 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 9 IS 5 BP 467 EP 479 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00210.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 363UY UT WOS:000089857100004 PM 11029665 ER PT J AU Taylor, Z Marks, SM Burrows, NMR Weis, SE Stricof, RL Miller, B AF Taylor, Z Marks, SM Burrows, NMR Weis, SE Stricof, RL Miller, B TI Causes and costs of hospitalization of tuberculosis patients in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; hospitalization; costs ID SMALL-AREA VARIATIONS; METROPOLITAN HEALTH DEPARTMENTS; CONTROL POLICIES; CARE-DELIVERY; DRUG-USERS; ACCESS AB OBJECTIVE: To examine the costs, lengths of stay and patient characteristics associated with tuberculosis (TB) hospitalizations, METHODS: A Prospective cohort study of 1493 TB patients followed from diagnosis to completion of therapy at 10 public health programs and area hospitals in the US. The main outcome measures were the following: 1) occurrence, 2) cost, and 3) length of stay of TB-related hospitalizations. RESULTS: There were 821 TB-related hospitalizations among the study participants; 678 (83%) were initial hospitalizations and 143 (17%) were hospitalizations during the treatment of TB. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6), and homeless patients (OR, 1.7 95% CI 1.1-2.8) were at increased risk of being hospitalized at diagnosis. Homeless patients (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-4.3), patients who used alcohol excessively (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0), and patients with multidrug-resistant TB (RR 5.7, 95% CI 2.7-11.8) were at increased risk of hospitalization during treatment. The median length of stay varied from 9 to 17 days, and median costs per hospitalization varied from $6441 to $12 968 among the sites. CONCLUSION: Important social factors, HIV infection, and local hospitalization practice patterns contribute significantly to the high cost of TB-related hospitalizations. Efforts to address these specific factors are needed to reduce the cost of preventable hospitalizations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ft Worth Tarrant Cty Publ Hlth Dept, Ft Worth, TX USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, Albany, NY USA. RP Taylor, Z (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, MS E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 4 IS 10 BP 931 EP 939 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 360KP UT WOS:000089667000006 PM 11055760 ER PT J AU Creek, TL Lockman, S Kenyon, TA Makhoa, M Chimidza, N Moeti, T Sarpong, BB Binkin, NJ Tappero, JW AF Creek, TL Lockman, S Kenyon, TA Makhoa, M Chimidza, N Moeti, T Sarpong, BB Binkin, NJ Tappero, JW TI Completeness and timeliness of treatment initiation after laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in Gaborone, Botswana SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; treatment; completeness; timeliness; Botswana ID DRUG-RESISTANCE; HIV AB SETTING: Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, OBJECTIVE: To determine the time from positive sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) to initiation of therapy, and to identify risk factors far delays. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of medical records and surveillance data for patients with positive smear microscopy and newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) from January to May 1997. Treatment delay was defined as more than 2 weeks from the first positive sputum smear to the initiation of TB treatment. RESULTS: Of 127 patients identified, 15 (11.8%) had treatment delay, 13 (10.2%) had an incomplete workup (only one smear performed) and were not registered for TB treatment, and six (4.5%) had two or more positive smears but were not registered for TB treatment, Risk factors for treatment delay or non-registration included TB patients who had been diagnosed in a hospital outpatient setting vs. a clinic (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.6, P = 0.02), or in a high volume vs. low volume clinic (RR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-5.3, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: More than a quarter of the smear-positive TB patients identified had treatment delay or no evidence of treatment initiation. Proper monitoring of laboratory sputum results and suspect TB patient registers could potentially reduce treatment delays and patient loss. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Univ Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Minist Hlth, Epidemiol Unit, Gaborone, Botswana. Gaborone City Council, Gaborone, Botswana. RP Tappero, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS Prevent, Mail Stop C09,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 4 IS 10 BP 956 EP 961 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 360KP UT WOS:000089667000009 PM 11055763 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Copeland, JE Moeti, T Oyewo, R Binkin, N AF Kenyon, TA Copeland, JE Moeti, T Oyewo, R Binkin, N TI Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among employees in a US Government Office, Gaborone, Botswana SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; workplace; transmission; Botswana; HIV ID DIAGNOSIS AB SETTING: A US government office located in Botswana where two office employees. one negative and one positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in January 1998. One employee had been symptomatic with untreated laryngeal TB for 8 months. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of and risk factors for TB transmission in the office, METHODS: Office contacts were interviewed and a tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed. A positive TST was defined as greater than or equal to 10 mm induration for employees from countries where TB is highly endemic and as greater than or equal to 5 mm induration for those h-om low prevalence counties. RESULTS: Of 79 office contacts investigated, 54/57 (94.7%) born in high TB prevalence countries had a positive TST compared with 4/22 (18.2%) from low prevalence countries (RR 5.1, 95% CI 2.1-12.7, P < 0.001). Of 20 US-born contacts, three (15%) had documented TST conversion, two of whom were co-workers of the employee with laryngeal TB. Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the TB cases had matching DNA fingerprints. CONCLUSION: Delayed diagnosis in a setting of high TB prevalence may have contributed to transmission within a US government office located in Botswana. transmission may have been underestimated due to the high background prevalence of tuberculous infection in the population. Recent tuberculous transmission to persons living with HIV infection may be playing an important role in the escalating TB epidemic in Africa. C1 BOTUSA Project, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana Minist Hlth, Gaborone, Botswana. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kenyon, TA (reprint author), Amer Embassy Gaborone, State Dept, BOTUSA Project, Washington, DC 20521 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 4 IS 10 BP 962 EP 967 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 360KP UT WOS:000089667000010 PM 11055764 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR Jemmott, JB AF Pinkerton, SD Holtgrave, DR Jemmott, JB TI Economic evaluation of HIV risk reduction intervention in African-American male adolescents SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 126th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 15-19, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Amer Publ Hlth Assoc DE HIV prevention; adolescents; cost-effectiveness; cost-utility analysis; risk behaviors ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS; PREVENTION INTERVENTION; SEXUAL-BEHAVIORS; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; PROGRAMS; RUNAWAY; MODEL; TRIAL; MEN AB Purpose: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral HIV risk reduction intervention for African-American male adolescents that has previously been shown to be effective at reducing sexual risk taking. Methods: Standard techniques of cost-utility analysis were employed. A societal perspective and a 3% discount rate were used in the main analysis. Program costs were ascertained retrospectively. A mathematical model of HIV transmission was used to translate observed changes in sexual behavior into an estimate of the number of HIV infections the intervention averted. Intervention effects were assumed to last for 1 year. For each infection averted, the corresponding savings in future HIV-related medical care costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated. The overall net cost per QALY saved (cost-utility ratio) was then calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the main results. Results: The cost-utility ratio was approximately $57,000 U.S. per QALY saved when training costs were included, and $41,000 U.S. per QALY saved when they were excluded. The intervention appeared substantially more cost-effective when the analysis was restricted to the subgroup of participants who reported bring sexually active at baseline. Assumptions about the prevalence of HIV infection and the duration of intervention effectiveness also greatly affected the cost-utility ratio. Conclusions: The HIV prevention intervention was moderately cost-effective in comparison with other health care programs. Selectively implementing the intervention in high-HIV prevalence communities and with sexually active youth can enhance cost-effectiveness. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Pinkerton, SD (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. EM pinkrton@mcw.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD24921]; NIMH NIH HHS [R01-MH55440, P30-MH52776] NR 54 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 164 EP 172 DI 10.1097/00126334-200010010-00011 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 376AA UT WOS:000165434600010 PM 11103047 ER PT J AU Campsmith, ML Nakashima, AK Jones, JL AF Campsmith, ML Nakashima, AK Jones, JL TI Association between crack cocaine use and high-risk sexual behaviors after HIV diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV-infected population; crack cocaine; high-risk sexual behavior ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TRANSMITTED DISEASES; INJECTION-DRUG; WOMEN; CITY; INFECTION; SYPHILIS; ABUSE; TRANSMISSION; PREVENTION AB Objective: To describe the prevalence of crack cocaine use in an HIV-infected population and to examine the association between crack use after HIV diagnosis and high-risk sexual behaviors for heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Analysis of cross-sectional interviews conducted from January 1995 through December 1998 with HIV infected adults in 12 states. Results: Of 10,415 persons with HIV or AIDS, 66.6% never used crack, 10.7% used crack before HIV diagnosis but not after, and 22.7% used crack after diagnosis. High-risk sexual behaviors were more prevalent among those who had ever used crack and were most prevalent among those who used crack after diagnosis. In multivariable analyses, crack use after diagnosis was associated with having multiple sex partners and trading sex for drugs/money in ail three groups: heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and MSM. For heterosexual women and MSM, crack use after diagnosis was associated with unprotected sex with a main partner, and among heterosexual men and MSM, with unprotected sex with casual partners. Conclusions: Crack use after HIV diagnosis was associated with high-risk sexual behaviors. Treatment programs to assist people in quitting crack are needed to help reduce the risk of HIV transmission from this population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Campsmith, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD OCT 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.1097/00126334-200010010-00015 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 376AA UT WOS:000165434600014 PM 11103051 ER PT J AU Austin, H Hooper, WC Lally, C Dilley, A Ellingsen, D Wideman, C Wenger, NK Rawlins, P Silva, V Evatt, B AF Austin, H Hooper, WC Lally, C Dilley, A Ellingsen, D Wideman, C Wenger, NK Rawlins, P Silva, V Evatt, B TI Venous thrombosis in relation to fibrinogen and factor VII genes among African-Americans SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE venous thrombosis; fibrinogen; factor VII; gene ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; PLASMA-FIBRINOGEN; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; RISK-FACTORS; POLYMORPHISMS; ECTIM; LOCUS; ASSOCIATION; NONSMOKERS; GENOTYPE AB We evaluated the relation between venous thrombosis and plasma fibrinogen levels, the HaeIII and BcI polymorphisms of the beta fibrinogen gene, and the MspI polymorphisms of the factor VII gene in a case-control study of African-Americans. The study included 91 venous thrombosis cases and 185 control subjects obtained from a hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. High plasma fibrinogen was associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis, but the finding was not statistically significant. There was little association between the HaeIII polymorphisms and the BclI polymorphisms and the risk of venous thrombosis. The prevalence of the M2/M2 genotype of the factor VII gene was higher among cases than controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence of the HaeIII H2 allele and the BclI B2 allele of the beta fibrinogen gene, both of which have been associated with slightly higher levels of plasma fibrinogen in most studies, is considerably lower among African-Americans in this study than it is among Whites in the United States and among Northern Europeans. The study is limited by its small size. However, despite this limitation, it supports the belief that increased plasma fibrinogen levels are associated with increased venous thrombosis risk. The study also indicated that the HaeIII and the BclI polymorphisms of the beta fibrinogen gene and the MspI polymorphisms of the factor VII gene are not strong determinants of venous thrombosis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Cardiac Clin, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Coumadin Clin, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Austin, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 53 IS 10 BP 997 EP 1001 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00191-8 PG 5 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 363XV UT WOS:000089863700004 PM 11027931 ER PT J AU Deplano, A Schuermans, A van Eldere, J Witte, W Meugnier, H Etienne, J Grundmann, H Jonas, D Noordhoek, GT Dijkstra, J van Belkum, A van Leeuwen, W Tassios, PT Legakis, NJ van der Zee, A Bergmans, A Blanc, DS Tenover, FC Cookson, BC O'Neil, G Struelens, MJ AF Deplano, A Schuermans, A van Eldere, J Witte, W Meugnier, H Etienne, J Grundmann, H Jonas, D Noordhoek, GT Dijkstra, J van Belkum, A van Leeuwen, W Tassios, PT Legakis, NJ van der Zee, A Bergmans, A Blanc, DS Tenover, FC Cookson, BC O'Neil, G Struelens, MJ CA European Study Grp Epidemiological TI Multicenter evaluation of epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by repetitive-element PCR analysis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; REPRODUCIBILITY; POLYMORPHISMS; EPIDERMIDIS; REGION AB Rapid and efficient epidemiologic typing systems would be useful to monitor transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at both local and interregional levels. To evaluate the intralaboratory performance and interlaboratory reproducibility of three recently developed repeat-element PCR (rep-PCR) methods for the typing of MRSA, 50 MRSA strains characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (SmaI) analysis and epidemiological data were blindly typed by inter-IS256, 16S-23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and MP3 PCR in 12 laboratories in eight countries using standard reagents and protocols. Performance of typing was defined by reproducibility (R), discriminatory power (D), and agreement with PFGE analysis. Interlaboratory reproducibility of pattern and type classification was assessed visually and using gel analysis software. Each typing method shelved a different performance level in each center. In the center performing best with each method, inter-IS256 PCR typing achieved R = 100% and D = 100%; 16S-23S rDNA PCR, R = 100% and D = 82%; and MP3 PCR, R = 80% and D = 83%. Concordance between rep-PCR type and PFGE type ranged by center: 70 to 90% for inter-IS256 PCR, 44 to 57% for 16S-23S rDNA PCR, and 53 to 54% for MP3 PCR analysis. In conclusion, the performance of inter-IS256 PCR typing was similar to that of PFGE analysis in some but not all centers, whereas other rep-PCR protocols showed lower discrimination and intralaboratory reproducibility. None of these assays, however, was sufficiently reproducible for interlaboratory exchange of data. C1 Free Univ Brussels, Hop Erasme, Microbiol Serv, Reference Lab Staphylococci, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Robert Koch Inst, BGA, D-38855 Wernigerode, Germany. Hop Edouard Herriot, Cent Microbiol Lab, F-69437 Lyon 03, France. Univ Freiburg Klinikum, Inst Umweltmed & Krankenhaushyg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. Publ Hlth Lab Friesland, NL-8900 JA Leeuwarden, Netherlands. Univ Rotterdam Hosp, Dept Bacteriol, NL-3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands. Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, GR-11527 Athens, Greece. St Elizabeth Hosp, Mol Microbiol Lab, NL-5000 AS Tilburg, Netherlands. CHU Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Hosp Infect Program G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cent Publ Hlth Lab, Hosp Infect Lab, London NW9 5HT, England. RP Struelens, MJ (reprint author), Free Univ Brussels, Hop Erasme, Microbiol Serv, Reference Lab Staphylococci, 808 Route Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium. EM marc.struelens@ulb.ac.be RI ETIENNE, Jerome/C-5471-2014; OI ETIENNE, Jerome/0000-0002-3348-3315; Tassios, Panayotis T/0000-0001-5016-559X NR 25 TC 67 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3527 EP 3533 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600001 PM 11015358 ER PT J AU Porcella, SF Raffel, SJ Schrumpf, ME Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT Schwan, TG AF Porcella, SF Raffel, SJ Schrumpf, ME Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT Schwan, TG TI Serodiagnosis of louse-borne relapsing fever with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) from Borrelia recurrentis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; IN-VITRO CULTIVATION; D-BINDING PROTEIN; TREPONEMA-PALLIDUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; SYPHILIS SPIROCHETE; CHAIN-REACTION; DNA INVITRO; SEQUENCE AB Human louse-borne relapsing fever occurs in sporadic outbreaks ih central and eastern Africa that are characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Isolates of the causative agent, Borrelia recurrentis, were obtained from the blood of four patients during a recent epidemic of the disease in southern Sudan. The glpQ gene, encoding glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, from these isolates was sequenced and compared with the glpQ sequences obtained from other relapsing-fever spirochetes. Previously we showed that GlpQ of Borrelia hermsii is an immunogenic protein with utility as a serological test antigen for discriminating tick borne relapsing fever front Lyme disease. In the present work, we Cloned and expressed the glpQ gene from B. recurrentis and used recombinant GlpQ in serological tests. Acute- and convalescent-phase serum: samples obtained from 42 patients with louse-borne relapsing fever were tested with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that used whole cells of B. recurrentis and with immunoblotting to whole-cell lysates of the spirochete and Escherichia: coli producing recombinant GlpQ. The geometric mean titers of the acute- and Convalescent-phase serum samples measured by IFA were 1:83 and 1:575, respectively. The immunoblot analysis identified a high level of reactivity and seroconversion to GlpQ, and the assay was more sensitive than the whole-cell IFA and ELISA using purified, recombinant histidine-tagged GlpQ. Serum antibodies to GlpQ and other antigens persisted for 27 Sears in one patient. We conclude that assessment of anti-GlpQ antibodies will allow serological confirmation of louse-borne relapsing fever and determination of disease prevalence. C1 NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Lab Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Schwan, TG (reprint author), NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Lab Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, NIH, 903 S 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. NR 74 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3561 EP 3571 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600007 PM 11015364 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Miller, JM AF O'Hara, CM Miller, JM TI Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Neg ID3 panel for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and some common gram-negative nonfermenters SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The MicroScan Rapid Neg ID3 panel (Dade Behring, Inc., West Sacramento, Calif) is designed for the identification of gram-negative bacilli. We evaluated its ability to accurately identify Enterobacteriaceae that are routinely encountered in a clinical laboratory and glucose nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. Using 511 stock cultures that were maintained at -70 degrees C and passaged three times before use, we inoculated panels according to the manufacturer's instructions and processed them in a Walk/Away instrument using version 22.01 software, The time to identification was 2 h and 30 min. All panel identifications were compared to reference identifications previously determined by conventional tube biochemicals, At the end of the initial 2.5-h incubation period, 405 (79.3%) identifications were correct. An additional 49 (9.6%) isolates were correctly identified after required additional off-line biochemical tests were performed, Thus, at 24 h, 88.8% of the 511 strains tested were correctly identified. Twenty-two (4.3%) were identified to the genus level only. Twenty-six (5.1%) strains were misidentified. Because the system is based on fluorogenics, there are no conventional tests readily available with which to compare possibly incorrect reactions, Of the 28 Salmonella strains that were tested, 5 were incorrectly reported. The 21 remaining errors were scattered among the genera tested. Testing on nine strains gave a result of "no identification" (very rare biotype), The Rapid Neg ID3 panel in this study approached 89% accuracy for the identification of gram-negative organisms encountered in the hospital laboratory. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop C16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3577 EP 3580 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600009 PM 11015366 ER PT J AU James, MJ Lasker, BA McNeil, MM Shelton, M Warnock, DW Reiss, E AF James, MJ Lasker, BA McNeil, MM Shelton, M Warnock, DW Reiss, E TI Use of a repetitive DNA probe to type clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus flavus from a cluster of cutaneous infections in a neonatal intensive care unit SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; FUMIGATUS; DIVERSITY; PARASITICUS; OUTBREAK; NOMIUS AB Aspergillus flavus is second to A. fumigatus as a cause of invasive aspergillosis, but no standard method exists for molecular typing of strains from human sources, A repetitive DNA sequence cloned from A. flavus and subcloned into a pUC19 vector, pAF28, was used to type 18 isolates from diverse clinical, environmental, and geographic sources. The restriction fragment length polymorphisms generated with EcoRI- or PstI-digested genomic DNA and probed with digoxigenin-labeled pAF28 revealed complete concordance between patterns. Eighteen distinct fingerprints were observed, The probe was used to investigate two cases of cutaneous A. flavus infection in low-birth-weight infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), Both infants were transported by the same ambulance and crew to the NICU on the same day. A. flavus strains of the same genotype were isolated from both infants, from a roll of tape used to fasten their umbilical catheters, from a canvas bag used to store the tape in the ambulance, and from the tape tray in the ambulance isolette, These cases highlight the need to consider exposures in critically ill neonates that might occur during their transport to the NICU and for stringent infection control practices. The hybridization profiles of strains from a second cluster of invasive A. flavus infections in two pediatric hematology-oncology patients revealed a genotype common to strains from a definite case patient and a health care worker, A probable case patient was infected with a strain with a genotype different from that of the strain from the definite case patient but highly related to that of an environmental isolate. The high degree of discrimination and reproducibility obtained with the pAF28 probe underscores its utility for typing clinical and environmental isolates of A. flavus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cook Childrens Med Ctr, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Reiss, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3612 EP 3618 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600015 PM 11015372 ER PT J AU Beall, B Gherardi, G Facklam, RR Hollingshead, SK AF Beall, B Gherardi, G Facklam, RR Hollingshead, SK TI Pneumococcal pspA sequence types of prevalent multiresistant pneumococcal strains in the United States and of internationally disseminated clones SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PROTEIN-A; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT CLONES; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CAPSULAR TYPE; PROTECTION; IDENTIFICATION; SEROTYPES AB In a recent genotypic survey of beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci recovered in different areas of United States during 1997, eight clonal types that each represented 3 to 40 isolates accounted for 134 of 144 isolates (G. Gherardi, C. Whitney, R. Facklam, and B. Beall, J. Infect. Dis. 181:216-229, 2000), We determined the degree of pspA gene diversity among these 134 isolates and for 11 previously characterized internationally disseminated multiresistant strains. Thirty-four different pspA restriction profiles were determined for an amplicon encompassing the variable portion of the structural gene that encodes the surface-exposed domain of PspA and a variable-length proline-rich putative cell wall-associated domain, These restriction profiles closely correlated with those of 33 different pspA sequence types of an approximately WO-residue region corresponding to residues 182 to 410 of the strain Rx1 PspA. These residues encompass a 100-residue clade-defining region known to contain cross-protective epitopes for which 17 sequence types were found. Distinct, conserved pspA sequence types were found for the majority of strains within seven of the eight U.S. clonal types assessed, while one pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type was represented by isolates of three distinct PspA clades, Sequence typing of pspA provides an added level of specificity in the subtyping of isolates and is a necessary first step in determining the components needed in a PspA vaccine which could elicit effective cross protective coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C02,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3663 EP 3669 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600023 PM 11015380 ER PT J AU Shulman, LM Manor, Y Handsher, R Delpeyroux, F McDonough, MJ Halmut, T Silberstein, I Alfandari, J Quay, J Fisher, T Robinov, J Kew, OM Crainic, R Mendelson, E AF Shulman, LM Manor, Y Handsher, R Delpeyroux, F McDonough, MJ Halmut, T Silberstein, I Alfandari, J Quay, J Fisher, T Robinov, J Kew, OM Crainic, R Mendelson, E TI Molecular and antigenic characterization of a highly evolved derivative of the type 2 oral poliovaccine strain isolated from sewage in Israel SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINE-RELATED POLIOVIRUSES; INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE; ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE; POLIOMYELITIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RECEPTOR; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; PROGRAM; SYSTEM AB An unusual, highly diverged derivative of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovaccine (OPV) strain was recovered from environmental samples during routine screening for wild polioviruses. Virus was cultivated in L20B cells and then passaged on BGM cells at 40 degrees C (RCT [reproductive capacity at supraoptimal temperature]-positive marker) to select against most OPV strains. All but 1 of 25 RCT-positive OPV-derived environmental isolates were antigenically and genetically (>99.5% VP1 sequence match) similar to the respective Sabin strains. However, isolate PV2/4568-1/ISR98 (referred to below as 4568-1) escaped neutralization with Sabin 2-specific monoclonal antibodies and cross-adsorbed sera, and had multiple nucleotide substitutions (220 of 2,646; 8.3%) in the P1 capsid region. Fourteen of the 44 associated amino acid substitutions in the capsid mapped to neutralizing antigenic sites. Neutralizing titers in the sera of 50 Israeli children 15 years old were significantly lower td 4568-1 (geometric mean titer [GMT], 47) than to Sabin 2 (GMT, 162) or to the prototype wild strain, PV2/MEF-1/EGY42 (GMT, 108). Two key attenuating sites had also reverted in 4568-1 (A(481) to G in the 5' untranslated region and the VP1 amino acid I-143 to T), and the isolate was highly neurovirulent for transgenic mice expressing the poliovirus receptor (PVR-Tg21 mice). The extensive genetic divergence of 4568-1 from the parental Sabin 2 strain suggested that the virus had replicated in one or more people for similar to 6 years. The presence in the environment of a highly evolved, neurovirulent OPV-derived poliovirus in the absence of polio cases has important implications for strategies for the cessation of immunization with OPV following global polio eradication. C1 Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Cent Virol Lab, Publ Hlth Labs, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Inst Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shulman, LM (reprint author), Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Cent Virol Lab, Publ Hlth Labs, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. RI Delpeyroux, Francis/H-8838-2016 NR 28 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3729 EP 3734 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600035 PM 11015392 ER PT J AU Martinez, MS Gonzalez-Mediero, G Santiago, P de Lope, AR Diz, J Conde, C Visvesvara, GS AF Martinez, MS Gonzalez-Mediero, G Santiago, P de Lope, AR Diz, J Conde, C Visvesvara, GS TI Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: Isolation of Acanthamoeba sp group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; FREE-LIVING AMEBAS; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; INFECTION; HAART; CHILD AB A patient with AIDS, treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, presented with confusion, a hemifield defect, and a mass lesion in the right occipital lobe, A brain biopsy confirmed granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) due to Acanthamoeba castellanii. The patient,vas treated with fluconazole and sulfadiazine, and the lesion was surgically excised. This is the first case of AIDS-associated GAE responding favorably to therapy. The existence of a solitary brain lesion, absence of other sites of infection, and intense cellular response in spite of a very low CD4 count conditioned the favorable outcome. We review and discuss the diagnostic microbiologic options for the laboratory diagnosis of infections due to free-living amebae. C1 Complexo Hosp Pontevedra, Neurol Serv, Dept Neurol, Pontevedra 36001, Spain. Complexo Hosp Pontevedra, Dept Internal Med, Pontevedra 36001, Spain. Hosp Xeral Cies, Dept Microbiol, Vigo, Spain. Hosp Xeral Cies, Dept Pathol, Vigo, Spain. Hosp Xeral Cies, Dept Neurosurg, Vigo, Spain. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Martinez, MS (reprint author), Complexo Hosp Pontevedra, Neurol Serv, Dept Neurol, Loureiro Crespo 2, Pontevedra 36001, Spain. EM mseijom@meditex.es RI De Lope, Angel/H-5246-2012 OI De Lope, Angel/0000-0001-8959-5407 NR 30 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 EI 1098-660X J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 38 IS 10 BP 3892 EP 3895 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361DP UT WOS:000089707600074 ER PT J AU Ward, MH Mark, SD Cantor, KP Weisenburger, DD Correa-Villasenor, A AF Ward, MH Mark, SD Cantor, KP Weisenburger, DD Correa-Villasenor, A TI Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Letter C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ward, MH (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Prevent & Genet, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS 8104, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0143-005X J9 J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H JI J. Epidemiol. Community Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 54 IS 10 BP 772 EP 773 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358VZ UT WOS:000089579000017 PM 11203341 ER PT J AU Yang, S Angulo, FJ Altekruse, SF AF Yang, S Angulo, FJ Altekruse, SF TI Evaluation of safe food-handling instructions on raw meat and poultry products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB Every year in the United States, millions of people become ill, thousands of people die, and substantial economic costs are incurred from foodborne diseases. As a measure to prevent foodborne diseases, since July 1994, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has required that safe food-handling labels be placed on retail packages of raw or partially cooked meat and poultry products. Through selected stares' Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) interviews, survey data were collected to determine the proportion of adults aware of the label and adults who reported changing their raw meat-handling practices because of the label. Fifty-one percent of the 14,262 respondents reported that they had seen the label. Of these, 79% remembered reading the label, and 37% of persons who reported that they had seen and read the label reported changing their raw meat preparation methods because of the label. Women were more Likely than men to have read the label, as were persons who are at least 30 years of age compared to younger adults (P < 0.05). Both label awareness and risky food-handling behaviors increased with education and income, suggesting that safe food-handling labels have limited influence on consumer practices. Our results also suggest that the labels might be more effective in discouraging cross-contamination than in promoting thorough cooking practices. We suggest that the label is only one component among many food safety education programs that are needed to inform consumers about proper food-handling and preparation practices and to motivate persons who have risky food-handling and preparation behaviors to change these behaviors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Sci Assessment & Suuport, Div Market Studies,Epidemiol Branch, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE M-S A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 10 BP 1321 EP 1325 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 361NW UT WOS:000089730000002 PM 11041129 ER PT J AU Simon, NE Reed, SD Grohskopf, LA Hooton, TM AF Simon, NE Reed, SD Grohskopf, LA Hooton, TM TI The association between patient expectations and prescriptions of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Sch Pharm, Seattle, WA USA. CDC, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0884-8734 J9 J GEN INTERN MED JI J. Gen. Intern. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 15 SU 2 BP 4 EP 4 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.15200-14.x PG 1 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 374CK UT WOS:000165326700015 ER PT J AU Chibo, D Birch, CJ Rota, PA Catton, MG AF Chibo, D Birch, CJ Rota, PA Catton, MG TI Molecular characterization of measles viruses isolated in Victoria, Australia, between 1973 and 1998 SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; ELIMINATION; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; GENOTYPE; AFRICA AB Molecular epidemiology studies have made significant contributions to the control of measles virus infection through the identification of source and transmission pathways of the virus. These studies allow observation of changes in measles virus genotypes over time in a particular geographical location, clarification of epidemiological links during measles outbreaks, separation of indigenous strains from newly imported strains and distinction between vaccine- and wild-type virus-associated illness, A total of 35 wild-type measles viruses identified in Victoria, Australia, between 1973 and 1998 were characterized by nucleic acid sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene and, in some cases, the haemagglutinin gene. Relatedness between the viruses was studied and genotypes were assigned using a classification scheme recently proposed by the World Health Organization. Five recognized genotypes (C2, D1, D4, D5 and H) and one previously undescribed genotype, which we propose to be D7, were identified. Successive replacement of measles virus genetic lineages occurred in Victoria, with no evidence of temporal overlap, during this 25 year period. This pattern of circulation is likely to represent serial importation of wild-type measles virus strains from overseas foci of measles virus infections. C1 Victorian Infect Dis Reference Lab, N Melbourne, Vic 3051, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Chibo, D (reprint author), Victorian Infect Dis Reference Lab, 10 Wreckyn St, N Melbourne, Vic 3051, Australia. NR 22 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 81 BP 2511 EP 2518 PN 10 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 358KJ UT WOS:000089557000019 PM 10993941 ER PT J AU Zhuo, JT Tao, GY Ebrahim, SH Wang, SS Luo, ZB Wang, HT AF Zhuo, JT Tao, GY Ebrahim, SH Wang, SS Luo, ZB Wang, HT TI The relationship of hepatitis B virus infection between adults and their children in Guangxi Province, China SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adults; children; HBV transmission; hepatitis B virus ID SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; VACCINATION; AGE AB Background/Aim: This study aimed to describe the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with emphasis on transmission of HBV infection between adults and their children. Methods: We analyzed the hepatitis sere-survey data collected from 2132 persons aged 1-59 years (624 families) in Guangxi Province, China, 1992. Blood was tested for the presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). Results: Of the 2132 persons surveyed, 119 (5.6%) reported receiving HBV vaccination. Among those persons who did not receive HBV vaccination, 19% were HBsAg positive (current HBV infection) and 57% had a past HBV infection (they were HBsAg negative and either anti-HBc positive or anti-HBs positive). Among 519 children aged 1-10 years who did not receive HBV vaccination, 21% had current HBV infection and 37% had past HBV infection. Among 289 children of both parents who were HBsAg negative, 16% had current HBV infection and 36% had past HBV infection. Conclusions: The high prevalence of community-acquired HBV infection in children and the low HBV vaccination coverage in Guangxi should alert public health agencies to re-examine their current policies for preventing HBV transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tao, GY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 33 IS 4 BP 628 EP 631 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0641.2000.033004628.x PG 4 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 359EH UT WOS:000089598200014 PM 11059868 ER PT J AU O'Neil, SP Novembre, FJ Hill, AB Suwyn, C Hart, CE Evans-Strickfaden, T Anderson, DC deRosayro, J Herndon, JG Saucier, M McClure, HM AF O'Neil, SP Novembre, FJ Hill, AB Suwyn, C Hart, CE Evans-Strickfaden, T Anderson, DC deRosayro, J Herndon, JG Saucier, M McClure, HM TI Progressive infection in a subset of HIV-1-positive chimpanzees SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS CY OCT 23-26, 1996 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP US PHS, Natl Ctr Res Resources, NIAID, NIH, Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, Chiron Biocine, Immunotech, A Coulter Co, TSI Mason Lab ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LONG-TERM SURVIVORS; PERSISTENT GENERALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY; FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS; WILD-CAPTURED CHIMPANZEE; MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; HIV-1 RNA LEVEL AB Chimpanzees are susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1; however, infected animals usually maintain normal numbers of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and do not develop immunodeficiency. We have examined 10 chronically infected HIV-1-positive chimpanzees for evidence of progressive infection. In addition to 1 animal that developed AIDS, 3 chimpanzees exhibit evidence of progressive HIV infection. All progressors have low CD4(+) T cell counts (<200 cells/mu L), severe CD4:CD8 inversion, and marked reduction in interleukin-2 receptor expression by CD4(+) T cells. In comparison with HIV-positive nonprogressor chimpanzees, progressors have higher plasma and lymphoid virus loads, greater CD38 expression in CD8(+)/HLA-DR+ T cells, and greater serum concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor type II receptors and beta 2-microglobulin, all markers of HIV progression in humans. These observations show that progressive HIV-1 infection can occur in chimpanzees and suggest that the pathogenesis of progressive infection in this species resembles that in humans. C1 Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Res Resources, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Neurosci, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Res Lab, Div AIDS STD & TB, Retroviral Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Neil, SP (reprint author), Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Microbiol & Immunol, 954 N Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00165]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI38501, R01-AI40879] NR 118 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1051 EP 1062 DI 10.1086/315823 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100006 PM 10979899 ER PT J AU Bessen, DE Carapetis, JR Beall, B Katz, R Hibble, M Currie, BJ Collingridge, T Izzo, MW Scaramuzzino, DA Sriprakash, KS AF Bessen, DE Carapetis, JR Beall, B Katz, R Hibble, M Currie, BJ Collingridge, T Izzo, MW Scaramuzzino, DA Sriprakash, KS TI Contrasting molecular epidemiology of group A streptococci causing tropical and nontropical infections of the skin and throat SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Lancefield International Symposium for Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases CY OCT, 1999 CL AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; ACUTE RHEUMATIC-FEVER; GENE-SEQUENCES; M-PROTEIN; PYOGENES; DISEASE; SEROTYPES; SPREAD; POPULATION; CHILDREN AB Disease caused by group A streptococci (GAS) in tropical regions often takes the form of impetigo, whereas pharyngitis tends to predominate in temperate zones. GAS derived from asymptomatic throat infections and pyoderma lesions of rural Aboriginal Australians were evaluated for phylogenetic distant emm genes, which represent ecological markers for tissue site preference. On the basis of the percentage of total isolates from a given tissue, emm pattern A-C organisms exhibited a stronger predilection for the throat, whereas pattern D organisms preferred the skin, Only 16% of isolates collected by active surveillance displayed pattern A-C, which reflects the low incidence of oropharyngeal infection. Importantly, most (70%) pattern A-C organisms were isolated from skin sores, despite their innate tendency to infect the throat. Combined with findings from nontropical populations, analysis of the data supports the hypothesis that GAS tissue preferences are genetically predetermined and that host risk factors for infection strongly influence the differential reproduction of individual clones. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Menzies Sch Hlth Res, Darwin, NT, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bessen, DE (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, 60 Coll St,Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. OI Sriprakash, Kadaba/0000-0001-7844-323X FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-28944]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-60793] NR 42 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1109 EP 1116 DI 10.1086/315842 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100014 PM 10979907 ER PT J AU Rapola, S Jantti, V Haikala, R Syrjanen, R Carlone, GM Sampson, JS Briles, DE Paton, JC Takala, AK Kilpi, TM Kayhty, H AF Rapola, S Jantti, V Haikala, R Syrjanen, R Carlone, GM Sampson, JS Briles, DE Paton, JC Takala, AK Kilpi, TM Kayhty, H TI Natural development of antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A, pneumococcal surface adhesin A, and pneumolysin in relation to pneumococcal carriage and acute otitis media SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases CY JUN 13-17, 1998 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; CONJUGATE VACCINE; CHILDREN; PSPA; MICE; IMMUNIZATION; PROTECTION; IMMUNOGENICITY; POLYSACCHARIDE AB Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA), and pneumolysin (Ply) are common to virtually all Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. They are immunogenic and protective against pneumococcal challenge in animals and are the major candidates for a protein-based pneumococcal vaccine for humans. However, little is known of the natural development of antibodies to these proteins in humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural development of antibodies to PspA, PsaA, and Ply in relation to pneumococcal infection and carriage in young children. Serum antibodies to these proteins were measured by EIA in children at ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and in their mothers. All age groups were capable of producing antibodies to the 3 proteins. The antibody concentrations increased with age and were strongly associated with pneumococcal exposure, whether by carriage or infection (acute otitis media). C1 Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Vaccines, Helsinki 00300, Finland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Womens & Childrens Hosp, Adelaide, SA, Australia. RP Rapola, S (reprint author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Vaccines, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki 00300, Finland. RI Paton, James/A-9920-2008 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-21548, AI-65298] NR 30 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1146 EP 1152 DI 10.1086/315822 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100018 PM 10979911 ER PT J AU Sacchi, CT Whitney, AM Popovic, T Beall, DS Reeves, MW Plikaytis, BD Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Tondella, MLC Mayer, LW AF Sacchi, CT Whitney, AM Popovic, T Beall, DS Reeves, MW Plikaytis, BD Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Tondella, MLC Mayer, LW TI Diversity and prevalence of PorA types in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B in the United States, 1992-1998 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; HUMAN BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODIES; T-CELL RESPONSES; VESICLE VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; BRAZILIAN CHILDREN; HEXAVALENT PORA; SAO-PAULO; IMMUNOGENICITY AB Two hundred eighty-one sporadic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B isolates, collected through active laboratory-based surveillance, were selected to be analyzed by PorA variable region (VR) typing to determine the prevalence of PorA types in the United States. A substantial number of distinct VR types were identified, 31 in VR1 and 41 in VR2. A total of 73 different PorA types were found, and 76.7% of these types comprise nonprototype sequences in VRI, VR2, or both. The most prevalent PorA types were P1.7,16-20 (previously P1.7,16i), P1.22,14, P1.22-1,14 (previously P1.22a,14), P1.7,16, P1.7-1,1 (previously P1.7d,1), P1.19,15, and P1.17,16-3 (previously P1.B,16d). No correlation was observed between the PorA types and geographic origin of the isolates. These data may aid in the design of an efficacious outer membrane protein-based vaccine by identifying the most appropriate PorA types for vaccine formulation. Studies are needed to fully evaluate the extent of cross-protection in humans among the variants and prototypes in each PorA VR family. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Adolfo Lutz Inst, Dept Bacteriol, Div Med Biol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Sacchi, CT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop D-11,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 48 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1169 EP 1176 DI 10.1086/315833 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100021 PM 10979914 ER PT J AU Huang, L Beard, CB Creasman, J Levy, D Duchin, JS Lee, S Pieniazek, N Carter, JL del Rio, C Rimland, D Navin, TR AF Huang, L Beard, CB Creasman, J Levy, D Duchin, JS Lee, S Pieniazek, N Carter, JL del Rio, C Rimland, D Navin, TR TI Sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and geographic region predict mutations in the Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CY JAN 31-FEB 04, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; RESISTANCE; PNEUMONIA; AIDS; SEQUENCE; DRUGS; SULFADOXINE; INHIBITORS AB To determine factors associated with mutations in the Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene, a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with confirmed P. carinii pneumonia was conducted in Atlanta, Seattle, and San Francisco. Clinical information was obtained from patient interview and chart abstraction. DHPS genotype was determined from DNA sequencing. Overall, 76 (68.5%) of 111 patients had a mutant DHPS genotype, including 22 (81.5%) of 27 patients from San Francisco. In multivariate analysis, sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and study site were independent predictors of a mutant genotype. Fourteen (53.8%) of 26 patients who were newly diagnosed with HIV infection and had never taken prophylaxis had a mutant genotype. The significance of geographic location as a risk factor for mutant genotype and the high proportion of mutant genotypes among persons never prescribed prophylaxis, including those newly diagnosed with HIV infection, provide indirect evidence that these mutations are transmitted from person to person either directly or through a common environmental source. C1 San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Posit Hlth Program, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Ctr AIDS Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Div Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Huang, L (reprint author), San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Posit Hlth Program, Ward 84,995 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. RI del Rio, Carlos/B-3763-2012 OI del Rio, Carlos/0000-0002-0153-3517 FU NIMH NIH HHS [P30 MH59037] NR 35 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1192 EP 1198 DI 10.1086/315824 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100024 PM 10979917 ER PT J AU Hurwitz, ES Haber, M Chang, A Shope, T Teo, ST Giesick, JS Ginsberg, MM Cox, NJ AF Hurwitz, ES Haber, M Chang, A Shope, T Teo, ST Giesick, JS Ginsberg, MM Cox, NJ TI Studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: Immunologic response, protection against infection, anti clinical effectiveness SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID OTITIS-MEDIA; EFFICACY AB A randomized, blinded, pilot study of influenza vaccine administered to children attending day care centers was conducted during the 1996-1997 winter. Vaccine efficacy in preventing serologically proven influenza virus infection was 0.45 (95% confidence limit [CL]: - 0.02, 0.69) for influenza B and 0.31 (95% CL: -0.95, 0.73) for influenza A(H3N2), For both influenza A(H3N2) and B, children without preexisting hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody to these antigens had lower antibody responses to vaccine, were less likely to develop a serological response, and were more likely to develop serological evidence of influenza infection, Although there were no reductions in respiratory or febrile respiratory illnesses among all vaccinated children, there was a trend for reductions in such illnesses among vaccinated children with preexisting HI antibodies to influenza A(H3N2) and B. Therefore, immunologic priming in young children may be important for vaccine response and for protection against infection, Larger studies are needed in other influenza seasons to assess vaccine efficacy and clinical effectiveness. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. San Diego Naval Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. San Diego Cty Hlth Dept, San Diego, CA USA. RP Hurwitz, ES (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 182 IS 4 BP 1218 EP 1221 DI 10.1086/315820 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 361FJ UT WOS:000089712100028 PM 10979921 ER PT J AU Robertson, BH Averhoff, F Cromeans, TL Han, XH Khoprasert, B Nainan, OV Rosenberg, J Paikoff, L DeBess, E Shapiro, CN Margolis, HS AF Robertson, BH Averhoff, F Cromeans, TL Han, XH Khoprasert, B Nainan, OV Rosenberg, J Paikoff, L DeBess, E Shapiro, CN Margolis, HS TI Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus isolates during a community-wide outbreak SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE molecular epidemiology; nucleic acid sequence; virus detection; PCR; virus excretion ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; A VIRUS; FECAL EXCRETION; RISK-FACTORS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; MULTISTATE; PATTERNS; CHILDREN; STRAINS AB In 1993-94, a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Stanislaus County, California. Stool specimens collected from a sample of 33 case patients were used to evaluate the duration of hepatitis A virus (HAV) excretion and the genetic relatedness of HAV isolates. Twenty-four percent of the patients had a stool sample positive for HAV antigen by enzyme immunoassay, whereas 91% had at least one stool positive for HAV RNA by RT-PCR amplification. Children were found to excrete low levels of HAV RNA for up to 10 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Analysis of the HAV VP1 amino terminus and VP1/P2A regions showed that a limited number of HAV isolates circulated during the epidemic and the majority of the cases were infected with the same strain. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Stanislaus Cty Dept Hlth, Modesto, CA USA. RP Robertson, BH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, EIS Program, Epidemiol Program Off, Mailstop A33,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 144 EP 150 DI 10.1002/1096-9071(200010)62:2<144::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-I PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 350RL UT WOS:000089114900004 PM 11002242 ER PT J AU Grajewski, B Cox, C Schrader, SM Murray, WE Edwards, RM Turner, TW Smith, JM Shekar, SS Evenson, DP Simon, SD Conover, DL AF Grajewski, B Cox, C Schrader, SM Murray, WE Edwards, RM Turner, TW Smith, JM Shekar, SS Evenson, DP Simon, SD Conover, DL TI Semen quality and hormone levels among radiofrequency heater operators SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHROMATIN STRUCTURE ASSAY; ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE; UNEXPOSED WORKERS; DNA DENATURATION; HUMAN SPERM; EXPOSURE; MICE; REPRODUCTION; FERTILITY; CURRENTS AB Approximately 9,000,000 US workers are occupationally exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation; over 250,000 operate RF dielectric heaters. Our purpose was to determine whether mole RF heater operators experience increased adverse reproductive effects reflected in reduced semen quality or altered hormone levels. We measured incident RF heater radiation exposures and RF-induced foot currents at four companies. For 12 male heater operators and a comparison group of 34 RF-unexposed men, rue measured 33 parameters of semen quality and four serum hormones, Despite wide variation in individual exposure levels, near field strengths and induced foot currents did not exceed current standard levels and guidelines. We observed minor semen quality and hormonal differences between the groups, including a slightly higher mean follicle-stimulating hormone level for exposed operators (7.6 vs 5.8 mIU/mL). Further occupational studies of RF-exposed men may be warranted. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Hlth Resources Serv Adm, Dept Field Operat, Rockville, MD USA. S Dakota State Univ, Olson Biochem Labs, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Childrens Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. RP Grajewski, B (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop R-44,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011 NR 62 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 42 IS 10 BP 993 EP 1005 DI 10.1097/00043764-200010000-00005 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 361QA UT WOS:000089732700004 PM 11039163 ER PT J AU Lehmann, T Blackston, CR Parmley, SF Remington, JS Dubey, JP AF Lehmann, T Blackston, CR Parmley, SF Remington, JS Dubey, JP TI Strain typing of Toxoplasma gondii: Comparison of antigen-coding and housekeeping genes SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NATURAL-SELECTION; ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; PARASITE; MICE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; DISEASE AB Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates is central for understanding differences in disease transmission and manifestations. Only 3 subgroups (lineages) have been discerned with subtle within-lineage variation, permitting low-resolution classification of isolates. Because proteins, coding sequences, and especially antigen-coding genes have been used extensively in previous studies, we focused on sequence variation in introns of housekeeping genes, which may be more informative for phylogenetic analysis because they evolve under lower selection. We compared sequence variation in introns of 5 housekeeping genes with 2 antigen-coding genes. Introns of housekeeping genes were slightly more polymorphic than coding and noncoding regions of antigen-coding genes and only the former showed intralineage variation. Intragenic linkage disequilibrium was complete, but intergenic linkage, although highly significant, was incomplete, suggesting that genes are partially uncoupled. Six of 7 substitutions found within the region coding for the tachyzoite surface antigen, SAG2, were nonsynonymous, indicating that diversifying selection acts on this locus. Typing isolates on the basis of housekeeping and antigen-coding genes was consistent, but the phylogenetic relationships among the resulting groups was inconsistent. A cougar isolate typed as lineage II using a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay possessed multiple unique polymorphisms, suggesting that it represents a new lineage. We concluded that introns of housekeeping genes are preferred markers for phylogenetic study, and that multilocus genotyping is preferred for typing parasites, especially from feral or unstudied environments. C1 CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Lehmann, T (reprint author), CDC, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Highway,MS F22, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 41 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 86 IS 5 BP 960 EP 971 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0960:STOTGC]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 365NQ UT WOS:000089957700014 PM 11128519 ER PT J AU Greene, RM Hancock, K Wilkins, PP Tsang, VCW AF Greene, RM Hancock, K Wilkins, PP Tsang, VCW TI Taenia solium: Molecular cloning and serologic evaluation of 14-and 18-kDa related, diagnostic antigens SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS; MAJOR CAUSE; PROTEIN; GLYCOPROTEINS; OPTIMIZATION; ANTIBODIES; DATABASE; SITES; ASSAY AB We are attempting to design a simpler assay based on synthetic or recombinant antigens to replace the labor-intensive enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB-C), which is currently used to diagnose Taenia solium cysticercosis. From the lentil lectin-bound fraction of cyst glycoproteins (the LLGP fraction used in the EITB-C), we previously identified and purified 2 related polypeptides of 14- and 18-kDa that demonstrated diagnostic usefulness. Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to amino acid sequences of these polypeptides and a cDNA library prepared from T. solium cysticerci, we amplified cDNA clones that represent the 14- and 18-kDa polypeptides. These clones share sequence homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Synthetic polypeptides that represented the full-length, mature proteins (sTS14 and sTS18) were assessed for serologic potential using an ELISA. sTS14, but not sTS18, demonstrated utility as a diagnostic antigen, sTS14 was recognized by antibodies in a majority of the sera from patients with cysticercosis and none of the sera from persons with other helminth infections or uninfected human sera. Furthermore, polyclonal antibodies to sTS14 reacted with 6 discrete proteins present in the LLGP cyst fraction, suggesting that TS14 is a subunit of other previously described antigens used for diagnosing cysticercosis. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Tsang, VCW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [5-T32-A107322, 1-U-19-A145431-01] NR 22 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 86 IS 5 BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1001:TSMCAS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 365NQ UT WOS:000089957700019 PM 11128471 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Limor, JR Sulaiman, IM Duncan, RB Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Limor, JR Sulaiman, IM Duncan, RB Lal, AA TI Molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from a black bear SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; CLETHRIONOMYS-GLAREOLUS; PARVUM; PREVALENCE; RESERVOIR; RODENTS AB To further validate the observation of the existence of host-adapted-strains of Cryptosporidium parvum, we genetically characterized an isolate of Cryptosporidium parasite from a black bear. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA small subunit and the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) showed that this parasite represents a new genotype of C. parvum and is related to the C. parvum dog genotype. This finding is helpful for clarifying Cryptosporidium taxonomy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 19 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 86 IS 5 BP 1166 EP 1170 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1166:MCOACI]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 365NQ UT WOS:000089957700053 PM 11128505 ER PT J AU Martin, R Watson, D Wan, CK AF Martin, R Watson, D Wan, CK TI A three-factor model of trait anger: Dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition SO JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Personality and Social Behavior CY JUN 18, 1996 CL NAGS HEAD, NORTH CAROLINA ID MEDLEY HOSTILITY SCALE; A BEHAVIOR; CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HO SCALE; PERSONALITY; HEALTH; COOK; DISEASE; STYLE; MMPI AB The structure of trait anger was tested in a study of 24 self-report scales. Exploratory factor analyses in an undergraduate sample (N = 457) yielded a two-factor model (comprising cynicism and aggression) and a three-factor model (representing angry emotions, aggressive behaviors, and cynicism). Subsequent evaluations, including confirmatory factor analyses, indicated that the three-factor model provided the best characterization of the trait anger domain. The three-factor solution was consistent with an "ABC" conceptualization of trait anger, consisting of the dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition. The three factors showed strikingly different associations with the Big Five personality traits. Angry Affect was most strongly related to Neuroticism, whereas Behavioral Aggression was associated with low Agreeableness. Cynical Cognition represented a blend of neurotic and disagreeable characteristics. Modest mean-level differences were observed between the genders for each factor. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Martin, R (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, 11 Seashore Hall E, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Watson, David/D-8129-2011 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL46448] NR 64 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3506 J9 J PERS JI J. Pers. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 68 IS 5 BP 869 EP 897 DI 10.1111/1467-6494.00119 PG 29 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 356PP UT WOS:000089451900003 PM 11001152 ER PT J AU Galil, K Seward, J Schmid, DS AF Galil, K Seward, J Schmid, DS TI Transmitting varicella to a gravida SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID VACCINE; TRANSMISSION; VIRUS; CONTACTS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Varicella Zoster Virus Lab, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Galil, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCI PRINTERS & PUBL INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO DRAWER 12425 8342 OLIVE BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63132 USA SN 0024-7758 J9 J REPROD MED JI J. Reprod. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 45 IS 10 BP 861 EP 862 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 368ET UT WOS:000090105300018 PM 11077641 ER PT J AU Wener, MH Daum, PR McQuillan, GM AF Wener, MH Daum, PR McQuillan, GM TI The influence of age, sex, and race on the upper reference limit of serum C-reactive protein concentration SO JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-reactive protein; reference values; demography; age factors; sex factors; ethnic groups ID ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION-RATE; ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REFERENCE INTERVALS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; SMOKERS; DISEASE; INFLAMMATION; POPULATION; WOMEN AB Objective. The recommended reference range for serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations is usually not adjusted for age and sex. We sought to determine if age, sex, and race or ethnicity influence the distribution of CRP values, and if upper reference limits of CRP should be adjusted by demographic factors. Methods. Interviews, physical examinations, and blood draws were performed on > 22,000 individuals age > 4 yrs representative of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States, as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES III). Serum CRP concentrations were measured by nephelometric immunoassay. Results. The 95th percentile value of CRP in the overall population was 0.95 mg/dl for males and 1.39 mg/dl for females, and varied with age and race. For ages 25-70 yrs, the age adjusted approximate upper reference limit (mg/dl) was CRP = age/50 for males, and CRP = age/50 + 0.6 for females. The upper limits For Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites were similar, whereas for non-Hispanic black adults the approximate upper limit was CRP = age/30 for males and CRP = age/50 + 1.0 for females. Even after accounting for identified inflammatory conditions, demographic factors influenced the reference limits of CRP. The 95th percentile values were uniformly lower in children than in older adults. Conclusion. Demographic factors, including age, sex, and race, should he used to adjust the upper reference limit for CRP. Clinicians should be aware of these factors when using CRP values to assess inflammatory diseases. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Lab Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wener, MH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Lab Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 47 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 3 U2 5 PU J RHEUMATOL PUBL CO PI TORONTO PA 920 YONGE ST, SUITE 115, TORONTO, ONTARIO M4W 3C7, CANADA SN 0315-162X J9 J RHEUMATOL JI J. Rheumatol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 27 IS 10 BP 2351 EP 2359 PG 9 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 360LN UT WOS:000089669300011 PM 11036829 ER PT J AU Ghannoum, MA Hajjeh, RA Scher, R Konnikov, N Gupta, AK Summerbell, R Sullivan, S Daniel, R Krusinski, P Fleckman, P Rich, P Odom, R Aly, R Pariser, D Zaiac, M Rebell, G Lesher, J Gerlach, B Ponce-de-Leon, GF Ghannoum, A Warner, J Isham, N Elewski, B AF Ghannoum, MA Hajjeh, RA Scher, R Konnikov, N Gupta, AK Summerbell, R Sullivan, S Daniel, R Krusinski, P Fleckman, P Rich, P Odom, R Aly, R Pariser, D Zaiac, M Rebell, G Lesher, J Gerlach, B Ponce-de-Leon, GF Ghannoum, A Warner, J Isham, N Elewski, B TI A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: The frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DERMATOPHYTE ONYCHOMYCOSIS; STRATUM-CORNEUM; PREVALENCE AB Background: Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail bed, is responsible for up to 50% of nail disorders. Although several surveys have been conducted in different parts of the world, there have been no multicenter epidemiologic surveys of onychomycosis in North America. Objective: A 12-center study was undertaken to (1) determine the frequency of onychomycosis, (2) identify organisms recovered from the nails, and (3) determine the antifungal susceptibility of isolates. Methods: ii total of 1832 subjects participated in this study and completed a comprehensive questionnaire, and nail clippings were collected for potassium hydroxide examination and culturing. Results: The frequency of onychomycosis, as defined by the presence of septate hyphae on direct microscopy and/or the recovery of a dermatophyte, was found to be 13.8%. In general, the dermatophyte isolates were susceptible to the antifungals tested. Conclusion: Because of the limited number of large-scale studies, the baseline incidence is not firmly established. However, the higher frequency of onychomycosis in this study may confirm the suspected increase in incidence of disease in North America. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Dermatol, Ctr Med Mycol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Infect, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Sunnybrook Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Dermatol, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ontario Minist Hlth, Mycol Lab, Toronto, ON, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada. Jackson State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Div Dermatol, Seattle, WA USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Dermatol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Hosp & Clin, San Francisco, CA USA. Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Div Dermatol, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. Mt Sinai Hosp, Greater Miami Skin & Laser Ctr, Miami Beach, FL USA. Med Coll Georgia, Dept Med, Dermatol Sect, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. RP Ghannoum, MA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Dermatol, Ctr Med Mycol, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. OI Gupta, Aditya/0000-0002-8664-7723 NR 19 TC 247 Z9 254 U1 1 U2 6 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0190-9622 J9 J AM ACAD DERMATOL JI J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 641 EP 648 DI 10.1067/mjd.2000.107754 PG 8 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 360MM UT WOS:000089671800012 PM 11004620 ER PT J AU Zadeh, MM Bridges, CB Thompson, WW Arden, NH Fukuda, K AF Zadeh, MM Bridges, CB Thompson, WW Arden, NH Fukuda, K TI Influenza outbreak detection and control measures in nursing homes in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE antiviral agents; influenza; influenza vaccination; diagnosis and drug therapy; nursing homes ID A H3N2; AMANTADINE PROPHYLAXIS; VACCINE; EFFICACY; MORTALITY; EPIDEMIC; RIMANTADINE; POPULATION; MANAGEMENT; INFECTION AB OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of influenza vaccine, rapid influenza testing, and influenza antiviral medication in nursing homes in the US to prevent and control outbreaks. METHODS: Survey questionnaires were sent to 1017 randomly selected nursing homes in nine states. Information was collected on influenza prevention, detection and control practices, and on outbreaks during three influenza seasons (1995-1998). RESULTS: The survey response rate was 78%. Influenza vaccine was offered to residents and staff by 99% and 86%, respectively, of nursing homes. Among nursing homes offering the influenza vaccine, the average vaccination rate was 83% for residents and 46% for staff. Sixty-seven percent of the nursing homes reported having access to laboratories with rapid antigen testing capabilities, and 19% reported having a written policy for the use of influenza antiviral medications for outbreak control. Nursing homes from New York, where organized education programs on influenza detection and control have been conducted for many years, were more likely to have reported a suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza outbreak (51% vs 10%,P = .01), to have access to rapid antigen testing for influenza (92% vs 63%, P = .01), and to use antivirals for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A for their nursing home residents (94% vs 55%, P = .01) compared with nursing homes from the other eight states. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza outbreaks among nursing home residents can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality when prevention measures are not rapidly instituted. However, many nursing homes in this survey were neither prepared to detect nor to control influenza A outbreaks. Targeted, sustained educational efforts can improve the detection and control of outbreaks in nursing homes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Bridges, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A-32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 48 IS 10 BP 1310 EP 1315 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 363EF UT WOS:000089821600018 PM 11037020 ER PT J AU Garcia-Lerma, JG Gerrish, PJ Wright, AC Qari, SH Heneine, W AF Garcia-Lerma, JG Gerrish, PJ Wright, AC Qari, SH Heneine, W TI Evidence of a role for the Q151L mutation and the viral background in development of multiple dideoxynucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POL GENE-MUTATIONS; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; DRUG-RESISTANCE; REPLICATIVE FITNESS; COMBINATION THERAPY; IN-VITRO; ZIDOVUDINE; INHIBITORS; PROTEASE; SENSITIVITY AB The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients treated with zidovudine (AZT) plus zalcitabine (ddC) and didanosine (ddI) develop AZT resistance mediated by mutations such as T215Y and M41L. Only a small proportion of patients develop multiple dideoxynucleoside resistance (MDNR) mediated by the Q151M mutation. To gain insight into the factors responsible for the low frequency of selection of Q151M, we evaluated the replication capabilities of recombinant viruses carrying two possible intermediates (151L or 151K) of the Q151M mutation generated in different reverse transcriptase (RT) genetic backgrounds. The 151L and 151K mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis in RTs from two patient-derived HIV-1 isolates that had either wild type (WT) Q or the Q151M (posttreatment isolate) mutation. For comparison, both mutations were also introduced in a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain (HIV-1(HXB2)). Analysis of replication capabilities showed that both 151L and 151K were lethal in RT genetic backgrounds of the WT isolate and in HIV-1(HXB2). In contrast, 151L but not 151K allowed virus replication in RT backgrounds of the posttreatment isolate. Three mutations (V35I, S68G, and I178M) were present in the RT background of the posttreatment isolate but not in the WT isolate. Introduction of S68G in the RT of both the WT isolate and HIV-1(HXB2) partially restored replication capacity of recombinants carrying the 151L mutation. The S68G mutation alone did not confer a significant replicative disadvantage in WT viruses. Like HIV-1(151M), HIV-1(151L) RT was found to have six- to eightfold resistance to AZT-triphosphate (TP), ddA-TP, and ddC-TP, indicating an MDNR phenotype. However, HIV-1(151L) was found to be less fit than HIV-1(151M), which may explain the preferential selection of HIV-1(151M) observed in vivo. The demonstrated ability of HIV-1(151L/68G) to replicate and the associated MDNR suggest that 151L is a potential intermediate of Q151M. The dependence of HIV-1(151L) on other mutations, such as S68G, for replication may explain the low frequency of the Q151M-mediated pathway of resistance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Gerrish, Philip/0000-0001-6393-0553 NR 29 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 74 IS 20 BP 9339 EP 9346 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.20.9339-9346.2000 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 357LP UT WOS:000089503400001 PM 11000201 ER PT J AU Otten, RA Smith, DK Adams, DR Pullium, JK Jackson, E Kim, CN Jaffe, H Janssen, R Butera, S Folks, TM AF Otten, RA Smith, DK Adams, DR Pullium, JK Jackson, E Kim, CN Jaffe, H Janssen, R Butera, S Folks, TM TI Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2) SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHESUS MACAQUES; MACACA-NEMESTRINA; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; PERSISTENT; PREVENTION; HOST; REPLICATION; CHALLENGE; TRANSIENT AB Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) after intravaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was investigated using the HN type 2 (HIV-2)/pig-tailed macaque transmission model. PEP for 28 days with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA; tenofovir) was initiated 12 to 72 h following HIV-2 exposure. Systemic infection was not evident in the 12- and 36-h groups, as defined by plasma viremia, cell-associated provirus, antibody responses, and lymph node virus. Breakthrough infection in the 72-h group was detected at week 16 post-virus exposure. These results demonstrate for the first time using a vaginal transmission model that early intervention after high-risk sexual exposures may prevent infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control, HARB, DASTLR, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Sci Resources Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Div Anim Resources, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Otten, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, HARB, DASTLR, NCID, Mailstop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 135 Z9 136 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 74 IS 20 BP 9771 EP 9775 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.20.9771-9775.2000 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA 357LP UT WOS:000089503400053 PM 11000253 ER PT J AU Comer, JA Nicholson, WL Paddock, CD Sumner, JW Childs, JE AF Comer, JA Nicholson, WL Paddock, CD Sumner, JW Childs, JE TI Detection of antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia chaffeensis in the raccoon SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia chaffeensis; immunofluorescence assay; Procyon lotor; raccoon; survey ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS ACARI; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; UNITED-STATES; EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION; TICKS ACARI; NEW-YORK; IXODIDAE AB Antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia chaffeensis were detected in raccoon (Procyon lotor) serum samples by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Samples from 411 raccoons trapped in the southeastern United States from 1977 to 1999 were tested. Serologically reactive samples with reciprocal titers of greater than or equal to 16 were detected from 83 raccoons (20%) from 13 of 16 counties in eight states, indicating that raccoons are commonly exposed to E. chaffeensis. Samples collected as early as 1977 were positive. A polymerase chain reaction assay specific for E. chaffeensis failed to detect the presence of ehrlichial DNA in serum samples from 20 representative seroreactive raccoons. Because of serologic cross-reactivity among antigens derived from different Ehrlichia spp., additional immunologic, molecular, or culture-based studies will be required to confirm E. chaffeensis infections of raccoons in the southeastern United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Comer, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 705 EP 712 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 371GK UT WOS:000165170300010 PM 11085432 ER PT J AU Miller, DS Covell, DF McLean, RG Adrian, WJ Niezgoda, M Gustafson, JM Rongstad, OJ Schultz, RD Kirk, LJ Quan, TJ AF Miller, DS Covell, DF McLean, RG Adrian, WJ Niezgoda, M Gustafson, JM Rongstad, OJ Schultz, RD Kirk, LJ Quan, TJ TI Serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western United States SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE swift fox; kit fox; canine distemper virus; canine parvovirus; rabies virus; arbovirus; bacteria; rickettsia ID CANINE PARVOVIRUS; SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO; GRAY FOXES; VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; PREVALENCE; MORTALITY; DISTEMPER AB A serologic survey of swift fox Vulpes velox) and kit fox (V macrotis) from the western USA was conducted for 12 infectious diseases. Samples from swift fox were collected between 1987 and 1992 from Colorado (n = 44), Kansas (n = 10), and Wyoming (n = 9). Samples from kit fox were collected in California (n = 86), New Mexico (n = 18), Utah (n = 9) and Arizona (n = 6). Overall antibody prevalence rates were 33 of 110 (30%) for canine parvovirus (CPV), 9 of 72 (13%) for canine distemper virus (CDV). 23 of 117 (20%) for vesicular stomatitis New Jersey, 16 of 117 (14%) for vesicular stomatitis Indiana, six of 117 (5%) for Cache Valley virus, five of 117 (4%) for Jamestown Canyon virus, one of 97 (1%) for rabies virus, one of 117 (1%) for Colorado tick fever virus, and one of 117 (1%) for western equine encephalitis virus. In addition, antibodies were not found to Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Borrelia burgdorferi swift fox from Colorado had serologic evidence of exposure to CPV more often than juveniles. No juvenile swift fox from Colorado had serum antibodies to CDV There were season-specific differences in serum antibody prevalence for for swift fox from Colorado. No viruses were isolated from ectoparasites or fos from Colorado. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado Div Wildlife, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Miller, DS (reprint author), Ft Wayne Childrens Zoo, 3411 Sherman Blvd, Ft Wayne, IN 46808 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 4 BP 798 EP 805 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 371GK UT WOS:000165170300026 PM 11085448 ER PT J AU Hynes, M Cardozo, BL AF Hynes, M Cardozo, BL TI Sexual violence against refugee women SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEQUELAE; TORTURE; RAPE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Emergency Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hynes, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 13 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 9 IS 8 BP 819 EP 823 DI 10.1089/152460900750020847 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 369NJ UT WOS:000165073500002 PM 11074947 ER PT J AU Bandini, LG Must, A Naumova, EN Caprio, S Dietz, WH AF Bandini, LG Must, A Naumova, EN Caprio, S Dietz, WH TI Leptin as a menarche trigger: issue remains unresolved SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Naumova, Elena/C-5954-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 8 SU 1 MA O6 BP 16S EP 16S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 364DE UT WOS:000089876100062 ER PT J AU Horlick, M Pietrobelli, A Mei, Z Heymsfield, SB AF Horlick, M Pietrobelli, A Mei, Z Heymsfield, SB TI Body mass index-%fat relationship: Relevance to pediatric percent fat ranges for overweight and obesity. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Columbia Univ, Obes Res Ctr, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Verona, Pediat Unit, I-37100 Verona, Italy. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 8 SU 1 MA O16 BP 17S EP 17S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 364DE UT WOS:000089876100069 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH Kuester, S Ramsay, D Stockmeyer, C AF Dietz, WH Kuester, S Ramsay, D Stockmeyer, C TI The obesity agenda from the National Nutrition Summit. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 8 SU 1 MA O50 BP 26S EP 26S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 364DE UT WOS:000089876100104 ER PT J AU Spadano, JL Bandini, LG Must, A Dietz, WH AF Spadano, JL Bandini, LG Must, A Dietz, WH TI The association between body weight and the energy cost of activity in 12y old girls. SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MIT, Clin Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 8 SU 1 MA O66 BP 30S EP 30S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 364DE UT WOS:000089876100120 ER PT J AU Fulton, JE Galuska, DA AF Fulton, JE Galuska, DA TI Predictors of counseling about healthy weight in adolescents: A study of US pediatricians SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 8 SU 1 MA PD53 BP 110S EP 110S PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 364DE UT WOS:000089876100434 ER PT J AU Adams, MM AF Adams, MM TI Authors' reply to the commentary Maternal birthweight and newborn status - Response SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID GESTATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Adams, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 380 EP 380 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 377KG UT WOS:000165512300015 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF AF Dowell, SF TI Treatment of otitis media - In Reply SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Drug Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae Therapeut, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Drug Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae Therapeut, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 19 IS 10 BP 1032 EP 1033 DI 10.1097/00006454-200010000-00029 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 367PF UT WOS:000090070100028 ER PT J AU Nelson, MD Wilson, DA Kisker, CT Evatt, BL Fenstermacher, MJ Lynn, HS Donfield, SM Maeder, MA AF Nelson, MD Wilson, DA Kisker, CT Evatt, BL Fenstermacher, MJ Lynn, HS Donfield, SM Maeder, MA CA Hemophilia Growth Dev Study TI Incidence of focal white matter lesions in a population of hemophiliac children and their normal siblings SO PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENTS; GROWTH AB Objective. This analysis was undertaken to evaluate the etiology and sequelae of 2- to 5-mm focal white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted MR images of some participants enrolled in the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS). Materials and methods. The HGDS is a multicenter study of the growth and development, neurological, neuropsychological, and immune functioning of a cohort of children and adolescents, 62% of whom were infected with HIV through the use of clotting factor concentrates, and their non-hemophiliac, non-HIV infected male siblings. The current investigation was conducted with all three groups of HGDS participants: HIV-positive hemophiliacs (n = 207), HIV-negative hemophiliacs (n = 126), and their siblings (n = 47). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at each center, with a variety of 0.3 to 1.5 T instruments. Standard examinations included 5-mm-thick T1-weighted sagittal and axial images, intermediate, and T2-weighted axial images. A study of abnormalities of the coagulation system known to be associated with thrombotic events was conducted among a subgroup of participants (n = 51) from eight centers. Results. Lesions were not associated with hemophilia-related factors, immune function, hematologic, or neurologic factors. There were no associations between the presence of white matter lesions and defects of coagulation in any of the assays completed. Conclusion. The 2- to 5-mm focal white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted MR images of the brain were incidental findings in our study population. C1 Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Dept Radiol, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. Childrens Hosp Oklahoma, Magnet Resonance Ctr Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Rho Inc, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Parexel, San Diego, CA USA. RP Nelson, MD (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Los Angeles, Dept Radiol, 4650 Sunset Blvd,MS81, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1-RR06020]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-4-3200]; PHS HHS [MCJ-060570] NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0301-0449 J9 PEDIATR RADIOL JI Pediatr. Radiol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 30 IS 10 BP 705 EP 709 DI 10.1007/s002470000290 PG 5 WC Pediatrics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Pediatrics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 362GE UT WOS:000089769600013 PM 11075607 ER PT J AU Braun, MM Mootrey, GT Salive, ME Chen, RT Ellenberg, SS AF Braun, MM Mootrey, GT Salive, ME Chen, RT Ellenberg, SS CA VAERS Working Grp TI Infant immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines in the United States: Assessment of the first two years' data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE vaccine; pertussis vaccine; acellular pertussis vaccine; vaccine safety; adverse effects ID CONTROLLED TRIAL; SAFETY; CHILDREN AB Objective. To evaluate the safety of infant immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines in the United States. Background. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first acellular pertussis vaccine for use in infants in the United States on July 31, 1996. Outcome Measures. Adverse events in the United States after infant immunization with pertussis-containing vaccines, representing temporal (but not necessarily causal) associations between vaccinations and adverse events. Data Source. Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive national surveillance system. Design. Reports concerning infant immunization against pertussis between January 1, 1995 (when whole-cell vaccine was in exclusive use) and June 30, 1998 (when acellular vaccine was in predominant use) were analyzed, if the reports were entered into the VAERS database by November 30, 1998. Results. During the study, there were 285 reports involving death, 971 nonfatal serious reports, and 4514 less serious reports after immunization with any pertussis-containing vaccine. For 1995 there were 2071 reports; in 1996 there were 1894 reports; in 1997 there were 1314 reports, and in the first half of 1998 there were 491 reports. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) was cited in 1939 reports, diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPH) in 2918 reports, and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) in 913 reports. The annual number of deaths during the study was 85 in 1995, 82 in 1996, 77 in 1997, and 41 in the first half of 1998. The annual number of reported events categorized as nonfatal serious (defined as events involving initial hospitalization, prolongation of hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or permanent disability) to VAERS for all pertussis-containing vaccines declined: 334 in 1995, 311 in 1996, 233 in 1997, and 93 in the first half of 1998. Similarly, the annual number of less serious reports to VAERS for pertussis-containing vaccines declined: 1652 in 1995, 1501 in 1996, 1004 in 1997, and 357 in the first half of 1998. A comparison of the adverse event profiles (proportional distributions) for DTaP, DTP, and DTPH, as well as an analysis of specific adverse events considered in a 1991 Institute of Medicine report on the safety of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, did not identify any new, clear safety concerns. Conclusions. These findings reflect the administration of millions of doses of acellular pertussis vaccine and are reassuring with regard to the safety of marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. VAERS data, although subject to the limitations of passive surveillance, support the prelicensure data with regard to the safety of the US-licensed acellular pertussis vaccines that we evaluated. C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Braun, MM (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, HFM-220,Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD OCT PY 2000 VL 106 IS 4 BP art. no. EP e51 DI 10.1542/peds.106.4.e51 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 359QG UT WOS:000089623100008 PM 11015546 ER PT J AU Staes, CJ Schlenker, TL Risk, I Cannon, KG Harris, H Pavia, AT Shapiro, CN Bell, BP AF Staes, CJ Schlenker, TL Risk, I Cannon, KG Harris, H Pavia, AT Shapiro, CN Bell, BP TI Sources of infection among persons with acute hepatitis a and no identified risk factors during a sustained community-wide outbreak SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer DE hepatitis A; epidemiology; outbreak; prevention and control; immunization ID DAY-CARE-CENTERS; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VACCINE; MEN AB Context. Hepatitis A is a common vaccine-preventable disease in the United States. Most cases occur during community-wide outbreaks, which can be difficult to control. Many case-patients have no identified source. Objective. To identify foodborne and household sources of hepatitis A during a community-wide outbreak. Design. Serologic and descriptive survey. Setting. Salt Lake County, Utah. Participants. A total of 355 household contacts of 170 persons reported with hepatitis A during May 1996 to December 1996, who had no identified source of infection; and 730 food handlers working in establishments where case-patients had eaten. Main Outcome Measure. Prevalence of immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis A virus (IgM anti-HAV) among household and food service contacts. Results. Overall, 70 household contacts (20%) were IgM anti-HAV-positive, including 52% of children 3 to 5 years old and 30% of children <3 years old. In multivariate analysis, the presence of a child <3 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 8.8; 95% confidence limit [CL]: 2.1,36) and a delay of greater than or equal to 14 days between illness onset and reporting (OR: 7.9; 95% CL: 1.7,38) were associated with household transmission. Of 18 clusters of infections linked by transmission between households, 13 (72%) involved unrecognized infection among children <6 years old. No food handlers were IgM anti-HAV-positive. Conclusion. During a community-wide outbreak, HAV infection among children was common, was frequently unrecognized, and may have been an important source of transmission within and between households. Transmission from commercial food establishments was uncommon. Ongoing vaccination of children may prevent future outbreaks. C1 Salt Lake City Cty Hlth Dept, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Univ Utah, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Prevent Med, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. RP Staes, CJ (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Med Informat, Room AB193-SOM,50 N Med Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. NR 20 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD OCT PY 2000 VL 106 IS 4 BP art. no. EP e54 DI 10.1542/peds.106.4.e54 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 359QG UT WOS:000089623100011 PM 11015549 ER PT J AU Pratt, M Macera, CA Wang, GJ AF Pratt, M Macera, CA Wang, GJ TI Higher direct medical costs associated with physical inactivity SO PHYSICIAN AND SPORTSMEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CARE COSTS; HEALTH; EXERCISE; DISABILITY AB BACKGROUND: The benefits of physical activity in reducing morbidity and mortality are well-established, but the effect of physical inactivity on direct medical costs is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To describe the direct medical expenditures associated with physical inactivity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional stratified analysis of the 1987 National Medical Expenditures Survey that included US civilian men and nonpregnant women aged 15 and older who were not in institutions in 1987. Main outcome measure was direct medical costs. RESULTS: For those 15 and older without physical limitations, the average annual direct medical costs were $1,019 for those who were regularly physically active and $1,349 for those who reported being inactive. The costs were lower for active persons among smokers ($1,079 vs $1,448) and nonsmokers ($953 vs $1,234) and were consistent across age-groups and by sex. Medical care use (hospitalizations, physician visits, and medications) was also lower for physically active people than for inactive people. CONCLUSION: The mean net annual benefit of physical activity was $330 per person in 1987 dollars. Our results suggest that increasing participation in regular moderate physical activity among the more than 88 million inactive Americans over the age of 15 might reduce annual national medical costs by as much as $29.2 billion in 1987 dollars-$76.6 billion in 2000 dollars. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Phys Act & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pratt, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Phys Act & Hlth Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 119 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 13 PU MCGRAW HILL HEALTHCARE PUBLICATIONS PI MINNEAPOLIS PA 4530 WEST 77TH ST, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55435-5000 USA SN 0091-3847 J9 PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED JI Physician Sportsmed. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 28 IS 10 BP 63 EP 70 PG 8 WC Primary Health Care; Orthopedics; Sport Sciences SC General & Internal Medicine; Orthopedics; Sport Sciences GA 363JU UT WOS:000089833200009 PM 20086598 ER PT J AU Rosamond, WD Ammerman, AS Holliday, JL Tawney, KW Hunt, KJ Keyserling, TC Will, JC Mokdad, AH AF Rosamond, WD Ammerman, AS Holliday, JL Tawney, KW Hunt, KJ Keyserling, TC Will, JC Mokdad, AH TI Cardiovascular disease risk factor intervention in low-income women: The North Carolina WISEWOMAN project SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular disease; risk factors; dietary factors; intervention ID HEART HEALTH-PROGRAM; AFRICAN-AMERICANS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; COMMUNITY EDUCATION; MORTALITY; CHOLESTEROL; PREVENTION; SOUTHEAST; DESIGN; MODEL AB Objectives. The North Carolina WISEWOMAN project was initiated to evaluate the feasibility of expanding an existing cancer screening program to include a cardiovascular disease (CVD) screening and intervention program among low-income women. Methods. Seventeen North Carolina county health departments were designated as minimum intervention (MI), and 14 as enhanced intervention (EI). The EI included three specially constructed counseling sessions spanning 6 months using a structured assessment and intervention program tailored to lower income women. Results. Of the 2,148 women screened, 40% had elevated total cholesterol (greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL), 39% had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (<45 mg/ dL), and 63% were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg or on hypertensive medication). The majority of women (86%) had at least one of these three risk factors. Seventy-six percent were either overweight or obese. After 6 months of follow-up in the EI health departments, changes in total cholesterol levels, HDL-C levels, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were observed (-5.8 mg/ dL, -0.9 mg/dL, -1.7 mm Hg, and -0.3 kg/m(2), respectively), but were not significantly different from MI health departments. A dietary score that summarized fat and cholesterol intake improved by 2.1 units in the EI group, compared with essentially no change in the MI group. Conclusions. Expanding existing cancer screening programs to include CVD intervention was feasible and may be an effective means for promoting healthful dietary practices among low-income women. (C) 2000 American Health Foundation and Academic Press. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Dept Adult Hlth, Div Hlth Promot, Raleigh, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rosamond, WD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 137 E Franklin St,Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 28 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 370 EP 379 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0726 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 358PK UT WOS:000089566300011 PM 11006062 ER PT J AU Shores, JT VanderJagt, DJ Millson, M Huang, YS Glew, RH AF Shores, JT VanderJagt, DJ Millson, M Huang, YS Glew, RH TI Correlation between the content of intermediate chain-length fatty acids and copper in the milk of Fulani women SO PROSTAGLANDINS LEUKOTRIENES AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS LA English DT Article ID LIPIDS AB Intermediate chain-length fatty acids (C10-C14) in human milk triglycerides provide an easily absorbable fuel that provide a significant amount of the energy needed for growth during the first few months of life. The C10-C14 fatty acid and trace mineral content of human milk is variable. In this report we examined the relationship between the content of calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc, and the weight percentage of C10-C14 fatty acids in milk from 33 Fulani women in northern Nigeria between 2 and 24 weeks post-gestation. The milk from these women contained proportions of C10-C14 fatty acids that were comparable to those reported for other populations around the world, as were the concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn and P. Significant correlations were observed between the milk content of Cu and the wt% of C10 (P=0.005, r=0.475), C12 (P=0.001, r=0.539), C14 (P=0.44, r=0.352) and the total intermediate chain-length fatty acids (P=0.008, r=0.450). No correlations were observed between these fatty acids and any of the other five minerals. We speculate that the relationship between Cu and fatty acids could be related to a requirement for Cu by an enzyme required for C10-C14 fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g. decanoyl deacylase) in mammary tissue, or to some unique Cu binding properties of the intermediate chain length fatty acids. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Abbott Labs, Ross Prod Div, Columbus, OH USA. RP Glew, RH (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Room 249 BMSB, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0952-3278 J9 PROSTAG LEUKOTR ESS JI Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids PD OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 4 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1054/plef.2000.0210 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 372GG UT WOS:000165225500004 PM 11049695 ER PT J AU Snawder, JE Lipscomb, JC AF Snawder, JE Lipscomb, JC TI Interindividual variance of cytochrome P450 forms in human hepatic microsomes: Correlation of individual forms with xenobiotic metabolism and implications in risk assessment SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; uncertainty factors; cytochrome P450; human variance; microsomes; ELISA metabolism ID TRICHLOROETHYLENE METABOLISM; P450-DEPENDENT METABOLISM; TRICHLOROACETIC-ACID; LIVER-MICROSOMES; DOG LIVER; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; RAT; EXTRAPOLATION; CARCINOGENS AB Differences in biotransformation activities may alter the bioavailability or efficacy of drugs, provide protection from certain xenobiotic and environmental agents, or increase toxicity of others. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are responsible for the majority of oxidation reactions of drugs and other xenobiotics and differences in their expression may directly produce interindividual differences in susceptibility to compounds whose toxicity is modulated by these enzymes. To rapidly quantify CYP450 forms in human hepatic microsomes, we developed, and applied, an ELISA to 40 samples of microsomes from adult human organ donors. The procedure was reliable and the results were reproducible within normal limits. Protein content for CYP1A, CYP2E1, and CYP3A positively correlated with suitable marker activities. CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A protein content demonstrated 36-, 13-, 11-, 2-, 12-, and 22-fold differences between the highest and lowest samples and the values were normally distributed. Of the forms examined, CYP3A was expressed in the highest amount and it was the only form whose content was correlated with total CYP450 content. Content of other forms was independent of total CYP450. We further determined the contribution of specific forms to the biotransformation of trichloroethylene as a model substrate. CYP2E1 was strongly correlated with chloral hydrate formation from trichloroethylene; CYP2B displayed the strongest correlation with trichloroethanol formation. These data describing the expression and distribution of these forms in human microsomes can be used to extrapolate in vitro derived metabolic rates for toxicologically important reactions, when form selectivity and specific activity are known. This approach may be applied to refine estimates of human interindividual differences in susceptibility for application in human health risk assessment. C1 US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NIOSH, Taft Lab, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, MD-190,26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 22 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1006/rtph.2000.1424 PG 10 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 379DU UT WOS:000165626300007 PM 11067776 ER PT J AU Gardner, LI Landsittel, DP Nelson, NA Pan, CS AF Gardner, LI Landsittel, DP Nelson, NA Pan, CS TI Misclassification of physical work exposures as a design issue for musculoskeletal intervention studies SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE back injury; misclassification; residual confounding; work-related musculoskeletal disorders ID LOW-BACK-PAIN; RISK-FACTORS; OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; POSTURAL LOAD; INJURY; DISORDERS; VALIDITY; PREVENTION; BELTS; TRUNK AB Objectives This study determined the impact of misclassification due to using job titles as surrogate variables for physical work exposures to assess confounding in a study of the preventive effect of back belts on back injury. The authors present retail merchandise data that quantify misclassification from residual confounding by physical work exposures on injury rate ratios when available administrative job titles are used. Methods Job title and direct observation data on 134 workers were used to calculate the percentage to which the job-title-adjusted rate ratio for back injury accounts for confounding by the true physical work exposures, awkward postures, and heavy weight handling. Workers' compensation data, an estimate of the effect of back belts from the literature, and the percentage of adjustment of the rate ratio due to the job title variable were used to calculate the magnitude of bias from the rate ratio adjusted for job title. Results The job title variable was found to have sensitivities of 97% and 85% and specificities of 68% and 58% for awkward postures and heavy weight handling, respectively. The magnitude of confounding bias remaining for the back-injury rate ratio when the job title surrogate was used was 24% for postures and 45% for heavy weight handling. Conclusions The administrative job title performed poorly in this setting; residual confounding was sufficient to bias the rate ratio from 2.0 to 1.3. The effect of additional sources of misclassification and the need for better exposure measures than job title are discussed. C1 NIOSH, Div Safety Res, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Gardner, LI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU SCAND J WORK ENV HEALTH PI HELSINKI PA TOPELIUKSENKATU 41A, SF-00250 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 0355-3140 J9 SCAND J WORK ENV HEA JI Scand. J. Work Environ. Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 26 IS 5 BP 406 EP 413 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 374YY UT WOS:000165373600006 PM 11103839 ER PT J AU Miranda, AE Vargas, PM St Louis, ME Viana, MC AF Miranda, AE Vargas, PM St Louis, ME Viana, MC TI Sexually transmitted diseases among female prisoners in Brazil - Prevalence and risk factors SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTION; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; INMATES; TRANSMISSION; TRICHOMONIASIS; SYSTEM; WOMEN; CITY AB Background: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have become an important medical problem in prisons, Goal: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for STDs among female inmates in a Brazilian prison, Study design: All female prisoners at the Espirito Santo State Prison were offered enrollment in this cross-sectional study. An interview exploring demographics, criminal charges, and risk behavior was conducted. Blood and genital specimens were collected for STD testing. Results: Of 122 eligible women, 121 (99%) agreed to participate. Prevalence rates were: HIV 9.9 %, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I 4.1%, hepatitis B virus 7.4%, hepatitis C virus 19%, syphilis 16%, gonorrhea 7.6%, chlamydial infection 11%, human papillomavirus-related cytologic changes 9.3%, trichomoniasis 30%, and bacterial vaginosis 15%. Previous or current drug abuse (54%), injection drug use (11%), and blood transfusion (16%) were associated with at least one STD. Condom use was infrequent. Conclusion: The prevalence of STDs and of behaviors leading to ongoing transmission are high among female inmates in Vitoria, Brazil, and demonstrate the potential importance of prevention activities targeting this population. C1 Fed Univ Espirito Santo State, Infect Dis Unit, Vitoria, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Escola Med Santa Casa Misericordia Vitoria, EMESCAM, Vitoria, Brazil. OI Viana, Maria Carmen/0000-0002-0464-4845 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 27 IS 9 BP 491 EP 495 DI 10.1097/00007435-200010000-00001 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 360RU UT WOS:000089681700001 PM 11034522 ER PT J AU Silberstein, GS Coles, FB Greenberg, A Singer, L Voigt, R AF Silberstein, GS Coles, FB Greenberg, A Singer, L Voigt, R TI Effectiveness and cost-benefit of enhancements to a syphilis screening and treatment program at a county jail SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS; PREVENTION; HEALTH AB Background: High rates of syphilis are found in inmates of county jails. Treatment of this infected transient population necessitated the development of a rapid protocol. Goal: To evaluate a rapid screening and treatment protocol for syphilis in a county jail. Study Design: Over a 2-year period 18,442 inmates were screened for syphilis with a nontreponemal test and record search for treatment history. Confirmatory test results were reviewed following treatment, Cost was defined as deflated marginal outlays, Benefit was calculated as the discounted expected cost of treatment of congenital, late, and neurosyphilis. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the protocol were 99.6%, 80.8%, and 79.3%, respectively. Of 257 confirmed cases, 183 were offered treatment in jail. The percentage of short-term inmates treated increased following implementation. The cost-benefit ratio was 9.14:1, Conclusions: The protocol was highly effective in patient identification and treatment delivery. and cost-effective as well. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Nassau Cty Dept Hlth, Mineola, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Silberstein, GS (reprint author), NYS Dept Hlth, 150 Broadway,5th Floor, Menands, NY 12204 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 27 IS 9 BP 508 EP 517 DI 10.1097/00007435-200010000-00004 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 360RU UT WOS:000089681700004 PM 11034525 ER PT J AU Moore, SG Miller, WC Hoffman, IF Fox, KK Owen-O'Dowd, J McPherson, JT Privette, A Schmitz, JL Leone, PA AF Moore, SG Miller, WC Hoffman, IF Fox, KK Owen-O'Dowd, J McPherson, JT Privette, A Schmitz, JL Leone, PA TI Clinical utility of measuring white blood cells on vaginal wet mount and endocervical Gram stain for the prediction of chlamydial and gonococcal infections SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; FEMALE SEX WORKERS; MUCOPURULENT CERVICITIS; TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; RISK SCORES; WOMEN; DIAGNOSIS; ALGORITHMS; DISCHARGE AB Background: White blood cells on endocervical Gram stain and vaginal wet mount are frequently used to predict chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Previous studies provide conflicting evidence for the clinical utility of these tests. Goal: To evaluate the clinical utility of measuring white blood cells on vaginal wet mount and endocervical Gram stain for the prediction of chlamydial infection and gonorrhea. Study Design: Women undergoing pelvic examinations at 10 county health department family planning and sexually transmitted disease clinics were tested for chlamydial infection by ligase chain reaction assay (n = 4550) and for gonorrhea by culture (n = 4402). Vaginal wet mount and endocervical Gram stains were performed in county laboratories at the time of examination. Results: The prevalences of chlamydial infection and gonorrhea were 8.8% and 3.2%, respectively. For detection of chlamydial or gonococcal infection, the likelihood ratio was 2.85 (95% CI, 2.10-3.87) for > 30 white blood cells on vaginal wet mount and 2.91 (95% CI, 2.07-4.09) for > 30 white blood cells on endocervical Gram stain. Similar results were seen for individual diagnoses either of chlamydial infection or of gonorrhea, Conclusion: Vaginal wet mount and endocervical Gram stain white blood cells are useful for the presumptive diagnosis of chlamydial infection or gonorrhea only in settings with a relatively high prevalence of infection or when other predictors can increase the likelihood of infection. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Miller, WC (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, CB 7400,2105F McGavran Greenberg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Miller, William/H-4800-2014 OI Miller, William/0000-0002-1934-7827 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00046]; PHS HHS [UO131496] NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 27 IS 9 BP 530 EP 538 DI 10.1097/00007435-200010000-00006 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 360RU UT WOS:000089681700006 PM 11034527 ER PT J AU Bull, SS McFarlane, M AF Bull, SS McFarlane, M TI Soliciting sex on the Internet - What are the risks for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Background: Strategies to meet sex partners have been augmented by the Internet. This medium is an environment of potential risk for acquiring or transmitting sexually transmitted disease (STD), Goal: To document how the Internet is used to find sex partners and what risks such activity poses for STD infection. Study Design: Participant observations of 175 chat rooms targeting men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexuals, and couples seeking sex partners. Results: Findings indicate evidence of past meetings (9% of MSM-room observations, 15% of couple-room observations) and solicitation of sex (9% of heterosexual-room observations, 17% of MSM-room observations, 36% of couple-room observations) by members of these groups. Safer sex or risk-reduction behaviors were not frequently mentioned, but were sometimes acknowledged through solicitation of drug-free and disease-free partners, Conclusions: Because people can use the Internet to solicit sex partners, it is a risk environment for sexually transmitted diseases. The Internet offers fast and efficient encounters resulting in sexual contact, which may translate into more efficient disease transmission. However, the Internet also offers many possibilities for innovative technologic approaches to promote STD and HIV prevention. C1 Denver Publ Hlth, Denver Hlth & Hosp Author, Denver, CO 80204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bull, SS (reprint author), Denver Publ Hlth, Denver Hlth & Hosp Author, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. FU PHS HHS [R18/CCR815954-02] NR 9 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 27 IS 9 BP 545 EP 550 DI 10.1097/00007435-200010000-00008 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 360RU UT WOS:000089681700008 PM 11034529 ER PT J AU Macke, BA Hennessy, MH McFarlane, M AF Macke, BA Hennessy, MH McFarlane, M TI Predictors of time spent on partner notification in four US sites SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article DE partner notification; STD; HIV ID INFECTION; CAROLINA AB Objective: To identify determinants of time spent on partner notification clients in four STD programmes in the United States. Methods: 11 disease intervention specialists (DIS) in each of three urban sites (n=33) and seven DIS in one rural site recorded their activities and clients for 14 working days. The total amount of time for partner notification activities was computed for each client. Data were analysed using random effects regression. Results: Across sires, 429 of 2506 (37.4%) recorded hours were spent on partner notification (PN) activities with 1148 clients. Client type, STD diagnosis, outcome, demographic characteristics, mileage, and study site explained 33.7% of the variance in the total time spent on partner notification clients. Clients who took significantly more time than the reference case included those who were both contacts and original patients, HIV/AIDS clients, non-primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis clients, STD clients who were infected and treated, and clients for whom travel was necessary. Demographic characteristics of both client and worker were nor associated with the time spent on partner notification. Conclusions: These data document the labour intensive nature of partner notification, especially for HIV and non-P&S syphilis clients. STD programmes that have a higher number of these clients are probably dedicating more resources to partner notification. More research is needed on additional predictors so that programmes can better understand and allocate staff and financial resources to partner notification activities. C1 CDC, BIRB, DSTDP, NCHSTP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McFarlane, M (reprint author), CDC, BIRB, DSTDP, NCHSTP, MS E-44,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 76 IS 5 BP 371 EP 374 DI 10.1136/sti.76.5.371 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 368DT UT WOS:000090103000011 PM 11141854 ER PT J AU Khandwalla, HE Luby, S Rahman, S AF Khandwalla, HE Luby, S Rahman, S TI Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexually transmitted infections among general practitioners and medical specialists in Karachi, Pakistan SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article DE sexually transmitted infections; general practitioners; attitudes and practices AB Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among specialists-that is, dermatologists, gynaecologists and urologists, and general practitioners (GPs) in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: Interviewers administered structured questionnaires to doctors conducting outpatient clinics at tertiary hospitals and/or private clinics in Karachi. All private clinics within a 10 km radius of the Aga Khan University, and all tertiary hospitals having more than 100 inpatient beds were included in the study. Results: 100 doctors (54 specialists and 46 GPs) responded. 80 doctors reported seeing at least one STI patient/month. The most commonly diagnosed Sn the doctors reported was urethritis/cervicitis syndrome. 50% of the doctors knew the recommended antibiotics for gonorrhoea though only 46% of these knew the correct dosage. Specialists were three times more likely to recognise the clinical presentation of herpes and twice as likely to treat chlamydia, syphilis, and herpes with appropriate antimicrobials than GPs. 85% of the doctors advised their STI patients regarding condom usage; 36% thought that STI patients had loose sexual morals; 43% believed STI patients were drug addicts. Over 90% of the physicians were willing to attend educational sessions and follow a national STI treatment protocol. Conclusion: Doctors in Karachi, especially GPs, are deficient in appropriately managing and counselling STI patients. Among the specialists, urologists and dermatologists were more likely to manage STIs correctly than gynaecologists. Karachi doctors should be educated in the correct management and counselling of STIs to prevent further spread of STIs including AIDS. C1 Aga Khan Univ, Coll Med, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. RP Luby, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 76 IS 5 BP 383 EP 385 DI 10.1136/sti.76.5.383 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 368DT UT WOS:000090103000014 PM 11141857 ER PT J AU Jenkins, RA Torugsa, K Markowitz, LE Mason, CJ Jamroentana, V Brown, AE Nitayaphan, S AF Jenkins, RA Torugsa, K Markowitz, LE Mason, CJ Jamroentana, V Brown, AE Nitayaphan, S TI Willingness to participate in HIV-1 vaccine trials among young Thai men SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article DE HIV; vaccine; Thailand ID HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; EFFICACY TRIALS; PHASE-I; INFECTION; BEHAVIOR; BANGKOK AB Objectives: Willingness to participate in HIV-1 vaccine trials and associated factors were investigated in a sample of 2670 Royal Thai Army conscripted recruits. Methods: Self administered questionnaires were used. Data were collected during the final visit of a longitudinal cohort study of HIV-1 epidemiology. Cross sectional analysis of data from this visit was performed. Results: 32% of che respondents reported they would "definitely" join an HIV-1 Vaccine trial. Greater willingness was associated with perceived risk of HIV-1 infection and a desire to help Thai society, although tangible incentives and intentions to reduce condom use in a vaccine trial also were associated with increased willingness. Concerns about physical harm and anticipated social pressure from family not to join were the most substantial impediments to willingness. Concerns about "social harm" (for trample, participation would give appearance of having AIDS virus, a partner might refuse sex) also appeared to inhibit interest in joining trials and approached significance. Conclusions: Willingness to participate was somewhat greater than in other investigations of non-injection drug user (IDU) cohorts in Thailand, with fewer concerns expressed about physical harm. Motivations appear to involve tradeoffs among perceived risk, anticipated social pressure, altruism, and tangible rewards. The absence of significant problems associated with vaccine trials to date, along with the presence of educational interventions in the study may help explain the lower level of concerns here relative to other Thai studies. C1 Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, USA Med Component, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Henry M Jackson Fdn, Rockville, MD USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Royal Thai Army Med Dept, Bangkok, Thailand. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Royal Thai Army Component, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Jenkins, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI MASON, CARL/0000-0002-3676-2811 NR 28 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 76 IS 5 BP 386 EP 392 DI 10.1136/sti.76.5.386 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 368DT UT WOS:000090103000015 PM 11141858 ER PT J AU Orton, SL Peoples, BG Stramer, SL Dodd, RY Alter, MJ AF Orton, SL Peoples, BG Stramer, SL Dodd, RY Alter, MJ TI Identification of recent risk factors among blood donors confirmed to be HCVNAT reactive, anti-HCV non-reactive. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Red Cross, Holland Lab, Rockville, MD USA. Amer Red Cross, Natl Confirmatory Testing Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 3S EP 3S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600012 ER PT J AU Sapatnekar, S Wood, EM Miller, JP Roth, V Jacobs, MR Yomtovian, RA AF Sapatnekar, S Wood, EM Miller, JP Roth, V Jacobs, MR Yomtovian, RA TI Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis associated with transfusion of contaminated platelets. A case report. SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Amer Red Cross, Blood Serv, Cleveland, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 36S EP 36S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600142 ER PT J AU Gorlin, JB Jensen, KA Perry, EH Neitzel, DF Won, KY Wilson, M Slemenda, SB Ware, DA Pieniazek, NJ Herwaldt, BL AF Gorlin, JB Jensen, KA Perry, EH Neitzel, DF Won, KY Wilson, M Slemenda, SB Ware, DA Pieniazek, NJ Herwaldt, BL TI Transmission of Babesia microti through multiple donations from the same blood donor SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mem Blood Ctr Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 42S EP 42S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600165 ER PT J AU Smith, TA Leiby, DA Herron, RM Herwaldt, BL AF Smith, TA Leiby, DA Herron, RM Herwaldt, BL TI Transfusion-transmitted Trypanosoma cruzi: Are seropositive blood donors at-risk for transmitting Chagas' disease? SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Red Cross, Los Angeles, CA USA. Amer Red Cross, Rockville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 42S EP 42S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600164 ER PT J AU Rawal, BD Satten, GA Janssen, RS Busch, MP AF Rawal, BD Satten, GA Janssen, RS Busch, MP TI Dilutional Vironostika HIV-1 microelisa system to detect early HIV-1 infection for clinical/epidemiological studies and incidence estimates SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 86S EP 87S PG 2 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600352 ER PT J AU Stankovic, AK Schalla, W Hancock, J Lipman, H AF Stankovic, AK Schalla, W Hancock, J Lipman, H TI HIV-1 p24 antigen testing discrepancies SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 86S EP 86S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600350 ER PT J AU Todd, DS Pellett, PE Watanabe, KK Sharma, UK Ablashi, D Forghani, B Goedert, JJ Jenkins, FJ Lee, T Neipel, F Busch, MP AF Todd, DS Pellett, PE Watanabe, KK Sharma, UK Ablashi, D Forghani, B Goedert, JJ Jenkins, FJ Lee, T Neipel, F Busch, MP TI Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in US blood donors using multiple serologic and PCR assays SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Adv Biotechnol Inc, Columbia, MD USA. CA Dept Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 SU S BP 97S EP 97S PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 364CN UT WOS:000089874600399 ER PT J AU Culver, DH Alter, MJ Mullan, RJ Margolis, HS AF Culver, DH Alter, MJ Mullan, RJ Margolis, HS TI Evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted lookback for HCV infection in the United States - interim results SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; BLOOD-DONORS; TRANSFUSION; DISEASE AB BACKGROUND: As part of a nationwide program to identify persons at increased risk for HCV infection, persons who received blood from donors who later tested positive for anti-HCV are being directly notified. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In December 1999, all 198 blood collection establishments (BCEs) and 5442 hospital transfusion services (TSs) in the United States were surveyed by mailed questionnaire to evaluate their progress in carrying out this notification. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent of the BCEs and 64 percent of the TSs responded. After correcting for nonresponse, an estimated 98,484 components at potential risk for transmitting HCV, according to previous testing of multiantigen-screened donors, were identified nationwide, of which 85 percent had been transfused to recipients. Lookback for these recipients was completed for 80 percent, of whom 69 percent had died. Of those living, 78 percent were successfully notified. An estimated 49.5 percent of those notified were tested, 18.9 percent of those tested were anti-HCV positive, and 32 percent of that group knew they were positive before notification. On the basis of an 85.5 percent reported completion rate for component notifications back through 1988, an estimated 1520 persons will have been newly identified as anti-HCV-positive when lookback related to multiantigen screening of donors is completed. CONCLUSION: Targeted lookback related to previous multiantigen screening of donors will identify <1 percent of the estimated 300,000 HCV-positive persons in the United States who may have acquired their infection via blood transfusion. C1 CDC, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Culver, DH (reprint author), CDC, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD OCT PY 2000 VL 40 IS 10 BP 1176 EP 1181 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40101176.x PG 6 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 363PR UT WOS:000089844200007 PM 11061852 ER PT J AU Sherry, B Embree, JE Mei, ZG Ndinya-Achola, JO Njenga, S Muchunga, ER Bett, J Plummer, FA AF Sherry, B Embree, JE Mei, ZG Ndinya-Achola, JO Njenga, S Muchunga, ER Bett, J Plummer, FA TI Sociodemographic characteristics, care, feeding practices, and growth of cohorts of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers in Nairobi, Kenya SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE human immunodeficiency virus type 1; Kenya; children; parental characteristics; sociodemographic characteristics; child care; child feeding practices; growth indices ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; AFRICA AB OBJECTIVES To compare sociodemographic profiles, child care, child feeding practices and growth indices of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers. METHODS A cohort study of 234 children (seropositive and seronegative) born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and 139 children born to seronegative mothers in Pumwani Maternity Hospital which serves a low-income population in Nairobi, Kenya from December 1991 and January 1994. RESULTS With few exceptions, at the time of their birth children in all three cohorts had parents with similar characteristics, lived in similar housing in similar geographical areas, had their mothers as their primary care givers, had similar feeding practices and similar growth status and patterns. However, the HIV-1 seropositive mothers were slightly younger (23.8 years vs. 25.0 years, P < 0.01), if married they were less likely to be their husband's first wife (79% vs. 91%, P = 0.02) and more likely to have a one-room house (75% vs. 63%, P = 0.04). All three cohorts had mean Z-scores in length-for-age and in weight-for-height within the normal range (greater than or equal to 2.0 Z-scores) from birth to 21 months with the exception of the length-for-age of the seropositive children at the 18-month visit. In all cohorts length-for-age became more compromised than weight-for-length, dropping to about -1.45 Z-score by 21 months; in contrast, weight-for-length dropped to about -0.5 Z-score by this age. The only statistically significant differences in growth indices among the three cohorts were between the two cohorts of seronegative children: those with seronegative mothers were less compromised in length-for-age at 1.5 months (mean Z-score = -0.19 vs. -0.48, P < 0.05) and more compromised in weight-for-length at 6 months (mean Z-score = 0.10 vs. 0.45, P < 0.05) and at 18 months (mean Z-score = -0.73 vs. -0.16, P < 0.05). 27-34% were exclusively breastfed at 1.5 months; 52-61% consumed solid foods in addition to breast milk by 2.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Low-income HIV-1 seropositive- and seronegative-born children were from families with similar characteristics and similar housing environments. Similar growth patterns in the cohorts suggest that the challenging environment and the choice of weaning foods had an impact on all three cohorts. The aggressive care given the children with HIV-1 seropositive mothers and their children may have reduced the progression and impact of HIV-1 disease on the growth of the seropositive children. Further research is needed to corroborate our findings to be certain that our results are not affected by loss to follow-up bias: we lost the same proportion in all three cohorts but cannot verify that the children we lost had the same growth patterns as those who remained in the study. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Manitoba, Dept Med Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Tongji Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Wuhan, Peoples R China. Univ Nairobi, Dept Med Microbiol, Nairobi, Kenya. Univ Nairobi, Dept Community Hlth, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Sherry, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Maternal & Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 5 IS 10 BP 678 EP 686 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00631.x PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 365EL UT WOS:000089935400002 PM 11044261 ER PT J AU Biswas, S Escalante, A Chaiyaroj, S Angkasekwinai, P Lal, AA AF Biswas, S Escalante, A Chaiyaroj, S Angkasekwinai, P Lal, AA TI Prevalence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India and Thailand: a molecular epidemiologic study SO TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; drug resistance; Fansidar; dihydrofolate reductase; dihydropteroate synthetase ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PYRIMETHAMINE-SULFADOXINE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; DRUG-RESISTANCE; SYNTHASE; MALARIA; PARASITES; AFRICA AB Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (PS) is used as a second-line treatment for P. falciparum malaria patients who fail to respond to chloroquine. Resistance to these drugs has been shown to encode with point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) genes. Our aim was to assess the comparative rate of point mutation occurring in DHFR and DHPS genes among P. falciparum isolates from India and Thailand where the use of PS is at a different rate. We used the mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and mutation-specific restriction digestion to determine the prevalence of DHFR and DHPS gene mutations at codons 16, 51, 59, 108, 164 and at 436, 437, 581 and 613, respectively. In the 89 clinical isolates from India, in the case of the DHFR gene, we found 71 of S108N, 10 of N51I, 28 of C59R and four of I164L types. Among the 50 isolates from Thailand the rate of point mutations in the DHFR gene was higher at four codon positions. We found 47 of S108N, 18 of N51I, 23 of C59R and 12 of I164L types. None of the isolates from either country possessed the paired mutations S108T and A16V. Mutations of the DHPS gene were less frequent among the Indian isolates: 4.5% showed DHPS gene mutation, two of S436F, A437G, A613T and two of S436F, A613T; whereas 66% (33/50) of the Thai isolates had mutated at codons 436, 437, 581 and 613 which include 13 of S436F, 15 of A437G, 19 of A581G and 25 of A613S/T, ranging from single to quadruple mutant types. Among the Indian isolates, DHFR point mutations were very frequent and 85/89 had a wild type DHPS genetic profile. The pattern of mutations in the samples from Thailand was different, as most were associated with point mutations in DHFR and DHPS genes. C1 Indian Council Med Res, Malaria Res Ctr, Delhi 110054, India. IVIC, Ctr Ecol, Caracas, Venezuela. Mahidol Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Microbiol, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Biswas, S (reprint author), Indian Council Med Res, Malaria Res Ctr, 22 Sham Nath Marg, Delhi 110054, India. NR 31 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2276 J9 TROP MED INT HEALTH JI Trop. Med. Int. Health PD OCT PY 2000 VL 5 IS 10 BP 737 EP 743 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00632.x PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 365EL UT WOS:000089935400010 PM 11044269 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Morse, S Lillibridge, S AF Khan, AS Morse, S Lillibridge, S TI Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID MANAGEMENT; EMERGENCY; PROGRAMS; OUTBREAK; ANTHRAX; WEAPON; IMPACT; ATTACK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD SEP 30 PY 2000 VL 356 IS 9236 BP 1179 EP 1182 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02769-0 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 359CQ UT WOS:000089594300041 PM 11030310 ER PT J AU Bentwich, Z Maartens, G Torten, D Lal, AA Lal, RB AF Bentwich, Z Maartens, G Torten, D Lal, AA Lal, RB TI Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis SO AIDS LA English DT Review DE HIV infection; helminth infection; tuberculosis; sexually transmitted diseases; leishmaniasis; malaria; trypanosomiasis ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; FACTOR-KAPPA-B; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; IMMUNE ACTIVATION C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Kaplan Med Ctr, Ruth Ben Ari Inst Clin Immunol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Kaplan Med Ctr, AIDS Ctr, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div Aids, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bentwich, Z (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Kaplan Med Ctr, Ruth Ben Ari Inst Clin Immunol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. RI Maartens, Gary/F-3836-2014 OI Maartens, Gary/0000-0003-3080-6606 NR 136 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD SEP 29 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 14 BP 2071 EP 2081 DI 10.1097/00002030-200009290-00002 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 365ZV UT WOS:000089981100002 PM 11061647 ER PT J CA CDC TI Trends in cigarette smoking among high school students united states, 1991-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, Vol. 49, Pg. 755, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 27 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 12 BP 1507 EP 1508 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355HF UT WOS:000089379700010 ER PT J AU White, K Rainbow, J Juni, B Besser, J Olson, C Lynfield, R Danila, R Rothrock, G Daily, P Reingold, A Vujia, D Roome, A Linardos, H Hadler, J Baughman, W Martell-Cleary, P Farley, M Blake, P Pass, M Harrison, L Roche, J Zansky, BD Bennett, NM Smith, P Dragoon, M Donegan, J Cassidy, M Stefonek, K Cieslak, P Kohn, M Barnes, B Lefkowitz, L Craig, A Moore, W AF White, K Rainbow, J Juni, B Besser, J Olson, C Lynfield, R Danila, R Rothrock, G Daily, P Reingold, A Vujia, D Roome, A Linardos, H Hadler, J Baughman, W Martell-Cleary, P Farley, M Blake, P Pass, M Harrison, L Roche, J Zansky, BD Bennett, NM Smith, P Dragoon, M Donegan, J Cassidy, M Stefonek, K Cieslak, P Kohn, M Barnes, B Lefkowitz, L Craig, A Moore, W TI Early-onset group B streptococcal disease - United States, 1998-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol. 49, Pg. 793, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Minnesota Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Emerging Infect Program, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Sacramento, CA USA. Connecticut Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Hartford, CT USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Vet Adm Med Ctr, Emerging Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Baltimore, MD USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. New York Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Multnomah Cty Hlth Dept, Portland, OR USA. Dept Human Serv, Hlth Div, Emerging Infect Program, Portland, OR USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Nashville, TN 37247 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Act Bacterial Core Surveillance Emerging Infect P, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP White, K (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Hlth, Emerging Infect Program, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 27 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 12 BP 1508 EP 1510 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355HF UT WOS:000089379700011 ER PT J AU Duchin, JS Koehler, J Kobayashi, JM Rakita, RM Olson, K Hampson, NB Gilbert, DN Jackson, JM Stefonek, KR Kohn, MA Vugia, D Marchione-Mastroianni, M AF Duchin, JS Koehler, J Kobayashi, JM Rakita, RM Olson, K Hampson, NB Gilbert, DN Jackson, JM Stefonek, KR Kohn, MA Vugia, D Marchione-Mastroianni, M TI Legionnaires' disease associated with potting soil - California, Oregon, and Washington, May-June 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol. 49, pg. 777, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. Virginia Mason Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Providence Portland Med Ctr, Portland, OR USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Hlth Div, Portland, OR 97214 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. CDC Fdn, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Duchin, JS (reprint author), Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 27 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 12 BP 1510 EP 1510 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355HF UT WOS:000089379700012 ER PT J AU Daniels, NA Ray, B Easton, A Marano, N Kahn, E McShan, AL Del Rosario, L Baldwin, T Kingsley, MA Puhr, ND Wells, JG Angulo, FJ AF Daniels, NA Ray, B Easton, A Marano, N Kahn, E McShan, AL Del Rosario, L Baldwin, T Kingsley, MA Puhr, ND Wells, JG Angulo, FJ TI Emergence of a new Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters - A prevention quandary SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID GASTROENTERITIS; SHELLFISH; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; CHOLERAE AB Context In May and June 1998, reported Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections increased sharply in Texas. Objective To determine factors that contributed to the increase in V parahaemolyticus infections. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional survey of persons reporting gas troenteritis after eating seafood in Texas; survey of environmental conditions in Galveston Bay. Main Outcome Measures Traceback of oysters, water quality measures in harvest areas, presence of V parahaemolyticus in stool cultures; comparison of median values for environmental conditions before and during the outbreak compared with during the previous 5 years. Results Between May 31 and July 10, 1998, 416 persons in 13 states reported having gastroenteritis after eating oysters harvested from Galveston Bay. All 28 available stool specimens from affected persons yielded V parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 isolates. Oyster beds met current bacteriologic standards during harvest and fecal coliform counts in water samples were within acceptable limits. Median water temperature and salinity during May and June 1998 were 30.0 degrees C and 29.6 parts per thousand (ppt) compared with 28.9 degrees C and 15.6 ppt for the previous 5 years (P<.001). Conclusions This is the first reported outbreak of V parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 infection in the United States. The emergence of a virulent serotype and elevated seawater temperatures and salinity levels may have contributed to this large multistate outbreak of V parahaemolyticus. Bacteriologic monitoring at harvest sites did not prevent this outbreak, suggesting that current policy and regulations regarding the safety of raw oysters require reevaluation. Consumers and physicians should understand that raw or undercooked oysters can cause illness even if harvested from monitored beds. In patients who develop acute gastroenteritis within 4 days of consuming raw or undercooked oysters, a stool specimen should be tested for Vibrio species using specific media. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div Gen Internal Med, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. RP Daniels, NA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div Gen Internal Med, 1701 Divisadero,Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA. OI Kahn, Emily/0000-0001-7812-7958 NR 24 TC 108 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 27 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 12 BP 1541 EP 1545 DI 10.1001/jama.284.12.1541 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355HF UT WOS:000089379700030 PM 11000648 ER PT J AU Breiman, RF Keller, DW Phelan, MA Sniadack, DH Stephens, DS Rimland, D Farley, MM Schuchat, A Reingold, AL AF Breiman, RF Keller, DW Phelan, MA Sniadack, DH Stephens, DS Rimland, D Farley, MM Schuchat, A Reingold, AL TI Evaluation of effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-infected patients SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; PROTECTIVE EFFICACY; RISK-FACTORS; DISEASE; BACTEREMIA; CARRIAGE AB Background: We conducted a retrospective case-control study to evaluate effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine against invasive disease among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in San Francisco, Calif, and Atlanta, Ga. Methods: Case patients were 18- to 55-year-old subjects with HIV infection who were admitted to selected hospitals in Atlanta or San Francisco from February 1992 to April 1995 from whom Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from a normally sterile site. Controls were HIV-infected patients of similar age matched to cases by hospital of admission and CD4 lymphocyte count (<0.20, 0.20-0.499, greater than or equal to 0.50 x 10(degrees)/L [<200, 200-499, greater than or equal to 500 cells/ mm(3)]) or clinical stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Case and control subjects were restricted to per sons known to have HIV infection before hospital admission. Analysis used matched univariate and conditional logistic regression. Results: One hundred seventy-six case patients and 327 controls were enrolled. By univariate analysis, persons with pneumococcal disease were more likely to be black, be current smokers, and have close contact with children. Adjusted for these factors and CD4 cell count, pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness was 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12%-70%). Adjusting for all variables and key interaction terms, vaccine effectiveness among whites was 76% (95% CI, 35%-91%), whereas effectiveness among blacks was 24% (95% CI, -50% to 61%). Among controls, vaccination was significantly less common among blacks (29% vs 45%; P<.005). Conclusions: Pneumococcal vaccine demonstrated protection against invasive pneumococcal infections among white but not black HIV-infected adults. Failure to demonstrate effectiveness among blacks may be due to limited power because of low use of the vaccine in this population, immunization at more advanced stages of immunosuppression, or unmeasured factors. These data support current recommendations for use of pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected persons and highlight a clear need for strategies to improve vaccine-induced protection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Breiman, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 27 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD SEP 25 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 17 BP 2633 EP 2638 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.17.2633 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 357GX UT WOS:000089491100009 PM 10999977 ER PT J AU Aggarwal, R Kini, D Sofat, S Naik, SR Krawczynski, K AF Aggarwal, R Kini, D Sofat, S Naik, SR Krawczynski, K TI Duration of viraemia and faecal viral excretion in acute hepatitis E SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID E VIRUS-INFECTION; VIREMIA AB Data on duration of viral excretion and viraemia during hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection are limited. We tested serial stool and serum samples from 20 patients with acute hepatitis E for HEV RNA. Faecal excretion and viraemia in these patients were found to be short lived. In 19 patients, all samples obtained after biochemical resolution of hepatitis tested negative; in the remaining patient, HEV RNA was detected in the serum samples but not in stool after biochemical resolution. Long-term persistence of HEV in body fluids of infected individuals seems to be an unlikely reservoir for transmission of HEV. C1 Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Gastroenterol, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, DVRD NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Base Hosp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Aggarwal, R (reprint author), Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Gastroenterol, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India. OI Aggarwal, Rakesh/0000-0001-9689-494X NR 5 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD SEP 23 PY 2000 VL 356 IS 9235 BP 1081 EP 1082 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02737-9 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 356EC UT WOS:000089430500018 PM 11009149 ER PT J AU Secker, DR Kaye, PH Greenaway, RS Hirst, E Bartley, DL Videen, G AF Secker, DR Kaye, PH Greenaway, RS Hirst, E Bartley, DL Videen, G TI Light scattering from deformed droplets and droplets with inclusions. I. Experimental results SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER; CONDENSATIONAL GROWTH; AIRBORNE AB We provide experimental results from the scattering of light by deformed liquid droplets and droplets with inclusions. The characterization of droplet deformation could lead to improved measurement of droplet size as measured by commercial aerodynamic particle-sizing instruments. The characterization of droplets with inclusions can be of importance in some industrial, occupational, and military aerosol monitoring situations. The nozzle assembly from a TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer was used to provide the accelerating flow conditions in which experimental data were recorded. A helium-neon laser was employed to generate the light-scattering data, and an externally triggered, pulsed copper vapor laser provided illumination for a droplet imaging system arranged orthogonal to the He-Ne scattering axis. The observed droplet deformation correlates well over a limited acceleration range with theoretical predictions derived from an analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 290.0290, 290.5820, 290.5850. C1 Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. RP Secker, DR (reprint author), Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. EM d.r.secke@herts.ac.uk; videen@atm.dal.ca NR 16 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 39 IS 27 BP 5023 EP 5030 DI 10.1364/AO.39.005023 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 353AW UT WOS:000089252400023 PM 18350101 ER PT J AU Videen, G Sun, WB Fu, Q Secker, DR Greenaway, RS Kaye, PH Hirst, E Bartley, D AF Videen, G Sun, WB Fu, Q Secker, DR Greenaway, RS Kaye, PH Hirst, E Bartley, D TI Light scattering from deformed droplets and droplets with inclusions. II. Theoretical treatment SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; ANGULAR OPTICAL-SCATTERING; NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES; COMPOUNDED SPHERES; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; CONGLOMERATE PARTICLES; EXTERNAL AGGREGATION; MICRODROPLETS; MICROPARTICLES; SPECTROSCOPY AB We provide theoretical results from the scattering of light by deformed liquid droplets and droplets with inclusions. With improved instrumentation and computer technologies available, researchers are able to employ two-dimensional angular optical scattering as a tool for analyzing such particle systems and which then could be applied in industrial, occupational, and military aerosol measurement. We present numerically calculated spatial light-scattering data from various droplet morphologies. We describe characteristic features of the theoretical data and compare these with the experimental results. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 290.0290, 290.5850. C1 USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Univ Hertfordshire, Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Videen, G (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. EM videen@atm.dal.ca NR 50 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 39 IS 27 BP 5031 EP 5039 DI 10.1364/AO.39.005031 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 353AW UT WOS:000089252400024 PM 18350102 ER PT J AU Pass, K Harris, K Lorey, F Choi, R Kling, MA AF Pass, K Harris, K Lorey, F Choi, R Kling, MA TI Update: Newborn screening for sickle cell disease - California, Illinois, and New York, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 729-731, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Genet Dis Br, Sacramento, CA USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Div Hlth Assessment & Screening, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Br, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pass, K (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 11 BP 1373 EP 1374 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 352WN UT WOS:000089242500010 ER PT J AU Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Martl, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Pearson, K Futa, M AF Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Martl, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Pearson, K Futa, M TI State-specific cholesterol screening trends - United States, 1991-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 750, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint RP Reese, S (reprint author), CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 20 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 11 BP 1374 EP 1375 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 352WN UT WOS:000089242500011 ER PT J AU Malarcher, AM Schulman, J Epstein, LA Thun, MJ Mowery, P Pierce, B Escobedo, L Giovino, GA AF Malarcher, AM Schulman, J Epstein, LA Thun, MJ Mowery, P Pierce, B Escobedo, L Giovino, GA TI Methodological issues in estimating smoking-attributable mortality in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular diseases; cerebrovascular disorders; confounding factors (epidemiology); lung diseases; obstructive; lung neoplasms; mortality; smoking ID LUNG-CANCER RISK; DEVELOPED-COUNTRIES; HISTOLOGIC TYPE; RESPONDENTS; TOBACCO; INFORMATION; ADJUSTMENT; VALIDITY; FRACTION; GENDER AB The authors explored two methodological issues in the estimation of smoking-attributable mortality for the United States. First, age-specific and age-adjusted relative risk, attributable fraction, and smoking-attributable mortality estimates obtained using data from the American Cancer Society's second Cancer Prevention Study (CPS II), a cohort study of 1.2 million participants (1982-1988), were compared with those obtained using a combination of data from the National Mortality Follow-back Survey (NMFS), a representative sample of US decedents in which information was collected from informants (1986), and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative household survey (1987). Second, the potential for residual confounding of the disease-specific age-adjusted smoking-attributable mortality estimates was addressed with a model-based approach. The estimated smoking-attributable mortality based on the CPS II for the four most common smoking-related diseases-lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease-was 19% larger than the estimated smoking-attributable mortality based on the NMFS/NHIS, yet the two data sources yielded essentially the same smoiting-attributable mortality estimate for lung cancer alone. Further adjustment of smoking-attributable mortality for disease-appropriate confounding factors (education, alcohol intake, hypertension status, and diabetes status) indicated little residual confounding once age was taken into account. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Baltimore, MD USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Malarcher, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 45 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 6 BP 573 EP 584 DI 10.1093/aje/152.6.573 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 353AT UT WOS:000089252100010 PM 10997548 ER PT J AU Long, EG Edwin, EP Bartlett, JH Horsburgh, CR Birkness, KA Yakrus, MA Newman, GW Quinn, FD AF Long, EG Edwin, EP Bartlett, JH Horsburgh, CR Birkness, KA Yakrus, MA Newman, GW Quinn, FD TI Changes in the virulence of Mycobacterium avium after passage through embryonated hens' eggs SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium avium; virulence; pathogenesis; embryonated hen egg ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INFECTION; COMPLEX; MACROPHAGES; SECRETION AB Eight-day-old embryonated hen's eggs were used as a model to study Mycobacterium avium virulence. Strains isolated from human patients caused 20-90% mortality when eggs were infected by injection of bacterial suspensions into the amniotic sac, Virulence of examined strains subsequently decreased with passage through eggs to between 0 and 40% mortality in four passages. Virulence of the egg-attenuated strains could be restored by passage through human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The site of infection in the egg was usually the mesodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane. A few small granulomas containing acid-fast bacteria were seen in the liver, but not in other organs. Death of chicken embryos may have resulted from destruction of the mesodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane with consequent respiratory failure. PBMCs infected with less virulent egg-passaged strains of M. avium produced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha than did peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with more virulent nonpassaged strains. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Resources Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. RP Quinn, FD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Bldg 5,Rm B38,M-S G11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 190 IS 2 BP 267 EP 272 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09297.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 352HP UT WOS:000089209700015 PM 11034290 ER PT J AU Sacks, JJ Sinclair, L Gilchrist, J Golab, GC Lockwood, R AF Sacks, JJ Sinclair, L Gilchrist, J Golab, GC Lockwood, R TI Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID BITE INJURIES; PROFILES AB Objective-To summarize breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks during a 20-year period and to assess policy implications. Animals-Dogs for which breed was reported involved in attacks on humans between 1979 and 1998 that resulted in human dog bite-related fatalities (DBRF). Procedure-Data for human DBRF identified previously for the period of 1979 through 1996 were combined with human DBRF newly identified for 1997 and 1998. Human DBRF were identified by searching news accounts and by use of The Humane Society of the United States' registry databank. Results-During 1997 and 1998, at least 27 people died of dog bite attacks (18 in 1997 and 9 in 1998). At least 25 breeds of dogs have been involved in 238 human DBRF during the past 20 years. Pit bull-type dogs and Rottweilers were involved in more than half of these deaths. Of 227 reports with relevant data, 55 (24%) human deaths involved unrestrained dogs off their owners' property, 133 (58%) involved unrestrained dogs on their owners' property, 38 (17%) involved restrained dogs on their owners' property, and 1 (< 1 %) involved a restrained dog off its owner's property. Conclusions-Although fatal attacks on humans appear ro be a breed-specific problem (pit bull-type dogs and Rottweilers), other breeds may bite and cause fatalities at higher rates. Because of difficulties inherent in determining a dog's breed with certainty, enforcement of breed-specific ordinances raises constitutional and practical issues. Fatal attacks represent a small proportion of dog bite injuries to humans and, therefore, should not be the primary factor driving public policy concerning dangerous dogs. Many practical alternatives to breed-specific ordinances exist and hold promise for prevention of dog bites. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv,US Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Humane Soc US, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Sacks, JJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 92 Z9 96 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 6 BP 836 EP 840 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.836 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 353QE UT WOS:000089286300017 PM 10997153 ER PT J AU Ford, TE Mac Kenzie, WR AF Ford, TE Mac Kenzie, WR TI How safe is our drinking water? Despite technologic advances, waterborne disease is still a threat SO POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID OUTBREAK; MILWAUKEE C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ford, TE (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, 665 Huntington Ave,Room G17,Kresge Bldg 1, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU MCGRAW HILL HEALTHCARE PUBLICATIONS PI MINNEAPOLIS PA 4530 WEST 77TH ST, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55435-5000 USA SN 0032-5481 J9 POSTGRAD MED JI Postgrad. Med. PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 108 IS 4 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355YK UT WOS:000089416000001 PM 11021256 ER PT J AU Rudenko, LG Arden, NH Grigorieva, E Naychin, A Rekstin, A Klimov, AI Donina, S Desheva, J Holman, RC DeGuzman, A Cox, NJ Katz, JM AF Rudenko, LG Arden, NH Grigorieva, E Naychin, A Rekstin, A Klimov, AI Donina, S Desheva, J Holman, RC DeGuzman, A Cox, NJ Katz, JM TI Immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated influenza vaccines used alone and in combination in nursing home residents SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza vaccines; clinical studies ID A VIRUS-VACCINES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; LOCAL ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; CHRONICALLY ILL ADULTS; H3N2 EPIDEMIC; DOUBLE-BLIND; SPLIT-VIRUS; B VACCINE; INTRANASAL; TRIVALENT AB The immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines administered alone or in three different combinations were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of 614 elderly or chronically ill nursing home residents in St. Petersburg, Russia during the 1996-97 influenza season. Postvaccination serum antibody responses were more frequent among individuals administered the combination vaccines than among those vaccinated with live or inactivated vaccine alone. Only individuals who received live vaccine, alone or in combination with inactivated vaccine. achieved significant postvaccination increases in virus-specific nasal IgA. Efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated individuals was 67% (95%CI, 36-81%) for recipients of a combination of the vaccines compared with 51% (95%CI, -17-79%) for recipients of live vaccine alone and 50% (95%CI, -26-80%) for recipients of inactivated vaccine alone. These results suggest that administration of a combination of influenza vaccines may provide a strategy for improved influenza vaccination of elderly people. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Expt Med, Dept Virol, St Petersburg, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Off Director, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd Mailstop G-16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Desheva, Yulia/I-1493-2013; Grigorieva, Elena/E-1744-2014; Rudenko, Larisa/B-5169-2015; OI Desheva, Yulia/0000-0001-9794-3520; Grigorieva, Elena/0000-0002-0107-9959; Rudenko, Larisa/0000-0002-0107-9959; Grigorieva, Elena/0000-0002-8439-6502 NR 49 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD SEP 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2-3 BP 308 EP 318 PG 11 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 352UV UT WOS:000089237000021 PM 10930686 ER PT J AU Sutter, RW Suleiman, AJM Malankar, P Al-Khusaiby, S Mehta, F Clements, GB Pallansch, MA Robertson, SE AF Sutter, RW Suleiman, AJM Malankar, P Al-Khusaiby, S Mehta, F Clements, GB Pallansch, MA Robertson, SE TI Trial of a supplemental dose of four poliovirus vaccines SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; POTENCY; IMMUNOGENICITY; POLIOVACCINE; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; TROPICS; OMAN AB Background: The immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), particularly the type 3 component, is lower in infants in most developing countries than in infants in industrialized countries. We conducted a multicenter trial in Oman to evaluate the response to a supplemental dose of four poliovirus vaccine formulations. Methods: At nine months of age, infants were randomly assigned to receive inactivated-poliovirus vaccine (IPV), administered subcutaneously; trivalent OPV manufactured in the United States or in Europe; or monovalent type 3 OPV. Serum samples were collected at enrollment and 7 and 30 days later. All of the infants had previously received five doses of OPV. Results: We enrolled 1025 infants; 785 (76.6 percent) met all the study requirements. At enrollment, 96.8 percent of the infants were seropositive for poliovirus type 1, 98.0 percent for type 2, and 88.0 percent for type 3. At 30 days there were no significant increases in type 3 seroprevalence or in the median antibody titer in the groups of infants who received OPV. Among the recipients of IPV, type 3 seroprevalence increased from 87.8 percent at enrollment to 97.1 percent at 30 days (P<0.001), and the median antibody titer increased from 1:228 to 1:1448 or higher (P<0.001). The rapid initial increase in the antibody titer suggests a secondary immune response. Conclusions: A supplemental dose of IPV has excellent immunogenicity and leads to increases in the titer of antibodies against type 3 poliovirus, whereas supplemental doses of the oral vaccines do not have these effects. (N Engl J Med 2000;343:767-73.) (C) 2000, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat Serv, Natl Immunizat Program E34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Hlth, Muscat, Oman. WHO, Dept Vaccines & Biol, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. Royal Hosp, Muscat, Oman. Ruchill Hosp, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland. RP Sutter, RW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Informat Serv, Natl Immunizat Program E34, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD SEP 14 PY 2000 VL 343 IS 11 BP 767 EP 773 DI 10.1056/NEJM200009143431103 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 352LZ UT WOS:000089221300003 PM 10984564 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eldson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Kulasekera, V Mill, L Fine, A Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E French, R Garmendia, A Andreadis, T Anderson, J Nelson, R Mayo, D Cartter, M Hadler, J Werner, B Timperi, R DeMaria, A Kelley, P Bunning, M AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eldson, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Stone, W Kulasekera, V Mill, L Fine, A Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E French, R Garmendia, A Andreadis, T Anderson, J Nelson, R Mayo, D Cartter, M Hadler, J Werner, B Timperi, R DeMaria, A Kelley, P Bunning, M TI Update: West Nile virus activity - Northeastern United States, January-August 7, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 714-717, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. Bergen Cty Hlth Dept, Paramus, NJ USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 13 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 10 BP 1236 EP 1237 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 350WL UT WOS:000089124600013 ER PT J AU Wise, RP Salive, ME Braun, MM Mootrey, GT Seward, JF Rider, LG Krause, PR AF Wise, RP Salive, ME Braun, MM Mootrey, GT Seward, JF Rider, LG Krause, PR TI Postlicensure safety surveillance for varicella vaccine SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REPORTING-SYSTEM VAERS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PERIPHERAL FACIAL PALSY; ZOSTER VIRUS; HEALTHY-CHILDREN; FOLLOW-UP; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; IMMUNIZATION; CHICKENPOX; EFFICACY AB Context Since its licensure in 1995, the extensive use of varicella vaccine and close surveillance of the associated anecdotal reports of suspected adverse effects provide the opportunity to detect potential risks not observed before licensure because of the relatively small sample size and other limitations of clinical trials. Objectives To detect potential hazards, including rare events, associated with varicella vaccine, and to assess case reports for clinical and epidemiological implications. Design and Setting Postlicensure case-series study of suspected vaccine adverse events reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) from March 17, 1995, through July 25, 1998. Main Outcome Measures Numbers of reported adverse events, proportions, and reporting rates (reports per 100 000 doses distributed). Results VAERS received 6574 case reports of adverse events in recipients of varicella vaccine, a rate of 67.5 reports per 100 000 doses sold. Approximately 4% of reports described serious adverse events, including 14 deaths. The most frequently reported adverse events were rashes, possible vaccine failures, and injection site reactions. Misinterpretation of varicella serology after vaccination appeared to account for 17% of reports of possible vaccine failures. Among 251 patients with herpes tester, 14 had the vaccine strain of varicella tester virus (VZV), while 12 had the wild-type virus. None of 30 anaphylaxis cases was fatal, An immunodeficient patient with pneumonia had the vaccine strain of VZV in a lung biopsy, Pregnant women occasionally received varicella vaccine through confusion with varicella tester immunoglobulin. Although the role of varicella vaccine remained unproven in most serious adverse event reports, there were a few positive rechallenge reports and consistency of many cases with syndromes recognized as complications of natural varicella. Conclusion Most of the reported adverse events associated with varicella vaccine are minor, and serious risks appear to be rare. We could not confirm a vaccine etiology for most of the reported serious events; several will require further study to clarify whether varicella vaccine plays a role. Education is needed to ensure appropriate use of varicella serologic assays and to eliminate confusion between varicella vaccine and varicella zoster immunoglobulin. C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Div Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US FDA, Off Therapeut Res & Review & DNA Viruses, Div Monoclonal Antibodies, Labs Mol & Dev Immunol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. US FDA, Off Vaccines Res & Review, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Branch Vaccine Safety & Dev, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Branch Child Vaccine Preventable Dis, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), 1401 rockville Pike,FDA CBER HFM-225, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. OI Rider, Lisa/0000-0002-6912-2458 NR 69 TC 121 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 13 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 10 BP 1271 EP 1279 DI 10.1001/jama.284.10.1271 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 350WL UT WOS:000089124600034 PM 10979114 ER PT J AU Rugg, DL Heitgerd, JL Cotton, DA Broyles, S Freeman, A Lopez-Gomez, AM Cotten-Oldenburg, NU Page-Shafer, K AF Rugg, DL Heitgerd, JL Cotton, DA Broyles, S Freeman, A Lopez-Gomez, AM Cotten-Oldenburg, NU Page-Shafer, K CA HIV Prevention Indicators Field Co TI CDC HIV prevention indicators: monitoring and evaluating HIV prevention in the USA SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV prevention; monitoring; evaluation; indicators ID PREVALENCE; PROGRAMS AB Objective: This study selected and field tested indicators to track changes in HIV prevention effectiveness in the USA. Methods: During 1996-1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention held two 2 day expert consultations with more than 80 national, state and local experts. A consensus-driven, evidence-based approach was used to select 70 indicators, which had to be derived from existing data, available in more than 25 states, and meaningful to state health officials in monitoring HIV. A literature review was performed for each indicator to determine general relevance, validity, and reliability. Two field tests in five US sites determined accessibility, feasibility, and usefulness. Results: The final 37 core indicators represent four categories: biological, behavioral, services, and socio-political. Specific indicators reflect the epidemic and associated risk factors for men who have sex with men, injection drug users, heterosexuals at high risk, and childbearing women. Conclusions: Despite limitations, the indicators sparked the regular, proactive integration and review of monitoring data, facilitating a more effective use of data in HIV prevention community planning. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global AIDS Activ LIFE Initiat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. Macro Int, Atlanta, GA USA. Off Publ Hlth, New Orleans, LA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Dept Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Rugg, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Global AIDS Activ LIFE Initiat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-07,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Broyles, Stephanie/C-8647-2011; OI Page, Kimberly/0000-0002-7120-1673 FU PHS HHS [62/CCU-114569, 62/CCU-513167, 62/CCU-614570] NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD SEP 8 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 13 BP 2003 EP 2013 DI 10.1097/00002030-200009080-00017 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 351VZ UT WOS:000089180700017 PM 10997406 ER PT J AU Page-Shafer, K Kim, A Norton, P Rugg, D Heitgerd, J Katz, MH McFarland, W AF Page-Shafer, K Kim, A Norton, P Rugg, D Heitgerd, J Katz, MH McFarland, W CA HIV Prevention Indicators Field Co TI Evaluating national HIV prevention indicators: a case study in San Francisco SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV prevention; monitoring; evaluation; indicators; San Francisco ID AIDS; PREVALENCE AB Objectives: To field-test the availability, interpretability, and programmatic usefulness of 37 proposed national HIV prevention indicators (HPI) intended to evaluate community-level impact of HIV prevention efforts in San Francisco. Methods: HPI were defined for four populations (high risk heterosexuals, injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, and childbearing women) and for four domains (biological, behavioral, service, and socio-political), HPI were obtained from existing data sources only. Trends in HPI were examined from 1990 to 1997. Results: Existing data provided 29 (78%) of the 37 proposed HPI; eight HPI were not available because California does not have HIV case reporting. Interpretation was limited for several HPI due to small sample size, inconsistencies in data collection, or lack of contextual information. Data providing behavioral HPI were scarce. HPI were consistent with historical patterns of HIV transmission in San Francisco but also highlighted new and worrisome trends. Notably, HPI identified recent increases in risk for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men. Conclusions: Despite limitations, the proposed national HPI provided evidence of the aggregate effectiveness of prevention efforts in San Francisco. Supplemental or local HPI are needed to fill data gaps, add context, and increase the scope and programmatic usefulness of the national HPI. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Intervent Res & Support, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McFarland, W (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Publ Hlth, 25 Van Ness Ave, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. OI Page, Kimberly/0000-0002-7120-1673 FU PHS HHS [62/CCU913184-01] NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD SEP 8 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 13 BP 2015 EP 2026 DI 10.1097/00002030-200009080-00018 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 351VZ UT WOS:000089180700018 PM 10997407 ER PT J AU Dye, C Reiter, P AF Dye, C Reiter, P TI Climate chance and malaria - Temperatures without fevers? SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 WHO, Dept Communicable Dis Control Prevent & Eradicat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Entomol Sect, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00920 USA. RP Dye, C (reprint author), WHO, Dept Communicable Dis Control Prevent & Eradicat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 8 PY 2000 VL 289 IS 5485 BP 1697 EP 1698 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 352BT UT WOS:000089195200030 PM 11001735 ER PT J AU Gayle, H AF Gayle, H TI An overview of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a focus on the United States SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Concensus Development Conference on Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors CY FEB 11-13, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH DE epidemiology; HIV; AIDS; HIV/AIDS; CDC; HAART; sub-Saharan Africa; surveillance; epidemics ID SAN-FRANCISCO; HIV-INFECTION; COHORTS AB The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a global human tragedy, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The pandemic: affects people in the primer of their lives moving from at-risk populations to broader cross-sections of society. There have been more than 47 million adults and children infected since the beginning of the epidemic, and more than 18.8 million people have died. Over 95% of the global total of all AIDS cases are in the developing world, with prevalence among adults at less than 1% in India and Europe, to more than 10% in several African countries. The overwhelming majority of all infections globally are acquired through unprotected sexual intercourse, with at least 70% resulting from heterosexual intercourse. There have been more than 733 374 AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US since the beginning of the epidemic, and more than 430 000 deaths. The largest number and proportion of AIDS cases reported have occurred among gay and bisexual men. This trend continues today, although racial and ethnic minorities, women, and youth are becoming infected in increasing proportions. The south has the most people living with AIDS, followed by the north-east. The global situation is improving insome areas, but even ii all HIV transmission could be completely stopped tomorrow, the longterm health, social and economic consequences will be devastating well into the 21st century. The magnitude of the epidemic and the continuing explosive risk of infection, coupled with the economic and infrastructural realities of the regions of the world, make prevention the only realistic approach. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gayle, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,NE E07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD SEP PY 2000 VL 14 SU 2 BP S8 EP S17 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 366QK UT WOS:000090015900002 PM 11061637 ER PT J AU Holtgrave, DR Pinkerton, SD AF Holtgrave, DR Pinkerton, SD TI Consequences of HIV prevention interventions and programs: spectrum, selection, and quality of outcome measures SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Concensus Development Conference on Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors CY FEB 11-13, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH DE HIV; methodology; outcome measures; psychometrics; cost-effectiveness ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS; SEXUAL HISTORIES; RISK BEHAVIOR; DRUG-USERS; AIDS; RELIABILITY; MEN AB The outcome measures employed in an HIV prevention intervention study should match the research and policy questions at hand. Ii the question is 'did the intervention work to prevent HIV infection?', then seroincidence data may be insufficient. However, if the question is 'why did the intervention work?', then more detailed behavioral data are necessary (and sometimes behavior change itself is the real goal of an intervention study). Given the wide range of questions asked by HIV prevention policy makers, funders and researchers, a spectrum of outcome measures is needed across HIV prevention intervention studies. These include measures of behavioral determinants, HIV-related risk behaviors, HIV incidence (and other biologic markers), morbidity, mortality, and cost-effectiveness factors (such as cost per quality-adjusted life year saved). In this paper, we review the range of outcome measures used and needed in these intervention studies. Particular attention is paid to the psychometric properties of self-reported behavior change measures of sexual behavior and substance use. Additional emphasis is placed on the role of cost-effectiveness measures in intervention studies. A general framework is proposed for conceptualizing the array of outcome measure possible for any given HIV prevention intervention study. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. RP Holtgrave, DR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Intervent Res & Support Ctr, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E35, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD SEP PY 2000 VL 14 SU 2 BP S27 EP S33 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 366QK UT WOS:000090015900004 PM 11061639 ER PT J AU Fonjungo, PN Mpoudi, EN Torimiro, JN Alemnji, GA Eno, LT Nkengasong, JN Gao, F Rayfield, M Folks, TM Pieniazek, D Lal, RB AF Fonjungo, PN Mpoudi, EN Torimiro, JN Alemnji, GA Eno, LT Nkengasong, JN Gao, F Rayfield, M Folks, TM Pieniazek, D Lal, RB TI Presence of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral variants in Cameroon SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID GROUP-O; HIV-1; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; SUBTYPES; AFRICA AB Phylogenetic analysis of the gp41 region of 123 HIV-1-seropositive specimens from Cameroon showed that 89 were subtype A (71% of these sequences were IbNg-like), 12 (10%) were subtype D, 11 (9%) were subtype G, 5 (4%; closely related to subtype F2) were subtype F, 1 was subtype H, 2 (1.6%) remained unclassifiable, while 3 were group O. Further analysis of the two unclassifiable specimens in gag(p24), pol(prot), and env (C2V3 or gp41) showed that one (98CM19) was a complex mosaic between subtype A in p24 and subtype J prot, and unclassifiable in env (C2V3 or gp41). The second, 98CM63, clustered distinctly from all known subtypes in p24, prot, C2V3, or gp41. 98CM63 clustered with a specimen from Cyprus and these two geographically and epidemiologically unlinked specimens, with their distinct clustering pattern, may represent a new subcluster of subtype A. In conclusion, these findings confirm the high HIV-1 genetic variability and further suggest the continuous appearance of new viral strains in this population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hop Mil Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon. CDC, Int Act Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV AIDS TB STD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), CDC, Immunopathogenesis Lab, HIV Imunol & Diagnost Branch, DASTLT,NCID, Mailstop D12,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 13 BP 1319 EP 1324 DI 10.1089/08892220050117087 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 347HC UT WOS:000088921400013 PM 10957729 ER PT J AU Nkengasong, JN Kestens, L Ghys, PD Koblavi-Deme, S Otten, RA Bile, C Maurice, C Kalou, M Laga, M Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE AF Nkengasong, JN Kestens, L Ghys, PD Koblavi-Deme, S Otten, RA Bile, C Maurice, C Kalou, M Laga, M Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE TI Dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: Impact on HIV type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in HIV-seropositive female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID COTE-DIVOIRE; T-CELLS; PROTECTION; INHIBITION; ANTIGENS AB To determine the impact of dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2 on HIV-1 viral load and markers of immune activation among HIV-seropositive FSWs in Abidjan, we analyzed blood samples obtained from consenting HIV-seropositive FSWs attending a confidential clinic between September 1996 and June 1997 in Abidjan. Among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dually seropositive FSWs, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing with HIV-1 and HIV-2 primers was used to differentiate between FSWs who were PCR positive only for HIV-1 and those positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 (dually infected). Of the 203 FSWs, 151 (74%) were HIV-1 seropositive only (median age, 26 years), 4 (2%) were HIV-2 seropositive, and 48 (24%) were dually seropositive (median age, 30 years). Of the 48 dually seropositive FSWs, 33 (69%) were dually infected and 15 (31%) were dually seropositive. Median CD4(+) T cell counts per microliter were not significantly different among the three groups (525 for HIV-1 positive only, 502 for dually infected, and 416 for dually seropositive) (p = 0.14). Median viral load (log(10) copies/ml) was not significantly different among the HIV-1-only FSWs (4.8 log(10) copies/ml) compared with the 32 dually infected FSWs (4.6 log(10) copies/ml) and 14 dually seropositive FSWs (4.7 log(10) copies/ml; p = 0.95). Median levels of HLA-DR immune activation were increased in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells for the dually infected (n = 27) FSWs compared with those infected with HIV-1 only (n = 123) (p = 0.019 and p = 0.01, respectively). Dual infection does not appear to influence levels of HIV-1 viral load in vivo. However, levels of HLA-DR are higher among FSWs dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 than among those infected with HIV-1 only. C1 Project RETRO CI, Virol Lab, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr STD HIV & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Trop Med, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. RP Nkengasong, JN (reprint author), Project RETRO CI, Virol Lab, BP 1712, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 14 BP 1371 EP 1378 DI 10.1089/08892220050140919 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 359CC UT WOS:000089593100005 PM 11018856 ER PT J AU Phan, KO Callahan, ME Vanichseni, S Hu, DJ Raktham, S Young, N Choopanya, K Mastro, TD Subbarao, S AF Phan, KO Callahan, ME Vanichseni, S Hu, DJ Raktham, S Young, N Choopanya, K Mastro, TD Subbarao, S TI A comparison of full-length glycoprotein 120 from incident HIV type 1 subtype E and B infections in Bangkok injecting drug users with prototype E and B strains that are components of a candidate vaccine SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; 2 SUBTYPES; THAILAND; GP120; REGION AB Complete gp120 sequence information was obtained from eight persons with incident HIV-1 infections (four subtype E and four subtype B) who were part of a prospective injecting drug user (IDU) cohort in Bangkok, Thailand, during 1996-1998. The incident subtype E strains were similar to the prototype subtype E strain CM244 isolated in 1992 in northern Thailand. The incident subtype B strains displayed divergence, in both overall genetic distance and other significant gp120 characteristics, from the prototype North American subtype B strain HIV-MN. Recombinant gp120s derived from CM244 and HIV-MN strains are components of a vaccine that is undergoing phase III efficacy testing, begun in March 1999, among Bangkok area IDUs. The information presented here will be important in the evaluation of any breakthrough HIV-1 infections occurring among vaccinees during the vaccine trial and in ongoing vaccine development efforts in Thailand. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bangkok Metropolitan Adm, Bangkok 11000, Thailand. RP Subbarao, S (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi, Thailand. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 14 BP 1445 EP 1450 DI 10.1089/08892220050140991 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 359CC UT WOS:000089593100013 PM 11018864 ER PT J AU Crouch, KG McGlothlin, JD Johnston, OE AF Crouch, KG McGlothlin, JD Johnston, OE TI A long-term study of the development of N2O controls at a pediatric dental facility SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE dentist; exposure control; NIOSH; nitrous oxide; pediatric AB A review is given of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) efforts to control N2O at a pediatric dental operatory from 1978 to the present. Measurements of N2O concentrations were made on four occasions before and after installation of different controls, using an infrared analyzer. Air velocity and volumetric flow measurements also were taken. Video imaging was done in some cases simultaneously with real-time N2O measurements to correlate work practices with exposure data. An infrared imaging system was used to identify sources of N2O. Critical components of resulting recommendations for control include monitoring of N2O concentrations; use of engineering controls, such as a scavenging mask, an effective dilution ventilation system, and auxiliary exhaust; good work practices; maintenance of the equipment; and worker education. Data presented strongly supports the hypothesis that better implementation of controls leads to reduction of N2O exposures. N2O concentrations were reduced by a factor of 61 from their initial levels. The current NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 25 ppm TWA during the time of N2O administration appears to be achievable. C1 NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Crouch, KG (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 61 IS 5 BP 753 EP 756 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0753:ALSOTD>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 368JH UT WOS:000090113500017 PM 11071429 ER PT J AU Saftlas, AF Koonin, LM Atrash, HK AF Saftlas, AF Koonin, LM Atrash, HK TI Racial disparity in pregnancy-related mortality associated with livebirth: Can established risk factors explain it? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacks; case-control studies; maternal mortality; risk factors; whites ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; UNITED-STATES; PRENATAL-CARE; MATERNAL MORTALITY; PRETERM DELIVERY; BLACK; INFANTS; TRENDS; WOMEN AB The authors conducted a nested case-control study to determine whether the fourfold increased risk of pregnancy-related mortality for US Black women compared with White women can be explained by racial differences in sociodemographic and reproductive factors. Cases were derived from a national surveillance database of pregnancy-related deaths and were restricted to White women (n = 840) and Black women (n = 448) whose pregnancies resulted in a livebirth and who died of a pregnancy-related cause between 1979 and 1986. Controls were derived from national natality data and were randomly selected White women and Black women who delivered live infants and did not die from a pregnancy-related cause (n = 5,437). Simultaneous adjustment for risk factors by using logistic regression did not explain the racial gap in pregnancy-related mortality. The largest racial disparity occurred among women with the lowest risk of pregnancy-related death: those of low to moderate parity who delivered normal-birth-weight babies (adjusted odds ratio = 3.53, 95% confidence interval: 2.9, 4.4). in contrast, no racial disparity was found among women with the highest risk of pregnancy-related death: high-parity women who delivered low-birth-weight babies. These findings indicate that reproductive health care professionals need to develop strategies to reduce pregnancy-related deaths among both high- and low-risk Black women. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Saftlas, AF (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 2953 Steindler Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 5 BP 413 EP 419 DI 10.1093/aje/152.5.413 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 349BM UT WOS:000089024000003 PM 10981453 ER PT J AU Hammond, SL Leonard, B Fridinger, F AF Hammond, SL Leonard, B Fridinger, F TI The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director's Physical Activity Challenge: An evaluation of a worksite health promotion intervention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article C1 Westat Atlanta, Atlanta Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hammond, SL (reprint author), Westat Atlanta, Atlanta Off, 2971 Flowers Rd S,Suite 180, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 17 EP 20 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 362DB UT WOS:000089762400004 PM 11184114 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Boffetta, P AF Steenland, K Boffetta, P TI Lead and cancer in humans: Where are we now? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Lead Exposure, Reproductive Toxicity, and Carcinogenicity CY JUN 07-09, 1999 CL GARGNANO, ITALY SP US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, US Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Univ Brescia, Inst Occupat Hlth, Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon DE lead; cancer; epidemiology ID SMELTER WORKERS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; LUNG-CANCER; MORTALITY; COHORT; RISK AB Background Lead is only weakly mutagenic, but in vitro it inhibits DNA repair and acts synergistically with other mutagens. Lead acetate administered orally, cutaneously, or intraperitoneally causes kidney cancel; brain cancer (gliomas), and lung cancer in rodents, and acts synergistically with other carcinogens. Most cytogenetic studies of exposed workers have shown increases in chromosome aberrations or sister chromatid exchange, including some studies with positive-exposure response trends. There are eight studies of cancer mortality or incidence among highly exposed workers; most are cohort studies of lead smelter or battery workers exposed decades ago. Methods We reviewed the epidemologic studies with regard to cancel: Results These studies provide some evidence of increased risk of lung cancer (RR = 1.30, 1.15-1.46, 675 observed deaths) and stomach cancer (combined RR = 1.34 1.14-1.57, 181 observed). However; the lung cancer findings are not consistent across studies, and confounding by arsenic may affect the study with the highest lung cancer RR. Exclusion of that study yields a combined lung cancer RR of 1.14 (1.04-1.73). There is little evidence of increased risk of kidney cancer (combined RR = 1.01, 0.72-1.42, 40 observed) or brain cancer (combined RR = 1.06, 0.81-1.40, 69 observed). However two studies show a two-fold increase in kidney cancer and one study shows a significant excess of gliomas. IARC classified lead as a "possible human carcinogen" based on sufficient animal data and insufficient human data in 1987 Six of the eight studies cited above have been published since 1987 Conclusion Overall, there is only weak evidence associating lend with cancer; the most likely candidates are lung cancer stomach cancel; and gliomas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:295-299, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 26 TC 141 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 295 EP 299 DI 10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<295::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-L PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 341HE UT WOS:000088584300008 PM 10940967 ER PT J AU Ethier, KA Fox-Tierney, R Nicholas, WC Salisbury, KM Ickovics, JR AF Ethier, KA Fox-Tierney, R Nicholas, WC Salisbury, KM Ickovics, JR TI Organizational predictors of prenatal HIV counseling and testing SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. Efforts to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV include implementation of prenatal counseling and resting programs. The objective of this study uas to assess organizational predictors of HIV counseling and testing. Methods. Surveillance records were collected on 5900 prenatal patients from 9 hospital and community clinics in Connecticut. Results. Some organizational factors (e.g., type of clinic. dedicated staff) that enhanced counseling rates had the opposite effect on lest acceptance. For instance, patients were more likely to be counseled when counseling was conducted by providers; however, test acceptance was more likely when dedicated counselors were available. Conclusions. These results provide important information concerning clinic resources needed as HIV counseling and resting services continue to be incorporated into prenatal care. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Yale Ctr Interdisciplinary Res AIDS, New Haven, CT USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Ethier, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent & Res Branch, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RI Sandall, Jane/D-4146-2009 OI Sandall, Jane/0000-0003-2000-743X FU PHS HHS [U64CCU112274-01] NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 90 IS 9 BP 1448 EP 1451 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.9.1448 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348RJ UT WOS:000089000000021 PM 10983205 ER PT J AU Coleman, RE Song, GH Wirtz, RA AF Coleman, RE Song, GH Wirtz, RA TI Short report: Failure to select for chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei through drug pressure in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID FALCIPARUM AB We investigated whether chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei could be selected through drug pressure applied during continuous cyclical transmission in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were infected by feeding them on mice previously inoculated with a drug-sensitive clone of P. berghei ANKA. Mosquitoes ingested mefloquine or chloroquine with the infectious blood-meal, or by feeding on a drug-treated (uninfected) mouse 4 or 10 days after the infectious blood-meal. Twenty-two days after being infected, mosquitoes transmitted sporozoites to uninfected mice. Blood from these animals was used to infect naive mice that were then used to reinitiate the mouse/mosquito/mouse cycle. A total of 20 passages through mosquitoes were completed while under drug pressure:. Drug-resistance levels were assessed in the initial clone and after 20 passages through mosquitoes. None of 18 "sub-clones" of parasites showed significant increases in chloroquine or mefloquine resistance, suggesting that exposure of sporogonic stage Plasmodium to chloroquine or mefloquine will not result in the development of drug resistance. C1 Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Entomol, USA Med Component, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Shanghai Mil Med Univ, Dept Parasitol, Shanghai, Peoples R China. RP Coleman, RE (reprint author), Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Entomol, USA Med Component, 315-6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 119 EP 120 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 437MG UT WOS:000168995000002 PM 11388501 ER PT J AU Bern, C Jha, SN Joshi, AB Thakur, GD Bista, MB AF Bern, C Jha, SN Joshi, AB Thakur, GD Bista, MB TI Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID INDIAN KALA-AZAR; TEST DAT; DIAGNOSIS; SUDAN; SERODIAGNOSIS; VILLAGE; ELISA; RK39 AB We evaluated the field use of two serologic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the direct agglutination test (DAT) and rK39 dipstick test, in the context of a case-control study. Most VL cases in Nepal are currently diagnosed on clinical grounds and with relatively non-specific tests such as the formol-gel test. Among 14 newly diagnosed VL patients with bone-marrow slides confirmed positive in two independent laboratories, the sensitivity of both tests was 100%. Among 113 controls with no personal or household history of VL, the specificity of the rK39 was 100% while th:at of the DAT was 93%. The rK39 was less expensive than DAT, and has the advantages of ease of use and obtaining results within minutes. The wider use of the rK39 dipstick test could improve the specificity of VL diagnosis in Nepal. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tribhuvan Univ, Kathmandu, Nepal. Majestys Govt Nepal Minist Htlh, Epidemiol & Dis Control Div, Kathmandu, Nepal. RP Bern, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 153 EP 157 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 437MG UT WOS:000168995000009 PM 11388508 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Knight, R Mhangami-Ruwende, B Trout, JM Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Knight, R Mhangami-Ruwende, B Trout, JM Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ TI Mechanical transport and transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by wild filth flies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA DIPTERA; DISSOLUTION METHOD; WATER SAMPLES; INFECTIVITY; MUSCIDAE; MANURE; HOSTS AB Over the course of six months wild filth Hies were collected from traps left for 7-10 days in a barn with or without a calf shedding Cryptosporidium parvum Genotype 2, oocysts in diarrheic feces. The oocysts of C. parvum transported on the flies' exoskeletons and eluted from their droplets left on visited surfaces es were infectious for mice. The mean number of oocysts carried by a fly varied from 4 to 131, and the total oocyst number per collection varied from 56 to approximately 4.56 X 10(3). Fly abundance and intensity of mechanical transmission of infectious C. parvum oocysts were positively correlated. and both increased significantly when an infected calf was in the barn. Molecular data showed that the oocysts shed by infected calves were carried by flies for at least 3 weeks. Filth flies can acquire infectious: C. parvum oocysts from unsanitary sites, deposit them on visited surfaces, and therefore may be involved in human or animal cryptosporidiosis. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CDCP, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Publ Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 178 EP 183 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 437MG UT WOS:000168995000012 PM 11388511 ER PT J AU Bern, C Joshi, AB Jha, SN Das, ML Hightower, A Thakur, GD Bista, MB AF Bern, C Joshi, AB Jha, SN Das, ML Hightower, A Thakur, GD Bista, MB TI Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: Bed-net use is strongly protective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DIRECT AGGLUTINATION-TEST; INDIAN KALA-AZAR; BIHAR; VILLAGE AB Since 1980, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has reemerged as a public health problem in lowland Nepal. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors. In univariate analyses among 84 cases and 105 controls, protective factors included sleeping on a bed or cot (Odds ratio [OR] 0.44, P < 0.01) and sleeping under a bed-net regularly (OR 0.23, P < 0.001) or in the warm months (OR 0.20, P < 0.001). The bed-nets ill use in this region were commercially available and untreated with insecticide. Ownership of a cow or buffalo was protective (OR 0.34. P < 0.001), whereas dampness observed in the mud floor of the house was a strong risk factor (OR 4.0, P < 0.001). In multivariable models, bed-net usage, cow or buffalo ownership, and damp floors were significantly associated with altered risk. A program to increase bed-net usage could therefore decrease the incidence of VL in Nepal. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tribhuvan Univ, Kathmandu, Nepal. His Majestys Govt Nepal Minist Hlth, Epidemiol & Dis Control Dis, Kathmandu, Nepal. BP Koirala Inst, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. RP Bern, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Das, Murari/0000-0001-6816-2389 NR 19 TC 78 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 184 EP 188 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 437MG UT WOS:000168995000013 PM 11388512 ER PT J AU Tangkanakul, W Tharmaphornpil, P Plikaytis, BD Bragg, S Poonsuksombat, D Choomkasien, P Kingnate, D Ashford, DA AF Tangkanakul, W Tharmaphornpil, P Plikaytis, BD Bragg, S Poonsuksombat, D Choomkasien, P Kingnate, D Ashford, DA TI Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in northeastern Thailand, 1998 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article AB Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira Humans are infected through direct contact with infected animals or through exposure to fresh water or soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Leptospirosis is characterized by acute fever that can be followed by a more severe, sometimes fatal illness that may include jaundice and renal failure (Weil's disease), meningitis, myocarditis, hemorrhagic pneumonitis, or hemodynamic collapse. To identify potential risk factors for leptospirosis in Thailand, we conducted a matched case-control study in Nakornratchasrima Province of the northeastern region. Fifty-nine cases and 118 controls were included in the study. Four activities in the two weeks prior to illness were independently associated with leptospirosis infection: walking through water (odds ratio [OR] = 4.9, 95%; confidence interval [CT] = 1.7-14.1), applying fertilizer in wet fields for more than 6 hr a day (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-7.8), plowing in wet fields for more than 6 hr a day (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-11.6), and pulling out rice plant sprouts in wet fields for more than 6 hr a day (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.02-9.3). Identification of these risk factors on admission might prove useful for early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis in Thailand. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Bangkok, Thailand. RP Tangkanakul, W (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, Nonthaburi, Thailand. NR 16 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 63 IS 3-4 BP 204 EP 208 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 437MG UT WOS:000168995000017 PM 11388516 ER PT J AU Blount, BC Milgram, KE Silva, MJ Malek, NA Reidy, JA Needham, LL Brock, JW AF Blount, BC Milgram, KE Silva, MJ Malek, NA Reidy, JA Needham, LL Brock, JW TI Quantitative detection of eight phthalate metabolites in human urine using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLASTICIZER DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE; MONO-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE; EXPOSURE; HEMODIALYSIS; SAMPLES; RATS AB Because of the ubiquity of phthalates and their potential role in increasing risk for cancer and reproductive dysfunction, the need for human exposure assessment studies is urgent. In response to this need, we developed a high-throughput, robust, sensitive, accurate, and precise assay for simultaneous measurement of trace levels of eight phthalate metabolites in human urine by HPLC-MS/MS. Human urine samples were processed using enzymatic deconjugation of the glucuronides followed by solid-phase ex-traction. The eluate was concentrated, and the phthalate metabolites were chromatographically resolved by reversed-phase HPLC, detected by APCI-tandem mass spectrometry, and quantified by isotope dilution. This selective analytical method permits rapid detection (7.7 min total run time) of eight urinary metabolites of the most commonly used phthalates with detection limits in the low nanagram per milliliter range. Assay precision Was improved by incorporating C-13(4)-labeled internal standards for each of the eight analytes, as well as a conjugated internal standard to monitor deconjugation efficiency. This selective, sensitive, and rapid method will help elucidate potential associations (if any) between human exposure to phthalates and adverse health effects. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Brock, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 25 TC 212 Z9 226 U1 8 U2 59 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 17 BP 4127 EP 4134 DI 10.1021/ac000422r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 351VJ UT WOS:000089178600031 PM 10994974 ER PT J AU Moorman, WJ Cheever, KL Skaggs, SR Clark, JC Turner, TW Marlow, KL Schrader, SM AF Moorman, WJ Cheever, KL Skaggs, SR Clark, JC Turner, TW Marlow, KL Schrader, SM TI Male adolescent exposure to endocrine-disrupting pesticides: vinclozolin exposure in peripubertal rabbits SO ANDROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Molecular Aspects of Male Reproductive Toxicology CY NOV 13-14, 1999 CL CASTLE RAUISCHHOLZHAUSEN, GERMANY DE accessory sex gland; anti-androgenic; dermal dosing; metabolic products ID FUNGICIDE VINCLOZOLIN; SEMEN AB Adolescence is a time of dramatic neuroendocrine changes that are required for sexual maturation. Hormonal mimicking or inhibiting chemicals can cause significant impairment during this critical period. Vinclozolin (Vin) has been shown to be an anti-androgen affecting male offspring in rats in utero, and its mechanism of action may be mediated by inhibition of androgenic receptor action. The majority of teenagers working on farms are male, and therefore a systemic fungicide, vinclozolin, was selected for study. The rabbit has proved to be an excellent species for modelling reproductive toxicant effects in the male and was selected as the test species. The peripubertal phase for the rabbit was determined to be between the 3rd and 4th months. A 2-month dosing period was therefore initiated at 3 months of age and carried through to the 4th month. Vin was administered by dermal application (100 mg kg(-1) in 100 mu l of dimethylsulphoxide) daily. Body weights were determined weekly. The rabbits were then held until fully mature (6 months of age). Semen was collected and evaluated from sexually mature males on a weekly schedule for 5 weeks to maximize sperm output. An automated solid phase extraction procedure for monitoring exposures through isolation and quantification of Vin and its metabolic products was developed. Increased plasma levels of Vin and M2 were found throughout the experimental period. The exposed rabbits had a smaller weight gain during pubertal growth (approaching significance; P=0.059). At maturity, the accessory sex glands of the exposed animals weighed less than those of the controls (P=0.016). Surprisingly, the pooled sperm count of the exposed animals was significantly higher (P=0.017) than that of the unexposed animals. The anti-androgenic effects of Vin may have blocked the negative feedback mechanism of testosterone on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, allowing for an increase in gonadotrophin release, and consequently increasing sperm production at puberty. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Schrader, SM (reprint author), 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C23, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011 NR 16 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0303-4569 J9 ANDROLOGIA JI Andrologia PD SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4-5 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0272.2000.00400.x PG 9 WC Andrology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 359KC UT WOS:000089609200014 PM 11021521 ER PT J AU Morlock, GP Crawford, JT Butler, WR Brim, SE Sikes, D Mazurek, GH Woodley, CL Cooksey, RC AF Morlock, GP Crawford, JT Butler, WR Brim, SE Sikes, D Mazurek, GH Woodley, CL Cooksey, RC TI Phenotypic characterization of pncA mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID PYRAZINAMIDASE ACTIVITY; MUTATIONS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; TESTS AB We examined the correlation of mutations in the pyrazinamidase (PZase) gene (pncA) with the pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance phenotype with 60 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. PZase activity was determined by the method of Wayne (L, G, Wayne, Am. Rev. Respir, Dis, 109:147-151, 1974), and the entire pncA nucleotide sequence, including the 74 bp upstream of the start codon, was determined. PZA susceptibility testing was performed by the method of proportions on modified Middlebrook and Cohn 7H10 medium. The PZA MICs were greater than or equal to 100 mu g/ml for 37 isolates, 34 of which had alterations in the pncA gene, These mutations included missense substitutions for 24 isolates, nonsense substitutions for 3 isolates, frameshifts by deletion for 4 isolates, a three codon insertion for 1 isolate, and putative regulatory mutations for 2 isolates. Among 21 isolates for which PZA MICs were <100 mu g/ml, 3 had the same mutation (Thr47-->Ala) and 18 had the wild-type sequence. For the three Thr47-->Ala mutants PZA MICs were 12.5 mu g/ml by the method of proportions on 7H10 agar; two of these were resistant to 100 mu g of PZA per ml and the third was resistant to 800 mu g of PZA per ml by the BACTEC method. In all, 30 different pncA mutations were found among the 37 pncA mutants. No PZase activity was detected in 35 of 37 strains that were resistant to greater than or equal to 100 mu g of PZA per ml or in 34 of 37 pncA mutants. Reduced PZase activity was found in the three mutants with the Thr47-->Ala mutation. This study demonstrates that mutations in the pncA gene may serve as a reliable indicator of resistance to greater than or equal to 100 mu g of PZA per ml. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HUV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morlock, GP (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop F08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 79 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2291 EP 2295 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.9.2291-2295.2000 PG 5 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 345TH UT WOS:000088830900010 PM 10952570 ER PT J AU Rasheed, JK Anderson, GJ Yigit, H Queenan, AM Domenech-Sanchez, A Swenson, JM Biddle, JW Ferraro, MJ Jacoby, GA Tenover, FC AF Rasheed, JK Anderson, GJ Yigit, H Queenan, AM Domenech-Sanchez, A Swenson, JM Biddle, JW Ferraro, MJ Jacoby, GA Tenover, FC TI Characterization of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase reference strain, Klebsiella pneumoniae K6 (ATCC 700603), which produces the novel enzyme SHV-18 SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; CEFOTAXIME RESISTANCE; PLASMID; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; CEPHALOSPORINS; MEMBERS AB Klebsiella pneumoniae K6 (ATCC 700603), a clinical isolate, is resistant to ceftazidime and other oxyimino-beta-lactams. A consistent reduction in the MICs of oxyimino-beta-lactams by at least 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of clavulanic acid confirmed the utility of Ii. pneumoniae K6 as a quality control strain for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection. Isoelectric-focusing analysis of crude lysates of K6 demonstrated a single beta-lactamase with a pi of 7.8 and a substrate profile showing preferential hydrolysis of cefotaxime compared to ceftazidime. PCR analysis of total bacterial DNA from K6 identified the presence of a bla(SHV) gene. K6 contained two large plasmids with molecular sizes of approximately 160 and 80 kb, Hybridization of plasmid DNA with a bla(SHV)-specific probe indicated that a bla(SHV) gene was encoded on the 80-kb plasmid, which was shown to transfer resistance to ceftazidime in conjugal mating experiments With Escherichia coli HB101. DNA sequencing of this bLa(SHV)-related gene revealed that it differs from bla(SHV-1) at nine nucleotides, five of which resulted in amino acid substitutions: Ile to Phe at position 8, Arg to Ser at position 43, Gly to Na at position 238, and Glu to Lys at position 240. In addition to the production of this novel ESBL, designated SHV-18, analysis of the outer membrane proteins of K6 revealed the loss of the OmpK35 and OmpK37 porins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RW Johnson Pharmaceut Res Inst, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA. Univ Las Islas Baleares, Dept Biol, Area Microbiol, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Microbiol Lab, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Edith Nourse Rogers Mem Vet Adm Hosp, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. Lahey Clin Fdn, Med Ctr, Burlington, MA 01805 USA. RP Rasheed, JK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 55 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 44 IS 9 BP 2382 EP 2388 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.9.2382-2388.2000 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 345TH UT WOS:000088830900023 PM 10952583 ER PT J AU Torres, J Perez-Perez, G Goodman, KJ Atherton, JC Gold, BD Harris, PR Madrazo-de la Garza, A Guarner, J Munoz, O AF Torres, J Perez-Perez, G Goodman, KJ Atherton, JC Gold, BD Harris, PR Madrazo-de la Garza, A Guarner, J Munoz, O TI A comprehensive review of the natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in children SO ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE children; Helicobacter pylori; epidemiology; clinical manifestations; histopathology; virulence factors; diagnosis; treatment; immune response ID PEPTIC-ULCER DISEASE; RECURRENT ABDOMINAL-PAIN; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; C-13-UREA BREATH TEST; GASTRIC EPITHELIAL-CELLS; TERM FOLLOW-UP; PEPSINOGEN-II CONCENTRATIONS; UNIDENTIFIED CURVED BACILLI; CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS; RAPID UREASE TESTS AB Across populations of children, Helicobacter pylori prevalence ranges from under 10% to over 80%. Low prevalence occurs in the U.S., Canada, and northern and western Europe; high prevalence occurs in India, Africa, Latin America, and eastern Europe. Risk factors include socioeconomic status, household crowding, ethnicity, migration from high prevalence regions, and infection status of family members. H. pylori infection is not associated with specific symptoms in children; however, it is consistently associated with antral gastritis, although its clinical significance is unclear. Duodenal ulcers associated with H, pylori are seldom seen in children under 10 years of age. H, pylori-infected children demonstrate a chronic, macrophagic, and monocytic inflammatory cell infiltrate and a lack of neutrophils, as compared with the response observed in adults. The effect of H, pylori infection on acid secretion in children remains poorly defined. The events that occur during H. pylori colonization in children should be studied more thoroughly and should include urease activity, motility, chemotaxis, adherence, and downregulation of the host response. The importance of virulence determinants described as relevant for disease during H, pylori infection has not been extensively studied in children. Highly sensitive and specific methods for the detection of H, pylori in children are needed, especially in younger pediatric populations in which colonization is in its early phases. Criteria for the use of eradication treatment in H. pylori-infected children need to be established. Multicenter pediatric studies should focus on the identification of risk factors, which can be used as prognostic indicators for the development of gastroduodenal disease later in life. (C) 2001 IMSS. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Hosp Pediat, Unidad Invest Med Enfermedades Infecciosas, IMSS, SXXI,CMN, Mexico City 06725, DF, Mexico. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Univ Texas, Houston Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Univ Nottingham, Div Gastroenterol, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Univ Nottingham, Inst Infect & Immun, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat,Egleston Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr,Childrens Healthc, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Med, Gastroenterol Sect, Dept Pediat, Santiago, Chile. Hosp Pediat, IMSS, Dept Gastroenterol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Infect Dis Pathol Activ, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Torres, J (reprint author), Hosp Pediat, Unidad Invest Med Enfermedades Infecciosas, IMSS, SXXI,CMN, Av Cuauhtemoc 330,Col Doctores, Mexico City 06725, DF, Mexico. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013; Goodman, Karen/D-6823-2013 OI Goodman, Karen/0000-0002-3790-3217 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01-DK53708, R01 DK54495-01] NR 381 TC 135 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0188-0128 J9 ARCH MED RES JI Arch. Med. Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 31 IS 5 BP 431 EP 469 DI 10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00099-0 PG 39 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 401KB UT WOS:000166925800001 PM 11179581 ER PT J AU Duffy, RE Brown, SE Caldwell, KL Lubniewski, A Anderson, N Edelhauser, H Holley, G Tess, A Divan, H Helmy, M Arduino, M Jarvis, WR AF Duffy, RE Brown, SE Caldwell, KL Lubniewski, A Anderson, N Edelhauser, H Holley, G Tess, A Divan, H Helmy, M Arduino, M Jarvis, WR CA Toxic Endothelial Cell Destruction TI An epidemic of corneal destruction caused by plasma gas sterilization SO ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM HYALURONATE; ENDOTHELIUM; EDEMA; TOXICITY; SURGERY AB Background: Toxic endothelial cell destruction (TECD) syndrome after intraocular ophthalmic surgery is rare and can result from exposure to a variety of toxins. During January 8 to 14, 1998, 6 patients developed TECD with corneal edema associated with unreactive or dilated pupils at Hospital A. Methods: A case patient was any Hospital A patient with TECD within 24 hours after surgery during January 5 to 14, 1998 (epidemic period). A control was any hospital A ophthalmic surgery patient without TECD during the epidemic period. The medical records of hospital A ophthalmology surgery patients during the pre-epidemic (ie, September 1, 1997-January 4, 1998) and epidemic periods were reviewed. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was used to detect trace inorganic elements on sterilized surgical instruments. Cannulated surgical instruments and laboratory rinsates were perfused directly to the corneal endothelium of isolated rabbit and human corneas. Corneal endothelial ultrastructure and swelling were assessed. Results: The rate of TECD at hospital A was higher during the epidemic than pre-epidemic period (6/12 vs 0/118, P<.001). The only change during the periods was the introduction, on November 5, 1997, of a new sterilization method, AbTox Plazlyte, for sterilization of ophthalmic surgery instruments. Findings from spectrometry revealed that copper and zinc residues were higher in instruments sterilized with Plazlyte than in those sterilized with ethylene oxide (median copper value, 7.64 mg/L vs 0.14 mg/L, respectively, P=.02; median zinc value, 5.90 mg/L vs 1.35 mg/L, respectively, P=.2). Corneal endothelial perfusion of Plazlyte sterilized-instrument rinsates or laboratory solution with copper and zinc produced irreversible damage, similar to toxic corneal endothelial destruction, to rabbit and human corneas. Conclusion: A new sterilization method degraded brass to copper and zinc on cannulated surgical instruments resulting in TECD of the cornea. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Washington Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. St Louis Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ophthalmol Sect, Surg Serv, St Louis, MO USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, John Cochran Div, St Louis, MO USA. Ctr Dis Control, Epidem Intelligence Serv Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-E69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Caldwell, Kathleen/B-1595-2009; Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X FU NEI NIH HHS [EY00933] NR 31 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9950 J9 ARCH OPHTHALMOL-CHIC JI Arch. Ophthalmol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 118 IS 9 BP 1167 EP 1176 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 353HG UT WOS:000089268300001 PM 10980761 ER PT J AU Whitworth, WC Eskdale, J Gallagher, G Jordanides, N Kuffner, T Jonas, B Tigges, S Carpenter, W McNicholl, J AF Whitworth, WC Eskdale, J Gallagher, G Jordanides, N Kuffner, T Jonas, B Tigges, S Carpenter, W McNicholl, J TI Protection from radiologic joint damage associated with an IL-6 3 ' microsatellite polymorphism in African Americans with rheumatoid arthritis. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Glasgow, Royal Infirm, Dept Surg, Glasgow G31 2ER, Lanark, Scotland. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 9 SU S MA 51 BP S59 EP S59 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 357JU UT WOS:000089495800052 ER PT J AU Whitworth, WC Eskdale, J Gallagher, GI Jordanides, N Kuffner, T Jonas, B Tigges, S Carpenter, W McNichol, JJ AF Whitworth, WC Eskdale, J Gallagher, GI Jordanides, N Kuffner, T Jonas, B Tigges, S Carpenter, W McNichol, JJ TI Combined IL-6 3 ' VNTR and HLA-DR4 genotypes are highly predictive of radiologic joint damage in African Americans with rheumatoid arthritis. SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Glasgow, Dept Surg, Glasgow G31 2ER, Lanark, Scotland. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 9 SU S MA 50 BP S59 EP S59 PG 1 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 357JU UT WOS:000089495800051 ER PT J AU Pedersen, NL Gatz, M Posner, SF Ripatti, S AF Pedersen, NL Gatz, M Posner, SF Ripatti, S TI Finding a satisfactory solution to influences on age at onset in dementia SO BEHAVIOR GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Karolinska Inst, Dep Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ So Calif, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0001-8244 J9 BEHAV GENET JI Behav. Genet. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 30 IS 5 BP 414 EP 414 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Behavioral Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Psychology GA 405KR UT WOS:000167159000073 ER PT J AU Datta, S Satten, GA Datta, S AF Datta, S Satten, GA Datta, S TI Nonparametric estimation for the three-stage irreversible illness-death model SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; competing risks; dependent censoring; fractional risk set; human immunodeficiency virus; multistage models; nonparametric estimation; pneumocystis pneumonia; product-limit estimator; survival analysis ID DISEASE; RISK AB In this paper, we present new nonparametric estimators of the stage-occupation probabilities in the three-stage irreversible illness-death model. These estimators use a fractional risk set and a reweighting approach and are valid under stage-dependent censoring. Using a simulated data set, we compare the behavior of our estimators with previously proposed estimators. We also apply our estimators to data on time to Pneumocystis pneumonia and death obtained from an AIDS cohort study. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Datta, S (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM gsatten@cdc.gov OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 FU AHRQ HHS [R01 HS07809]; NIAID NIH HHS [T32-AI07442] NR 17 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD SEP PY 2000 VL 56 IS 3 BP 841 EP 847 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00841.x PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 349WX UT WOS:000089069500026 PM 10985224 ER PT J AU Wong, KT Shieh, WJ Kumar, S Karim, N Guarner, J Abdullah, W Zaki, S AF Wong, KT Shieh, WJ Kumar, S Karim, N Guarner, J Abdullah, W Zaki, S TI Nipah encephalitis: Pathology and pathogenesis of a new, emerging paramyxovirus infection SO BRAIN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Hosp Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SOC NEUROPATHOLOGY PI PITTSBURGH PA 200 LOTHROP ST A506, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA SN 1015-6305 J9 BRAIN PATHOL JI Brain Pathol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 10 IS 4 BP 794 EP 795 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA 334YB UT WOS:000088213000624 ER PT J AU May, DS Lee, NC Richardson, LC Giustozzi, AG Bobo, JK AF May, DS Lee, NC Richardson, LC Giustozzi, AG Bobo, JK TI Mammography and breast cancer detection by race and Hispanic ethnicity: results from a national program (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; cancer detection; mammography; medically underserved ID COST SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; MEDICAL AUDIT; WHITE WOMEN; NEW-MEXICO; SURVIVAL; STAGE; DIAGNOSIS; AGE AB Objective: Some of the racial and ethnic variation in breast cancer incidence rates may reflect differential use of mammography. We report breast cancer rates using mammography and diagnostic data from five race/ethnicity groups. Methods: Mammography data were analyzed for 573,751 women who received breast cancer screening between July 1991 and March 1998 from the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). Abnormal mammography rates, breast cancer detection rates, and cancer stage distribution data are presented by race/ethnicity and screening round (first or subsequent). Results: For the first screening round, percentages of abnormal mammographies ranged from 7.3% among black women to 9.3% among Asian/Pacific Islander women. Cancer detection rates ranged from 4.9 cancers per 1000 mammograms for Hispanic and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women to 7.7 per 1000 for white women. Subsequent round rates were lower but varied similarly. AI/AN women had the highest percentage (68%) of first-round cancers detected in the early stage (range for the other groups: 52-63%). Conclusions: Breast cancer detection rates for racial and ethnic groups in this program varied less than published population-based incidence rates. Differential use of mammography among these groups may account for some of the variation reported for breast cancer incidence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Brown Univ, Rhode Isl Hosp, Providence, RI 02903 USA. RP Lee, NC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Mailstop K52,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD SEP PY 2000 VL 11 IS 8 BP 697 EP 705 DI 10.1023/A:1008900220924 PG 9 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 355XC UT WOS:000089413000004 PM 11065006 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Bray, I Greenland, S Boffetta, P AF Steenland, K Bray, I Greenland, S Boffetta, P TI Empirical Bayes adjustments for multiple results in hypothesis-generating or surveillance studies SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION; EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANALYSES; LIKELIHOOD; EXPOSURES AB Traditional methods of adjustment for multiple comparisons (e.g., Bonferroni adjustments) have fallen into disuse In epidemiological studies. However, alternative kinds of adjustment for data with multiple comparisons may sometimes be advisable, When a large number of comparisons are made, and when there is a high cost to investigating false positive leads, empirical or semi-Raves adjustments may help in the selection of the most promising leads. Here we offer an example of such adjustments in a large surveillance data set of occupation and cancer in Nordic countries, in which we used empirical Bayes (EB) adjustments to evaluate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for cancer and occupation among craftsmen and laborers. For men, there were 642 SIRs, of which 138 (21%) had a P < 0.05 (13% positive with SIR > 1.0 and 8% negative with SIR less than or equal to 1.0) when testing the null hypothesis of no cancer/occupation association; some of these were probably due to confounding by nonoccupational risk factors (e.g., smoking). After EB adjustments, there were 95 (15%) SIRs with P < 0.05 (10% positive and 5% negative). For women, there were 373 SIRs, of which 37 (10%) had P < 0.05 before adjustment (6% positive and 4% negative) and 13 (3%) had P < 0.05 after adjustment (2% positive and 1% negative). Several known associations were confirmed after EB adjustment (e.g., pleural cancer among plumbers, original SIR 3.2 (95% confidence interval, 2.5-4.1), adjusted SIR 2.0 (95% confidence Interval, 1.6-2.4), EB can produce more accurate estimates of relative risk by shrinking imprecise outliers toward the mean, which may reduce the number of false positives otherwise flagged for further investigation. For example, liver cancer among chimney sweepers was reduced from an original SIR of 2.2 (range, 1.1-4.4) to an adjusted SIR of 1.1 (range, 0.9-1.4), A potentially important future application for EB is studies of gene-environment-disease interactions, in which hundreds of polymorphisms may be evaluated with dozens of environmental risk factors in large cohort studies, producing thousands of associations. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Plymouth, Sch Math & Stat, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Int Agcy Res Canc, F-69372 Lyon, France. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. OI Bray, Isabelle/0000-0002-5353-3287 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 9 IS 9 BP 895 EP 903 PG 9 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 355NW UT WOS:000089392600006 PM 11008906 ER PT J AU Thacker, WL Talkington, DF AF Thacker, WL Talkington, DF TI Analysis of complement fixation and commercial enzyme immunoassays for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human serum SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS; IGM; INFECTIONS; CHILDREN; CULTURE; TESTS AB The Meridian ImmunoCard (IC), GenBio ImmunoWELL-IgM, and Remel EIA commercial antibody tests are qualitative enzyme immunoassays that detect antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in serum. These tests were compared to an M. pneumoniae complement fixation (CF) assay, which uses a commercially available antigen component. The Meridian IC and the ImmunoWELL-IgM detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) only; the Remel EIA and the CF test detect both IgM and IgG antibodies. Detection of specific IgM antibody, which appears early in infection, can be, but is not always, indicative of a recent or current infection. paired serum samples from 64 adult patients with probable M. pneumoniae infection were examined with cad of the four tests. Thirty (47%) of the 64 acute-phase sera were IgM positive by Meridian IC, 26 (41%) were positive by Remel EIA, 24 (38%) were positive by CF, and 15 (23%) were positive by ImmunoWELL-IgM. When both the acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples from each patient were examined, 61 (95%) of the 64 patients were positive by CF, 60 patients (94%) were positive by Remel EIA, 52 patients (81%) were IgM positive by the Meridian IC, and 29 patients (45%) were IgM positive by the ImmunoWELL-IgM assay. The Meridian IC was more sensitive than the other tests for early detection of IgM antibodies, However, after examining paired serum samples, we concluded that the detection of IgM alone may not be useful for all cases of mycoplasma infection, especially in an adult population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Thacker, WL (reprint author), CDC, Bldg 5-312,Mailstop G03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 7 IS 5 BP 778 EP 780 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.5.778-780.2000 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 352UC UT WOS:000089235400012 PM 10973454 ER PT J AU LaCroix, S Stewart, JA Thouless, ME Black, JB AF LaCroix, S Stewart, JA Thouless, ME Black, JB TI An immunoblot assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to human herpesvirus 6 SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION EXANTHEM SUBITUM; MEASLES; HUMAN-HERPESVIRUS-6; CHILDREN; IDENTIFICATION; DIAGNOSIS; RUBELLA; INFANTS; PCR; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS AB We identified the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-dominant immunoglobulin M (IgM)-reactive virion protein as being the same 101-kDa protein (101K) previously identified as the major IgG immunoreactive protein and a specific serologic marker of HHV-6 infection. An immunoblot assay (IB) to detect HHV-6-specific IgM antibodies against the 101K protein in human serum samples was developed. The assay was validated by using acute- and convalescent-phase serum collected from children under 2 years of age in which we previously detected IgG seroconversion to the HHV-6 101K protein. Of 32 serum pairs which previously demonstrated IgG seroconversion to the 101K protein, 29 had IgM reactivity to the same protein in the acute-phase sample and the remaining 3 had reactivity in the convalescent-phase sample. We also detected HHV-6 IgM activity in sera collected from individuals greater than or equal to 4 years of age who were also IgM seropositive to measles or rubella. Results of cross-adsorption studies using measles virus-, rubella virus-, and HHV-6-infected cells as the adsorbing antigen indicated no cross-reactivity between measles or rubella IgM and HHV-6 IgM in human serum samples. The IgM IB detected HHV-6-specific IgM antibody to the 101K protein in 78% (63 of 81) of tested acute-phase serum collected from young children with an undifferentiated rash illness by using a single serum dilution. C1 Publ Hlth Lab, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Black, JB (reprint author), NCI, NIH, 31 Ctr Dr,Bldg 31,Room 3A44, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 7 IS 5 BP 823 EP 827 DI 10.1128/CDLI.7.5.823-827.2000 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 352UC UT WOS:000089235400020 PM 10973462 ER PT J AU Horsburgh, CR Feldman, S Ridzon, R AF Horsburgh, CR Feldman, S Ridzon, R TI Practice guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; DRUG-RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; MYCOBACTERIA; STANDARDS; INFECTION; CULTURE; CARE C1 Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Pediat, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Horsburgh, CR (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NR 28 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 633 EP 639 DI 10.1086/314007 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368GB UT WOS:000090108400001 PM 11017808 ER PT J AU Chan, LG Parashar, UD Lye, MS Ong, FGL Zaki, SR Alexander, JP Ho, KK Han, LL Pallansch, MA Suleiman, AB Jegathesan, M Anderson, LJ AF Chan, LG Parashar, UD Lye, MS Ong, FGL Zaki, SR Alexander, JP Ho, KK Han, LL Pallansch, MA Suleiman, AB Jegathesan, M Anderson, LJ CA Outbreak Study Grp TI Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: Clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEUROGENIC PULMONARY-EDEMA; ENTEROVIRUS-71 INFECTION; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; COMPLICATIONS; EPIDEMIC; PATHOGENESIS; MYOCARDITIS; MANAGEMENT; MECHANISMS; DIAGNOSIS AB From April through June 1997, 29 previously healthy children aged <6 years (median, 1.5 years) in Sarawak, Malaysia, died of rapidly progressive cardiorespiratory failure during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused primarily by enterovirus 71 (EV71). The case children were hospitalized after a short illness (median duration, 2 days) that usually included fever(in 100% of case children), oral ulcers (66%), and extremity rashes (62%). The illness rapidly progressed to include seizures (28%), flaccid limb weakness (17%), or cardiopulmonary symptoms (of 24 children, 17 had chest radiographs showing pulmonary edema, and 24 had echocardiograms showing left ventricular dysfunction), resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest soon after hospitalization (median time, 9 h). Cardiac tissue from 10 patients showed normal myocardium, but central nervous system tissue from 5 patients showed inflammatory changes. Brain-stem specimens from 2 patients were available, and both specimens showed extensive neuronal degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis, suggesting that a central nervous system infection was responsible for the disease, with the cardiopulmonary dysfunction being neurogenic in origin. EV71 and possibly an adenovirus, other enteroviruses, or unknown cofactors are likely responsible for this rapidly fatal disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Inter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Sarawak Gen Hosp, Dept Pediat, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. State Hlth Dept, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Miri Hosp, Dept Pediat, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. Inst Med Res, Dept Community Med, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia. Minist Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. RP Parashar, UD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Inter Viruses Branch, MS G04,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI LAM, SAI KIT/B-5231-2010 NR 43 TC 238 Z9 299 U1 2 U2 22 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 678 EP 683 DI 10.1086/314032 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368GB UT WOS:000090108400008 ER PT J AU Padhye, AA Warnock, DW AF Padhye, AA Warnock, DW TI Infection may not have been caused by Exophiala jeanselmei SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Padhye, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 845 EP 846 DI 10.1086/314001 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 368GB UT WOS:000090108400044 PM 11017850 ER PT J AU Gregg, EW Breckles, GLA Williamson, DF Leveille, SG Langlois, JA Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV AF Gregg, EW Breckles, GLA Williamson, DF Leveille, SG Langlois, JA Engelgau, MM Narayan, KMV TI Diabetes and physical disability among older US adults SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID MEDICAL CONDITIONS; RISK-FACTORS; FALLS; EXERCISE; COMPLICATIONS; ASSOCIATION; PREDICTORS; PREVALENCE; AGREEMENT; MELLITUS AB OBJECTIVE - To estimate the prevalence of physical disability associated with diabetes among U.S. adults greater than or equal to 60 years of age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 6,588 community-dwelling men and women greater than or equal to 60 years of age who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Diabetes and comorbidities (coronary heart disease, intermittent claudication, stroke, arthritis, and visual impairment) were assessed by questionnaire. Physical disability was assessed by self-reported ability to walk one-fourth of a mile, climb 10 steps, and do housework. Walking speed. lower-extremity function, and balance were assessed using physical performance rests. RESULTS - Among subjects greater than or equal to 60 years of age with diabetes, 32% of women and 15% of men reported an inability to walk one-fourth of a mile, climb stairs, or do housework compared with 14% of women and 8% of men without diabetes. Diabetes was associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased odds of not being able to do each task among both men and women and up to a 3.6-fold increased risk of not being able to do all 3 tasks. Among women, diabetes was also associated with slower walking speed, inferior lower-extremity function, decreased balance, and an increased risk of falling. Of the >5 million U.S. adults greater than or equal to 60 years of age with diabetes, 1.2 million are unable to do major physical tasks. CONCLUSIONS - Diabetes is associated with a major burden of physical disability in older U.S. adults, and these disabilities are likely to substantially impair their quality of life. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Acute Crae Rehabil & Disabil Res, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Gregg, EW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 29 TC 252 Z9 256 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD SEP PY 2000 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1272 EP 1277 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1272 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 348UT UT WOS:000089005400012 PM 10977018 ER PT J AU Mokdad, AH Ford, ES Bowman, BA Nelson, DE Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F Marks, JS AF Mokdad, AH Ford, ES Bowman, BA Nelson, DE Engelgau, MM Vinicor, F Marks, JS TI Diabetes trends in the US: 1990-1998 SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT-GAIN; RISK FACTOR; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; MELLITUS; ADULTS; WOMEN; MEN AB OBJECTIVE - To examine trends in diabetes prevalence in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - This study was conducted via telephone surveys in states that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System between 1990 and 1998. The participants consisted of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older. The main outcome measure was self-reported diabetes. RESULTS - The prevalence of diabetes rose from 4.9% in 1990 to 6.5% in 1998-an increase of 33%. Increases were observed in both sexes, all ages, all ethnic groups, all education levels, and nearly all states. Changes in prevalence varied by state. The prevalence of diabetes was highly correlated with the prevalence of obesity (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS - The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase rapidly in the U.S. Because the prevalence of obesity is also rising, diabetes will become even more common. Major efforts are needed to alter these trends. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mokdad, AH (reprint author), Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 676 Z9 703 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD SEP PY 2000 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1278 EP 1283 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1278 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 348UT UT WOS:000089005400013 PM 10977060 ER PT J AU Fagot-Campagna, A Saaddine, JB Engelgau, MM AF Fagot-Campagna, A Saaddine, JB Engelgau, MM TI Is testing children for type 2 diabetes a lost battle? SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Fagot-Campagna, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, 4770 Buford Hwy,NE MS-K68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD SEP PY 2000 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1442 EP 1443 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1442 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 348UT UT WOS:000089005400051 PM 10977056 ER PT J AU Steward, CD Wallace, D Hubert, SK Lawton, R Fridkin, SK Gaynes, RP McGowan, JE Tenover, FC AF Steward, CD Wallace, D Hubert, SK Lawton, R Fridkin, SK Gaynes, RP McGowan, JE Tenover, FC TI Ability of laboratories to detect emerging antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: a survey of Project ICARE laboratories SO DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES HOSPITALS; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; CLINICAL LABORATORIES; FALSE RESISTANCE; IMIPENEM; ENTEROCOCCI; PERFORMANCE; OUTBREAK AB A proficiency testing project was conducted among 48 microbiology laboratories participating in Project ICARE Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology). All laboratories correctly identified the Staphylococcus aureus challenge strain as oxacillin-resistant and an Enterococcus faecium strain as vancomycin-resistant. Thirty-one (97%) of 32 laboratories correctly reported the Streptococcus pneumoniae strain as erythromycin-resistant. All laboratories testing the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain against ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin correctly reported the organism as resistant. Of 40 laboratories, 30 (75%) correctly reported resistant MICs or zone sizes for the imipenem- and meropenem-resistant Serratia marcescens. For the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 18 (42%) of 43 laboratories testing ceftazidime correctly reported ceftazidime MICs in the resistant range. These results suggest that current testing generally produces accurate results, although some laboratories have difficulty detecting resistance to carbapenems and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. This highlights the need for monitoring how well susceptibility test systems in clinical laboratories detect emerging resistance. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Steward, CD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 30 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0732-8893 J9 DIAGN MICR INFEC DIS JI Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0732-8893(00)00161-9 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 363PZ UT WOS:000089844900010 PM 11025185 ER PT J AU Khaw, AJ Salama, P Burkholder, B Dondero, TJ AF Khaw, AJ Salama, P Burkholder, B Dondero, TJ TI HIV risk and prevention in emergency-affected populations: A review SO DISASTERS LA English DT Review DE HIV and STIs in complex emergencies; HIV and refugees; risk and prevention strategies; southern and central Africa ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; COTE-DIVOIRE; EPIDEMIOLOGIC SYNERGY; RAPID ASSESSMENT; ORAL ZIDOVUDINE; BLOOD-DONORS; HUMAN-RIGHTS AB While basic guidelines on HIV prevention in emergencies have been available for several years, international agencies involved in the provision of health services have not placed sufficient priority, on the prevention of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in complex emergencies. This payer reviews the factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission in populations affected by complex emergencies and outlines recommendations for research and programmes. Research into the most appropriate methods of carrying out HIV surveillance and interventions in these settings is needed. In the post-emergency phase programmes need to be far more extensive than those offered under the Minimal Initial Services Package (MISP). While the potential for stigmatisation represents ala important constraint, there is a need to prioritise HIV/STI interventions in order to prevent HIV transmission in emergency-affected populations themselves, as well as to contribute to regional control of the epidemic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dondero, TJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E50, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 74 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0361-3666 J9 DISASTERS JI Disasters PD SEP PY 2000 VL 24 IS 3 BP 181 EP 197 DI 10.1111/1467-7717.00141 PG 17 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA 357QP UT WOS:000089512600001 PM 11026153 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Southwick, K Greer, P Bartlett, J Fears, M Santander, A Blanco, S Pope, V Levine, W Zaki, S AF Guarner, J Southwick, K Greer, P Bartlett, J Fears, M Santander, A Blanco, S Pope, V Levine, W Zaki, S TI Testing umbilical cords for funisitis due to Treponema pallidum infection, Bolivia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY AB To establish the frequency of necrotizing funisitis in congenital syphilis, we conducted a prospective descriptive study of maternal syphilis in Bolivia by testing 1,559 women at delivery with rapid plasma reagin (RPR). We examined umbilical cords of 66 infants whose mothers had positive RPR and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption tests. Histologic abnormalities were detected in 28 (42%) umbilical cords (seven [11%] had necrotizing funisitis with spirochetes; three [4%] had marked funisitis without necrosis; and 18 [27%] had mild funisitis), and 38 [58%] were normal. Of 22 umbilical cords of infants from mothers without syphilis (controls), only two (9%) showed mild funisitis; the others were normal. Testing umbilical cords by using immunohistochemistry is a research tool that can establish the frequency of funisitis due to Treponema pallidum infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. MotherCare, La Paz, Bolivia. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop G32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 6 IS 5 BP 487 EP 492 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 362PA UT WOS:000089785300007 PM 10998379 ER PT J AU Nolte, KB Yoon, SS Pertowski, C AF Nolte, KB Yoon, SS Pertowski, C TI Medical examiners, coroners, and bioterrorism SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nolte, KB (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 6 IS 5 BP 559 EP 560 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 362PA UT WOS:000089785300021 PM 10998392 ER PT J AU Moline, JM Golden, AL Bar-Chama, N Smith, E Rauch, ME Chapin, RE Perreault, SD Schrader, SM Suk, WA Landrigan, PJ AF Moline, JM Golden, AL Bar-Chama, N Smith, E Rauch, ME Chapin, RE Perreault, SD Schrader, SM Suk, WA Landrigan, PJ TI Exposure to hazardous substances and male reproductive health: A research framework SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE hazardous substances; male reproductive health; research; semen quality ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GERM-CELL CANCER; TESTICULAR CANCER; SEMEN QUALITY; SPERM COUNTS; DANISH MEN; CHROMOSOMAL-ABNORMALITIES; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS; INCREASING INCIDENCE; EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AB 0The discovery in the mid-1970s that occupational exposures to pesticides could diminish or destroy the fertility of workers sparked concern about the effects of hazardous substances on male reproductive health. More recently, there is evidence that sperm quantity and quality may have declined worldwide, that the incidence of testicular cancer has progressively increased in many countries, and that other disorders of the male reproductive tract such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism mw have also increased. There is growing concern that occupational factors and environmental chemical exposures, including in utero and childhood exposures to compounds with estrogenic activity, may be correlated with these observed changes in male reproductive health and fertility. We review the evidence and methodologies that have contributed to our current understanding of environmental effects on male reproductive health and fertility and discuss the methodologic issues which confront investigators in this area. One of the greatest challenges confronting researchers in this area is assessing and comparing results from existing studies. We elaborate recommendations for future research. Researchers in the field of male reproductive health should continue working to prioritize hazardous substances; elucidate the magnitude of male reproductive health effects, particularly in the areas of testicular cancer, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism; develop biomarkers of exposure to reproductive toxins and of reproductive health effects for research and clinical use; foster collaborative interdisciplinary research; and recognize the importance of standardized laboratory methods and sample archiving. C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Urol, New York, NY USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Moline, JM (reprint author), Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Community & Prevent Med, Box 1057,1 Gustave Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. RI Schrader, Steven/E-8120-2011; OI Chapin, Robert/0000-0002-5997-1261 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07198] NR 112 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 108 IS 9 BP 803 EP 813 DI 10.1289/ehp.00108803 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 360BW UT WOS:000089647400017 PM 11017884 ER PT J AU Estill, CF MacDonald, LA Wenzl, TB Petersen, MR AF Estill, CF MacDonald, LA Wenzl, TB Petersen, MR TI Use of accelerometers as an ergonomic assessment method for arm acceleration - a large-scale field trial SO ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE upper limb motion; work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs); kinematics; biomechanics; acceleration ID WORK AB Ergonomists need easy-to-use, quantitative job evaluation methods to assess risk factors for upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal disorders in field-based epidemiology studies. One device that may provide an objective measure of exposure to arm acceleration is a wrist-worn accelerometer or activity monitor. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of a single-axis accelerometer using an industrial population (n = 158) known to have diverse upper limb motion characteristics. The second phase of the field trial involved an examination of the relationship between more traditional observation-based ergonomic exposure measures and the monitor output among a group of assembly-line production employees (n = 48) performing work tasks with highly stereotypic upper limb motion patterns. As expected, the linear acceleration data obtained from the activity monitor showed statistically significant differences between three occupational groups known observationally to have different upper limb motion requirements. Among the assembly-line production employees who performed different short-cycle assembly work tasks, statistically significant differences were also observed. Several observation-based ergonomic exposure measures were found to explain differences in the acceleration measure among the production employees who performed different jobs: hand and arm motion speed, use of the hand as a hammer, and, negatively, resisting forearm rotation from the torque of a power tool. The activity monitors were found to be easy to use and non-intrusive, and to be able to distinguish arm acceleration among groups with diverse upper limb motion characteristics as well as between different assembly job tasks where arm monitors were performed repeatedly at a fixed rate. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Estill, CF (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R5, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI MacDonald, Leslie/D-2201-2014 NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0014-0139 J9 ERGONOMICS JI Ergonomics PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 9 BP 1430 EP 1445 DI 10.1080/001401300421842 PG 16 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA 359AY UT WOS:000089590400011 PM 11014762 ER PT J AU Zirnstein, G Helsel, L Li, Y Swaminathan, B Besser, J AF Zirnstein, G Helsel, L Li, Y Swaminathan, B Besser, J TI Characterization of gyrA mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter coli by DNA sequence analysis and MAMA PCR SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter coli; ciprofloxacin resistance; mismatch polymerase chain reaction; gyrA mutation ID QUINOLONE RESISTANCE; CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; JEJUNI GYRA; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; NORFLOXACIN; INFECTIONS; TRAVELERS AB Increasing numbers of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter ter coli isolates received at the Minnesota State Public Health Laboratory and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been a cause for concern. The gyrA quinolone resistance-determining regions of several fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were sequenced to examine the mechanism of resistance. Ciprofloxacin-resistant C. coli isolates examined by DNA sequencing had a Thr-86 to Ile (ACT --> ATT) gyrA mutation, leading to resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. A mismatch amplification mutation assay polymerase chain reaction protocol was developed to detect this gyrA mutation. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Zirnstein, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Mail Stop C03,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 190 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00306-2 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 347YY UT WOS:000088957800001 PM 10981681 ER PT J AU Burke, W Imperatore, G McDonnell, SM Baron, RC Khoury, MJ AF Burke, W Imperatore, G McDonnell, SM Baron, RC Khoury, MJ TI Contribution of different HFE genotypes to iron overload disease: a pooled analysis SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hemochromatosis; iron overload; HFE gene; C282Y mutation; H63D mutation; penetrance ID CELL-SURFACE EXPRESSION; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; PHENOTYPIC-EXPRESSION; GENERAL-POPULATION; HLA-H; MUTATIONS; PREVALENCE; BETA(2)-MICROGLOBULIN; DIAGNOSIS; CYS282TYR AB Purpose: To determine the contribution of the C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFE gene to clinical expression of hereditary hemochromatosis. Methods: Pooled analysis of 14 case-control studies reporting HFE genotype data, to evaluate the association of different HFE genotypes with iron overload. In addition, we used data from the pooled analysis and published data to estimate the penetrance of the C282Y/C282Y genotype. Results: Homozygosity for the C282Y mutation carried the largest risk for iron overload (OR = 4383, 95% CI 1374 to >10,000) and accounted for the majority of hemochromatosis cases (attributable fraction (AF) = 0.73). Risks for other genotypes were much smaller: OR = 32 for genotype C282Y/H63D (95% CI 18.5 to 55.4, AF = 0.06); OR = 5.7 for H63D/H63D (95% CI 3.2 to 10.1, AF = 0.01); OR = 4.1 for C282Y heterozygosity (95% CI 2.9 to 5.8, with heterogeneity in study results, making this association uncertain); and OR = 1.6 for H63D heterozygosity (95% CI 1 to 2.6, AF = 0.03). Estimates of penetrance for the C282Y/C282Y genotype were highly sensitive to estimates of the prevalence of iron overload disease. At a prevalence of 2.5 per 1000 or less, penetrance of the C282Y/C282Y genotype is unlikely to exceed 50%. Penetrance of other HFE genotypes is much lower. Conclusions: C282Y homozygosity confers the highest risk for iron overload but the H63D mutation is also associated with increased risk. Our data indicate a gradient of risk associated with different HFE genotypes and thus suggest the presence of other modifiers, either genetic or environmental, that contribute to the clinical expression of hemochromatosis. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Med Hist & Eth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Burke, W (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Med Hist & Eth, Box 357120,1959 NE Pacific,Room A204, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 42 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1098-3600 J9 GENET MED JI Genet. Med. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 2 IS 5 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.1097/00125817-200009000-00001 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 409PZ UT WOS:000167393200001 PM 11399207 ER PT J AU Ruiz-Mendez, MV de la Paz, MP Blount, B Rogers, HS Castro-Molero, N Philen, RM AF Ruiz-Mendez, MV de la Paz, MP Blount, B Rogers, HS Castro-Molero, N Philen, RM TI Characteristics of denatured rapeseed oil during storage and refining processes SO GRASAS Y ACEITES LA English DT Article DE fatty acid anilides; rapeseed oil; 3-phenylamino-1,2-propanediol; toxic oil syndrome AB In 1981, toxic oil syndrome, a progressive multi-system disease caused by consumption of rapeseed oil denatured with aniline occurred in Spain. To date, the causal toxic agent or agents remain unknown. Measures of acidity, moisture, impurities, phosphorous, soaps, and spectrophotometric determinations of color at 409 nm were performed. Since fatty acid anilide concentrations in these oils are associated with risk of disease, we studied the formation of aniline-derived compounds over time after oil denaturation and by oil deodorization temperatures (200 degreesC, 215 degreesC, 230 degreesC, 245 degreesC, 260 degreesC, y 270 degreesC) and times (3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6 hours). Formation of fatty acid anilide compounds increased with storage time. Deodorization led to a reduction of total anilides in all the samples, particularly at temperatures above 245 degreesC. Esters of 3-(N-phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol were not detected. C1 CSIC, Inst Grasa, Seville 41012, Spain. Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Invest Sobre Sindrome Aceite Toxico, Madrid 28029, Spain. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ruiz-Mendez, MV (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Grasa, Avda P Garcia Tejero 4, Seville 41012, Spain. EM mvruiz@cica.es RI Ruiz-Mendez, M. Victoria/P-1627-2014; OI Ruiz-Mendez, M. Victoria/0000-0003-0750-7915; Posada, Manuel/0000-0002-8372-4180 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST GRASA SUS DERIVADOS PI SEVILLE PA AVDA-PADRE GARCIA TEJERO 4, 41012 SEVILLE, SPAIN SN 0017-3495 J9 GRASAS ACEITES JI Grasas Aceites PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 51 IS 5 BP 355 EP 360 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 410RM UT WOS:000167453000010 ER PT J AU Thevos, AK Quick, RE Yanduli, V AF Thevos, AK Quick, RE Yanduli, V TI Motivational Interviewing enhances the adoption of water disinfection practices in Zambia SO HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE behavior therapy; developing countries; Motivational Interviewing; water purification ID SMOKING CESSATION; STORAGE; ADHERENCE; DRINKING; STRATEGY; DISEASE AB These studies represent the first adaptation of the Motivational Interviewing (MI) behavior change approach in the developing world, using health workers directly from the community. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of the standard practice of health education (comparison group) to MI (experimental group) in initiating and sustaining safe water treatment and storage behavior. Methods: focus groups and community surveys were conducted prior to health worker training. The main outcome variables were detectable disinfectant levels in stored household water (for Field Trial 1) and disinfectant sales (for Field Trial 2). Results: in Field Trial 1 (n = 185 households), a very high adherence rate was achieved (range 71.1-94.7%), with no statistical differences between the groups. Field Trial 2 (n = 427 households) incorporated lessons learned from the previous trial and resulted in much higher purchase rates of the disinfectant in the MI group, t(7) = 10.69, p < 0.0001, eta(2) = 0.94. Conclusion: MI intervention appears promising for public health initiatives in the developing world. Further work in this area is indicated. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dist Hlth Management Team, Kitwe, Zambia. RP Thevos, AK (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, 6 President St,POB 250861, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0957-4824 J9 HEALTH PROMOT INT JI Health Promot. Int. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 IS 3 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1093/heapro/15.3.207 PG 8 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 358PT UT WOS:000089567000004 ER PT J AU Naeher, LP Leaderer, BP Smith, KR AF Naeher, LP Leaderer, BP Smith, KR TI Particulate matter and carbon monoxide in highland Guatemala: Indoor and outdoor levels from traditional and improved wood stoves and gas stoves SO INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE LA English DT Article DE air pollution; biomass fuel; developing world; respiratory health ID AIR-POLLUTION; EXPOSURE; HEALTH AB Area 22-h average carbon monoxide (CO), total suspended particulates (TSP), particles less than 10 mu m in diameter (PM10), and particles less than 2.5 mu m in diameter (PM2.5) measurements were made in three test homes of highland rural Guatemala in kitchens, bedrooms, and outdoors on a longitudinal basis, i.e. before and after introduction of potential exposure-reducing interventions. Four cookstove conditions were studied sequentially: background (no stove in use); traditional open woodstove, improved woodstove with flue (plancha), and bottled-gas (LPG) stove. With nine observations each, kitchen PM2.5 levels were 56 mu g/m(3) under background conditions, 528 mu g/m(3) for open fire conditions, 96 mu g/m(3) for plancha conditions, and 57 mu g/ m(3) for gas stove conditions. Corresponding PM10/TSP levels were 173/174, 717/836, 210/276, 186/218 mu g/m(3). Corresponding CO levels were 0.2, 5.9, 1.4, 1.2 ppm. Comparisons with other studies in the area indicate that the reductions in indoor concentrations achieved by improved wood-burning stoves deteriorate with stove age. Mother and child personal CO and PM2.5 measurements for each stove condition demonstrate the same trend as area measurements, but with less differentiation. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Naeher, LP (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01-ES05410] NR 13 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 19 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0905-6947 J9 INDOOR AIR JI Indoor Air-Int. J. Indoor Air Qual. Clim. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 10 IS 3 BP 200 EP 205 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348FU UT WOS:000088975500008 PM 10979201 ER PT J AU Padmalayam, I Kelly, T Baumstark, B Massung, R AF Padmalayam, I Kelly, T Baumstark, B Massung, R TI Molecular cloning, sequencing, expression, and characterization of an immunogenic 43-kilodalton lipoprotein of Bartonella bacilliformis that has homology to NlpD/LppB SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI CHROMOSOME; VIRULENCE; PROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION; PEPTIDES; BINDING; ABILITY; ENCODES; SOMNUS; FEVER AB A recombinant clone expressing an immunoreactive antigen of Bartonella bacilliformis was isolated by screening a genomic DNA library with serum from a patient with the chronic verruga phase of bartonellosis. The clone, pBIPIM-17, contained a partial open reading frame that expressed an immunoreactive fusion protein. Subsequent rescreening of the library by plaque hybridization resulted in the isolation of recombinant clones that contain the entire open reading frame. The open reading frame (ORF-401) is capable of encoding a protein of 401 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 43 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded protein was found to be highly homologous to a recently identified bacterial lipoprotein (LppB/NIpD) which has been associated with virulence. Evidence has been provided to show that the 13-kDa antigen of B. bacilliformis is a lipoprotein and that it is likely to use the same biosynthetic pathway as other bacterial lipoproteins. This is the first report to date that characterizes a lipoprotein of B. bacilliformis. The immunogenicity of the B. bacilliformis LppB homologue was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using sera from patients with clinical bartonellosis. Sera from patients who had a high titer for Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of bacillary angiomatosis and cat scratch disease, also recognized the recombinant 43-kDa antigen, suggesting that a homologue of this antigen is present in B. henselae. Using a cocktail of synthetic peptides corresponding to predicted major antigenic sites, polyclonal antiserum specific for the LppB homologue of B. bacilliformis was generated. This antiserum did not recognize the NIpD homologue of Escherichia coli or the 43-kDa antigen of B. henselae. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Padmalayam, I (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 68 IS 9 BP 4972 EP 4979 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.9.4972-4979.2000 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 346KM UT WOS:000088870200019 PM 10948113 ER PT J AU John, CC Sumba, PO Ouma, JH Nahlen, BL King, CL Kazura, JW AF John, CC Sumba, PO Ouma, JH Nahlen, BL King, CL Kazura, JW TI Cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 vary in rainy and dry seasons in highland Kenya SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; T-LYMPHOCYTES; MALARIA TRANSMISSION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; INTERFERON-GAMMA; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IFN-GAMMA; INTERLEUKIN-10; RESISTANCE; SURFACE AB Seasonal epidemics of malaria occur in highland areas of western Kenya where transmission intensity varies according to rainfall. This study describes the seasonal changes in cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA-1) by children (less than or equal to 17 years old) and adults (greater than or equal to 18 years old) living in such a highland area. Fourteen- to 24-mer peptides corresponding to the N- and C-terminal nonrepeat regions of LSA-1 stimulated production of interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 17 to 73% of individuals in both age groups in both seasons. IL-10 and TNF-alpha responses were more frequent during the high-transmission, rainy season than during the low-transmission, dry season (73 and 67% versus 17 and 25% response rates, respectively). In contrast, there was no seasonal change in the proportion of LSA-1-driven IFN-gamma and IL-5 responses. Children produced less IFN-gamma than adults, but IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-alpha levels were similar for both age groups. Depletion of CD8(+) cells from PBMC decreased IFN-gamma but increased IL-10 production. Individuals with LSA-1-stimulated IL-10 responses in the dry season were less likely to become reinfected in the subsequent rainy season than those without IL-10 responses (25% versus 49%; P = 0.083). These data support the notion that maintenance of LSA-1-driven IL-10 and TNF-alpha responses requires repeated and sustained exposure to liver-stage P. falciparum. In contrast, IFN-gamma responses increase slowly with age but persist once acquired. CD8(+) T cells are the major source of IFN-gamma but may suppress production or secretion of IL-10. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Div Geog Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Kisumu, Kenya. Minist Hlth, Div Vector Borne Dis, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP John, CC (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Div Geog Med, W137,2109 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI John, Chandy/B-4164-2008 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-01572, AI-43906, U01 AI043906, R01 AI043906] NR 44 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 68 IS 9 BP 5198 EP 5204 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5198-5204.2000 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 346KM UT WOS:000088870200050 PM 10948144 ER PT J AU Chiarello, LA Cardo, DM AF Chiarello, LA Cardo, DM TI Comprehensive prevention of occupational blood exposures: Lessons from other countries SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Infect Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cardo, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Infect Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-68, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 21 IS 9 BP 562 EP 563 DI 10.1086/501804 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 352MY UT WOS:000089223500005 PM 11001258 ER PT J AU Smith, TL Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR AF Smith, TL Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Jarvis, WR TI Physician preferences for educational media SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEEDS; PERFORMANCE; TRIALS; CME AB BACKGROUND: Although educational media have expanded in variety, information on physicians' preferences for types of educational media remains limited. METHOD: An assessment form was distributed to 14 medical societies evaluating their members' medical education media preferences and society antimicrobial-resistance educational offerings. RESULTS: These 14 medical societies represent 349,685 physicians. All supported educational offerings, most frequently as professional meetings, followed by audiotapes, computer programs, Internet sites, or print-based self-study materials. Only 5 (36%) societies had measured how many members used their educational offerings. Eight (57%) societies had made antimicrobial resistance an educational priority for their medical societies. Antimicrobial treatment was the most commonly offered educational topic on antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSIONS: These 14 medical societies help to educate over one half the practicing US physicians. However, less than one half of the societies knew how many of their members used the educational materials they offered, or how their members would prefer to obtain medical education. Understanding how physicians want to obtain medical information potentially could improve the delivery of medical knowledge to physicians. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 21 IS 9 BP 608 EP 610 DI 10.1086/501815 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 352MY UT WOS:000089223500016 PM 11001269 ER PT J AU Krawczynski, K Aggarwal, R Kamili, S AF Krawczynski, K Aggarwal, R Kamili, S TI Hepatitis E SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Review ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; E VIRUS-INFECTION; TRANSMITTED NON-A; EPIDEMIC NON-A; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ACUTE VIRAL-HEPATITIS; OPEN-READING FRAME-2; SPORADIC NON-A; CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES AB Hepatitis E is a non-enveloped RNA virus responsible for large epidemics of acute hepatitis and a large proportion of sporadic hepatitis cases in the Indian subcontinent, southeast and central Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa and Mexico. The virus is excreted in feces and transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route-person-to-person transmission is uncommon. Clinical illness is similar to other forms of acute viral hepatitis, except in pregnant women, for whom illness is especially severe. Chronic hepatitis is not known to occur. Specific treatment or vaccines are not yet available, and the most effective mode of prevention is the uses of clean water and proper sanitation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, NCID, DVRD,Expt Pathol Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Sanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Dept Gastroenterol, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Krawczynski, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, NCID, DVRD,Expt Pathol Sect, Mail Stop A33,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM kkrawczynski@cdc.gov NR 124 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 669 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70126-4 PG 20 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 349XT UT WOS:000089071400009 PM 10987115 ER PT J AU Denovan, LA Lu, C Hines, CJ Fenske, RA AF Denovan, LA Lu, C Hines, CJ Fenske, RA TI Saliva biomonitoring of atrazine exposure among herbicide applicators SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE saliva; biomonitoring; atrazine; herbicide; pesticide exposure; biological monitoring ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; WORKER EXPOSURE; ABSORPTION; PLASMA; RATS; PESTICIDES; SMOKING AB A field study was conducted in which saliva samples were collected from a cohort of herbicide applicators during the pre-emergent spray season in Ohio in 1996. Atrazine concentrations were detected in human saliva samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Trend due to atrazine exposure and subsequent elimination in the body were evidenced by the temporal pattern of decreasing atrazine concentrations in saliva over time. Median salivary concentrations of atrazine on non-spray days were significantly lower than on spray days for each sampling time (MannWhitney U-Wilcoxon rank sum test, P < 0.01). Within spray days, median salivary atrazine concentrations were significantly higher on days atrazine was sprayed than on days herbicides other than atrazine were sprayed for each sampling time (Mann-Whitney U-Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = 0.02 for 4-6 p.m. samples, P = 0.04 for bedtime samples, P = 0.03 for next-morning samples). Median salivary atrazine concentrations on days atrazine was sprayed were higher than the median concentration for the corresponding sampling time on non-spray days and on days when other herbicides were sprayed. Salivary concentration of atrazine is a plausible indicator of those days in which atrazine spraying was likely to have occurred. Salivary concen trations of atrazine not only reflect exposures resulting from spraying atrazine, but also exposures from other field activities where applicators may come in contact with atrazine. The results of this study confirmed data from animal experiments that atrazine is able to cross the cell membranes of salivary glands, and can be measured in human saliva with high sensitivity. The sampling method itself is convenient and easy to use in the field, with a high compliance rate, and analytical procedures are rapid and inexpensive. It is, therefore, concluded that saliva sampling of atrazine exposure among herbicide applicators is a feasible biomonitoring method. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lu, C (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU PHS HHS [U07/CCU012926] NR 16 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-0131 J9 INT ARCH OCC ENV HEA JI Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 73 IS 7 BP 457 EP 462 DI 10.1007/s004200000174 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 357MZ UT WOS:000089506600004 PM 11057414 ER PT J AU Floyd, MM Gross, WM Bonato, DA Silcox, VA Smithwick, RW Metchock, B Crawford, JT Butler, WR AF Floyd, MM Gross, WM Bonato, DA Silcox, VA Smithwick, RW Metchock, B Crawford, JT Butler, WR TI Mycobacterium kubicae sp nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic Mycobacterium SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium kubicae; mycolic acids; HPLC ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAPID IDENTIFICATION; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; CONFIDENCE AB A previously uncharacterized, slowly growing, scotochromogenic Mycobacterium species was detected by HPLC analysis of the cell-wall-bound mycolic acids. The mycolic acid pattern standard was shown to be a late-eluting, contiguous peak cluster occurring at approximately 8-9 min. The mycolic acid pattern was noted to be most similar in number of peaks and range of elution to that reported previously for Mycobacterium asiaticum, However, the relative distribution of peaks within the elution range demonstrated a pattern with prominent peaks that started to emerge later than the characteristic M, asiaticum pattern. Standard biochemical identification test results were similar to those of the photochromogenic species M, asiaticum, Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis confirmed the genetic uniqueness of the strains and demonstrated the unclassified mycobacteria to be in a unique, intermediate position between slow and rapid growers in the phylogenetic tree of Mycobacterium. The name Mycobacterium kubicae sp, nov. is proposed for this taxon, The type strain is CDC 941078(T) (= ATCC 700732(T) = CIP 106428(T)). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Vet Affairs, VA Reference Lab TB & Other Mycobacterial Dis, W Haven, CT 06516 USA. RP Floyd, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 50 BP 1811 EP 1816 PN 5 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361HN UT WOS:000089717800014 PM 11034491 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Brenner, FW Steigerwalt, AG Hill, BC Holmes, B Grimont, PAD Hawkey, PM Penner, JL Miller, JM Brenner, DJ AF O'Hara, CM Brenner, FW Steigerwalt, AG Hill, BC Holmes, B Grimont, PAD Hawkey, PM Penner, JL Miller, JM Brenner, DJ TI Classification of Proteus vulgaris biogroup 3 with recognition of Proteus hauseri sp nov., nom. rev. and unnamed Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Proteus vulgaris; Proteus hauseri ID IDENTIFICATION; PENNERI AB Strains traditionally identified as Proteus vulgaris formed three biogroups. Biogroup 1, characterized by negative reactions for indole production, salicin fermentation and aesculin hydrolysis. is now known as Proteus penneri. Biogroup 2, characterized by positive reactions for indole, salicin and aesculin, was shown by DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) to be a genetic Species separate from biogroup 1 and from biogroup 3 which is positive for indole production and negative for salicin and aesculin. In this study, 52 strains were examined, of which 36 strains were Proteus vulgaris biogroup 3, which included the current type strain of the species P. vulgaris (ATCC 29905(T)), and compared to seven strains of Proteus vulgaris biogroup 2 and nine type strains of other species in the genera Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. By DNA hybridization, these 36 strains were separated into four distinct groups, designated as Proteus genomospecies 3, 4, 5 and 6. DNAs within each separate Proteus genomospecies were 74-99 % related to each other in 60 degrees C hybridization reactions with less than or equal to 4.5 % divergence between related sequences. Proteus genomospecies 3 contained the former P. vulgaris type strain and one other strain and was negative in reactions for salicin fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and deoxyribonuclease, unlike the reactions associated with strains considered as typical P. vulgaris which are positive in reactions for salicin, aesculin and DNase. Genomospecies 3 can be distinguished from Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6 because it is negative for Jordan's tartrate. Proteus genomospecies 4, containing five strains, was differentiated from Proteus penneri, genomospecies 3 and 6 and most, but not all, strains of genomospecies 5, by its ability to ferment L-rhamnose. Proteus genomospecies 5 and 6, containing 18 and 11 strains, respectively, could not be separated from each other by traditional biochemical tests, by carbon source utilization tests or SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins. In an earlier publication, a request was made to the Judicial Commission that the former type strain of P. vulgaris (ATCC 13315) be replaced by P. vulgaris biogroup 2 strain ATCC 29905T, a strain considered more biochemically typical of P. vulgaris strains. This would have the effect of assigning the name P. vulgaris to P, vulgaris biogroup 2. Since this request has been acceded to, the name Proteus hauseri is herein proposed for Proteus vulgaris genomospecies 3. Its type strain is ATCC 700826(T). Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6 will remain unnamed until better phenotypic differentiation can be accomplished. All Proteus genomospecies were similar in their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Nineteen strains were isolated from urine, four from faeces, two from wounds, nine from other human sources and two from animals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Diagnost Microbiol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Foodborne & Diarrhoeal Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cent Publ Hlth Lab, Natl Collect Type Cultures, London NW9 5HT, England. Univ Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England. Inst Pasteur, Unite Enterobacteries, Paris, France. Univ Toronto, Banting Inst, Dept Med Microbiol, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Diagnost Microbiol Sect, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 50 BP 1869 EP 1875 PN 5 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 361HN UT WOS:000089717800021 PM 11034498 ER PT J AU Kool, JL Carpenter, JC Fields, BS AF Kool, JL Carpenter, JC Fields, BS TI Monochloramine and Legionnaires' disease - (Reprinted from Lancet, vol 353, pg 272, 1999) SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; NOSOCOMIAL LEGIONELLOSIS; POTABLE WATER; TAP WATER; HOT WATER; RISK-FACTORS; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; COLONIZATION AB Legionnaires' disease is caused by Legionella bacteria, which live in biofilm in natural and synthetic aquatic environments. The most frequent route of infection is inhalation of contaminated aerosol, which is often produced by faucets, showers, or cooling towers. Although the disease can be disseminated in potable water, the effects of the disinfection methods used by municipal water treatment facilities on the occurrence of Legionnaires' disease have not been studied. This article describes an epidemiological study in which methods for disinfecting potable water supplied to 32 hospitals where outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease have occurred are compared with methods for water supplied to 48 randomly selected control hospitals. Hospitals supplied with drinking water containing free chlorine were 10.2 times more likely to have reported an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with potable water than hospitals that used water with monochloramine as a residual disinfectant (odds ratio-10.2; 95 percent confidence interval-1.4-460). C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. CDC, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Legionella Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kool, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Postbak 75,Anthony Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. NR 62 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 92 IS 9 BP 88 EP 96 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VG UT WOS:000168836100008 ER PT J AU Monterroso, ER Hamburger, ME Vlahov, D Des Jarlais, DC Ouellet, LJ Altice, FL Byers, RH Kerndt, PR Watters, JK Bowser, BP Fernando, MD Holmberg, SD AF Monterroso, ER Hamburger, ME Vlahov, D Des Jarlais, DC Ouellet, LJ Altice, FL Byers, RH Kerndt, PR Watters, JK Bowser, BP Fernando, MD Holmberg, SD CA Collaborative Injection Drug User TI Prevention of HIV infection in street-recruited injection drug users SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV; injection drug use; HIV prevention; needle and syringe exchange programs; drug treatment ID NEW-YORK-CITY; SYRINGE-EXCHANGE PROGRAM; NEEDLE EXCHANGE; RISK BEHAVIOR; HEPATITIS-B; COCAINE USE; COHORT; AIDS AB Background: Injection drug users (IDUs) and their sex partners account for an increasing proportion of new AIDS and HIV cases in the United States, but public debate and policy regarding the effectiveness of various HIV prevention programs for them must cite data from other countries, from non-street-recruited IDUs already in treatment, or other programs, and from infection rates for pathogens other than HIV. Methods: Participants were recruited from the street at six sites (Baltimore [Maryland], New York [two sites], Chicago [Illinois], San Jose [California], Los Angeles [California], and at a state women's correctional facility [Connecticut]), interviewed with a standard questionnaire, and located and reinterviewed at one or more follow-up visits (mean, 7.8 months later). HIV serostatus and participation in various programs and behaviors that could reduce HIV infection risk were determined at each visit. Results: In all, 3773 participants were recruited from the street, and 2306 (61%) were located and interviewed subsequently. Of 3562 initial serum specimens, 520 (14.6%) were HIV-seropositive; at subsequent assessment, 19 people, all from the East Coast and Chicago, had acquired HIV. Not using previously used needles was substantially protective against HIV acquisition (relative risk [RR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.80) and, in a multivariate model, was significantly associated with use of needle and syringe exchange programs (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.15-3.85). Similarly, reduction of injection frequency was very protective against seroconversion (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14-0.80), and this behavior was strongly associated with participation in drug treatment programs (ORadj, 3.54; 95% CI, 2.50-5.00). In a separate analysis, only 37.5% of study-participants had sufficient new needles to meet their monthly demand. Conclusions: In this large multicity study of IDUs in the United States, several HIV prevention strategies appeared to be individually and partially effective; these results indicate the continued need for, and substantial gaps in, effective approaches to preventing HIV infection in drug users. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Dev & Res Inst Inc, Beth Israel Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, AIDS Program, Los Angeles, CA USA. Western Consortium Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA USA. Associat Drug Abuse Prevent & Treatment, Bronx, NY USA. RP Holmberg, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [K24 DA017072] NR 27 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1097/00126334-200009010-00009 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 373FB UT WOS:000165276800009 PM 11064506 ER PT J AU Jeong, JY Mukhopadhyay, AK Dailidiene, D Wang, YP Velapatino, B Gilman, RH Parkinson, AJ Nair, GB Wong, BCY Lam, SK Mistry, R Segal, I Yuan, Y Gao, H Alarcon, T Brea, ML Ito, Y Kersulyte, D Lee, HK Gong, Y Goodwin, A Hoffman, PS Berg, DE AF Jeong, JY Mukhopadhyay, AK Dailidiene, D Wang, YP Velapatino, B Gilman, RH Parkinson, AJ Nair, GB Wong, BCY Lam, SK Mistry, R Segal, I Yuan, Y Gao, H Alarcon, T Brea, ML Ito, Y Kersulyte, D Lee, HK Gong, Y Goodwin, A Hoffman, PS Berg, DE TI Sequential inactivation of rdx4 (HP0954) and frxA (HP0642) nitroreductase genes causes moderate and high-level metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; INFECTION; STRAINS; 5-NITROIMIDAZOLE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; DRUGS AB Helicobacter pylori is a human-pathogenic bacterial species that is subdivided geographically, with different genotypes predominating in different parts of the world. Here we test and extend an earlier conclusion that metronidazole (Mtz) resistance is due to mutation in rdxA (HP0954), which encodes a nitroreductase that converts Mtz from prodrug to bactericidal agent. We found that (i) rdxA genes PCR amplified from 50 representative Mtz(r) strains from previously unstudied populations in Asia, South Africa, Europe, and the Americas could, in each case, transform Mtz(s) H. pylori to Mtz(r); (ii) Mtz(r) mutant derivatives of a cultured Mtz(s) strain resulted from mutation in rdxA; and (iii) transformation of Mtz(s) strains with rdxA-null alleles usually resulted in moderate level Mtz resistance (16 mu g/ml). However, resistance to higher Mtz levels was common among clinical isolates, a result that implicates at least one additional gene. Expression in Escherichia coli of frxA (HP0642; flavin oxidoreductase), an rdxA paralog, made this normally resistant species Mtz(s), and frxA inactivation enhanced Mtz resistance in rdxA-deficient cells but had little effect on the Mtz susceptibility of rdxA(+) cells. Strains carrying frxA-null and rdxA-null alleles could mutate to even higher resistance, a result implicating one or more additional genes in residual Mtz susceptibility and hyperresistance. We conclude that most Mtz resistance in H. pylori depends on rdxA inactivation, that mutations in frxA can enhance resistance, and that genes that confer Mtz resistance without rdxA inactivation are rare or nonexistent in H. pylori populations. C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Calcutta 700010, W Bengal, India. Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Med, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Baragwanath Hosp, Div Gastroenterol, ZA-2013 Johannesburg, South Africa. China Med Univ, Inst Canc, Shenyang, Peoples R China. Univ Madrid, Hosp Princesa, Dept Microbiol, Madrid, Spain. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Berg, DE (reprint author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, Campus Box 8230,4566 Scott Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RI Wong, Benjamin/C-4436-2009 FU FIC NIH HHS [TW00611]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK53727, P30 DK052574, P30 DK52574] NR 47 TC 79 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 182 IS 18 BP 5082 EP 5090 DI 10.1128/JB.182.18.5082-5090.2000 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 349PY UT WOS:000089055900008 PM 10960091 ER PT J AU Mussolino, ME Looker, AC Orwoll, ES AF Mussolino, ME Looker, AC Orwoll, ES TI Jogging and bone mineral density in men: NHANES III. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 15 SU 1 MA F300 BP S221 EP S221 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 346YJ UT WOS:000088898400336 ER PT J AU Loparev, VN Argaw, T Krause, PR Takayama, M Schmid, DS AF Loparev, VN Argaw, T Krause, PR Takayama, M Schmid, DS TI Improved identification and differentiation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) wild-type strains and an attenuated varicella vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame 62-based PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; OKA STRAIN; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; DNA; IMMUNIZATION; CHICKENPOX; LEUKEMIA AB A new method was developed to identify and differentiate varicella-zoster virus (VZV) wild-type strains from the attenuated varicella Oka vaccine strain, The PCR technique was used to amplify a VZV open reading frame (ORF) 62 region. A single specific amplicon of 268 bp was obtained from 71 VZV clinical isolates and several laboratory strains. Subsequent digestion of the VZV ORF 62 amplicons with SmaI enabled accurate strain differentiation (three SmaI sites were present in amplicons of vaccine strain VZV, compared with two enzyme cleavage sites for all other VZV strains tested). This method accurately differentiated the Oka vaccine strain from wild-type VZV strains circulating in countries representing all six populated continents. Moreover, the assay more reliably distinguished wild-type Japanese strains from the vaccine strain than did previously described methods. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schmid, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 78 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3156 EP 3160 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 350RG UT WOS:000089114500003 PM 10970349 ER PT J AU Tondella, MLC Popovic, T Rosenstein, NE Lake, DB Carlone, GM Mayer, LW Perkins, BA AF Tondella, MLC Popovic, T Rosenstein, NE Lake, DB Carlone, GM Mayer, LW Perkins, BA CA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance TI Distribution of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B serosubtypes and serotypes circulating in the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; VESICLE VACCINE; BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODIES; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; PORA; STRAINS; IMMUNOGENICITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SPECIFICITY AB Because the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NMSB) capsule is poorly immunogenic in humans, immunization strategies have focused on noncapsular antigens, Both PorA and to a lesser extent PorB are noncapsular protein antigens capable of inducing protective bactericidal antibodies, and vaccines based on the outer membrane protein (OMP) components of serogroup B meningococci have been shown to be effective in clinical trials. Multiple PorA antigens seem to be needed to prevent endemic meningococcal disease around the world, and a hexavalent PorA-based meningococcal vaccine has recently been developed in The Netherlands. To evaluate the distribution of NMSB PorA and PorB antigens in the United States, serosubtyping and serotyping were done on 444 NMSB strains isolated in the active surveillance areas of the United States (total population, 32 million) during the period 1992 to 1998, A total of 244 strains were isolated from sporadic cases of meningococcal disease, and 200 strains were isolated from an epidemic in Oregon. A panel of 16 mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with PorA and 15 monoclonal antibodies reactive with PorB were used. Among the NMSB isolates obtained from sporadic cases, the most prevalent serosubtypes were P1.7,16 (14.3%), P1.19,15 (9.8%), P1.7,1 (8.6%), P1.5,2 (7.8%), P1.22a, 14 (7.8%), and P1.14 (5.3%) and the most prevalent serotypes were 4,7 (27.5%), 15 (16%), 14 (8.6%), 10 (6.1%), 1 (4.9%), and 2a (3.7%). A multivalent PorA-based OMP vaccine aimed at the six most prevalent serosubtypes could have targeted about half of the sporadic cases of NMSB disease that occurred between 1992 and 1998 in the surveillance areas. Twenty serosubtypes would have had to be included in a multivalent vaccine to achieve 80% coverage of strains causing sporadic disease. The relatively large number of isolates that did not react with murine monoclonal antibodies indicates that DNA sequence-based variable region typing of NMSB will be necessary to provide precise information on the distribution and diversity of PorA antigens and correlation with nonserosubtypeable isolates. The high degree of variability observed in the PorA and PorB proteins of NMSB in the United States suggests that vaccine strategies not based on OMPs should be further investigated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tondella, MLC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, NCID, Mailstop G03,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 39 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3323 EP 3328 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 350RG UT WOS:000089114500032 PM 10970378 ER PT J AU Kiehlbauch, JA Hannett, GE Salfinger, M Archinal, W Monserrat, C Carlyn, C AF Kiehlbauch, JA Hannett, GE Salfinger, M Archinal, W Monserrat, C Carlyn, C TI Use of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for disk diffusion susceptibility testing in New York State laboratories SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; UNITED-STATES; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; INTERPRETIVE CRITERIA; PENICILLIN RESISTANCE; VANCOMYCIN; ABILITY AB Accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing is vital for patient care and surveillance of emerging antimicrobial resistance. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) outlines generally agreed upon guidelines for reliable and reproducible results. In January 1997 we surveyed 320 laboratories participating in the New York State Clinical Evaluation Program for General Bacteriology proficiency testing. Our survey addressed compliance with NCCLS susceptibility testing guidelines for bacterial species designated a problem (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species) or fastidious (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) organism. Specifically, we assessed compliance with guidelines for inoculum preparation, medium choice, number of disks per plate, and incubation conditions for disk diffusion tests. We also included length of incubation for S. aureus and Enterococcus species. We found overall compliance with the five characteristics listed above in 80 of 153 responding laboratories (50.6%) for S. aureus and 72 of 151 (47.7%) laboratories for Enterococcus species. The most common problem was an incubation time shortened to less than 24 fi. Overall compliance with the first four characteristics was reported by 92 of 221 (41.6%) laboratories for S. pneumoniae, 49 of 163 (30.1%) laboratories for H. influenzae, and 11 of 77 (14.3%) laboratories for N. gonorrhoeae, Laboratories varied from NCCLS guidelines by placing an excess number of disks per plate, Laboratories also reported using alternative media for Enterococcus species, N, gonorrhoeae, and H, influenzae, This study demonstrates a need for education among clinical laboratories to increase compliance with NCCLS guidelines. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Albany Med Coll, Dept Med, Albany, NY 12208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Assoc Publ Hlth Labs, Emerging Infect Dis Fellowship Program, Washington, DC USA. RP Salfinger, M (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, POB 509, Albany, NY 12201 USA. NR 37 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3341 EP 3348 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 350RG UT WOS:000089114500035 PM 10970381 ER PT J AU O'Halloran, F Lynch, M Cryan, B O'Shea, H Fanning, S AF O'Halloran, F Lynch, M Cryan, B O'Shea, H Fanning, S TI Molecular characterization of rotavirus in Ireland: Detection of novel strains circulating in the population SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTYPE-8 HUMAN ROTAVIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RNA ELECTROPHEROTYPE; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; UNITED-STATES; NUCLEIC-ACID; P-TYPE; IDENTIFICATION; CHILDREN; DIARRHEA AB A collection of three hundred thirty rotavirus-positive stool samples from children with diarrhea in the southern and eastern regions of Ireland between 1997 and 1999 were submitted to the Molecular Diagnostics Unit of the Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland, for investigation, These strains were characterized by several methods, including polyacrylamide gel electropherotyping and G and P genotyping, A subset of the G types was confirmed by nucleic acid sequencing. The most prevalent types found in this collection included G1P[8] (n = 106; 32.1%), G2P[4] (n = 94; 28.5%), and G4P[8] (n = 37; 11.2%), Novel strains were also detected, including G1P[4] (n = 19; 5.8%), and G4P[4] (n = 2; 0.6%), Interestingly, mixed infections accounted for 18.8% (n = 62) of the total collection, with only 3% (n = 10) which were not G and/or P typeable. Significantly, six G8 and five G9 strains were identified as part of mixed infections. These strains have not previously been identified in Irish children, suggesting a greater diversity in rotavirus strains currently circulating in Ireland. C1 Cork Univ Hosp, Dept Med Microbiol, Cork, Ireland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cork Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Cork, Ireland. Cork Inst Technol, Mol Diagnost Unit, Cork, Ireland. RP Fanning, S (reprint author), Cork Inst Technol, Mol Diagnost Unit, Cork, Ireland. OI Fanning, Seamus/0000-0002-1922-8836 NR 50 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3370 EP 3374 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 350RG UT WOS:000089114500039 PM 10970385 ER PT J AU Stapp, JR Jelacic, S Yea, YL Klein, EJ Fischer, M Clausen, CR Qin, X Swerdlow, DL Tarr, PI AF Stapp, JR Jelacic, S Yea, YL Klein, EJ Fischer, M Clausen, CR Qin, X Swerdlow, DL Tarr, PI TI Comparison of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 antigen detection in steal and broth cultures to that in sorbitol-MacConkey agar stool cultures SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; INFECTIONS AB We evaluated the Meridian IC-STAT direct fecal and broth culture antigen detection methods with samples from children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and correlated the antigen detection results with the culture results. Stools of 16 children who had recently had stool cultures positive for this pathogen (population A) and 102 children with diarrhea of unknown cause (population B) were tested with the IC-STAT device (direct testing). Fecal broth cultures were also tested with this device (broth testing). The results were correlated to a standard of the combined yield from direct culture of stools on sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar and culture of broth on SMAC agar, Eleven (69%) of the population A stool specimens yielded E. coli O157:H7 when plated directly on SMAC agar, Two more specimens yielded this pathogen when the broth culture was similarly plated. Of these 13 stool specimens, 8 and 13 were positive by direct and broth testing (respective sensitivities, 62 and 100%), Compared to the sensitivity of a simultaneously performed SMAC agar culture, the sensitivity of direct testing was 73%, Three (3%) of the population B stool specimens contained E. coli O157:H7 on SMAC agar culture; one and three of these stool specimens were positive by direct and broth testing, respectively. The direct and broth IC-STAT tests were 100% specific with samples from children from population B, Direct IC-STAT testing of stools is rapid, easily performed, and specific but is insufficiently sensitive to exclude the possibility of infection with E. coli O157:H7, Performing the IC-STAT test with a broth culture increases its sensitivity. However, attempts to recover E, coli O157:H7 by culture should not be abandoned but, rather, should be increased when the IC-STAT test result is positive. C1 Childrens Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Gastroenterol, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Childrens Hosp & Med Ctr, Dept Lab Med, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tarr, PI (reprint author), Childrens Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Gastroenterol, Dept Pediat, CH-24,4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK052081, R01DK52081] NR 11 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 38 IS 9 BP 3404 EP 3406 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 350RG UT WOS:000089114500045 PM 10970391 ER PT J AU Traore, O Belliot, G Mollat, C Piloquet, H Chamoux, C Laveran, H Monroe, SS Billaudel, S AF Traore, O Belliot, G Mollat, C Piloquet, H Chamoux, C Laveran, H Monroe, SS Billaudel, S TI RT-PCR identification and typing of astroviruses and Norwalk-like viruses in hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis: evidence of nosocomial infections SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE astrovirus (HAstV); gastroenteritis; Norwalk-like viruses (NLV); nosocomial infections ID IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; ROTAVIRUS VACCINE TRIAL; HUMAN CALICIVIRUS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; FECAL SPECIMENS; UNITED-KINGDOM; SOUTH-AFRICA; CHILDREN AB Background: Astroviruses (HAstVs) and "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLV) are frequent causes of gastroenteritis worldwide, though no data on the strains in circulation or their prevalence is available for France. Objectives: We applied molecular methods to detect HAstVs and NLVs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in fecal samples collected during a 2-year period from children and adults hospitalized with gastroenteritis. Study design: All samples negative for rotavirus and adenovirus by latex agglutination which contained small (25-40 nm) viral particles observed by electron microscopy (EM) were examined by RT-PCR. RT-PCR products were sequenced to characterize the HAstVs and NLV strains present. Results: A total of 75 samples were analyzed by RT-PCR, of which 15 were positive for HAstV and 24 for NLV. Several distinct strains of serotype 1 HAstV, the predominant serotype, circulated during the period. Nineteen of the 24 NLVs were of the G2 genogroup including Mexico-like (n = 10), Bristol-like (n = 8), and Hawaii-like viruses (n = 1); two were genogroup 1. Overall, seven (47%) of the 15 HAstV infections and nine (37.5%) of the 24 NLV infections appeared to be nosocomially acquired based on the date of admission in hospital and the date of illness. Conclusion: This study provides additional evidence of the importance of nosocomial infections caused by NLV and HAstV. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Fac Med, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. CHU Nantes, Pediat Clin, Bacteriol Lab, Virol Lab, F-44035 Nantes, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Traore, O (reprint author), Fac Med, 28 Pl Henri Dunant, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 35 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 17 IS 3 BP 151 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S1386-6532(00)00088-3 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 352XF UT WOS:000089244100002 PM 10996111 ER PT J AU Rosano, A Botto, LD Botting, B Mastroiacovo, P AF Rosano, A Botto, LD Botting, B Mastroiacovo, P TI Infant mortality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an international perspective SO JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PERINATAL-MORTALITY; BIRTH-DEFECTS; TRENDS AB Study objective-To provide an international perspective on the impact of congenital anomalies on infant mortality from 1950 to 1994. Design-Population-based study based on data obtained from vital statistics reported to the World Health Organisation. Settings-36 countries from Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, Asia, and the South Pacific. Results-On average, infant mortality declined 68.8 per cent from 1950 to 1994. In the countries studied, infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies decreased by 33.4 per cent, although it recently increased in some countries in Central and Latin America and in Eastern Europe. Anomalies of the heart and of the central nervous system accounted for 48.9 per cent of infant deaths attributable to congenital anomalies. During 1990-1994, infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies was inversely correlated to the per capita gross domestic product in the countries studied. At the same time, the proportion of infant deaths attributable to congenital malformations was directly correlated with the per capita gross domestic product. Conclusions-Congenital malformations account for an increasing proportion of infant deaths in both developed and developing countries. Infant mortality attributable to congenital anomalies is higher in poorer countries although as a proportion of infant deaths it is greater in wealthier countries. Conditions such as spina bifida, whose occurrence can be reduced through preventive strategies, still cause many infant deaths. The apparent increase of infant mortality because of congenital anomalies in some countries should be investigated to confirm the finding, find the causes, and provide prevention opportunities. C1 Int Ctr Birth Defects, I-00195 Rome, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Atlanta, GA USA. Off Natl Stat, London, England. Catholic Univ Rome, Dept Paediat, Rome, Italy. RP Mastroiacovo, P (reprint author), Int Ctr Birth Defects, Via Pilo Albertelli 9, I-00195 Rome, Italy. RI Rosano, Aldo/G-6525-2012; OI rosano, Aldo/0000-0002-5453-2294 NR 13 TC 129 Z9 146 U1 1 U2 3 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0143-005X J9 J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H JI J. Epidemiol. Community Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 54 IS 9 BP 660 EP 666 DI 10.1136/jech.54.9.660 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 345MM UT WOS:000088819800009 PM 10942444 ER PT J AU Naficy, AB Rao, MR Holmes, JL Abu-Elyazeed, R Savarino, SJ Wierzba, TF Frenck, RW Monroe, SS Glass, RI Clemens, JD AF Naficy, AB Rao, MR Holmes, JL Abu-Elyazeed, R Savarino, SJ Wierzba, TF Frenck, RW Monroe, SS Glass, RI Clemens, JD TI Astrovirus diarrhea in Egyptian children SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GASTROENTERITIS; PREVALENCE; SEROTYPES; TYPE-1; SEROPREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; LONDON AB This study describes the epidemiology of astrovirus diarrhea among a population-based cohort of 397 children aged <3 years residing in rural Egypt from 1995 to 1998. The age-specific incidence rates of astrovirus diarrheal episodes per person-year were 0.38 for infants aged <6 months, 0.40 for those aged 6-11 months, 0.16 for those aged 12-23 months, and 0.05 for those aged 24-35 months. The overall incidence rate of astrovirus diarrhea was the same as that of rotavirus diarrhea, 0.19 episodes per person-year. Astrovirus infection was pathogenic and associated with severe dehydration in 17% of the cases. The most frequent serotype was HAstV-1, and, in order of decreasing frequency, HAstV-5, HAstV-8 and HAstV-3, HAstV-6, HAstV-4, and HAstV-2. In determining whether astrovirus diarrhea was associated with a reduced incidence of subsequent disease, there was evidence to suggest HAstV-1 homotypic immunity but not heterotypic immunity. Because we observed 38% of the incidence of astrovirus diarrhea to occur in infants aged <6 months, a candidate astrovirus vaccine would have to confer immunity very early in life. C1 NICHHD, Pediat Infect Dis & Vaccines Sect, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & enter Viruses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. USN, Med Res Unit 3, Cairo, Egypt. Int Vaccine Inst, Seoul, South Korea. RP Naficy, AB (reprint author), NICHHD, Pediat Infect Dis & Vaccines Sect, Epidemiol Branch, NIH, Rm 7B03,6100 Execut Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X FU NICHD NIH HHS [Y1HD0026-01] NR 26 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 182 IS 3 BP 685 EP 690 DI 10.1086/315763 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 355LH UT WOS:000089386800006 PM 10950760 ER PT J AU Wang, QJ Jenkins, FJ Jacobson, LP Meng, YX Pellett, PE Kingsley, LA Kousoulas, KG Baghian, A Rinaldo, CR AF Wang, QJ Jenkins, FJ Jacobson, LP Meng, YX Pellett, PE Kingsley, LA Kousoulas, KG Baghian, A Rinaldo, CR TI CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to lytic proteins of human herpes virus 8 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected individuals SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Annual Meeting on Kaposis Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Related Agents CY JUL 26, 1998 CL SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION AB T cell immunity to lyric proteins of herpesviruses is important in host control of infection. We have characterized the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to 5 human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) homologues of lyric proteins in HHV-8-seropositive individuals. HLA class I-restricted, CD8(+) CTL responses to greater than or equal to 1 HHV-8 lyric protein were detected in all 14 HHV-8-seropositive study subjects tested, with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but not in any of 5 HHV-8-seronegative individuals. Seven of these study subjects with both HHV-8 and HIV-1 infection had greater anti-CTL reactivity to glycoprotein H (open-reading frame 22) than did the 7 study subjects infected only with HHV-8, Moreover, there was a strong, inverse correlation between HIV-1 load and glycoprotein H-specific CTL lysis in the study subjects infected with both viruses. CTL reactivity to HHV-8 lyric proteins may be involved in host control of HHV-8-related diseases, such as Kaposi's sarcoma. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Infect Dis & Microbiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Rinaldo, CR (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Infect Dis & Microbiol, A427 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RI Jenkins, Frank/A-8529-2009 FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA82053, R01CA75957, R01 CA082053, P30CA47904] NR 17 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 182 IS 3 BP 928 EP 932 DI 10.1086/315777 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 355LH UT WOS:000089386800037 PM 10950791 ER PT J AU Moore, JM Ayisi, J Nahlen, BL Misore, A Lal, AA Udhayakumar, V AF Moore, JM Ayisi, J Nahlen, BL Misore, A Lal, AA Udhayakumar, V TI Immunity to placental malaria. II. Placental antigen-specific cytokine responses are impaired in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; INTERFERON-GAMMA; PREVALENCE; KENYA; AREA AB An association was demonstrated recently between elevated in vitro production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by intervillous blood mononuclear cells (IVBMCs) and protection against placental malaria (PM), Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women have increased susceptibility to PM, loss of the IFN-gamma response in these women may impair their ability to control PM. Measurement of cytokines in culture supernatants by ELISA revealed that IFN-gamma responses by HIV-positive IVBMCs were impaired, especially after malarial antigen stimulation. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 responses also were reduced in HIV-positive persons, the latter more so in HIV-positive, PM-positive persons. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-or production generally was enhanced in PM-positive and HIV-positive persons. Overall, cytokine production was reduced in HIV-positive persons with CD4 T cell counts <500/ mu L, particularly in response to malarial antigen. Thus, HIV-mediated cytokine dysregulation and impairment of the protective IFN-gamma response may contribute to the increased susceptibility of HIV-positive pregnant women to malaria. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. New Nyanza Prov Gen Hosp, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Udhayakumar, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 182 IS 3 BP 960 EP 964 DI 10.1086/315755 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 355LH UT WOS:000089386800044 PM 10950798 ER PT J AU Perkins, DJ Weinberg, JB Kremsner, PG AF Perkins, DJ Weinberg, JB Kremsner, PG TI Reduced interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-ss 1 in severe childhood malaria: Relationship of cytokine balance with disease severity SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY NOV 28-DEC 02, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; PROTECTION; CHILDREN; ANEMIA; ALPHA; BETA AB Interleukin (IL)-12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in animal models of malaria. Since the cytokine balance may be an important determinant of whether a protective or a pathogenic immune response develops, plasma cytokine ratios were examined in Gabonese children with various degrees of malarial severity. Severe disease was characterized by high-density parasitemia and severe anemia. IL-12 and TGF-beta 1 were significantly lower, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-10 were significantly higher in children with severe malaria. The ratios of TGF-beta 1/IL-12 and IL-10/IL-12 were significantly higher in the severe, compared with the mild, malaria group. In contrast, ratios of TGF-beta 1/TNF-alpha and IL-10/TNF-alpha were significantly lower in the severe malaria group. These results suggest that the inflammatory cascade in severe malaria is characterized by suppression of the protective effects of TGF-beta 1 and IL-12, and that overproduction of TNF-alpha may promote deleterious effects, such as severe anemia. C1 VA Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Albert Schweitzer Hosp, Res Unit, Lambarene, Gabon. Univ Tubingen, Inst Trop Med, Dept Parasitol, Tubingen, Germany. RP Perkins, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Mol Vaccine Sect, 4770 Buford Hgwy,Mail Stop F-12, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI07217]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR39162] NR 15 TC 122 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 182 IS 3 BP 988 EP 992 DI 10.1086/315762 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 355LH UT WOS:000089386800050 PM 10950804 ER PT J AU Dolan, MC Lacombe, EH Piesman, J AF Dolan, MC Lacombe, EH Piesman, J TI Vector competence of Ixodes muris (Acari : Ixodidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes muris; Borrelia burgdorferi; vector competence ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; DERMACENTOR-VARIABILIS; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM; HUMAN BABESIOSIS; TICKS ACARI; SCAPULARIS; DAMMINI; SPINIPALPIS; MAMMALS; CYCLE AB The vector competence of Ixodes muris (Bishopp & Smith) was determined for Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Larval I muris were fed on ICR outbred mice infected with the B-31 laboratory strain of B. burgdorferi, Replete larvae, at 5 d after feeding, were assayed for infection by culture in Barbour-Stoner-Kelly (BSK-H) media. Infection frequency in I. muris replete larvae was 66%. Resultant nymphs were fed on naive ICR outbred mice to determine the ability of I. muris to transmit infection. Infection frequency in fed nymphs declined to 38% and only 1/5 mice was positive for B, burgdorferi on ear biopsy culture. We demonstrated that I. muris is capable of acquiring and transmitting B. burgdorferi but is a relatively poor vector compared with I, scapularis (Say). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Maine Med Ctr, Res Inst, Portland, ME 04106 USA. RP Dolan, MC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 766 EP 768 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.766 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 359RJ UT WOS:000089625600019 PM 11004792 ER PT J AU Singleton, R Bulkow, LR Levine, OS Butler, JC Hennessy, TW Parkinson, A AF Singleton, R Bulkow, LR Levine, OS Butler, JC Hennessy, TW Parkinson, A TI Experience with the prevention of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease by vaccination in Alaska: The impact of persistent oropharyngeal carriage SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CONJUGATE VACCINE; NATIVE INFANTS; HIGH-RISK; CHILDREN; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNIZATION; POPULATION; ANTIBODY; EFFICACY; POLYSACCHARIDE AB Objectives: To report the epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in high-risk Alaska Native infants before and after universal infant Hib vaccination and evaluate an increase in invasive Hib disease in 1996 after changing Hib vaccine type. Study design: Statewide laboratory surveillance for invasive Hib disease has been conducted since 1980. Three cross-sectional Hib carriage studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998. Results: The invasive Hib disease rate in Alaska Natives decreased from 332 cases per 100,000 children <5 years old in 1980-1991 to 17:100,000 in 1992-1995 but increased primarily in rural areas to 57.9:100,000 after a switch in Hib vaccine types; Carriage studies in 5 rural Alaska Native villages showed oropharyngeal Hib carriage as high as 9.3% in children aged 1 to 5 years; in contrast, carriage in urban Alaska Native children was <1%. Conclusions: Although Hib disease has decreased in Alaska, the rate of Hib disease and carriage in rural Alaska Natives did not decrease to the same extent as in non-Natives and urban Alaska Natives. Use of polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer-membrane protein conjugate vaccine for the first vaccine dose is critical to disease control in this population with continued transmission in infants <6 months of age. The ability to eliminate Hib carriage and disease may be affected by population characteristics, vaccination coverage, and Hib vaccine type used. This may pose a challenge to global elimination of Hib. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USA. NIAID, Resp Dis Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Singleton, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 29 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 137 IS 3 BP 313 EP 320 DI 10.1067/mpd.2000.107843 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 353ZQ UT WOS:000089305700006 PM 10969253 ER PT J AU Kann, L Kinchen, SA Williams, BI Ross, JG Lowry, R Grunbaum, JA Kolbe, LJ AF Kann, L Kinchen, SA Williams, BI Ross, JG Lowry, R Grunbaum, JA Kolbe, LJ TI Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 1999 SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Priority health-risk behaviors, which contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and adults, often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, are interrelated, and are preventable. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults - behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection); unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 33 state surveys, and 16 local surveys conducted among high school students during February through May 1999. In the United States, approximately three fourths of all deaths among persons aged 10-24 years result from only four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1999 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey demonstrate that numerous high school students engage in behaviors that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes 16.4% had rarely or never worn a seat belt; during the 30 days preceding the survey, 33.1% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol; 17.3% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey; 50.0% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey; 26.7% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey; and 7.8% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among young persons also result from unintended pregnancies and STDs, including HN infection. In 1999, nationwide, 49.9% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse, 42.0% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and 1.8% had ever injected an illegal drug. Two thirds of all deaths among persons aged greater than or equal to 25 years result from only two causes - cardiovascular disease and cancer The majority of risk behaviors associated with these two causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1999, 34.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey; 76.1% had not eaten greater than or equal to 5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables during the 7 days preceding the survey; 16.0% were at risk for becoming overweight,- and 70.9% did not attend physical education class daily. These YRBSS data are already being used by health and education officials at national, state, and local levels to analyze and improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth. The YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 16 national health objectives for 2010 and 3 of the 10 leading health indicators. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Westat Inc, Rockville, MD 20805 USA. Macro Int Inc, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kann, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-K33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 70 IS 7 BP 271 EP 285 PG 15 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348UG UT WOS:000089004400001 PM 10981282 ER PT J AU Simkin, LS Hirsch, L Radosh, A Middlestadt, SE Kaiser, J Santelli, JS AF Simkin, LS Hirsch, L Radosh, A Middlestadt, SE Kaiser, J Santelli, JS TI Strategies to maximize retention of a sample of young adolescents in a longitudinal evaluation of healthy & alive! SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS; PREVENTION RESEARCH; ATTRITION; PROGRAM; AIDS; INVOLVEMENT; BEHAVIOR; TRACKING; PROJECT; IMPACT AB The authors implemented strategies to maximize cohort retention to avert loss of statistical power and minimize bias in a longitudinal evaluation of a middle school HIV/STD prevention intervention. A retention rate of 80% of the baseline sample (n = 2.975) at six months and 73% at 18 months was achieved despite high reported rates of student mobility and a major system reorganization in one urban district. The strategies increased retention but did not eliminate differences in demographic characteristics and behaviors between the groups of retained and lost students. Results confirm the need to implement retention strategies early and to maintain them throughout data collection. Information pam a tracking data base can be used to prioritize students for follow-up to reduce bias from sample loss. C1 Acad Educ Dev, New York, NY 10011 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07107 USA. Violence Inst New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07107 USA. Acad Educ Dev, Ctr Appl & Behav Evaluat Res, Washington, DC 20009 USA. US Custon Serv, Washington, DC 20229 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Simkin, LS (reprint author), Acad Educ Dev, 100 5th Ave,2nd Floor, New York, NY 10011 USA. FU PHS HHS [200-93-0640] NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 70 IS 7 BP 286 EP 291 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 348UG UT WOS:000089004400002 PM 10981283 ER PT J AU Yaroch, AL Resnicow, K Davis, M Davis, A Smith, M Khan, LK AF Yaroch, AL Resnicow, K Davis, M Davis, A Smith, M Khan, LK TI Development of a modified picture-sort food frequency questionnaire administered to low-income, overweight, African-American adolescent girls SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIETARY ASSESSMENT; VALIDITY; CHILDREN; DESIGN; NUTRITION; RECALL; HEALTH AB yThere is essentially no ideal method of dietary assessment. Physiologic methods (ie, doubly labeled water) probably come closest, but high cost, participant burden, and limited information limit their use. Furthermore, most dietary assessment methods have been designed for and tested in white adults. Very few have been designed for and tested in African-American adolescents. This study examined validity and reliability of a modified picture-sort food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered to 22 low-income, overweight, African-American adolescent girls, aged 11 to 17 years. The FFQ was administered to subjects twice during a 2-week period, and evaluated using the mean values of three 24-hour recalls. The natural log-transformed energy-adjusted, deattenuated correlation coefficients between the second FFQ and the mean from 3 recalls exceeded 0.50 for most nutrients, ranging from 0.32 (protein) to 0.87 (saturated fat). The energy and nutrient values from the first FFQ were greater than those from the second FFQ. Most correlation coefficients for the test-retest reliability of the FFQ were not significant. We conclude that although larger samples are needed to generalize results, the picture-sort dietary assessment method appears to be promising and merits further research. C1 AMC Canc Res Ctr, Ctr Behav & Community Studies, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Pfizer Inc, Dept Biometr, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Yaroch, AL (reprint author), AMC Canc Res Ctr, Ctr Behav & Community Studies, 1600 Pierce St, Lakewood, CO 80214 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 100 IS 9 BP 1050 EP 1056 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00306-0 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MM UT WOS:000170311400023 PM 11019353 ER PT J AU Ostchega, Y Harris, TB Hirsch, R Parsons, VL Kington, R AF Ostchega, Y Harris, TB Hirsch, R Parsons, VL Kington, R TI The prevalence of functional limitations and disability in older persons in the US: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE disability; prevalence; US population; elderly; NHANES III ID SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; AGE; IMPACT; ADULTS; RISK AB OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates by sex and age and by sex and race/ethnicity of the proportion of older Americans who have difficulty with functional limitations and daily activities. SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994. DESIGN: A cross-sectional nationally representative survey. PARTICIPANTS: All persons aged 60 and older who completed a household interview (N = 6866) during NHANES III (conducted 1988-1994). MEASUREMENTS: The self-reported physical and functional disability questions from NHANES III included: lower-extremity function, instrumental activities of daily living, basic activities of daily living, needing help with personal and routine daily activities, and use of assistive devices for walking. RESULTS: Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American men and women generally reported significantly (P < .01) more disability than did non-Hispanic white men and women. Disability was greater for minority women than for men. For both men and women, the prevalence in disability increased significantly (P < .01) with age for each measure. CONCLUSIONS: These sex-age and sex-race/ethnicity national estimates of disability indicate that minority women may represent a vulnerable subpopulation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Res Methodol, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ostchega, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Room 900,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 28 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 48 IS 9 BP 1132 EP 1135 PG 4 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 351PR UT WOS:000089167800015 PM 10983915 ER PT J AU Ostchega, Y Harris, TB Hirsch, R Parsons, VL Kington, R Katzoff, M AF Ostchega, Y Harris, TB Hirsch, R Parsons, VL Kington, R Katzoff, M TI Reliability and prevalence of physical performance examination assessing mobility and balance in older persons in the US: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE physical performance; prevalence; US population; elderly; NHANES III ID FUNCTIONAL STATUS; DISABILITY AB OBJECTIVE: This report provides reliability and prevalence estimates by sex, age, and race/ethnicity of an observed physical performance examination (PPE) assessing mobility and balance. SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994. DESIGN: A cross-sectional nationally representative survey. PARTICIPANTS: All persons aged 60 and older (n = 5403) who performed the PPE either in the mobile examination center (MEC) or in the home during NHANES III (conducted 1988-1994). MEASUREMENTS: The PPE included timed chair stand, full tandem stand, and timed 8-foot walk. RESULTS: Timed chair stand and 8-foot timed walk were reliable measurements (Intraclass Correlations > 0.5). Women were significantly slower (P < .001) than men for both timed chair stands and timed walk. Non-Hispanic white men and women did the maneuvers in significantly less time than non-Hispanic black men and women and Mexican Americans women (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity functions measured by timed chair stand and walk are reliable. Women at every age group were more physically limited than men. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Res Methodol, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ostchega, Y (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Room 900,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 20 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 48 IS 9 BP 1136 EP 1141 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 351PR UT WOS:000089167800016 PM 10983916 ER PT J AU Strickman, D Gaffigan, T Wirtz, RA Benedict, MQ Rafferty, CS Barwick, RS Williams, HA AF Strickman, D Gaffigan, T Wirtz, RA Benedict, MQ Rafferty, CS Barwick, RS Williams, HA TI Mosquito collections following local transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Westmoreland County, Virginia SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Plasmodium falciparum; malaria; Virginia; Anopheles quadrimaculatus; Anopheles smaragdinus; Aedes albopictus ID SPECIES DIPTERA; ANOPHELES; PATTERNS; RATES AB A 63-year-old woman from Colonial Beach, Westmoreland County, VA, was diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum malaria on July 19, 1998. The woman had no history of international travel, intravenous drug use, blood transfusion, or other risk factor for contracting the disease. She seldom left the county and generally spent her evenings indoors, leading to the conclusion that she had been bitten locally by an infected mosquito. Colonial Beach is host to a population of migrant agricultural laborers from areas in which malaria occurs, but a blood survey of 89 Haitians and Mexicans failed to find Plasmodium parasites, specific antibodies, or clinical cases of malaria. Mosquito surveys were conducted during 2 days (July 22 and 28, 1998) with carbon-dioxide-baited light traps, larval and pupal collections, and landing collections. Thirteen species of mosquitoes were identified morphologically, including 4 potential vectors: Anopheles crucians, An. punctipennis, An. smaragdinus (new state record), and An. quadrimaculatus s.s. (new state record). Identifications of the latter 2 species were confirmed by sequencing of the ITS2 DNA region from adults reared from locally collected larvae. Anopheles smaragdinus was the most common biting species among the potential vectors, although An. crucians was the most abundant in other kinds of collections. In addition, Ae. albopictus was collected in Westmoreland County for the 1st time. C1 Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Strickman, D (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3 BP 219 EP 222 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 371GM UT WOS:000165170500006 PM 11081649 ER PT J AU Ashford, DA Gomez, TM Noah, DL Scott, DP Franz, DR AF Ashford, DA Gomez, TM Noah, DL Scott, DP Franz, DR TI Biological terrorism and veterinary medicine in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WARFARE; MANAGEMENT; OUTBREAK; WEAPONS; HISTORY C1 US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USAF, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. USAF, Inst Pathol, Washington, DC USA. So Res Inst, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. RP Ashford, DA (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 5 BP 664 EP 667 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.664 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 348FH UT WOS:000088974500026 PM 10976296 ER PT J AU Sanchez, JL Bendet, I Grogl, M Lima, JBP Pang, LW Guimaraes, R Guedes, RH Milhous, WK Green, MD Todd, GD AF Sanchez, JL Bendet, I Grogl, M Lima, JBP Pang, LW Guimaraes, R Guedes, RH Milhous, WK Green, MD Todd, GD TI Malaria in Brazilian military personnel deployed to Angola SO JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 45th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Tropical-Medicine-and-Hygiene CY DEC 01-05, 1996 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Trop Med & Hyg ID UNITED-STATES TROOPS; FALCIPARUM-MALARIA; CHEMOPROPHYLACTIC REGIMENS; DOXYCYCLINE PROPHYLAXIS; MEFLOQUINE; SOMALIA; PREVENTION; SOLDIERS; FAILURE; AFRICA AB Background: Malaria represents one of the most important infectious disease threats to deployed military forces; most personnel from developed countries are nonimmune personnel and are at high risk of infection and clinical malaria. This is especially true for forces deployed to highly-endemic areas in Africa and Southeast Asia where drug-resistant malaria is common. Methods:We conducted an outbreak investigation of malaria cases in Angola where a total of 439 nonimmune Brazilian troops were deployed for a 6-month period in 1995-1996. A post-travel medical evaluation was also performed on 338 (77%) of the 439 soldiers upon return to Brazil. Questionnaire, medical record, thick/thin smear,and serum anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibody titer (by IFA) data were obtained. Peak serum mefloquine (Mj and methylmefloquine (MM) metabolite levels were measured in a subsample of 66 soldiers (42 cases, 24 nonmalaria controls) who were taking weekly mefloquine prophylaxis (250 mg). Results: Seventy-eight cases of malaria occurred among the 439 personnel initially interviewed in Angola (attack rate = 18%). Four soldiers were hospitalized, and 3 subsequently died of cerebral malaria. Upon return to Brazil, 63 (19%) of 338 soldiers evaluated were documented to have had clinical symptoms and a diagnosis of malaria while in Angola. in addition, 37 (11%) asymptomatically infected individuals were detected upon return (< 1% parasitemia). Elevated, post-travel anti-P. falciparum IFA titers ( 1:64) were seen in 101 (35%) of 292 soldiers tested, and was associated with a prior history of malaria in-country (OR = 3.67 95% Cl 1.98-6.82, p < .001). Noncompliance with weekly mefloquine prophylaxis (250 mg) was associated with a malaria diagnosis in Angola (OR = 3.75, 95% Cl 0.97-17.41, p = .03) but not with recent P falciparum infection (by IFA titer). Mean peak levels land ratios) of serum M and MM were also found to be lower in those who gave a history of malaria while in Angola. Conclusions: Malaria was a significant cause of morbidity among Brazilian Army military personnel deployed to Angola. Mefloquine prophylaxis appeared to protect soldiers from clinical, but not subclinical, Fl falciparum infections. Mefloquine noncompliance and an erratic chemoprophylaxis prevention policy contributed to this large outbreak in nonimmune personnel. This report highlights the pressing need for development of newer, more efficacious and practical, prophylactic drug regimens that will reduce the malaria threat to military forces and travelers. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Inst Biol Exercito, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Toxicol Informat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sanchez, JL (reprint author), USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, POB 836, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1195-1982 J9 J TRAVEL MED JI J. Travel Med. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 7 IS 5 BP 275 EP 282 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 414UL UT WOS:000167684500010 PM 11231212 ER PT J AU Thiede, H Hagan, H Murrill, CS AF Thiede, H Hagan, H Murrill, CS TI Methadone treatment and HIV and hepatitis B and C risk reduction among injectors in the Seattle area SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE HBV; HCV; HIV; injection drug use; methadone treatment; prevention ID INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; NEW-YORK-CITY; BEHAVIOR; MAINTENANCE; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS; SEROPREVALENCE; INFECTION; CLIENTS; TRENDS AB Drug treatment has the potential to reduce incidence of blood-borne infections by helping injection drug users (IDUs) achieve abstinence or by decreasing the frequency of injection and sharing practices. We studied the associations between retention in methadone treatment and drug use behaviors and incidence of hepatitis B and C in a cohort of IDUs in the Seattle, Washington, area. Data on IDUs entering methadone treatment at four centers in King County, Washington, were collected through face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire at baseline and 12-month follow-up between October 1994 and January 1998. Blood specimens were obtained and tasted for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C. Drug treatment status at follow-up was analyzed in relation to study enrollment characteristics and potential treatment outcomes, including injection risk behaviors, cessation or reduced frequency of injection, and incidence of hepatitis B and C. Of 716 IDUs, 292 (41%) left treatment, 198 (28%) disrupted (left and returned) treatment, and 226 (32%) continued treatment throughout the 1-year follow-up period. Compared to those who left treatment, subjects who disrupted or continued were less likely to inject at follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.7; and OR = 0.1, 95% CI 0.1-0.2, respectively). Among the 468 (65%) subjects who continued injecting, those who continued treatment injected less frequently, were less likely to pool money to buy drugs (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.8) and inject with used needles (OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) compared to those who left treatment. Cooker or cotton sharing was not associated with retention in treatment, but hepatitis B incidence was lowest among those who continued treatment. The results of this study suggest drug use risk reduction is more likely to be achieved by those who remain in drug treatment and by those who stop injecting, but that those who drop out and return and those who continue to inject while in treatment may also benefit. This supports the role of consistent drug treatment in an overall harm-reduction strategy. C1 Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thiede, H (reprint author), Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, 106 Prefontaine Pl S, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU006260] NR 29 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 4 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 331 EP 345 DI 10.1007/BF02386744 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 345MC UT WOS:000088818900003 PM 10976608 ER PT J AU Doherty, MC Garfein, RS Monterroso, E Latkin, C Vlahov, D AF Doherty, MC Garfein, RS Monterroso, E Latkin, C Vlahov, D TI Gender differences in the initiation of injection drug use among young adults SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE gender differences; human immunodeficiency virus; initiation; injection drug use; intravenous; substance abuse ID HIV RISK; SEX-DIFFERENCES; ADDICT CAREERS; AIDS; INFECTION; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; HEROIN; CRACK; ADOLESCENCE AB To characterize the circumstances surrounding initiation of injecting drug use, data were collected from 229 young, recently initiated injection drug users enrolled through community-based recruitment in Baltimore, Maryland. Gender differences in the pattern of initiation, the number of persons present at initiation, risky injection, and sexual behaviors at initiation, as well as behaviors after initiation, were examined. Overall, men and women were similar statistically with respect to age at initiation (19.5 years) and risk behaviors at initiation. While men were initiated by men (77%), women were more often. initiated by women (65%), most of whom were friends (75%) or relatives (23%) The percentage of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was slightly greater than that of men, 17% versus 11% (P < .2), whether initiated by a man or a woman. Persons who self-initiated had a lower HIV prevalence and fewer HN-related risk behaviors. Analysis of variance assessed differences in the HN risk profiles of female and male IDUs who were initiated by someone of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or who self-initiated. These results indicated that (1) young women and men had similar patterns of injection initiation; (2) most women were initiated by female friends, running counter to earlier literature claims that women were initiated to injection drug use by male sex partners; and (3) women initiated by men had a marginally greater mean score on the HIV risk profile. C1 Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Program Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Vlahov, D (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Program Infect Dis, Room E-6008,615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA04334, F31 DA05556-02] NR 42 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 396 EP 414 DI 10.1007/BF02386749 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 345MC UT WOS:000088818900008 PM 10976613 ER PT J AU Wong, T Chiasson, MA Reggy, A Simonds, RJ Heffess, J Loo, V AF Wong, T Chiasson, MA Reggy, A Simonds, RJ Heffess, J Loo, V TI Antiretroviral therapy and declining AIDS mortality in New York City SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE antiretroviral therapy; HAART; mortality; protease inhibitors ID HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; CONTROLLED TRIAL; SURVIVAL; DISEASE; TIME AB The objective was to evaluate the association between antiretroviral therapy and AIDS mortality in New York City (NYC). Design was a population-based case-control study. We randomly selected 150 case patients and 150 control patients whose AIDS diagnosis was made during 1994 to 1996 (male:female, 2:1) from among 19,238 persons reported to the NYC Health Department HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS). Case patients had died of AIDS-related causes in 1996. Control patients, category matched with case patients on gender, were not known to have died by the end of 1996. Analysis was performed on 279 patients (142 cases and 137 controls). Cases and controls were similar in age, gender, race, HIV transmission category, and health insurance coverage. The median baseline CD4 count was 30 cells/mu L for those who died and 103 cells/mu L for survivors (p < .0.001). The prescription of HAART (antiretroviral combination that includes at least one protease inhibitor) in 1996 was strongly associated with survival in univariate analysis (OR = 5.1, 95%CI = 2.5-10.2). This association remained in a logistic regression analysis after adjusting for sex, age, race, health insurance status, HIV transmission categories, year of AIDS diagnosis, baseline CD4 count, and other antitetroviral therapy (AOR = 8.6, 95%CI = 3.5-20.7). Prescription of combination therapy other than HAART in 1996 and baseline CD4 count were also associated with survival, but less strongly so. The survival benefit of HAART extends beyond the confines of a few highly selected patients into the "real world," reducing AIDS deaths at the population level. This population-based study supports the Likelihood that the introduction of HAART in 1996 played a primary role in the decline in NYC AIDS mortality. C1 Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wong, T (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Lab Ctr Dis Control, Bur HIV AIDS STD & TB, Brooke Claxton Bldg,Room 0108B,Postal Locator 090, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. FU PHS HHS [U64 CCU203312] NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 492 EP 500 DI 10.1007/BF02386756 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 345MC UT WOS:000088818900015 PM 10976620 ER PT J AU Matrosovich, M Tuzikov, A Bovin, N Gambaryan, A Klimov, A Castrucci, MR Donatelli, I Kawaoka, Y AF Matrosovich, M Tuzikov, A Bovin, N Gambaryan, A Klimov, A Castrucci, MR Donatelli, I Kawaoka, Y TI Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUSES; B VIRUSES; EVOLUTION; SWINE; SPECIFICITY; SITE; EGG; CONSERVATION; ADAPTATION; VARIANTS AB Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses circulating in wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in mammals, including humans, To identify early changes in the receptor binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (HA) after interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions responsible for these alterations, we studied the HAs of the initial isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), the European swine epizootic of 1979 (H1N1), and the seal epizootic of 1992 (H3N3), all of which were caused by the introduction of avian virus HAs into these species. The viruses were assayed for their ability to bind the synthetic sialylglycopolymers 3'SL-PAA and 6'SLN-PAA, which contained, respectively, 3'-sialyllactose (the receptor determinant preferentially recognized by avian influenza viruses) and 6'-sialyl(N-acetyllactosamine) (the receptor determinant for human viruses), Avian and seat viruses bound 6'SLN-PAA very weakly, whereas the earliest available human and swine epidemic viruses bound this polymer with a higher affinity. For the H2 and H3 strains, a single mutation, 226Q --> L, increased binding to 6'SLN-PAA, while among H1 swine viruses, the 190E --> D and 225G --> E mutations in the EU appeared important for the increased affinity of the viruses for 6'SLN-PAA, Amino acid substitutions at positions 190 and 225 with respect to the avian virus consensus sequence are also present in H1 human viruses, including those that circulated in 1918, suggesting that substitutions at these positions are important for the generation of Hi human pandemic strains. These results show that the receptor-binding specificity of the HA is altered early after the transmission of an avian virus to humans and pigs and, therefore, may be a prerequisite for the highly effective replication and spread which characterize epidemic strains. C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. MP Chumakov Inst Poliomyelitis & Viral Encephalit, Moscow 142782, Russia. MM Shemyakin Bioorgan Chem Inst, Moscow 117871, Russia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ist Super Sanita, WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Matrosovich, M (reprint author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. RI Gambaryan, Alexandra/E-2667-2014; CASTRUCCI, MARIA RITA/C-2535-2016 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-21765, P30 CA021765] NR 42 TC 472 Z9 528 U1 6 U2 53 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 74 IS 18 BP 8502 EP 8512 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.18.8502-8512.2000 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 347ML UT WOS:000088933700034 PM 10954551 ER PT J AU Park, CH AF Park, CH TI Prevalence of employer self-insured health benefits: National and state variation SO MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MANDATED BENEFITS; INSURANCE; PLANS; ERISA AB Many large employers prefer to self-insure health plans offered to employees rather than purchase them from insurance companies to save costs and to avoid the burden of complying with varying state mandates. This concerns state governments because they cannot directly regulate self-insured plans. This article describes the prevalence of employer self-insurance for the nation and by state in 1993 and examines what factors, especially state policies, contribute to the national and state variation in the prevalence of self-insurance. Data from the National Employer Health Insurance Survey on 34,604 private sector establishments are analyzed. Variation in the prevalence of self-insurance was largely explained by the firm size of the establishments. After all other factors were examined, very little was added to predict the rate of self-insurance for each state. While state premium taxation and benefits mandates were nor associated with self-insurance, small-group reforms were significantly and positively associated with the probability of self-insurance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Care Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Park, CH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Care Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1077-5587 J9 MED CARE RES REV JI Med. Care Res. Rev. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 57 IS 3 BP 340 EP 360 DI 10.1177/107755870005700305 PG 21 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA 350LW UT WOS:000089103500005 PM 10981189 ER PT J AU Caspersen, CJ Pereira, MA Curran, KM AF Caspersen, CJ Pereira, MA Curran, KM TI Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Sports-Medicine CY MAY 27-31, 1997 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP Amer Coll Sports Med DE adolescents; adults; age; physical activity; sex; surveys ID CORONARY RISK-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; YOUNG-ADULTS; AMSTERDAM-GROWTH; BEHAVIOR SURVEY; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; DISEASE; HEALTH; YOUTH AB Purpose: To determine sex-specific, age-related changes in physical activity patterns. Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from the National Health Interview Survey, using the 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement for adolescents and the 1991 Health Promotion/Disease Prevention supplement for adults. Physical activity patterns were modeled after Healthy People 2000 objectives. Results: Among adolescents, physical activity patterns generally eroded most from ages 15 through 18. The "regular, vigorous activity" and strenghening patterns declined consistently from ages 12 through 21. Young adulthood (18-29 yr) often marked continuing erosion of activity patterns, whereas middle adulthood (30-64 yr) often revealed relatively stable patterns. At retirement age (65 yr), there was a stabilizing, or even an improving, tendency in activity patterns, usually followed by further erosion through the final period of life. Strengthening behavior eroded dramatically with advancing age among adults, especially among men. Among adolescents, differences between female and male respondents were large for regular, vigorous activity (11.3 percentage points greater for male respondents). In comparison with female adolescents and adults, male respondents reported much higher rates of regular, sustained activity (5.5 and 5.9 percentage points, respectively), and strengthening (18.2 and 11.3 percentage points, respectively). Among adults, levels of physical inactivity among women were moderately greater (5.5 percentage points) than for men. Absolute rates of change per year were mostly large to very large (3.0-8.0 percentage points.yr(-1)) during ages 15-18 yr, but, for adults, they were small (<0.5 percentage points.yr(-1)) for 33 of 40 sex, age, and pattern groupings. Conclusion: These data suggest that early and continued intervention will be necessary to offset these declines in physical activity throughout adolescence and adulthood. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Childrens Hosp, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Caspersen, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Diabet Translat, K-10,4770 Buford Highway,NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 39 TC 431 Z9 447 U1 2 U2 40 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1601 EP 1609 PG 9 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 352TR UT WOS:000089234400013 PM 10994912 ER PT J AU Ainsworth, BE Bassett, DR Strath, SJ Swartz, AM O'Brien, WL Thompson, RW Jones, DA Macera, CA Kimsey, CD AF Ainsworth, BE Bassett, DR Strath, SJ Swartz, AM O'Brien, WL Thompson, RW Jones, DA Macera, CA Kimsey, CD TI Comparison of three methods for measuring the time spent in physical activity SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE exercise; measurement; energy expenditure; epidemiology; survey; accelerometer; CSA ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; QUESTIONNAIRES; ACCELEROMETER; CHILDREN; WALKING; HEALTH AB Purpose: Three methods for measuring time spent in daily physical activity (PA) were compared during a 21-d period among 83 adults (38 men and 45 women). Methods: Each day, participants wore a Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) monitor and completed a 1-page, 48-item PA log that reflected time spent in household, occupational, transportation, sport, conditioning, and leisure activities. Once a week, participants also completed a telephone survey to identify the number of minutes spent each week in nonoccupational walking and in moderate intensity and hard/very hard-intensity PA. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank-order correlations. Three equations developed to compute CSA cut points for moderate and hard/very hard PA were also compared with the PA logs and PA survey. Results: There was modest to good agreement for the time spent in different PA intensity categories between the three CSA cut point methods (r = 0.43-0.94, P < 0.001). Correlations between the CSA and PA logs ranged from r = 0.22 to r = 0.36, depending on the comparisons. Correlations between the survey items and PA logs were r = 0.26-0.54 (P < 0.01) for moderate and walking activities and r < 0.09 (P > 0.05) for hard/very hard activities. Correlations between the survey items and the CSA min per day varied according to the method used to compute the CSA intensity cut points. Conclusions: The results were consistent with findings from other PA validation studies that show motion sensors, PA logs, and surveys reflect PA; however, these methods do not always provide similar estimates of the time spent in resting/light, moderate, or hard/very hard PA. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Exercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Exercise Sci & Sports Management, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ainsworth, BE (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Schmoelz, Camilie/D-1707-2012 OI Schmoelz, Camilie/0000-0003-2221-9954 NR 24 TC 255 Z9 259 U1 1 U2 37 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 32 IS 9 SU S BP S457 EP S464 DI 10.1097/00005768-200009001-00004 PG 8 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 353DA UT WOS:000089257400004 PM 10993415 ER PT J AU Manjrekar, RR Partridge, SK Korman, AK Barwick, RS Juranek, DD AF Manjrekar, RR Partridge, SK Korman, AK Barwick, RS Juranek, DD TI Efficacy of 1% permethrin for the treatment of head louse infestations among Kosovar refugees SO MILITARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LINDANE SHAMPOO; LICE; CAPITIS; RINSE AB Ne assessed the prevalence of head louse infestation and the effectiveness of 1% permethrin against head lice in Kosovar refugees. A currently infested case was defined as a person with observable crawling lice (adults or nymphs) or a person with nits on the hair shaft within a quarter-inch of the scalp, Of the 1,051 refugees screened upon arrival in the United States, 107 (10%) were infested. Crawling lice (adults or nymphs) were observed on 62 (6%) of the individuals examined. Refugees with crawling lice mere treated with a pediculicide containing 1% permethrin. Of these, 57 were reexamined the next day. Twenty of the 57 individuals were reexamined 7 days after treatment. No crawling lice were found on any of the refugees examined after treatment. We conclude that 1% permethrin treatment was effective in louse control in this refugee population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, US PHS, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Juranek, DD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Mail Stop F-22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSN MILITARY SURG US PI BETHESDA PA 9320 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0026-4075 J9 MIL MED JI Milit. Med. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 165 IS 9 BP 698 EP 700 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 355AC UT WOS:000089362600017 PM 11011544 ER PT J AU Lam, HR Ladefoged, O Ostergaard, G O'Callaghan, JP AF Lam, HR Ladefoged, O Ostergaard, G O'Callaghan, JP TI Inhalation exposure to white spirit causes region-dependent alterations in the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gliosis; GFAP; Stoddard solvent ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ASTROCYTE RESPONSE; SOLVENT EXPOSURE; HOUSE PAINTERS; RATS; BRAIN; DAMAGE; 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE; ENCEPHALOPATHY; TOLUENE AB Enhanced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is known to be associated with toxicant-induced gliosis, a homotypic response of the central nervous system to neural injury. A variety of neurochemical and neurophysiological effects have been observed in experimental animals exposed to white spirit, but a linkage of such effects to neural damage has not been established. Here we evaluated the regional levels of GFAP to assess potential sites of CNS damage in the rat, following exposure to dearomatized and aromatic white spirit. Samples from rats exposed to dearomatized white spirit were assayed for GFAP levels in the United States and Denmark. The results were remarkably similar between countries, Small region-dependent increases and decreases in GFAP were observed with the cerebellum showing the most consistent effects (increases). in contrast, samples from rats exposed to aromatic white spirit showed large (as much as 150% of control) increases in regional levers of GFAP; again, the cerebellum showed the most consistent effects. The data are indicative of an aromatic white-spirit-induced astrogliosis in several regions of the rat CNS and suggest that chronic exposure to this solvent may be associated with underlying neural damage. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Danish Vet & Food Adm, Inst Food Safety & Toxicol, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark. NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Lam, HR (reprint author), Danish Vet & Food Adm, Inst Food Safety & Toxicol, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 22 IS 5 BP 725 EP 731 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(00)00098-2 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 381NR UT WOS:000165769900011 PM 11106865 ER PT J AU Bruce, MC Galinski, MR Barnwell, JW Donnelly, CA Walmsley, M Alpers, MP Walliker, D Day, KP AF Bruce, MC Galinski, MR Barnwell, JW Donnelly, CA Walmsley, M Alpers, MP Walliker, D Day, KP TI Genetic diversity and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum and P-vivax populations in multiply infected children with asymptomatic malaria infections in Papua New Guinea SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; dynamics; asymptomatic infection; genotyping ID ANTIGENIC VARIATION; HUMAN-ERYTHROCYTES; VARIANT ANTIGEN; SURFACE; IMMUNITY; AREA; POLYMORPHISM; INDIVIDUALS AB We describe the dynamics of co-infections of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in 28 asymptomatic children by genotyping these species using the polymorphic loci Msp2 and Msp3 alpha, respectively. The total number of Plasmodium spp. infections detected using 3 day sampling over 61 days varied between 1 and 14 (mean 6.6). The dynamics of P. falciparum and P. vivax genotypes varied greatly both within and amongst children. Periodicity in the detection of P. falciparum infections is consistent with the synchronous replication of individual genotypes. Replication synchrony of multiple coinfecting genotypes was not detected. In 4-year-old children P. falciparum genotype complexity was reduced and episodes lasted significantly longer (median duration > 60 days) when compared to children aged 5-14 years (median duration 9 days). P. vivax genotype complexity was not correlated with age but the episode duration was also longer for this species in 4-year-olds than in older children but was not as long as P. falciparum episodes. Recurrence of P. falciparum and P. vivax genotypes over weeks was observed. We interpret these major fluctuations in the density of genotypes over time as the result of the mechanism of antigenic variation thought to be present in these Plasmodium species. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, Oxford OX1 3FY, England. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis,Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland. Papua New Guinea Inst Med Res, Madang, Papua N Guinea. RP Bruce, MC (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3FY, England. RI Day, Karen/F-3697-2015 OI Day, Karen/0000-0002-6115-6135 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI24710, AI37545] NR 37 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD SEP PY 2000 VL 121 BP 257 EP 272 DI 10.1017/S0031182099006356 PN 3 PG 16 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 353KF UT WOS:000089272800004 PM 11085246 ER PT J AU Belay, ED Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Destefano, F Shahriari, A Davis, RL Rhodes, PH Thompson, RS Black, SB Shinefield, HR Marcy, SM Ward, JI Mullooly, JP Chen, RT Schonberger, LB AF Belay, ED Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Destefano, F Shahriari, A Davis, RL Rhodes, PH Thompson, RS Black, SB Shinefield, HR Marcy, SM Ward, JI Mullooly, JP Chen, RT Schonberger, LB TI The incidence of Kawasaki syndrome in West Coast health maintenance organizations SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Kawasaki syndrome; Kawasaki disease; epidemiology; incidence; health maintenance organizations ID DISEASE AB Background. Kawasaki syndrome (KS) causes an acute vasculitis of unknown etiology. It is a leading cause of acquired heart disease of children in Japan and the United States. Methods, We examined the incidence of KS in a well-defined population group of children less than or equal to 6 years of age, using data collected through the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) project. The VSD database contains information on >1 million children enrolled in four West Coast health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Results. During 1993 through 1996 a total of 234 physician-diagnosed KS patients were reported in the 4 HMOs; 152 (65.0%) were boys and 195 (83.3%) were <5 years of age. The incidence of KS among children <5 years of age in the HMOs ranged from 9.0 to 19.1 per 100 000 person years. KS incidence was higher among boys in 3 of the sites. In the 2 sites with the highest number of KS patients, a seasonal occurrence of KS in winter and early spring was observed. Overall 226 (96.6%) of the KS patients were reported to have been hospitalized; hospitalization rates for children <5 years of age ranged from 9.0 to 16.8 per 100 000 person years. Conclusions. The incidence of KS in the HMOs as similar to that reported in other population-based studies in the United States and higher than estimates for Australia and several European countries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Act, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. No Calif Kaiser Permanente, Pediat Vaccine Study Ctr, Oakland, CA USA. So Calif Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Harbor Med Ctr, Ctr Vaccine Res, Torrance, CA 90509 USA. NW Kaiser Permanente, Ctr Hlth Res, Portland, OR USA. RP Belay, ED (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ebb8@cdc.gov RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 21 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 19 IS 9 BP 828 EP 832 DI 10.1097/00006454-200009000-00004 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 356EV UT WOS:000089431800003 PM 11001104 ER PT J AU Shefer, A Webb, E Wilmoth, T AF Shefer, A Webb, E Wilmoth, T TI Determination of up-to-date vaccination status for preschool-aged children: How accurate is manual assessment conducted by paraprofessional staff? SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE immunization; vaccination; assessment; WIC ID LOS-ANGELES; OPPORTUNITIES; CARE AB Background. Accurate identification of underimmunized children is needed to determine which children need vaccination. Previous studies have found the accuracy of manually determining the immunization status from a personal vaccination record to be low (<50%). Objective. To determine the accuracy of manual immunization status assessment for preschool-aged children. Subjects and Setting. Children less than or equal to 32 months old (n = 21 263) seen over 1 year at 12 women, infants, and children (WIC) sites in San Diego, California. Age at evaluation was between 0 and 24 months. Methods. Paraprofessional immunization specialists conducted manual immunization status assessment using the WIC client's personal vaccination record. Immunization status as recorded in the WIC record was compared with computerized assessment (the gold standard). Measures and Results. For all patient encounters, 29 078 (80%) of 36 368 were assessed correctly; manual assessment outcome was not recorded in the WIC record for 2171 (6%) of encounters. Accuracy varied by WIC site (range: 70%-90%). The sensitivity at correctly identifying an underimmunized child per encounter was 53.6%; the specificity at correctly identifying a fully vaccinated child per encounter was 89.4%. The 3 most common vaccines that were incorrectly assessed in identifying an underimmunized child were Haemophilus influenzae type b (43%), hepatitis B (37%), and diphtheria-tetanus toxoids and (cellular or acellular) pertussis vaccine (24%). Children with no outcome as recorded in the WIC record were 5 times as likely to be up-to-date. Conclusions. Manual immunization assessment was specific but only moderately sensitive at identifying underimmunized children. Thus, many underimmunized children will by missed but only 10% of children will be referred inappropriately. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. San Diego Immunizat Program, San Diego, CA USA. RP Shefer, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 2000 VL 106 IS 3 BP 493 EP 496 DI 10.1542/peds.106.3.493 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 350WP UT WOS:000089124900019 PM 10969093 ER PT J AU Grosse, S Adams, M Holstrum, J Van Naarden, K Boyle, C AF Grosse, S Adams, M Holstrum, J Van Naarden, K Boyle, C TI Universal neonatal hearing screening SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter ID CHILDREN C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grosse, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 2000 VL 106 IS 3 BP 617 EP 617 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 350WP UT WOS:000089124900043 PM 11012335 ER PT J AU McDavid, K Melnik, TA Derderian, H AF McDavid, K Melnik, TA Derderian, H TI Prostate cancer screening trends of New York state men at least 50 years of age, 1994 to 1997 SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE prostate cancer; screening; prostate specific; antigen test; digital rectal exam ID FAMILY HISTORY; ANTIGEN; SERUM; CARCINOMA; TRIAL; WHITE; PEAK; RISK AB Background. Despite the lack of consensus on prostate cancer screening recommendations, men are being screened at high rates in some states. Our objective was to examine the trends in prostate cancer screening awareness and practices from 1994 through 1997 and the relationship among screening practices and demographic characteristics, perceived risk, and family history of prostate cancer. Methods. Data from the New York State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys and questionnaire modules on prostate cancer screening were used for this study, which excluded men younger than 50 years of age and men with a history of prostate cancer. The questionnaires were administered by random-digit-dialed monthly telephone surveys of the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population in New York State. Results. A total of 295, 336, 273, and 448 men, the vast majority of whom were white, met the study criteria for 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. Each year the percentage of men who reported having heard of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test increased (test for trend, P < 0.001). Among those who had heard of the PSA test, the percentage who reported having had a PSA test increased steadily from 1994 to 1997. About 30% of the men in each year's study did not have an impression of their risk of getting prostate cancer. Conclusions. Given the increasing rate at which men are reporting being screened for prostate cancer and given their reported perceived risk levels, perhaps more needs to be done to educate men about screening implications and personal risk for prostate cancer. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Bur Chron Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance, Albany, NY USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP McDavid, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K53,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 195 EP 202 DI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0709 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 354AP UT WOS:000089307900001 PM 10964632 ER PT J AU Fernandez, MI Wilson, TE Ethier, KA Walter, EB Gay, CL Moore, J AF Fernandez, MI Wilson, TE Ethier, KA Walter, EB Gay, CL Moore, J CA Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Pr TI Acceptance of HIV testing during prenatal care SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; UNITED-STATES; ACCEPTABILITY; WOMEN AB Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors associated with acceptance of HIV testing during pregnancy on the part of women receiving prenatal care at public clinics. Methods. Trained interviewers recruited and interviewed 1,357 women receiving prenatal care at clinics in Florida, Connecticut, and New York City. Results. Eighty-six percent of participants reported having been tested or having signed a consent form to be tested. Acceptance of testing was found to be related to strong beliefs about the benefits of testing, knowledge about vertical transmission, perceived provider endorsement of testing, and social support. Women who declined testing said they did so because they did not perceive themselves to be at risk for HIV (21%) or they faced administrative difficulties (16%) with some aspect of the testing process (for example, scheduling, limited availability of pre-test counselors). Conclusions. Acceptance rates can be increased when women understand the modes of vertical transmission and the role of medication regimens in preventing transmission; believe that prenatal identification of HIV can promote the health of mother and child; and perceive their providers as strongly endorsing testing. These points can be woven into a brief pre-test counseling message and made a routine component of prenatal care. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nat Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Std HIV Prevent, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Durham, NC USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC USA. RP Fernandez, MI (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, BHPP M-880,POB 019132, Miami, FL 33101 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64-CCU-412-294] NR 32 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 115 IS 5 BP 460 EP 468 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 398XB UT WOS:000166780800019 PM 11236018 ER PT J AU McQuiston, JH Holman, RC Groom, AV Kaufman, SF Cheek, JE Childs, JE AF McQuiston, JH Holman, RC Groom, AV Kaufman, SF Cheek, JE Childs, JE TI Incidence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever among American Indians in Oklahoma SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS AB Objective, Although the state of Oklahoma has traditionally reported very high incidence rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) cases, the incidence of RMSF among the American Indian population of the state has not been studied. The authors used data from several sources to estimate the incidence of RMSF among American Indians in Oklahoma. Methods. The authors retrospectively reviewed an Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital discharge database for 1980-1996 and available medical charts from lour IHS hospitals. The authors also reviewed RMSF case report forms submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for 1981-1996. Results. The study data show that American Indians in the IHS Oklahoma City Area were hospitalized with RMSF at an annual rate of 48.2 per million population, compared with an estimated hospitalization rate of 16.9 per million Oklahoma residents. The majority of cases in the IHS database (69%) were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion rather than laboratory confirmation. The incidence of RMSF for Oklahoma American Indians as reported to the CDC was 37.4 cases per million, compared with 21.6 per million for all Oklahoma residents (RR 1.7, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.5, 2.1). Conclusions, Rates derived from the IHS database may not be comparable to state and national rates because of differences in case inclusion criteria, However, an analysis of case report forms indicates that American Indians in Oklahoma have a significantly higher incidence of RMSF than that of the overall Oklahoma population, Oklahoma American Indians may benefit from educational campaigns emphasizing prevention of tick bites and exposure to tick habitats. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Off Epidemiol, Albuquerque, NM USA. Off Publ Hlth, Rockville, MD USA. RP McQuiston, JH (reprint author), CDC, MS G-13,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 115 IS 5 BP 469 EP 475 DI 10.1093/phr/115.5.469 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 398XB UT WOS:000166780800020 PM 11236019 ER PT J AU Johnson, ES AF Johnson, ES TI The effects of accommodations on performance assessments SO REMEDIAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID DISABILITIES; STUDENTS AB Most states in the United States are implementing standards-based reform. A key component of this type of reform is the notion that higher standards are intended for all students, including students with disabilities. Performance on these higher standards is typically measured through large-scale assessment systems, from which many students with disabilities have been excluded. Without these students' participation in the standards movement, states will be lacking critical information on the efficacy of instructional programs for all students. In order to participate, some students with disabilities may require accommodations on these assessments. The issue of accommodations presents many challenges, from legal to psychometric. Given the high-stakes nature of these assessments when used as part of the state accountability system in which financial, legal, and instructional decisions are made, these Challenges need to be addressed. This study examined the effects of providing the accommodation of reading the mathematics items to students on the fourth-grade version of the Washington Assessment of Student Learning. Specifically. this study addressed the question, Does reading the mathematics items allow students with learning disabilities to demonstrate their knowledge without affecting the validity of the test? Results provide support for the continued use of this accommodation for students with disabilities that affect reading. Further research is needed in this area, especially as stakes increase for both schools and individual students. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Johnson, ES (reprint author), Commiss Student Learning, Room 222,OSPI, Olympia, WA 98405 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRO-ED INC PI AUSTIN PA 8700 SHOAL CREEK BLVD, AUSTIN, TX 78757-6897 USA SN 0741-9325 J9 REM SPEC EDUC JI Remedial Spec. Educ. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 21 IS 5 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1177/074193250002100502 PG 7 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 357ZU UT WOS:000089533400002 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K Shaw, MW AF Subbarao, K Shaw, MW TI Molecular aspects of avian influenza (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans SO REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID A VIRUS; HONG-KONG; HOST RANGE; HEMAGGLUTININ GENE; AMINO-ACID; NS GENE; PROTEINS; SEQUENCE; NEURAMINIDASE; NUCLEOPROTEIN AB In 1997, 18 human infections with H5N1 influenza type A were identified in Hong Kong and six of the patients died. There were concomitant outbreaks of H5N1 infections in poultry. The gene segments of the human H5N1 viruses were derived from avian influenza A viruses and not from circulating human influenza A viruses, in 1999 two cases of human infections caused by avian H9N2 virus were also identified in Hong Kong. These events established that avian influenza viruses can infect humans without passage through an intermediate host and without acquiring gene segments from human influenza viruses. The likely origin of the H5N1 viruses has been deduced from molecular analysis of these and other viruses isolated from the region. The gene sequences of the H5N1 viruses were analysed in order to identify the molecular basis for the ability of these avian viruses to infect humans. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), CDC, Influenza Branch, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-9276 J9 REV MED VIROL JI Rev. Med. Virol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2000 VL 10 IS 5 BP 337 EP 348 DI 10.1002/1099-1654(200009/10)10:5<337::AID-RMV292>3.0.CO;2-V PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 357TQ UT WOS:000089517300007 PM 11015744 ER PT J AU Hogben, M Waterman, CK AF Hogben, M Waterman, CK TI Patterns of conflict resolution within relationships and coercive sexual behavior of men and women SO SEX ROLES LA English DT Article ID AGGRESSION; VIOLENCE; PERSONALITY AB Conflict tactics within relationships and coercive sexual behavior are separate phenomena that are empirically related. To answer why they should be related we drew upon two theoretical frameworks: an individualized form of cultural spillover and feminist control theory. Using an ANOVA framework, we constructed hypotheses through which we could (I) test for relations among constructs and (2) discriminate between the predictions of cultural spillover and feminist theory. We hypothesized that the severity of individuals' coercive sexual behavior would be related to the violence level of conflict tactics in relationships and also to a pattern of generalized psychological abuse within relationships We also hypothesized that men, compared to women, would engage in more physically coercive sexual behavior and Else more violence in conflict tactics. University students (50% women, 93% <23 years old, from a school with 73% White students) responded to the measures With the exception of the last hypothesis, these predictions were supported by the overall data, although not universally within levels of gender Based on the pattern of hypothesis confirmation and inconsistencies, we discuss the mix of support and potential moderators that would resolve inconsistencies for each theory. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Hogben, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop E-44,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0360-0025 J9 SEX ROLES JI Sex Roles PD SEP PY 2000 VL 43 IS 5-6 BP 341 EP 357 DI 10.1023/A:1026647326238 PG 17 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology, Social; Women's Studies SC Psychology; Women's Studies GA 387WC UT WOS:000166144000005 ER PT J AU Peterman, TA Lin, LS Newman, DR Kamb, ML Bolan, G Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Rogers, J Malotte, CK AF Peterman, TA Lin, LS Newman, DR Kamb, ML Bolan, G Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Rogers, J Malotte, CK CA Project Respect Study Grp TI Does measured behavior reflect STD risk? An analysis of data from a randomized controlled behavioral intervention study SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PREVENT INCIDENT STDS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; CONDOM USE; HIV; TRANSMISSION; GONORRHEA; PARTNERS AB Background: Many studies measure sex behavior to determine the efficacy of sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV prevention interventions. Goal: To determine how well measured behavior reflects STD incidence. Study Design: Data from a trial (Project RESPECT) were analyzed to compare behavior and incidence of STD (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV) during two 6-month intervals. Results: A total of 2879 persons had 5062 six-monthly STD exams and interviews; 8.9% had a new STD in 6 months. Incidence was associated with demographic factors but only slightly associated with number of partners and number of unprotected sex acts with occasional partners. Many behaviors had paradoxical associations with STD incidence. After combining behavior variables to compare persons with highest and lowest risk behaviors, the STD incidence ratio was only 1.7. Conclusion: Behavioral interventions have prevented STD. We found people tend to have safe sex with risky partners and risky sex with safe partners. Therefore, it is difficult to extrapolate the disease prevention efficacy of an intervention from a measured effect on behavior alone. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr STD HIV & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. San Francisco Hlth Dept, San Francisco, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Baltimore City Hlth Dept, Baltimore, MD USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Newark STD Clin, Newark, NJ USA. Calif State Univ Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. RP Peterman, TA (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 113 Z9 113 U1 3 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 27 IS 8 BP 446 EP 451 DI 10.1097/00007435-200009000-00004 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 350QB UT WOS:000089111700004 PM 10987449 ER PT J AU Lansky, A Nakashima, AK Jones, JL AF Lansky, A Nakashima, AK Jones, JL CA Supplement HIV AIDS Surveillance S TI Risk behaviors related to heterosexual transmission from HIV-infected persons SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CONDOM USE; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; AIDS; PARTNERS; WOMEN; DRUG; SEX AB Background: To monitor heterosexually acquired HIV infection, it is important to understand transmission from persons infected with HIV to their sex partners. Goal: To describe sexual behaviors of persons infected with HIV that are related to transmission. Study Design: Cross-sectional interviews were conducted from January 1995 to December 1998. Results: Of 4743 heterosexual respondents who had known about their HIV infection for 1 year or longer, 42% were not sexually active and 13% had one sex partner with HIV; the remaining 2099 comprised the sample for analysis. Most respondents were male, black, and of low socioeconomic status. Approximately 60% reported one or more sexual risk behavior, Steady partner's HIV status was the strongest predictor in most models for risk behaviors; those with a partner who was not infected were significantly less likely than those with an infected partner to report any sexual transmission risk behavior (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings point to a continued need to focus on behavioral prevention measures that reduce the heterosexual transmission of HIV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lansky, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Mail Stop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD SEP PY 2000 VL 27 IS 8 BP 483 EP 489 DI 10.1097/00007435-200009000-00012 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 350QB UT WOS:000089111700012 PM 10987457 ER PT J AU Simon, TR Crosby, AE AF Simon, TR Crosby, AE TI Suicide planning among high school students who report attempting suicide SO SUICIDE AND LIFE-THREATENING BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID INFLICTED GUNSHOT WOUNDS; OLDER ADOLESCENTS; BEHAVIOR; PREVALENCE; LETHALITY AB Using a nationally representative sample of 16,296 high school students, we examined those who reported attempting suicide but did not report a suicide plan in the past 12 months. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that the 15% of attempters who did not report planning were as likely to receive medical treatment after their attempt as the attempters who did report planning. They also were more likely than nonideators and less likely than attempters who reported planning to report substance use and weapon carrying. All attempters, regardless of planning, were at high risk for fighting. Additional effort is needed to understand and prevent unplanned suicide attempts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Simon, TR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Mailstop K-60,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0363-0234 J9 SUICIDE LIFE-THREAT JI Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. PD FAL PY 2000 VL 30 IS 3 BP 213 EP 221 PG 9 WC Psychiatry; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA 369QG UT WOS:000165078000003 PM 11079635 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Rasmussen, SA AF Honein, MA Rasmussen, SA TI Further evidence for an association between maternal smoking and craniosynostosis SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID PREGNANCY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defect & Pediat Genet Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth Prop, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defect & Pediat Genet Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth Prop, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD SEP PY 2000 VL 62 IS 3 BP 145 EP 146 DI 10.1002/1096-9926(200009)62:3<145::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 2 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 346EJ UT WOS:000088857600001 PM 10935977 ER PT J AU Al-Humadi, NH Battelli, L Willard, P Schwegler-Berry, D Castranova, V Kommineni, C AF Al-Humadi, NH Battelli, L Willard, P Schwegler-Berry, D Castranova, V Kommineni, C TI Effects of metal working fluids on B6C3F1 mouse skin SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE histamine; kidney; liver; mast cells; metal working fluid; mice; skin; ulcer ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; SEX-HORMONES; STEROIDS AB Over 10 million workers in the United States are exposed to metal working fluids (MWFs) through dermal contact and/or inhalation of aerosolized fluids. The objective of this study was to elucidate the response of skin to dermal exposure to MWFs. Four- to six - week- old B6C3F1 mice of both sexes were divided into eight groups (n = 5/group) and exposed to 200 mul of 0%. 5% (pH 7 and 9.7) and 100% (pH 10.4), unused MWFs/H2O by topical application to the unshaven back ( cervical to sacral region), twice a week for 6 weeks. Skin - mast cell number in females of most treated groups and of two male groups ( 100% and 5%, pH 7) were significantly higher than the control groups. Eventhough both males and females (treated with 100% MWF/H2O) showed an increase in the skin-histamine levels (38% and 41%. respectively), this increase was significant in females only (ANOVA. P less than or equal to 0.05). Dermal exposure to 100% MU:Fs increased liver weight significantly in both sexes. Ulcers and associated inflammation were seen in the skin of mice treated with 100% unused MWFs and sacrificed at 6 weeks. but not in the recovery groups. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous gland epithelium is present in all mice treated for 6 weeks and sacrificed immediately. However, only the mice treated with 100% MU:F retained the hypertrophy of this epithelium after a 6 - week recovery period. In conclusion. dermal exposure to unused semi-synthetic MWF penetrates the normal skin, induces mast cell accumulation in the skin. products hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands, and may affect females more than males. C1 NIOSH, PPRB, HELD, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Kommineni, C (reprint author), NIOSH, PPRB, HELD, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 6 BP 203 EP 210 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 419EZ UT WOS:000167937500001 ER PT J AU Faroon, O Jones, D De Rosa, C AF Faroon, O Jones, D De Rosa, C TI Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the nervous system SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review ID PROGRESSIVE-RATIO PERFORMANCE; PERINATAL PCB EXPOSURE; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE DDE; DELAYED ALTERNATION PERFORMANCE; INTERVAL-RANDOM INTERVAL; LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; GREAT-LAKES FISHEATERS; NONHUMAN PRIMATE BRAIN; POSTNATAL EXPOSURE; ADULT-RATS AB The neurological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been extensively investigated in humans and in animals. The main focus in human studies has been on the effects in neonates and young children, although studies of adults have also been conducted. A great deal of concern exists that even low levels of PCBs transferred to the fetus across the placenta may induce long-lasting neurological damage. Because PCBs are lipophilic substances, there is also concern that significant amounts might be transferred to nursing infants via breast milk. Studies in humans who consumed large amounts of Great Lakes fish contaminated with environmentally persistent chemicals, including PCBs, have provided evidence that PCBs are important contributors to subtle neurobehavioral alterations observed in newborn children and that some of these alterations persist during childhood. Some consistent observations at birth have been motor immaturity and hyporeflexia and lower psychomotor scores between 6 months and 2 years old. There is preliminary evidence that highly chlorinated PCB congeners, which accumulate in certain fish, are associated with neurobehavioral alterations seen in some newborn children. Subtle neurobehavioral alterations have also been observed in children born to mothers in the general population with the highest PCB body burdens. Because of the limitations of epidemiological studies, these effects cannot be attributed entirely to PCB exposure. In one general population study, there was strong evidence that dioxins, as well as PCBs, were contributors to the neurobehavioral effects seen in exposed children. Children born to women who accidentally consumed rice oil contaminated with relatively high amounts of PCBs and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) during pregnancy also had neurodevelopmental changes. Studies in animals support the human data, Neurobehavioral alterations have been also observed in rats and monkeys following prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to commercial Aroclor mixtures, defined experimental congener mixtures, single PCB congeners, and Great Lakes contaminated fish. In addition, monkeys exposed postnatally to PCB mixtures of congeneric composition and concentration similar to that found in human breast milk showed learning deficits long after exposure had ceased. A few other generalizations can be made from the data in animals. It appears that ortho-substituted PCB congeners are more active than coplanar PCBs in modifying cognitive processes. In addition, one effect observed in both rats and monkeys-deficits on delayed spatial alternation-has been known to be induced by exposure to ortho-substituted PCBs, defined experimental mixtures, and commercial Aroclors. Both dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCB congeners have been shown to induce neurobehavioral alterations in animals. Changes in levels of neurotransmitters in various brain areas have also been observed in monkeys, rats, and mice. Of all the observed changes, the most consistent has been a decrease in dopamine content in basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, but further research is needed before specific neurobehavioral deficits can be correlated with PCB.-induced changes in specific neurotransmitters in specific brain areas. C1 US Dept HHS, ATSDR, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Faroon, O (reprint author), US Dept HHS, ATSDR, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 122 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 5 U2 10 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD SEP PY 2000 VL 16 IS 7-8 BP 307 EP 333 PG 27 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 485EJ UT WOS:000171740300008 ER PT J AU McKechnie, DB Slater, KS Childs, JE Massung, RF Paddock, CD AF McKechnie, DB Slater, KS Childs, JE Massung, RF Paddock, CD TI Survival of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in refrigerated, ADSOL-treated RBCs SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED BABESIOSIS; BLOOD-TRANSFUSION; AGENT; INFECTION; CELLS; CANIS AB BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the persistence of viable Ehrlichia chaffeensis in ADSOL-treated RBCs stored at 4 to 6 degrees C. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The continuous monocytic cell lines THP-1 and DH82 were infected with E.chaffeensis (St. Vincent isolate). Packed RBC units were inoculated in separate experiments with E. chaffeensis-infected cells as final concentrations of 8.02 x 10(4) (DH82) and 1.43 x 10(4) (THP-1) infected cells per mi. Aliquots were stored at 4 to 6 degrees C for 1 to 42 days. At selected intervals, nucleated cells from the RBC aliquots were obtained by using a ficoll-isopaque separation procedure. Uninfected DH82 cell cultures were inoculated with the harvested nucleated cells or supernatant. The cell cultures were evaluated for infection by weekly examination of Wright's (Diff-Quik) stained cytocentrifuged slides. PCR amplification was also used to test the harvested nucleated cells or supernatant for the presence of E.chaffeensis DNA. RESULTS: In both types of infected cell lines, E. chaffeensis was reisolated in DH82 cells for as long as 11 days from the cellular fraction and for up to 5 days from the supernatant fraction. PCR results were positive throughout the 42-day testing period. CONCLUSION: Cell-associated E.chaffeensis remains viable in ADSOL-treated RBCs stored at 4 to 6 degrees C for at least 11 days. These data suggest that transfusion-acquired infection is possible. Successful reisolation was achieved from the supernatant fraction, which suggests that RBC products treated with a WBC-reduction procedure may still present a risk for transfusion transmission. No correlation between PCR positivity and viability of bacteria was noted. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Paddock, CD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 29 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD SEP PY 2000 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1041 EP 1047 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40091041.x PG 7 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 352RX UT WOS:000089232600003 PM 10988303 ER PT J AU Cunliffe, NA Gentsch, JR Kirkwood, CD Gondwe, JS Dove, W Nakagomi, O Nakagomi, T Hoshino, Y Bresee, JS Glass, RI Molyneux, ME Hart, CA AF Cunliffe, NA Gentsch, JR Kirkwood, CD Gondwe, JS Dove, W Nakagomi, O Nakagomi, T Hoshino, Y Bresee, JS Glass, RI Molyneux, ME Hart, CA TI Molecular and serologic characterization of novel serotype G8 human rotavirus strains detected in Blantyre, Malawi SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RNA-RNA HYBRIDIZATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; P-TYPE; UNITED-STATES; SUBGROUP-I; BOVINE ROTAVIRUSES; BRAZILIAN CHILDREN; YOUNG-CHILDREN AB During a 2-year study of diarrhea among children in Blantyre, Malawi, greater than 50% of rotavirus strains genotyped by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction possessed previously unrecognized combinations of the neutralization proteins VP7 and VP4. Serotype G8 rotaviruses, which have been identified recently in several African countries, were found to possess P[4] or P[6] VP4 genotype specificity Two of these short electropherotype rotaviruses were further investigated: these comprised a P[6], G8 representative strain (MW23) and a P[4], G8 representative strain (MW333). The VP7 gene sequences of both strains exhibited greatest homology to human and animal serotype G8 rotaviruses. Sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of MW23 indicated closest identity to the P2A[6], G9 strain US1205 from the United States, The VP4 gene of MW333 was most closely related to the P[4], G12 strain L26 isolated in the Philippines and the Australian P[4], G2 strain RV-5. The NSP4 gene sequences of both strains were classified in NSP4 genetic group I, RNA-RNA hybridization demonstrated that each of these two strains is related to the DS-1 genogroup of human rotaviruses. Subgroup analysis and virus neutralization confirmed complete antigenic characterization of MW23 as subgroup I, P2A[6], G8 and MW333 as subgroup I, P1B[4], G8. The similarity of the VP7 gene sequences of the prototype strains described in this report to bovine serotype G8 rotaviruses suggests that they may represent human/bovine reassortant viruses. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Blantyre, Malawi. Univ Malawi, Coll Med, Dept Paediat, Zomba, Malawi. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Akita Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Akita 010, Japan. NIAID, Infect Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Liverpool, Sch Trop Med, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. Univ Liverpool, Dept Med Microbiol & Genitourinary Med, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Hart, CA (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Med Microbiol & Genitourinary Med, Duncan Bldg,Daulby St, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. OI Cunliffe, Nigel/0000-0002-5449-4988 NR 66 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 274 IS 2 BP 309 EP 320 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0456 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 353TE UT WOS:000089290900008 PM 10964774 ER PT J AU Cong, ME Nichols, B Dou, XG Spelbring, JE Krawczynski, K Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE AF Cong, ME Nichols, B Dou, XG Spelbring, JE Krawczynski, K Fields, HA Khudyakov, YE TI Related TT viruses in chimpanzees SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE phylogenetic analysis; TT virus; animal viruses; sequence heterogeneity ID POSTTRANSFUSION NON-A; NON-G-HEPATITIS; DNA VIRUS; BLOOD-DONORS; UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY; HIGH PREVALENCE; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION AB A series of serum specimens obtained from two chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis G/GB-C virus were tested for TT virus (TTV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All PCR fragments obtained from both animals were directly sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were compared to each other and to all known TTV sequences. This comparison showed that both animals were infected simultaneously with four new TTV variants designated A, M1, M2, and M3. One chimpanzee was found to be infected with TTV only after HAV inoculation, whereas the other animal was infected with TTV before any experimental procedure was performed. A set of PCR primers specific for these four new TTV variants was used to amplify TTV-like sequences from nine naive chimpanzees. None of these animals was infected with the prototype TTV variant. Two of these animals, however, were infected with one of the new TTV variants, while one animal was infected with an additional new TTV variant designated T. Among 99 hepatitis patients, 29 were found to be infected with the prototype TTV variant. None of these human specimens was found to be positive by PCR specific for TTV variants A, M1, M2, and M3. Similarly, not a single specimen from a smaller subset of human serum samples was found to be positive for the TTV variant T. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all known TTV sequences demonstrated that TTV, can be classified into 13 different, yet closely related TTV species, designated as TTV-I for the prototype variant through TTV-XIII. The new variants M1 and M2 were classified as two different genotypes of TTV-VI, variant M3 was classified as TTV-VII, variant A was classified as TTV-VIII, and variant T was classified as TTV-IX. Thus, the data obtained in this study suggest that TTV represents a large swarm of TTV-like species, some of which have not been detected in humans and circulate predominantly among chimpanzees. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. China Med Univ, Shenyang, Peoples R China. RP Khudyakov, YE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-33,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 1 PY 2000 VL 274 IS 2 BP 343 EP 355 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0471 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 353TE UT WOS:000089290900011 PM 10964777 ER PT J AU Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Saisorn, S Mock, PA Mastro, TD AF Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Saisorn, S Mock, PA Mastro, TD TI High mortality among women with HIV-1 infection in Thailand SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Chiang Rai Prov Hlth Off, Chiang Rai, Thailand. RP Kilmarx, PH (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD AUG 26 PY 2000 VL 356 IS 9231 BP 770 EP 771 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)73673-4 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 347UU UT WOS:000088948200053 PM 11085718 ER PT J CA CDC TI National and state-specific pregnancy rates among adolescents - United States, 1995-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 605-611, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Behav Epidemiol & Demog Res Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Stat & Comp Resources Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Behav Epidemiol & Demog Res Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 23 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 8 BP 952 EP 953 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 344PX UT WOS:000088769000007 ER PT J AU Bulterys, M AF Bulterys, M TI Breastfeeding in women with HIV SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID TRANSMISSION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bulterys, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 23 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 8 BP 956 EP 956 DI 10.1001/jama.284.8.956 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 344PX UT WOS:000088769000010 PM 10944628 ER PT J AU Yusuf, HR Daniels, D Smith, P Coronado, V Rodewald, L AF Yusuf, HR Daniels, D Smith, P Coronado, V Rodewald, L TI Association between administration of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and completion of the hepatitis B and 4 : 3 : 1 : 3 vaccine series SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; DELAYED IMMUNIZATION; VIRUS-INFECTION; CHILDREN; COVERAGE; INFANTS AB Context The association between infant age at initiation of hepatitis B vaccination and completion of the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series is unclear. Objective To assess the association between administration of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 7 days of birth and completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series and the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series (4 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, 3 doses of polio vaccine, 1 dose of measles-containing vaccine, and 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine). Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of data from the 1998 National Immunization Survey, a random-digit-dialing telephone survey (n=34480 completed interviews) of parents of children aged 19 to 35 months from 50 states and 28 selected urban areas in the United States that included a provider record check mail survey. Main Outcome Measures Percentage of infants who received at least 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine and percentage who received the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series, by age at receipt of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Results Overall, 86.9% of children 19 to 35 months of age in 1998 received 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine, and 79.9% completed the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series. Multivariate analysis indicated that, compared with children who received the first hepatitis B vaccine dose within 7 days of birth, odds ratios (ORs) for not completing the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine series among children who received the first dose at 8 to 41 days, 42 to 91 days, 92 to 182 days, 183 to 273 days, and 274 or more days of age were 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-3.0), 7.8 (95% CI, 6.5-9.3), 9.6 (95% ci, 7.0-13.3), 18.3 (95% CI, 12.0-28.0), and 46.6 (95% CI, 33.7-64.5), respectively; ORs for not completing the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series among these same groups were 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1), 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1), 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3-2.3), 3.8 (95% CI, 2.6-5.6), and 4.0 (95% CI, 2.9-5.5), respectively. Conclusion Administration of the first dose of hepatitis 3 vaccine at birth is associated with increased likelihood of completion of the hepatitis 8 vaccination series. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Yusuf, HR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 23 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 8 BP 978 EP 983 DI 10.1001/jama.284.8.978 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 344PX UT WOS:000088769000024 PM 10944643 ER PT J AU Moran, GJ Talan, DA Mower, W Newdow, M Ong, S Nakase, JY Pinner, RW Childs, JE AF Moran, GJ Talan, DA Mower, W Newdow, M Ong, S Nakase, JY Pinner, RW Childs, JE CA Emergency ID Net Study Grp TI Appropriateness of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatment for animal exposures SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Context Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (RPEP) treatments and associated costs have increased in the United States. The extent to which RPEP use is consistent with guidelines is not well understood. Objective To characterize animal contacts and determine the frequency and factors associated with inappropriate RPEP use. Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective case series study of patients presenting with an animal exposure-related complaint from July 1996 to September 1998 at 11 university-affiliated, urban emergency departments (the Emergency ID Net). Main Outcome Measures Exposure type, circumstances, and RPEP use (appropriateness defined by local public health departments). Results Of 2030 exposures, 1635 (81%) were to dogs; 268 (13%) to cats; 88 (4%) to rodents/rabbits; 70 (0.5%) to raccoons; 5 (0.2%) to bats; and 24 (1.2%) to other animals. Among those exposed, 136 (6.7%) received RPEP after dog (95), cat (21), raccoon (8), bat (4), or other animal (8) exposures. Use of RPEP varied by site (range, 0%-27.7% of exposures), with most frequent use reported at sites in the eastern United States, Management was considered appropriate in 1857 exposures (91.5%), Use of RPEP was considered inappropriate in 54 cases (40% of those in which it was given), owing to factors including animal availability for observation and exposure in a low-endemicity area. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis was considered inappropriately withheld from 119 cases (6.3% of those not receiving RPEP), often because a domestic animal was unavailable for observation or testing. Conclusion These results suggest that use of RPEP is often inappropriate. Greater compliance with current guidelines would increase RPEP use. Physician education, improved coordination with public health officials, and clarification of RPEP guidelines could optimize use of this expensive resource. C1 Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Moran, GJ (reprint author), Olive View UCLA Med Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, 14445 Olive View Dr,N Annex, Sylmar, CA 91342 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU912342] NR 15 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 23 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 8 BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.1001/jama.284.8.1001 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 344PX UT WOS:000088769000027 PM 10944646 ER PT J AU Koblin, BA Torian, LV Guilin, V Ren, L MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA AF Koblin, BA Torian, LV Guilin, V Ren, L MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA TI High prevalence of HIV infection among young men who have sex with men in New York City SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE adolescents; gay men; HIV prevalence; sexual behaviors ID BISEXUAL MEN; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; RISK BEHAVIOR; PREVENTION INTERVENTION; GAY MEN; SEROPREVALENCE; ADOLESCENTS; HEALTH AB Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors among young men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 15-22 years in New York City. Design: An anonymous cross-sectional survey. Methods: The 1998 Young Men's Survey in New York City (YMS-NYC), was a multistage probability survey of 541 MSM aged 15-22 years who attend public venues. After identification of venues and their associated high attendance time periods, random samples of venues and time periods were selected on a monthly basis. At each sampling event, potential participants were approached to determine eligibility. Eligible and willing men were interviewed, counselled and had a blood specimen drawn. Results: Between December 1997 and September 1998, 115 sampling events were conducted. Of 612 men enrolled, 541 reported ever having had sex with a male partner. The HIV seroprevalence among the 541 MSM sampled was 12.1%. The HIV seroprevalence was 18.4% among African-Americans, 16.7% among persons of mixed race, 8.8% among Latino individuals and 3.1% among white men. HIV seroprevalence was 5.0% among 15-18 year olds and 16.4% among 19-22 year olds. A total of 65.5% of MSM were susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection (HBV). Almost half (46.1%) of the men reported unprotected anal sex in the previous 6 months and 16.3% reported ever having had an STD. Multiple regression analyses found that being older, of mixed race, black or ever having had an STD was associated with being HIV antibody positive. Conclusion: These data identify a large subgroup of MSM in need of effective HIV and HBV primary and secondary prevention programs. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 New York Blood Ctr, Lab Epidemiol, New York, NY 10021 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Koblin, BA (reprint author), New York Blood Ctr, Lab Epidemiol, 310 East 67th St, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU PHS HHS [062/CCU206208-07] NR 30 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1793 EP 1800 DI 10.1097/00002030-200008180-00015 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 348RN UT WOS:000089000400015 PM 10985317 ER PT J AU Hecht, FM Chesney, MA Lehman, JS Osmond, D Vranizan, K Colman, S Keane, D Reingold, A Bindman, AB AF Hecht, FM Chesney, MA Lehman, JS Osmond, D Vranizan, K Colman, S Keane, D Reingold, A Bindman, AB CA MESH Study Grp TI Does HIV reporting by name deter testing? SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE disease surveillance; HIV antibody testing; HIV epidemiology; HIV reporting ID CD4 CELL COUNTS; CUBIC MILLIMETER; SURVEILLANCE; INFECTION; SYSTEM; TRIAL AB Objective: Name-based HIV reporting is controversial in the United States because of concerns that it may deter high-risk persons from being tested. We sought to determine whether persons at risk of HIV infection knew their state's HIV reporting policy and whether they had delayed or avoided testing because of it. Design: A cross-sectional anonymous survey. Methods: We interviewed 2404 participants in one of three high-risk groups: men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexuals attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic, and street-recruited injection drug users (IDU). Participants were asked standardized questions about their knowledge of reporting policies and reasons for having delayed or avoided testing. We recruited in eight US states: four with name-based reporting and four without; all offered anonymous testing at certain sites. Results: Fewer than 25% correctly identified their state's HIV reporting policy. Over 50% stated they did not know whether their state used name-based reporting. Of the total, 480 participants (20%) had never been tested. Of these, 17% from states with name-based reporting selected concern about reporting as a reason for not testing compared with 14% from states without name-based reporting (P = 0.5). Comparing previously tested participants from states with name-based reporting to those from states without, concern about HIV reporting was given as a reason for delaying testing by 26% compared with 13% of IDU (P < 0.001), and for 26% compared with 19% of MSM (P = 0.06). Conclusion: Most participants did not know their state's HIV reporting policy. Name-based reporting policies were not associated with avoiding HIV testing because of worry about reporting, although they may have contributed to delays in testing among some IDU. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Posit Hlth Program, HIV Sect, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. San Francisco Gen Hosp, Primary Care Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Lewin TAG, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Hecht, FM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Posit Hlth Program, HIV Sect, 995 Potrero Ave,Ward 84, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. FU BHP HRSA HHS [DHHS 282-92-004P]; NIMH NIH HHS [P30 MH59037] NR 15 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1801 EP 1808 DI 10.1097/00002030-200008180-00016 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 348RN UT WOS:000089000400016 PM 10985318 ER PT J AU Kennedy, MG Mizuno, Y Seals, BF Myllyluoma, J Weeks-Norton, K AF Kennedy, MG Mizuno, Y Seals, BF Myllyluoma, J Weeks-Norton, K TI Increasing condom use among adolescents with coalition-based social marketing SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE adolescent behavior; AIDS/prevention and control; HIV ID PREVENTION; HEALTH; STRATEGIES; COMMUNITY AB Objectives: This study evaluated a multimodal social marketing intervention to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV infection among adolescents in Sacramento, California, USA. Design: Five rounds of a cross-sectional random sample telephone survey were conducted from December 1996 to October 1998. The total number of respondents was 1402. Results: A statistically significant, increasing trend in exposure to the intervention was detected. The number of channels through which an adolescent had been exposed to the intervention was associated with condom use at last sex with main partner [odds ratio (OR) 1.26, P < 0.01] and with psychosocial determinants of this behavior. After statistical adjustments for sex, age, and race/ethnicity to make the survey rounds comparable, the proportion of adolescents who had used a condom at last sex increased 4.3 percentage points over the 1 year intervention period. Conclusion: Social marketing can be combined with behavioral science to reduce the risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among adolescents in a large geographical area. Such a reduction can exceed expectations based on national secular trends. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. TRW Co Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. CUNY Hunter Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Kennedy, MG (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 46 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1809 EP 1818 DI 10.1097/00002030-200008180-00017 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 348RN UT WOS:000089000400017 PM 10985319 ER PT J AU Mansergh, G Marks, G Miller, L Appleby, PR Murphy, S AF Mansergh, G Marks, G Miller, L Appleby, PR Murphy, S TI Is 'knowing people with HIV/AIDS' associated with safer sex in men who have sex with men? SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE men who have sex with men; gay men; safer sex; risk behavior; people with HIV/AIDS; young age ID HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY FORMATION; BEHAVIORAL-RESEARCH PROJECT; GAY MEN; SAN-FRANCISCO; THEORETICAL-MODEL; RISK-TAKING; AIDS; HIV; PREDICTORS; HEALTH AB Objective: To examine the sexually protective role of knowing person(s) with HIV/AIDS (PWHA) by conducting a multidimensional analysis distinguishing the number of PWHA known (by disease status and relationship category) and aspects of the relationship with the closest PWHA (emotional closeness, length of time known, disease status, type of relationship). Design: Cross-sectional study of white, Latino, and African-American men who have sex with men recruited at street locations in West Hollywood, California, in 1997. Methods: The analyses conducted with linear regression models focused on men (n = 334) who reported that they were seronegative or of unknown serostatus and thus at risk for HIV infection. Unprotected sex was defined as percentage of anal intercourse partners in the past 12 months with whom unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) occurred at least once. Results: The number of PWHA known was not associated with the percentage of UAI partners in multivariate or univariate analyses. Greater emotional closeness to a person who was HIV-positive without AIDS was associated with reduced UAI in multivariate models even after excluding participants whose close PWHA was a lover or sex partner. Younger men (18-25 years) knew fewer PWHA, reported less emotional closeness to a PWHA and had a higher level of UAI than did older men. Conclusions: Emotional closeness to a seropositive person without AIDS may be a sexually protective factor. The results suggest the possibility that lower levels of emotional closeness to a PWHA may partially underlie the elevated sexual risk behavior of younger men who have sex with men. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Mansergh, G (reprint author), CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Miller, Lynn/E-8101-2010 OI Miller, Lynn/0000-0003-3379-3564 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD AUG 18 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1845 EP 1851 DI 10.1097/00002030-200008180-00021 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 348RN UT WOS:000089000400021 PM 10985323 ER PT J AU Cohen, ML AF Cohen, ML TI Changing patterns of infectious disease SO NATURE LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES; TUBERCULOSIS; RESISTANCE; EPIDEMIC; OUTBREAK AB Despite a century of often successful prevention and control efforts, infectious diseases remain an important global problem in public health, causing over 13 million deaths each year. Changes in society, technology and the microorganisms themselves are contributing to the emergence of new diseases, the re-emergence of diseases once controlled, and to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Two areas of special concern in the twenty-first century are food-borne disease and antimicrobial resistance. The effective control of infectious diseases in the new millennium will require effective public health infrastructures that will rapidly recognize and respond to them and will prevent emerging problems. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis C09, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cohen, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis C09, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 345 Z9 381 U1 8 U2 67 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 17 PY 2000 VL 406 IS 6797 BP 762 EP 767 DI 10.1038/35021206 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 344PH UT WOS:000088767700052 PM 10963605 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Smith, P Stone, W Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Eidson, M Morse, D Smith, P Stone, W Miller, J Layton, M Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E CA CDCP TI West Nile virus activity - New York and New Jersey, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 640-642, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Dept Environm Conservat, Albany, NY USA. Rockland Cty Hlth Dept, Pomona, NY USA. Suffolk Cty Hlth Dept, Hauppauge, NY USA. Westchester Cty Hlth Dept, New Rochelle, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Bergen Cty Hlth Dept, Paramus, NJ USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Senior Serv, Madison, WI USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vectorborne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 16 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 7 BP 823 EP 824 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 342PM UT WOS:000088654400009 ER PT J AU Young, NL Shaffer, N Chaowanachan, T Chotpitayasunondh, T Vanparapar, N Mock, PA Waranawat, N Chokephaibulkit, K Chuachoowong, R Wasinrapee, P Mastro, TD Simonds, RJ AF Young, NL Shaffer, N Chaowanachan, T Chotpitayasunondh, T Vanparapar, N Mock, PA Waranawat, N Chokephaibulkit, K Chuachoowong, R Wasinrapee, P Mastro, TD Simonds, RJ CA Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HI TI Early diagnosis of HIV-1-infected infants in Thailand using RNA and DNA PCR assays sensitive to non-B subtypes SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV; HIV diagnostic tests; HIV subtypes; retrovirus; vertical transmission; viral load; RNA polymerase chain reaction; DNA polymerase chain reaction; perinatal HIV-1 diagnosis; HIV; Thailand ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; VIRAL LOAD; HIV-1 RNA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; INFECTED INFANTS; TYPE-1 INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; PLASMA; LIFE AB Objectives: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of RNA and DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for early diagnosis of perinatal HIV-I infection and to investigate early viral dynamics in infected infants. Design: A cohort study of 395 non-breastfed infants born to HIV-infected mothers in a randomized clinical trial of short-course antenatal zidovudine. Methods: Infant venous blood specimens collected at birth, 2 months, and 6 months of age were tested by qualitative DNA and quantitative RNA PCR (Roche Amplicor). To determine sensitivity and specificity of DNA and RNA PCR, results were compared with later DNA PCR results and to antibody results at 18 months. The HIV-1 subtype of the mother's infection was determined by peptide serotyping. Results: In the study, 92% of mothers were infected with subtype E. DNA PCR sensitivity was 38% (20 of 53) at birth, and 100% at 2 months (53 of 53) and 6 months (47 of 47). RNA PCR sensitivity was 47% (25 of 53) at birth and 100% (53 of 53) at 2 months. All samples that tested DNA-positive tested RNA-positive. Specificity was 100% for both DNA and RNA testing at all timepoints. For infected infants, the median viral load of RNA-positive specimens was 407,000 copies/ml (5.6 log(10)) at birth, 3,700,000 copies/ml (6.6 log(10)) at 2 months, and 1,700,000 copies/ml (6.2 log(10)) at 6 months. Infant RNA levels at 2 and 6 months did not differ by maternal zidovudine exposure, or RNA level at birth. Conclusion: This RNA PCR assay performed well for diagnosing perinatal HIV subtype E infection, detecting nearly half of infected infants at birth, and 100% at 2 and 6 months, with 100% specificity. Infected infant viral RNA levels were very high at 2 and 6 months, and were unaffected by maternal zidovudine treatment. C1 HID AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi, Thailand. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Serv, Queen Sirikit Natl Inst Child Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP Young, NL (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 33 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 24 IS 5 BP 401 EP 407 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 366YH UT WOS:000090033500001 PM 11035610 ER PT J AU Rayner, JC Galinski, MR Ingravallo, P Barnwell, JW AF Rayner, JC Galinski, MR Ingravallo, P Barnwell, JW TI Two Plasmodium falciparum genes express merozoite proteins that are related to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium yoelii adhesive proteins involved in host cell selection and invasion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ERYTHROCYTE BINDING-PROTEINS; MALARIA PARASITES; RHOPTRY-PROTEIN; RODENT MALARIA; CLEAVAGE SITES; FAMILY; KNOWLESI; MICRONEMES; INVITRO AB Two related Plasmodium falciparum genes and their encoded proteins have been identified by comparative analyses with Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2 (PvRBP-2). The P. falciparum genes have a structure which suggests that they may be the result of an evolutionary duplication event, as they share more than 8 kb of closely related nucleotide sequence but then have quite divergent unique 3' ends. Between these shared and unique regions is a complex set of repeats, the nature and number of which differs between the two genes, as well as between different P. falciparum strains. Both genes encode Targe hydrophilic proteins, which are concentrated at the invasive apical end of the merozoite and are predicted to be more than 350 kDa, with an N-terminal signal sequence and a single transmembrane domain near their C termini. importantly, they also share gene structure and amino acid homology with the Plasmodium yoelii 235-kDa rhoptry protein family, which is also related to PvRBP-2. Together these Plasmodium proteins define an extended family of proteins that appear to function in erythrocyte selection and invasion. As such, they may prove to be essential components of malaria vaccine preparations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Schering Plough Res Inst, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA. RP Barnwell, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, MS F-13,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI24710-12, R01 AI024710] NR 30 TC 123 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 17 BP 9648 EP 9653 DI 10.1073/pnas.160469097 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 345XM UT WOS:000088840500057 PM 10920203 ER PT J AU Lin, YP Shaw, M Gregory, V Cameron, K Lim, W Klimov, A Subbarao, K Guan, Y Krauss, S Shortridge, K Webster, R Cox, N Hay, A AF Lin, YP Shaw, M Gregory, V Cameron, K Lim, W Klimov, A Subbarao, K Guan, Y Krauss, S Shortridge, K Webster, R Cox, N Hay, A TI Avian-to-human transmission of H9N2 subtype influenza A viruses: Relationship between H9N2 and H5N1 human isolates SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SINGLE AMINO-ACID; A VIRUS; HONG-KONG; HEMAGGLUTININ; ORIGIN; SPECIFICITY; EVOLUTION; RECEPTOR; GENE; INFECTION AB In 1997, 18 cases of influenza in Hong Kong (bird flu) caused by a novel H5N1 (chicken) Virus resulted in the deaths of six individuals and once again raised the specter of a potentially devastating influenza pandemic. Slaughter of the poultry in the live bird markets removed the source of infection and no further human cases of H5N1 infection have occurred. In March 1999, however, a new pandemic threat appeared when influenza A H9N2 viruses infected two children in Hong Kong. These two virus isolates are similar to an H9N2 virus isolated from a quail in Hong Kong in late 1997, Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. This common feature emphasizes the apparent propensity of avian viruses with this genetic complement to infect humans and highlights the potential for the emergence of a novel human pathogen. C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, London NW7 1AA, England. Queen Mary Hosp, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Lin, YP (reprint author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England. FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA021765, CA21765]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI29680, F32 AI009537, AI9537] NR 32 TC 370 Z9 446 U1 2 U2 23 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 17 BP 9654 EP 9658 DI 10.1073/pnas.160270697 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 345XM UT WOS:000088840500058 PM 10920197 ER PT J AU Lieu, TA Black, SB Ray, GT Martin, KE Shinefield, HR Weniger, BG AF Lieu, TA Black, SB Ray, GT Martin, KE Shinefield, HR Weniger, BG TI The hidden costs of infant vaccination SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE economics; combination vaccines; safety; immunization ID WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY; CARE AB Combination vaccines to minimize injections required for infant vaccination, and new vaccines with improved safety profiles, will pose increasingly complex choices for vaccine purchasers in the future, How much of a premium to pay for such vaccines might be determined by taking into account ii) the psychological burden of multiple injections during a single clinic visit, and the costs of ally additional visits to minimize these, and (2) the medical, work-loss, and incidental costs of common vaccine-associated symptoms. This cross-sectional survey included randomly-selected parents of 18-month-old infants who received vaccines in a Northern California health maintenance organization (HMO) in 1997. Interviewers called parents 14 days after the infant's vaccination to administer a 10-minute closed-ended interview in English or Spanish. Parents were asked about infant symptoms after vaccination, their. preferences regarding multiple injections and their (theoretical,willingness to pay to reduce the number of injections their infant would receive, or to avoid the adverse symptoms experienced. Among: 1769 eligible infants, intel vit ws were completed with parents of 1657 (93%). The psychological cost of multiple injections was estimated by the willingness of parents to pay a median of $25 to reduce injections from 4 to 3, $25 from 3 to 2, and $50 From 2 to 1. Vaccine-associated symptoms caused mean costs of $42 in medical utilization and $192 in work-loss among the families who experienced those events (Ns = 62 and 35, respectively). When averaged among all 1657 study infants, vaccine-associated symptoms after the index vaccination visit resulted in $2.,91 in medical utilization, $4.05 in work-loss, and $0.74 in direct nonmedical costs, yielding total financial costs of $7.70. parents of infants who had vaccine-associated symptoms said they would have paid a median of $50 to avoid these symptoms. Fever and fussiness were associated in logistic regression analysis with,? two-fold increase in the odds of medical utilization, and fever with more than a three-fold increase in work loss. We conclude that multiple injections during a single clinic visit entail psyohological costs. The psychological costs of vaccine-associated symptoms, as measured by willingness-to-pay methods, are hight 1 th:tn those resulting from multiple injections. The financial costs of medical utilization and work-loss resulting from common vaccine-associated symptoms are non-negligible and should be incorporated in economic analyses. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kaiser Permanente, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Kaiser Permanente, Vaccine Study Ctr, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lieu, TA (reprint author), Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, 126 Brookline Ave,Suite 200, Boston, MA 02215 USA. OI Weniger, Bruce/0000-0002-5450-5464 NR 25 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00154-7 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 351GR UT WOS:000089149900006 PM 10924784 ER PT J AU Pushko, P Bray, M Ludwig, GV Parker, M Schmaljohn, A Sanchez, A Jahrling, PB Smith, JF AF Pushko, P Bray, M Ludwig, GV Parker, M Schmaljohn, A Sanchez, A Jahrling, PB Smith, JF TI Recombinant RNA replicons derived from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus protect guinea pigs and mice from Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE alphavirus; replicon; Ebola ID SEMLIKI-FOREST-VIRUS; SINDBIS VIRUS; EXPRESSION VECTORS; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; MARBURG VIRUS; IN-VIVO; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; DNA VACCINES; IMMUNIZATION AB RNA replicons derived from an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), an alphavirus, were configured as candidate vaccines for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The Ebola nucleoprotein (NP) or glycoprotein (GP) genes were introduced into the VEE RNA downstream from the VEE 26S promoter in place of the VEE structural protein genes. The resulting recombinant replicons, expressing the NP or GP genes, were packaged into VEE replicon particles(NP-VRP and GP-VRP, respectively) using a bipartite helper system that provided the VEE structural proteins in trans and prevented the regeneration of replication-competent VEE during packaging. The immunogenicity of NP-VRP and GP-VRP and their ability to protect against lethal Ebola infection were evaluated in BALB/c mice and in two strains of guinea pigs. The GP-VRP alone, or in combination with NP-VRP, protected both strains of guinea pigs and BALB/c mice, while immunization with NP-VRP alone protected BALB/c mice, but neither strain of guinea pig. Passive transfer of sera from VRP-immunized animals did not confer protection against lethal challenge. However, the complete protection achieved with active immunization with VRP, as well as the unique characteristics of the VEE replicon vector, warrant further testing of the safety and efficacy of NP-VRP and GP-VRP in primates as candidate vaccines against Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Smith, JF (reprint author), USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. EM Jonathan.Smith@amedd.army.mil NR 48 TC 116 Z9 131 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 142 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00113-4 PG 12 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 351GR UT WOS:000089149900018 PM 10924796 ER PT J AU Wang, B Lal, RB Dwyer, DE Miranda-Saksena, M Boadle, R Cunningham, AL Saksena, NK AF Wang, B Lal, RB Dwyer, DE Miranda-Saksena, M Boadle, R Cunningham, AL Saksena, NK TI Molecular and biological interactions between two HIV-1 strains from a coinfected patient reveal the first evidence in favor of viral synergism SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; TYPE-1 SUBTYPE-B; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; V3 LOOP; RETROVIRAL RECOMBINATION; GENETIC-VARIATION; DUAL INFECTION; ENTRY COFACTOR; DRUG-USERS AB An intravenous drug user was found to be dually infected with two genetically and phylogenetically distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B strains (designated groups I and II). Viral isolation revealed a simultaneous copassaging of two strains in PBMC. The culture of viral strains on monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages preferentially segregated the two viral strains. The group I strain utilized CXCR4 and group II used CCR5 coreceptor for entry. Sequencing of >100 clones from uncultured PBMC consistently showed the predominance of group II virus in vivo. Importantly, the group II virus alone could not productively infect PBMC, but when used together with group I virus for infection, the group II virus regained its high replication potential and predominance in cultured PBMC. These data are the first to provide direct evidence in favor of molecular and biological interaction between two infecting strains in a coinfected patient and show their differential pathogenic effects, tropism, and modes of entry. In addition, our data provide the first evidence for synergism between these two strains. Cumulatively, these data emphasize that in order to clearly interpret coreceptor usage, biological segregation of viral strains from primary isolates in vitro may be imperative. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Retroviral Genet Lab, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Ctr Virus Res, Westmead Millennium Inst, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Ctr Virus Res, Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Ctr Dis Control, NCID, DASTLR, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Westmead Hosp, CIDM, Dept Virol, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. Westmead Hosp, ICPMR, Electron Microscopy Lab, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. RP Saksena, NK (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Retroviral Genet Lab, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. RI Cunningham, Tony/B-7011-2013; OI Cunningham, Anthony/0000-0002-6744-5667 NR 53 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 15 PY 2000 VL 274 IS 1 BP 105 EP 119 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0402 PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA 347YW UT WOS:000088957600013 PM 10936093 ER PT J AU Jackson, LA Keene, WE McAnulty, JM Alexander, ER Diermayer, M Davis, MA Hedberg, K Boase, J Barrett, TJ Samadpour, M Fleming, DW AF Jackson, LA Keene, WE McAnulty, JM Alexander, ER Diermayer, M Davis, MA Hedberg, K Boase, J Barrett, TJ Samadpour, M Fleming, DW TI Where's the beef? The role of cross-contamination in 4 chain restaurant-associated outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in the Pacific northwest SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; REAL MAYONNAISE; INFECTIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CONSUMPTION; WASHINGTON; DIARRHEA; SURVIVAL; LETTUCE AB Background: From March through August 1993, outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 occurred at 4 separate Oregon and Washington steak and salad bar restaurants affiliated with a single national chain. Objective: To determine the cause of outbreaks of E coli O157:H7 at 4 chain restaurants. Methods: Independent case-control studies were performed for each outbreak. Available E coli O157:H7 isolates were subtyped by pulse-field gel electrophoresis and by phage typing. Results: Infection was not associated with beef consumption at any of the restaurants. Implicated foods varied by restaurant but all were items served at the salad bar. Among the salad bar items, no single item was implicated in all outbreaks, and no single item seemed to explain most of the cases at any individual restaurant. Molecular subtyping of bacterial isolates indicated that the first 2 outbreaks, which occurred concurrently, were caused by the same strain, the third outbreak was caused by a unique strain, and the fourth was multiclonal. Conclusions: Independent events of cross-contamination from beef within the restaurant kitchens, where meats and multiple salad bar items were prepared, were the likely cause of these outbreaks. Meat can be a source of E coli O157:H7 infection even if it is later cooked properly, underscoring the need for meticulous food handling at all stages of preparation. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Acute & Communicable Dis Program, Portland, OR USA. Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jackson, LA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, 1730 Minor Ave,Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 34 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD AUG 14 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 15 BP 2380 EP 2385 DI 10.1001/archinte.160.15.2380 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 343MH UT WOS:000088705800020 PM 10927738 ER PT J AU Minshew, P Ward, K Mulla, Z Hammond, R Johnson, D Hopkins, R AF Minshew, P Ward, K Mulla, Z Hammond, R Johnson, D Hopkins, R CA CDC TI Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park - Florida, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 565-568, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Volusia Cty Hlth Dept, Daytona Beach, FL USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Minshew, P (reprint author), Volusia Cty Hlth Dept, Daytona Beach, FL USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 9 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 6 BP 688 EP 690 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 341JM UT WOS:000088587300012 ER PT J CA CDC TI National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months - United States, 1999 (Reprinted from 49, pg 585-589, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. CDC, Assessment Branch, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 9 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 6 BP 690 EP 690 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 341JM UT WOS:000088587300013 ER PT J AU Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT Gubler, DJ Hayes, EB Johnson, BJB Chu, MC AF Schriefer, ME Dennis, DT Gubler, DJ Hayes, EB Johnson, BJB Chu, MC TI Serologic testing for lyme disease SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; IMMUNE-COMPLEXES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Schriefer, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 9 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 6 BP 695 EP 696 DI 10.1001/jama.284.6.695 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 341JM UT WOS:000088587300024 PM 10927774 ER PT J AU Ebrahim, SH Merritt, RK Floyd, RL AF Ebrahim, SH Merritt, RK Floyd, RL TI Smoking and women's health: opportunities to reduce the burden of smoking during pregnancy SO CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID CESSATION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ebrahim, SH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop K55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 0820-3946 J9 CAN MED ASSOC J JI Can. Med. Assoc. J. PD AUG 8 PY 2000 VL 163 IS 3 BP 288 EP 289 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 342KW UT WOS:000088644600018 PM 10951728 ER PT J AU Hovell, MF Zakarian, JM Matt, GE Hofstetter, CR Bernert, JT Pirkle, J AF Hovell, MF Zakarian, JM Matt, GE Hofstetter, CR Bernert, JT Pirkle, J TI Effect of counselling mothers on their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: randomised controlled trial SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PASSIVE SMOKING; ASTHMATIC-CHILDREN; BREAST-MILK; INFANTS; REDUCTION; COTININE; URINE AB Objective To test the efficacy of behavioural counselling for smoking mothers in reducing young children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, Design Randomised double blind controlled trial, Setting Low income homes in San Diego county, California. Participants 108 ethnically diverse mothers who exposed their children (aged < 4 years) to tobacco smoke in the home. Intervention Mothers were given seven counselling sessions over three months. Main outcome measures Children's reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke from mothers in the home and from all sources; children's cotinine concentrations in urine. Results Mothers' reports of children's exposure to their smoke in the home declined in the counselled group from 27.30 cigarettes/week at baseline, to 4.47 at three months, to 3.66 at 12 months and in the controls from 24.56, to 12.08, to 8.38. The differences between the groups by time were significant (P = 0.002), Reported exposure to smoke from all sources showed similar declines, with significant differences between groups by time (P = 0.008). At 12 months, the reported exposure in the counselled group was 41.2% that of controls for mothers' smoke (95% confidence interval 34.2% to 48.3%) and was 45.7% (38.4% to 53.0%) that of controls for all sources of smoke. Children's mean urine cotinine concentrations decreased slightly in the counselled group from 10.93 ng/ml at baseline to 10.47 ng/ml at 12 months but increased in the controls from 9.43 ng/ml to 17.47 ng/ml (differences between groups by time P = 0.008). At 12 months the cotinine concentration in the counselled group was 55.6% (48.2% to 63.0%) that of controls. Conclusions Counselling was effective in reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similar counselling in medical and social services might protect millions of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes. C1 San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Behav Epidemiol & Community Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Hovell, MF (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Behav Epidemiol & Community Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RI Matt, Georg/A-7076-2009; Travers, Mark/C-7832-2011 FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD037749] NR 26 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD AUG 5 PY 2000 VL 321 IS 7257 BP 337 EP 342 DI 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.337 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 342QH UT WOS:000088656300023 PM 10926589 ER PT J AU Maxfield, A Lewis, J Lachenmayr, S Tisdale, J Lum, M AF Maxfield, A Lewis, J Lachenmayr, S Tisdale, J Lum, M TI A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Alert sent to hospitals and the intentions of hospital decision makers to advocate for latex allergy control measures SO HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB This study evaluated a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Alert concerning the risk and prevention of latex allergy among health care workers. It has been estimated that 8-12% of health care workers are sensitized to latex. NIOSH Alerts are publications that are intended to educate stakeholders about risks in the workplace; this Alert contained four recommendations for administrative control measures that hospital decision makers could adopt to reduce the risk of latex allergy to employees. The Alert was mailed to a random selection of Directors of Infection Control and Directors of Nursing in hospitals in the US. A random sample of these targeted recipients and a control group were surveyed by telephone (N = 298). Although nearly all of the respondents were concerned about latex allergy (96%), those reporting having seen the Alert were significantly more likely to report an intention to advocate for one or more of the control measures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Community Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Maxfield, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, HHH Bldg,200 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20201 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1153 J9 HEALTH EDUC RES JI Health Educ. Res. PD AUG 4 PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 463 EP 467 DI 10.1093/her/15.4.463 PG 5 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 345HU UT WOS:000088811200008 PM 11066463 ER PT J AU Hathaway, J Silverman, J Aynalem, G Mucci, L Brooks, D AF Hathaway, J Silverman, J Aynalem, G Mucci, L Brooks, D TI Use of medical care, police assistance, and restraining orders by women reporting intimate partner violence - Massachusetts, 1996-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 485-488, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID EMERGENCY C1 Bur Family & Community Hlth, Woman Abuse Tracking Clin & Hosp Project, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Bur Hlth Stat Res & Evaluat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CDC, Family & Intimate Violence Prevent Team, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hathaway, J (reprint author), Bur Family & Community Hlth, Woman Abuse Tracking Clin & Hosp Project, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 5 BP 558 EP 559 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 337WG UT WOS:000088385400009 ER PT J AU Bensley, L Macdonald, S Van Eenwyk, J Simmons, KW Ruggles, D AF Bensley, L Macdonald, S Van Eenwyk, J Simmons, KW Ruggles, D TI Prevalence of intimate partner violence and injuries - Washington, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 589-592, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Washington State Dept Hlth, Off Epidemiol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. CDC, Family & Intimate Violence Prevent Team, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bensley, L (reprint author), Washington State Dept Hlth, Off Epidemiol, Olympia, WA 98504 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 5 BP 559 EP 560 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 337WG UT WOS:000088385400010 ER PT J AU Cardozo, BL Vergara, A Agani, F Gotway, CA AF Cardozo, BL Vergara, A Agani, F Gotway, CA TI Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the War in Kosovo SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; PRIMARY-CARE; REFUGEES; QUESTIONNAIRE; SYMPTOMS; TRAUMA; SURVIVORS; EXPERIENCE; DISABILITY; HOLOCAUST AB Context The 1998-1999 war in Kosovo had a direct impact on large numbers of civilians. The mental health consequences of the conflict are not known. Objectives To establish the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity associated with the war in Kosovo, to assess social functioning, and to identify vulnerable populations among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted from August to October 1999 among 1358 Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years or older in 558 randomly selected households across Kosovo. Main Outcome Measures Nonspecific psychiatric morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and social functioning using the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 20 (MOS-20), respectively; feelings of hatred and a desire for revenge among persons surveyed as addressed by additional questions. Results Of the respondents, 17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.2%-21.0%) reported symptoms that met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for PTSD; total mean score on the GHQ-28 was 11.1 (95% CI, 9.9-12.4). Respondents reported a high prevalence of traumatic events. There was a significant linear decrease in mental health status and social functioning with increasing amount of traumatic events (P less than or equal to.02 for all 3 survey tools). Populations at increased risk for psychiatric morbidity as measured by GHQ-28 scores were those aged 65 years or older (P=.006), those with previous psychiatric illnesses or chronic health conditions (P<.001 for both), and those who had been internally displaced (P=.009). Populations at risk for poorer social functioning were living in rural areas (P=.001), were unemployed (P=.046) or had a chronic illness (P=.01). Respondents scored highest on the physical functioning and role functioning subscales of the MOS-20 and lowest On the mental health and social functioning subscales. Eighty-nine percent of men and 90% of women reported having strong feelings of hatred toward Serbs. Fifty-one percent of men and 43% of women reported strong feelings of revenge; 44% of men and 33% of women stated that they would act on these feelings. Conclusions Mental health problems and impaired social functioning related to the recent war are important issues that need to be addressed to return the Kosovo region to a stable and productive environment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Quarantine, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth Environm Hazards & Hlth Ef, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Inst Mental Hlth & Recovery, Pristina, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. RP Cardozo, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-48, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 30 TC 155 Z9 157 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 5 BP 569 EP 577 DI 10.1001/jama.284.5.569 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 337WG UT WOS:000088385400025 PM 10918702 ER PT J AU Salama, P Spiegel, P Van Dyke, M Phelps, L Wilkinson, C AF Salama, P Spiegel, P Van Dyke, M Phelps, L Wilkinson, C TI Mental health and nutritional status among the adult Serbian minority in Kosovo SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REFUGEE; QUESTIONNAIRE; POPULATIONS; PENSIONERS; MORTALITY AB Context Since the beginning of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization intervention in Kosovo in June 1999, few objective data have been available on relevant health indicators for the Serbian ethnic minority in Kosovo. Objective To determine the prevalence of undernutrition among Serbian adults aged 60 years or older and psychiatric morbidity among the adult Serbian population in Kosovo. Design, Setting, and Participants A systematic random sample survey of 212 households was conducted between September 27 and October 2, 1999, in Pristina, the capital city, and in 10 towns in the rural municipality of Gnjilane in Kosovo. Of the 212 households surveyed, 204 adults aged 15 years or older completed the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) and anthropometric measurements were taken for 98 adults aged 60 years or older and for a comparison group of 51 adults aged 18 to 59 years. Main Outcome Measures Body mass index of less than 18.5 kg/m(2) in older adults; nonspecific psychiatric morbidity among adults; and self-reported use of health care services, access to food rations, and primary sources of prewar and postwar income. Results Undernutrition was found in 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7%-19.2%) of Serbian adults aged 60 years or older compared with 2.0% (95% CI, 0.1% 11.8%) of Serbian adults aged 18 to 59 years. The mean (SE) total score for the GHQ-28 was 13.0 (0.52). In a comparison of the GHQ-28 scores of the Serbian adults with the Kosovar Albanian adults (data from a recent survey), the mean (SE) score adjusted for age and sex was 12.8 (0.52) vs 11.1 (0.58); P=.03, respectively. The GHQ-28 scores were also higher for the Serbians in the subcategories of social dysfunction (2.8 [0.17] vs 2.2 [0.13], P=.008) and severe depression (1.9 [0.15] vs 0.9 [0.09]; P<.001), respectively. Serbian women and persons living alone or in small family units were more prone to psychiatric morbidity. Of the 141 respondents reporting the need for health care services, 83 (57.6%) reported not obtaining such services; 204 of 212 (96.2%) households were on a food distribution list. The majority of prewar income came from government jobs compared with farming and humanitarian aid for postwar income. Conclusions The undernutrition of older Serbian adults in Kosovo should be monitored. The high prevalence of symptoms of social dysfunction and severe depression suggest the need for implementation of mental health programs in the Serbian community. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Int Rescue Comm, Pristina, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. Action Against Hunger, Pristina, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. RP Salama, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop F-48, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 5 BP 578 EP 584 DI 10.1001/jama.284.5.578 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 337WG UT WOS:000088385400026 PM 10918703 ER PT J AU Willis, BM Levy, BS AF Willis, BM Levy, BS TI Recognizing the public health impact of genocide SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHYSICIANS; WAR C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Portland, OR USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA USA. RP Levy, BS (reprint author), POB 1230, Sherborn, MA 01770 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 5 BP 612 EP 614 DI 10.1001/jama.284.5.612 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 337WG UT WOS:000088385400031 PM 10918708 ER PT J AU Anderson, RN Freedman, MA Rosenberg, HM Sondik, EJ AF Anderson, RN Freedman, MA Rosenberg, HM Sondik, EJ TI Let's leave the date out of the name of the standard population - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hlth & Human Serv, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Sondik, EJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hlth & Human Serv, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Rm 1140, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD AUG 2 PY 2000 VL 92 IS 15 BP 1270 EP 1270 DI 10.1093/jnci/92.15.1270 PG 1 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 340FA UT WOS:000088521400016 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Subbarao, K Shaw, M Ferebee, T Morken, T Nolte, KB Freifeld, A Cox, N Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Dawson, J Subbarao, K Shaw, M Ferebee, T Morken, T Nolte, KB Freifeld, A Cox, N Zaki, SR TI Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of influenza A virus infection in human lungs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE immunohistochemistry; in situ hybridization; pathology; influenza A virus; lungs ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PNEUMONIA; ENCEPHALITIS; IMMUNITY; BIOPSY AB Influenza viruses are responsible for acute febrile respiratory disease. When deaths occur, definitive diagnosis requires viral isolation because no characteristic viral inclusions are seen. We examined the distribution of influenza A virus in tissues from 8 patients with fatal infection using 2 immunohistochemical assays (monoclonal antibodies to nucleoprotein [NP] and hemagglutinin [HA]) and 2 in situ hybridization (ISH) assays (digoxigenin-labeled probes that hybridized to HA and NP genes). Five patients had prominent bronchitis; by immunohistochemical assay, influenza A staining was present focally in the epithelium of larger bronchi (intact and detached necrotic cells) and in rare interstitial cells. The anti-NP antibody stained primarily cell nuclei, and the anti-HA antibody stained mainly the cytoplasm. In 4 of these cases, nucleic acids (ISH) were identified in the same areas. Three patients had lymphohistiocytic alveolitis and showed no immunohistochemical or ISH staining. Both techniques were useful for detection of influenza virus antigens and nucleic acids in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and can enable further understanding of fatal influenza A virus infections in humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Off Med Investigator, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Mailstop G32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 23 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN PATHOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0002-9173 J9 AM J CLIN PATHOL JI Am. J. Clin. Pathol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 114 IS 2 BP 227 EP 233 PG 7 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 339CU UT WOS:000088460700009 PM 10941338 ER PT J AU Vargas, CM Ingram, DD Gillum, RF AF Vargas, CM Ingram, DD Gillum, RF TI Incidence of hypertension and educational attainment - The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE education; hypertension; nutrition surveys; social class ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; SOCIAL-CLASS; BLACK-POPULATION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; RISK-FACTORS; MORTALITY; HEALTH; TRENDS; AGE AB Previous research has demonstrated the association between cardiovascular disease and education. However, few studies have described the incidence of hypertension, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, by education or other socioeconomic status indicators, To examine the association between hypertension incidence and education, the authors analyzed data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS) (1971-1984), The relative risk of hypertension incidence (blood pressure greater than or equal to 160/95 and/or using antihypertensive medication) by education was calculated for non-Hispanic Whites (aged 25-64 years) and non-Hispanic Blacks (aged 25-44 years) normotensive at baseline using Cox proportional hazards models. The age-adjusted relative risk of hypertension incidence among persons with less than 12 years of education compared with those with more than 12 years was significant among non-Hispanic Whites aged 25-44 years (men: relative risk (RR) = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.29, 3.54; women: RR = 2.06, 95% Cl: 1.39, 3.05) but not among non-Hispanic Blacks (RR = 1.16, 95% Cl: 0.63, 2.14). Relative risks for non-Hispanic White men remained stable after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and region of residence; relative risks for non-Hispanic White women were reduced but remained significant. Non-Hispanic White men and women aged 45-64 years with less than 12 years of education were not at higher risk of developing hypertension compared with their more educated counterparts, These results demonstrate a significant interaction between age and education with an independent association between education and hypertension incidence among younger but not older non-Hispanic White men and women. C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Vargas, CM (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 730, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 38 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 3 BP 272 EP 278 DI 10.1093/aje/152.3.272 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 339XC UT WOS:000088502300010 PM 10933274 ER PT J AU Saraiya, M Berg, CJ AF Saraiya, M Berg, CJ TI Re: "Estimates of the annual number of clinically recognized pregnancies in the United States, 1981-1991" - The first two authors reply SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID SPONTANEOUS-ABORTION C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Saraiya, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 152 IS 3 BP 288 EP 289 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 339XC UT WOS:000088502300013 ER PT J AU Beltrami, EL Singer, DA Fish, L Manning, B Young, S Banerjee, SN Baker, R Jarvis, WR AF Beltrami, EL Singer, DA Fish, L Manning, B Young, S Banerjee, SN Baker, R Jarvis, WR TI Risk factors for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among patients on a renal ward during a community hospital outbreak SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL OUTBREAK; FAECIUM; INFECTION AB Background: During an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infection and colonization at a community hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, we performed a case-control study of patients on the hospital's renal unit to determine risk factors for acquisition of VRE among this potentially high-risk patient population. Methods: Twenty-four renal patients with VRE colonization/infection (ie, case-patients) were compared by univariate and multivariate analyses with 29 renal patients with nosocomially acquired vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal infection and colonization (ie, controls). Results: Age and length of hospitalization were similar between the VRE case-patients and the vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal control-patients, but case-patients had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and received significantly greater numbers of antimicrobials and significantly more days of antimicrobials during the 60 days preceding the first positive enterococcal culture. In an assessment of the appropriateness of vancomycin use, one third of vancomycin orders were found to be inappropriate in both patient groups. Conclusions: Our data show that among renal patients, those who are severely ill and receive multiple and prolonged courses of antimicrobials are at greatest risk for acquiring VRE infection or colonization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that hospitals develop a comprehensive plan to prevent and control infection and colonization of patients with VRE. This plan should include prompt identification of affected patients, initiation of isolation precautions to prevent patient-to-patient transmission of VRE, and prudent use of antimicrobials, including vancomycin. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Community Hosp E, Indianapolis, IN USA. RP Beltrami, EL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 282 EP 285 DI 10.1067/mic.2000.106276 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 342RD UT WOS:000088658200002 PM 10926704 ER PT J AU Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Cazes, C Chinn, RY Vargo, JA Jarvis, WR AF Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL Cazes, C Chinn, RY Vargo, JA Jarvis, WR TI When clusters occur: An illustrative example and a statistical dilemma SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Sharp Mem Hosp, San Diego, CA USA. RP Sinkowitz-Cochran, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD AUG PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 325 EP 326 DI 10.1067/mic.2000.100031 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 342RD UT WOS:000088658200016 PM 10926718 ER PT J AU Mets, MB Barton, LL Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG AF Mets, MB Barton, LL Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG TI Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underdiagnosed cause of congenital chorioretinitis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; PREVALENCE AB PURPOSE: To elucidate the role and clinical spectrum of congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection as a cause of chorioretinopathy, congenital hydrocephalus, and macrocephaly or microcephaly in the United Stares. METHODS: We performed complete ophthalmologic surveys of all residents at Misericordia, a home for the severely mentally retarded in Chicago, and prospectively evaluated all patients with chorioretinitis or chorioretinal scars during a 36-month period at Children's Memorial Hospital, also located in Chicago. Sera for patients demonstrating choriorertinal scars (a sign of intrauterine infection) were tested for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus antibodies. RESULTS: Four of 95 patients examined at the home had chorioretinal scars, and two of these patients had normal T. gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus titers and dramatically elevated titers for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Three of 14 cases of chorioretinitis at the hospital had normal T, gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus titers and elevated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus antibody titers, (A fourth case, diagnosed in 1996, was reported 2 years ago.) CONCLUSIONS: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was responsible for visual loss in two of four children secondary to chorioretinitis in a population of severely retarded children. The six new cases of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chorioretinitis identified in these two populations over the last 3 years, compared with the total number ever reported in the United States (10 cases), suggests that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus may be a more common cause of congenital chorioretinitis than previously believed, Because its consequences for visual and psychomotor development are devastating, we conclude that the workup for congenital chorioretinitis should include lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus serology, especially if T. gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus titers are negative. (C) 2000 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Childrens Mem Hosp, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Pediat, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Steele Mem Childrens Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Mets, MB (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Childrens Mem Hosp, 2300 Childrens Plaza,Box 70, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. NR 32 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0002-9394 J9 AM J OPHTHALMOL JI Am. J. Ophthalmol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00570-5 PG 7 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 359FX UT WOS:000089601800010 PM 11004296 ER PT J AU Greenlund, KJ Keenan, NL Anderson, LA Mandelson, MT Newton, KM LaCroix, AZ AF Greenlund, KJ Keenan, NL Anderson, LA Mandelson, MT Newton, KM LaCroix, AZ TI Does provider prevention orientation influence female patients' preventive practices? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chronic disease; counseling; health personnel; patients; preventive medicine; women ID HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; MEDICAL-TREATMENT; PHYSICIAN GENDER; HEALTH PROMOTION; CARE; SERVICES; ATTITUDES; OUTCOMES; WOMEN AB Backgroung: Health care provider encouragement for particular preventive behaviors is associated with patient adherence, but it is unclear whether a provider's overall prevention approach influences whether patients engage in recommended preventive measures. We examined whether older women who perceived that their health care provider encouraged a particular preventive behavior were more likely to follow that recommendation if they also perceived that the provider encouraged other preventive behaviors. Data and Methods: The sample included 1119 women aged 50 to 79 enrolled ill a health maintenance organization. We examined associations of reported provider encouragement for post-menopausal hormone use, physical activity, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), and flexible sigmoidoscopy with one another and with adherence to these measures according to recommended guidelines. Research: Among women reporting provider encouragement for physical activity, the likelihood of reporting regular physical activity was greater among women who reported encouragement for one other (odds ratio [OR] = 1.99; confidence interval [CI] = 1.35 to 2.95) and at least two other (OR = 2.38; 95% CI = 1.62 to 3.48) preventive measures compared with women who reported no other encouragement. The likelihood of reporting adequate counseling for post-menopausal hormone use was greater among women reporting encouragement for at least two other preventive measures compared with those reporting no other encouragement. The likelihood of having had an FOBT or sigmoidoscopic examination was related to encouragement for those procedures, but not with greater encouragement for other preventive measures. Conclusions: Patient perceptions of a provider's overall preventive practice approach may influence whether patients engage in recommended preventive practices, particularly for lifestyle factors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Greenlund, KJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 104 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00184-7 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 338YA UT WOS:000088449800006 PM 10913900 ER PT J AU Wright, K Rowitz, L Merkle, A Reid, WM Robinson, G Herzog, B Weber, D Carmichael, D Balderson, TR Baker, E AF Wright, K Rowitz, L Merkle, A Reid, WM Robinson, G Herzog, B Weber, D Carmichael, D Balderson, TR Baker, E TI Competency development in public health leadership SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB The professional development of public health leaders requires competency-based instruction to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands for critical services. This article reviews the development of the Leadership Competency Framework by the National Public Health Leadership Development Network and discusses its significance. After reviewing pertinent literature and existing practice-based competency frameworks, network members developed the framework through sequential use of workgroup assignments and nominal group process. The framework is being used by network members to develop and refine program competency lists and content; to compare programs; to develop needs assessments, baseline measures, and performance standards; and to evaluate educational outcomes. It is a working document, to be continually refined and evaluated to ensure its continued relevance to performance in practice. Understanding both the applications and the limits of competency frameworks is important in individual program, and organizational assessment. Benefits of using defined competencies in designing leadership programs include the integrated and sustained development of leadership capacity and the use of technology for increased access and quality control. C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Chicago, IL USA. Missouri Dept Hlth, Jefferson, AR USA. Univ S Florida, Coll Publ Hlth, Tampa, FL USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wright, K (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. FU PHS HHS [S042-16/16] NR 23 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1202 EP 1207 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1202 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 338BR UT WOS:000088398700007 PM 10936996 ER PT J AU Jones, CP AF Jones, CP TI Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEALTH; RACE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB The author presents a theoretic framework for understanding racism on 3 levels: institutionalized, personally mediated and internalized. This framework is useful for raising new hypotheses about the basis of race-associated differences in health outcomes, as well as for designing effective interventions to eliminate those differences. She then presents an allegory about a gardener with 2 flower boxes, rich and poor soil, and red and pink flowers. This allegory illustrates the relationship between the 3 levels of racism and may guide our thinking about how to intervene to mitigate the impacts of racism on health. It may also serve as a tool for starting a national conversation on racism. C1 Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth & Social Behav, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Sch Publ Hlth, Div Publ Hlth Practice, Boston, MA USA. RP Jones, CP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 366 Z9 371 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1212 EP 1215 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 338BR UT WOS:000088398700009 PM 10936998 ER PT J AU Umble, KE Cervero, RM Yang, BY Atkinson, WL AF Umble, KE Cervero, RM Yang, BY Atkinson, WL TI Effects of traditional classroom and distance continuing education: A theory-driven evaluation of a vaccine-preventable diseases course SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEALTH BELIEF MODEL; PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR; MEDICAL-EDUCATION; IMPACT; RECOMMENDATIONS AB Objectives. This study evaluated the effects of a major federal immunization continuing education course, delivered in both traditional classroom and satellite broadcast versions, on public health professionals' knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence in practice to recommendations. Methods. The study used a comparative time series design to determine whether the course influenced participants' knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence in practice to general and polio-specific recommendations as measured immediately and 3 months after the course. It also compared the effects of the classroom and satellite broadcast versions and used path analysis to show how the outcomes were related to one another. Results. Both versions significantly improved knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence. Knowledge and agreement were significant predictors of self-efficacy which directly predicted adherence. Vaccine availability and supportive clinic policies were also important adherence predictors. Conclusions. A well-designed training update can change provider knowledge, agreement, self-efficacy, and adherence. Traditional classroom and distance training can have comparable effects. The findings support incorporation of distance learning in national public health training, if the distance learning is used wisely in relation to training needs, goals, and practice contexts. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Adult Educ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Umble, KE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, N Carolina Inst Publ Hlth, Campus Box 8165, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 48 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 90 IS 8 BP 1218 EP 1224 DI 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1218 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 338BR UT WOS:000088398700011 PM 10937000 ER PT J AU Duewer, DL Kline, MC Sharpless, KE Thomas, JB Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M Sowell, AL AF Duewer, DL Kline, MC Sharpless, KE Thomas, JB Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M Sowell, AL TI NIST Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program: Characterizing individual participant measurement performance over time SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-RELATED-COMPOUNDS AB The mission of the Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program (M(2)QAP) at the National institute of Standards and Technology is enhanced interlaboratory measurement comparability for fat-soluble vitamin-related measurands in human serum. We recently described improved tools for evaluating individual participant measurement performance in single interlaboratory comparison exercises; we here apply and extend these tools to the evaluation of participant performance over the entire 15-year history of the M(2)QAP. We describe and illustrate a set of interconnected graphical reporting tools for identifying long-term trends and single-exercise events. We document and discuss recurrent patterns we observe in the measurement performance characteristics for M(2)QAP participants. The graphical analysis techniques utilized may he applicable to other interlaboratory comparison programs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Human Nutr & Dietet, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nutr Biochem Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Duewer, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008; OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 7 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 15 BP 3611 EP 3619 DI 10.1021/ac991481b PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 340EP UT WOS:000088520400050 PM 10952550 ER PT J AU Whaley, DA Attfield, MD Bedillion, EJ Walter, KM Yi, QL AF Whaley, DA Attfield, MD Bedillion, EJ Walter, KM Yi, QL TI Regression method to estimate provisional TLV/WEEL-equivalents for non-carcinogens SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE TLV; WEEL; exposure criterion; regression; toxicity estimates; exposure limits ID THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES; EXPOSURE AB There is a huge and changing number of chemicals in commerce for which workplace exposure criteria have not been assigned. Assigning an exposure criterion by an expert committee is resource-intensive-not soon available for the large majority of chemicals in current use, In the absence of assigned criteria, we have provided a regression method to estimate a first-screen estimate of a 'TLV/WEEL-equivalent' inhalation time-weighted average exposure criterion for a pure chemical (or chemical group) from a measure of a non-stochastic toxic exposure to elicit a chronic or sub-chronic health effect, known as a lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) or a (highest) no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), Results are presented for six data sets for which both a threshold limit value (TLV) or workplace environmental exposure level (WEEL) exposure criterion is presently assigned, and a LOAEL or NOAEL, measure of toxic health effect was available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System data base. The results can be applied as a first estimate of exposure to substances for which no TLV or WEEL (TLV/WEEL) exists, and also serve as a mechanism for identifying substances for potential re-evaluation of their exposure limit, based on their relative position about the prediction models, (C) 2000 British Occupational Hygiene Society, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind Management Syst Engn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. GE Power Syst, Schenectady, NY 12309 USA. OO ALC EMC, Hill AFB, UT 84056 USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Div Biostat, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. RP Whaley, DA (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Ind Management Syst Engn, POB 6070, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 44 IS 5 BP 361 EP 374 DI 10.1016/S0003-4878(99)00108-8 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 340YK UT WOS:000088564100005 PM 10930500 ER PT J AU Arthington-Skaggs, BA Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ AF Arthington-Skaggs, BA Warnock, DW Morrison, CJ TI Quantitation of Candida albicans ergosterol content improves the correlation between in vitro antifungal susceptibility test results and in vivo outcome after fluconazole treatment in a murine model of invasive candidiasis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; RESISTANCE; AGENTS; GLABRATA AB MIC end point determination for the most commonly prescribed azole antifungal drug, fluconazole, can be complicated by "trailing" growth of the organism during susceptibility testing by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards approved M27-A broth macrodilution method and its modified broth microdilution format. To address this problem, we previously developed the sterol quantitation method (SQNL) for in vitro determination of fluconazole susceptibility, which measures cellular ergosterol content rather than growth inhibition after exposure to fluconazole. To determine if SQM MICs of flaconazole correlated better with in vivo outcome than M27-A MICs, we used a murine model of invasive candidiasis and analyzed the capacity of fluconazole to treat infections caused by C, albicans isolates which were trailers (M27-A MICs at 24 and 48 h, less than or equal to 1.0 and greater than or equal to 6 mu g/ml, respectively; SQM MIG, less than or equal to 1.0 mu g/ml), as well as those which were fluconazole sensitive (M27-A and SQM MIG, less than or equal to 1.0 mu g/ml) and fluconazole resistant (M27-A MIG, greater than or equal to 64 pg/ml; SQM MIC, 54 mu g/ml). Compared with the untreated controls, fluconazole therapy increased the survival of mice infected with a sensitive isolate and both trailing isolates but did not increase the survival of mice infected with a resistant isolate. These results indicate that, the SQM is more predictive of in vivo outcome than the M27-A method for isolates that give unclear MIC end points due to trailing growth in fluconazole. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morrison, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2081 EP 2085 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2081-2085.2000 PG 5 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 336NB UT WOS:000088308200012 PM 10898679 ER PT J AU LaClaire, L Facklam, R AF LaClaire, L Facklam, R TI Antimicrobial susceptibilities and clinical sources of Facklamia species SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID VIRIDANS GROUP STREPTOCOCCI; GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI; IN-VITRO ACTIVITIES; HIGH-RATES; SP. NOV.; PENICILLIN; RESISTANCE; SPECIMENS; BLOOD AB Facklamia spp, are gram-positive cocci, arranged in short chains or diplos, and resemble viridans streptococci on 5% sheep blood agar, Eighteen strains representing four species of Facklamia were isolated from blood cultures, an abscess, bone, cerebrospinal fluid, gall bladder, vaginal swab, and one unknown source. Cultures were tested against 15 antimicrobial agents by using the broth microdilution MIC method, Reduced susceptibilities to the beta lactams, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were found, These results indicate that the susceptibilities of the Facklamia species are varied and that some strains have resistance patterns which may present difficulty in managing systemic infections in patients. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Facklam, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop C-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 44 IS 8 BP 2130 EP 2132 DI 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2130-2132.2000 PG 3 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 336NB UT WOS:000088308200019 PM 10898686 ER PT J AU LaBeau, KM Simon, M Steindel, SJ AF LaBeau, KM Simon, M Steindel, SJ TI Quality control of test systems waived by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 - Perceptions and practices SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CARE AB Context.-Recent advances in laboratory testing technology have resulted in a rapidly increasing number of test systems targeted for physician office, point-of-care, and home health care settings. With enhanced error detection mechanisms and unitized reagents, these new systems simplify the testing process and the assessment of analytical test performance. Many also meet the criteria set by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) to qualify as waived test systems, and laboratories using only waived tests are subject to very limited regulatory oversight. Objective.-To evaluate use patterns and perceptions about quality control requirements with respect to waived testing. Design,and Setting.-Survey of a network of 431 hospital, independent, and physician office laboratories in the US Pacific Northwest. Results.-Responding laboratories (n = 221) were taking advantage of the availability of waived tests and using them to make definitive diagnoses. We found considerable differences between quality control practices and the laboratories' perceptions of quality control requirements. Most respondents were performing traditional quality control on waived tests, influenced by their interpretation of regulations, the intended use of the test, and the testing personnel employed. Conclusions.-Technology optimized for alternate quality control can represent an improvement in ease of use while meeting expectations for accuracy and providing relief from regulatory burdens. However, laboratory personnel exhibit confusion in applying new quality control systems. C1 Off Lab Qual Assurance, Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, Lab Assessment Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP LaBeau, KM (reprint author), Off Lab Qual Assurance, Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA 98155 USA. FU PHS HHS [U47/CCU011447] NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 124 IS 8 BP 1122 EP 1127 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 342HH UT WOS:000088638800007 PM 10923070 ER PT J AU Steindel, SJ Rauch, WJ Simon, MK Handsfield, J AF Steindel, SJ Rauch, WJ Simon, MK Handsfield, J TI National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS) - Development and test distribution for 1996 SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID IMPACT AB Context.-A statistically valid inventory of the distribution, both geographic and by laboratory type, of clinical and anatomical laboratory testing in the United States is needed to assess the impact of the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments of 1988 and to provide information for other health care and public health policy decisions. Objective.-To present initial US laboratory testing volume data compiled by the National inventory of Clinical laboratory Testing Services. Design.-Stratified random sample of laboratories performing testing in 1996 with data on the number of laboratory tests performed, identified by method and analyte. Data were collected by field tabulators (moderate- or high-complexity laboratories) or through a mail/telephone survey (waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories) for each site. Participants.-Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing during 1996. Main Outcome Measure.-Laboratory testing distribution for 1996 in the United States by analysis, method and specimen type. Results,An overall response rate of 79% provided data from 757 moderate- or high-complexity laboratories and 1322 waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories. The estimated total US testing volume for 1996 was 7.25 +/- 1.09 billion tests, Laboratories performing complex testing, defined as greater than 16 method/analyte/specimen type combinations, comprised 16% of the US laboratories by survey site, but performed 80% (95% confidence limits, 43% to 100%) of the testing volume. Glucose analysis was the most frequently performed test. Automated hematology and chemistry analyzers were the most frequently used methods. Conclusions.-A statistically valid, consistent survey of the distribution of US laboratory testing was obtained. Simple analysis of these data by laboratory type and geographic region can provide insights into where laboratory testing is performed. The study design allows extensions that will facilitate collection of additional data of importance to public health and medical care delivery. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Westat Inc, Rockville, MD USA. RP Steindel, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS G-23, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 124 IS 8 BP 1201 EP 1208 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 342HH UT WOS:000088638800021 PM 10923084 ER PT J AU Jacobs, RJ Margolis, HS Coleman, PJ AF Jacobs, RJ Margolis, HS Coleman, PJ TI The cost-effectiveness of adolescent hepatitis A vaccination in states with the highest disease rates SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VIRAL-HEPATITIS; UNITED-STATES; A VACCINE; HEALTH; TRAVELERS; BENEFITS; RECOMMENDATIONS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNIZATION; PROTECTION AB Background: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended routine childhood hepatitis A vaccination in states and communities where the incidence of disease exceeds the national average, but most adolescents are currently unprotected from infection. Objective: To estimate clinical and economic consequences of vaccinating adolescents against hepatitis A in the 10 states with the highest disease rates. Design: Decision analysis was used to assess cost-effectiveness from societal and health system perspectives. Parameter estimates were obtained from national surveillance data, a study of hepatitis A cases, and an expert panel. Main Outcome Measures: Reduction in disease incidence: costs of vaccination. treatment, and work loss; years of life saved (YOLS); and costs per YOLS. Results: In states with the highest disease rates, vaccination of adolescents against hepatitis A would reduce the lifetime risk of symptomatic infection from 3.3% to 0.7% and prevent loss of 2117 years of life. Vaccination of a single I,birth cohort would cost $30.9 million, yet treat ment and work loss costs would decline $14.2 million and $23.8 million, respectively. Hepatitis 4 vaccination would cost the health system $7902 per YOLS or $13722 per discounted YOLS. Results are most sensitive to variation in the discount rate and assumptions regarding longterm vaccine protective efficacy. Conclusions: Hepatitis A vaccination of adolescents in states with high disease rates would reduce costs to society. Although health system costs would increase, cost effectiveness is comparable to other recommended vaccines and superior to many commonly used medical interventions. C1 Capital Outcomes Res Inc, Alexandria, VA 22310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jacobs, RJ (reprint author), Capital Outcomes Res Inc, 6188 Old Franconia Rd, Alexandria, VA 22310 USA. NR 45 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 154 IS 8 BP 763 EP 770 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 342PU UT WOS:000088655000002 PM 10922271 ER PT J AU Ekwueme, DU Strebel, PM Hadler, SC Meltzer, MI Allen, JW Livengood, JR AF Ekwueme, DU Strebel, PM Hadler, SC Meltzer, MI Allen, JW Livengood, JR TI Economic evaluation of use of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine or diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in the United States, 1997 SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Pediatric-Academic-Societies CY MAY 01-04, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Pediat Acad Soc ID ADVERSE REACTIONS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; MORTALITY; IMMUNIZATION; CHILDREN; BENEFITS; PROGRAM; DECLINE; RISKS; COSTS AB Objective: To compare the economic costs and benefits associated with using either diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) in the United States in 1997. Design: Standard cost-benefit analysis, from both the societal and health care system perspectives, was performed for each combination vaccine as well as for the pertussis components singly. Setting: A simulated cohort of 4.1 million children from birth to age 15 years. Main outcome measures: Net costs (savings) and benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) Results: Without a vaccination program, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis disease caused more than 3 million cases and more than 28 000 deaths, at a cost of $23.6 billion. From the societal perspective, net savings because of the use of DTaP and DTwP were $22.510 million and $22.623 million, respectively. The net savings from the acellular pertussis component and the whole-cell pertussis component only were $4.362 million and $4.474 million, respectively. Benefit-cost ratios for DTaP from a societal and health care system perspective were 27. 1 and 9.1, respectively. Sensitivity analyses of key variables did not result in appreciable changes in results. Conclusions: Compared with no program, vaccination with DTaP or DTwP resulted in substantial savings, regardless of the perspective taken and for all sensitivity analyses conducted. Compared with DTwP, use of DTaP generated a small cost increase that might be offset by the value of other factors, such as increased confidence in pertussis vaccination resulting from reduced adverse events. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USN, Occupat Hlth Prevent Med Dept, Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20350 USA. RP Ekwueme, DU (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-35, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 55 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 154 IS 8 BP 797 EP 803 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 342PU UT WOS:000088655000007 PM 10922276 ER PT J AU Holman, RC Shahriari, A Effler, PV Belay, ED Schonberger, LB AF Holman, RC Shahriari, A Effler, PV Belay, ED Schonberger, LB TI Kawasaki syndrome hospitalizations among children in Hawaii and Connecticut SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LYMPH-NODE SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; DISEASE; OUTBREAK AB Objectives: To estimate the incidence and describe recent trends of Kawasaki syndrome (KS) in 2 different areas of the United States. Methods: Retrospective analysis of Hawaii and Connecticut State KS hospital discharge records for children younger than 5 years. Results: In Hawaii. 175 KS hospitalizations for children younger than 5 years were reported during 1994 through 1997; the annual hospitalization rate per 100 000 children was 47.7. The rate for Hawaiian children younger than 1 year (83.2) was greater than that for 1- to 4-year-old children (39.0), and must hospitalizations occurred prior to age 2 years (median age, 17 months). In Connecticut. 171 KS hospitalizations for children younger than 5 years were reported during 1993 through 1996; the annual hospitalization rate per 100 000 children was 18.8, and the median age at hospitalization was 28 months. For both states, most hospitalizations were for boys. Although no clear seasonality was apparent, monthly peaks occurred in some of the years from December through March. Conclusions: Kawasaki syndrome seems to remain an endemic disease in the United States. A high KS annual hospitalization rate was seen in Hawaii, especially in children younger than 1 year, whereas in Connecticut, the KS rate was more consistent with those previously reported in the continental United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hawaii Dept Hlth, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Holman, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, MS A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Belay, Ermias/A-8829-2013 NR 32 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 154 IS 8 BP 804 EP 808 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 342PU UT WOS:000088655000008 PM 10922277 ER PT J AU LeBaron, CW Massoudi, M Stevenson, J Dang, H Lyons, B AF LeBaron, CW Massoudi, M Stevenson, J Dang, H Lyons, B TI The status of immunization measurement and feedback in the United States SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VACCINATION COVERAGE; PERFORMANCE; IMPACT AB Background: A large body of scientific and programmatic data has demonstrated that provider measurement and feedback raises immunization coverage. Starting in 1995, Congress required that all states measure childhood immunization coverage in all public clinics, and federal grant guidelines encourage private practice measurements. Objectives: To determine state immunization measurement rates and examine risk factors for high rates. Methods: Review of 1997 state reports, with correlation of measurement rates to birth cohort and provider numbers, public/private proportions, and vaccine distribution systems. Results: Of the 9505 public clinics, 45% were measured; + states measured all clinics; 29 measured a minority. Measurement rates were highest for Health Department clinics (67%), lower for community/migrant health centers (39%), and lowest for other clinics (22%). Rates were highly correlated among categories of clinics (r>+0.308, P<.03), and the fewer the clinics, the higher the measurement rates (r = -0.351, P =.01), but other factors were not significant. Of the 41 378 private practices, 6% were measured; no state measured all its practices; 1 measured a majority. Private practice measurement rates were not correlated to public clinic measurement rates or other factors examined. Of the 50883 total providers, 14% were measured; no state measured all providers; 2 measured a majority. A trend toward higher measurement rates was found in states with fewer providers (r=-0.266, P=.06). Conclusions: Three years after the congressional mandate, only a minority of public clinics and very few private practices had their immunization coverage measured. Greater efforts will be needed to assure implementation of the intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP LeBaron, CW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 154 IS 8 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 342PU UT WOS:000088655000013 PM 10922282 ER PT J AU Warner, M Smith, GS Langley, JD AF Warner, M Smith, GS Langley, JD TI Drowning and alcohol in New Zealand: what do the coroner's files tell us? SO AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID INJURIES AB Objective: To provide a systematic review of the details on alcohol involvement available in the coronial files to determine if there is enough evidence to estimate the role of alcohol in drowning. Method: We reviewed the coroner's files of persons 10 years or cider who drowned in New Zealand between 1992-1994 inclusive. Results: A total of 320 coroner's files were examined. Blood Alcohol Concentrations (BACs) were taken in 115 cases (36%) and positive for 50% of these. When accounting for the incomplete testing by using ail the information on alcohol involvement collected, between 30-40% of the cases were estimated to have a positive BAC and between 17-24% to have a BAC 100 mg/dL or higher. Conclusion: The quality and completeness of current coronial information on alcohol involvement in drowning is insufficient to arrive at an accurate estimate of the percentage of drownings where alcohol was a factor. Implications Coroners should test drowning victims 10 years and older for BAG. These data should be systematically recorded and processed with the goal of determining who should be targeted in drowning and alcohol prevention programs. C1 Univ Otago, Sch Med, Injury Prevent Res Unit, Dunedin, New Zealand. RP Warner, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6925 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. OI Smith, Gordon/0000-0002-2911-3071 FU NIAAA NIH HHS [R29AA07700]; PHS HHS [R49/CCR302486] NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC AUSTRALIA INC PI CURTIN PA PO BOX 319, CURTIN, ACT 2600, AUSTRALIA SN 1326-0200 J9 AUST NZ J PUBL HEAL JI Aust. N. Z. Publ. Health PD AUG PY 2000 VL 24 IS 4 BP 387 EP 390 DI 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2000.tb01599.x PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 354CG UT WOS:000089311800010 PM 11011465 ER PT J AU Roth, MJ Dawsey, SM Wang, GQ Tangrea, JA Zhou, B Ratnasinghe, D Woodson, KG Olivero, OA Poirier, MC Frye, BL Taylor, PR Weston, A AF Roth, MJ Dawsey, SM Wang, GQ Tangrea, JA Zhou, B Ratnasinghe, D Woodson, KG Olivero, OA Poirier, MC Frye, BL Taylor, PR Weston, A TI Association between GSTM1*0 and squamous dysplasia of the esophagus in the high risk region of Linxian, China SO CANCER LETTERS LA English DT Article DE esophageal cancer; cytochrome P450; glutathione-S-transferase; China ID XENOBIOTIC-METABOLIZING ENZYMES; S-TRANSFERASE M1; CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG-CANCER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS; BREAST-CANCER; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CYP1A1; GSTM1; GSTT1 AB Individuals with specific phase I and phase II enzyme polymorphisms may be at increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. However, to our knowledge there has been only one previous report that evaluates a potential role for these polymorphisms in increasing risk for preneoplastic squamous lesions of the esophagus. To explore this further, we examined polymorphisms in CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1, both independently and in combination, for potential associations with the risk of biopsy-proven squamous dysplasia of the esophagus in asymptomatic adults from Linxian, a high risk region in China. Cases consisted of 56 individuals from an esophageal cancer screening study with an endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of mild or moderate squamous dysplasia. Each case was matched on age (+/- 1 year) and gender to a control. Controls were defined as screening study participants with an endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of normal mucosa or esophagitis. DNA was extracted from frozen cell samples obtained by cytologic balloon examination and genotyped using standard methods. Individuals who were GSTM1 null (homozygous for GSTM1*0) were found to have a tendency for an increased risk of esophageal squamous dysplasia (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% CI, 0.9-7.4). No excess risks were observed for inheritance of other putative at risk genotypes CYP1A1*2B, CYP2E1*6 or GSTT1*0. The risk associated with the inheritance of combined genotypes was not significantly different than the risk estimates from the univariate analysis. These results are consistent with the notion that exposure to environmental carcinogens that are detoxified by GSTM1, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, may contribute to the etiology of esophageal cancer in Linxian. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 NCI, Canc Prevent Studies Branch, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Dept Endoscopy, Beijing 100021, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Med Sci, Dept Cytol, Beijing 100021, Peoples R China. NCI, Cellular Carcinogenesis & Tumor Promot Lab, Div Biol Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Roth, MJ (reprint author), Suite 321,6006 Execut Blvd,MSC 7058, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3835 J9 CANCER LETT JI Cancer Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2000 VL 156 IS 1 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00442-0 PG 9 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 396XC UT WOS:000166662400010 PM 10840162 ER PT J AU Miller, JM Tam, TWS Maloney, S Fukuda, K Cox, N Hockin, J Kertesz, D Klimov, A Cetron, M AF Miller, JM Tam, TWS Maloney, S Fukuda, K Cox, N Hockin, J Kertesz, D Klimov, A Cetron, M TI Cruise ships: High-risk passengers and the global spread of new influenza viruses SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In 1997, passengers on North American cruises developed acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs); influenza was suspected. We reviewed 1 ship's medical records for 3 cruises: cruise 1 (31 August to 10 September 1997), cruise 2 (11-20 September 1997), and cruise 3 (20-30 September 1997), Medically attended ARI was defined as any 2 of the following symptoms: fever (temperature, greater than or equal to 37.8 degrees C) or feverishness, sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, chills, myalgia, and arthralgia, During cruise 2, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs for viral culture from people with ARI and surveyed passengers for self-reported ARI (defined as above except feverishness was substituted for fever). The outbreak probably began among Australian passengers on cruise 1 (relative risk, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-5.77). Of 1284 passengers on cruise 2, 215 (17%) reported ARI, 994 (77%) were a;:ed greater than or equal to 65 years, and 336 (26%) had other risk factors for respiratory complications. An influenza strain not previously identified in North America was isolated. We concluded that an "off-season" influenza outbreak occurred among international travelers and crew on board this cruise ship. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hlth Canada, Lab Ctr Dis Control, Bur Infect Dis, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Hlth Canada, Lab Ctr Dis Control, Bur Infect Dis, Div Resp Dis, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Cetron, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS E03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 2 BP 433 EP 438 DI 10.1086/313974 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 363MD UT WOS:000089838700005 PM 10987701 ER PT J AU Herman, WH Engelgau, MM Zhang, Y Brown, MB AF Herman, WH Engelgau, MM Zhang, Y Brown, MB TI Use of GHb (HbA(1c)) to screen for undiagnosed diabetes in the US population SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Letter ID DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN; GLUCOSE C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Herman, WH (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, 1500 E Med Ctr Dr,3920 Taubman Ctr,Box 0354, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD AUG PY 2000 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1207 EP 1208 DI 10.2337/diacare.23.8.1207 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 337RW UT WOS:000088376300036 PM 10937532 ER PT J AU Will, JC Williamson, DF Ford, ES Calle, EE Thun, M Vinicor, F AF Will, JC Williamson, DF Ford, ES Calle, EE Thun, M Vinicor, F TI Averting the US diabetes epidemic: Does weight loss help? SO DIABETOLOGIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0012-186X J9 DIABETOLOGIA JI Diabetologia PD AUG PY 2000 VL 43 SU 1 MA 15 BP A4 EP A4 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 351BT UT WOS:000089136700015 ER PT J AU Backer, H Hollowell, J AF Backer, H Hollowell, J TI Use of iodine for water disinfection: Iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE goiter; iodine; thyroid disorders; thyroid hormones; water purification; water supply ID SUBCLINICAL THYROID-DISEASE; TRAVELERS THYROTOXICOSIS; ENDEMIC GOITER; PURIFICATION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; HUMANS AB Iodine is an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection for people who vacation, travel, or work in areas where municipal water treatment is not reliable. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine dose and duration of use when iodine is ingested in excess of the recommended daily dietary amount. The major health effect of concern with excess iodine ingestion is thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism with or without iodine-induced goiter. A review of the human trials on the safety of iodine ingestion indicates that neither the maximum recommended dietary dose (2 mg/day) nor the maximum recommended duration of use (3 weeks) has a firm basis. Rather than a clear threshold response level or a linear and temporal dose-response relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function, there appears to be marked individual sensitivity, often resulting from unmasking of underlying thyroid disease. The use of iodine for water disinfection requires a risk-benefit decision based on iodine's benefit as a disinfectant and the changes it induces in thyroid physiology. By using appropriate disinfection techniques and monitoring thyroid function, most people can use iodine for water treatment over a prolonged period of time. C1 Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Backer, H (reprint author), 109 Bonita Ave, Piedmont, CA 94611 USA. NR 71 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 108 IS 8 BP 679 EP 684 DI 10.2307/3434720 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 353VU UT WOS:000089296800015 PM 10964787 ER PT J AU Sobel, J Hirshfeld, AB McTigue, K Burnett, CL Altekruse, S Brenner, F Malcolm, G Mottice, SL Nichols, CR Swerdlow, DL AF Sobel, J Hirshfeld, AB McTigue, K Burnett, CL Altekruse, S Brenner, F Malcolm, G Mottice, SL Nichols, CR Swerdlow, DL TI The pandemic of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 reaches Utah: a complex investigation confirms the need for continuing rigorous control measures SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAKS AB In 1995, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) cases in the state of Utah increased fivefold. Isolates were identified as phage type 4 (PT4). Risk factors and sources of infection were investigated in two case-control studies, a traceback of implicated foods, and environmental testing. Forty-three patients with sporadic infections and 86 controls were included in a case-control study of risk factors for infection. A follow-up case-control study of 25 case and 19 control restaurants patronized by case and control patients examined risks associated with restaurant practices. In the first case-control study, restaurant dining was associated with illness (P = 0.002). In the follow-up case-control study, case restaurants were likelier to use > 2000 eggs per week (P < 0.02), to pool eggs (P < 0.05), and to use eggs from cooperative 'A' (P < 0.009). Eggs implicated in separately investigated SE PT4 outbreaks were traced to cooperative 'A', and SE PT4 was cultured from one of the cooperative's five local farms. We conclude that SE PT4 transmitted by infected eggs from a single farm caused a fivefold increase in human infections in Utah. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. State Utah Dept Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Salt Lake City, UT USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Sci Assessment & Support, Washington, DC 20204 USA. State Utah Dept Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Lab Serv, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Sobel, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-A38,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 125 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004057 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 368GH UT WOS:000090109000001 PM 11057952 ER PT J AU Fell, G Hamouda, O Lindner, R Rehmet, S Liesegang, A Prager, R Gericke, B Petersen, L AF Fell, G Hamouda, O Lindner, R Rehmet, S Liesegang, A Prager, R Gericke, B Petersen, L TI An outbreak of Salmonella blockley infections following smoked eel consumption in Germany SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article AB In June 1998, an increased number of persons with Salmonella blockley infection were reported from one German state. Because S. blockley is extremely uncommon in Germany, a case-control study was performed in order to find the source. A total of 13 patients met the case definition. Nine of 12 cases and 2 of 21 controls with food consumption histories reported eating smoked eel (OR 28.5; 95 % CI 3.9-235.3). The consumed eel came from four different local smokeries, but could be traced back to fish farms in Italy. This outbreak indicates that eel may be a vehicle for salmonella infection and that the smoking process may not eliminate bacterial contamination from raw fish. C1 Robert Koch Inst FG 23, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. Cty Hlth Author, Mecklenburg Vorpommern, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fell, G (reprint author), Robert Koch Inst FG 23, Stresemannstr 90-102, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 125 IS 1 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004069 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 368GH UT WOS:000090109000002 PM 11057953 ER PT J AU McAnulty, JM Keene, WE Leland, D Hoesly, F Hinds, B Stevens, G Fleming, DW AF McAnulty, JM Keene, WE Leland, D Hoesly, F Hinds, B Stevens, G Fleming, DW TI Contaminated drinking water in one town manifesting as an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in another SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID DAY-CARE-CENTER; GIARDIA-LAMBLIA; HEALTHY-ADULTS; COMMUNITY; PARVUM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT; INFECTIVITY; GEORGIA; CALVES AB In early 1992 we identified an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Oregon and sought to identify and control its source. We used a series of studies to identify risk factors for illness: (i) a case-control study among employees of a long-term-care facility (LTCF); (ii) a matched case-control study of the general community; (iii) a cohort study of wedding attendees; and (iv) a cross-sectional survey of the general community. Drinking Talent water was associated with illness in the LTCF (OR = 22.7, 95 % CI = 2.7-1009.0), and in the community (matched OR = 9.5, 95 % CI 2.3-84.1). Drinking Talent water was associated with illness only among non-Talent residents who attended the wedding (P < 0.001) and in the community (RR = 6.5, 95 % CI 3.3-12.9). The outbreak was caused by contaminated municipal water from Talent in the absence of a discernible outbreak among Talent residents, suggesting persons exposed to contaminated water may develop immunity to cryptosporidiosis. C1 Oregon Hlth Div, Ctr Dis Prevent & Epidemiol, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Jackson Cty Hlth Dept, Medford, OR 97504 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Field Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McAnulty, JM (reprint author), New S Wales Hlth Dept, Communicable Dis Surveillance & Control Unit, Locked Mail Bag 961, N Sydney, NSW, Australia. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 125 IS 1 BP 79 EP 86 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004136 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 368GH UT WOS:000090109000011 PM 11057962 ER PT J AU Meehan, PJ Wells, DL Paul, W Buff, E Lewis, A Muth, D Hopkins, R Karabatsos, N Tsai, TF AF Meehan, PJ Wells, DL Paul, W Buff, E Lewis, A Muth, D Hopkins, R Karabatsos, N Tsai, TF TI Epidemiological features of and public health response to a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Florida, 1990-1 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS; OUTBREAK; VIRUS AB A St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) epidemic in Florida during 25 weeks in 1990-1, resulted in 222 laboratory-diagnosed cases, an attack rate in the 28 affected counties of 2.25/100000. Disease risk rose with advanced age, to 17.14/100000 in persons over 80 years, and all 14 fatal cases were in persons over 55 years (median, 70 years). Community serosurveys in Indian River County, the epicenter of the outbreak (attack rate 21/100000), showed acute asymptomatic infections in 3.6% of the persons surveyed, with higher rates in persons with outdoor occupational exposure (7.4%) and in clients of a shelter for the indigent (13.3%). A matched case-control study found that evening outdoor exposure for more than 2 h was associated with an increased risk for acquiring illness (odds ratio [OR] 4.33, 95% CI 1.23-15.21) while a number of recommended personal protective measures were protective. Four SLE patients were dually infected with Highlands J virus, the first reported cases of acute infection with this alphavirus. The case-control study provided the first evidence that a public education campaign to reduce exposure had a protective effect against acquiring the disease. C1 Florida Dept Hlth & Rehabil Serv, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vectorborne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Meehan, PJ (reprint author), Georgia Dept Human Resources, 324 W Pike St, Lawrenceville, GA 30046 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 125 IS 1 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1017/S0950268899004227 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 368GH UT WOS:000090109000024 PM 11057975 ER PT J AU Schieve, LA Meikle, SF Peterson, HB Jeng, G Burnett, NM Wilcox, LS AF Schieve, LA Meikle, SF Peterson, HB Jeng, G Burnett, NM Wilcox, LS TI Does assisted hatching pose a risk for monozygotic twinning in pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization? SO FERTILITY AND STERILITY LA English DT Article DE assisted hatching; monozygotic; multiple birth ID HUMAN-EMBRYOS; ZONA-PELLUCIDA; MULTIPLE BIRTHS; POOR-PROGNOSIS; MOUSE EMBRYOS; TWINS; IMPLANTATION; BLASTOCYST; RATES; ENHANCEMENT AB Objective: To examine the association between assisted hatching and monozygotic (MZ) twinning. Design: Case-control. Setting: Population-based sample of IVF-ET cycles initiated in U.S. clinics, 1996. Patient(s): The IVF-ET (n = 35,503) cycles and 11,247 resultant pregnancies. Intervention(s): Use of an assisted hatching procedure on embryos transferred. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cases were pregnancies for which number of fetal hearts observed on ultrasound exceeded number of embryos transferred. These pregnancies were considered to contain at least one MZ set of twins. Cases were compared with two control groups: other multiple-gestation pregnancies (greater than or equal to 2 fetal hearts but number of fetal hearts less than or equal to number of embryos transferred); and singleton pregnancies (1 fetal heart). Result(s): Women with a case pregnancy were more likely to have received embryos treated with assisted hatching procedures than were women in either control group. After adjustment for patient age, number of embryos transferred, prior cycles, infertility diagnosis, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and whether embryos from the current cycle were cryopreserved for later use, odds ratios and 95% CIs for use of assisted hatching were 3.2 (1.3-8.0), compared with other multiple-gestation pregnancies, and 3.8 (1.8-9.8), compared with singleton pregnancies. Conclusion(s): Assisted hatching may pose a risk for MZ twinning. (C) 2000 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Schieve, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Mailstop K-34,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 36 TC 100 Z9 117 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0015-0282 J9 FERTIL STERIL JI Fertil. Steril. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 288 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00602-6 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA 341MW UT WOS:000088595000015 PM 10927046 ER PT J AU Kraft, JM Beeker, C Stokes, JP Peterson, JL AF Kraft, JM Beeker, C Stokes, JP Peterson, JL TI Finding the "community" in community-level HIV/AIDS interventions: Formative research with young African American men who have sex with men SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID RISK; HIV; AIDS AB Data from 76 qualitative interviews with 18- to 29-year-old African American men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chicago and Atlanta were examined to identify perceptions of "communily" and components of a community-level HIV/AIDS intervention. Many men reported feeling marginal to African American and gay White communities because of perceived homophobia and racism. Those who reported feeling part of gay African American communities characterized communities in terms of settings, social structures, and functions, including social support, socialization, and mobility. Despite these positive functions, divisions among groups of MSM, lack of settings for nonsexual interaction with other MSM, lack of leadership, and negative attitudes toward homosexuality may make it difficult for men to participate in activities to alter community contexts that influence behavior. Rather, changing norms, increasing social support, and community building should be part of initial community-level interventions. Community building might identify leaders, create new settings, and create opportunities for dialogue between MSM and African American community groups to address negative perceptions of homosexuality. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control MS K48, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Kraft, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control MS K48, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU410874] NR 22 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 27 IS 4 BP 430 EP 441 DI 10.1177/109019810002700406 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 333DR UT WOS:000088114200005 PM 10929751 ER PT J AU Nolte, KB AF Nolte, KB TI Sudden cardiac death owing to pseudoxanthoma elasticum: A case report SO HUMAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pathology; pathophysiology forensic science; pseudoxanthoma elasticum; mortality; autopsy; cardiac disease AB A 26-year-old woman collapsed and died suddenly while dancing. Autopsy findings included the cutaneous lesions of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare genetic disease with autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, Pathologic findings of PXE (degenerated elastic fibers) were seen in the stenotic epicardial coronary arteries, the intramyocardial arterioles, the subendocardium, the mitral valve, and the blood vessels of other viscera. The mitral valve was slightly myxoid, Intramyocardial arteriolar involvement has nor been previously described in PXE. The other cardiac findings have only been described in a few cases. Although mitral valve prolapse in PXE has been shown echocardiographically, it is unclear whether or not the mitral valve findings in this case represent the substrate for this condition. It is important that autopsy pathologists search carefully for the pathognomonic skin lesions of PXE in cases of sudden death associated with coronary disease, mitral valve prolapse, or endocardial lesions. Recognition of this disease is essential for proper genetic counseling of surviving family members. Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Off Med Investigator, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Med Examiner Coroner Informat Sharing Program, Surveillance & Programs Branch,Natl Ctr Environm, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nolte, KB (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Off Med Investigator, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0046-8177 J9 HUM PATHOL JI Hum. Pathol. PD AUG PY 2000 VL 31 IS 8 BP 1002 EP 1004 DI 10.1053/hupa.2000.0311002 PG 3 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 352TE UT WOS:000089233300016 PM 10987263 ER EF