FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT B AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, HL BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI A new global wave forecast system at NCEP SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm ID MODEL; UNSTEADY AB This paper describes a new ocean wave prediction system which is presently being developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The wave model is briefly described together with its global application in the forecast system. The validation of the wind fields and the wave model are discussed. NCEP's wind fields include a moderate systematic bias. which has reduced significantly with recent upgrades of NCEP's model suite. The new wave model (WAVEWATCH-III) required some modifications in its first practical application. With these modifications, the new model outperforms the WAM model in the tropics, and gives similar results at higher latitudes in a three-month hindcast study. A parallel comparison with NCEP's present operational WAM model has recently started. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Ocean Modeling Branch, Camp Springs, MD 21746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Ocean Modeling Branch, 5200 Auth Rd Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 21746 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 777 EP 786 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400059 ER PT B AU Steele, KE AF Steele, KE BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI A proposed method for minimizing the number of bits needed to encode nondirectional wave spectra for satellite transmissions SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm AB Remotely deployed buoys and other marine data acquisition systems sometimes need to transmit nondirectional wave spectra via geostationary or polar orbiting satellites A need exists to minimize the number of bits used to transmit these data, both to conserve the rime allowed (by the satellite) for transmission, and to reduce power consumption occurring at the platform. Sending a separate number for each spectral energy density at each center frequency of each band comprising a broad band wave spectrum is a relatively inefficient way of transmitting wave data, because it takes no account, of the fact that (virtually without exception) the energy density in a particular band is nor very much different from the energy densities in adjacent bands on either side. The usual continuity of spectra spectra plotted on a frequency scale can be used to advantage in constructing a message for transmission via satellite. In this paper, the author proposes a method for encoding nondirectional wave spectra that can effect a major reduction in the number of bits used to transmit data to shore without major loss of data quality. Advantage is taken of the continuity of spectral estimates on the frequency scale, and other characteristics of the data, to achieve this reduction. An example of the method being applied to real data is provided to show the degree of degradation in a particular instance. C1 NOAA, NDBC, Wave Measurement Syst, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Steele, KE (reprint author), NOAA, NDBC, Wave Measurement Syst, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 1021 EP 1032 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400078 ER PT B AU Houston, SH Powell, MD AF Houston, SH Powell, MD BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI Surface wind fields in hurricanes SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm ID ANDREW LANDFALL; SOUTH FLORIDA C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Houston, SH (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 1391 EP 1399 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400106 ER PT B AU Chalikov, D AF Chalikov, D BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI Interactive modeling of surface waves and boundary layer SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm AB A new theoretical approach to investigate the nonlinear wave dynamics and wind-wave interaction is developed on a coupled model of wave boundary layer (WBL) and surface waves dynamics. WBL-model is based on the nonstatic Reynolds equations written in nonstationary conformal surface-following coordinate system in the 2-D domain above an arbitrary periodic moving surface which may be represented by a Fourier series. Closure scheme is based on a full turbulent energy evolution equation. Wave dynamics are simulated based of the equations for potential waves. The solutions for air and water components are coupled at each time step by assimilation of surface pressure (obtained from the boundary layer model) into wave model, and shape of the surface and surface velocity components (obtained from the wave model) into boundary layer model. The method developed may be applied to a broad range of wave dynamics and wind-wave interaction problems where the assumption of two-dimensionality is acceptable. C1 NOAA, NWS, Ocean Modeling Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 21746 USA. RP Chalikov, D (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Ocean Modeling Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 21746 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 1525 EP 1539 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400117 ER PT B AU Lindsay, J Karl, H McGillivary, P Vogt, P Hall, R MacDonald, I Coles, B AF Lindsay, J Karl, H McGillivary, P Vogt, P Hall, R MacDonald, I Coles, B GP IEEE IEEE TI Response actions at offshore hazardous waste sites SO OCEANS'98 - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE OCEANS Conference and Exhibition on Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Oceans (OCEANS 98) CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1998 CL NICE, FRANCE SP IEEE, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc AB Scores of U.S. offshore continental hazardous wastes sites, including radioactive, bulk industrial chemical, unexploded ordnance, and chemical weapons, as well as sunken vessels containing hazardous cargo have gone uninvestigated as to their potential impact on the marine ecosystem. Only one site investigated, the Santa Clara I, with advanced technologies resulted in a successful response action not requiring further attention. Other sites investigated continue to plague regulators with unresolved questions. The concerns at three sites, Massachusetts Bay, Empire Knight, and Gulf of Farallones are primarily being driven by concern over public perception regarding risk to human health and/or the marine ecosystem. A large suite of acoustic devices, electro-optic imaging systems, remotely operated vehicles and submersibles now enable the application of a range continuum of resolution for offshore site investigations. A systematic investigative approach along a continuum beginning with broad scale, low-resolution data followed as warranted by increasingly higher resolving technologies appears to be the most expedient and flexible systematic approach for chronic sites. However, the high cost of advanced technologies and logistics for offshore investigations, aggravated by reduced agency budgets for research and response is limiting technological access, data acquisition and site investigation closure. New ways of leveraging limited dollars are necessary to fulfill mandates, missions, and research and development needs. C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lindsay, J (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, 7600 Sand Pt Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5045-6 PY 1998 BP 77 EP 81 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM30T UT WOS:000078340800017 ER PT B AU McCall, JC AF McCall, JC GP IEEE IEEE TI Advances in National Data Buoy Center technology SO OCEANS'98 - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE OCEANS Conference and Exhibition on Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Oceans (OCEANS 98) CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1998 CL NICE, FRANCE SP IEEE, IEEE Ocean Engn Soc AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) delivers real-time data from more than 140 remote stations located from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean off New England, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Bering Sea. These operational environmental monitoring stations, which often provide the only measurements from some regions, serve the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) storm warning and forecast mission, the research and climate-monitoring goals of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the research and operational requirements of other Federal, state, academic, and private sponsors. Much of the 22-year success of NDBC has been due to its comprehensive technology development and refreshment program, which has brought it to its current state of operational engineering. This has resulted in the development of new systems and components currently being introduced to the network and has laid the ground work for adding new capabilities to its stations. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP McCall, JC (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5045-6 PY 1998 BP 544 EP 548 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM30T UT WOS:000078340800112 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Hay, ME AF Miller, MW Hay, ME TI Effects of fish predation and seaweed competition on the survival and growth of corals SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE coral; corallivory; Florida; predation; seaweed competition ID PARROTFISH SPARISOMA-VIRIDE; URCHIN DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM; REEF ALGAL COMMUNITIES; MASS MORTALITY; CORALLIOPHILA-ABBREVIATA; SEA-URCHINS; HERBIVORY; CORALLIVORE; MAINTENANCE; LIMITATION AB On Caribbean coral reefs, high rates of grazing by herbivorous fishes are thought to benefit corals because fishes consume competing seaweeds. We conducted field experiments in the Florida Keys, USA, to examine the effects of grazing fishes on coral/seaweed competition. Initially, fragments of Porites divaracata from an inshore habitat were transplanted into full-cage, half-cage, and no-cage treatments on a fore-reef. Within 48 h, 56% of the unprotected corals in half-cage and no-cage treatments (62 of Ill)were completely consumed. Stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) were the major coral predators, with redband parrotfish (S. aurofrenatum) also commonly attacking this coral. Next, we transplanted fragments of P. porites collected from the fore-reef habitat where our caging experiments were being conducted into the three cage treatments, half in the presence of transplanted seaweeds, and half onto initially clean substrates. The corals were allowed to grow in these conditions, with concurrent development of competing seaweeds, for 14 weeks. Although seaweed cover and biomass were both significantly greater in the full-cage treatment, coral growth did not differ significantly between cage treatments even though corals placed with pre-planted seaweeds grew significantly less than corals placed on initially clean substrate. This surprising result occurred because parrotfishes not only grazed algae from accessible treatments, but also fed directly on our coral transplants. Parrotfish feeding scars were significantly more abundant on P. porites from the half and no-cage treatments than on corals in the full cages. On this Florida reef, direct fish predation on some coral species (P. divaracata) can exclude them from fore-reef areas, as has previously been shown for certain seaweeds and sponges. For other corals that live on the fore-reef (P. porites), the benefits of fishes removing seaweeds can be counterbalanced by the detrimental effects of fishes directly consuming corals. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Vivginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM margaret.w.miller@noaa.gov RI Hay, Mark/D-9752-2011 OI Hay, Mark/0000-0002-6130-9349 NR 52 TC 84 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 29 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 1998 VL 113 IS 2 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s004420050373 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT907 UT WOS:000071658500011 PM 28308202 ER PT B AU Lehr, WJ Overstreet, R AF Lehr, WJ Overstreet, R BE GarciaMartinez, R Brebbia, CA TI Smoke plume screening tool for in-situ burning SO OIL AND HYDROCARBON SPILLS, MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control CY JUL, 1998 CL SOUTHAMPTON, ENGLAND SP Wessex Inst Technol Southampton, Inst Mecanica Fluidos, Univ Cent Venezuela AB One of the newer techniques in oil spill cleanup is in-situ burning of the slick. However, the option to burn floating oil is sometimes restricted due to the resulting smoke plume it creates. Sophisticated models exist to predict this smoke plume but usually require non-trivial, on-scene meteorological measurements and a skilled operator to run successfully. While such requirements are reasonable in the case of an actual burn event, there are situations when less data and expertise are available and less accuracy is required. Such situations include screening scenarios for planning purposes and early feasibility studies. NOAA/HAZMAT has developed a smoke plume screening tool as part of the redesign of its oil behavior and fate model. The model assumes a Gaussian distribution where the source 'height' is determined by estimating plume rise. Different dispersion parameters and wind profiles are used depending upon atmospheric stability class. The model calculates smoke concentrations for both neutral and stable situations, the two likely cases for open water conditions. The output from the model is a ground level composite bounding footprint of smoke concentration, taking into account the different stability situations. Model results are compared with a more complicated model and experimental burn results in order to estimate the degree of accuracy that can be expected with such a screening tool. C1 NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response & Assessment Div, HAZMAT, Seattle, WA USA. RP Lehr, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response & Assessment Div, HAZMAT, Seattle, WA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-526-1 PY 1998 BP 121 EP 129 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Petroleum; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BL96J UT WOS:000077293700011 ER PT S AU Barnes, PY Early, EA Johnson, BC Butler, JJ Bruegge, CJ Biggar, S Spyak, PR Pavlov, M AF Barnes, PY Early, EA Johnson, BC Butler, JJ Bruegge, CJ Biggar, S Spyak, PR Pavlov, M BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Intercomparisons of reflectance measurements SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE aluminum; bidirectional reflectance distribution function; comparison; diffuse reflectance; polytetrafluoroethylene; reflectance; reflectance factor; spectralon AB A comparison of spectral diffuse reflectance between different national standards laboratories is being planned under the direction of the Comite Consultatif de Photometrie ct Radiometrie (CCPR). A similar comparison of bidirectional reflectance distribution factor among laboratories in the United States in support of optical remote sensing measurements is nearing completion. Since this comparison provides valuable lessons for the one organized by the CCPR, pertinent results and their implications are presented. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, PY (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 10 EP 15 DI 10.1117/12.326663 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500002 ER PT S AU Hanssen, L Kaplan, S AF Hanssen, L Kaplan, S BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Methods for absolute reflectance measurement of transmissive materials in the infrared SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn AB Four methods for the measurement of absolute reflectance are described and compared, with particular emphasis on application to transmissive materials such as windows and filters. Three of the methods, the 'V-W', 'V-N', and goniometer based methods, have been in use for a number of years. The fourth is an integrating sphere method. The sphere system is used for both specular and diffuse samples but achieves its greatest accuracy in the measurement of specular reflectance and transmittance.(1) A direct comparison of the sphere and goniometer methods is made on samples in the infrared spectral region. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 16 EP 27 DI 10.1117/12.326674 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500003 ER PT S AU Hanssen, L Kaplan, S AF Hanssen, L Kaplan, S BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Problems posed by scattering transmissive materials for accurate transmittance and reflectance measurements SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn AB The characterization of the spectral transmittance and reflectance of windows and other optical components is a basic and important measurement. In principal, the measurements are relatively straightforward. However, even with an ideal high-accuracy measurement system, the sample's scattering properties can render the measurement results inaccurate or easily misinterpreted. The effects of low levels of scatter from specular transmissive samples on optical property measurements are demonstrated in the infrared with specular and hemispherical detection instrumentation. Complete measurement of the reflected, transmitted, and scattered light from these samples is demonstrated in the infrared using a center-mount integrating sphere. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1117/12.326677 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500004 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Characterization of narrow-band infrared interference filters SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE filter; infrared; transmittance AB A Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer system is used to measure the transmittance of infrared band-pass filters as a function of wavelength, temperature, and beam geometry. Measurements are performed using an f/4 beam geometry at normal incidence, or a nearly collimated geometry with variable angle of incidence. Blocking filters are used to expand the dynamic range of the out-of-band measurement to transmittances as low as 10(-6) with 4 cm(-1) resolution. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 48 EP 55 DI 10.1117/12.326678 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500006 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Migdall, AL Lefever-Button, G AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Migdall, AL Lefever-Button, G BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Characterization of high-OD ultrathin infrared neutral density filters SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE neutral-density filter; infrared; transmittance AB We have performed transmittance measurements of metal-film neutral density filters on ultrathin polymer substrates using both Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and laser-based (3.39 mu m and 10.6 mu m) systems. The use of ultrathin substrates, free of etaloning effects over the 2 mu m to 20 mu m spectral range, allows the FT-IR and laser measurements to be directly compared. We discuss the evaluation of the uncertainties in the transmittance values in both types of systems. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 56 EP 63 DI 10.1117/12.326679 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500007 ER PT S AU Choquette, SJ Travis, JC Duewer, DL AF Choquette, SJ Travis, JC Duewer, DL BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI cSRM 2035: a rare earth oxide glass for the wavelength calibration of near infrared dispersive and Fourier transform spectrometers. SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE wavelength calibration; near infrared (NIR); optical filter; wavelength standard; spectrometer; rare earth oxide AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing an optical filter standard for calibration of the wavelength axis of near infrared (NIR) transmission spectrometers. A design goal for the initial candidate Standard Reference Material (cSRM) filter was to provide absorbance peaks evenly covering the spectral region between 800 nm to 1600nm (12000 cm(-1) to 6500 cm(-1)) The reproducibility of the peak location, for batch-certified filters, was to be better than 0.02 nm (similar to 0.1 cm(-1)). Glasses with 1 to 3 mole % Yb2O3, Sm2O3, and Nd2O3,incorporated into a commercial lanthanum oxide glass were evaluated for this proposed optical standard. An initial batch of cSRM 2035 filters was prepared based on studies of glasses made and evaluated in our laboratory. An interlaboratory comparison study was initiated in February 1997 to evaluate the utility of these filters for the chemical, pharmaceutical, instrumentation, and regulatory communities. Information concerning peak-picking algorithms, wavelength coverage, geometry preferences, and other parameters was solicited from the users. Based upon input from the participants of this interlaboratory study, we are making several changes to make SRM 2035 more useful to our customers. Two of these changes are: 1) incorporating Ho2O3 into the glass to introduce an absorbance peak at similar to 2000 nm (similar to 5000 cm) and 2) providing users with a standard center of gravity (COG) peak-picking algorithm to locate the absorbance peaks of the SRM filter precisely. Recent results have demonstrated that the COG method provides a 10 fold improvement in the precision of locating peaks compared with traditional peak-picking methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choquette, SJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 94 EP 102 DI 10.1117/12.326655 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500011 ER PT S AU Barnes, PY Early, EA AF Barnes, PY Early, EA BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Re-evaluation of spectrophotometric standard reference materials for additional geometries and wavelengths SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE aluminum mirror; black glass; gold mirror; specular reflectance; standard reference materials; wavelength standards AB Two types of mirrors and a glass are used as Standard Reference Materials to calibrate the specular reflectance scales of optical systems. While calibrations of these materials are routinely performed using the 6 degrees/6 degrees geometry, there has been an increased interest in the optical radiation measurement community for additional bidirectional geometries such as 30 degrees/30 degrees and 45 degrees/45 degrees. This paper reports the results of specular reflectance measurements of first surface aluminum and gold mirrors and polished black glass at wavelengths from 250 nm to 2250 nm. Supplemental measurements of wavelength standards are included to provide a comprehensive overview of the standards available for calibrating spectrophotometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, PY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1117/12.326656 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500012 ER PT S AU Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM AF Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Absorption line evaluation methods for wavelength standards SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE center of gravity method; peak finding; wavenumber standard; FT-IR; extrapolated peak minimum; extrapolated center of gravity; data spacing; data interval; peak shift; weighted Chi square fit AB Two methods for absorption line (peak) evaluation based on center of gravity (CG) calculations are described and compared using spectra of the NIST standard reference material (SRM) 1921(a) characterization measurements. These methods are (I) calculating the CG of 50% of the absorption line and (2) an extrapolated center of gravity (ECG) method designed to determine the line minimum (peak maximum) location important parameters used in both methods are evaluated. The importance of the spectral data spacing on the accuracy of the CG calculation is examined in detail and quantified for the 1921a lines. The effects of the range of data as well as the fitting routine used in the extrapolation process (in the ECG method) on the final line minimum are examined. A comparison of the absorption line values determined from the SRM 1921(a) spectra by the two methods is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhu, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1117/12.326657 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500013 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SL Hanssen, L AF Kaplan, SL Hanssen, L BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Normal infrared spectral emittance of Al2O3 SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE sapphire; emittance; infrared AB We have measured the near-normal ordinary ray transmittance and reflectance of crystalline Al2O3 from 1.6 mu m to 11 mu m and temperatures from 296 K to 582 K. The absorptance, or emittance, is derived from 1-(T+R), where T and R are the measured transmittance and reflectance. The derived emittance curves are compared with the predictions of a multi-phonon model prediction. Generally, good agreement is found between the measured and predicted results in the region of the multi-phonon absorption edge. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SL (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1117/12.326658 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500014 ER PT S AU Kawate, E Hanssen, LM Kaplan, SG Datla, RV AF Kawate, E Hanssen, LM Kaplan, SG Datla, RV BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Design and operation of a highly sensitive and accurate laser calorimeter for low absorption materials SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE rate laser calorimeter; adiabatic laser calorimeter; low absorption coefficient; stray light; electrical calibration; potassium chloride; pumped OPO tunable laser; calibration heater; tracking heater; temperature-control heater AB This work surveys techniques to measure the absorption coefficient of low absorption materials. A laser calorimeter is being developed with a sensitivity goal of (1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5) cm(-1) with one watt of laser power using a CO2 laser (9 mu m toll mu m ), a CO laser (5 mu m to 8 mu m), a He-Ne laser (3.39 mu m), and a pumped OPO tunable laser (2 mu m to 4 mu m) in the infrared region. Much attention has been given to the requirements for high sensitivity and to sources of systematic error including stray light. Our laser calorimeter is capable of absolute electrical calibration. Preliminary results for the absorption coefficient of highly transparent potassium chloride (KCl) samples are reported. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kawate, E (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 134 EP 145 DI 10.1117/12.326660 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500016 ER PT S AU Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U AF Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Measurements of index of refraction in the deep and vacuum ultraviolet using the minimum deviation method SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE index of refraction; refractive index; dispersion; fused silica; calcium fluoride AB We discuss a procedure for making accurate measurements of the index of refraction, its dispersion, and its temperature dependence, in the deep ultraviolet (near 193 nm), using precision goniometric spectrometers and the minimum deviation method. Measurements of the indices of fused silica and calcium fluoride near 193 nm, with a fractional accuracy of 7 ppm, are discussed. These measurements reveled differences in the indices between different grades of fused silica. Accurate values of the temperature dependencies were determined from measurements of the indices at several temperatures in a 20 degrees C range about 20 degrees C. A procedure to measure the index of calcium fluoride in the vacuum ultraviolet region (157 nm) using a N-2 purge housing is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 188 EP 195 DI 10.1117/12.326665 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500021 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Griesmann, U Gupta, R AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Griesmann, U Gupta, R BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI Fourier transform refractometry SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE index of refraction; glass; infrared; Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer AB We describe instrumentation that has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for measurement of the index of refraction of solid materials in the spectral region from 0.5 mu m to 1000 mu m using Fourier-transform based spectrophotometers and etalon samples. Preliminary index of refraction measurements have been performed on fused silica and arsenic trisulfide glass samples from 0.5 mu m to 12 mu m, and the results are compared to tabulated values on these materials. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1117/12.326666 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500023 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM BE Datla, RV Hanssen, LM TI FT-IR based polarimeter with high-quality Brewster-angle polarizers SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC TRANSMISSIVE MATERIALS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Transmissive Materials CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE polarizer; polarimetry; infrared; retardance; Mueller matrix AB A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer-based broadband infrared polarimeter has been developed around a pair of high-quality Brewster angle polarizers. These polarizers consist of four Ge plates in a chevron geometry and have been measured to have extinction ratios of less than 10(-5) at four laser wavelengths from 0.63 mu m to 10.6 mu m. The polarimeter has been used to characterize wire-grid polarizers from 1 mu m to 12 mu m, as well as for full Mueller matrix determination from 1 mu m to 5 mu m using a rotating-retarder arrangement with a pair of MgF2 retarders. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2880-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3425 BP 239 EP 242 DI 10.1117/12.326668 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM03R UT WOS:000077457500027 ER PT S AU Davies, BJ Kishore, R Mammen, M Helmerson, K Choi, SK Phillips, WD Whitesides, GM AF Davies, BJ Kishore, R Mammen, M Helmerson, K Choi, SK Phillips, WD Whitesides, GM BE Farkas, DL Leif, RC Tromberg, BJ Katzir, A TI Optically controlled collisions of biological objects SO OPTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, PROCEEDINGS OF SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Investigations of Cells In Vitro and In Vivo CY JAN 25-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE optical tweezers; influenza virus; polymeric inhibitor; polyvalent inhibitor; erythrocyte; HAI AB We have developed a new assay in which two mesoscale particles are caused to collide using two independently controlled optical tweezers. This assay involves the measurement of the adhesion probability following a collision. Since the relative orientation, impact parameter (i.e., distance of closest approach), and collision velocity of the particles, as well as the components of the solution, are all under the user's control, this assay can mimic a wide range of biologically relevant collisions. We illustrate the utility of our assay by evaluating the adhesion probability of a single erythrocyte (red blood cell) to an influenza virus-coated microsphere, in the presence of sialic acid-bearing inhibitors of adhesion. This probability as a function of inhibitor concentration yields a measure of the effectiveness of the inhibitor for blocking viral adhesion. Most of the inhibition constants obtained using the tweezers agree well with those obtained from other techniques, although the inhibition constants for the best of the inhibitors were beyond the limited resolution of conventional assays. They were readily evaluated using our tweezers-based assay, however, and prove to be the most potent inhibitors of adhesion between influenza virus and erythrocytes ever measured. Further studies are underway to investigate the effect of collision velocity on the adhesion probability, with the eventual goal of understanding the various mechanisms of inhibition (direct competition for viral binding sites versus steric stabilization). Analysis of these data also provide evidence that the density of binding sites may be a crucial parameter in the application of this assay and polymeric inhibition in general. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davies, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; OI Choi, Seok Ki/0000-0001-5633-4817 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2699-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3260 BP 15 EP 22 DI 10.1117/12.307104 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Microscopy; Optics SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Microscopy; Optics GA BL09H UT WOS:000074240100002 ER PT S AU Proffitt, MH Langford, AO AF Proffitt, MH Langford, AO BE Singh, UN Hu, H Wang, G TI Tropospheric ozone measurements at a mid-latitude site using the RTD-DIAL technique SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING FOR INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Optical Remote Sensing for Industry and Environmental Monitoring CY SEP 15-17, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Chem Div (USA), Chinese Acad Sci,Inst Atmospher Phys, CSSR, Chinese Soc Space Res, COEMA, China Opt & Optoelectron Mfg Assoc DE LIDAR; DIAL; remote sensing; ozone; troposphere AB Ozone concentrations vary considerably in the troposphere on all spatial and temporal scales. The study of tropospheric ozone variability and trends require highly accurate measurements over time scales from minutes to years. The NOAA Rapid Tunable Daylight (RTD) Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system with its high temporal (2 minutes/profile) and spatial (less than or equal to 1 km vertical) resolution is particularly well suited for these studies. The 5 year data set from our mid-latitude site provides valuable information about the processes that contribute to the variability of tropospheric ozone on timescales from minutes to years. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Proffitt, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Langford, Andrew/D-2323-2009 OI Langford, Andrew/0000-0002-2932-7061 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2963-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3504 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1117/12.319591 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BL83K UT WOS:000076865900023 ER PT S AU Goldberg, MD Blersch, D AF Goldberg, MD Blersch, D BE Wang, J Wu, B Ogawa, T Guan, ZH TI NPOESS program and the performance of advanced infrared sounders SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds CY SEP 15-17, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Atmospher Chem Div (USA), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, CSSR Chinese Soc Space Res, COEMA China Opt & Optoelectron Mfg Assoc DE satellite; remote sensing; infrared interferometer; atmospheric temperature and moisture AB The NPOESS program merges the United States military and civil operational meteorological satellite systems. The convergence of both systems result in significant cost savings and most importantly increase system performance. An example of improved performance is the inclusion of an advanced high spectral resolution infrared sounder, which will greatly improve the accuracy of satellite temperature and moisture soundings and is expected to yield significant improvements in numerical weather prediction. Further benefits include nowcasting and climate studies. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2960-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3501 BP 78 EP 81 DI 10.1117/12.577947 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BL84H UT WOS:000076911000010 ER PT S AU Eppeldauer, G Racz, M Larason, T AF Eppeldauer, G Racz, M Larason, T BE Akos, G Lupkovics, G Podmaniczky, A TI Optical characterization of diffuser-input standard irradiance meters SO OPTIKA '98 - 5TH CONGRESS ON MODERN OPTICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Congress on Modern Optics CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP Sci Soc Opt Acoust Mot Picture & Theater Technol, SPIE, Hungary Chapter, Int Commiss Opt, Hungarian Natl Comm Tech Dev, Fdn Ind, Hungary, Natl Business & Innovat Ctr, Hungary DE aperture; cosine function; directional responsivity; detector; diffuser; irradiance; photodiode; radiometer; spectral responsivity; working standard AB Standards quality irradiance meters have been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to realize a detector based spectral irradiance scale. The design criteria and the optical and radiometric characterization of diffuser-input irradiance meters are discussed. The input geometry optimization is described for a broad-band InGaAs irradiance meter when measuring a 2856 K incandescent light source. The directional responsivity of the fabricated InGaAs and Si irradiance meters matches the cosine function with a maximum deviation of 0.15 % within a 12 degrees field-of-view (FOV). Irradiance from sources of different sizes (incident beams with different f/numbers) can be measured over a wavelength range of 350 nm to 1800 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3038-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3573 BP 220 EP 224 DI 10.1117/12.321015 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL86T UT WOS:000076986300053 ER PT J AU Silliman, JE Meyers, PA Eadie, BJ AF Silliman, JE Meyers, PA Eadie, BJ TI Perylene: an indicator of alteration processes or precursor materials? SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP European Assoc Organ Geochemists DE algal productivity; terrigenous matter; mass accumulation rate; lake sediments; n-alkanes; PAH; Lake Ontario; diagenesis ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; LAKE-ONTARIO; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; GEOCHEMISTRY; DIAGENESIS; RECORD AB Perylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is found pervasively in both marine and freshwater sediments, yet its origin remains obscure. We have explored relationships between perylene and possible precursor materials in two Pb-210-dated sediment cores from Lake Ontario in which contributions of aquatic and land-plant organic matter and concentrations of anthropogenic PAHs have been measured. No significant correlations were identified between perylene occurrence and indicators of terrigenous or aquatic sources of organic matter. Distinct differences between perylene and anthropogenic PAH sedimentary profiles rule out an industrial source for perylene at these locations. The general pattern of low-to-absent perylene concentrations in upper, oxic sediments and increasing concentrations with depth indicates that in situ diagenesis under anoxic conditions produces perylene and that its formation is kinetically controlled. The results of our study suggest that perylene is formed from non-specific precursor materials by biotic or abiotic transformation processes. If this scenario accurately describes its formation, then perylene is an indicator of depositional conditions rather than the source of organic matter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Silliman, JE (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Meyers, Philip/0000-0002-9709-7528 NR 32 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 5-7 BP 1737 EP 1744 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00056-4 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 156HQ UT WOS:000077995900054 ER PT S AU Lin, EK Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI Wallace, WE Wu, WL Zhang, CX Laine, RM AF Lin, EK Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI Wallace, WE Wu, WL Zhang, CX Laine, RM BE Laine, RM Sanchez, C Brinker, CJ Giannelis, E TI Characterization of epoxy-functionalized silsesquioxanes as potential underfill encapsulants SO ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Materials Res Soc (MRS) AB In electronics packaging, underfill encapsulants are needed to improve package reliability in flip-chip devices. The underfill generally consists of an epoxy resin highly filled with silica particles and is designed to reduce the stress arising from the difference in the thermal expansion between the solder bumps and the substrate. Currently, concerns about the flow of the silica particles and surface phenomena are arising as electronics packages reduce in size. Newly developed epoxy-functionalized octameric silsesquioxanes provide an intriguing alternative to current formulations. These single-phase inorganic/organic hybrid materials may have: properties similar to filled materials without the complications from the rheology of filled materials. The physical properties of the functionalized silsesquioxanes are measured with respect to the critical parameters for underfill materials. Measurements of properties such as the coefficient of thermal expansion and density are performed to evaluate the suitability of these materials as potential underfill encapsulants. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-425-4 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 519 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Materials Science, Composites SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BM12K UT WOS:000077686600002 ER PT S AU Brown, W Chapman, SC Grande, M Hardy, DA Singer, HJ Anderson, RR Reeves, GD AF Brown, W Chapman, SC Grande, M Hardy, DA Singer, HJ Anderson, RR Reeves, GD BE Blake, JB Slavin, JA TI Case studies of ion energisation events near substorm onset SO PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN SPACE PLASMAS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D0 3 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific-Commission-D on Particle Acceleration in Space Plasmas at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL UNIV BIRMINGHAM, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, European Space Agcy HO UNIV BIRMINGHAM ID CRRES AB In a recent one-dimensional self-consistent hybrid code simulation of the local dipolarisation of the initially distended magnetic field in the near-earth nightside region, (Richardson and Chapman, 1994), initially isotropic ions were accelerated up to twice the Alfven speed along the direction of the magnetic field. A bistreaming ion population was generated in the weak field region at the centre of the reversing held, and monostreaming ions were found to move away from the region of dipolarisation, Moreover, a bipolar signature in the cross tail component of the:field and fast magnetosonic waves propagating away from the reversal region are predicted by the simulation. We test these predictions by examining particle and magnetic field data from the Low Energy Plasma Analyser (LEPA) experiment and fluxgate magnetometer instrument onboard the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), We examine a set of events that were found to be consistent with some of the features of the simulation results. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Warwick, Space & Astrophys Grp, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. USAF, Phillips Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NOAA, RESE, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. DRAL, Didcot, Oxon, England. RP Brown, W (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Space & Astrophys Grp, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RI Chapman, Sandra/C-2216-2008; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Grande, Manuel/C-2242-2013 OI Chapman, Sandra/0000-0003-0053-1584; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Grande, Manuel/0000-0002-2233-2618 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043312-X J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 641 EP 644 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00976-9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BL12R UT WOS:000074378900019 ER PT S AU Paek, EG Choe, JY Oh, TK AF Paek, EG Choe, JY Oh, TK BE Pirich, AR Parker, MA TI 2D multiple beam steering with acoustically steered and rotated (ASTRO) true time delay generator SO PHOTONIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Photonic Processing Technology and Applications II CY APR 14-15, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE optical interconnection; phased array antennas; true time delays; beam steering; Fiber Bragg gratings; acousto-optic beam deflectors; optical information processing; optoelectronics; wavelength division multiplexing AB 2D multiple beam steering in the Acoustically STeered and ROtated (ASTRO) true time delay generation architecture is described. The architecture is capable of generating 2D multiple beams without causing any extraneous beams. The system can be used as both transmitter and receiver modes simultaneously. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paek, EG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2833-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3384 BP 46 EP 54 DI 10.1117/12.317666 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL57K UT WOS:000075914400006 ER PT J AU Westbrook, N Westbrook, CI Landragin, A Labeyrie, G Cognet, L Savalli, V Horvath, G Aspect, A Hendel, C Moelmer, K Courtois, JY Phillips, WD Kaiser, R Bagnato, V AF Westbrook, N Westbrook, CI Landragin, A Labeyrie, G Cognet, L Savalli, V Horvath, G Aspect, A Hendel, C Moelmer, K Courtois, JY Phillips, WD Kaiser, R Bagnato, V TI New physics with evanescent wave atomic mirrors: The van der Waals force and atomic diffraction SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Conference of the European-Group-for-Atomic-Spectroscopy CY JUL 15-18, 1997 CL TU BERLIN, OPT INST, BERLIN, GERMANY SP European Grp Atom Spect HO TU BERLIN, OPT INST ID DER-WAALS; QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; REFLECTION; LIGHT; BEAM; INTERFACE; DEPOSITION; SURFACES; GRATINGS AB After a brief introduction to the held of atom optics and to atomic mirrors, we present experimental results obtained in our group during the last two pars while studying the reflection of rubidium atoms by an evanescent wave. These involve the first measurement of the van der Waals force between an atom in its ground state and a dielectric wall, as well as the demonstration of a reflection grating for atoms at normal incidence. We also consider the influence of quantum reflection and tunnelling phenomena Further studies using the atomic mirror as a probe of the van der Waals interaction, and of very small surface roughness are briefly discussed. C1 Univ Potsdam, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75213 Paris, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Nice, Inst Nonlineaire Nice, F-06560 Valbonne, France. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys Sao Carlos, BR-13560970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. RP Westbrook, N (reprint author), Univ Potsdam, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, Postfach 60 15 53, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. RI Westbrook, Christoph/B-6092-2009; Cognet, Laurent/F-4163-2011; Bagnato, Vanderlei/C-3133-2012; Henkel, Carsten/C-2540-2011; kaiser, robin/J-3641-2014 OI Westbrook, Christoph/0000-0002-6490-0468; Cognet, Laurent/0000-0002-3573-5387; kaiser, robin/0000-0001-5194-3680 NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 1998 VL T78 BP 7 EP 12 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.078a00007 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 150TB UT WOS:000077680400002 ER PT J AU Linsky, JL Gagne, M AF Linsky, JL Gagne, M TI Studying new problems in stellar coronal physics with AXAF and XMM SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Nordic Conference in Theoretical High Energy Astrophysics CY SEP 14-16, 1997 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Danish Space Res Inst, Nord Inst Theoret Phys, Nord Acad Adv Study ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH; AR LACERTAE; STARS AB The scientific instruments on AXAF and XMM will provide far higher angular and spectral resolution than the previous generation of X-ray satellites: Einstein, Exosat, ROSAT, and ASCA. in the next few years astronomers will be able for the first time to analyze X-ray spectra of stellar coronae with a resolution of E/Delta E approximate to 1,000 or greater. We summarize here the capabilities of the AXAF and XMM instruments, and identify some of the new coronal physics that these instruments will soon allow us to study. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Linsky, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0281-1847 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 1998 VL T77 BP 127 EP 132 DI 10.1088/0031-8949/1998/T77/038 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 150TA UT WOS:000077680300040 ER PT J AU Wineland, DJ Monroe, C Itano, WM King, BE Leibfried, D Myatt, C Wood, C AF Wineland, DJ Monroe, C Itano, WM King, BE Leibfried, D Myatt, C Wood, C TI Trapped-ion quantum simulator SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Nobel Symposium 104 on Modern Studies of Basic Quantum Concepts and Phenomena CY JUN 13-17, 1997 CL GIMO, SWEDEN ID ZERO-POINT ENERGY; ATOM; STATES; MOTION; COMPUTER; SU(2) AB Coherent manipulations involving the quantized motional and internal states of a single trapped ion can be used to simulate the dynamics of other systems. We consider some examples, including the action of a Mach Zehnder interferometer which uses entangled input states. Coherent manipulations can also be used to create entangled states of multiple trapped ions; such states can be used to demonstrate fundamental quantum correlations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011 NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0281-1847 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 1998 VL T76 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.076a00147 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 120HL UT WOS:000075950900021 ER PT S AU Katsaros, KB AF Katsaros, KB BE Imberger, J TI Turbulent flux of water vapor in relation to the wave field and atmospheric stratification SO PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN LAKES IN OCEANS SE COASTAL AND ESTUARINE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Physical Limnology CY SEP, 1995 CL BROOME, AUSTRALIA SP Int Union Theoret & Appl Mechan ID HUMIDITY EXCHANGE; SURFACE-LAYER; HEAT FLUXES; SEA; AIR; PROFILE; SPRAY; HEXOS AB Field measurements of evaporation rate, momentum and heat flux together with mean meteorological quantities allow inferences to be drawn concerning the sheltering of air in the troughs of large waves and the possible differences between moisture and heat fluxes in very stable regimes over water. Interpretation of the measurements in terms of the processes near the surface are based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The results presented indicate that in the presence of water waves and under strong atmospheric stable stratification further detailed measurements are needed to fully explain the processes at work and that Monin-Obukhov theory may need modification. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0938-0949 BN 0-87590-268-5 J9 COAST ESTUAR STUD JI Coast. Estuar. Stud. PY 1998 VL 54 BP 37 EP 46 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Limnology; Water Resources SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BM57G UT WOS:000079137400003 ER PT S AU Weinstock, J AF Weinstock, J BE Imberger, J TI Special closure for stratified turbulence SO PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN LAKES IN OCEANS SE COASTAL AND ESTUARINE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Physical Limnology CY SEP, 1995 CL BROOME, AUSTRALIA SP Int Union Theoret & Appl Mechan ID 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; WAVE SPECTRUM; VARIABILITY; CLIMATOLOGY; ATMOSPHERE; OCEAN; MODEL AB A spectral (closure) equation for stably stratified turbulence is derived from the Navier-Stokes equation. For simplicity, the spectral equation is limited to quasi-stationarity and homogeneity of the velocity field. The closure is then solved for E-H(k(1)), the horizontal kinetic energy spectrum at horizontal wavenumber k(1), and compared with measurements in the atmosphere. Derivation of the spectral equation is obtained by first dividing the spectral stress equation into two components, horizontal and vertical, and correspondingly, the kinetic energy spectra are divided into horizontal and vertical components E-H(k) and E-perpendicular to(k) at wavenumbers k. The(nonlinear) spectral transfer term is closed by an EDQNM (eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian) approximation, but extended here to strongly stratified turbulence. The pressure-velocity correlation is evaluated with account taken for stable buoyancy. The overall closure is then solved for E-H(k(1)). C1 NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Weinstock, J (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Labs, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0938-0949 BN 0-87590-268-5 J9 COAST ESTUAR STUD PY 1998 VL 54 BP 339 EP 349 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Limnology; Water Resources SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA BM57G UT WOS:000079137400024 ER PT J AU Kim, YK Migdalek, J Siegel, W Bieron, J AF Kim, YK Migdalek, J Siegel, W Bieron, J TI Electron-impact ionization cross section of rubidium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMS; PHOTOABSORPTION; COLLISIONS; MOLECULES; DIPOLE; MODEL AB A theoretical model for electron-impact ionization cross section has been applied to Rb and the theoretical cross section (from the threshold to 1 keV in incident energy) is in good agreement with the recent experimental data obtained using Rb atoms trapped in a magneto-optical trap. The theoretical model, called the binary-encounter-dipole (BED) model, combines a modified Mott cross section with the high-energy behavior of Born cross sections. To obtain the continuum dipole oscillator strength df/dE of the 5s electron required in the BED model, we used Dirac-Fock continuum wave functions with a core polarization potential that reproduced the known position of the Cooper minimum in the photoionization cross section. For inner-shell ionization, we used a simpler version of df/dE, which retained the hydrogenic shape. The contributions of the 4p-->4d, 5s, and 5p autoionizing excitations were estimated using the plane-wave Born approximation. As a by-product, we also present the dipole oscillator strengths for the 5s-->np(1/2) and 5 s-->np(3/2) transitions for high principal quantum numbers n near the ionization threshold obtained from the Dirac-Fock wave functions with the same core polarization potential as that used for the continuum wave functions. [S1050-2947(98)02601-8]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cracow Pedag Univ, Inst Phys & Comp Sci, PL-30084 Krakow, Poland. Jagiellonian Univ, Inst Phys, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.246 PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YP837 UT WOS:000071320500035 ER PT J AU Bannister, ME Chung, YS Djuric, N Wallbank, B Woitke, O Zhou, S Dunn, GH Smith, ACH AF Bannister, ME Chung, YS Djuric, N Wallbank, B Woitke, O Zhou, S Dunn, GH Smith, ACH TI Absolute cross sections for near-threshold electron-impact excitation of the 2s (2)S -> 2p (2)P transition in C(3+) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION; 2S-2P EXCITATION; EXTERNAL-FIELD; BEAMS; IONS AB Absolute total cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the 2s (2)S-->2p (2)P transition in C(3+) were measured from 7.35 eV to 8.35 eV using the merged electron-ion-beams energy-loss technique. The results settle the discrepancy between two previous experiments using the crossed-beams fluorescence method, being in very good agreement with the older results [P. O. Taylor, D. Gregory, G. H. Dunn, R. A. Phaneuf, and D. H. Crandall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1256 (1977)] but less so with the more recent ones [D. W. Savin, L, D. Gardner, D. B. Reisenfeld, A. R. Young, and J. L. Kohl, Phys. Rev. A 51, 2162 (1995)]. The present measurements are also in good agreement with unitarized Coulomb-Born and close-coupling calculations. [S1050-2947(98)04301-7]. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Taejon 305764, South Korea. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. RP Bannister, ME (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. OI Bannister, Mark E./0000-0002-9572-8154 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 278 EP 281 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.278 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YP837 UT WOS:000071320500038 ER PT J AU Brewczyk, M Rzazewski, K Clark, CW AF Brewczyk, M Rzazewski, K Clark, CW TI Strong-field driving of a dilute atomic Bose-Einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; GAS; TRAP AB A hydrodynamical version of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation has been formulated and applied to the description of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of Rb-87 atoms in the JILA time-averaged orbiting potential (TOP) trap. The response of the BEC to time-dependent modulations of the trap potential is computed and the characteristic frequencies of a BEC oscillation agree well with those observed in recent experiments. For the axially symmetric m = 0 mode of the TOP trap, we find a weak dependence of the oscillatory frequency on the strength of the driving amplitude under conditions comparable to those of current experiments. The free ringing of the BEC that is induced by a transient change in the potential is found to be periodic, in agreement with the predictions of Thomas-Fermi theory. We analyze the harmonic content of the spectral response and consider possibilities for high-harmonic generation in the context of nonlinear atom optics. [S1050-2947(97)03309-X]. C1 Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, PL-15424 Bialystok, Poland. Cent Fiz Teoret PAN & Coll Sci, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Phys Lab,Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brewczyk, M (reprint author), Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Ulica Lipowa 41, PL-15424 Bialystok, Poland. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Rzazewski, Kazimierz/G-4854-2011 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Rzazewski, Kazimierz/0000-0002-6082-3565 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 488 EP 492 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.488 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YP837 UT WOS:000071320500065 ER PT J AU Dodd, RJ Edwards, M Clark, CW Burnett, K AF Dodd, RJ Edwards, M Clark, CW Burnett, K TI Collective excitations of Bose-Einstein-condensed gases at finite temperatures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB We have applied the Popov version of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation to calculate the finite-temperature excitation spectrum of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of Rb-87 atoms. For lower values of the temperature, we find excellent agreement with recently published experimental data for the JILA time-averaged orbiting potential trap. In contrast to recent comparison of the results of HFB-Popov theory with experimental condensate fractions and specific heats, there is disagreement of the theoretical and recent experimental results near the BEC phase transition temperature. [S1050-2947(98)50701-9]. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Technol Adm, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Phys Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dodd, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Edwards, Mark/0000-0002-3149-2402 NR 26 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP R32 EP R35 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R32 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YP837 UT WOS:000071320500009 ER PT J AU Bonevich, J Capacci, D Harada, K Kasai, H Matsuda, T Patti, R Pozzi, G Tonomura, A AF Bonevich, J Capacci, D Harada, K Kasai, H Matsuda, T Patti, R Pozzi, G Tonomura, A TI Measurement of London penetration depth from holographic images of superconducting vortices: The influence of specimen thickness SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY; VORTEX LATTICES; LORENTZ MICROSCOPY; II SUPERCONDUCTOR; MAGNETIC-FIELD; FLUX LINES; THIN-FILMS; NIOBIUM AB High-resolution holographic data of superconducting vortices are presented and analyzed in order to extract a measurement of the London penetration depth by fitting the reconstructed phase across the con using an analytical one-dimensional London model. The resulting value of 50+/-5 nm for the London penetration depth is obtained, which is about two times larger than the commonly accepted value of 30 nm used in previous simulations. It is shown that this discrepancy can be removed by taking into account the influence on the phase shift of the specimen thickness and of the associated broadening of the field lines near the surface. These results highlight the importance of the assumed model in order to extract from the analysis of experimental data reliable quantitative estimates of critical parameters such as the London penetration depth. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dept Phys, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. Hitachi Ltd, Adv Res Lab, Hatoyama, Saitama 35003, Japan. RP Bonevich, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 57 IS 2 BP 1200 EP 1205 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.1200 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA YR357 UT WOS:000071487300076 ER PT J AU Robert, J Petit, P Yildirim, T Fischer, JE AF Robert, J Petit, P Yildirim, T Fischer, JE TI Experimental lattice dependence of the density of states in alkali fullerides SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; METAL-DOPED C-60; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES; A(3)C(60) SUPERCONDUCTORS; FULLERENE SUPERCONDUCTORS; TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; ORTHORHOMBIC RBC60; INTERCALATED C-60; PHASE-TRANSITIONS AB Using electron-spin resonance, we measured conduction-electron-spin susceptibility versus temperature for three alkali-fulleride compounds in the normal state. Converting the observed Pauli-spin susceptibility into density of states at the Fermi level N(0) and using the temperature dependence of the lattice parameter we fit the experimental variation of N(0) as a function of the inter-C-60 distance d with an exponential functional form. Assuming a universal T-c dependence on the lattice constant for every alkali fulleride, we used the value Ni(0)=f(d) in the Mcmillan formula fit the (T-c,d) data points taken from the literature. C1 CNRS, Inst Charles Sadron, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Res Struct Matter Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Robert, J (reprint author), CNRS, Inst Charles Sadron, 6 Rue Boussingault, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 47 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 57 IS 2 BP 1226 EP 1230 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.1226 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA YR357 UT WOS:000071487300079 ER PT J AU Wilkinson, RA Zimmerli, GA Hao, H Moldover, MR Berg, RF Johnson, WL Ferrell, RA Gammon, RW AF Wilkinson, RA Zimmerli, GA Hao, H Moldover, MR Berg, RF Johnson, WL Ferrell, RA Gammon, RW TI Equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point in microgravity SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE PROPAGATION; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; PURE FLUID; FLUCTUATIONS; VISCOSITY; GRAVITY; REGION; RANGE; XENON; SF6 AB We used interferometry to measure the density changes associated with the late stage of thermal equilibration near the liquid-vapor critical point of SF6. This experiment was performed on board the Space Shuttle in the absence of the considerable obscuring effects of gravity. The density changes were analyzed in terms of the exponentially decaying modes predicted by a model for heat diffusion in an isothermal container. The time constants depended only on the temperature and not on the sample's history. In the temperature range from T-c+98 mK to T-c+28 mK, where T-c=319 K is the critical temperature, the values of the thermal diffusivity D-T derived from the time constants at each temperature are consistent with the values of D-T found by previous dynamic light-scattering measurements. From T-c+9 mK to T-c+1.4 mK, where Earth-based measurements of D-T are unavailable, the measured values of D-T agree with an asymptotically correct extrapolation of D-T closer to T-c. These data confirm our understanding of thermal equilibration in a range of T-T-c, when measurements on Earth are severely influenced by gravitationally induced convection and stratification of the sample. C1 NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Micrograv Sci Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NYMA Inc, Brook Pk, OH 44142 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Westminister Coll, Dept Phys, New Wilmington, PA 16172 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wilkinson, RA (reprint author), NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Micrograv Sci Div, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 39 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1063-651X J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JAN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 436 EP 448 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.57.436 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA YT413 UT WOS:000071600400058 ER PT J AU Mohr, PJ Plunien, G Soff, G AF Mohr, PJ Plunien, G Soff, G TI QED corrections in heavy atoms SO PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Review DE high-Z atoms; atomic spectra; QED-effects; few-electron systems ID STRONG COULOMB FIELD; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; 1S LAMB SHIFT; BODY PERTURBATION-THEORY; NUCLEAR-CHARGE RADII; VACUUM-POLARIZATION CORRECTIONS; COUPLED-CLUSTER METHOD; ELECTRON SELF-ENERGY; HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOMS; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION CALCULATIONS AB The comparison of theory and experiment for energy levels of strongly bound electrons provides a critical test of quantum electrodynamics in strong fields. A theoretical evaluation of the vacuum polarization and self energy radiative corrections to electron binding energies in heavy atoms is given. The calculations are done to all orders in the strength of the external field of the nucleus Z alpha. The influence of nuclear size and structure effects is investigated. The results for the Lamb shift are compared to the experimental data. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Mohr, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 306 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-1573 J9 PHYS REP JI Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 293 IS 5-6 BP 228 EP 369 PG 142 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YU424 UT WOS:000071715700001 ER PT J AU Hudson, RP Martin, WC AF Hudson, RP Martin, WC TI Karl Gunther Kessler - Obituary SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hudson, RP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD JAN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1 BP 76 EP 77 DI 10.1063/1.882114 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YP908 UT WOS:000071328100024 ER PT S AU Moen, J Evans, D Carlson, HC AF Moen, J Evans, D Carlson, HC BE Lovhaug, UP TI NOAA-12 satellite and ground correlative study of cusp/cleft aurora above Svalbard SO POLAR CAP THERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE AND ITS ROLE IN SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT C2-2 Symposium of COSTAR Scientific Commission C on the Polar Cap Thermosphere/Ionosphere and Its Role in Solar-Terrestrial Physics, at 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Sci Commiss D ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DAYSIDE; EVENT AB A challenging problem of cusp/cleft auroral research is to identify the boundary between open and closed magnetic field lines. In order to unambiguously distinguish between viscous and reconnection modes of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, it is mandatory to know whether or not the auroral features observed in the ionosphere are associated with open or closed magnetic flux. In this paper we approach this issue by using particle data from NOAA-12 crossings through a certain category of transient dayside auroral features. This category of events has usually been attributed to time-varying magnetopause reconnection. The transient auroral forms were coincident with an intense flux of magnetosheath-like plasma. As expected these events were located poleward of the trapping boundary. A secondary population of energetic ions, however, refines the particle test of open or closed magnetic field topology. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Courses Svalbard, N-9170 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Phillips Lab, Geophys Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Moen, J (reprint author), Univ Courses Svalbard, N-9170 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043473-8 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1319 EP 1322 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00179-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM19Q UT WOS:000078002400008 ER PT J AU Goldman, M Gronsky, R Long, GG Pruitt, L AF Goldman, M Gronsky, R Long, GG Pruitt, L TI The effects of hydrogen peroxide and sterilization on the structure of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article AB The effects of hydrogen peroxide and sterilization on the structure and morphology of medical-grade ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were studied. Microstructural changes were induced via gamma irradiation sterilization and were accelerated by aging in hydrogen peroxide. Differential scanning calorimetry, density gradient column, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering were used to characterize the structure. Upon oxidation, a decrease in melting temperature, an increase in heat of fusion, an increase in density, a tortuosity in lamellae, and a tendency to microcrack were observed. Based on the results, a mechanism for the oxidation of UHMWPE is proposed in which oxygen is incorporated into the amorphous phase of the polymer, leading to the development of strains and the breaking of tie molecules in the polymer, which result in the microcracking and embrittlement of the material. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Mineral Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Goldman, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, MS 62-203,1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 18 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PY 1998 VL 62 IS 1 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00265-6 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 131RH UT WOS:000076588700012 ER PT J AU Migler, KB Bur, AJ AF Migler, KB Bur, AJ TI Fluorescence based measurement of temperature profiles during polymer processing SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTRAMOLECULAR EXCIMER FORMATION; SCREW EXTRUDER; BULK POLYMERS; SHEAR-STRESS; MELT; TRANSITION; DYNAMICS; PROBE AB We describe a novel noninvasive method to measure temperature profiles during processing. A key feature is the use of a temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye that is incorporated into the polymer resin at dopant levels. By monitoring spectral features of this dye, we can effectively measure its temperature. A focusing technique that we call "confocal fluorescent optics" then allows us to measure the temperature as a function of position into the resin. We present results of critical tests of the device. Namely we test the spatial resolution and its ability to measure a linear temperature profile in a quiescent polymer. Finally, we present the first on-line temperature profile measurements, carried out in a circular die at the exit of a twin screw extruder. Temperature gradients on the order of 5 degrees C/mm in a polyethylene resin are observed between the outer wall and the center of the die. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1002/pen.10182 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA YW273 UT WOS:000071915800022 ER PT J AU Ranganathan, S Easterling, RG Advani, SG Phelan, FR AF Ranganathan, S Easterling, RG Advani, SG Phelan, FR TI The effect of micro-structure variations on the permeability of preform materials SO POLYMERS & POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID FIBROUS POROUS-MEDIA; FLOW; REINFORCEMENTS; FLUIDS AB Most efforts at modelling the permeability of preform materials are based on unit cell approaches in which it is assumed that the medium consists of a regular array of structures of uniform size, shape and position. However, the microstructure of real materials almost always has some degree of dimensional fluctuation about a mean. These variations from uniformity have an effect on the overall permeability, which in general cannot be adequately accounted for in model calculations by defining unit cells based on average geometric properties. In this study, a method for incorporating the effect of variations in microstructure into model-based calculations of the permeability of an idealized preform structure is developed. The method is used to model the permeability of a unidirectional material. It is shown that the inherent variation in the material microstructure leads to large deviations in the "local" values of the permeability. These variations are quantified using statistical analysis to obtain an expected Value and standard deviation for the permeability. Use of the method leads to a consistent comparison of experimentally measured and numerically computed permeability values. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Mech Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD PI SHREWSBURY PA SHAWBURY, SHREWSBURY, SHROPS, ENGLAND SY4 4NR SN 0967-3911 J9 POLYM POLYM COMPOS JI Polym. Polym. Compos. PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 63 EP 73 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA ZP852 UT WOS:000073795100002 ER PT B AU Knight, S AF Knight, S GP AMER SOC PRECIS ENGN AMER SOC PRECIS ENGN TI Silicon integrated circuit technology: Engine for the electronics industry SO PROCEEDINGS OF: SILICON MACHINING: 1998 SPRING TOPICAL MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Spring Topical Meeting of the ASPE on Silicon Machining CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL CARMEL BY THE SEA, CA SP Amer Soc Precis Engn C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Microelect Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knight, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Microelect Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-19-4 PY 1998 BP 10 EP 10 PG 1 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM99K UT WOS:000080375400002 ER PT S AU Jefferts, SR Meekhof, DM Hollberg, LW Lee, D Drullinger, RE Walls, FL Nelson, C Levi, F Parker, TE AF Jefferts, SR Meekhof, DM Hollberg, LW Lee, D Drullinger, RE Walls, FL Nelson, C Levi, F Parker, TE GP IEEE IEEE TI NIST cesuim fountain frequency standard: Preliminary results SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 2 EP 5 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717868 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400001 ER PT S AU Jefferts, SR Drullinger, RE DeMarchi, A AF Jefferts, SR Drullinger, RE DeMarchi, A GP IEEE IEEE TI NIST cesium fountain microwave cavities SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB The cesium fountain under development at the NIST Time and Frequency Division contains two identical microwave cavities, one used for stare selection and the other for Ramsey excitation. These cavities, designed to hold distributed cavity phase shift to a minimum are described and data relevant to the designs of such cavities presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 6 EP 8 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717869 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400002 ER PT S AU Klipstein, WM Ekstrom, CR Rolston, SL Phillips, WD AF Klipstein, WM Ekstrom, CR Rolston, SL Phillips, WD GP IEEE IEEE TI Progress towards a laser-cooled cesium atomic fountain frequency standard at NIST, Gaithersburg SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Klipstein, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717870 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400003 ER PT S AU Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Wineland, DJ AF Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Wineland, DJ GP IEEE IEEE TI High-accuracy frequency standards using laser-cooled Hg+ ions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB We discuss frequency standards based on laser-cooled Hg-199(+) ions confined in cryogenic rf (Paul) traps. In one experiment, the frequency of a microwave source is servoed to the ions' ground-state hyperfine transition at 40.5 GHz. For seven ions and a Ramsey fi ee precession time of 100 s, the fractional frequency stability is 3.3 (2) x 10(-13) tau(-1/2) for measurement times tau < 2 h. The ground-state hyperfine interval is measured to De 40 507 347 996.841 59 (14) (41) Hz, where the fn-st number in parentheses is the uncertainty due to statistics and systematic errors, and the second is the uncertainty in the frequency of the international time scale to which the standard is compared. In a second experiment under development, a strong-binding cryogenic trap will confine a single ion For use in an optical frequency standard based on a narrow electric quadrupole transition at 282 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Berkeland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 32 EP 36 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717875 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400008 ER PT S AU Robinson, HG Jefferts, SR Sullivan, DB Hollberg, LW Ashby, N Heavner, T Shirley, JH Walls, FL Drullinger, RE AF Robinson, HG Jefferts, SR Sullivan, DB Hollberg, LW Ashby, N Heavner, T Shirley, JH Walls, FL Drullinger, RE GP IEEE IEEE TI Design studies for a laser-cooled space clock SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB We present a theoretical comparison between a TE01n cavity and a traditional Ramsey cavity when used with a laser-cooled atom source in a microgravity clock. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Robinson, HG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 37 EP 40 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717876 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400009 ER PT S AU Ferre-Pikal, ES Walls, FL AF Ferre-Pikal, ES Walls, FL GP IEEE IEEE TI Voltage adjustable attenuation with low 1/f noise SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB In this paper we describe voltage-controlled attenuator circuits using silicon p-n diodes as the variable resistor. We report die amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) noise sensitivities to power supply noise and to current noise. We also report the PM noise of these circuits as a function of de control voltage. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ferre-Pikal, ES (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 186 EP 191 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717903 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400036 ER PT S AU Weiss, MA Howe, DA AF Weiss, MA Howe, DA GP IEEE IEEE TI Total TDEV SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB We propose an extension of the Time Variance and its square root the Time Deviation denoted TVAR and TDEV, respectively, to improve the confidence of its estimate, taking advantage of information in time series which remains unused by TDEV. The extensions, called the Total Time Variance and the Total Time Deviation, denoted TotTVAR and TotTDEV respectively, use even reflections of the data at the beginning and at the end to almost triple the data length. Computing TVAR of this extended time series significantly increases the equivalent degrees of freedom used in the variance estimate, while producing little bias in the values for phase-modulation (PM) noise types: white PM, flicker PM, and random-walk PM. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weiss, MA (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717904 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400037 ER PT S AU Walls, FL AF Walls, FL GP IEEE IEEE TI Correlation between upper and lower noise sidebands SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB Experimental measurements, supported by a simple model, are used to show that the upper and lower phase modulation (PM) noise sidebands are always equal and 100% correlated, independent of whether the noise power originates from multiplicative or additive processes. Similarly we show that the upper and lower amplitude modulation (AM) noise sidebands are also equal and 100% correlated, independent of whether the noise power originates from multiplicative or additive processes. Moreover the single sideband AM (PM) noise is always equal to 1/2 the total AM (PM) noise. Although the upper and lower PM (AM) noise sidebands am equal and correlated for broadband additive noise, the phase between the AM and the PM sidebands varies randomly with time. These conclusions still hold even when the RF noise sidebands are not symmetric about the carrier. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Walls, FL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 199 EP 203 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717905 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400038 ER PT S AU Levine, J AF Levine, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Time synchronization over the Internet using "autolock" SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB This paper describes the operation of an algorithm for synchronizing the time of computers using messages transmitted over packet-switched networks such as the Internet. The algorithm configures itself to realize any specified performance level at minimum cost (measured in computer cycles or network bandwidth). If the highest-possible accuracy is requested, the performance will be limited by the larger of the instability of the local clock oscillator or the noise in the measurement process between the client and the server. Lower accuracy can be realized at substantially lower cost. The algorithm uses a frequency-locked loop with unequal spacing between the calibration messages. It makes better use of scarce network bandwidth than previous methods. In addition, the algorithm is an improvement over the pure-FLL "Interlock" algorithm that I described previously because it is self-configuring. In addition to supporting an explicit trade-off between cost and accuracy, the algorithm provides better performance than previous methods because it is better able to adapt itself to fluctuations in the asymmetry of the network delay. This robustness can be realized without the preliminary tuning that was necessary to realize optimum performance using previous methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Levine, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 241 EP 249 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717911 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400044 ER PT S AU Ascarrunz, FG Jefferts, SR Parker, TE AF Ascarrunz, FG Jefferts, SR Parker, TE GP IEEE IEEE TI A delay calibration system for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ascarrunz, FG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 4 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 250 EP 253 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717912 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400045 ER PT S AU Parker, TE Howe, DA Weiss, M AF Parker, TE Howe, DA Weiss, M GP IEEE IEEE TI Accurate frequency comparisons at the 1x10(-15) level SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc DE time transfer; noise; dead time; cesium-fountain AB Increased fractional frequency uncertainties in comparing two cesium-fountain primary frequency standards due to a long-baseline comparison process are examined. These include frequency uncertainties introduced by the time-transfer process and uncertainties introduced by possible long-term dead time in the fountain operation. Using common-view GPS it may take up to 40 days to reduce the time-transfer fractional frequency uncertainty to 1x10(-15). A combination of common-view CPS and two-way satellite time and frequency transfer can reduce this to 24 days. With a very low noise local oscillator such as a cavity-tuned hydrogen maser, distributed fountain dead times as large as 87% can be present and yet contribute only an additional uncertainty of less than 3.3x10(-16). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Parker, TE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 265 EP 272 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717915 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400048 ER PT S AU Levine, J AF Levine, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Time transfer using a multi-channel code-based GPS receiver SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium CY MAY 27-29, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP IEEE, Ultrasonics Ferroelectr & Frequency Control Soc AB We report on time-transfer experiments using a GPS receiver that we have constructed using a commercial GPS "engine" and a standard PC. The receiver measures the time difference between the local clock and a 1 pps signal that is synchronized to GPS time using data from up to eight satellites. The receiver also reports the difference between GPS time as estimated using each of the satellites being tracked and the composite output pulses that have a rate of 1 Hz (1 pps signal). These data can be used to construct the standard 13-minute tracks as defined in the BIPM standard; the same data can also be averaged in other ways that make better use of the multi-channel capabilities of the hardware. The 13-minute averages can be directly compared with standard time-transfer receivers using common-view analysis. The results of our tests suggest that we should re-examine the methods currently used for national and international time and frequency coordination, and we suggest an alternative approach based on multi-channel receivers that should be more flexible, simpler and easier to operate than the current system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Levine, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-4373-5 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 1998 BP 284 EP 291 DI 10.1109/FREQ.1998.717918 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL72D UT WOS:000076440400051 ER PT B AU Lindsay, JA Coles, B Babb, I Tomey, D Liebman, M Nevis, A Taylor, JS Askew, T Bell, WJ Keay, K Louft, H Fredette, T Regan, R AF Lindsay, JA Coles, B Babb, I Tomey, D Liebman, M Nevis, A Taylor, JS Askew, T Bell, WJ Keay, K Louft, H Fredette, T Regan, R GP IEEE TI Acoustical/optical technology integration with a manned submersible and a ROV for the investigation of a radioactive materials disposal site and a sewage diffuser outfall SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Underwater Technology CY APR 15-17, 1998 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP IEEE, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Ind Sci, Univ Tokyo, USN, Off Naval Res, Asian Off AB More than 4000 containers with radioactive wastes were disposed in Massachusetts Bay between 1946 and 1959, Public concern over the fate of those wastes continues to the present. In 1997, a survey was undertaken in a disposal area known as the Former Boston Lightship Dumpsite. Data processed with an EOSCAN(TM) software package from a 1991, 100 and 500 kHz sonar survey identified 43 potential target sites in the 16-nm(2) dumpsite area. An occupied submersible and remotely operated vehicle acted as search platforms. Down looking and forward looking sonar's pinpointed target location. A laser system and video camera imaged the targets for identification. Poor visibility enhanced by a bottom nephloid layer limited laser system effectiveness. Nonetheless the laser system provided images of proud objects on the sea floor that sonar suggested might be a target of interest. All optically acquired objects were identified as boulders and lobster traps. The search failed to encounter any radioactive waste containers. Nearby, a new marine diffuser outfall scheduled for operation in 1998 was also surveyed with the multi-spectral laser line scan system. Images provided panoramic views of a diffuser and surrounding bottom habitat. Searches in marine environments with poor visibility and scattered large natural objects can be effectively searched with complementary acoustical and optical technologies used with increasingly higher scale resolution. C1 NOAA, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lindsay, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Protect & Restorat Div, 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4273-9 PY 1998 BP 395 EP 400 DI 10.1109/UT.1998.670135 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine SC Engineering GA BL12N UT WOS:000074378600068 ER PT S AU Leffler, RJ Horvitz, A Doesken, N AF Leffler, RJ Horvitz, A Doesken, N BE Taylors, S Hardy, J TI Revised snow measurement guidelines for National Weather Service cooperative observers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY JUN 02-03, 1998 CL JACKSON, NH SP Amer Geophys Union, Amer Water Resources Assoc, State Univ New York, Oswego Campus DE snow measurement; snowfall measurement; snow depth measurement; snow measurement standards; snow observations AB In support of improving the quality of snowfall, snow depth and water equivalent observations, the National Weather Service, in conjunction with Colorado State University, has rewritten guidelines for measurement of snowfall and snow depth by official NWS cooperative weather observers. The new, more concise guidelines, published in 1997 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1997), with funding provided by NOAA's Environmental Services Data and Information Management (ESDIM) Program, are presented. The new guidelines will help improve the quality of snow observations coming from this important meteorological and climatological U.S. network. It is also hoped that the new guidelines will be considered for use by a wide variety of private and government snow measurement observers, allowing for more standardized observations and resulting in more accurate collection, comparison, and analysis of inter-network snow data. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Leffler, RJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, 1325 East West Highway,SSMC II,Room 13124, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI NEWMARKET PA 161 LONDON RD, NEWMARKET, ONTARIO L3Y 7A7, CANADA SN 0424-1932 BN 0-920081-20-7 J9 PROC ANN E SNOW CONF PY 1998 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BN93G UT WOS:000083553700001 ER PT S AU Nietfeld, DD Kennedy, DA AF Nietfeld, DD Kennedy, DA BE Taylors, S Hardy, J TI Forecasting snowfall amounts - An ingredients-based methodology supporting the Garcia Method SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY JUN 02-03, 1998 CL JACKSON, NH SP Amer Geophys Union, Amer Water Resources Assoc, State Univ New York, Oswego Campus AB The often difficult process of predicting accurate snowfall amounts is investigated in this paper by examining those physical ingredients which cause snowfall. Three commonly used operational snow amount forecasting techniques are evaluated: the Cook Method, the Magic Chart Method, and the Garcia Method. A verification study of these three techniques was performed, in which a case study approach was used to evaluate 40 snowstorm events which occurred in Kansas during three consecutive winters (1994 through 1997). The maximum snowfall totals for these events ranged from one to twelve inches. Each case was closely examined using observed data and NCEP model output to determine if the maximum snowfall amount could have been accurately forecasted 12 to 24 hours in advance using each of the three methods listed above. From this study, it was determined that the forecasting of snowfall amounts is largely a function of forecasting the ingredients which cause the snowfall, namely upward vertical motion in a given system, arid the amount of water vapor available to that system to condense out. It will be shown that the success of using a snow amount forecasting technique is directly related to that technique's ability to account for the specific ingredients involved in a system. The results from this research indicate that the Garcia Method, which attempts to utilize the more important physical ingredients, can be a highly accurate and consistently reliable method of forecasting snowfall for many different types of snowstorms in the Great Plains. This paper also attempts to give some operational guidelines for analyzing and forecasting the necessary ingredients accurately. The ultimate goal of this paper is to improve the operational forecaster's skill in predicting snowfall amounts. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Hastings, NE 68901 USA. RP Nietfeld, DD (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 6365 N Osborne Dr W, Hastings, NE 68901 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI NEWMARKET PA 161 LONDON RD, NEWMARKET, ONTARIO L3Y 7A7, CANADA SN 0424-1932 BN 0-920081-20-7 J9 PROC ANN E SNOW CONF PY 1998 BP 5 EP 12 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BN93G UT WOS:000083553700002 ER PT B AU Pace, RM Dillon, JA Olinde, MW AF Pace, RM Dillon, JA Olinde, MW BE Eversole, AG TI Northern bobwhite population characteristics, productivity, and hen survival in west central Louisiana SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 52nd Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 03-07, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies AB We examined aspects of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter quail) population dynamics in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests on the Vernon Ranger District, Kisatchie National Forest, located in west central Louisiana. We used sex, age, and weight data from 246 birds captured a total of 404 times during 9 February-20 June 1991-1993 in baited traps to describe population characteristics. We used data from 128 (106 F:22 M) birds trapped, radio tagged, and monitored during 3 field seasons to describe productivity and survival of these birds during March through August. The best-fit linear-logistic model (G2 = 7.42, 5 df, P = 0.1912) indicated that proportions of second year (SY) birds captured during spring depended on year; but sex ratios of captured birds were independent of year. Thus. we estimated that the breeding population contained 42.4 +/- 3.1% (mean +/- 1 SE) females and the proportion of SY birds varied among 62.5 +/- 7.1%, 46.2 +/- 5.3%, and 66.4 +/- 4.6% during 1991, 1992, and 1993 respectively. Adult birds were consistently (no significant interactions with year or day, P > 0.1) 4.1% heavier than SY birds (168 +/- 1.2 g vs. 161 +/-: 1.1 g). We observed no difference in the relationship between body mass and sample date among years (P > 0.1), but females experienced a curvilinear change in mass compared to males, which decreased at a rate of 0.12 +/- 0.03 g/day. Average clutch size for 39 completed nests pooled over years was 13.3 +/-: 0.4. Pooled estimated nest success was 48 +/- 8%. Of 40 nests found, 19 produced hatchlings for an average production rate of 5.9 +/- 1.0 hatchlings per clutch, but 12.4 +/- 0.4 hatchlings per successful nest. Proportional hazards regression models indicated that hen survival was not affected by age (P = 0.25), but that hens were 1.8 times as likely to die (P = 0.05) during 1992 than during 1991 and 1993. Estimated 150-day (Mar-Jul) survival rates for hens were 16 +/- 4% during 1992 and 36 +/- 4% during 1991 and 1993, which were lower or similar to several other studies of breeding season mortality. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Species Branch, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pace, RM (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Species Branch, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 1998 BP 410 EP 420 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Forestry SC Fisheries; Forestry GA BQ97V UT WOS:000165216700049 ER PT B AU Quinn, FH AF Quinn, FH BE Lemmela, R Helenius, N TI The impacts of recent climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Laurentian Great Lakes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE AND WATER, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Climate and Water CY AUG 17-20, 1998 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Helsinki Univ Technol, World Meteorol Org, UNESCO, European Commiss, Int Atom Energy Agcy, European Themat Network Educ & Training Environm Water, Technol Water Resources, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Hydrol Rhine Basin, Austrian Natl Comm IHP, Acad Finland, Natl Comm Int Hydrol Programme, Finnish Minist Agr & Forestry, Finnish Minist Environm, Finnish UNESCO Commiss, Finnish Geophys Soc, Interamer Inst Climate Change Res, Keski Uusimaa Joint Municipal Board Water Pollut Control, Kemijoki Oy, City Espoo, Finnair AB The Great Lakes basin includes Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario. As a result of their large water surface areas, the lakes filter small time scale climatic fluctuations and respond primarily to large scale climatic fluctuations. A major change in the water balance of the region appears to have begun during the late 1960's and is continuing through the present time. The primary change in the water balance has been a sharp increase in summer and fall precipitation that began about 1965. The detailed changes in the water balance and their impacts on lake levels are discussed, as well as the implications for water resource management and socioeconomic effects. C1 Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Quinn, FH (reprint author), Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU HELSINKI UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY PI ESPOO 15 PA SF-02150 ESPOO 15, FINLAND PY 1998 BP 729 EP 737 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BM30R UT WOS:000078339600074 ER PT B AU Ranganathan, M Andrey, L Schaal, V Acharya, A AF Ranganathan, M Andrey, L Schaal, V Acharya, A GP USENIX USENIX TI Mobile streams SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL TCL/TK CONFERENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 6th Annual Tcl/Tk Conference CY SEP 18-24, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP USENIX Assoc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USENIX ASSOC PI BERKELEY PA SUITE 215, 2560 NINTH ST, BERKELEY, CA 94710 USA BN 1-880446-98-7 PY 1998 BP 203 EP 204 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM17D UT WOS:000077900900023 ER PT B AU Farrar, JA AF Farrar, JA BE Bell, RS Powers, MH Larson, T TI Status of ASTM standardization activities on direct push technology SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental-and-Engineering-Geophysical-Society CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Environm Engn Geophys Soc AB The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has an active program on developing standards for use of direct push technology for environmental sites characterization. Numerous ASTM subcommittees are working on standards for environmental site characterization. ASTM committee D-18 on Soil and Rock developed subcommittee D-18.21 to develop standards on ground water and vadose zone investigations. Direct push technology is focused in subcommittee section D-18.21.01 on direct push technology. Standard guides have been published on direct push soil and water sampling. Standards on use of the electronic cone penetrometer and the use of laser induced fluorescence have been completed. A general guide on different induced fluorescence techniques are under development. Standards are needed for resistivity/conductivity penetrometers. There are new penetrometer sensors being developed which will eventually require standardization. The approach has been to generate general information guides and then to develop more specific operations techniques for specific sampling systems. Contrary to claims of ASFE and NGWA our guides do not restrict the use of engineering judgement or development of new technologies. ASTM standards will evolve to include new technologies as they are developed. However, monetary support from government is now gone, the process is time consuming, and many participants find it hard to generate the needed standards. It is doubtful the section will generate specific operations guides for individual equipments. C1 US Bur Reclamat, Earth Sci & Res Lab, Denver, CO 80127 USA. RP Farrar, JA (reprint author), US Bur Reclamat, Earth Sci & Res Lab, POB 25007 D-8340, Denver, CO 80127 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI WHEAT RIDGE PA 10200 W 44TH AVE #304, WHEAT RIDGE, CO 80033 USA PY 1998 BP 25 EP 32 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Geology GA BM36Q UT WOS:000078503000003 ER PT B AU Damazo, BN Davies, MA Dutterer, B Kennedy, MD AF Damazo, BN Davies, MA Dutterer, B Kennedy, MD GP ASPE ASPE TI Experiences in micro-milling and micro-drilling SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Damazo, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300014 ER PT B AU Damazo, BN AF Damazo, BN GP ASPE ASPE TI Performance evaluation of commercial motion control boards SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Damazo, BN (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 270 EP 270 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300063 ER PT B AU Estler, WT AF Estler, WT GP ASPE ASPE TI Fundamental ideas in measurement uncertainty SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Estler, WT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 311 EP 311 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300074 ER PT B AU Schmidt-Lange, MP Amatucci, EG Wavering, AJ AF Schmidt-Lange, MP Amatucci, EG Wavering, AJ GP ASPE ASPE TI Application of laser feedback metrology to a hexapod test strut SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt-Lange, MP (reprint author), MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 312 EP 315 PG 2 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300075 ER PT B AU Dixson, R Koning, R Vorburger, TV Fu, J Tsai, VW AF Dixson, R Koning, R Vorburger, TV Fu, J Tsai, VW GP ASPE ASPE TI Dimensional metrology with the NIST calibrated atomic force microscope SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra DE SPM; AFM; standards; metrology; pitch; scale calibration; step height; linewidth C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 320 EP 320 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300077 ER PT B AU Song, JF Vorburger, TV AF Song, JF Vorburger, TV GP ASPE ASPE TI NIST microform calibration - How does it benefit US industry? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 25-30, 1998 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci Inc, Photon Spectra AB In microform metrology, complex 3-D surface features in the micrometer range must be quantified for their shape and size including dimensions, curves, angles, profile deviations, and alignment errors, as well as surface roughness with measurement uncertainties compatible with tolerance requirements. NIST started microform calibrations for Rockwell diamond indenters in 1994. The calibration and check standards, calibration procedures, and calibration uncertainties are introduced in this paper. NIST calibrated Rockwell indenters have been used in a U.S. national primary Rockwell hardness testing machine, and one of these is being used as a common Rockwell indenter in an international round robin comparison. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-20-8 PY 1998 BP 583 EP 586 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BS05J UT WOS:000168480300140 ER PT S AU Garris, MD AF Garris, MD BE Sprague, RH TI Intelligent system for reading handwriting on forms SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES, VOL III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES TRACK SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-31) CY JAN 06-09, 1998 CL KOHALA COAST, HI SP Univ Hawaii, Coll Business Adm AB The National institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has del,eloped a form-based handprint recognition system for reading information written on forms. This public domain software test-bed may be obtained from NIST free of charge on CD-ROM. The recognition system is modular in design and integrates algorithms from heterogeneous computational paradigms including artificial intelligence, image processing, robust statistics, and pattern recognition. At the core of the system are some 15 libraries containing more than 725 subroutines and 39,000 lines of program code that together define an Application Program Interface (API). Algorithms are provided for conducting generalized form registration, intelligent form removal, adaptive character segmentation, neural network-based classification, and lexical postprocessing. To support these tasks, a host of data structures and interdisciplinary technologies are utilized, including affine image transformations, image morphology, connected image components, principal component feature analysis, and machine teaming. Errors within the functional components of the system are complex and non-additive; therefore, system performance must be analyzed within the context of an end-to-end application. This paper provides a functional description of the software system and its architecture, identifies the key technologies utilized, and evaluates the system's performance on a large application. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1060-3425 BN 0-8186-8255-8 J9 P ANN HICSS PY 1998 BP 233 EP 242 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science; Management SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Business & Economics GA BK43E UT WOS:000072156800031 ER PT S AU Black, PE Windley, PJ AF Black, PE Windley, PJ BE Sprague, RH TI Formal verification of secure programs in the presence of side effects SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES, VOL III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES TRACK SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-31) CY JAN 06-09, 1998 CL KOHALA COAST, HI SP Univ Hawaii, Coll Business Adm AB Much software is written in industry standard programming languages, but these languages often have complex semantics making them hard to formalize. For example, the use of expressions with side effects is common in C programs. We present new inference rules for conditional (if) statements and looping constructs (while) with pre- and postevaluation side effects in their test expressions. These inference rules allow us to formally reason about the security properties of programs. We maintain that formal verification of secure programs written in common languages is feasible and can be worthwhile. To support our claim, we give an example of how our verification of a secure web server uncovered some previously unknown problems. Automated theorem proving assistants can help deal with complex inference rules, but many components must be brought together to make a broadly useful system. We propose elements of a formal verification system which could be widely useful. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1060-3425 BN 0-8186-8255-8 J9 P ANN HICSS PY 1998 BP 327 EP 334 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science; Management SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Business & Economics GA BK43E UT WOS:000072156800041 ER PT B AU Napolitano, RE Sanders, TH AF Napolitano, RE Sanders, TH BE Li, BQ TI Cellular automaton finite difference modeling of morphological evolution during alloy solidification SO PROCESSING OF METALS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS: MODELING, DESIGN AND PROPERTIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Processing of Metals and Advanced Materials - Modeling, Design and Properties at the 1998 TMS Annual Meeting CY FEB 16-19, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Mat Design & Mfg Div, Synthesis Control & Anal Mat Proc Comm, Minerals Met & Mat Soc, Extract & Proc Div, Synthesis Control & Analy Mat Proc Comm AB Morphological evolution of a dendritic growth front in a binary alloy is simulated using a cellular automaton approach to establish the feasibility of modeling such growth with a local rule-based scheme. The motivation for this work is derived from the need to predict the development of solidification structures within real components of complex geometry, where significant constraint of the thermal and solutal fields may exist. Such cases present complex boundaries and large domain sizes, which may preclude the effective use of more conventional methods. In this work, a model is presented which couples a two-dimensional alternate-direction-implicit finite-difference diffusion solution with a cellular automaton growth algorithm to simulate morphological evolution in alloys solidifying under directional growth conditions. Temperature, composition, and interface curvature are incorporated into a local growth potential which is used by the automaton, allowing the interface to evolve. Ahoy solidification is simulated over a range of experimental conditions, producing various structures. Issues addressed include morphological instability, primary spacing selection, interface curvature, microsegregation, and tip conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Napolitano, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-395-3 PY 1998 BP 63 EP 74 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BK53P UT WOS:000072467400006 ER PT J AU Belkin, IM Levitus, S Antonov, J Malmberg, SA AF Belkin, IM Levitus, S Antonov, J Malmberg, SA TI "Great Salinity Anomalies" in the North Atlantic SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID EASTERN NEWFOUNDLAND SHELF; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; FRESH-WATER TRANSPORT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ARCTIC-OCEAN; LABRADOR SEA; INTERPENTADAL VARIABILITY; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; DECADAL VARIABILITY AB We revisited the "Great Salinity Anomaly" of the 1970s (GSA'70s; Dickson et al., 1988) and documented the newly identified "Great Salinity Anomaly" of the 1980s thence termed GSA'80s), both propagated around the North Atlantic in a similar fashion. The advective mechanism, initially proposed to explain the observed sequence of low-salinity, low-temperature events during the GSA'70s, apparently holds also for the GSA'80s. The latter was successively observed in the West Greenland Current (1982), the Labrador Current (1983), the Flemish Pass (1984), near the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (1984-1985), in the Rockall Channel (1985), south of Iceland (1985-1988), in the North Sea (1986-1987), Norwegian Sea (1987-1988), Barents Sea (1988-1989) and Iceland Sea (1989-1990). The advection speed of the GSA'80s seems to be greater than the one of the GSA'70s: The 1980s anomaly reached the Barents Sea 6 to 7 years after peaking in the West Greenland Current, while the 1970s anomaly traveled the same route in 8 to 10 years. These anomalies, however, seem to be of different origin. The GSA'70s was apparently boosted remotely, by a freshwater/sea ice pulse from the Arctic via Fram Strait, Consequently, the GSA'70s was accompanied by a large sea ice extent anomaly in the Greenland and Iceland Seas, which propagated into the Labrador Sea. In contrast, the GSA'80s was likely formed locally, in the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay mainly because of the extremely severe winters of the early 1980s, but supplemented with a possible contribution of the Arctic freshwater outflow via the Canadian Archipelago (facilitated by strong northerly winds) which would have enhanced stability and ice formation. This anomaly was also associated with a positive sea ice extent anomaly in the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay which, however, had no upstream precursor in the Greenland Sea. Thus the GSAs are not necessarily caused solely by an increased export of freshwater and sea ice from the Arctic via Fram Strait. These results are corroborated by the early 1990s data when a new fresh, cold anomaly was formed in the Labrador Sea and accompanied by a large positive sea ice extent anomaly. The harsh winters of the early 1990s were, however, confined to the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay area while the atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the Greenland, Iceland, and Irminger Seas were normal. The Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay area appears therefore to play a key role in formation of GSAs as well as in propagation of the GSAs formed upstream. A likely contribution of the enhanced Canadian Archipelago freshwater outflow to the GSA formation also seems to be significant. Two major modes of the GSA origin are thus identified, remote (generated by an enhanced Arctic Ocean freshwater export via either Fram Strait or the Canadian Archipelago) and local (resulting from severe winters in the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay). Both modes should be taken into account to model decadal variability of the coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere system in the North Atlantic/Arctic Basin. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Ocean Climate Lab, E OC5, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Shirshov Inst Oceanol, Moscow 117851, Russia. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Marine Res Inst, Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Belkin, IM (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, 215 S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 181 TC 247 Z9 252 U1 2 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 1 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00015-9 PG 68 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 147WA UT WOS:000077519500001 ER PT J AU Perry, DM Mercaldo-Allen, R Kuropat, CA Hughes, JB AF Perry, DM Mercaldo-Allen, R Kuropat, CA Hughes, JB TI Laboratory culture of tautog SO PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST LA English DT Article AB Spawning of field-captured adult tautog Tantoga onitis was accomplished under laboratory conditions. Natural spawning of tautog produced more viable embryos and larvae than did strip-spawning. Embryos were cultured to hatching and raised successfully through the larval stage to juveniles. Newly hatched larvae were fed protozoans from day 0 to day 6 posthatch, rotifers from day 2 to day 20 posthatch, and brine shrimp Artemia salina from day 7 to several months posthatch. Rotifers and brine shrimp were enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids. Supplementing cultured foods with natural plankton enhanced larval survival. Slow flow-through green-water culture proved superior to static culture methods. Handling resulted in high larval mortality. Laboratory-cultured brine shrimp and a commercial food provided an adequate diet for juvenile tautog. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Perry, DM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0033-0779 J9 PROG FISH CULT JI Progress. Fish-Cult. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 1 BP 50 EP 54 DI 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0050:LCOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YX748 UT WOS:000072073300008 ER PT J AU Robinson, RD Ake, TB Lindler, DJ Heap, SR Carpenter, KG Leckrone, DS Maran, SP Smith, AM Brandt, JC Beaver, EA Boggess, A Ebbets, DC Hutchings, JB Jura, M Linsky, JL Savage, BD Trafton, LM Walter, FM Weymann, RJ AF Robinson, RD Ake, TB Lindler, DJ Heap, SR Carpenter, KG Leckrone, DS Maran, SP Smith, AM Brandt, JC Beaver, EA Boggess, A Ebbets, DC Hutchings, JB Jura, M Linsky, JL Savage, BD Trafton, LM Walter, FM Weymann, RJ TI The Goddard high resolution spectrograph: Post-COSTAR characteristics SO PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC LA English DT Article AB We review changes to the characteristics of the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) which resulted from the installation of the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) on the Hubble Space Telescope. The introduction of two new optical elements into the light path altered the spectral distribution of the Light, decreasing the amount of light striking the instrument by about 30% at wavelengths greater than 1200 Angstrom and effectively eliminated all radiation at wavelengths less than 1130 Angstrom. However, at the longer wavelengths the improved focus offset this loss when the Large Science Aperture (LSA) was used and increased the overall throughput of the Small Science Aperture (SSA) by a factor of 2. The improved focus also enhanced the spectral resolution of LSA observations and improved the ability of the instrument to observe in crowded fields. C1 Comp Sci Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron Program, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Ball Aerosp Syst Grp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. Dominion Astrophys Observ, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, Mcdonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. RP Robinson, RD (reprint author), Comp Sci Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron Program, Code 681 CSC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012; Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012 NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0004-6280 J9 PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC JI Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 743 BP 68 EP 78 DI 10.1086/316116 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YU680 UT WOS:000071743200010 ER PT J AU Bartlein, PJ Anderson, KH Anderson, PM Edwards, ME Mock, CJ Thompson, RS Webb, RS Whitlock, C AF Bartlein, PJ Anderson, KH Anderson, PM Edwards, ME Mock, CJ Thompson, RS Webb, RS Whitlock, C TI Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID RESPONSE SURFACES; POLLEN DATA; VEGETATION AB Maps of upper-level and surface winds and of surface temperature and precipitation illustrate the results of a sequence of global paleoclimatic simulations spanning the past 21,000 yr for North America. We review (a) the large-scale features of circulation, temperature, and precipitation that appear in the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), (b) the implications of the simulated climate for the past continental-scale distributions of three plant taxa (Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii. and Artemisia tridentata), which are broadly representative of the vegetation across the continent, and (c) the potential explanations in terms of atmospheric circulation or surface energy- and water-balance processes for mismatches between the simulations and observations. Most Of the broad-scale features of previous paleoclimatic simulations with the NCAR CCM 0 for North America are present in the current simulations. Many of the elements of a conceptual model (based on previous climate simulations) that describes the controls of paleoclimatic variations across North America during the past 21,000 yr are found in simulations reviewed here. These include (1) displacement of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south of its present position in both winter and summer, (2) generation of a 'glacial anticyclone' over the ice sheet at the LGM, and the consequent induction of large-scale sinking motions induced over eastern North America, (3) changes in the strength of surface atmospheric circulation features through time, including weakening of the Aleutian low in winter, and strengthening of the eastern Pacific and Bermuda high-pressure systems in summer as the ice sheet decreased in size, (4) development of a 'heat low' at the surface and a strengthened ridge in the upper-atmosphere over the continent at the time of the maximum summer insolation anomaly, (5) increases in summer temperature earlier in regions remote from the ice sheet (these increases appear earlier in the present (CCM 1) simulations than in the previous (CCM 0) ones, however), and (6) continuation of negative winter temperature anomalies into the middle Holocene. Ln general, simulated surface conditions that are discordant with paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed to the simulation of particular atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. those that suppress precipitation or advect warm air into a region), with these mismatches amplified in Beringia and the southeastern United States by surface energy- and water-balance processes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska, Dept Geol & Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Bartlein, PJ (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 32 TC 324 Z9 328 U1 5 U2 61 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6-7 BP 549 EP 585 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2 PG 37 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 104EK UT WOS:000075001600005 ER PT J AU Webb, T Anderson, KH Bartlein, PJ Webb, RS AF Webb, T Anderson, KH Bartlein, PJ Webb, RS TI Late quaternary climate change in eastern North America: A comparison of pollen-derived estimates with climate model results SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID EUROPE AB Late Quaternary pollen data from eastern North America and pollen-climate response surfaces provide tests of the climate simulations from Version 1 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM1) for 21, 16, 14, 11, and 6 ka. The model results are also compared to those from Version 0 of the NCAR model (CCM0). In contrast to CCM0, CCM1 used a slab ocean model to compute sea surface temperatures, included a seasonal cycle, and computed soil moisture. It also used an improved set of boundary conditions from 21 to 6 ka. In eastern North America, CCM 1 simulated lower temperatures at the last glacial maximum (LGM) 21,000 years ago than did CCM0 and therefore was in better agreement with the pollen data than the CCM0 simulations were. The simulations by CCM 1 for mean July temperatures from 16 to 11 ka, however, were much higher than those by CCM0 and were higher than present for much of the area south of the Laurentide ice sheet. These simulated conditions differ markedly from those reconstructed from the pollen data, which indicate July temperatures significantly lower than present from 16 to 11 ka. At 6 ka, CCM 1 simulated climate conditions similar to today and therefore not too different from those simulated by CCM0 or those inferred from the pollen data. For 6 Era in the upper Midwest, however, CCM1 simulated moisture conditions similar to present, which is an improvement over CCM0. However, the new simulation still does not match the drier-than-present conditions inferred from the pollen data. Derailed analysis of the circulation variables and the surface-energy-budget terms simulated by CCM1 show that both dynamic and thermodynamic factors contributed to the major discrepancy in July temperatures from 16 to 11 ka. The simulated glacial anticyclone created less cloudiness and rainfall south of the ice sheet, and these conditions allowed the increased summertime insolation from 16 to 11 ka to overheat the surface. The impact of the ice sheet on model dynamics therefore led to overestimation of summer temperatures south of the ice for this time period. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NOAA, NGDC, Paleoclimate Program, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Webb, T (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RI Bartlein, Patrick/E-4643-2011 OI Bartlein, Patrick/0000-0001-7657-5685 NR 25 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6-7 BP 587 EP 606 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00013-4 PG 20 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 104EK UT WOS:000075001600006 ER PT J AU Aubineau-Laniece, I Castellan, G Caswell, RS Guezingar, F Henge-Napoli, MH Li, WB Pihet, P AF Aubineau-Laniece, I Castellan, G Caswell, RS Guezingar, F Henge-Napoli, MH Li, WB Pihet, P TI Application of microdosimetric methods for the determination of energy deposition distributions by inhaled actinides SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Intakes of Radionuclides - Occupational and Public Exposure CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL AVIGNON, FRANCE SP British Nuclear Fuels plc, COGEMA, Colenco Power Engn Ltd, Deutsche Gesell Bau & Betrieb Endlagem Abfallstoffe mbH, Electricite de France, Gesell Nukl Serv GmbH, Hemispheres, Plessis Robinson, Nukem Nukl, Siemens, TUV, Hanover, Germany, TUV, Munich, Germany, Vereinig Deutsch Elektrizitatswerke ID RADON DAUGHTERS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; ALPHA; PARTICLES AB The respiratory tract dosimetry model of ICRP Publication 66 takes into account the morphometry of lung tissues Tor the determination of average energy deposited by alpha emitters. However it assumes a uniform distribution of radioactive material. The statistical fluctuations in frequency of cells hit and of energy deposited in individual target cells depends significantly on the real distribution of radioactive material, including possible high local concentrations. This paper is aimed at investigating the application of two established analytic methods which have been combined to determine single and multi-event energy deposition distributions in epithelial cells of bronchiolar airway exposed to 5.15 MeV alpha particle; (Pu-239). The relative importance of multi-event occurrence on the shape of the specific energy distributions is discussed. C1 Inst Protect & Surete Nucl, Dept Protect Sante Homme & Dosimetrie, Serv Dosimetrie, IPSN, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. Inst Radiat Med, Beijing 100850, Peoples R China. RP Aubineau-Laniece, I (reprint author), Inst Protect & Surete Nucl, Dept Protect Sante Homme & Dosimetrie, Serv Dosimetrie, IPSN, BP 6, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France. RI Li, Weibo/M-7475-2013 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1998 VL 79 IS 1-4 BP 395 EP 400 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 126JA UT WOS:000076289100086 ER PT J AU McDonald, JC Schwartz, RB Thomas, RH AF McDonald, JC Schwartz, RB Thomas, RH TI Neutron dose equivalent conversion coefficients have changed in the last forty years ... Haven't they? SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB Conversion coefficients relating neutron fluence lo dose equivalent were first made available forty years ago, and subsequently many versions of the coefficients have been published in the scientific literature. These conversion coefficients have been tabulated in a number of formats that related, for example. the fluence rate to maximum dose equivalent rate; the fluence rate, in a period of 40 h, producing a maximum dose equivalent of 1 mSv; and the fluence to ambient dose equivalent. The dose equivalent quantities have been specified in a number of phantoms, including: semi-infinite slabs of tissue-equivalent materials, right-circular and elliptical cylinders, and the ICRU sphere. Significant changes in the definitions of the radiation protection quantities have taken place. Interestingly, the neutron conversion coefficients have remained nearly invariant. It appears that the current set of conversion coefficients are adequate for radiation protection dosimetry and that, barring any unexpectedly large changes in neutron cross section or risk data, further changes are neither necessary nor desirable in the foreseeable future. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP McDonald, JC (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN23 1YW SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 1998 VL 78 IS 2 BP 147 EP 149 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 123MJ UT WOS:000076128700010 ER PT J AU Biegalski, SR Currie, LA Fletcher, RA Klouda, GA Weissenbok, R AF Biegalski, SR Currie, LA Fletcher, RA Klouda, GA Weissenbok, R TI AMS and microprobe analysis of combusted particles in ice and snow SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Radiocarbon Conference CY JUN, 1997 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Sci, Groninger Universiteitsfonds ID SOURCE IDENTIFICATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BLACK CARBON; C-14; AEROSOL; CORE AB Ice cores and snow pits of the cryosphere contain particles that detail the history of past atmospheric air compositions. Some of these particles result from combustion processes and have undergone long-range transport to arrive in the Arctic. Recent research has focused on the separation of particulate matter from ice and snow, as well as the subsequent analysis of the separated particles for C-14 with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and for individual particle compositions with laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). The very low particulate concentrations in Arctic samples mako these measurements a challenge. The first task is to separate the particles from the ice core. Two major options exist to accomplish this separation. One option is to melt the ice and then filter the meltwater. A second option is to sublimate the ice core directly, depositing the particles onto a surface. This work demonstrates that greater control is obtained through sublimation. A suite of analytical methods has been used for the measurement of the carbon in snow and ice. Total carbon was analyzed with a carbon/nitrogen/hydrogen (CHN) analyzer. AMS was used for the determination of carbon isotopes. Since source identification of the carbonaceous particles is of primary importance here, the use of LAMMA was incorporated to link individual particle molecular-structural patterns to the same group of particles that were measured by the other techniques. Prior to this study, neither AMS nor LAMMA had been applied to particles contained in snow. This paper discusses the development and limitations of the methodology required to make these measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Vienna, Inst Radium Res & Nucl Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. RP Biegalski, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Biegalski, Steven/A-7765-2010 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP 3 EP 10 PN 1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113KT UT WOS:000075550700004 ER PT J AU Currie, LA Eijgenhuijsen, EM Klouda, GA AF Currie, LA Eijgenhuijsen, EM Klouda, GA TI On the validity of the Poisson hypothesis for low-level counting: Investigation of the distributional characteristics of background radiation with the NIST individual pulse counting system SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Radiocarbon Conference CY JUN, 1997 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Sci, Groninger Universiteitsfonds ID COUNTERS AB Does radioactive decay follow the Poisson distribution?-a fundamental question, to which the theoretical answer seems to be, Yes. On the practical side, the answer to this question impacts the best achievable precision in well-controlled counting experiments. There have been some noteworthy experimental tests of the Poisson assumption, using systems carefully designed for the analysis of individual pulses from stable radioactive sources; thus far, experiment supports theory. For low-level counting, the nature of the background distribution can be of profound practical importance, especially for very long counting experiments where validation by an adequate number of full replicates may be impracticable. One is tempted in such cases to assume that the variance is equal to the mean, in order to estimate the measurement uncertainty. Background radiation, however, has multiple components, only some of which are governed by the laws of radioactive decay. A specially designed low-level gas counting system at NIST for interactive, retrospective individual pulse shape and time series analysis makes possible the investigation of the empirical distribution function of the background radiation, in a manner similar to the previous empirical distribution studies of radioactive decay. Benefits of individual pulse analysis are that there is no information loss due to averaging and that two independent tests of the Poisson hypothesis can be performed using data from a single, extended measurement period without the need for replication; namely, tests of the distribution of arrival times, expected to be uniform, and the distribution of inter-arrival times, expected to be exponential. For low-level counting the second test has a very interesting and very informative complement: the distribution of coincidence-anticoincidence inter-arrival times. Key outcomes from the study were that: 1) nonstationarity in the mean background rate over extended periods of time could be compensated by an on-line paired counter technique, which is far preferable to the questionable practice of using an "error-multiplier" that presumes the wandering (nonstationary) background to be random; and 2) individual empirical pulse distributions differed from the ideal GM and Poisson processes by exhibiting giant pulses, a continuum of small pulses, afterpulses, and in certain circumstances bursts of pulses and transient relaxation processes. The afterpulses constituted ca. 8% of the anti-coincidence background events, yet they escaped detection by the conventional distributional tests. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandoz Pharma AG, CH-4000 Basel, Switzerland. RP Currie, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP 113 EP + PN 1 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113KT UT WOS:000075550700018 ER PT J AU Weissenbok, R Biegalski, S Currie, LA Klinedinst, DB Golser, R Klouda, GA Kutschera, W Priller, A Rom, W Steier, P Wild, E AF Weissenbok, R Biegalski, S Currie, LA Klinedinst, DB Golser, R Klouda, GA Kutschera, W Priller, A Rom, W Steier, P Wild, E TI C-14 measurements of sub-milligram carbon samples from aerosols SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Radiocarbon Conference CY JUN, 1997 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Sci, Groninger Universiteitsfonds ID MASS; VERA; AMS AB Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the milligram level is routinely performed, but it is difficult to go substantially below 100 mu g of carbon, we discuss various approaches for sample preparation, machine operation and data evaluation, to meet the special requirements of C-14 AMS measurements at the microgram-carbon level. Furthermore, we present first results obtained at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) from C-14 measurements of a snow sample from Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, prepared at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Radiumforsch & Kernphys, Vienna Environm Res Accelerator, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Vienna, Inst Radiumforsch & Kernphys, Vienna Environm Res Accelerator, Wahringer Str 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. EM weissenb@pap.univie.ac.ae; steven.biegalski@nist.gov; lloyd.currie@nist.gov; walterku@pap.univie.ac.at; priller@pap.univie.ac.at; rom@pap.univie.ac.at RI Biegalski, Steven/A-7765-2010; OI Priller, Alfred/0000-0002-5008-2089 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 EI 1945-5755 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP 265 EP 272 PN 1 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113KT UT WOS:000075550700036 ER PT J AU Currie, LA Dibb, JE Klouda, GA Benner, BA Conny, JM Biegalski, SR Klinedinst, DB Cahoon, DR Hsu, NC AF Currie, LA Dibb, JE Klouda, GA Benner, BA Conny, JM Biegalski, SR Klinedinst, DB Cahoon, DR Hsu, NC TI The pursuit of isotopic and molecular fire tracers in the polar atmosphere and cryosphere SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Radiocarbon Conference CY JUN, 1997 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Sci, Groninger Universiteitsfonds ID GREENLAND; SUMMIT; SNOW AB We present an overview of recent multidisciplinary, multi-institutional efforts to identify and date major sources of combustion aerosol in the current and paleoatmospheres. The work was stimulated, in part, by an atmospheric particle "sample of opportunity" collected at Summit, Greenland in August 1994, that bore the C-14 imprint of biomass burning. During the summer field seasons of 1995 and 1996, we collected air filter, surface snow and snowpit samples to investigate chemical and isotopic evidence of combustion particles that had been transported from distant fires. Among the chemical tracers employed for source identification are organic acids, potassium and ammonium ions, and elemental and organic components of carbonaceous particles. Ion chromatography, performed by members of the Climate Change Research Center (University of New Hampshire), has been especially valuable in indicating periods at Summit that were likely to have been affected by the long range transport of biomass burning aerosol. Univariate and multivariate patterns of the ion concentrations in the snow and ice pinpointed surface and snowpit samples for the direct analysis of particulate (soot) carbon and carbon isotopes. The research at NIST is focusing on graphitic and polycyclic aromatic carbon, which serve as almost certain indicators of fire, and measurements of carbon isotopes, especially C-14 to distinguish fossil and biomass combustion sources. Complementing the chemical and isotopic record, are direct "visual" (satellite imagery) records and less direct backtrajectory records, to indicate geographic source regions and transport paths. In this paper we illustrate the unique way in which the synthesis of the chemical, isotopic, satellite and trajectory data enhances our ability to develop the recent history;of the formation and transport of soot deposited in the polar snow and ice. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Radiat Sci Branch, Div Atmospher Sci, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Hughes STX, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Currie, LA (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Biegalski, Steven/A-7765-2010; Hsu, N. Christina/H-3420-2013 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP 381 EP 390 PN 1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113KT UT WOS:000075550700049 ER PT J AU Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Lehman, SJ Kashgarian, M Southon, JR AF Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Lehman, SJ Kashgarian, M Southon, JR TI A new C-14 calibration data set for the last deglaciation based on marine varves SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Radiocarbon Conference CY JUN, 1997 CL GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands Acad Sci, Groninger Universiteitsfonds ID YOUNGER DRYAS; GERMAN OAK; ATMOSPHERIC C-14/C-12; BRISTLECONE PINE; ATLANTIC REGION; CORALS; AGES; GREENLAND; VENTILATION; CHRONOLOGY AB Varved sediments of the tropical Cariaco Basin provide a new C-14 calibration data set for the period of deglaciation (10,000 to 14,500 years before present: 10-14.5 cal ka sp). Independent evaluations of the Cariaco Basin calendar and C-14 chronologies were based on the agreement of varve ages with the GISP2 ice core layer chronology for similar high-resolution paleoclimate records, in addition to C-14 age agreement with terrestrial 14C dates, even during large climatic changes. These assessments indicate that the Cariaco Basin C-14 reservoir age remained stable throughout the Younger Dryas and late Allerod climatic events and that the varve and C-14 chronologies provide an accurate alternative to existing calibrations based on coral U/Th dates. The Cariaco Basin calibration generally agrees with coral-derived calibrations but is more continuous and resolves century-scale details of C-14 change not seen in the coral records. C-14 plateaus can be identified at 9.6, 11.4, and 11.7 C-14 ka BP, in addition to a large, sloping "plateau" during the Younger Dryas (similar to 10 to 11 C-14 ka sp). Accounting for features such as these is crucial to determining the relative timing and rates of change during abrupt global climate changes of the last deglaciation. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hughen, KA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418 NR 40 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP 483 EP 494 PN 1 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 113KT UT WOS:000075550700059 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Roberson, S AF Gillen, G Roberson, S TI Preliminary evaluation of an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion beam for analysis of organic thin films by secondary ion mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID EMISSION; SIMS; MATRIX; GOLD AB Organic vapor deposited thin films of pure biomolecules, polymer films and biomolecules dispersed in gelatin and biological tissue have been analyzed in a magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometer using an SF5+ primary ion beam at keV impact energies, In comparison to Ar+ bombardment under identical conditions, bombardment with SF5+ gives a 10 to 50 fold enhancement in the secondary ion yields for characteristic molecular ions. The SF5+ primary ion beam can be focussed to a small spot allowing molecular ion images to be obtained at micrometer spatial resolution with enhanced sensitivity, More importantly, the decay in molecular ion signal as a function of primary ion dose commonly observed in SIMS using monoatomic primary ions is either eliminated or greatly reduced, allowing molecular depth profiles to be obtained of organic thin films. By continuing to sample intact molecules as sputtering proceeds into the sample, the total number of detected characteristic secondary ions is increased by as much as a factor of similar to 700 for SF5+ bombardment as compared to Ar+ bombardment under identical analytical conditions, This effect is thought to be a result of the high erosion rate and the low penetration depth inherent in the use of a polyatomic primary projectile. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, This paper was produced under the auspices of the US Government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the US. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 224 Z9 225 U1 3 U2 28 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 19 BP 1303 EP 1312 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19981015)12:19<1303::AID-RCM330>3.3.CO;2-Z PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 124MC UT WOS:000076185300005 PM 9773521 ER PT S AU Kreider, KG Dewitt, DP Tsai, BK Lovas, FJ Allen, DW AF Kreider, KG Dewitt, DP Tsai, BK Lovas, FJ Allen, DW BE Ozturk, MC Roozeboom, F Timans, PJ Pas, SH TI RTP calibration wafer using thin-film thermocouples SO RAPID THERMAL AND INTEGRATED PROCESSING VII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Rapid Thermal and Integrated Processing at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-15, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a key technology for the cluster tool, single wafer manufacturing approach that is used to produce integrated circuits at lower cost with reduced line widths and thermal budgets. However, various problems associated with wafer temperature measurements and dynamic temperature uniformity have hindered the widespread use of RTP in semiconductor device manufacturing. The current technology for calibrating the radiometers employs a thermocouple instrumented wafer. We have accomplished improvements in the accuracy of these measurements through the use of thin-film thermocouples and the new Pt/Pd thermocouple system. These new calibration wafers can reduce the uncertainty in wafer temperature measurement technology by (1) reducing the perturbation due to heat transfer at the thermocouple junctions and (2) replacing conventional thermocouples with the superior Pt/Pd system. The thin-film thermocouples were calibrated using proof specimens fabricated with the Si 200 mm wafers and evaluated in the NIST RTP sensor test bed. The commercial type K thermocouples yielded temperature measurements within 4 degrees C of the thin-film Rh/Pt and Pt/Pd thermocouples on the 200 mm calibration wafer between 725 degrees C and 875 degrees C. The Pt/Pd thin-film thermocouples proved less durable than the Rh/Pt thin films and the limitations of these systems are discussed. We also present a comparison of the radiometric measurements with the thermocouple measurements using a model estimating the wafer temperature from its spectral radiance temperature. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kreider, KG (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-431-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 525 BP 87 EP 94 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL75B UT WOS:000076553400011 ER PT S AU Lovas, FJ Tsai, BK Gibson, CE AF Lovas, FJ Tsai, BK Gibson, CE BE Ozturk, MC Roozeboom, F Timans, PJ Pas, SH TI Meeting RTP temperature accuracy requirements: Measurement and calibrations at NIST SO RAPID THERMAL AND INTEGRATED PROCESSING VII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Rapid Thermal and Integrated Processing at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-15, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Although radiometric temperature measurement in rapid thermal processing (RTP) tools has substantially improved in terms of repeatability and uniformity, it still remains a technical challenge. The 1999 requirements of 180 nm line width technology in the 1997 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS) imply an uncertainty of +/- 2 degrees C in temperature measurement, which will continue the challenge in temperature measurement. In this paper we will discuss the NIST absolute radiometric temperature calibration, measurements, and uncertainty analysis. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lovas, FJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-431-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 525 BP 127 EP 133 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL75B UT WOS:000076553400017 ER PT S AU Faust, BS Stoup, JR Stanfield, ES AF Faust, BS Stoup, JR Stanfield, ES BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI Minimizing error sources in gage block mechanical comparison measurements SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL GAUGE BLOCK METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Recent Developments in Optical Gauge Metrology CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE check standards; comparisons; dimensional metrology; gage blocks; Hertzian contact deformation; statistical process control AB Error sources in gage block mechanical comparisons can range from classical textbook examples (thermal gradients, correct temperature value, and correct master value) to a completely counter-intuitive example of diamond probe tip wear at low applied force. Fortunately, there are methods available to metrologists that can successfully be applied to minimize these and other effects. Techniques such as statistical process control, use of check standards, thermal drift eliminating measurement algorithms, improved sensor calibration, and well-tested deformation modeling are used at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to minimize errors. These same methods can be applied by anyone making mechanical comparison gage block measurements. C1 NIST, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Faust, BS (reprint author), NIST, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2932-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3477 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1117/12.323101 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL86N UT WOS:000076978700017 ER PT S AU Stoup, JR Faust, BS Doiron, TD AF Stoup, JR Faust, BS Doiron, TD BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI Minimizing errors in phase change correction measurements for gage blocks using a spherical contact technique SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL GAUGE BLOCK METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Recent Developments in Optical Gauge Metrology CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE deformation; gage block; interferometry; phase change correction; thermal drift; wringing layer AB One of the most elusive measurement elements in gage block interferometry is the correction for the phase change on reflection. Techniques used to quantify this correction have improved over the years, but the measurement uncertainty has remained relatively constant because some error sources have proven historically difficult to reduce. The Precision Engineering Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently developed a measurement technique that can quantify the phase change on reflection correction directly for individual gage blocks and eliminates some of the fundamental problems with historical measurement methods. Since only the top surface of the gage block is used in the measurement, wringing film inconsistencies are eliminated with this technique thereby drastically reducing the measurement uncertainty for the correction. However, block geometry and thermal issues still exist. This paper will describe the methods used to minimize the measurement uncertainty of the phase change on reflection evaluation using a spherical contact technique. The work focuses on gage block surface topography and drift eliminating algorithms for the data collection. The extrapolation of the data to an undeformed condition and the failure of these curves to follow theoretical estimates are also discussed. The wavelength dependence of the correction was directly measured for different gage block materials and manufacturers and the data will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoup, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2932-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3477 BP 161 EP 172 DI 10.1117/12.323105 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL86N UT WOS:000076978700020 ER PT S AU Doiron, T Everett, D Faust, B Stanfield, E Stoup, J AF Doiron, T Everett, D Faust, B Stanfield, E Stoup, J BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI The case against optical gage block metrology SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL GAUGE BLOCK METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Recent Developments in Optical Gauge Metrology CY JUL 20-21, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE gage block; gauge block; interferometry; wringing layers; optical phase; mechanical deformation; measurement uncertainty; operator bias; dimensional metrology AB The current definition of the length of a gage block is a very clever attempt to evade the systematic errors associated with the wringing layer thickness and optical phase corrections. In practice, most laboratories wring to quartz or fused silica reference plates, and in addition there are very large systematic operator and surface effects. We present quantitative data on these effects and show that the current definition of gage block length is a primary source of measurement uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Doiron, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2932-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3477 BP 188 EP 198 DI 10.1117/12.323108 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL86N UT WOS:000076978700023 ER PT S AU Powell, A Warren, J Bailey, C AF Powell, A Warren, J Bailey, C BE Suhir, E Fukuda, M Kurkjian, CR TI Mechanism of motion of an optical fiber aligned by a solder droplet SO RELIABILITY OF PHOTONICS MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Materials-Research-Society Symposium on Reliability of Photonics Materials and Structures CY APR 13-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Solder is often used as an adhesive to attach optical fibers to a circuit board. In this proceeding we will discuss efforts to model the motion of an optical fiber during the wetting and solidification of the adhesive solder droplet. The extent of motion is determined by several competing forces, during three "stages" of solder joint formation. First, capillary forces of the liquid phase control the fiber position. Second, during solidification, the presence of the liquid-solid-vapor triple line as well as a reduced liquid solder volume leads to a change in the net capillary force an the optical fiber. Finally, the solidification front itself impinges on the fiber. Publicly-available finite element models are used to calculate the time-dependent position of the solidification front and shape of the free surface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-437-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 531 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BL93G UT WOS:000077192600011 ER PT S AU Goldberg, MD Reale, A Kratz, G AF Goldberg, MD Reale, A Kratz, G BE Susskind, J Singhroy, V Tanaka, S TI The use of pattern recognition to derive SSMT/2 moisture retrievals SO REMOTE SENSING: INVERSION PROBLEMS AND NATURAL HAZARDS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, World Climate Res Programme, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Sci, Sci Comm Ocean Res, Int Union Geol Sci, Int Astronaut Federat, Int Decade Nat Disaster Reduct, UNESCO, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs AB Global moisture distribution plays an important role in understanding and predicting weather and climate. A retrieval algorithm for deriving atmospheric moisture profiles has been developed for the Special Sensor Microwave Temperature-2 (SSMT/2) sensor aboard DMSP satellites. The algorithm uses pattern recognition to select the first guess to be used in a regression retrieval and an adjustment procedure to remove cloud liquid water contamination from the measurements. The accuracy of the first guess exceeds that of statistical retrievals which starts with a climatological guess. The pattern recognition technique is library search in which ensembles of collocated radiosonde and satellite observations are used to find situations that are similar to the ambient condition. The average of the ten most similar conditions provide the moisture guess and the corresponding SSMT/2 brightness temperature guess. For very nonlinear problems (i.e. moisture retrievals), library search solutions alone are consistently better than regression solutions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Syst Engn & Secur Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 810, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Reale, Tony/F-5621-2010; Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010 OI Reale, Tony/0000-0003-2150-5246; NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043311-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 385 EP 388 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00917-4 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BK82U UT WOS:000073538000003 ER PT S AU Ignatov, A Stowe, L Singh, R AF Ignatov, A Stowe, L Singh, R BE Susskind, J Singhroy, V Tanaka, S TI Sensitivity study of the Angstrom exponent derived from AVHRR over the oceans SO REMOTE SENSING: INVERSION PROBLEMS AND NATURAL HAZARDS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, World Climate Res Programme, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Sci, Sci Comm Ocean Res, Int Union Geol Sci, Int Astronaut Federat, Int Decade Nat Disaster Reduct, UNESCO, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID ALGORITHM; PRODUCTS; SPACE; COLOR AB Aerosol optical depth, tau(A), has been operationally retrieved from NOAA satellites over global oceans since 1989 using measurements in the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channel 1 (lambda(1) = 0.63 mu m). Recently, the question has been raised on developing a two-channel procedure, to additionally retrieve the aerosol Angstrom exponent, alpha, using measurements in AVHRR channel 2 (lambda(2) = 0.83 mu m). Here, we evaluate theoretically the expected uncertainty, delta alpha, resulting from atmospheric, oceanic, and radiometric errors. In general, delta alpha is inversely proportional to tau(A), with the proportionality coefficient depending upon spectral channels used, sun-view geometry, and uncertainties in the model retrieval parameters. For the AVHRR, retrieval of alpha under typical oceanic conditions (tau(A) < 0.1) is highly uncertain. Empirical analysis of AVHRR data is underway, and field programs are being conducted to quantify these errors observationally. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, ORA, Satellite Res Lab, Washington, DC 20233 USA. SM Syst & Res Corp, Bowie, MD 20716 USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, ORA, Satellite Res Lab, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944 NR 19 TC 36 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043311-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 439 EP 442 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00926-5 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BK82U UT WOS:000073538000013 ER PT S AU Kogan, FN AF Kogan, FN BE Susskind, J Singhroy, V Tanaka, S TI Global drought and flood-watch from NOAA polar-orbitting satellites SO REMOTE SENSING: INVERSION PROBLEMS AND NATURAL HAZARDS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, World Climate Res Programme, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Sci, Sci Comm Ocean Res, Int Union Geol Sci, Int Astronaut Federat, Int Decade Nat Disaster Reduct, UNESCO, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CALIBRATION; CHANNELS AB Drought and flood are the most damaging environmental phenomenon. Ln a quarter of the century since 1967, droughts affected sixty and floods thirty percent of 2.8 billion people who suffered from weather-related disasters. Moreover, they were a cause of 1.6 million deaths from the total number of 3.5 million people killed by all disasters during 1967-1991. Since drought and flood cover large areas, it is difficult to monitor them using conventional systems. in recent years, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has designed a new AVHRR-based indices that have shown to be useful for detection and monitoring large area vegetation stress resulted from drought or soil oversaturation following flooding and excessive rains. These indices are Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition index (TCI) and their combination (V/TCI). These indices showed their excellent ability to detect vegetation stress due to drought and soil oversaturation and are useful in measuring time of onset, intensity, duration, and impact on vegetation of these phenomenon. This paper shows the principals of VCI/TCI application. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Satellite Res Lab,Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kogan, FN (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Satellite Res Lab,Sci Ctr, Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 7 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043311-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 477 EP 480 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00883-1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BK82U UT WOS:000073538000019 ER PT S AU Seiler, RA Kogan, F Sullivan, J AF Seiler, RA Kogan, F Sullivan, J BE Susskind, J Singhroy, V Tanaka, S TI AVHRR-based vegetation and temperature condition indices for drought detection in Argentina SO REMOTE SENSING: INVERSION PROBLEMS AND NATURAL HAZARDS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, World Climate Res Programme, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Sci, Sci Comm Ocean Res, Int Union Geol Sci, Int Astronaut Federat, Int Decade Nat Disaster Reduct, UNESCO, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CALIBRATION; SATELLITE; CHANNELS; NOAA-7; INDEX AB The AVHRR-based Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCT) have been developed and successfully used for monitoring drought in the USA., the Former Soviet Union, Zimbabwe, and China. This research was designed to apply and validate those indices for drought detection and impact assessment on agricultural yields in Cordoba province of Argentina. Seventy one percent of corn yield variability was explained by the spectral indices averaged over January and February. The VCI and TCI were useful to assess the spatial characteristics, the duration and severity of drought, and were in a good agreement with precipitation patterns. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto Ruta, CONICET, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cba, Argentina. NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Res Lab, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Seiler, RA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto Ruta, CONICET, 36,Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Cba, Argentina. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 12 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043311-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 481 EP 484 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00884-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BK82U UT WOS:000073538000020 ER PT S AU Unganai, LS Kogan, FN AF Unganai, LS Kogan, FN BE Susskind, J Singhroy, V Tanaka, S TI Southern Africa's recent droughts from space SO REMOTE SENSING: INVERSION PROBLEMS AND NATURAL HAZARDS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, World Climate Res Programme, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Sci, Sci Comm Ocean Res, Int Union Geol Sci, Int Astronaut Federat, Int Decade Nat Disaster Reduct, UNESCO, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID VEGETATION INDEX AB The potential application of AVHRR data in regional scale drought monitoring in southern Africa is investigated. Using the NOAA-9 and 11 weekly Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set for the period 1985 to 1994, two indices, the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Temperature Condition Index (TCI) derived from brightness temperature are related to recent regional scale drought patterns in southern Africa. The areal extent and core areas of recent droughts are clearly mapped and validated by mean atmospheric anomaly fields. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Drought Monitoring Ctr, Dept Meteorol, Harare, Zimbabwe. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Unganai, LS (reprint author), Drought Monitoring Ctr, Dept Meteorol, POB BE150, Harare, Zimbabwe. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 15 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043311-1 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 507 EP 511 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00888-0 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BK82U UT WOS:000073538000024 ER PT J AU Loomis, RA Leone, SR Gilles, MK AF Loomis, RA Leone, SR Gilles, MK TI Novel five-membered ring intermediates in gas phase reactions SO RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES LA English DT Review ID UNIMOLECULAR ELIMINATION-REACTIONS; TRANSFORM INFRARED-EMISSION; MULTI-PHOTON DISSOCIATION; RESOLVED FTIR EMISSION; REACTION-PRODUCTS; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ETHYL RADICALS; O(P-3) ATOMS; SI(100)-2X1 SURFACE AB This review considers the role of closed-ring intermediates in chemistry, in general, and focuses on recent experimental and theoretical works that provide compelling evidence for a five-membered ring intermediate in the gas phase. The reactions of oxygen atoms with ethyl iodide and larger alkyl iodides produce HOI and a corresponding ethylenic compound via attack of the oxygen atom at the iodine and closure of the five-membered ring between the oxygen and a hydrogen on the beta-carbon. Detailed results are gathered from infrared chemiluminescence and molecular beam scattering, as well as new kinetics and product yield experiments. The theoretical calculations fully support and characterize the novel reaction mechanism. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Loomis, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 126 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU VSP BV PI ZEIST PA PO BOX 346, 3700 AH ZEIST, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-6168 J9 RES CHEM INTERMEDIAT JI Res. Chem. Intermed. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 7 BP 707 EP 753 DI 10.1163/156856798X00384 PG 47 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 114MW UT WOS:000075614100002 ER PT B AU Hurley, DC Purtscher, PT Balzar, D Hollman, KW Fortunko, CM AF Hurley, DC Purtscher, PT Balzar, D Hollman, KW Fortunko, CM BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Nonlinear ultrasonic properties of as-quenched steels SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 17A AND 17B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FAA, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45901-9 PY 1998 BP 1477 EP 1484 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL11N UT WOS:000074324500191 ER PT B AU Igarashi, B Alers, GA Purtscher, PT AF Igarashi, B Alers, GA Purtscher, PT BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Magnetostrictive EMAT efficiency as a materials characterization tool SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 17A AND 17B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FAA, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Igarashi, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI 苏, 日亮/D-4386-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45901-9 PY 1998 BP 1485 EP 1492 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL11N UT WOS:000074324500192 ER PT B AU Xiang, D Hsu, NN Fick, SE Blessing, GV AF Xiang, D Hsu, NN Fick, SE Blessing, GV BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Spatial resolution with time-and-polarization-resolved acoustic microscopy SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 17A AND 17B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FAA, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiang, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45901-9 PY 1998 BP 1737 EP 1744 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL11N UT WOS:000074324500225 ER PT B AU Hollman, KW Trousil, RL Holland, MR Miller, JG AF Hollman, KW Trousil, RL Holland, MR Miller, JG BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI A comparison of the ability of phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive ultrasonic receivers to detect material abnormalities beneath rough surfaces SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 17A AND 17B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FAA, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hollman, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45901-9 PY 1998 BP 2021 EP 2028 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL11N UT WOS:000074324500262 ER PT B AU Remken, MC Fortunko, CM Hollman, KW Kim, S AF Remken, MC Fortunko, CM Hollman, KW Kim, S BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI An experimental evaluation of the Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy method SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 17A AND 17B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 27-AUG 01, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FAA, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Remken, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45901-9 PY 1998 BP 2029 EP 2036 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL11N UT WOS:000074324500263 ER PT J AU Reintsema, CD Koch, JA Grossman, EN AF Reintsema, CD Koch, JA Grossman, EN TI High precision electrical substitution radiometer based on superconducting-resistive transition edge thermometry SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE AB We describe the design and measured electrical performance of the first electrical substitution radiometer based on superconducting thermometers. Prospective applications emphasize high precision measurement of low power, mid-and far-IR blackbody radiation. The minimum noise floor for a single measurement of substitution power was 2 pW for an integration time of 2.7 a. For an extended series of experiments covering a range of substitution power from 0.5 nW to 5 mu W, the noise floor can be roughly approximated as 4 pW plus 7 x 10(-6) times the measured power. Analysis of the results indicates the precision is limited by a combination of thermal parasitics and electronic noise contributions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reintsema, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 69 IS 1 BP 152 EP 163 DI 10.1063/1.1148522 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA YT229 UT WOS:000071578800024 ER PT J AU Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM AF Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM TI A modification of Angstrom's method that employs photothermal radiometry to measure thermal diffusivity: Application to chemical vapor deposited diamond SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID AC CALORIMETRIC METHOD; PLASMA-SPRAYED COATINGS; THIN-FILMS; WAVE INTERFEROMETRY AB A modification of the one dimensional Angstrom's method that employs photothermal radiometry has been used to determine the longitudinal thermal diffusivity of three thin long bars of chemical vapor deposited diamond. Long bar specimens permit us to use a simple one-dimensional treatment that employs a linear least squares fitting procedure on both magnitude and phase data as a function of position, provided that the condition for ignoring end effects is fulfilled. Any differences in diffusivities obtained from magnitude data and from phase data can be attributed to surface heat losses; the values of diffusivity obtained with the two types of data showed no significant difference. The diffusivities obtained agree reasonably well with the mean values calculated from measurements made by several other laboratories on the same specimens. The heat source was the beam of an argon-ion laser focused onto the specimen surface either with a cylindrical lens to form a line focus or with a spherical lens to form a point focus. The differences in diffusivities obtained when a line source was used and when a point source was used were not statistically significant. A theoretical calculation indicates that the measurements on the specimen were made sufficiently far from the heat source for the one-dimensional treatment to be valid whether the Line source or the point source were used: either source is expected to give the same result as was observed experimentally. A point source is preferable because the optical configuration of the experiment is simpler and larger signals are obtainable. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UFRGS, Inst Fis, BR-91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RP Feldman, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Balzaretti, Naira/L-3417-2014 OI Balzaretti, Naira/0000-0003-2797-8618 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 69 IS 1 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1063/1.1148873 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA YT229 UT WOS:000071578800039 ER PT J AU Hamelin, J Mehl, JB Moldover, MR AF Hamelin, J Mehl, JB Moldover, MR TI Resonators for accurate dielectric measurements in conducting liquids SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The compact, rugged, re-entrant radio-frequency resonator [A. R. H. Goodwin, J. B. Mehl, and M. R. Moldover, Rev Sci. Instrum. 67, 4294 (1996)] was modified for accurate measurements of the zero-frequency dielectric constant (relative electric permittivity) epsilon(r) of moderately conducting liquids such as impure water. The modified resonator has two modes with frequencies near 216/root epsilon(r) MHz and 566/root epsilon(r) MHz. The results for epsilon(r) at both frequencies were consistent within 0.0002 epsilon(r), verifying that the low-frequency limit had been attained with water samples with conductivities in the range 100-2500 mu S/m. The results for water and for the insulating liquid cyclohexane were within 0.0005 epsilon(r) of literature values. The present analysis is based on a simplified equivalent circuit that accounts for the loading of the resonator by the external instrumentation. This circuit can easily be generalized for a resonator with three or more modes. The present resonator has a thick gold plating on its interior surfaces. With the plating, the quality factors Q of the resonances varied in a predictable way with frequency and temperature. Predictable es were essential for obtaining accurate values of epsilon(r). C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hamelin, J (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michael.moldover@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 69 IS 1 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1063/1.1148505 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA YT229 UT WOS:000071578800042 ER PT S AU Balakirsky, SB Salonish, MJ Allen, SD Messina, E Salinas, J AF Balakirsky, SB Salonish, MJ Allen, SD Messina, E Salinas, J BE Gerhart, GR TI Advanced MMI/MP for Demo III XUVs SO ROBOTIC AND SEMI-ROBOTIC GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Robotic and Semi-Robotic Ground Vehicle Technology CY APR 15-16, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Int Soc Optical Engn DE robotics Demo III; mission planning; vehicle control; robotic vehicles AB This paper outlines the goals and work accomplished thus far for both the man-machine interface (MMI) and mission planning (MP) elements of the eXperimental Unmanned Vehicle (XUV) program. It is the goal of the XUV program to make available to the user an interface and tools that will allow for seamless transition between mission planning, rehearsal, and execution on multiple collaborating autonomous vehicles in a platoon group. For scalability purposes, the final system will have two different levels of operator control unit (OCU). The Tier 1 controller will be a web-based control station, preferably a laptop, that will allow the user to control and view all major functions of the robotic vehicle. Tier 1 control will be accomplished via a web client interface executing Java applications. By using an independent web client for each vehicle, any number of vehicles may be controlled. The Tier 2 station will encompass the Tier 1 functionality with the additional capability of complex mission planning and scene visualization. The Tier 2 OCU will integrate control of the platoon (up to four vehicles) into a tightly coupled system executing on a two-dimensional and three-dimensional rendering and control engine. In addition, an inter-vehicle interface is defined for collaboration at the vehicle level. Initial implementations of both the Tier I and Tier 2 OCUs exist and are in use today. The Tier 1 OCU is written in Java and provides vehicle level control of the XUVs. The Tier 2 system is based on the Combat Information Processor (CIP) and Virtual Geographic Information System (VGIS) from the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The Tier 2 system is capable of both 2D and 3D visualization of the battlefield environment and provides vehicle path planning for the XUVs. The Four Dimensional Real-Time Control System (4-D/RCS) reference model architecture is used as the basis for the division of decision and mission planning responsibilities among the control stations and the robotic vehicles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Balakirsky, SB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2815-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3366 BP 212 EP 221 DI 10.1117/12.317549 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Optics GA BL60V UT WOS:000075999400024 ER PT B AU Stone, WC Pfeffer, LE AF Stone, WC Pfeffer, LE BE Demsetz, LA Bryne, RH Wetzel, JP TI Automation infrastructure system for a robotic 30-ton bridge crane SO ROBOTICS 98 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd ASCE Speciality Conference on Robotics for Challenging Environments (Robotics 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Aerospace Div, NASA, Natl Aeronaut Soc, Amer Astronaut Soc, Amer Inst Architects, Sandia Natl Labs, Bechtel Corp, Fluor Daniel Corp AB This paper describes the sensing portion of a system used to convert an existing 30-ton bridge crane to computer control of automated placement of construction components. The system is being designed to permit either telepresent or fully autonomous assembly of representative parts of buildings and industrial plants, e.g., girders, tanks, and pipes. In order to achieve six degree-of-freedom manipulation of the components, the traditional crane cable and hook have been replaced by TETRA, art inverted cable-operated Stewart platform equipped with various manipulators. The sensing systems are primarily displacement,force, and other state sensors. What makes this application unique is the scale of the robot: the crane's workspace is 40 m long, 23 m wide, and 24 m high-a volume of more than 10,000 cubic meters. This scale, and the need to operate without wires has led to a control system based on wireless packet communication by intelligent modules known Its "smart pods." The pods interface to one or several force, displacement, or state sensors. The pods broadcast their data via wireless ethernet to base stations which then communicate with the world via higher-speed networks. The present paper discusses issues relating to the architecture of the sensor array needed to operate this large construction robot and the communications infrastructure needed to supply that information to remote sites in real time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, WC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0337-6 PY 1998 BP 195 EP 201 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BM53M UT WOS:000079075400029 ER PT S AU Semerjian, HG Watters, RL AF Semerjian, HG Watters, RL BE Seiler, E TI Metrology: Impact on national economy and international trade SO ROLE OF METROLOGY IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: LECTURES AND SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE SEMINAR SE PTB-TEXTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on the Role of Metrology in Economic and Social Development CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY SP Bur Unt Poids & Mesures, Int Org Legal Metrol, Int Measurement Confederat, Tech Comm 11, Metrol Infrastruct, Phys Tech Bundesanstalt DE metrology; impact; trade AB The US Federal Government hers a strong role in metrology R&D in the US because of its importance to the nation's economy and the Constitutional Authority given to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, pressures to maintain a balanced budget require careful planning and priority setting to win support for metrology R&D programmes. The payoffs of good planning and resource deployment come in the form of anecdotal examples of significant industrial outcomes and comprehensive evidence of impacts through formalised studies. Furthermore, when tariff-based barriers to international trade are lowered, consistent and accurate measurements that are globally accepted facilitate the elimination of any remaining technical barriers to trade. We will explore these issues, giving specific examples of impacts from recent work at the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory and other laboratories at NIST. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT BRAUNSCHWEIG & BERLIN PI BRAUNSCHWEIG PA BUNDESALEE 100, D-38116 BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY SN 0948-6836 BN 3-9805741-3-X J9 PTB TEXT PY 1998 VL 9 BP 99 EP 133 PG 35 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Planning & Development SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Public Administration GA BM41D UT WOS:000078659100012 ER PT S AU Carpenter, S AF Carpenter, S BE Seiler, E TI Round-table discussion: Assistance in the establishing of metrological infrastructures by national, regional and international donor organisations SO ROLE OF METROLOGY IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: LECTURES AND SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE SEMINAR SE PTB-TEXTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on the Role of Metrology in Economic and Social Development CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY SP Bur Unt Poids & Mesures, Int Org Legal Metrol, Int Measurement Confederat, Tech Comm 11, Metrol Infrastruct, Phys Tech Bundesanstalt C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT BRAUNSCHWEIG & BERLIN PI BRAUNSCHWEIG PA BUNDESALEE 100, D-38116 BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY SN 0948-6836 BN 3-9805741-3-X J9 PTB TEXT PY 1998 VL 9 BP 191 EP 192 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Planning & Development SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Public Administration GA BM41D UT WOS:000078659100017 ER PT S AU Heidinger, AK Stowe, LL AF Heidinger, AK Stowe, LL BE Russell, JE TI Cloud optical property retrievals from layered-cloud radiances derived from AVHRR data SO SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS AND THE ATMOSPHERE III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Satellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere III CY SEP 21-23, 1998 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP CNR, NASA, European Opt Soc, Commiss European Communities, Directorate Gen Sci Res & Dev, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers ID SATELLITE C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2954-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3495 BP 12 EP 16 DI 10.1117/12.332690 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BM38V UT WOS:000078582400002 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE TI Image sharpness measurement in scanning electron microscopy - Part I SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE scanning electron microscopy; electron beam diameter; focus; astigmatism; sharpness; Fourier transform ID BEAM DIAMETER; PROFILE AB This study introduces the idea of the sharpness concept in relationship to the determination of scanning electron microscope (SEM) performance. Scanning electron microscopes are routinely used in many manufacturing environments. Fully automated or semiautomated SEMs as metrology instruments are used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing where the ability to measure small features with the smallest possible errors is essential. It is felt that these automated instruments must be routinely capable of 5 nm (or better) resolution at or below 1 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.18-0.35 mu m size parts of the integrated circuits. Testing and proving on a day-by-day basis that an instrument is performing well is not easy, but, understandably, is an industry need and concern. Furthermore, with the introduction of fully automated inspection and metrology instrumentation, not only does an appropriate, easy to obtain or manufacture sharpness measurement sample have to exist but also an objective and automated algorithm must be developed for its analysis. Both of these have been the object of a study at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the fundamentals are discussed in this paper and the computer-based automated analysis in a companion paper (Part II; Vladar et al. 1998). The method described in these papers is based on the analysis of the frequency domain representation of the SEM image and can also be used to check and optimize two basic parameters-focus and astigmatism-of the primary electron beam as related to a measure of image sharpness. The application of this technique to check regularly the resolution of the SEM in quantitative form will also be discussed. C1 NIST, Nano Scale Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hewlett Packard, ULSI Res Lab, Palo Alto, CA USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), NIST, Nano Scale Metrol Grp, Metrol Bldg A-117, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JAN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA YX863 UT WOS:000072087200001 ER PT J AU Vladar, AE Postek, MT Davidson, MP AF Vladar, AE Postek, MT Davidson, MP TI Image sharpness measurement in scanning electron microscopy - Part II SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE scanning electron microscope; electron beam; focus; astigmatism; sharpness; Fourier transform; image analysis; metrology; resolution AB A method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images for the determination of sharpness is presented in this paper. Described is a procedure for qualitative analysis based on a software program called SEM Monitor that can be applied to research or industrial SEMs for day-to-day performance monitoring. The idea is based on the fact that, as the electron beam scans the sample, the low-frequency changes in the video signal show information about the larger features and the high-frequency changes give data on finer details. The image contains information about the primary electron beam and about all the parts contributing to the signal formation in the SEM. If everything else is kept unchanged, with a suitable sample, the geometric parameters of the primary electron beam can be mathematically determined. An image of a sample, which has fine details at a given magnification, is sharper if there are more high frequency changes in it. In the SEM, a better focused electron beam yields a sharper image, and this sharpness can be measured. The method described is based on calculations in the frequency domain and can also be used to check and optimize two basic parameters of the primary electron beam, the focus, and the astigmatism. C1 Hewlett Packard Co, ULSI Res Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Spectel Co, Mt View, CA USA. RP Vladar, AE (reprint author), Hewlett Packard Co, ULSI Res Lab, 3500 Deer Creek Rd 25L-3, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NR 5 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 9 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JAN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 24 EP 34 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA YX863 UT WOS:000072087200004 ER PT S AU Germer, TA Scheer, BW AF Germer, TA Scheer, BW BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI Polarization of out-of-plane optical scatter from SiO2 films grown on photolithographically-generated microrough silicon SO SCATTERING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Scattering and Surface Roughness II CY JUL 21-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE bidirectional ellipsometry; dielectric films; microroughness; polarimetry; scatter; surfaces AB Bidirectional ellipsometry results are presented for scatter from SiO2 films grown on photolithographically produced microrough silicon surfaces. The principle direction of the polarization and the degree of linear polarization for scatter directions out of the plane of incidence are compared to results of theoretical modeling for interfacial microroughness in the presence of dielectric layers. The results indicate that light scattered from these surfaces does not behave like that from two truly random rough correlated interfaces. Possible reasons for the lack of agreement between the model and the data are discussed. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2881-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3426 BP 160 EP 168 DI 10.1117/12.328451 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07N UT WOS:000077548600017 ER PT S AU Barnes, PY Early, EA AF Barnes, PY Early, EA BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI Diffuse reflectance of sintered and pressed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) SO SCATTERING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Scattering and Surface Roughness II CY JUL 21-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE bidirectional reflectance distribution function; diffuse reflectance; polytetrafluoroethylene; PTFE; reflectance AB Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely used in applications requiring a material with a diffuse reflectance factor close to unity. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of both pressed and sintered samples was measured as a function of wavelength, polarization, and incident and viewing angles. The results for both samples show that the BRDF is constant at wavelengths from 400 nm to 1000 nm and depends on the polarization of the incident beam of radiant flux, that the BRDF varies with viewing angle, and that Helmholtz reciprocity holds for angles from 10 degrees to 60 degrees. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, PY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2881-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3426 BP 190 EP 194 DI 10.1117/12.328454 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07N UT WOS:000077548600020 ER PT S AU Song, J Evans, C McGlauflin, M Whitenton, E Vorburger, T Yuan, Y AF Song, J Evans, C McGlauflin, M Whitenton, E Vorburger, T Yuan, Y BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI NIST virtual/physical random profile roughness calibration standards SO SCATTERING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Scattering and Surface Roughness II CY JUL 21-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE surface roughness; information technology; random profile; diamond turning; calibration; specimen AB The NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) virtual/physical surface roughness calibration standard consists of physical specimens whose surfaces are manufactured by a numerically controlled diamond-turning process using digitized profiles. These standards are designed for checking the characteristics and algorithms of surface measuring systems, and for sensing the amount of distortion of the surface information flow though different measuring systems. The digitized profiles can also be used for remote instrument calibration and surface measurement unification. The design, manufacture, test results, and potential uses of the NIST prototype specimens are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Harbin Inst Technol, Harbin 150001, Peoples R China. RP Song, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2881-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3426 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1117/12.328457 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07N UT WOS:000077548600023 ER PT S AU Wu, WL Wallace, WE AF Wu, WL Wallace, WE BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI Characterization of planarity of polymer thin films on rough surfaces SO SCATTERING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Scattering and Surface Roughness II CY JUL 21-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE x-ray fluorescence; planarization; atomic force microscope; microroughness; polymer coatings; thin films AB Angular dependent total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TRXF) is used to characterize the surface roughness or the extent of planarization of a thin polymer coating on a stainless steel surface with significant roughness. The objective of this work is to explore the use of TRXF as a non-contact and quantitative technique for characterizing surface roughness of thin film coatings. Once developed, this technique is expected to perform equally well on other surface coating materials other than polymers. Unlike optical methods, whether the thin films are transparent or not is not expected to affect the outcome of this measurement. TRXF data were collected with incident angle in the region around the polymer critical angle and were analyzed in conjunction with the results deduced from specular x-ray reflectivity (XR). Comparison between the TRXF results and those obtained from atomic force microscope (AFM) was also made in order to evaluate this TRXF method critically. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, WL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, B320,Bldg 224, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2881-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3426 BP 222 EP 228 DI 10.1117/12.328458 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM07N UT WOS:000077548600024 ER PT S AU Romero, DB Podobedov, VB Weber, A Rice, JP Mitchell, JF Sharma, RP Drew, HD AF Romero, DB Podobedov, VB Weber, A Rice, JP Mitchell, JF Sharma, RP Drew, HD BE Hundley, MF Nickel, JH Ramesh, R Tokura, Y TI Raman investigation of the layered manganese perovskite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF MAGNETIC OXIDES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Metallic Magnetic Oxides at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Hewlett Packard Corp, Joint Res Ctr Atom Techn, Lake Shore Cryotron Inc, Los Alamos Natl Lab AB We report the results of a detailed polarization and temperature dependence study of the Raman scattering from La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7. The Raman spectra reveal three general spectral features. First, there are sharp peaks due to long-wavelength optic phonons. Phonons, attributed to the distortion of the MnO6 octahedra, reveal an anomalous behavior which correlates with the transition from a paramagnetic-insulating (PI) to a ferromagnetic-metallic (FM) phase at a critical temperature T-c. Second, there is an electronic continuum that is suppressed for omega < 500 cm(-1) at T << T-c. Third, broad peaks between 400 cm(-1) to 800 cm(-1) seen in the PI state, surprisingly, disappear in the FM state. The implications of these results are discussed. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Romero, DB (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-399-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 494 BP 305 EP 310 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Physics GA BK73N UT WOS:000073253400042 ER PT S AU Podobedov, VB Weber, A Romero, DB Rice, JP Drew, HD AF Podobedov, VB Weber, A Romero, DB Rice, JP Drew, HD BE Hundley, MF Nickel, JH Ramesh, R Tokura, Y TI Evaluation of Raman scattering in La1-xMxMnO3 single crystals due to structural and magnetic transitions SO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF MAGNETIC OXIDES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Metallic Magnetic Oxides at the Materials-Research-Society Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Hewlett Packard Corp, Joint Res Ctr Atom Techn, Lake Shore Cryotron Inc, Los Alamos Natl Lab AB The study of doped and undoped La1-xMxMnO3 single crystals (x = 0 to x = 0.3) in the temperature range from 5 K to 423 K is reported. The activity of phonon vibrational modes in optical spectra is analyzed and a comparison to experimental Raman data is presented. Different contributions from optical phonons to the Raman scattering process are discussed. It is shown that both the value of doping and temperature have a significant influence on Raman features, and these are strongly affected by structural and magnetic phase transitions, Due to the symmetry present in distorted lanthanum manganese compounds their Raman spectra were found to contain comparable contributions from first-and second-order phonon scattering. The common features related to both the reduction of the Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion and the temperature-induced phase transition were found in the Raman spectra of La1-xMxMnO3 crystals. An anomalous behavior of the low-frequency Raman mode in doped systems was found and explained in terms of the temperature-dependent ionic radius of the La/Sr ion sites. It was found that the strong dependence of the A(g) Raman mode on the value of doping may serve as a useful tool for optical characterization of La1-xMxMnO3 compounds, including the inhomogeneity of the surface. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Podobedov, VB (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-399-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 494 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science; Physics GA BK73N UT WOS:000073253400046 ER PT B AU Reader, J Sansonetti, CJ Sugar, J AF Reader, J Sansonetti, CJ Sugar, J BE Brandt, JC Ake, TB Petersen, CC TI Wavelengths and oscillator strengths from NIST in support of GHRS SO SCIENTIFIC IMPACT OF THE GODDARD HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Scientific Impact of the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph CY SEP 11-12, 1996 CL GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD HO GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR AB NIST contributions to the GHRS observing program are reviewed. These contributions vary from measurement of platinum spectra used for general wavelength calibration of the spectrograph by means of onboard Pt/Ne hollow-cathode lamps to measurements and energy-level analyses of various spectra used to interpret GHRS data. Some current work is also described. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reader, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-63-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 143 BP 382 EP 385 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL74U UT WOS:000076566800054 ER PT B AU Bridges, JM Wiese, WL Griesmann, U AF Bridges, JM Wiese, WL Griesmann, U BE Brandt, JC Ake, TB Petersen, CC TI An accurate branching ratio measurement of astrophysically important N II intercombination lines in the UV SO SCIENTIFIC IMPACT OF THE GODDARD HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Scientific Impact of the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph CY SEP 11-12, 1996 CL GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD HO GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR AB The branching ratio for two weak intercombination lines of N II at 214.277 nm and 213.901 nm was measured. The result, 2.46 +/- 2.6%, is in very good agreement with recent calculations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bridges, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-63-5 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 143 BP 399 EP 402 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL74U UT WOS:000076566800059 ER PT J AU Baker, DJ AF Baker, DJ TI NOAA: Science for our times SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Baker, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA YU446 UT WOS:000071718100003 ER PT J AU Friday, EW AF Friday, EW TI Oceanography: Real time & on demand SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Friday, EW (reprint author), NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 1 BP 48 EP 49 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA YU446 UT WOS:000071718100019 ER PT B AU Aikman, F Wei, EJ Schultz, JR AF Aikman, F Wei, EJ Schultz, JR GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Water level evaluation for the Coastal Ocean Forecast System SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Aikman, F (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NCS13,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300001 ER PT B AU Wei, EJ Sun, CL AF Wei, EJ Sun, CL GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Development of a New York New Jersey harbor water level and current nowcast/forecast system SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wei, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NCS13,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300003 ER PT B AU Schmalz, RA AF Schmalz, RA GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Design of a nowcast/forecast system for Galveston Bay SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NSC13, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schmalz, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NSC13, 1315 EW Highway,Rm 7824, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 15 EP 22 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300004 ER PT B AU O'Connor, WP Aikman, F Wei, EJ Richardson, PH AF O'Connor, WP Aikman, F Wei, EJ Richardson, PH GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Comparison of observed and forecasted sea levels for the Texas coast near Galveston Bay SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NCS13, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP O'Connor, WP (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, NCS13, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 23 EP 29 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300005 ER PT B AU Levinson, DH Banta, RM AF Levinson, DH Banta, RM GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Near-shore marine boundary layer wind variability measured by a pulsed Doppler lidar SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, ETL, R E ET2, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Levinson, DH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, ETL, R E ET2, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 152 EP 156 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300029 ER PT B AU Ralph, FM Archer, S Neiman, PJ Durkee, K AF Ralph, FM Archer, S Neiman, PJ Durkee, K GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Observations of an undular bore: Evolution from an intrusive density current SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 158 EP 165 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300031 ER PT B AU Breaker, LC Liu, PC AF Breaker, LC Liu, PC GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Application of the wavelet transform to the characterization of intraseasonal oscillations in sea surface temperature, wind stress, and sea level off Monterey, California SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Breaker, LC (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 166 EP 170 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300032 ER PT B AU Bond, NA Doyle, JD AF Bond, NA Doyle, JD GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI A landfalling warm front on Vancouver Island during the coast experiment: NOAA P-3 aircraft observations SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bond, NA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 210 EP 211 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300039 ER PT B AU Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Persson, POG Bao, JW AF Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ Persson, POG Bao, JW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Observations of California's New Years Day storm of 1997 SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ralph, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 219 EP 224 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300042 ER PT B AU Herbster, CG Gould, KJ Fournier, JD Watson, AI AF Herbster, CG Gould, KJ Fournier, JD Watson, AI GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI An idealized mesoscale model simulation under light and variable synoptic flow over the Florida panhandle during the summer. SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. RP Herbster, CG (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 3300 Capital Circle SW, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300045 ER PT B AU Houston, SH Powell, MD AF Houston, SH Powell, MD GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Reconstruction of surface wind fields for hurricanes affecting Florida Bay SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Houston, SH (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 241 EP 244 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300046 ER PT B AU Churnside, JH AF Churnside, JH GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Coastal oceanic and atmospheric radars and lidars SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J21 EP J25 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300069 ER PT B AU Hirschberg, PA AF Hirschberg, PA GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Report on the workshop on Pacific Coastal Forecasting System operational requirements SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hirschberg, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, 1325 EW Highway,SSMC2,RM 13236, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J36 EP J38 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300072 ER PT B AU Reynolds, DW AF Reynolds, DW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Regional scale model simulations of the California coastal jet: Comparisons with a near shore and offshore boundary layer wind profiler SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Reynolds, DW (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 21 Grace Hopper Ave,Stop 5, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J26 EP J29 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300070 ER PT B AU Schwing, FB AF Schwing, FB GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Integrated observing systems for the coastal ocean SO SECOND CONFERENCE ON COASTAL ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PROCESSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Schwing, FB (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J39 EP J39 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80H UT WOS:000076780300073 ER PT S AU Michaloski, J Birla, S Weinert, G Yen, CJ AF Michaloski, J Birla, S Weinert, G Yen, CJ BE Muir, PF Orban, PE TI A framework for component-based CNC machines SO SENSORS AND CONTROLS FOR INTELLIGENT MACHINING, AGILE MANUFACTURING, AND MECHATRONICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Controls for Intelligent Machining, Agile Manufacturing, and Mechatronics CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Mfg Engineers DE API; architecture; classes; CNC; control; framework; object-oriented AB Open architecture technology is ushering in new advances in the world of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines. Yet, some major benefits of open architecture technology have failed to materialize due to the lack of a standard open architecture specification. We propose an open architecture framework to fin the specification void. The proposed framework supports component-based technology by specifying a control class hierarchy, plug-and-play components and a design framework. This framework can be used to build applications ranging from a single-axis device to a multi-arm robot. An example application applying the framework is documented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michaloski, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2979-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3518 BP 132 EP 143 DI 10.1117/12.332787 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics GA BM42P UT WOS:000078689900013 ER PT S AU Proctor, FM Kramer, TR AF Proctor, FM Kramer, TR BE Muir, PF Orban, PE TI A feature-based machining system using STEP SO SENSORS AND CONTROLS FOR INTELLIGENT MACHINING, AGILE MANUFACTURING, AND MECHATRONICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors and Controls for Intelligent Machining, Agile Manufacturing, and Mechatronics CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Mfg Engineers DE STEP; manufacturing features; process planning; numerical control AB Discrete part manufacturing Bows from a design phase in which product information is defined to a manufacturing phase in which the processes are planned and executed. Process planning typically culminates with the generation of numerical control (NC) programs for specific equipment, such as machining centers or turning centers. These NC programs are written in the dialects of the various equipment vendors, for the specific mechanical configuration of the target machine. As a result, porting programs between machines is difficult. Worse, NC programs contain little if any of the product design information. The lack of this information at run time limits any adaptive control that could direct the process so that final parts more closely conform to the original design. The authors have developed a prototype machining system in which product and process data replaces NC programs at run time. In this system, information models built in the EXPRESS information modeling language are used for all types of data, and data files are all in STEP Part 21 format; each Part 21 file is understandable by making reference to one of the EXPRESS models. The EXPRESS schemes of tool models proposed to ISO is used. An EXPRESS schema for ALPS (A Language for Process Specification, developed by NIST) is used for process planning. Ad hoc EXPRESS schemas are used for machining options, setup descriptions, shop and workstation operations, and tool usage rules. The system has been demonstrated on a three-axis machining center. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Proctor, FM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 220,Room B124, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2979-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3518 BP 156 EP 163 DI 10.1117/12.332789 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Optics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics GA BM42P UT WOS:000078689900015 ER PT S AU Lawrence, RB O'Connor, L AF Lawrence, RB O'Connor, L BE Fujisada, H TI Overview of the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) SO SENSORS, SYSTEMS, AND NEXT-GENERATION SATELLITES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites II CY SEP 21-24, 1998 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP CNR, NASA, EOS, Commiss European Communities, SPIE - Int Soc Opt Engn DE NPOESS; IPO; DMSP; POES; remote sensing; polar-orbiting platforms; environmental satellites AB On May 5, 1994, President Clinton made the landmark decision to merge the Nation's military and civil operational meteorological satellite systems into a single, national system capable of satisfying both civil and national security requirements for space based remotely sensed environmental data. Convergence of these programs is the most significant change in US operational remote sensing since the launching of the first weather satellite in April 1960, and marks a significant departure from eight earlier attempts over the last twenty years to combine these previously separate programs. For the first time, the US government is taking an integrated approach to identifying and meeting the operational satellite needs of both the civil and national security communities. The joint program formed as a result of President Clinton's direction is known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), and it is expected to provide up to $650 million in government cost savings through the year 1999 and up to $1.8 billion over the life of the program. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Sys, Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lawrence, RB (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Sys, Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2957-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3498 BP 240 EP 247 DI 10.1117/12.333635 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BM37Y UT WOS:000078533900025 ER PT J AU Tighe, J Pellegrino, J AF Tighe, J Pellegrino, J TI Parametric analysis of the propagation of uncertainties in sorption measurements made with a pressure-decay apparatus SO SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERS AB The general formulation for the propagation of statistical uncertainties is presented for the dual volume pressure decay method of measuring sorption capacity in polymers and other solid sorbents. These relationships are then used to determine the percent uncertainty in the calculated sorption coefficient (or capacity) with respect to ranges of values for several parameters that relate to choices in equipment design and operating conditions, and properties of the sorbent. These parameters include the ratio of system volumes, the relative volume of the sorbent, the accuracy and resolution of the sensors, the operating pressure, and the nominal sorption capacity of the sorbent. This analysis provides guidance for determining the uncertainty in the calculated sorption capacity and minimizing that uncertainty within whatever logistical and resource constraints may exist. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Pellegrino, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 838-01 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI PELLEGRINO, JOHN/0000-0001-7749-5003 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0149-6395 J9 SEPAR SCI TECHNOL JI Sep. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1387 EP 1405 DI 10.1080/01496399808545054 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 106NG UT WOS:000075135200001 ER PT B AU Egelhoff, WF Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Parks, D McMichael, RD Judy, JH Martien, D Berkowitz, AE Daughton, JM AF Egelhoff, WF Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Parks, D McMichael, RD Judy, JH Martien, D Berkowitz, AE Daughton, JM GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Optimizing GMR spin valves: The outlook for improved properties SO SEVENTH BIENNIAL IEEE INTERNATIONAL NONVOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial IEEE Nonvolatile Memory Technology Conference CY JUN 21-24, 1998 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP IEEE Components, Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc, IEEE Comp Soc AB The current generation of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valves exhibits performance characteristics which are not quite as good as desired for ultrahigh-density nonvolatile memory applications. This paper addresses the scientific issues underlying the challenge of making major improvements in future generations of GMR spin valves, assesses the likelihood of making such improvements, and will outline some of the trade-offs in spin valve properties that will probably have to be made in memory applications. In our research on the underlying scientific issues, we have found that many of the magnetic and magnetoresisitive properties of spin valves are strongly influenced by surface and interface effects occurring during film deposition. Some of the most important issues are the balance of surface and interface free energies, surface diffusion, interdiffusion at interfaces, low-temperature deposition, the use of surfactants to modify growth, and specular electron scattering at surfaces. In some cases, it is possible to control these factors or to use them to manipulate the growth or improve post-growth processing of spin valves to improve their magnetic and magnetoresistive properties. if research on these topics can be increased, it is very likely that major improvements can be made in the properties of future generations of GMR spin valves. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4518-5 PY 1998 BP 34 EP 37 DI 10.1109/NVMT.1998.723214 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BL75K UT WOS:000076575100008 ER PT B AU Brown, SW Ohno, Y AF Brown, SW Ohno, Y GP IS&T IS&T TI NIST reference spectroradiometer for color display calibrations SO SIXTH COLOR IMAGING CONFERENCE: COLOR SCIENCE, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Color Imaging Conference - Color Science, Systems and Applications CY NOV 17-20, 1998 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Informat Display, Adobe Syst Inc, Apple Comp Inc, Appl Sci Fict, BARCO, Canon Informat Syst Inc, Corbis Corp, Eastman Kodak Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Color Management Grp, Harlequin Inc, Hewlett Packard Corp, Imation Corp, Konica Corp, Lexmark Int Inc, Microsoft Corp, Polaroid Corp, Sun Microsyst Inc, Tekronnix Inc, Xeikon NV, Xerox Corp Res, Inter Soc Color Council, Royal Photog Soc Great Britain, Soc Electrophotog Japan, Soc Photog Sci & Technol Japan, Soc Motion Picture & Televis Engineers AB A program to develop calibration services for color-measuring instruments has been established recently at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to address commercial and industrial needs for higher-accuracy measurements of displays. In particular, a reference spectrondiometer has been built with the goal of enabling measurements of displays with the smallest possible uncertainty. The instrument has been characterized for wavelength error, variable bandpass, stray light, linearity and random noise. The accuracy of color measurements with this instrument has been assessed using detailed simulations incorporating the measured performance characteristics of the instrument. In the simulations, the uncertainty in color measurements of sixteen CRT and LCD display colors was calculated. The results of the simulations imply that the instrument is capable of measuring colors of displays with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.001 in chromaticity (x,y) and 1 % in luminance (Y). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IMAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA BN 0-89208-213-5 PY 1998 BP 62 EP 64 PG 3 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BP91H UT WOS:000086581700013 ER PT B AU Ohno, Y Brown, SW AF Ohno, Y Brown, SW GP IS&T IS&T TI Four-color matrix method for correction of tristimulus colorimeters - Part 2 SO SIXTH COLOR IMAGING CONFERENCE: COLOR SCIENCE, SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Color Imaging Conference - Color Science, Systems and Applications CY NOV 17-20, 1998 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Informat Display, Adobe Syst Inc, Apple Comp Inc, Appl Sci Fict, BARCO, Canon Informat Syst Inc, Corbis Corp, Eastman Kodak Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Color Management Grp, Harlequin Inc, Hewlett Packard Corp, Imation Corp, Konica Corp, Lexmark Int Inc, Microsoft Corp, Polaroid Corp, Sun Microsyst Inc, Tekronnix Inc, Xeikon NV, Xerox Corp Res, Inter Soc Color Council, Royal Photog Soc Great Britain, Soc Electrophotog Japan, Soc Photog Sci & Technol Japan, Soc Motion Picture & Televis Engineers AB The Four-Color Method was developed to improve the accuracy of tristimulus colorimeters for measurements of color displays. It was verified that the method works well for cathode ray tubes (CRTs). The accuracy elf this method has been studied further for spectral variations of displays including CRTs, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays. A theory for additional photometric (Y) correction is also given. A simulation was conducted using data of actual tristimulus: colorimeters and displays having variations in their spectral power distributions. The results show that, if the correction matrix is made with one type of display and other types of display are measured, the error correction will not be effective. If the calibration and measurement is limited to one type of di!;play, the residual errors are found to be within 0.002 in chromaticity x, y and a color difference of 2 Delta E(ab). An experiment was also conducted to verify the Four-Color Method for measurements of an LCD. The errors of a colorimeter for 14 colors were reduced to within 0.002 in x, y and 1 Delta E(ab). It has been experimentally verified that the method works well for LCD's as well. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC IMAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA BN 0-89208-213-5 PY 1998 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BP91H UT WOS:000086581700014 ER PT J AU Judge, DL McMullin, DR Ogawa, HS Hovestadt, D Klecker, B Hilchenbach, M Mobius, E Canfield, LR Vest, RE Watts, R Tarrio, C Kuhne, M Wurz, P AF Judge, DL McMullin, DR Ogawa, HS Hovestadt, D Klecker, B Hilchenbach, M Mobius, E Canfield, LR Vest, RE Watts, R Tarrio, C Kuhne, M Wurz, P TI First solar EUV irradiances obtained from SOHO by the CELIAS/SEM SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOELECTRON; FACILITY; FLUX AB The first results obtained with the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM), part of the Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS) instrument, aboard the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite are presented. The instrument monitors the full-disk absolute value of the solar He II irradiance at 30.4 nm, and the full-disk absolute solar irradiance integrated between 0.1 nm and 77 nm. The SEM was first turned on December 15, 1995 and obtained 'first light' on December 16, 1995. At this time the SOHO spacecraft was close to the L-1 Lagrange point, 1.5 x 10(6) km from the Earth towards the Sun. The data obtained by the SEM during the first four and a half months of operation will be presented. Although the period of observation is near solar minimum, the SEM data reveal strong short-term solar irradiance variations in the broad-band, central image channel, which includes solar X-ray emissions. C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Ctr Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. RP Judge, DL (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. OI Moebius, Eberhard/0000-0002-2745-6978 NR 17 TC 157 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1023/A:1004929011427 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA ZE672 UT WOS:000072818400012 ER PT J AU Neupert, WM AF Neupert, WM TI Spatial distribution of sources of EUV emission: Correlation of EUV and microwave emission with Ca II K plage SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIANCE; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS; SOLAR EUV; UV; REGION; FLUX AB Using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images of the solar corona, we have carried out a region-by-region study of the association of coronal emission of Fe IX-Fe XVI with Ca II K plage areas and intensities reported in Solar-Geophysical Data. We find that emission is dependent on the area and brightness of the plage, with specific correlations varying with the temperature of formation of the emitting coronal ion. If confirmed and extended, this approach may provide a means of estimating coronal EUV levels associated with solar activity and ultimately a proxy method that is more accurate than the sole use of the centimetric radio flux for estimating the coronal component of solar EUV emission. C1 Hughes STX Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Neupert, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Code R-E-SE,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1-2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1023/A:1004999909066 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA ZE672 UT WOS:000072818400014 ER PT S AU Prolss, GW Werner, S Codrescu, MV Fuller-Rowell, TJ Burns, AG Killeen, TL AF Prolss, GW Werner, S Codrescu, MV Fuller-Rowell, TJ Burns, AG Killeen, TL BE Strangeway, RJ TI The thermospheric-ionospheric storm of Dec 8, 1982: Model predictions and observations SO SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS: PREDICTING THE EFFECTS ON THE NEAR- EARTH ENVIRONMENT SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT DO 7 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific-Commission-D on Solar-Terrestrial Relations - Predicting the Effects on the Near-Earth Environment at the 31st COSPAR Sci Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Sci Commiss C ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MARCH 22; MAGNETIC STORM; SIMULATIONS; DYNAMICS AB The Thermosphere-Ionosphere General Circulation Model (Roble et al., 1988) and the Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Model (Fuller-Rowell et al., 1987) are used to simulate thermospheric-ionospheric behaviour during the magnetic storm of December 8, 1982. A comparison of these predictions with observations indicates that both models overestimate the daytime increase of the O/N-2 ratio and the associated positive ionospheric storm effects. Also there is no indication of a large enhancement in the O/N-2 ratio in the evening sector of the winter hemisphere. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Astrophys & Extraterr Forsch, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Prolss, GW (reprint author), Univ Bonn, Inst Astrophys & Extraterr Forsch, Hugel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. RI Killeen, Timothy/F-2215-2013; Burns, Alan/L-1547-2013 NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043465-7 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 123 EP 128 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01111-3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL44W UT WOS:000075554000017 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Piatkowski, U Allcock, AL AF Vecchione, M Piatkowski, U Allcock, AL TI Biology of the cirrate octopod Grimpoteuthis glacialis (Cephalopoda; Opisthoteuthididae) in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE-SUID-AFRIKAANSE TYDSKRIF VIR SEEWETENSKAP LA English DT Article AB The capture of 52 specimens of the cirrate octopod Grimpoteuthis glacialis (Robson, 1930), of dorsal mantle length 20-165 mm during a 1996 trawling survey near the Antarctic Peninsula allowed the basic biology of the species to be examined. Their presence in bottom trawls at depths of 333-879 m, but their absence from benthopelagic and pelagic trawls, is consistent with a primarily benthic habitat. The largest single sample, 40 animals, came from a soft mud bottom and highlights the patchy nature of the distribution. Males tended to be bigger in total length and mass than females of similar mantle length. The males, however, were mature at a smaller size. Mature males have tiny sperm packets, rather than typical cephalopod spermatophores,in their distal reproductive tract. Mature females have large, smooth eggs in the proximal oviduct, in the huge oviducal gland and in the distal oviduct. Eggs in the distal oviduct have a thick, sticky coating that hardens in seawater into a secondary egg case. Ovarian eggs vary greatly in size, possibly indicating protracted egg laying. Observations on live animals indicate that the species swims primarily by fin action, rather than by jetting or medusoid pulses with the arm/web complex. It may be capable of limited changes in colour pattern, especially on the oral surface of the web. Three pairs of surface structures that appear superficially to be white spots anterior to the eyes and near the bases of the fins are actually transparent patches in the skin. When considered in association with the transparent subdermal layer and the anatomy of the eyes, optic nerves and optic lobes, these clear patches seem to function in detecting unfocused light on the horizontal plane of the benthic animal. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Piatkowski, Uwe/G-4161-2011; Allcock, Louise/A-7359-2012 OI Piatkowski, Uwe/0000-0003-1558-5817; Allcock, Louise/0000-0002-4806-0040 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 15 PU SEA FISHERIES RESEARCH INST DEPT ENVIRONMENT AFFAIRS PI CAPE TOWN PA PRIVATE BAG X2 ROGGE BAY 8012, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0257-7615 J9 S AFR J MARINE SCI JI South Afr. J. Mar. Sci.-Suid-Afr. Tydsk. Seewetens. PY 1998 VL 20 BP 421 EP 428 PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA V2587 UT WOS:000165531100042 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Young, RE AF Vecchione, M Young, RE TI The Magnapinnidae, a newly discovered family of oceanic squid (Cephalopoda : Oegopsida) SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE-SUID-AFRIKAANSE TYDSKRIF VIR SEEWETENSKAP LA English DT Article AB A peculiar squid paralarva from Hawaiian waters was described by Young (1991, Bull. mar Sci. 49(1-2): 162-185), but it could not be assigned to any known family. Two larger juvenile specimens have now been obtained, one collected near the surface in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the other rehydrated from a dried specimen originally recovered from the stomach of an Alepisaurus. A photograph of the latter specimen before dehydration was found among the unpublished notes of S. S. Berry. The squid are characterized by very large fins that dwarf the rest of the animal. The fins are terminal in position, mostly posterior to the mantle muscle. The tentacles are similar to the arms in general form, but are much more robust. Tentacle suckers are in eight series, whereas the crowded arm suckers constitute more than two series on some arm pairs. The distal portions of the arms and tentacles taper abruptly to thin vermiform filaments. The funnel cartilage of the net-collected juvenile is oval and the buccal connectives to Arms IV are ventral. Although some characters indicate a likely relationship with the chiroteuthid/mastigoteuthid group of families, the brachial crown differs from that found in any known family. Based upon these three specimens and the photograph, it is concluded that the squid represent a family not previously recognized by science. This family is named Magnapinnidae, with the type species Magnapinna pacifica n. gen., n, sp., the holotype of which is the net-collected juvenile. Although all three specimens are included in the family and genus, the possibility exists that the paralarva and the rehydrated specimen are not conspecific with the holotype. Therefore, paratypes are not designated. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU SEA FISHERIES RESEARCH INST DEPT ENVIRONMENT AFFAIRS PI CAPE TOWN PA PRIVATE BAG X2 ROGGE BAY 8012, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0257-7615 J9 S AFR J MARINE SCI JI South Afr. J. Mar. Sci.-Suid-Afr. Tydsk. Seewetens. PY 1998 VL 20 BP 429 EP 437 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA V2587 UT WOS:000165531100043 ER PT J AU Cole, JFT McGlade, J AF Cole, JFT McGlade, J TI Temporal and spatial patterning of sea surface temperature in the northern Benguela upwelling system: Possible environmental indicators of clupeoid production SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE-SUID-AFRIKAANSE TYDSKRIF VIR SEEWETENSKAP LA English DT Article AB The physical dynamics of the northern Benguela upwelling system between July 1981 and August 1987 were investigated by applying standardized Principal Components Analysis to a time-series of 235 mean, weekly sea surface temperature satellite images of the region. The first three principal components accounted for 87% of the total variance in the standardized input images and were the only components retained for interpretation. Principal Component I (PC I) represents the mean spatial structure of the system in terms of relative SST gradients, PC II represents the balance in dominance between inshore-offshore v, longshore SST gradients and PC III highlights patterns associated with the warming of the central Namibian region (19-23 degreesS) in conjunction with the maintenance of cooler conditions to the north and/or south. These results are interpreted within the context of previous findings on the behaviour of the system, and their relevance to clupeoid recruitment is discussed. Strong negative loadings on PC II indicated conditions which would promote the longshore "retention" of clupeoid eggs and larvae and "concentration" of planktonic food across thermoclines and thermal fronts, whereas strong positive loadings on PC III indicated conditions which would promote onshore retention and concentration. Conditions promoting onshore retention would, on occasion, have also been reflected by positive loadings on PC II whenever there was a uniform contraction of the offshore upwelling front, as a result of reduced, but similar, levels of upwelling along the entire coast. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Cole, JFT (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 2 PU SEA FISHERIES RESEARCH INST DEPT ENVIRONMENT AFFAIRS PI CAPE TOWN PA PRIVATE BAG X2 ROGGE BAY 8012, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA SN 0257-7615 J9 S AFR J MARINE SCI JI South Afr. J. Mar. Sci.-Suid-Afr. Tydsk. Seewetens. PY 1998 VL 19 BP 143 EP 157 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA V2586 UT WOS:000165531000015 ER PT J AU Zwickl, RD Doggett, KA Sahm, S Barrett, WP Grubb, RN Detman, TR Raben, VJ Smith, CW Riley, P Gold, RE Mewaldt, RA Maruyama, T AF Zwickl, RD Doggett, KA Sahm, S Barrett, WP Grubb, RN Detman, TR Raben, VJ Smith, CW Riley, P Gold, RE Mewaldt, RA Maruyama, T TI The NOAA real-time solar-wind (RTSW) system using ACE data SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review AB The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) RTSW system is continuously monitoring the solar wind and produces warnings of impending major geomagnetic activity, up to one hour in advance. Warnings and alerts issued by NOAA allow those with systems sensitive to such activity to take preventative action. The RTSW system gathers solar wind and energetic particle data at high time resolution from four ACE instruments (MAG, SWEPAM, EPAM, and SIS), packs the data into a low-rare bit stream, and broadcasts the data continuously. NASA sends real-time data to NOAA each day when downloading science data. With a combination of dedicated ground stations (CRL in Japan and RAL in Great Britain), and time on existing ground tracking networks (NASA's DSN and the USAF's AFSCN), the RTSW system can receive data 24 hours per day throughout the year. The raw data are immediately sent from the ground station to the Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colorado, processed, and then delivered to its Space Weather Operations center where they are used in daily operations; the data are also delivered to the CRL Regional Warning Center at Hiraiso, Japan, to the USAF 55th Space Weather Squadron, and placed on the World Wide Web. The data are downloaded, processed and dispersed within 5 min from the time they leave ACE. The RTSW system also uses the low-energy energetic particles to warn of approaching interplanetary shocks, and to help monitor the Bur of high-energy particles that can produce radiation damage in satellite systems. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20707 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Commun Res Lab, Tokyo 184, Japan. RP Zwickl, RD (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 1998 VL 86 IS 1-4 BP 633 EP 648 DI 10.1023/A:1005044300738 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 191AW UT WOS:000079999900023 ER PT B AU Achutuni, R Scofield, R Borneman, R AF Achutuni, R Scofield, R Borneman, R GP AMS AMS TI Statistical evaluation of satellite derived precipitation estimates SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Achutuni, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 113 EP 116 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500026 ER PT B AU Cannon, JW AF Cannon, JW GP AMS AMS TI A method of combining WSR-88D products with Azranwhiz to predict mesoscale flood events SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv, Gray, ME 04039 USA. RP Cannon, JW (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 1 Weather Lane,POB 1208, Gray, ME 04039 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 117 EP 121 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500027 ER PT B AU King, T AF King, T GP AMS AMS TI Operational use of the WFO hydrologic forecast system (WHFS) SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Cleveland Hopkins Int Airport, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP King, T (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Cleveland Hopkins Int Airport, Fed Facil Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 127 EP 128 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500029 ER PT B AU Jendrowski, P Davis, RS AF Jendrowski, P Davis, RS GP AMS AMS TI Use of geographic information systems with the areal mean basin estimated rainfall algorithm SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, NWS, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Jendrowski, P (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, 2525 Correa Rd,Suite 250, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 129 EP 133 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500030 ER PT B AU Johnson, D Welles, E Smith, M AF Johnson, D Welles, E Smith, M GP AMS AMS TI Site specific modeling for National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab WOH1, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab WOH1, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 134 EP 137 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500031 ER PT B AU Roe, J Bonnin, G Glaudemans, M Gobs, C Tilles, P AF Roe, J Bonnin, G Glaudemans, M Gobs, C Tilles, P GP AMS AMS TI Recent database developments at the National Weather Service Office of Hydrology SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Roe, J (reprint author), W-OH1,1325 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 138 EP 143 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500032 ER PT B AU Pan, JJ Bonnin, GM Motl, RL Friedeman, H AF Pan, JJ Bonnin, GM Motl, RL Friedeman, H GP AMS AMS TI Recent developments in data analysis, quality control and data browsing at the National Weather Service Office of Hydrology SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Pan, JJ (reprint author), W-OH1,1325 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 144 EP 149 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500033 ER PT B AU Smith, M Koren, V Johnson, D Finnerty, B AF Smith, M Koren, V Johnson, D Finnerty, B GP AMS AMS TI Modeling activities in the NWS hydrologic research lab SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, W-OH-1,1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 150 EP 153 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500034 ER PT B AU Kluepfel, CK AF Kluepfel, CK GP AMS AMS TI Verification of QPF and PQPF SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kluepfel, CK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, OM11,1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 160 EP 164 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500038 ER PT B AU Capone, EJ AF Capone, EJ GP AMS AMS TI Hydrometeorologic and hydraulic aspects concerning the record flooding on the Ausable and Saranac Rivers on 8-10 November 1996 SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv, NE River Forecast Ctr, NOAA, Taunton, MA USA. RP Capone, EJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NE River Forecast Ctr, NOAA, 445 Myles Standish Blvd, Taunton, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 244 EP 251 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500063 ER PT B AU Ringo, AC LaPlante, RE AF Ringo, AC LaPlante, RE GP AMS AMS TI Evolution of the NWS forecast office hydrologic program over the last 25 years SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Nexrad Weather Serv Forecast Off, NOAA, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Ringo, AC (reprint author), Nexrad Weather Serv Forecast Off, NOAA, Cleveland Hopkins Airport,Fed Facilities Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 256 EP 257 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500065 ER PT B AU Davis, RS AF Davis, RS GP AMS AMS TI Detecting time duration of rainfall: A controlling factor of flash flood intensity SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Davis, RS (reprint author), Pittsburgh NWS, 192 Shafer Rd, Moon Twp, PA 15108 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 258 EP 263 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500066 ER PT B AU Pierce, RV AF Pierce, RV GP AMS AMS TI Short duration rainfall frequency analysis on small watersheds in Hawaii SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Pierce, RV (reprint author), NOAA, NWS 2525 Correa Rd,Suite 250, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 264 EP 267 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500067 ER PT B AU Marshall, GE AF Marshall, GE GP AMS AMS TI Objective flood verification program for use at NWS HSA offices SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv Off, Jackson, KY 41339 USA. RP Marshall, GE (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv Off, 1329 Airport Rd, Jackson, KY 41339 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 268 EP 269 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500068 ER PT B AU Rhea, JO AF Rhea, JO GP AMS AMS TI Use and expansion of an objective orographic QPF aid SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, NWS, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. RP Rhea, JO (reprint author), Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, NWS, 3310 El Camino Ave,Suite 227, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 283 EP 286 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500072 ER PT B AU Martin, G AF Martin, G GP AMS AMS TI An evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast tools for the complex terrain of Southern California SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, NWS, Oxnard, CA USA. RP Martin, G (reprint author), NWSFO Los Angeles, 520 N Elevar St, Oxnard, CA 93030 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 287 EP 290 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500073 ER PT B AU Jones, AT Vieux, BE Eilts, MD AF Jones, AT Vieux, BE Eilts, MD GP AMS AMS TI Aspects of calibrating a distributed rainfall-runoff model using WSR-88D rainfall estimates in the Illinois Basin SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Jones, AT (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 294 EP 297 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500075 ER PT B AU Lewis, JM AF Lewis, JM GP AMS AMS TI Enhancements of river forecasts using dynamic hydraulic flow routing SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 298 EP 301 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500076 ER PT B AU Braatz, DT Halquist, JB DeWeese, MM Larson, L Ingram, JJ AF Braatz, DT Halquist, JB DeWeese, MM Larson, L Ingram, JJ GP AMS AMS TI The advanced hydrologic prediction system: Moving beyond the demonstration phase SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv, N Cent River Forecast Ctr, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RP Braatz, DT (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, N Cent River Forecast Ctr, 1733 Lake Dr W, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J7 EP J12 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500086 ER PT B AU Dubberke, D Curl, T Jones, L Beard, E AF Dubberke, D Curl, T Jones, L Beard, E GP AMS AMS TI Operational use of the WFO Hydrologic Forecast System (WHFS) at NWSFO Norman SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NWS, Forecast Off, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Dubberke, D (reprint author), NWS, Forecast Off, 1200 Westheimer Dr,Room 101, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J31 EP J34 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500091 ER PT B AU Fread, DL AF Fread, DL GP AMS AMS TI A perspective on hydrologic prediction trends SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NWS, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Fread, DL (reprint author), NWS, Off Hydrol, 1325 EW Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J1 EP J6 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500085 ER PT B AU Graziano, TM AF Graziano, TM GP AMS AMS TI The NWS End-to-End Forecast Process for Quantitative Precipitation Information SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Graziano, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Off, 1325 EW Highway,SSMC2,RM 13300, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J35 EP J40 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500092 ER PT B AU Roe, J Glaudemans, M Gobs, C Taylor, P Zimmerman, J AF Roe, J Glaudemans, M Gobs, C Taylor, P Zimmerman, J GP AMS AMS TI Implementation of modernized hydrologic operations and services in the national weather service: Overview and status SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Roe, J (reprint author), W-OH1,1325 EW Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J25 EP J30 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500090 ER PT B AU Rossi, T Krzysztofowicz, R AF Rossi, T Krzysztofowicz, R GP AMS AMS TI A system for Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off Pittsburgh, Moon Township, PA 15108 USA. RP Rossi, T (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off Pittsburgh, 192 Shafer Rd, Moon Township, PA 15108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J51 EP J55 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500095 ER PT B AU Schaake, J Larson, L AF Schaake, J Larson, L GP AMS AMS TI Ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP): Progress and research needs SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schaake, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, W-OHx2,1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J19 EP J24 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500089 ER PT B AU Schumacher, PN Godon, NA Pearson, WL AF Schumacher, PN Godon, NA Pearson, WL GP AMS AMS TI An overview of meteorological and hydrological conditions associated with the 1997 Red River of the North flood SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 Natl Weather Serv, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. RP Schumacher, PN (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 4797 Technol Circle, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J67 EP J69 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500099 ER PT B AU Seo, DJ Fulton, RA Breidenbach, JP AF Seo, DJ Fulton, RA Breidenbach, JP GP AMS AMS TI Rainfall estimation in the WSR-88D era for operational hydrologic forecasting in the National Weather Service SO SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Hydrology CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc (AMS) C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Seo, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J60 EP J62 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA BM02P UT WOS:000077436500097 ER PT B AU Wiese, WL AF Wiese, WL BE Mezzacappa, A TI Critically assessed tables of atomic spectroscopy data SO STELLAR EVOLUTION, STELLAR EXPLOSIONS AND GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Oak Ridge Symposium on Atomic and Nuclear Astrophysics CY DEC 02-06, 1997 CL OAK RIDGE, TN AB The major NIST atomic spectroscopy data tables and the new MST atomic spectra database (ASD) on the Internet are briefly reviewed. The need for critical assessments of atomic transition probability data is discussed, and the still unsatisfactory data situation for N II is presented as an example. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0555-X PY 1998 BP 59 EP 66 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA BL90Y UT WOS:000077110500007 ER PT S AU McLean, CR AF McLean, CR BE Bititci, US Carrie, AS TI Tools and techniques for modelling production systems SO STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF THE MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN SE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference of the Manufacturing Value-Chain CY AUG, 1998 CL TROON, SCOTLAND DE manufacturing; production systems engineering; software tool kits; integration interfaces AB Industry needs software tool kit environments that integrate functions performed by engineers that are responsible for developing production systems. These tool kits would help engineers be more productive in the process of conceiving, designing, modelling, evaluating, and planning the implementation of manufacturing systems. Although individual tools are available to perform some of these functions, integrated tool kits are not. The lack of common information models and interface standards inhibits the development of interoperable software tools. The Production System Engineering (PSE) project at NIST is working with U.S. industry, academia, and a number of international collaborators to address this problem. This project is a part of the larger Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) Program underway at NIST. The project team, working with the Black and Decker Corporation, selected a mitre saw as a test case for production system engineering. The mitre saw assembly line has been used to identify functional and data requirements for integrating engineering tools. This paper will present our progress in developing modelling techniques, software tools, and tool kit interfaces for production systems engineering. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLean, CR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA SN 1571-5736 BN 0-412-82710-7 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 1998 VL 2 BP 545 EP 552 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BQ01T UT WOS:000086866800060 ER PT S AU Umeda, S Jones, A AF Umeda, S Jones, A BE Bititci, US Carrie, AS TI Virtual Supply Chain Management System: A decision support system using discrete event simulation SO STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF THE MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN SE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference of the Manufacturing Value-Chain CY AUG, 1998 CL TROON, SCOTLAND DE supply chain management; business modeling; system integration; decision support system; simulation AB This paper proposes an integration test-bed system for supply drain management which forms the foundation For the construction of a valued manufacturing chain. The test-bed especially focuses on Production and Operations Management (POM) issues within the chained firms. The characteristics of this system are 1) an enterprise integration model and architecture which represent business and information process in supply chain, 2) a hierarchical simulation system to support production management in suppl! chain, 3) the communication data interface between the simulation and the suppliers companies, and 4) Decision support system based on statistical methods. This paper introduces the system's concept and architecture through an application example. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Umeda, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MET 220,Rm A127, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA SN 1571-5736 BN 0-412-82710-7 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 1998 VL 2 BP 585 EP 592 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BQ01T UT WOS:000086866800065 ER PT B AU Huang, XP Bollinger, JJ Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, B Mitchell, TB Wineland, DJ AF Huang, XP Bollinger, JJ Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, B Mitchell, TB Wineland, DJ BE Kalman, GJ Rommel, JM Blagoev, K TI Formation and control of coulomb crystals in trapped ion plasmas SO STRONGLY COUPLED COULOMB SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Strongly Coupled Systems (SCCS 97) CY AUG 03-10, 1997 CL BOSTON COLL, CHESTNUT HILL, MA HO BOSTON COLL ID ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; ROTATING ELECTRIC-FIELDS; NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; N-DEPENDENCE; STATE; EQUATION; ENERGY; PHASE C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. RP Huang, XP (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46031-9 PY 1998 BP 429 EP 432 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BN85G UT WOS:000083193600077 ER PT B AU Clark, AV Hehman, CS Gallagher, D Lozev, MG Fuchs, PA AF Clark, AV Hehman, CS Gallagher, D Lozev, MG Fuchs, PA BE Medlock, RD Laffrey, DC TI Ultrasonic measurement of stress in pin and hanger connections SO STRUCTURAL MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY III: AN NDT CONFERENCE SE SPIE PROCEEDINGS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Structural Materials Technology - NDT CY MAR 31-APR 03, 1998 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Texas Dept Transportat, Fed Highway Adm DE bridges; connections; EMAT; stress; ultrasonics AB Pin and hanger connections can sometimes lock up due to corrosion. As the stresses in the connection are cycled due to thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge, fatigue cracking and failure may occur. We constructed an apparatus to simulate a locked-up pin and hanger connection It consists of a 12 tooth, spline bolted to the base of a mechanical testing machine. Hangers were mounted on the spline, which constrains their ends against rotation. The free ends of the hangers were loaded by the test machine's piston. We performed proof of concept tests of a method to detect stresses in pin and hanger connections prior to cracking. The method uses the fact that stress causes change in sound velocity. We propagated shear waves polarized parallel and perpendicular to the hanger axis. The normalized difference in shear wave velocities is called the birefringence. We measured the birefringence near the outer fibers of the hangers, at midsection. We simulated 3 scenarios: continuous monitoring of hanger status; intermittent monitoring from a known initial state; measurement with no a priori knowledge of hanger status. Good agreement with strain gauge data was obtained for all three scenarios. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Clark, AV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI 苏, 日亮/D-4386-2009 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-2849-3 J9 SPIE PROC SER PY 1998 VL 3400 BP 176 EP 187 DI 10.1117/12.300089 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Optics; Transportation SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Optics; Transportation GA BK73A UT WOS:000073238500018 ER PT J AU Whalen, TM Simiu, E AF Whalen, TM Simiu, E TI Assessment of wind load factors for hurricane-prone regions SO STRUCTURAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE building technology; codes and standards; structural reliability; wind engineering AB We study the issue of whether the wind load factors specified in the ASCE 7-95 Standard for hurricane-prone regions on the one hand and extratropical storm regions on the other are mutually consistent with respect to risk. We consider structures or elements whose design is governed by wind loads and for which wind directionality effects are not significant. We present estimates according to which ASCE 7-95 Standard provisions for wind loads inducing the design strength result in (1) safety levels that are considerably lower for hurricane-prone than for extratropical storm regions, and (2) estimates of mean recurrence intervals of hurricane wind loads inducing the design strength of about 500 y if epistemic uncertainties are neglected, and significantly lower than 500 years otherwise. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simiu, E (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4730 J9 STRUCT SAF JI Struct. Saf. PY 1998 VL 20 IS 3 BP 271 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S0167-4730(98)00012-5 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA 140QV UT WOS:000077100600005 ER PT S AU Cronin, G AF Cronin, G BE Jeppesen, E Sondergaard, M Sondergaard, M Christoffersen, K TI Influence of macrophyte structure, nutritive value, and chemistry on the feeding choices of a generalist crayfish SO STRUCTURING ROLE OF SUBBMERGED MACROPHYTES IN LAKES SE ECOLOGICAL STUDIES : ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes CY JUN 16-20, 1996 CL FRESHWATER CTR, SILKEBORG, DENMARK SP Danish Nat Sci Res Council, Strateg Environm Res Programme, Natl Environm Res Inst, Denmark HO FRESHWATER CTR C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cronin, G (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0070-8356 BN 0-387-98284-1 J9 ECOL STU AN PY 1998 VL 131 BP 307 EP 317 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BK20G UT WOS:000071468100021 ER PT J AU Nunez, V Majkrzak, CF Springholz, G Bauer, G Giebultowicz, TM Kepa, H Goldman, KI AF Nunez, V Majkrzak, CF Springholz, G Bauer, G Giebultowicz, TM Kepa, H Goldman, KI TI Interlayer spin coherence in antiferromagnetic EuTe/PbTe superlattices observed by polarized neutron diffraction SO SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE EuTe/PbTe; interlayer coupling AB Neutron diffraction experiments on short-period EuTe/PbTe superlattices with a [111] growth axis reveal distinct magnetic correlations between the EuTe layers across up to 55 Angstrom of non-magnetic PbTe spacers, even though EuTe is antiferromagnetic and there are not enough carriers to support RKKY interactions. With increasing in-plane external magnetic field we observe a decrease of the antiferromagnetic interlayer interactions. This decrease depends very strongly on whether the superlattices are cooled down through the Neel point in zero or non-zero field. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Linz, Inst Halbleiterphys, A-4040 Linz, Austria. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nunez, V (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0749-6036 J9 SUPERLATTICE MICROST JI Superlattices Microstruct. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1006/spmi.1996.0205 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZA192 UT WOS:000072338200008 ER PT S AU Scott, JHJ Turgut, Z Chowdary, K McHenry, ME Majetich, SA AF Scott, JHJ Turgut, Z Chowdary, K McHenry, ME Majetich, SA BE Gonsalves, KE Baraton, MI Singh, R Hofmann, H Chen, JX Akkara, JA TI Thermal plasma synthesis of Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles SO SURFACE-CONTROLLED NANOSCALE MATERIALS FOR HIGH-ADDED-VALUE APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surface-Controlled Nanoscale Materials for High-Added-Value Applications CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Baikowski Int Corp, CERAMEC, City Technol Ltd, Corning Inc, Eastman Kodak Co, Grp Fournier, Div Tilderm Syst, Johnson & Johnson, Natl Sci Fdn, Oldham S A France, Rhone Poulenc, Schlumberger Ind AB FeCo nanoparticles are synthesized in a radio frequency (RF) plasma torch from metal powder precursors and simple gases. The first precursor consists of pre-alloyed FeCo powder; the second precursor is a mixture of elemental Fe and Co powders. A protective carbon coating on the particles is achieved by injection of acetylene gas into the plasma. X-I ay diffraction reveals phase purity, low carbon concentration, and minimal oxidation. Analytical electron microscopy is used to examine the nanocomposite morphology and composition of individual nanoparticles. Both synthesis routes produce alloy product, but nanoparticles produced from pre-alloyed precursors exhibit smaller variations in Fe/Co ratio than particles produced from elemental powders. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scott, JHJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-406-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 501 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BL07J UT WOS:000074175600019 ER PT B AU Landsea, CW Kaplan, J DeMaria, M AF Landsea, CW Kaplan, J DeMaria, M GP AMS TI The differing roles of the large-scale environment in the intensity changes of recent Atlantic hurricanes SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 113 EP 114 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700024 ER PT B AU Kaplan, J DeMaria, M AF Kaplan, J DeMaria, M GP AMS TI Climatological and synoptic characteristics of rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic basin SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Kaplan, J (reprint author), Hurricane Res Div, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI DeMaria, Mark/F-5583-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 119 EP 123 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700026 ER PT B AU Zehr, RM AF Zehr, RM GP AMS TI Vertical wind shear and tropical cyclone intensity SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Zehr, RM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, CIRA Bldg,W LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 124 EP 128 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700027 ER PT B AU Houston, S Lawrence, M Spisak, S Murillo, S AF Houston, S Lawrence, M Spisak, S Murillo, S GP AMS TI A verification of National Hurricane Center forecasts of surface wind speed radii in hurricanes SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Houston, S (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 139 EP 140 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700030 ER PT B AU Cione, JJ Black, PG AF Cione, JJ Black, PG GP AMS TI Surface thermodynamic observations within the tropical cyclone inner core SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, AOML, HRD, Miami, FL 33196 USA. RP Cione, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, AOML, HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33196 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 141 EP 145 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700031 ER PT B AU Aberson, SD Bender, MA Tuleya, RE AF Aberson, SD Bender, MA Tuleya, RE GP AMS TI Ensemble forecasting of tropical cyclone intensity SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, SD (reprint author), NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 150 EP 153 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700033 ER PT B AU Black, PG Shay, LK AF Black, PG Shay, LK GP AMS TI Observations of Tropical Cyclone intensity change due to air-sea interaction processes SO SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Black, PG (reprint author), NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 161 EP 168 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL98E UT WOS:000077346700035 ER PT S AU Ignatov, A Gutman, G AF Ignatov, A Gutman, G BE Choudhury, BJ Tanaka, S Kondo, A Menenti, M Becker, F TI Diurnal cycles of land surface temperatures SO SYNERGISTIC USE OF MULTISENSOR DATA FOR LAND PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A3 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A on Synergistic Use of Multisensor Data for Land Processes at 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Int Astronaut Federat, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data & Informat Serv, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, European Space Agcy, Sci Comm Ocean Res, World Climate Res Programme, UN Off Outer Space Affairs AB Monthly mean diurnal cycles of temperatures over land, T-S, have been analyzed. Data include a 19-year climatology of station observations of ground and air temperatures, separately for all and clear skies (T-ga, T-gc, T-aa, T-ac, respectively) over 75 sites in Russia, and a 7-year near-global climatology of satellite observations of surface temperature, T-sat, derived from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data with (280 km)(2) spatial resolution. Here, we represent diurnal cycles of all T-S in a compressed form using principal component analysis (PCA), and find that two temperature parameters describe the diurnal cycle fairly accurately. The all-sky ground temperature resembles the ISCCP derived T-sat most closely. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043469-X J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 641 EP 644 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01125-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BL67V UT WOS:000076297800005 ER PT S AU Gitelson, AA Kogan, F Zakarin, E Spivak, L Lebed, L AF Gitelson, AA Kogan, F Zakarin, E Spivak, L Lebed, L BE Choudhury, BJ Tanaka, S Kondo, A Menenti, M Becker, F TI Using AVHRR data for quantitive estimation of vegetation conditions: Calibration and validation SO SYNERGISTIC USE OF MULTISENSOR DATA FOR LAND PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A3 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A on Synergistic Use of Multisensor Data for Land Processes at 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Int Astronaut Federat, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite, Data & Informat Serv, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, European Space Agcy, Sci Comm Ocean Res, World Climate Res Programme, UN Off Outer Space Affairs AB NDVI-derived Vegetation Condition Index (VCT) was compared with vegetation density, biomass and reflectance measured in the fields, The VCI numerically estimates fluctuation of NDVI related to intra-annual weather change only and is a measure of weather impact on vegetation. Test fields were located in different climatic (annual precipitation 150-700 mm) and ecological zones (semi-desert to steppe-forest) with elevation from 200 to 700 m in Kazakhstan. A range of NDVI variation was from 0.05 to 0.47. The determination coefficient between AVHRR-derived vegetation state and actually measured vegetation density of more than 0.76 was achieved. For the first time it was shown that the VCI-derived vegetation condition data can be effectively used for quantitative assessments of both vegetation state and productivity (density and biomass) over large areas. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, IL-84990 Sede Boqer, Israel. NOAA, NESDIS, Ctr Sci, Camp Spring, MD 20746 USA. Kazakh Acad Sci, Inst Space Res, Almaty, Kazakhstan. RP Gitelson, AA (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Jacob Blaustein Inst Desert Res, IL-84990 Sede Boqer, Israel. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Gitelson, Anatoly/G-3452-2012 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; NR 9 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043469-X J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 5 BP 673 EP 676 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01129-0 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BL67V UT WOS:000076297800009 ER PT B AU Leka, KD AF Leka, KD BE Balasubramaniam, KS Harvey, JW Rabin, DM TI Some questions on emerging flux addressable with synoptic observations SO SYNOPTIC SOLAR PHYSICS SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th National-Solar-Observatory/Sacramento-Peak Summer Workshop on Synoptic Solar Physics CY SEP 08-12, 1997 CL SUNSPOT, NM SP Natl Solar Observ, Natl Optical Astron Observ, Natl Sci Fdn, Div Atmospher Sci, NASA, Space Sci Div, Off Space Sci, USAF, Off Sci Res, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, Space Hazards Branch AB With the advent of high spatial- and spectral-resolution instruments and especially spectropolarimeters, some of the nagging questions concerning the magnetic and thermodynamic state of the solar atmosphere during an emerging flux episode can now be addressed. I outline some of these topics, such as the source of the magnetic helicity, the process of sunspot formation, and the fate of the emerged magnetic structures. The rough observational parameters required to answer several pressing questions are outlined and are put in the context of several recently developed instruments and analysis methods. The currently available space-based resources, e.g., aboard SoHO and Yohkoh, can address some of the ground-based shortcomings. But many of the questions concerning the process of emerging magnetic flux will require vector magnetic data. Currently there are no vector magnetographs in space, and there is a shortage of ground-based vector magnetographs that observe on a synoptic basis. This means we cannot currently track an emerging region beyond a fraction of a day. The observational requirements require a new approach for "synoptic" observations: an expansion from daily images to an intense archiving program of sub-hour data acquisition. The new capabilities on the horizon bring the possibility of addressing some questions in emerging flux studies. For example, we could determine the mechanism by which intrinsically weak, recently emerged, magnetic fields are enhanced to the kiloGauss strengths observed in sunspots, and we might quantitatively determine the conditions under which an emerging pore forms a penumbra to become a mature sunspot. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, NRC Res Associate, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leka, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, NRC Res Associate, 325 S Broadway R-E-SE, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-60-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 140 BP 91 EP 104 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL74T UT WOS:000076547800009 ER PT B AU Coffey, HE Hanchett, CD AF Coffey, HE Hanchett, CD BE Balasubramaniam, KS Harvey, JW Rabin, DM TI National geophysical data center digital on-line database update SO SYNOPTIC SOLAR PHYSICS SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th National-Solar-Observatory/Sacramento-Peak Summer Workshop on Synoptic Solar Physics CY SEP 08-12, 1997 CL SUNSPOT, NM SP Natl Solar Observ, Natl Optical Astron Observ, Natl Sci Fdn, Div Atmospher Sci, NASA, Space Sci Div, Off Space Sci, USAF, Off Sci Res, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USAF, Air Force Res Lab, Space Hazards Branch AB National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) is using current technology to meet user requirements for data management, analysis and distribution. As part of a continuing data rescue effort, a number of solar-terrestrial databases were digitized, reformatted, extensively processed and added to the on-line NOAA NGDC archives. These include some ''ancient" solar databases digitized from several long term solar publications, e.g., the Cartes Synoptiques solar filament region data. Two other major efforts were the processing of many megabytes of the U.S. Air Force Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) one-second data at 8 frequencies and many hourly cosmic ray neutron monitor data from 1953 to the present from more than one hundred stations. The RSTN and cosmic ray data are available via the Space Physics Interactive Data Resource (SPIDR) system that allows users to browse, analyze, and access data on-line. Several hundreds of megabytes of historical solar data are available via the Internet. We present an overview of these historical solar databases. Data can be accessed at the NGDC web site address www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp. C1 NOAA, Solar Terrestrial Phys Div, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr Solar Terr Phys A, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Coffey, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Solar Terrestrial Phys Div, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr Solar Terr Phys A, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-60-0 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 140 BP 447 EP 454 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL74T UT WOS:000076547800048 ER PT S AU Hastie, JW Paul, AJ Bonnell, DW Schenck, PK AF Hastie, JW Paul, AJ Bonnell, DW Schenck, PK BE Serio, MA Gruen, DM Malhotra, R TI In situ monitoring by mass spectrometry of laser ablation plumes used in thin film deposition SO SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ADVANCED MATERIALS SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials, at the 212th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 25-29, 1996 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Chem Soc, Mat Chem Secretariat ID DISTRIBUTIONS; CHEMISTRY AB Molecular beam mass spectrometry has been used for real-time, in situ determination of species identities and velocity distributions of postexpansion laser ablation plumes. As an example of the measurement approach, the Al(2)O(3) system is considered. The principal species found in Al(2)O(3) plumes include Al, O, AlO, and Al(2)O, in addition to Al(+). Several distinct populations of velocity distribution are often found for each species. For Al atoms, one distribution is centered around 1x10(5) cm s(-1), and another around 1.2x10(6) cm s(-1). The latter distribution agrees with the results of a plume expansion model. A new approach to the determination of species angular distributions is also described, and preliminary results are given for the C and Ag systems. The distributions observed for Ag species follow those expected from a supersonic expansion of the plume, whereas the results for Ag(+), C(3), and C(3)(+) are somewhat anomalous and appear to be influenced by the presence of laser-plume interactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hastie, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, A215-223, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3540-6 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1998 VL 681 BP 39 EP 50 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BK30R UT WOS:000071740500005 ER PT B AU Weetall, HH Helmerson, K Kishore, R Phillips, WD AF Weetall, HH Helmerson, K Kishore, R Phillips, WD GP IAP IAP TI Optical tweezers-based immunosensor for detection of femtomolar concentrations of antigens SO TECHNICAL DIGEST OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON CHEMICAL SENSORS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS-7) CY JUL 27-30, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Tsinghua Univ, Educ Minist China, Sci & Technol Dev Minist China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Beijing City Govt, Chinese Acad Sci, Ford Motor Co, KC Wong Educ Fdn, Kin-Tek Co, Medisense Co, State Key Lab Transducer Technol China, Beijing Sci & Technol Commiss C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Weetall, HH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI BEIJING PA 137 CHAONEI DAJIE, BEIJING 100010, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-80003-423-2 PY 1998 BP 12 EP 14 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA BM03V UT WOS:000077459200004 ER PT B AU Huang, PH AF Huang, PH GP IAP IAP TI Humidity standards for low level water vapor sensing and measurements SO TECHNICAL DIGEST OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON CHEMICAL SENSORS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS-7) CY JUL 27-30, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Tsinghua Univ, Educ Minist China, Sci & Technol Dev Minist China, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Beijing City Govt, Chinese Acad Sci, Ford Motor Co, KC Wong Educ Fdn, Kin-Tek Co, Medisense Co, State Key Lab Transducer Technol China, Beijing Sci & Technol Commiss AB An intercomparison between the two most widely used types of low level humidity standards constituting a permeation-tube standard and an evaporation-diffusion standard is presented. Using a precision chilled-mirror hygrometer as a transfer standard, frost-point temperatures of nitrogen/water-vapor mixtures produced by the standard generators are measured in the water vapor concentration range of 5 nmol/mol to 70 nmol/mol. Measured differences between the standard generators are found to be within the standards' expanded uncertainties for moisture content of greater than approximately 15 nmol/mol. Below 15 nmol/mol, the differences are greater than the combined uncertainties of the standard generators. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, PH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI BEIJING PA 137 CHAONEI DAJIE, BEIJING 100010, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-80003-423-2 PY 1998 BP 339 EP 341 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA BM03V UT WOS:000077459200114 ER PT J AU Xie, A Chung, YS Liu, X Ye, Q AF Xie, A Chung, YS Liu, X Ye, Q TI The interannual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY AB Interannual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) have been studied using data from over seventeen years (1979-1995) of NMC global analysis and of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) observed with NOAA polar-orbitting satellites. It was found that the summer monsoon onset in the SCS occurs abruptly with a sudden change of zonal wind direction from easterly to westerly and an exploding development of deep convection in the whole SCS region in the middle of May. Based on the criteria defined in this paper for the SCS summer monsoon onset, the average onset date over the SCS from 1979 to 1995 is around the fourth pentad of May. The airflow and general circulation over the SCS changes dramatically after the onset. The ridge of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the lower troposphere weakens and retreats eastward from the SCS region with an establishment of westerly winds over the whole region. During the SCS monsoon onset, the most direct impact in the vicinity of the SCS are the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal through their eastward extension and northward movement. An indirect influence on the SCS onset is also caused by the enhancement of the Somali cross-equatorial flow and the vanishing Arabian High over the sea; the latter may be a signal for the SCS onset. There are quite significant interannual variations in the SCS onset. In the years of a delayed onset, the most profound feature is that the easterly winds stay longer in the SCS than on average. Deep convection activities are suppressed. The direct cause is the abnormal existence of the western Pacific subtropical high over the SCS region. Moreover, compared to the average, the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal are also weaker in the years of a delayed onset. No significant changes for the cross-equatorial flow at 105 degrees E are observed for these years. It has also been found that the interannual variations of the SCS onset are closely related with the ENSO events. In the years of a delay, the Walker circulation is weaker, and the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western Pacific are negative. C1 Korea Natl Univ Educ, Korea China Ctr Atmospher Res, Choongbook 363791, South Korea. China Meterol Adm, Natl Meteorol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Xie, A (reprint author), Korea Natl Univ Educ, Korea China Ctr Atmospher Res, Choongbook 363791, South Korea. NR 8 TC 30 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PY 1998 VL 59 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 213 DI 10.1007/s007040050024 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZN419 UT WOS:000073644000006 ER PT B AU Persily, AK AF Persily, AK BE Geshwiler, M TI Airtightness of commercial and institutional buildings: Blowing holes in the myth of tight buildings SO THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE EXTERIOR ENVELOPES OF BUILDINGS VII, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SE ASHRAE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings Conference CY DEC 06-10, 1998 CL CLEARWATER BEACH, FL SP US DOE, Amer Soc Heating, Refrigerat & Air Conditioning Engineers Inc, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Bldg Environm & Thermal Envelope Council, Natl Res Council Canada, Chartered Inst Bldg Serv Engineers AB It is often assumed that commercial and institutional buildings are fairly airtight and that envelope air leakage does not have a significant impact on energy consumption and indoor air quality in these buildings. Furthermore, it is also assumed that more recently constructed buildings are tighter than older buildings. The fact of the matter is that very few data are available on the airtightness of building envelopes in commercial and institutional buildings. The data that do exist show significant levels of air leakage in these buildings and do not support correlations of airtightness with building age, size, or construction. This paper presents the airtightness data that are available and the limited conclusions that can be drawn from these data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Persily, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGS PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA BN 1-883413-70-2 J9 ASHRAE SPEC PY 1998 BP 829 EP 837 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA BT72D UT WOS:000173846100075 ER PT S AU Josell, D Carter, WC AF Josell, D Carter, WC BE Cammarata, RC Nastasi, M Busso, EP Oliver, WC TI Interfacial free energies and the creep of multilayer thin films SO THIN-FILMS - STRESSES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES VII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thin-Films - Stresses and Mechanical Properties VII at the MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Experiments utilizing the creep properties of multilayer thin films to determine interfacial free energies are presented with essential theory. A new technique utilizing tubular multilayer foils is then described. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-410-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 505 BP 157 EP 166 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BL54X UT WOS:000075849800022 ER PT B AU Wallace, DR AF Wallace, DR GP IEEE IEEE TI Enhancing competitiveness via a public fault & failure data repository SO THIRD IEEE INTERNATIONAL HIGH-ASSURANCE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE International High-Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium CY NOV 13-14, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP IEEE Comp Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, NIST N,Rm 562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-8186-9221-9 PY 1998 BP 178 EP 185 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BM28Q UT WOS:000078269600022 ER PT S AU Payne, B AF Payne, B BE Tomasini, EP TI Laser interferometer and reciprocity calibration of accelerometers using the NIST super shaker SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS BY LASER TECHNIQUES: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Vibration Measurements by Laser Techniques CY JUN 16-19, 1998 CL ANCONA, ITALY SP Italian Assoc Laser Velocimetry, Univ Studi Ancona, Dipartimento Meccan, AEA SArl, API Raffineria Ancona SpA, DAYCO PTI SpA, Merloni Elettrodomestici, NUOVO PIGNONE SpA, Opto & Laser Europe, TEUCO Guzzini Srl, Amer Concrete Inst Int, AMA, Fachverband Sensorik e V, Acoust Soc Japan, Bulgarreklama, GISI, Gruppo Imprese Strumentazione Italia, Int Assoc Hydraul Res, Int Measurement Confederat, Soc Automot Engineers Japan, Opt Soc Amer, Soc Automot Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers DE accelerometers; calibration; reciprocity; laser interferometer; uncertainty; shakers; exciters AB The development of the NIST Super Shaker permits calibration of accelerometers by two independent and absolute methods on the same shaker. Minimizing the uncertainty of reciprocity calibrations imposes stringent requirements for distortion and cross-axis motion. Laser interferometer calibrations require very low coupling between the shaker and the interferometer components. The design of the Super Shaker provides for very low distortion and cross-motion with very low mechanical coupling between the shaker and optical components. The shaker is equipped with dual coils and two retractable magnets to provide for reciprocity measurements without attaching a driving shaker. These features enhance the convenience with which the Super Shaker can be used to perform both reciprocity and laser interferometer calibrations. This paper describes the shaker and calibration system and gives a comparison of calibration results from the two methods. C1 NIST, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, B (reprint author), NIST, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2863-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3411 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1117/12.307699 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BL17F UT WOS:000074540800022 ER PT S AU Hardesty, RM Brewer, WA Rye, BJ AF Hardesty, RM Brewer, WA Rye, BJ BE Fargues, MP Hippenstiel, RD TI Estimation of wind velocity and backscatter signal intensity from Doppler lidar returns SO THIRTY-FIRST ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY NOV 02-05, 1997 CL PACIFIC GROVE, CA SP USN, Naval Postgrad Sch, San Jose State Univ, IEEE Signal Proc Soc C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hardesty, RM (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 0-8186-8316-3 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 1998 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BL02V UT WOS:000074080800050 ER PT J AU Morton, SL Moeller, PDR Young, KA Lanoue, B AF Morton, SL Moeller, PDR Young, KA Lanoue, B TI Okadaic acid production from the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum belizeanum Faust isolated from the Belizean coral reef ecosystem SO TOXICON LA English DT Article ID HOFFMANNIANUM FAUST; IDENTIFICATION AB A species of epiphytic Prorocentrum (Dinophyta, Prorocentrales), collected from the macroalga Dictyota dichotoma, was brought into culture. Based on morphological characteristics, this isolate was identified as Prorocentrum belizeanum. Analysis of the culture extract using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the production of okadaic acid, a toxic polyether linked with the human diseases, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and ciguatera fish poisoning. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Ctr Culture Marine Phytoplankton, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. RP Morton, SL (reprint author), Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Ctr Culture Marine Phytoplankton, McKown Point,, W Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. NR 14 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00054-8 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA ZK968 UT WOS:000073385700017 PM 9604293 ER PT B AU Chou, YK Evans, CJ AF Chou, YK Evans, CJ GP SME SME TI Process effects on white layer formation in hard turning SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING RESEARCH INSTITUTION OF SME, VOL XXVI, 1998 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXVIth North American Manufacturing Research Conference CY MAY 19-22, 1998 CL GEORGIA INST TECHNOL, ATLANTA, GA SP Georgia Inst Technol, N Amer Mfg Res Inst, Soc Mfg Engineers HO GEORGIA INST TECHNOL AB This paper discusses surface microstructural alterations in hard turned steels. A metallurgically unetchable structure, called "white layer", followed by a dark etching layer has been found on AISI 52100 steel surfaces machined in a hardened state (60 Rc). The scale of this white layer depends upon cutting process parameters, specially tool wear and cutting speed. White layer depth was measured using image processing on samples prepared by standard metallographic techniques. White layer depth increases with flank wear. It also increases with cutting speed, but reaches an asymptote at high speeds. On the other hand, depth of cut shows almost no effect on white layer depth; and increasing feed rate only makes the white layer slightly deeper. White layer formation is discussed in the context of phase transformations, and its influence on machined surface structures is considered for future work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chou, YK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS PI DEARBORN PA ONE SME DR, PO BOX 930, DEARBORN, MI 48128 USA BN 0-87263-496-5 PY 1998 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BP13V UT WOS:000084220300019 ER PT S AU Hagwood, C Kacker, R Yen, J Banks, D Rosenthal, L Gallagher, L Black, P AF Hagwood, C Kacker, R Yen, J Banks, D Rosenthal, L Gallagher, L Black, P GP IEEE IEEE TI Reliability of conformance tests SO TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE & APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE - PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE & APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference CY AUG 19-21, 1998 CL TECH UNIV VIENNA, VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP IEEE, Comp Soc HO TECH UNIV VIENNA AB A conformance test is a software assurance test that is applied in order to determine if specification requirements of the software are being met. It is a time-independent model, where the software object is subjected to an a priori known test suite. The reliability of the software is the probability that it will function properly for values in the input space. Because the input space is usually very large, it is impossible to sample all input values, so in order to provide better sampling coverage, the input space is partitioned into homogeneous subspaces. Samples are drawn from each subspace for testing the software. The conformance tests based on these samples are required to pass all tests in the test suite. Based on these data, the classical statistical estimate of reliability is one. Such an estimate may be unrealistic if the sample sizes are not large. Even in such a scenario a nontrivial confidence interval is provided for the reliability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hagwood, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Bldg 820,Rm 353, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 0730-3157 BN 0-8186-8585-9 J9 P INT COMP SOFTW APP PY 1998 BP 368 EP 372 DI 10.1109/CMPSAC.1998.716682 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BL72B UT WOS:000076439500053 ER PT B AU Tsang, W Walker, JA Manion, JA AF Tsang, W Walker, JA Manion, JA BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Single-pulse shock-tube study on the decomposition of 1-pentyl radicals SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID PENTYL RADICALS; ISOMERIZATION; THRESHOLDS AB 1-Pentyl radicals have been decomposed in single-pulse shock-tube experiments. The precursor is n-pentyl iodide, and the reaction conditions are 850-1000 K and 1.5-5 bar pressure. With l-pentyl radicals being released with the rate expression k(n-C5H11I = 1-C5H11 + I) = 4 x 10(14) exp(-25,820/T)s(-1) we find the branching ratios for the decomposition to form olefin products to be k(1-C5H11 = 2C(2)H(4) + CH3)/k(1-C5H11) = 2.3 exp(-2018/T) k(1-C5H11 = C3H6 + C2H5)/k(1-C5H11) = 0.27 exp(803/T) k(1-C5H11 = 1-C4H8 + CH3)/k(1-C5H11) = 0.068 exp(310/T) where k(1-C5H11) is the total rate constant for l-pentyl radical decomposition. The results from the last two channels are interpreted in terms of radical isomerization through 1,4- and 1,3-hydrogen migration to form 2-pentyl and 3-pentyl radicals. From kinetic modeling, we find k(1-C5H11 --> 2C(5)H(11)) = 1 x 10(12) exp(-11,330/T)s(-1) k(1-C5H11 --> 3-C5H11) = 3 x 10(11) exp(-12,100/T)s(-1) Under the present conditions, pentyl radicals are not being equilibrated. Some of the problems in the interpretation and extrapolation of experimental results on the decomposition of complex radicals are considered. It appears that the isomerization of secondary pentyl radicals will not be competitive with beta CC bond fission. The molecular elimination of HI fi om n-pentyl iodide is characterized by the rate expression (n-C5H11I = 1-C5H10 + HI) = 1.05 x 10(13) exp(-25,730/T)s(-1) and is relatively unimportant in the present context. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 135 EP 142 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600012 ER PT B AU Pitts, WM Smyth, KC Everest, DA AF Pitts, WM Smyth, KC Everest, DA BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Effects of finite time response and soot deposition on thin filament pyrometry measurements in time-varying diffusion flames SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID FLICKERING METHANE; TEMPERATURE; SCATTERING; GASES; FLOWS AB Prior work has shown that thin filament pyrometry (TFP) is a powerful approach for making highly precise, spatially and temporally resolved line measurements of temperature in time-varying laminar diffusion flames. The technique has been previously used to map out temperature distributions as a function of phase angle for acoustically locked flickering diffusion flames with two different levels of forcing. During these measurements two small errors in the temperature measurements have been identified for certain heights and phases. The first error source is shown to be due to the limited time response of the TFP to a rapidly changing temperature field by comparing temperatures determined by TFP with line measurements using Rayleigh light scattering (RLS). The TFP measurements yield lower temperature readings when the flame front is moving at its fastest rate, but the RLS measurements show that these lower temperatures are an artifact which is attributed to the finite time response of TFP. The second source of error occurs for a limited number of cases in which soot is thermophoretically deposited on the filament and is not subsequently burned off. The soot modifies both the emissivity of the filament surface and, for large amounts of deposition, its diameter. These modifications lead to lower measured filament temperature es for low levels of soot deposition and to increasing measured temperatures as the soot builds up. Approaches are suggested for identifying the presence of these errors and minimizing their effects. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pitts, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 563 EP 569 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600061 ER PT B AU Mulholland, GW Choi, MY AF Mulholland, GW Choi, MY BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Measurement of the mass specific extinction coefficient for acetylene and ethene smoke using the large agglomerate optics facility SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID TURBULENT-DIFFUSION FLAMES; REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; SOOT; FUELS; MODEL AB The mass specific extinction coefficient, sigma(s). of smoke produced from acetylene and ethene fuel burned under laminar and turbulent conditions was measured using the Large Agglomerate Optics Facility. Key design features that enable a threefold reduction in the uncertainty compared with precious measurements include a 10-times longer pathlength, less than 0.05% drift in the light intensity ratio, steady-state smoke generation and dilution, accurate flow calibration, and more precise filter weight measurements. The measurements of sigma(s) are consistent with precious results obtained for smoke from a variety of fuels for both small- and large-scale fires. Specifically, the sigma(s), of 7.80 m(2)/g for acetylene smoke produced by a turbulent flame using the new apparatus, is in excellent agreement with 7.82 m(2)/g as reported by Choi et al. [3] for the same fuel. However, these values are significantly larger than the value of 4.5 m(2)/g obtained from the study of Wu et al. [7] for acetylene smoke from turbulent flames. The reliability of the present experimental measurements is supported by an absolute calibration using an aerosol comprised of particles of known size, density, and refractive index. The measured values of sigma(s) in this study appear to be inconsistent with the values of the refractive index of smoke widely used in the combustion community. Measurements of the specific extinction coefficient for acetylene and ethene smoke indicate that sigma(s) depends on fuel type but displays little dependence on flame conditions (laminar or turbulent cases). For ethene smoke, the average specific extinction coefficient is 12% higher than for acetylene smoke. The larger a, may be due to a beam-shielding effect that is dependent on the primary particle size and the number of spheres comprising an agglomerate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mulholland, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 1515 EP 1522 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600173 ER PT B AU Babushok, VI Tsang, W Burgess, DR Zachariah, MR AF Babushok, VI Tsang, W Burgess, DR Zachariah, MR BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Numerical study of low- and high-temperature silane combustion SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; AB-INITIO; AIR FLAMES; KINETICS; OXIDATION; THERMOCHEMISTRY; MECHANISM; REACTOR; OXYGEN; SIH3 AB Self-ignition and flame propagation properties of silane combustion systems have been studied through computer simulations using a database of kinetic and thermodynamic information that is consistent with current understanding of the elementary processes. These new inputs include the mechanism for chain branching through the SiH3 radical, rate constants for the reactions of HO2 with silane and its breakdown products, and the reaction of SiO with oxygen. Over the entire temperature range, the simulations show two distinct mechanisms. At low temperatures, the kinetics of SiH3 is controlling, whereas at high temperatures, SiH2 chemistry is of key importance. The results demonstrate that the upper explosion limit and ignition at room temperature and 1 bar can be described by the same set of reactions. With the new database, many of the experimental observations can be reproduced, and predictions are made regarding dependencies on process parameters. These include the critical conditions for chain ignition, the dependence of the critical pressure on the ratio of silane and oxygen concentration, and the temperature dependence of the critical ratio of silane to oxygen concentration. A scenario for low-temperature ignition is presented. At high temperatures, the importance of condensation processes for accurate prediction of flame velocities is cigar. For very lean flames, the maximum reaction rate occurs at the lower temperature region of the flame zone. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 2431 EP 2439 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600281 ER PT B AU Mell, WE Kashiwagi, T AF Mell, WE Kashiwagi, T BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Dimensional effects on the transition from ignition to flame spread in microgravity SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID ENVIRONMENT; WIND AB Three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) simulations of time transition from radiative ignition on a solid fuel to flame spread in an imposed wind were performed in microgravity. Two-dimensional Barnes were found to quench (due to poor oxygen supply) more easily (i.e., at larger wind speeds) than 3-D flames. Results fi om time 2- and 3-D simulations were compared during the transition phase fit wind speeds that ultimately lead to quenching of the 2-D flame but survival of the 3-D flame. In all locations near and in the flame, oxygen mass flux; was larger in the 3-D flames and dominated by diffusion (as opposed to convection). Oxygen was supplied to the core of time 3-D flame due to diffusion from the sides of the flame (in a cross-wind direction). Diffusion in the 2-D flame was limited to directions parallel to the wind. This cross-wind diffusion was most significant at early times during transition when the flame was small and had a relatively large curvature. The 3-D flame, therefore, required less oxygen supply from an external wind to undergo transition to flame spread. Once flame spread was established there was little difference between the 3-D flames (in the centerline plane) and 2-D flames, due to the decreased curvature of the three-dimensional flame relative to the curvature during ignition and transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mell, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 2635 EP 2641 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600304 ER PT B AU Hamins, A AF Hamins, A BE Burgess, AR Dryer, FL TI Flame extinction by sodium bicarbonate powder in a cup burner SO TWENTY-SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM (INTERNATIONAL) ON COMBUSTION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Symposium on Combustion CY AUG 02-07, 1998 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO SP Combust Inst, Aerometr Inc, Air Force Off Sci Res, Army Res Off, Arthur D Little, Chevron Res & Technol Co, CONSOL Inc, Elsevier Sci Inc, ENERGIA Inc, Engn Management Consultants, EXXON Res & Engn Co, Ford Motor Co, Gas Res Inst, Gen Elect R & D Ctr, Gordon & Breach Publishers Inc, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Owens Brockway Glass Containers, Phillip Morris Corp, PPG Industries Inc, React Engn Int, Res Ind Inc, Sandia Natl Labs, Sawyer Associates, United Technol Res Ctr HO UNIV COLORADO ID FIRE SUPPRESSANTS AB An apparatus was developed for testing the extinction efficiency of a solid powder in a coflowing nonpremixed flame. Extinction measurements were performed by adding agent quasistatically to the oxidizer stream until flame extinction was observed. The concentration of powder agent was monitored by laser transmission. Extinction measurements were performed on flames burning both liquids and gases using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) powder as the extinguishing agent. For comparison, extinction measurements were also conducted using the gaseous agents, CF3Br (halon 1301) and N-2. Tests were conducted using a number of fuels including heptane, two jet fuels (JP-8 and JP-5), two hydraulic fluids (83282 and 5606), as well as propane. The agent extinction requirements for the two small particle sizes tested here were highly similar. The results showed that on average, NaHCO3 was three times more effective than CF3Br and five times more effective than N-2 on a mass basis in extinguishing flames burning the various fuels. An estimate of agent behavior based on the effectiveness of inert N-2 showed that whereas CF3Br acted primarily through chemical kinetic effects, only half of the effectiveness of NaHCO3 could be attributed to kinetics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hamins, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INSTITUTE PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BLVD, SUITE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA PY 1998 BP 2857 EP 2864 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA BN87V UT WOS:000083308600330 ER PT S AU Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ AF Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ BE Elsaesser, T Fujimoto, JG Wiersma, DA Zinth, W TI Sub-picosecond interfacial electron injection in dye sensitized titanium dioxide films SO ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA XI SE SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena CY JUL 12-17, 1998 CL GARMISCH PARTENKI, GERMANY SP Deutsch forsch Gemeinschaft, Bayer Staats Minist Unterricht, Kultus, Wissenschaft & Kunst, Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munich, Opt Soc Amer ID MOLECULES AB Sub-picosecond infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the 5 mu m region was employed to study the properties of Ru(4,4'-(COOH)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(NCS)(2), 1, and Ru(5,5'-(COOH)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(NCS)(2), 2, anchored to nanostructured thin films of TiO2 and ZrO2. For these molecules attached to TiO2 semiconductor films, a transient absorbance appears which is attributed to electrons injected into the TiO2 semiconductor. This absorbance appears within the instrumental time resolution yielding an approximate 350 fs upper limit time constant for electron transfer from the sensitizer excited state to TiO2. This implies that sensitizers with lifetimes as short as a few picoseconds can effectively transfer electrons to TiO2 with high quantum yield. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heimer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Room B208,Bldg 221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0172-6218 BN 3-540-65430-5 J9 SPRINGER SERIES CHEM PY 1998 VL 63 BP 505 EP 507 PG 3 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BN80F UT WOS:000082968300151 ER PT S AU Kleiman, VD Heilweil, EJ McMorrow, D Melinger, JS AF Kleiman, VD Heilweil, EJ McMorrow, D Melinger, JS BE Elsaesser, T Fujimoto, JG Wiersma, DA Zinth, W TI Control of condensed phase molecular excitation with intense infrared and visible chirped pulses SO ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA XI SE SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena CY JUL 12-17, 1998 CL GARMISCH PARTENKI, GERMANY SP Deutsch forsch Gemeinschaft, Bayer Staats Minist Unterricht, Kultus, Wissenschaft & Kunst, Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munich, Opt Soc Amer AB Chirped ultrashort laser pulses in the mid-infrared and visible are used to experimentally control population transfer in condensed phase molecules. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kleiman, VD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0172-6218 BN 3-540-65430-5 J9 SPRINGER SERIES CHEM PY 1998 VL 63 BP 648 EP 650 PG 3 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BN80F UT WOS:000082968300197 ER PT J AU Nikitina, NY Ostrovsky, LA AF Nikitina, NY Ostrovsky, LA TI An ultrasonic method for measuring stresses in engineering materials SO ULTRASONICS LA English DT Article DE acoustoelasticity; stress measurement; internal material anisotropy ID RESIDUAL-STRESS; PLATES; WAVES; SHEAR AB A 'multiparameter' method for indirect evaluation of intrinsic anisotropy values for prestressed engineering materials is discussed. The proposed method is based on simultaneous measurement of both the velocity of elastic waves and the parameters, characterizing the frequency dispersion and/or attenuation. Preliminary experimental demonstrations of the feasibility of such methods for common engineering materials are presented. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Mech Engn Res Inst, Dept Wave Dynam, Nizhnii Novgorod 603024, Russia. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nikitina, NY (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Mech Engn Res Inst, Dept Wave Dynam, Belinsky St 85, Nizhnii Novgorod 603024, Russia. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0041-624X J9 ULTRASONICS JI Ultrasonics PD JAN PY 1998 VL 35 IS 8 BP 605 EP 610 DI 10.1016/S0041-624X(97)00154-6 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA ZD149 UT WOS:000072656300009 ER PT S AU Kousky, JV Thiaw, WM Levy, RC AF Kousky, JV Thiaw, WM Levy, RC BE Servat, E Hughes, D Fritsch, JM Hulme, M TI Variations in satellite-derived precipitation estimates and atmospheric circulation over Africa SO WATER RESOURCES VARIABILITY IN AFRICA DURING THE XXTH CENTURY SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Water Resources Variability in Africa During the XXth-Century CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL ABIDJAN, COTE IVOIRE SP ORSTOM, Paris, Swiss Acad Sci, Bern, Tropenbos Fdn, Wageningen, African Assoc Hydrol, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, French Cooperat, World Meteorol Org, French Inst Sci Res Dev Cooperat, European Union, UNESCO, Int Hydrol Programme ID RAINFALL AB Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation estimates are compared to features of the atmospheric circulation for the African continent, The precipitation estimates are primarily based on cold cloud top duration obtained from METEOSAT 6 data, and are refined using an optimal interpolation of observed precipitation, surface topography, and numerical model forecasts of wind and relative humidity. These precipitation estimates are produced operationally at the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in support of the drought monitoring efforts for the African continent as a part of the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) activity. The NCEP Climate Data Assimilation System (CDAS) analyses of atmospheric fields are used to determine the flow regimes for selected cases. The temporal and spatial variability of the model analyses for monthly periods are examined to determine the possible dynamic links with precipitation anomalies for the African continent. Extreme precipitation events during the 1997 ENSO event are examined to evaluate differences in circulation patterns. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Kousky, JV (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 4700 Silver Hill Rd,Stop 9910, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-65-1 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 252 BP 11 EP 18 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BN12W UT WOS:000080791900002 ER PT S AU Thiaw, WM Kousky, JV Kumar, V AF Thiaw, WM Kousky, JV Kumar, V BE Servat, E Hughes, D Fritsch, JM Hulme, M TI Atmospheric circulation associated with recent Sahelian hydrologic anomalies SO WATER RESOURCES VARIABILITY IN AFRICA DURING THE XXTH CENTURY SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Water Resources Variability in Africa During the XXth-Century CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL ABIDJAN, COTE IVOIRE SP ORSTOM, Paris, Swiss Acad Sci, Bern, Tropenbos Fdn, Wageningen, African Assoc Hydrol, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, French Cooperat, World Meteorol Org, French Inst Sci Res Dev Cooperat, European Union, UNESCO, Int Hydrol Programme ID AFRICAN AB Atmospheric circulation over the tropics during recent wet and dry periods over the Sahel has been studied using the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data set. The results show that the mid and upper level easterly jets play an important role in modulating rainfall variations over the Sahel. In particular, the lower tropospheric easterly jet is stronger during dry years whereas the upper level easterly jet is weaker. Moisture fluxes over West Africa during dry and wetter periods have also been studied, indicating that an important source of moisture for West Africa, is the southern Atlantic. The magnitude of the moisture flux in this region is greater during the wet episodes than during periods of droughts. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Thiaw, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-65-1 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1998 IS 252 BP 63 EP 67 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BN12W UT WOS:000080791900008 ER PT J AU Michelsen, TC Boatman, CD Norton, D Ebbesmeyer, CC Francisco, MD AF Michelsen, TC Boatman, CD Norton, D Ebbesmeyer, CC Francisco, MD TI Transport of contaminants along the Seattle waterfront: Effects of vessel traffic and waterfront construction activities SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IAWQ Specialist Group Conference on Contaminated Sediments CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP Int Assoc Water Quality, POSW, Directorate Gen Public Works & Water Man, Netherlands, Municipal Port Management, Port Rotterdam, Netherlands DE contaminant transport; prop wash; recontamination; resuspension; sediments; waterfront construction AB Cleanup of contaminated sediments along the Seattle waterfront is complicated by uncertainty regarding sources of contamination and the interrelationship between point sources, non-point sources, vessel traffic, construction projects, and resuspension. The results of field studies are presented that address the potential for recontamination of sediments following proposed cleanup projects, the sources of contamination and their relative magnitudes, and the natural and anthropogenic processes that affect transport of contaminated sediments along the waterfront. The primary factors affecting the success of cleanup projects along the Seattle waterfront are identified as resuspension of contaminated sediments by propeller wash and construction activities, and subsequent transport of the suspended sediments by natural and vessel-induced currents to adjacent areas. (C) 1998 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Avocet Consulting, Kenmore, WA 98011 USA. Aura Nova Consultants Inc, Bothell, WA 98011 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Environm Invest & Lab Serv, Lacey, WA 98504 USA. Evans Hamilton, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA Marine Corps, Pacific Marine Ctr, Seattle, WA 98102 USA. RP Michelsen, TC (reprint author), Avocet Consulting, 15907 76th Pl NE, Kenmore, WA 98011 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 6-7 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00176-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA ZT591 UT WOS:000074103200003 ER PT B AU Rossiter, WJ Vangel, MG Kraft, KM AF Rossiter, WJ Vangel, MG Kraft, KM GP IWA IWA TI Performance of tape-bonded seams of EPDM membranes: A field investigation SO WATERPROOFING IN ARCHITECTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Xth Congress of the International-Waterproofing-Association CY JUN 10-12, 1998 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Akzo Nobel Nonwovens bv, Netherlands, BFRC Serv Ltd UK, Firestone Bldg Prod Europe Belgium, Hoechst Trevira GmbH Germany, Icopal Denmark, Imper Ilalia Italy, Rockwool Int A S Denmark, Shell Chem Ltd UK, Vedag GmbH Germany DE adhesive tapes; adhesive testing; building technology; creep-rupture; field study; EPDM; in-service performance; peel strength; roofing; seams; time-to-failure AB A field investigation of tape-bonded seams of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene terpolymer) roof membranes is described. Since the early 1990s, the use of tape-adhesive systems for fabricating EPDM seams has increased significantly in the United States. This study was conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the auspices of an industry-government consortium assembled in response to U.S. roofing industry requests that independent studies of tape-bonded seams be conducted. Forty-seven EPDM roofs having tape-bonded seams and four having liquid-adhesive-bonded seams were inspected and seam samples were obtained. The ages of the roofs with tape-bonded seams ranged from 0.1 year (new) to 8 years with an average age of 2.3 years. The four roofs with liquid-adhesive-bonded seams had an average age of 4.3 years. Peel strengths were measured for all field samples and times-to-failure were determined on a selected number. The results of the field inspections showed that the tape-bonded seams were performing satisfactorily. From the laboratory evaluations, it was found that the majority of the tape-bonded samples had mean peel strengths that were greater than those of liquid-adhesive-bonded samples removed from roofs in either the current or past field studies. Also, the majority of the tape-bonded seams had times-to-failure that were greater than those of the liquid-adhesive-bonded sample sets. Finally, it was observed that field-fabricated tape-bonded seams that fail cohesively during testing can achieve peel strengths and times-to-failure comparable to those of tape-bonded seam samples prepared in the laboratory using clean, primed EPDM. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rossiter, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL WATERPROOFING ASSOCIATION PI BASFORD PA 177 BAGNALL RD, BASFORD NG6 8SJ, ENGLAND BN 0-9533250-0-8 PY 1998 BP 325 EP 346 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA BP40Z UT WOS:000085053000023 ER PT S AU Turcajova, R AF Turcajova, R BE Szu, HH TI Hermite spline multiwavelets for image modeling SO WAVELET APPLICATIONS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Wavelet Applications V CY APR 14-16, 1998 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn DE Hermite splines; image models; multiresolution analysis; multiwavelets AB An image model based on Hermite spline multiresolution analysis is considered. To compute image representations, the algorithm of fast biorthogonal multiwavelet transform is used. The transform depends on the choice of multiscaling functions biorthogonal to Hermite splines. An algorithm for the construction of such functions is given and examples for cubic Hermite splines are shown. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Turcajova, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 820,Room 365, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2840-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3391 BP 46 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.304891 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BK80P UT WOS:000073454200005 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU AF Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU TI Curvature effects in the composite model for low-grazing-angle rough-surface scatter SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE BACKSCATTER; SEA-SURFACE; WAVES; SPECTRA AB The conventional composite surface model used for calculations of radar backscatter treats a large-scale surface component as an ensemble of tilted flat facets. This approach has limitations for low grazing angles. In the paper we develop a new composite model that takes into account the diffraction of an incident field on a curved, large-scale undulating surface. It is shown that, whereas corrections related to curvature effects are small for a steep incidence, those corrections for low-grazing-angle backscatter can be quite essential. Results of numerical simulations of radar backscattering cross sections for two polarizations are presented. Scattering from a surface with one-dimensionally varying roughness is considered. We have studied the role of undulating surface slopes and curvatures in the behaviour of the polarization ratio and found regimes in which the curvature influence on this ratio is more pronounced. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD JAN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 41 EP 52 DI 10.1088/0959-7174/8/1/006 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YV096 UT WOS:000071789200005 ER PT S AU Souders, TM AF Souders, TM GP IEEE TI Code probability distributions of A/D converters with random input noise SO WHERE INSTRUMENTATION IS GOING - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference on Where Instrumentation is Going (IMTC 98) CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL ST PAUL, MN SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE, Twin Cities Sect AB The specific architecture of an A/D converter influences the code probability distributions that result from random input noise. In particular, the ouput codes of successive approximation A/D converters have a spiked distribution, and its variance is half that of the corresponding input noise. In addition, tile distribution has a small bias. These and other related results are derived, and are qualitatively supported by measurement data on a real 16-bit A/D converter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Souders, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-4797-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1998 BP 84 EP 87 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL12D UT WOS:000074362400017 ER PT S AU Lee, K AF Lee, K GP IEEE TI The proposed smart transducer interface standard SO WHERE INSTRUMENTATION IS GOING - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference on Where Instrumentation is Going (IMTC 98) CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL ST PAUL, MN SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE, Twin Cities Sect DE control network; fieldbus; interface; NCAP; P1451; sensor; smart; standard; TEDS; transducer AB A proposed smart transducer interface standard, P1451, is being developed by TC9, Technical Committee on Sensor Technology, of the Instrumentation and Measurement Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), The proposed standard is divided into four parts Each part is a standard, which can be standalone or can function with the other member of the P1451 family of standards, This paper briefly describes the relationship of the four standards in P1451 that deal with different aspects of transducer interfacing, These include communication protocols between transducers and microprocessors, the network-independent information model for smart transducers, the multidrop transducer bus, and the mixed-mode transducers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 233,Room B102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-4797-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1998 BP 129 EP + PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL12D UT WOS:000074362400026 ER PT S AU Deyst, JP Paulter, NG Daboczi, T Stenbakken, GN Souders, TM AF Deyst, JP Paulter, NG Daboczi, T Stenbakken, GN Souders, TM GP IEEE TI A fast pulse oscilloscope calibration system SO WHERE INSTRUMENTATION IS GOING - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference on Where Instrumentation is Going (IMTC 98) CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL ST PAUL, MN SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE, Twin Cities Sect AB A system is described for calibrating high-bandwidth oscilloscopes using pulse signals. The fast pulse oscilloscope calibration system (FPOCS) is to be used to determine the step response parameters for digitizing oscilloscopes having bandwidths of -20 GHz. The system can provide measurement traceability to standards maintained at the U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is comprised of fast electrical step generation hardware, a personal computer (PC) and software, and a reference waveform, ie., a data file containing an estimate of the step generator output signal. The reference waveform is produced by prior measurement by NIST of the step generator output signal (calibration step signal). When the FPOCS is in use, the calibration step signal is applied to the device under test, which is an oscilloscope sampling channel. The measured step waveform is corrected for time base errors, then the reference waveform is deconvolved from it. The results are impulse, step, and frequency response estimates, and their associated parameters (e.g., transition duration, transition amplitude, -3 dB bandwidth) and uncertainties. The system and its components are described and preliminary test results are presented. C1 US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deyst, JP (reprint author), US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Daboczi, Tamas/G-8207-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-4797-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1998 BP 166 EP 171 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL12D UT WOS:000074362400033 ER PT S AU Stenbakken, GN Deyst, JP AF Stenbakken, GN Deyst, JP GP IEEE TI Time-base nonlinearity determination using iterated sine-fit analysis SO WHERE INSTRUMENTATION IS GOING - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference on Where Instrumentation is Going (IMTC 98) CY MAY 18-21, 1998 CL ST PAUL, MN SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, IEEE, Twin Cities Sect AB A new method is presented to determine the time-base errors of sampling instruments. The method does not require a time-base error model and thus provides accurate estimates where model-based methods fail. Measurements of sinewaves at multiple phases and frequencies ape used as test signals. A harmonic distortion model is used to account for amplitude nonlinearity of the sampling channel. Use of an independent method for estimating the channel noise and jitter allows an accurate estimate of the harmonic order. Methods are presented for separating the harmonics generated by the sampling channel from those generated by the time-base distortion. The use of an iterative sine-fit procedure gives accurate results in a short time. A new weighting procedure is described, which minimizes the error in the estimates. Guidelines are given for selecting good sets of test frequencies. Results are shown for both simulated and real data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stenbakken, GN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-4797-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1998 BP 1335 EP 1340 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BL12D UT WOS:000074362400266 ER PT J AU Yesha, Y AF Yesha, Y TI Parameter replacement for CELP coded speech in land mobile radio SO WIRELESS NETWORKS LA English DT Article AB The contribution of this paper is in applying parameter replacement techniques to speech that is compressed by the Federal Standard 1016 CELP speech coder, protected by Reed-Solomon codes, and transmitted over a wireless channel. The parameter replacement results in significant improvement in speech quality without any increase in bit rate. C1 NIST, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Yesha, Y (reprint author), NIST, US Dept Commerce, TECH A216, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-0038 J9 WIREL NETW JI Wirel. Netw. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 291 EP 295 DI 10.1023/A:1019112608482 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 100EF UT WOS:000074801700002 ER PT J AU Finnerty, BD Smith, MB Seo, DJ Koren, V Moglen, GE AF Finnerty, BD Smith, MB Seo, DJ Koren, V Moglen, GE TI Space-time scale sensitivity of the Sacramento model to radar-gage precipitation inputs SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE rainfall runoff; radar data; Sacramento model; space-time scale; scale dependence ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; RAINFALL; RUNOFF; RESOLUTION; WATER AB Runoff timing and volume biases are investigated when performing hydrologic forecasting at space-time scales different from those at which the model parameters were calibrated. Hydrologic model parameters are inherently tied to the space-time scales at which they were calibrated. The National Weather Service calibrates rainfall runoff models using 6-hour mean areal precipitation (MAP) inputs derived from gage networks. The space-time scale sensitivity of the Sacramento model runoff volume is analyzed using I-hour, 4 x 4 km(2) next generation weather radar (NEXRAD) precipitation estimates to derive input MAPs at various space-time scales. Continuous simulations are run for 9 months for time scalps of 1, 3, and 6 hours, and spatial scales ranging from 4 x 4 km(2) up to 256 x 256 km(2). Results show surface runoff, interflow, and supplemental baseflow runoff components are the most sensitive to the space-time scales analyzed. Water balance components of evapotranspiration and total channel inflow are also sensitive. A preliminary approach for adjusting model parameters to account for spatial and temporal variation in rainfall input is presented. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Finnerty, BD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 1325 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Moglen, Glenn/F-5452-2010; Lucas, Elizabeth/E-2733-2010 NR 32 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD DEC 31 PY 1997 VL 203 IS 1-4 BP 21 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00083-8 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YX320 UT WOS:000072028400003 ER PT J AU Horton, RC Herne, TM Myles, DC AF Horton, RC Herne, TM Myles, DC TI Aldehyde-terminated self-assembled monolayers on gold: Immobilization of amines onto gold surfaces SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; ENZYME ELECTRODES; PROTEINS; BIOSENSORS; INTERFACE C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Myles, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 31 PY 1997 VL 119 IS 52 BP 12980 EP 12981 DI 10.1021/ja971329w PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA YQ498 UT WOS:000071393800037 ER PT J AU Jancovich, JK Davidson, EW Morado, JF Jacobs, BL Collins, JP AF Jancovich, JK Davidson, EW Morado, JF Jacobs, BL Collins, JP TI Isolation of a lethal virus from the endangered tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE salamander; Ambystoma tigrinum slebbinsi; virus; iridovirus; amphibian decline ID DECLINE AB The Sonora tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrin um stebbinsi Lowe is a genetically distinct race restricted to about 30 small ponds in the San Rafael Valley in southern Arizona, USA, which was added recently to the USA Federal List of Endangered Species. Populations of these salamanders periodically experience decimating epizootics. Virus was isolated from diseased salamanders using fish cell cultures, injected into healthy laboratory-reared salamanders, and then reisolated in cell culture. Electron microscopy of thin sections from dying salamanders revealed abundant enveloped and nonenveloped icosahedral virus particles approximately 160 to 180 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm of skin and liver cells and free in the intercellular spaces. This virus, believed to be an iridovirus based on viral morphology and host pathology, was demonstrated to be the primary pathogen in these epizootics, and is the first lethal epizootic virus reported from salamanders. We have named the virus Ambystoma tigrinum Virus (ATV). Hemolytic bacteria were isolated from sick individuals, but we were unable to induce the disease by exposing salamanders to isolated bacteria at concentrations up to 10(8) ml(-1). C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Program Mol & Cellular Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Davidson, EW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. EM e.davidson@asu.edu NR 24 TC 140 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD DEC 30 PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 161 EP 167 DI 10.3354/dao031161 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA YZ758 UT WOS:000072288700001 ER PT J AU Baillie, C Michalakes, J Skalin, R AF Baillie, C Michalakes, J Skalin, R TI Regional weather modeling on parallel computers SO PARALLEL COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material DE regional weather modeling; parallel computing AB This special issue on 'regional weather models' complements the October 1995 special issue on 'climate and weather modeling' which focused on global models, In this introduction we review the similarities and differences between regional and global atmospheric models. Next, the structure of regional models is described and we consider how the basic algorithms applied in these models influence the parallelization strategy, Finally, we give a brief overview of the eight articles in this issue and discuss some remaining challenges in the area of adapting regional weather models to parallel computers. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Norwegian Meteorol Inst, N-0313 Oslo, Norway. RP Michalakes, J (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8191 J9 PARALLEL COMPUT JI Parallel Comput. PD DEC 30 PY 1997 VL 23 IS 14 BP 2135 EP 2142 DI 10.1016/S0167-8191(97)00104-X PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA YT455 UT WOS:000071605300002 ER PT J AU Sathye, A Xue, M Bassett, G Droegemeier, K AF Sathye, A Xue, M Bassett, G Droegemeier, K TI Parallel weather modeling with the advanced regional prediction system SO PARALLEL COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE regional weather modeling; parallel computing; severe storms; software portability; adaptive mesh refinement AB The Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms has developed a regional weather prediction model called the advanced regional prediction system. The massively parallel implementation of the model has been tested in an operational setting each spring, since the spring of 1995, The model has been quite successful in predicting individual storms and storm clusters during these real-time operations which were made possible by the use of massively parallel machines. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Sathye, A (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, R-EF-FS5,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM sathye@fsl.noaa.gov; mxue@ou.edu; gbassett@ou.edu; kdroege@ou.edu RI Xue, Ming/F-8073-2011 OI Xue, Ming/0000-0003-1976-3238 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8191 J9 PARALLEL COMPUT JI Parallel Comput. PD DEC 30 PY 1997 VL 23 IS 14 BP 2243 EP 2256 DI 10.1016/S0167-8191(97)80002-6 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA YT455 UT WOS:000071605300010 ER PT J AU Kolodzey, J Chowdhury, EA Qui, G Olowolafe, J Swann, CP Unruh, KM Suehle, J Wilson, RG Zavada, JM AF Kolodzey, J Chowdhury, EA Qui, G Olowolafe, J Swann, CP Unruh, KM Suehle, J Wilson, RG Zavada, JM TI The effects of oxidation temperature on the capacitance-voltage characteristics of oxidized AlN films on Si SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COATINGS AB The thermal oxidation of AlN thin films products a high quality insulator which exhibits the gate voltage-controlled charge regimes of accumulation, depletion, and inversion on Si surfaces. The temperature dependence of oxidation is important for device processing, We report on the composition. structure, and electrical properties of the AlN versus the oxidization temperature. AIN layers 500 nm thick were deposited by rf sputtering on p-type Si (100) substrates, followed by oxidation in a furnace at temperatures from 800 to 1100 degrees C with O-2 flow. An oxidation time of 1 h produced layers of Al2O3 with small amounts of N having a thickness of 33 nm at 800 degrees C, and 524 nm at 1000 degrees C. Electrical measurements of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors indicated that the dielectric constant of the oxidized AlN was near 12. The best layer had a flatband voltage near zero with a net oxide trapped charge density less than 10(11) cm(-2). These results show that oxidized AlN has device-grade characteristics for the gate regions of held effect transistors, and for optoelectronic applications. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(97)04652-4]. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hughes Res Labs, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. ARO, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Kolodzey, J (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NR 14 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 29 PY 1997 VL 71 IS 26 BP 3802 EP 3804 DI 10.1063/1.120510 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YN588 UT WOS:000071184700019 ER PT J AU Robins, LH Wickenden, DK AF Robins, LH Wickenden, DK TI Spatially resolved luminescence studies of defects and stress in aluminum gallium nitride films SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; PARTICLES AB Aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1-xN) films with x=0 to x=0.36, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire, were characterized by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. In each film, the CL and PL spectra excited from the top surface show a narrow band-edge peak and a broad deep-level peak. In some films, the PL spectrum excited from the film-substrate interface (through the sapphire substrate) shows an additional narrow peak below the band edge, which is attributed to interfacial defects. CL imaging and optical microscopy reveal two types of large-scale defects: networks of lines, which are probably microcracks, and roughly hexagonal raised areas. The hexagonal areas occur only in the lower-x films, while the microcrack density increases with x. Spatially resolved CL spectra taken near the large-scale defects show large peak shifts attributed to stress relaxation, and below band-edge peaks attributed to localized states. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(97)03652-8]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RP Robins, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 29 PY 1997 VL 71 IS 26 BP 3841 EP 3843 DI 10.1063/1.120520 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YN588 UT WOS:000071184700032 ER PT J AU Kim, S Hobbie, EK Yu, JW Han, CC AF Kim, S Hobbie, EK Yu, JW Han, CC TI Droplet breakup and shear-induced mixing in critical polymer blends SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; PHASE-SEPARATING FLUIDS; CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; CRITICAL-POINT; FLOW; CROSSOVER; PATTERNS; GELS AB Phase-contrast microscopy, small-angle light scattering, and fluorescence microscopy have been combined in situ to study domain deformation, breakup, and homogenization in unstable mixtures of polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) under shear flow. Close to the critical point, mixing of the two components toward a single homogeneous phase occurs via repeated deformation and fragmentation of minority-phase droplets, and the data are in good agreement with the mode-coupling renormalization-group (MCRG) theory of a simple binary mixture under shear flow. Well into the two-phase region of diluted high-molecular-weight PS/PB blends, however, the data suggest a tendency for T-c((gamma) over dot) to saturate at very high shear rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 70 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 29 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 26 BP 8245 EP 8253 DI 10.1021/ma9707648 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YR259 UT WOS:000071476900019 ER PT J AU Dimeo, RM Sokol, PE Brown, DW Anderson, CR Stirling, WG Adams, MA Lee, SH Rutiser, C Komarneni, S AF Dimeo, RM Sokol, PE Brown, DW Anderson, CR Stirling, WG Adams, MA Lee, SH Rutiser, C Komarneni, S TI Effects of disorder on the collective excitations in helium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERFLUID TRANSITION; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SILICA AEROGELS; VYCOR GLASS; LIQUID-HE-4; SCATTERING; HE-4 AB We present inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the roton excitation of superfluid helium confined in two different porosity aerogels. The temperature dependence of the roton energy exhibits an anomalous crossover behavior at T-c = 1.9 K. Below T-c the roton energy is found to be weakly temperature dependent while above T-c it varies more rapidly than the bulk. A simple qualitative model for this behavior in terms of a confined length scale is discussed. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 29 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 26 BP 5274 EP 5277 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.5274 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YN729 UT WOS:000071200000022 ER PT J AU Lean, JL Rottman, GJ Kyle, HL Woods, TN Hickey, JR Puga, LC AF Lean, JL Rottman, GJ Kyle, HL Woods, TN Hickey, JR Puga, LC TI Detection and parameterization of variations in solar mid- and near-ultraviolet radiation (200-400 nm) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IRRADIANCE COMPARISON EXPERIMENT-1; TROPOSPHERE-STRATOSPHERE SYSTEM; PHOTOMETRIC SUNSPOT INDEX; LONG-TERM; FLUX VARIATIONS; SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; UV VARIABILITY; CYCLE; OZONE AB Nimbus 7 and Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) spacecraft measurements of solar irradiance both exhibit variability at mid (200-300 nm) and near (309-400 nm) ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths that are attributable to the Sun's 27-day solar rotation, even though instrument sensitivity drifts obscure longer-term, 11-year cycle variations, Competing influences of dark sunspots and bright faculae are the dominant causes of this rotational modulation, Parameterizations of these influences using a newly developed UV sunspot darkening index and the Mg index facular proxy replicate the rotational modulation detected in both the broadband Nimbus 7 filter data (275-360 nm and 300-410 nm) and in SOLSTICE l-nm spectra from 200 to 400 nm. Assuming that these rotational modulation influences scale linearly over the solar cycle, long-term databases of sunspot and global facular proxies permit estimation of Ii-year cycle amplitudes of the mid-and near-UV solar spectrum, unmeasured at wavelengths longward of 300 nm because of insufficient long-term repeatability (relative accuracy) of state-of-the-art solar radiometers at these wavelengths. Reconstructions of UV irradiances throughout the Ii-year solar cycle indicate variabilities of 0.173 W/m(2) (1.1%) in the integrated radiation from 200 to 300 nm and 0.24 W/m(2) (0.25%) in radiation from 300 to 400 nm, These two UV bands thus contribute about 13% and 18%, respectively, to the 1.54 W/m(2) (0.1%) total (spectrally integrated) radiative output solar cycle. The parameterizations allow customization of UV irradiance time series for specific wavelength bands required as inputs to general circulation model simulations of solar cycle forcing of global climate change, and have practical implications regarding the long-term repeatability required for future solar monitoring. C1 USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Eppley Lab Inc, Newport, RI 02840 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lean, JL (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Code 7673L,4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA. EM lean@demeter.nrl.navy.mil OI Lean, Judith/0000-0002-0087-9639 NR 79 TC 197 Z9 200 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D25 BP 29939 EP 29956 DI 10.1029/97JD02092 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YP443 UT WOS:000071277300016 ER PT J AU Kuhns, H Davidson, C Dibb, J Stearns, C Bergin, M Jaffrezo, JL AF Kuhns, H Davidson, C Dibb, J Stearns, C Bergin, M Jaffrezo, JL TI Temporal and spatial variability of snow accumulation in central Greenland SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB Snow accumulation records from central Greenland are explored to improve the understanding of the accumulation signal in Greenland ice core records. Results from a "forest" of 100 bamboo poles and automated accumulation monitors in the vicinity df Summit as well as shallow cores collected in the Summit and Crete areas are presented. Based on these accumulation data, a regression has been calculated to quantify the signal-to-noise variance ratio of ice core accumulation signals on a variety of temporal (1 week to 2 years) and spatial (20 m to 200 km) scales. Results are consistent with data obtained from year-round automated accumulation measurements deployed at Summit which suggest that it is impossible to obtain regional snow accumulation data with seasonal resolution using four accumulation monitors positioned over a length scale of similar to 30 km. Given this understanding of the temporal and spatial dependence of noise in the ice core accumulation signal, the accumulation records from 17 shallow cores are revisited. Each core spans the time period from 1964 to 1983. By combining the accumulation records, the regional snow accumulation record has been obtained for this period. The results show that 9 of the 20 years can be identified as having an accumulation different from the 20 year mean with 99% confidence. The signal-to-noise variance ratio for the average accumulation signal sampled at annual intervals is 5.8 +/- 0.5. The averaged accumulation time series may be useful to climate modelers attempting to validate their models with accurate regional hydrologic data sets. C1 Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NOAA, Climate Modeling & Diagnost Lab, CGI, E,R, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Glacier Res Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm Chem Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, Grenoble, France. RP Kuhns, H (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. EM hkuhns@snsc.dri.edu; cliff@andrew.cmu.edu; Jack_Dibb@grg.sr.unh.edu; chucks@ssec.wisc.edu; mbergin@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D25 BP 30059 EP 30068 DI 10.1029/97JD02760 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YP443 UT WOS:000071277300025 ER PT J AU Deutsch, WA Yacoub, A Jaruga, P Zastawny, TH Dizdaroglu, M AF Deutsch, WA Yacoub, A Jaruga, P Zastawny, TH Dizdaroglu, M TI Characterization and mechanism of action of Drosophila ribosomal protein S3 DNA glycosylase activity for the removal of oxidatively damaged DNA bases SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID APURINIC APYRIMIDINIC SITES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HUMAN-CELLS; G.C->T.A TRANSVERSIONS; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; EXCISION-REPAIR; 8-HYDROXYGUANINE; 8-OXOGUANINE; 7,8-DIHYDRO-8-OXOGUANINE AB We recently demonstrated that Drosophila ribosomal protein S3 specifically cleaved duplex oligodeoxynucleotides at sites of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua), presumably due to S3 protein possessing an N-glycosylase activity that is associated with its known apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase activity. Here we show, using DNA substrates prepared by gamma-irradiation under N2O and analyzed by gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry, that S3 protein efficiently liberates 8-oxoGua as a free base from the damaged DNA substrate. Of the 15 additional modified bases present in the DNA substrate, the only other one acted on by S3 protein was 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua). Specificity constants measured for the removal of 8-oxoGua and FapyGua indicate that S3 protein has a similar preference for both of these modified purines. Having established that S3 protein contains an N-glycosylase activity, we next examined the repair of duplex oligonucleotides containing 8-oxoGua (8-oxoGua-37-mer) positioned opposite Cyt, Gua, Thy, or Ade, Significant cleavage of the 8-oxoGua-37-mer was only detected for an opposing Cyt. Moreover, we show that an imino covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate is formed between S3 protein and 8-oxoGua-37-mer, a result similar to other DNA repair enzymes that catalyze N-glycosylase/AP lyase-type reactions at sites of DNA damage. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Med Acad, Dept Clin Biochem, PL-85094 Bydgoszez, Poland. RP Deutsch, WA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR09884]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES07815] NR 35 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 272 IS 52 BP 32857 EP 32860 DI 10.1074/jbc.272.52.32857 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YN575 UT WOS:000071182900024 PM 9407063 ER PT J AU Sellers, PJ Hall, FG Kelly, RD Black, A Baldocchi, D Berry, J Ryan, M Ranson, KJ Crill, PM Lettenmaier, DP Margolis, H Cihlar, J Newcomer, J Fitzjarrald, D Jarvis, PG Gower, ST Halliwell, D Williams, D Goodison, B Wickland, DE Guertin, FE AF Sellers, PJ Hall, FG Kelly, RD Black, A Baldocchi, D Berry, J Ryan, M Ranson, KJ Crill, PM Lettenmaier, DP Margolis, H Cihlar, J Newcomer, J Fitzjarrald, D Jarvis, PG Gower, ST Halliwell, D Williams, D Goodison, B Wickland, DE Guertin, FE TI BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; FIELD EXPERIMENT FIFE; LAND-SURFACE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; AMAZONIAN FOREST; WATER-VAPOR; EXCHANGE; ENERGY; CANOPY AB The goal of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere in order to clarify their roles in global change. This overview paper describes the science background and motivations for BOREAS and the experimental design and operations of the BOREAS 1994 and BOREAS 1996 field years. The findings of the 83 papers in this journal special issue are reviewed, In section 7, important scientific results of the project to date are summarized and future research directions are identified. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Carnegie Inst, Stanford, CA USA. Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ON K1A OY7, Canada. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Atmospher Sci Resource Ctr, Albany, NY 12205 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Forestry Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Rech Biol Forestiere, Ste Foy, PQ, Canada. USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 923, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM fghall@tpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Ranson, Kenneth/G-2446-2012; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011; OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Ranson, Kenneth/0000-0003-3806-7270; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 61 TC 358 Z9 369 U1 2 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28731 EP 28769 DI 10.1029/97JD03300 PG 39 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900001 ER PT J AU Norman, JM Kucharik, CJ Gower, ST Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Rayment, M Savage, K Striegl, RG AF Norman, JM Kucharik, CJ Gower, ST Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Rayment, M Savage, K Striegl, RG TI A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GAS-EXCHANGE; CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS; CO2 EFFLUX; FOREST AB Measurements of soil-surface CO2 fluxes are important for characterizing the carbon budget of boreal forests because these fluxes can be the second largest component of the budget. Several methods for measuring soil-surface CO2 fluxes are available: (1) closed-dynamic-chamber systems, (3) closed-static-chamber systems, (3) open-chamber systems, and (4) eddy covariance systems. This paper presents a field comparison of six individual systems for measuring soil-surface CO2 fluxes with each of the four basic system types represented. A single system is used as a reference and compared to each of the other systems individually in black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), or aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests. Fluxes vary from 1 to 10 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Adjustment factors to bring all of the systems into agreement vary from 0.93 to 1.45 with an uncertainty of about 10-15%. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ New Hampshire, EOS, MORSE, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. McGill Univ, Dept Geog, Quebec City, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, 1525 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM norman@calshp.cals.wisc.edu RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Rayment, Mark/L-9848-2016; OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 16 TC 164 Z9 173 U1 4 U2 45 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28771 EP 28777 DI 10.1029/97JD01440 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900002 ER PT J AU Baldocchi, DD Vogel, CA Hall, B AF Baldocchi, DD Vogel, CA Hall, B TI Seasonal variation of energy and water vapor exchange rates above and below a boreal jack pine forest canopy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID EDDY-CORRELATION TECHNIQUE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; LICHEN WOODLAND; BOUNDARY-LAYER; GROWING-SEASON; CO2; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB Fluxes of energy and water Vapor over boreal forest stands are expected to vary during the growing season due to temporal variations in solar energy, soil and air temperature, soil moisture, photosynthetic capacity, and leaf area. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured fluxes of energy balance components (solar, latent and sensible heat, and soil and canopy heat storage) over and under a boreal jack pine forest in central Canada during the 1994 growing season. Temporal trends of daily-integrated energy fluxes were significant during a 117 day period between spring and autumn. Mean fluxes of net radiation and latent heat peaked near the summer solstice. By the autumnal equinox their magnitudes were half of their peak values. On a day-to-day basis the presence or absence of clouds modulated solar energy fluxes, while evaporation rates were dependent on whether the canopy was dry or wet. When the canopy was dry, daily evaporation was generally less than 2.5 mm d(-1). This amount was less than one-half the rate of equilibrium evaporation and was low compared to evaporation from vegetation in temperate zones. When the canopy was wet, daily evaporation approached 3 mm d(-1) and exceeded predicted rates of equilibrium evaporation. Evaporation from the dry forest was weakly coupled to available energy and was restricted by the canopy AEs low-surface conductance. Biotic factors limiting the forest AEs surface conductance include the forest AEs low-leaf area index and partial stomatal closure. Abiotic and physiological factors restricting stomatal opening included a scarce supply of soil moisture, limiting vapor pressure deficits and the low photosynthetic capacity of the needles. The fluxes of solar energy and latent and sensible heat at the floor of the forest were a significant portion of energy exchange between the forest and the atmosphere. Typically, 20 to 40% of the total energy exchange by the jack pine stand originated at the understory. Since a substantial amount of energy occurs under the forest, two-layer, not a big-leaf AE, evaporation models are recommended as a tool for estimating water vapor fluxes from this open forest stand. C1 NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Washington State Univ, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99163 USA. RP NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Box 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM baldocchi@atdd.noaa.gov RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 NR 60 TC 162 Z9 169 U1 4 U2 35 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28939 EP 28951 DI 10.1029/96JD03325 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900017 ER PT J AU Lavigne, MB Ryan, MG Anderson, DE Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Fitzjarrald, DR Goulden, ML Gower, ST Massheder, JM McCaughey, JH Rayment, M Striegl, RG AF Lavigne, MB Ryan, MG Anderson, DE Baldocchi, DD Crill, PM Fitzjarrald, DR Goulden, ML Gower, ST Massheder, JM McCaughey, JH Rayment, M Striegl, RG TI Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE FLUXES; DECIDUOUS FOREST; WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATE FOREST; EXCHANGE; MODEL; CO2; ATMOSPHERE; CANOPY; ENERGY AB During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30-100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO2 at all sites (48-71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25-43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5-15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (r(2) = 0.06-0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods. C1 Canadian Forest Serv Atlantic, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Harvard Univ, Engn Sci Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. Queens Univ, Dept Geog, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. US Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Canadian Forest Serv Atlantic, POB 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Goulden, Michael/B-9934-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Rayment, Mark/L-9848-2016; OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 28 TC 208 Z9 228 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 28977 EP 28985 DI 10.1029/97JD01173 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900020 ER PT J AU Bonan, GB Davis, KJ Baldocchi, D Fitzjarrald, D Neumann, H AF Bonan, GB Davis, KJ Baldocchi, D Fitzjarrald, D Neumann, H TI Comparison of the NCAR LSM1 land surface model with BOREAS aspen and jack pine tower fluxes SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; FOREST; SENSITIVITY; VEGETATION; ATMOSPHERE; FEEDBACKS; GCM AB Tower fluxes measured at the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study southern study area old aspen (SSA-OA), southern study area old jack pine (SSA-OJP), and northern study area old jack pine (NSA-OJP) sites during the three 1994 intensive field campaigns (IFCs) (May 24 to June 16 (IFC-1), July 19 to August 10 (IFC-2), and August 30 to September 19 (IFC-3)) were compared to fluxes simulated by a land surface model for the same period. Comparisons were limited to the average diurnal cycle for these periods to mitigate large day-to-day variability in the observations and problems with missing data. For consistency with the global implementation of the model, vegetation and soil parameters were not set to site-specific values but rather were the generic needleleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous vegetation and the generic sandy and loamy soil used in the global model. Despite the use of generic vegetation and soil, the model reasonably simulated the diurnal cycle of sensible heat, latent heat, net radiation, and CO2 fluxes for the SSA-OJP and SSA-OA sites. The main errors were that the model did not reproduce the midday reduction in latent heat seen at the SSA-OJP site during IFC-1 and IFC-2 and had less photosynthetic CO2 uptake than observed at the SSA-OA site. Differences in vegetation structure and physiology between the two sites were important to accurately simulate the fluxes. The needleleaf evergreen vegetation resulted in higher net radiation and a higher Bowen ratio than the broadleaf deciduous vegetation. Soil differences were less important. The NSA-OJP site was not so well simulated: midday latent heat flux was overestimated, and photosynthetic CO2 uptake was underestimated during each IFC. The only difference in the simulated southern and northern jack pine sites was in their atmospheric forcings; vegetation structure and soil types were the same. These results suggest the model is able to reproduce variability between vegetation types but not within vegetation types. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12205 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Pob 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 NR 13 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29065 EP 29075 DI 10.1029/96JD03095 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900028 ER PT J AU Wilczak, JM Cancillo, ML King, CW AF Wilczak, JM Cancillo, ML King, CW TI A wind profiler climatology of boundary layer structure above the boreal forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID RASS; AIRCRAFT; SPECTRA AB During the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) summer 1994 campaign, a 915 MHz wind profiling radar and surface meteorological station were operated continuously from May 21 through September 20, 1994, near the old jack pine site in the southern study area. The data provided by the wind profiler are vertical profiles of wind speed and direction and virtual temperature, as well as boundary layer depth and the presence of precipitation. From this data set, we have documented the diurnal evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer and lower troposphere, especially changes in the diurnal pattern during the course of the summer growing season. Boundary layer depths are found to be surprisingly large, with summer-averaged midafternoon values nearly 1.75 km and individual daily maximum depths often greater than 3 km. Monthly averaged profiler winds show a diurnal variation in scalar wind speed in the lowest kilometer, with a minimum reached near the time of greatest surface heating and a maximum reached shortly after midnight, with the difference as large as 2.4 m s(-1). We interpret this to be the result of greater coupling between the atmosphere and Earth's surface during the day and a subsequent inertially generated nocturnal low-level jet. Also evident in the summer-averaged wind profiler statistics is the semidiurnal atmospheric tide. The amplitude of the tide, approximately 0.5 m s(-1), is in agreement with theory and with previous measurements, as are the times of the maxima in north and west wind components. Frequency of precipitation as measured by the radar profiler shows a clear late afternoon and early evening maxima for the first half of the summer, and little diurnal variation in the second half. Finally, mean statistics from each Intensive Field Campaign (IFC) have been compared to the longer term averages to check for the meteorological representativeness of the IFCs. Similarly, mean statistics for the Golden Days within each IFC have been compared to the IFC for representativeness. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Extremadura, Dept Phys, Badajoz, Spain. RP NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jwilczak@etl.noaa.gov NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29083 EP 29100 DI 10.1029/97JD02315 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900030 ER PT J AU Dobosy, RJ Crawford, TL MacPherson, JI Desjardins, RL Kelly, RD Oncley, SP Lenschow, DH AF Dobosy, RJ Crawford, TL MacPherson, JI Desjardins, RL Kelly, RD Oncley, SP Lenschow, DH TI Intercomparison among four flux aircraft at BOREAS in 1994 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS; AIR MOTION AB Four airplanes measured fluxes of momentum, heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide in 1994, during the intensive field campaigns of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS): the NOAA/ATDD Long-EZ, the NRC Twin Otter, the University of Wyoming King Air, and the NCAR Electra. This paper presents the results of wing-towing formation flights comparing the flux measurements from these airplanes. Comparisons of the spectra of wind components, air temperature, water vapor concentration, and carbon dioxide concentration along with the cospectra of these quantities with vertical velocity showed numerous instructive differences. However, among the three airplanes using established techniques, the fluxes and variances of these quantities generally did not differ by more than one would expect, given the separation of the airplanes. Statistics computed from the Long-EZ data, based on a still evolving application of the Global Positioning System, often differed more strongly. C1 NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Oak Ridge Associated Univ, NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence Diffus Div, 456 S Illinois Ave,POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016; OI Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774; LENSCHOW, DONALD/0000-0003-4353-0098 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29101 EP 29111 DI 10.1029/97JD01174 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900031 ER PT J AU Desjardins, RL MacPherson, JI Mahrt, L Schuepp, P Pattey, E Neumann, H Baldocchi, D Wofsy, S Fitzjarrald, D McCaughey, H Joiner, DW AF Desjardins, RL MacPherson, JI Mahrt, L Schuepp, P Pattey, E Neumann, H Baldocchi, D Wofsy, S Fitzjarrald, D McCaughey, H Joiner, DW TI Scaling up flux measurements for the boreal forest using aircraft-tower combinations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SENSIBLE HEAT; WATER-VAPOR; FIFE; BUDGET; LATENT; CO2 AB Fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor, sensible heat, and momentum obtained over the boreal forest from the Twin Otter aircraft and six tower-based systems are compared. These measurements were collected as part of the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) during three intensive field campaigns between May 25 and September 17, 1994. The representativeness of the tower-based measurements collected during BOREAS is discussed. Even though the net radiation from aircraft-and tower-based systems agreed well, in general, the aircraft tended to observe larger latent heat and smaller sensible heat fluxes than the towers. The CO2 fluxes from the aircraft were substantially less than from the tower, while the differences were relatively small for the momentum fluxes. The relationships between aircraft and tower-based flux measurements obtained by making repeated runs past various towers are used to scale up tower-based fluxes to a 16 x 16 km(2) area near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. It is demonstrated that except for a couple of cases primarily due to rapidly changing radiation conditions, this combination of measurements provides regional flux estimates of momentum, CO2, and sensible and latent heat similar to those obtained by flying a grid pattern over the area. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Res Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. CNR, Flight Res Lab, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Oregon State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Renewable Resources, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON, Canada. Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12205 USA. Queens Univ, Dept Geog, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Res Branch, Bldg 74, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 NR 29 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29125 EP 29133 DI 10.1029/97JD00278 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900033 ER PT J AU Sun, JL Lenschow, DH Mahrt, L Crawford, TL Davis, KJ Oncley, SP MacPherson, JI Wang, Q Dobosy, RJ Desjardins, RL AF Sun, JL Lenschow, DH Mahrt, L Crawford, TL Davis, KJ Oncley, SP MacPherson, JI Wang, Q Dobosy, RJ Desjardins, RL TI Lake-induced atmospheric circulations during BOREAS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID FLUXES; LAND; TEMPERATURE; SCALE; DEPENDENCE; SURFACES; IMPACT; MODEL AB Lake-induced atmospheric circulations over three lakes ranging from 3 to 10 km width are analyzed using data from three aircraft during the 1994 Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), A well-defined divergent lake breeze circulation is observed over all three lakes during the day, Under light wind conditions, the lake breeze is not very sensitive to the water temperature, and the strength of the divergence over the lake decreases with increasing lake size. The boundary-layer development over the surrounding land can be very important for generating a horizontal pressure difference which drives the lake breeze, Diurnal and seasonal variations of lake breezes are investigated on the basis of repeated passes from the different aircraft at different altitudes from late spring to early fall of 1994. The lake breeze divergence increases with time during the day and reaches a maximum around 1300 LST. The latent heat flux over 10-km-wide Candle Lake increases steadily from spring to fall as the lake temperature increases, The latent heat flux over the land reaches a maximum during the summer due to evapotranspiration. The lake effect on area-averaged fluxes sometimes leads to a negative heat transfer coefficient for an averaging scale of several times the lake width. C1 Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulenec & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 036, Canada. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Agr Canada, Land Resource Res Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RP Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jls@monsoon.colorado.edu RI Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015; Dobosy, Ronald/C-3303-2016; OI Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914; Dobosy, Ronald/0000-0001-8399-8774; LENSCHOW, DONALD/0000-0003-4353-0098 NR 28 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29155 EP 29166 DI 10.1029/97JD01114 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900036 ER PT J AU Peck, EL Carroll, TR Maxson, R Goodison, B Metcalfe, J AF Peck, EL Carroll, TR Maxson, R Goodison, B Metcalfe, J TI Variability of soil moisture near flux towers in the BOREAS southern study area SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL GAMMA-RADIATION; AIRBORNE AB Soil moisture measurements, using an airborne gamma radiation system, were collected over the southern BOREAS study area in Saskatchewan, Canada, during 1993 and 1994. Results of microscale analyses of the soil moisture measurements near four flux towers established in different boreal forest areas (old aspen, old black spruce, old jack pine, and young aspen) are presented. Included is information on the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture of the mineral soil in the vicinity of each tower site and estimates of the water content in overlaying moss/humus layers. For the old black spruce site, estimates are presented of the change in the amount of standing water from September 1993, when there was considerable standing water, to September 1994, when the area had completely dried out and no standing water was observed. C1 Hydex Corp, Vienna, VA 22181 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON, Canada. RP Hydex Corp, 2203 Lydia Pl, Vienna, VA 22181 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 26 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D24 BP 29379 EP 29388 DI 10.1029/97JD00355 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ418 UT WOS:000071384900055 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Applicability of Kolmogorov's and Monin's equations of turbulence SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID HOMOGENEOUS SHEAR FLOWS; LOCAL ISOTROPY AB The equation relating second-and third-order velocity structure functions was presented by Kolmogorov; Monin attempted to derive that equation on the basis of local isotropy. Recently, concerns have been raised to the effect that Kolmogorov's equation and an ancillary incompressibility condition governing the third-order structure function were proven only on the restrictive basis of isotropy and that the statistic involving pressure that appears in the derivation of Kolmogorov's equation might not vanish on the basis of local isotropy. These concerns are resolved. In so doing, results are obtained for the second-and third-order statistics on the basis of local homogeneity without use of local isotropy. These results are applicable to future studies of the approach toward local isotropy. Accuracy of Kolmogorov's equation is shown to be more sensitive to anisotropy of the third-order structure function than to anisotropy of the second-order structure function. Kolmogorov's 4/5 law for the inertial range of the third-order structure function is obtained without use of the incompressibility conditions on the second-and third-order structure functions. A generalization of Kolmogorov's 4/5 law,which applies to the inertial range of locally homogeneous turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers, is shown to also apply to the energy-containing range for the more restrictive case of stationary, homogeneous turbulence. The variety of derivations of Kolmogorov's and Monin's equations leads to a wide range of applicability to experimental conditions, including, in some cases, turbulence of moderate Reynolds number. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 17 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD DEC 25 PY 1997 VL 353 BP 67 EP 81 DI 10.1017/S0022112097007362 PG 15 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA YQ376 UT WOS:000071380700004 ER PT J AU Hoobler, RJ Leone, SR AF Hoobler, RJ Leone, SR TI Rate coefficients for reactions of ethynyl radical (C2H) with HCN and CH3CN: Implications for the formation of complex nitriles on Titan SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-CYANIDE; ATMOSPHERE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; TEMPERATURE; PHOTODISSOCIATION; HYDROCARBONS; ACETYLENE; NM; CN AB Rate coefficients for the reactions of C2H + HCN --> products and C2H + CH3CN --> products have been measured over the temperature range 262-360 K. These experiments represent an ongoing effort to accurately measure reaction rate coefficients of the ethynyl radical, C2H, relevant to planetary atmospheres such as those of Jupiter and Saturn and its satellite Titan. Laser photolysis of C2H2 is used to produce C2H, and transient infrared laser absorption is employed to measure the decay of C2H to obtain the subsequent reaction rates in a transverse flow cell. Rate constants for the reaction C2H + HCN --> products are found to increase significantly with increasing temperature and are measured to be (3.9-6.2) x 10(-13) cm(3) molecules(-1) s(-1) over the temperature range of 297-360 K. The rate constants for the reaction C2H + CH3CN --> products are also found to increase substantially with increasing temperature and are measured to be (1.0-2.1) x 10(-12) cm(3) molecules(-1) s(-1) over the temperature range of 262-360 K. For the reaction C2H + HCN --> products, ab initio calculations of transition state structures are used to infer that the major products form via an addition/elimination pathway. The measured rate constants for the reaction of C2H + HCN --> products are significantly smaller than values currently employed in photochemical models of Titan, which will affect the HC3N distribution. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hoobler, RJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Campus Box 440, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD DEC 25 PY 1997 VL 102 IS E12 BP 28717 EP 28723 DI 10.1029/97JE02526 PG 7 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YP606 UT WOS:000071295000004 ER PT J AU Papanikolas, JM Williams, RM Leone, SR AF Papanikolas, JM Williams, RM Leone, SR TI Manipulation of rovibrational wave packet composition in the Li-2 E((1)Sigma(g)(+)) shelf state using intermediate state selection and shaped femtosecond laser pulses (vol 107, pg 4172, 1997) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Papanikolas, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 22 PY 1997 VL 107 IS 24 BP 10830 EP 10830 DI 10.1063/1.475312 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YM509 UT WOS:000071071800057 ER PT J AU Woicik, JC Pellegrino, JG Steiner, B Miyano, KE Bompadre, SG Sorensen, LB Lee, TL Khalid, S AF Woicik, JC Pellegrino, JG Steiner, B Miyano, KE Bompadre, SG Sorensen, LB Lee, TL Khalid, S TI Bond-length distortions in strained semiconductor alloys SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; SOLID-SOLUTIONS; HETEROSTRUCTURES; LAYERS AB Extended-ray absorption fine structure measurements performed at In-K edge have resolved the outstanding issue of bond-length strain in semiconductor-alloy heterostructures. We determine the In-As bond length to be 2.581 +/- 0.004 Angstrom in a buried, 213 Angstrom thick Ga0.78In0.22As layer grown coherently on GaAs(001). This bondlength corresponds to a strain-induced contraction of 0.015 +/- 0.004 Angstrom relative to the In-As bond length in bulk Ga1-xInxAs of the same composition; it is consistent with a simple model which assumes a uniform bond-length distortion in the epilayer despite the inequivalent In-As and Ga-As bond lengths. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Brooklyn Coll, Dept Phys, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Synchrotron Light Source Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Woicik, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 22 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 25 BP 5026 EP 5029 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.5026 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YM740 UT WOS:000071096100022 ER PT J AU Fokin, VS Chen-Mayer, HH Sharov, VA Mildner, DFR AF Fokin, VS Chen-Mayer, HH Sharov, VA Mildner, DFR TI Neutron transmission through curved nickel capillaries SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article AB Capillaries with metal surfaces can improve the transmission of thermal and cold neutrons for focusing devices on account of their greater critical angle and, therefore, greater angular acceptance than glass capillaries. The transmission characteristics of nickel tubes have been measured with both white beam and monochromatic neutrons. Results are given for curved nickel capillaries, and are compared with experimental results for glass capillaries and with results of computer simulations of the measurements. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys & Technol, Moscow 11728, Russia. Xray Opt Syst Inc, Albany, NY 12205 USA. RP Chen-Mayer, HH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USDC, Bldg 235-B-125, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD DEC 21 PY 1997 VL 401 IS 2-3 BP 355 EP 364 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)01057-7 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA YM197 UT WOS:000071039500019 ER PT J AU Rye, BJ Hardesty, RM AF Rye, BJ Hardesty, RM TI Estimate optimization parameters for incoherent backscatter heterodyne lidar SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID RADAR AB Heterodyne lidar estimates are a function of a number of experimental parameters, some of which can be adjusted or tuned to optimize statistical precision. Here we refer the precision to the theoretical limit for optical measurements of return power and Doppler shift and investigate the conditions for optimization using established theoretical expressions for the standard deviation of various estimates. Tuning is characterized by a degeneracy parameter (the photocount per fade). For estimators that filter or resolve the return, it is shown that optimal tuning is achieved at wideband signal-to-noise ratios less than 0 dB and detected signal levels corresponding to more than a single effective photocount. Estimators that do not filter are predictably at a disadvantage when the signal bandwidth range gate product is low. The minimum standard deviation available from an optimally tuned heterodyne system is found to be greater than twice the limit. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America. C1 NOAA,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Rye, BJ (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 20 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 36 BP 9425 EP 9436 DI 10.1364/AO.36.009425 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA YL302 UT WOS:A1997YL30200013 PM 18264503 ER PT J AU Tuck, AF Proffitt, MH AF Tuck, AF Proffitt, MH TI Comment on "On the magnitude of transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex" by Wiel M. F. Wauben et al. SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Editorial Material ID STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; LATE WINTER; OZONE HOLE; EDGE C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Tuck, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-AL6, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D23 BP 28215 EP 28218 DI 10.1029/97JD02845 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YN380 UT WOS:000071162700019 ER PT J AU Hoell, JM Davis, DD Liu, SC Newell, RE Akimoto, H McNeal, RJ Bendura, RJ AF Hoell, JM Davis, DD Liu, SC Newell, RE Akimoto, H McNeal, RJ Bendura, RJ TI The Pacific Exploratory Mission West phase B: February-March, 1994 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYL INSTRUMENTATION; ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEI; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NORTH PACIFIC; NITRIC-OXIDE; TRANSPORT AB The NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West) is a major component of the East Asia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE), a project within the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program. The broad objectives of the PEM-West/APARE initiative are to study chemical processes and long-range transport of atmospheric trace species over the northwest Pacific Ocean and to estimate the magnitude of the human impact on these species over this region. The first phase of PEM-West (PEM-West A) was conducted in September-October 1991, a period characterized by minimum outflow from the Asian continent. The second phase of this mission, PEM-West B, was conducted during February-March 1994, a period characterized by enhanced outflow from the Asian continent. Both field campaigns of PEM-West included intensive airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosols from the NASA DC-8 aircraft coordinated with measurements at surface sites. This paper reports the experimental design for PEM-West B and provides a brief summary of the salient results of the PEM-West B campaign with particular emphases on the difference/similarities between phases A and B. Results from the two campaigns clearly quantify, from a trace gas perspective, the seasonal differences in the continental outflow that were qualitatively anticipated based upon meteorological considerations, and show the impact of major meteorological features within the region on the quality of tropospheric air over the North Pacific Ocean regions. The PEM-West database provides a "baseline" tool by which future assessments of a continuing impact of Asian emissions on remote Pacific regions can be judged. [These data are currently available through the Global Troposhperic Experiment Data Archive at NASPL's Langley Research Center (http://www-gte.larc.nasa.gov) and the Langley Distributed Archive Center (http://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov)]. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 153, Japan. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Washington, DC 20546 USA. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hoell, JM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NR 27 TC 167 Z9 171 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D23 BP 28223 EP 28239 DI 10.1029/97JD02581 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YN380 UT WOS:000071162700021 ER PT J AU Andronache, C Chameides, WL Davis, DD Anderson, BE Pueschel, RF Bandy, AR Thornton, DC Talbot, RW Kasibhatla, P Kiang, CS AF Andronache, C Chameides, WL Davis, DD Anderson, BE Pueschel, RF Bandy, AR Thornton, DC Talbot, RW Kasibhatla, P Kiang, CS TI Gas-to-particle conversion of tropospheric sulfur as estimated from observations in the western North Pacific during PEM-West B SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEI; SULFATE AEROSOLS; VAPOR-PRESSURES; ACID; NUCLEATION; WATER; DISTRIBUTIONS; TEMPERATURE AB Aircraft observations during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the western Pacific Ocean, phase B (PEM-West B), taken in February-March 1994, have been used to constrain a numerical model that calculates local concentrations of gaseous H2SO4, rates of homogeneous nucleation, and concentrations of newly formed, nanometer-sized particles. The data was selected from 13 flights over the western Pacific Ocean that covered an altitude range from the boundary layer (BL) to the upper troposphere (UT) and latitudes from 10 degrees S to 60 degrees N. The largest nucleation rates were calculated for the data from the flights over the temperate latitudes (lambda>30 degrees N). Within these latitudes, homogeneous nucleation rates averaged about 1-100 particles cm(-3) s(-1). Significantly smaller nucleation rates were calculated for the tropical (lambda<20 degrees N and subtropical (20 degrees N2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YN821 UT WOS:000071211200005 ER PT J AU Walser, R AF Walser, R TI Measuring the state of a bosonic two-mode quantum field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL STATE; DENSITY-MATRIX; TRAPPED ION; TOMOGRAPHY; RECONSTRUCTION; MOTION; LIGHT; PHASE; SU(2); ATOM AB A measurement scheme is proposed to determine the state of a bosonic two-mode system completely. Without relying on the existence of a reference field, we reconstruct the quantum state from joint number measurement only, in case [rho,(N) over cap(tot)] = 0. Based on an analogy to angular momentum, we have obtained an explicit inversion procedure for the density matrix of the system and discuss its application. C1 UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV INNSBRUCK, INST THEORET PHYS, A-6020 INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA. RP Walser, R (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 24 BP 4724 EP 4727 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4724 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YL244 UT WOS:A1997YL24400002 ER PT J AU Lee, BP Rutenberg, AD AF Lee, BP Rutenberg, AD TI Persistence, poisoning, and autocorrelations in dilute coarsening SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-ORDERING DYNAMICS; STATE POTTS-MODEL; WAVE-VECTOR LIMIT; ISING-MODEL; EXACT EXPONENT; SOLUBLE MODEL; DOMAIN-GROWTH; FORM-FACTOR; DIFFUSION; KINETICS AB We calculate the exact autocorrelation exponent lambda and persistence exponent theta, and also amplitudes, in the dilute limit of phase ordering for dimensions d greater than or equal to 2. In the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner limit of conserved order parameter dynamics we iind theta = gamma(d) epsilon, a universal constant times the volume fraction. For autocorrelations, lambda = d at intermediate times, with a late time crossover to lambda greater than or equal to d/2 + 2. We also derive lambda and theta for globally conserved dynamics and relate these to the q --> infinity-state Ports model and soap froths, proposing new poisoning exponents. C1 UNIV OXFORD,OXFORD OX1 3NP,ENGLAND. RP Lee, BP (reprint author), NIST,DIV POLYMERS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 39 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 24 BP 4842 EP 4845 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4842 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YL244 UT WOS:A1997YL24400031 ER PT J AU Schreyer, A Majkrzak, CF Zeidler, T Schmitte, T Bodeker, P TheisBrohl, K Abromeit, A Dura, JA Watanabe, T AF Schreyer, A Majkrzak, CF Zeidler, T Schmitte, T Bodeker, P TheisBrohl, K Abromeit, A Dura, JA Watanabe, T TI Magnetic structure of Cr in exchange coupled Fe/Cr(001) superlattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-WAVE ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; INTERLAYER EXCHANGE; FE FILMS; OSCILLATIONS; MAGNETORESISTANCE; MULTILAYERS; GROWTH; FE/CR/FE(100); ANISOTROPIES; CHROMIUM AB We demonstrate how the noncollinear exchange coupling between the Fe layers in Fe/Cr(001) superlattices is caused by a frustrated spiral modulation of the Cr moments not observed in bulk. The noncollinear coupling vanishes above the Neel temperature of this commensurate antiferromagnetic Cr order. This clarifies the essential contribution of Cr ordering to the coupling in the regime of smallest thicknesses where no incommensurate Cr spin density wave can form. For larger Cr thicknesses we observe a predicted incommensurate to commensurate transition with temperature. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Schreyer, A (reprint author), RUHR UNIV BOCHUM,D-44780 BOCHUM,GERMANY. RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X NR 34 TC 107 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 24 BP 4914 EP 4917 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4914 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YL244 UT WOS:A1997YL24400049 ER PT J AU Beier, T Mohr, PJ Persson, H Plunien, G Greiner, M Soff, G AF Beier, T Mohr, PJ Persson, H Plunien, G Greiner, M Soff, G TI Current status of Lamb shift predictions for heavy hydrogen-like ions SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article DE Lamb shift; heavy hydrogen-like ions ID NUCLEAR-POLARIZATION CONTRIBUTION; ELECTRON SELF-ENERGY; LITHIUM-LIKE ATOMS; VACUUM-POLARIZATION; RECOIL CORRECTIONS; MULTICHARGED IONS; ALPHA-Z; ACCURATE; COOLER; ORDERS AB A summary of the various contributions to the Lamb shift of 1S(1/2), 2S(1/2), and 2P(1/2) states in hydrogen-like Au-197(79), Pb-208(82), Th-232(90), and U-238(92) is given. Uncertainties due to uncalculated two-photon self-energy diagrams and insufficiently known nuclear parameters are estimated. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Beier, T (reprint author), Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, Mommsenstr 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD DEC 15 PY 1997 VL 236 IS 4 BP 329 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0375-9601(97)00810-4 PG 10 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YL985 UT WOS:000071015500013 ER PT J AU Williams, AB AF Williams, AB TI Two new species and a range extension of mud shrimps, Upogebia, from Pacific Costa Rica and Mexico (Decapoda : Thalassinidea : Upogebiidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article AB Two new species of mud shrimps are described from the Pacific side of Middle America, Upogebia baldwini from the state of Nayarit, Mexico, and U. vargasae from Puntarenas Province, Costa Pica. The geographic range of the poorly known U. burkenroadi Williams, 1986 is extended from its type locality in the state of Sonora, Mexico to a documented Costa Rican occurrence. The new species are illustrated, and a key for identification of eastern Pacific species of Upogebia (Williams 1986) is amended to accommodate the new species. Cataloged lots of each species collected are listed. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Williams, AB (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA NAT MUSEUM NAT HIST SMITHSONIAN INST, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0006-324X J9 P BIOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. PD DEC 12 PY 1997 VL 110 IS 4 BP 617 EP 623 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA YL980 UT WOS:000071014700013 ER PT J AU Kast, P Tewari, YB Wiest, O Hilvert, D Houk, KN Goldberg, RN AF Kast, P Tewari, YB Wiest, O Hilvert, D Houk, KN Goldberg, RN TI Thermodynamics of the conversion of chorismate to prephenate: Experimental results and theoretical predictions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; TRANSITION-STATE ANALOG; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ACTIVE-SITE; AB-INITIO; ELECTROSTATIC CATALYSIS; MUTASE; ENZYME AB A thermodynamic investigation of the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate(2-)(aq) to prephenate(2-)(aq) has been performed using microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The study used a well-characterized monofunctional chorismate mutase from Bacillus subtilis that was devoid of prephenate dehydrogenase and prephenate dehydratase activities. The calorimetric measurements led to a standard molar enthalpy change Delta(r)H(m)(0) = -(55.4 +/- 2.3) kJ mol(-1) at 298.15 M for this reaction. An estimated value of the standard molar entropy change Delta(r)S(m)(0) = 3 J K-1 mol(-1) for the above reaction was used together with the experimental value of Delta(r)H(m)(0) to obtain a standard molar Gibbs free energy change Delta(r)G(m)(0) approximate to -56 kJ mol(-1) and an equilibrium constant K approximate to 7 x 10(9) for the conversion of chorismate(2-)(aq) to prephenate(2-)(aq) at 298.15 K. Thus, for all practical purposes, this reaction can be considered to be ''irreversible''. Quantum mechanics (Gaussian 94 with a B3LYP functional and a 6-31G(*) basis set) was used to calculate values of absolute and relative energies for the chorismic acid and prephenic acid species having charge numbers 0 and -2 both in the gas phase and in-aqueous solution. The structures of prephenic acid and its dianion were also obtained along with values of thermodynamic reaction quantities. The effects of water solvation and solvent polarization were accounted for by using a self-consistent isodensity polarized continuum model (SCI-PCM). The calculated value of Delta(r)H(m)(0) for the conversion of chorismate(2-)(aq) to prephenate(2-)(aq) at 298.15 K was -46.4 kJ mol(-1). This very good agreement between theory and experiment suggests that the energetics of this Claisen rearrangement an well understood and that the SCI-PCM method is capable of adequately describing the increased solvent-solute interaction of prephenate(2-) relative to chorismate(2-). C1 NIST, DIV BIOTECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. UNIV NOTRE DAME, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA. NR 51 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 11 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 50 BP 10976 EP 10982 DI 10.1021/jp972501l PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YL466 UT WOS:A1997YL46600052 ER PT J AU Maloney, PR Begelman, MC AF Maloney, PR Begelman, MC TI The origin of warped, precessing accretion disks in X-ray binaries SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion disks; instabilities; stars, individual (Her X-1, SS 433); X-rays, stars ID MODEL; X-1; HERCULES-X-1; DISCOVERY; WINDS; SS433 AB The radiation-driven warping instability discovered by Pringle holds considerable promise as the mechanism responsible for producing warped, precessing accretion disks in X-ray binaries. This instability is an inherently global mode of the disk, thereby avoiding the difficulties with earlier models for the precession. Here we follow up on earlier work to study the linear behavior of the instability in the specific context of a binary system. We treat the influence of the companion as an orbit-averaged quadrupole torque on the disk. The presence of this external torque allows the existence of solutions in which the direction of precession of the warp is retrograde with respect to disk rotation, in addition to the prograde solutions that exist in the absence of external torques. C1 UNIV COLORADO,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ASTROPHYS & PLANETARY SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Maloney, PR (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,CTR ASTROPHYS & SPACE ASTRON,CAMPUS BOX 391,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 26 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 491 IS 1 BP L43 EP & DI 10.1086/311058 PN 2 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YL509 UT WOS:A1997YL50900011 ER PT J AU Vargas, JL Zhang, N Kaiser, DL Babcock, SE AF Vargas, JL Zhang, N Kaiser, DL Babcock, SE TI Systematic copper concentration variations along grain boundaries in bulk-scale YBa2Cu3O7-delta bicrystals SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bicrystal; grain boundaries; YBa2Cu3O7-delta; composition; STEM; facets ID THIN-FILMS; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS; SUPERCONDUCTORS; MICROSTRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; DEPOSITION; BEHAVIOR; ENERGY; MODEL AB Local variations in the cation composition along grain boundaries in bulk-scale YBa2Cu3O7-delta, bicrystals grown by the flux method were investigated by high-spatial-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Composition profiles along 7 degrees [001] and 31 degrees [001] tilt boundaries reveal regularly-spaced regions that are rich in copper relative to both the grain interior and the neighboring sections of the grain boundary. The average spacing and range of spacings between adjacent copper maxima are 75 nm and 60-100 nm, respectively, for the seven maxima observed in the 7 degrees bicrystal. Three maxima with a spacing of similar to 100 nm were detected in a shorter segment of the 31 degrees boundary. In both bicrystals, the spacing of the maxima equaled the wavelength of an approximately periodic strain field with dislocation array like character that was observed in the boundary. Long-wavelength strain fields of this type previously have been associated with saw-tooth-shaped facet structures in flux-grown YBa2Cu3O7-delta bicrystals. A saw-tooth facet structure was observed directly only in the 7 degrees bicrystal, however. Less extensive investigations of additional bicrystals suggest that oscillatory cation nonstoichiometry is general to [001] tilt boundaries in flux-grown YBa2Cu3O7-delta bicrystals and possibly to more general boundaries. Regular variations in boundary nonstoichiometry are a possible origin for one scale of boundary subdivision and may contribute to the heterogeneity of the electromagnetic properties that is believed to occur on a range of different length scales in YBa2Cu3O7-delta. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Appl Superconduct, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Appl Superconduct, 1500 Engn Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM babcock@engr.wisc.edu NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 EI 1873-2143 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD DEC 10 PY 1997 VL 292 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0921-4534(97)01688-2 PG 16 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YP082 UT WOS:000071239400001 ER PT J AU Orr, JW Fritzsche, RA AF Orr, JW Fritzsche, RA TI Solenostomus tuticoriensis Venkataramanujam, Venkataramani, and Devaraj, 1993, a junior synonym of Macrorhamphosodes platycheilus Fowler, 1934 (Tetraodontiformes : Triacanthodidae) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Humboldt State Univ, Dept Fisheries, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Orr, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM orrj@noaa.gov NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS & HERPETOLOGISTS PI MIAMI PA MAUREEN DONNELLY, SECRETARY FLORIDA INT UNIV BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 11200 SW 8TH STREET, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA SN 0045-8511 EI 1938-5110 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD DEC 9 PY 1997 IS 4 BP 888 EP 889 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YM331 UT WOS:000071052900028 ER PT J AU Reipa, V Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL AF Reipa, V Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL TI A direct electrode-driven P450 cycle for biocatalysis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CYTOCHROME P-450CAM; SINGLE TURNOVER; PUTIDAREDOXIN; HYDROXYLATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; FERREDOXIN; SURFACE; MODEL; OXIDE AB The large potential of redox enzymes to carry out formation of high value organic compounds motivates the search for innovative strategies to regenerate the cofactors needed by their biocatalytic cycles. Here, we describe a bioreactor where the reducing power to the cycle is supplied directly to purified cytochrome CYP101 (P450cam; EC 1.14.15.1) through its natural redox partner (putidaredoxin) using an antimony-doped tin oxide working electrode, Required oxygen was produced at a Pt counter electrode by water electrolysis. A continuous catalytic cycle was sustained for more than 5 h and 2,600 enzyme turnovers. The maximum product formation rate was 36 nmol of 5-exo-hydroxycamphor/nmol of CYP101 per min. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, DIV BIOTECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 85 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 16 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 9 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 25 BP 13554 EP 13558 DI 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13554 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YK825 UT WOS:A1997YK82500037 PM 9391064 ER PT J AU Ladanyi, BM Parson, R AF Ladanyi, BM Parson, R TI Structure and dynamics of molecular ions in clusters: I-2(-) in flexible CO2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINATION DYNAMICS; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; QUADRUPOLAR INTERACTIONS; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; CHARGE FLOW; PHOTODISSOCIATION; I2; SOLVATION; PHOTOFRAGMENTATION AB The structures and dynamics of I-2(-) molecular ions embedded in clusters of flexible solvent molecules are studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The potential model extends the work of Papanikolas et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 102, 2452 (1995)] by taking into account the low-frequency bending vibrations of the solvent molecules. Results are presented for flexible CO2 and for a hypothetical solvent in which the bending force constant of CO2 has been decreased by a factor of 5. The structure and the vibrational relaxation dynamics of I-2(-) in flexible CO2 differ only slightly from what was seen in rigid CO2. In ''hyperflexible'' CO2, however, the solute becomes strongly polarized even at its equilibrium geometry, and the cluster structures are highly asymmetric, demonstrating that the localizing solvation forces are able to overcome the delocalizing chemical bonding interactions. The pathways for vibrational relaxation are also found to be distinctly different in the flexible and hyperflexible solvent. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. UNIV COLORADO,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Ladanyi, BM (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Ladanyi, Branka/B-1484-2008 NR 35 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 8 PY 1997 VL 107 IS 22 BP 9326 EP 9338 DI 10.1063/1.475229 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YJ043 UT WOS:A1997YJ04300006 ER PT J AU Green, MA Dalton, M Prassides, K Day, P Neumann, DA AF Green, MA Dalton, M Prassides, K Day, P Neumann, DA TI Lattice vibrations of the superconducting oxide spinels (Li,Mg)(1+x)Ti2-xO4 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; NORMAL STATE PROPERTIES; PHONON DENSITY; LITI2O4; TEMPERATURE; SYSTEM; LI1+XTI2-XO4; BA1-XKXBIO3 AB The lattice vibrational spectra of the spinel phases, Li1+xTi2-xO4. (x = 0, 0.33) and Li1-yMgyTi2O4 (y = 0.1, 0.3) (space group Fd (3) over bar m), have been measured as a function of temperature and composition by neutron inelastic scattering. Calculations of phonon densities of states (PDOSs) using interatomic potentials were performed and compared with the experimental data. Extensive phonon softening and hardening are observed on Li and Mg substitution throughout the energy range 10-100 meV and are discussed in terms of electron-phonon coupling and its relevance to superconductivity. The observed PDOSs show no change on cooling through the superconducting transition temperature, T-c. C1 UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. Univ Sussex, Sch Chem Phys & Environm Sci, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E Sussex, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, 21 Albemarle St, London W1X 4BS, England. RI Prassides, Kosmas/C-9804-2009 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 9 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD DEC 8 PY 1997 VL 9 IS 49 BP 10855 EP 10865 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/9/49/006 PG 11 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA YM307 UT WOS:000071050500006 ER PT J AU Nakatani, AI Sung, LP Hobbie, EK Han, CC AF Nakatani, AI Sung, LP Hobbie, EK Han, CC TI Shear-induced order in a homopolymer blend with block copolymer surfactant SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TO-LAMELLAR TRANSITION; POLYMER BLEND; CRITICAL FLUCTUATIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; CRITICAL FLUIDS; MEAN-FIELD; CROSSOVER; MIXTURES; FLOW AB Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to investigate the shear response of a low molecular weight A/B homopolymer blend with A-B diblock-copolymer surfactant. In the pure homopolymer limit, long-wavelength critical fluctuations are sheared apart and the flow stabilizes the disordered phase. Above a threshold block-copolymer composition, however, these fluctuations become enhanced by the shear, implying that the Bow has a destabilizing effect on the disordered phase. RP Nakatani, AI (reprint author), NIST,DIV POLYMERS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 8 PY 1997 VL 79 IS 23 BP 4693 EP 4696 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4693 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA YK365 UT WOS:A1997YK36500045 ER PT J AU Kotochigova, S Levine, H Tupitsyn, I AF Kotochigova, S Levine, H Tupitsyn, I TI Correlated relativistic calculation of the giant resonance in the Gd3+ absorption spectrum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Sanibel Symposium CY MAR 01-07, 1997 CL UNIV FLORIDA, PONCE DE LEON CONF CTR, ST AUGUSTINE, FL SP Univ Florida HO UNIV FLORIDA, PONCE DE LEON CONF CTR ID SCATTERING-THEORY; DICHROISM; EU AB The aim of the present study is to extend the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock approach to include spin polarization in order to study magnetically ordered systems. Routines handling time-dependent ionization phenomena adapted to multilevel and multichannel autoionization processes have been developed and used to describe the giant resonance in the Gd3+ absorption spectrum. in our calculation of the complete energy structure of 4d(9)4f(8) configuration it is discovered that the majority of the oscillator strength associated with the 4d-4f transitions is limited to a relatively narrow spectral width, creating a giant resonance. Our calculations take account of the most important correlation effects, and the agreement with the experimentally observed giant resonance in gadolinium is quite good. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ST PETERSBURG STATE UNIV,INST CHEM,ST PETERSBURG 198904,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. RP Kotochigova, S (reprint author), NIST,DEPT PHYS,A253 PHYS BLDG,QUINCE ORCHARD RD,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Tupitsyn, Ilya/J-6611-2013 OI Tupitsyn, Ilya/0000-0001-9237-5667 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD DEC 5 PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 BP 575 EP 584 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA YG650 UT WOS:A1997YG65000022 ER PT J AU Singh, A Ranganathan, S Bendersky, LA AF Singh, A Ranganathan, S Bendersky, LA TI Quasicrystalline phases and their approximants in Al-Mn-Zn alloys SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article ID DECAGONAL QUASI-CRYSTAL; CU-MN; TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; SYSTEM; DIFFRACTION; HOMOLOGS; ORDER; AXIS AB Two Al-Mn-Zn alloys in melt-spun condition have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The Al24Mn5Zn alloy was found to be fully icosahedral, while the Al12Mn2.9Zn alloy gave rise to decagonal quasicrystal. The decagonal phase grey in clusters with an orientation relationship between the grains suggesting nucleation on an icosahedral seed. On annealing at 500-600 degrees, the quasicrystalline phases transformed to a body centered orthorhombic phase L (a = 1.24, b = 1.26 and c = 3.05 nm) with a high density of planar defects. This phase transforms to an ordered and defect free monoclinic phase M, a superlattice structure of L (a = c = 1.77, b = 3.05 nm and beta = 89.1 degrees). The L phase is shown to be a rational approximant of the icosahedral phase. The interrelationship among quasicrystalline phases and their rational approximants in Al-Mn-Zn system Ire highlighted. (C) 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc. C1 NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Singh, A (reprint author), INDIAN INST SCI,DEPT MET,CTR ADV STUDY,BANGALORE 560012,KARNATAKA,INDIA. RI Ranganathan, Srinivasa/F-9187-2013 NR 48 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 5327 EP 5336 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00103-1 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YJ670 UT WOS:A1997YJ67000044 ER PT J AU Dhakhwa, GB Campbell, CL LeDuc, SK Cooter, EJ AF Dhakhwa, GB Campbell, CL LeDuc, SK Cooter, EJ TI Maize growth: assessing the effects of global warming and CO2 fertilization with crop models SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; global warming; CO2; North Carolina ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; UNITED-STATES; EPIC MODEL; WATER-USE; PRODUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE; ENRICHMENT; RESPONSES; YIELD AB Projected future climate change scenarios derived from two General Circulation Models (GCMs): Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) and United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO), and two crop models: Crop Estimation through Resources and Environmental Synthesis (CERES), and Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), were considered to assess the climate change impact on the yield and biomass of maize. Climate change scenarios included changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation from two GCMs interpolated to 1 degrees x1 degrees grid cells in the central Piedmont in North Carolina. Changes in mean monthly temperature and precipitation from the GCMs were used to adjust observed daily climate records from 1949-1988. There is convincing evidence that future temperature linked to global warming might be characterized by asymmetric change between daily daytime maxima and daily nighttime minima. Two hypotheses regarding how GCM temperature would alter observational record were examined. The first hypothesis assumed that daytime and nighttime warming occurs symmetrically, i.e., maximum and minimum temperatures are raised equally. The second hypothesis assumed that nighttime minima change is three times greater than daytime maxima change and the change in mean diurnal temperature range is approximately equal to the change in daily mean temperature. For the equal day-night warming scenario, when only the effects of climate change (i.e., changes in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) were considered, simulations with CERES and EPIC indicated substantial losses in maize grain yield and total above ground biomass with both the GCM scenarios. For the asymmetric warming, the reduction in biomass and yield due to climate change was less than that obtained with symmetric warming. Simulated maize yield and biomass with CERES and EPIC increased when only effects due to CO2-fertilization were considered. The inclusion of CO2 fertilization effects with those due to climate change resulted in higher biomass and yield compared to values obtained with effects of climate change alone. When CERES was used with the GFDL scenario, and the effects of CO2 fertilization and the climate change were combined, no difference in simulated yield was found between the two hypotheses; only an 8% difference in aboveground biomass was found when the UKMO scenario was used. When EPIC was used, the differential day-night warming hypothesis resulted in 9-13% less reduction in biomass and yield than did the use of the equal day-night warming hypothesis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Air Resources Res Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Dhakhwa, GB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Air Resources Res Consortium, 1509 Vars Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 77 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 87 IS 4 BP 253 EP 272 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00030-0 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ553 UT WOS:000071399300002 ER PT J AU Nowlis, JS Roberts, C Smith, A Siirila, E AF Nowlis, JS Roberts, C Smith, A Siirila, E TI Human-enhanced impacts of a tropical storm on nearshore coral reefs SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID AUSTRALIAN SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; POCILLOPORA-DAMICORNIS; COSTA-RICA; SEDIMENT; FLORIDA; CAHUITA; STRESS; SEA AB Land development ranks among the most significant human threats to coral reefs, causing damage by promoting the erosion and transport of soil - called sediment once suspended in water. We studied the impacts of sediment on the coral communities of St. Lucia following a tropical storm. We found more sediment and coral damage on reefs closest to the mouths of large rivers. Coral mortality exceeded 50% at some sites, and the degree of coral mortality and bleaching depended on the amount of sediment at the site. Despite exemplary efforts by engineers to reduce erosion rates, we found more sediment at sites near a road under construction at the time of the storm. Collectively, our data demonstrated a major negative impact of land development on coral reefs, a problem likely to grow in scale given the growing demands for developed land and the recent frequency of large storms in the tropical Atlantic. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ York, Dept Environm Econ & Environm Management, York YO1 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Caribean Nat Resources Inst, St Lucia, W Ind Assoc St. ENCORE, WWF, US Project Off, St Lucia, W Ind Assoc St. RP Nowlis, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 46 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 11 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0044-7447 J9 AMBIO JI Ambio PD DEC PY 1997 VL 26 IS 8 BP 515 EP 521 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YT772 UT WOS:000071643500006 ER PT J AU Martynova, L Locascio, LE Gaitan, M Kramer, GW Christensen, RG MacCrehan, WA AF Martynova, L Locascio, LE Gaitan, M Kramer, GW Christensen, RG MacCrehan, WA TI Fabrication of plastic microfluid channels by imprinting methods SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS DEVICES; GLASS CHIPS; SAMPLE INJECTION; MICROCHIP; SEPARATIONS; SILICON AB Microfluidic devices have been fabricated on poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates by two independent imprinting techniques. First-generation devices were fabricated using a small-diameter wire to create an impression in plastics softened by low-temperature heating. The resulting devices are limited to only simple linear channel designs but are readily produced at low cost. Second-generation devices with more complex microchannel arrangements were fabricated by imprinting the plastic substrates using an inverse three-dimensional image of the device micromachined on a silicon wafer. This micromachined template may be used repeatedly to generate devices reproducibly. Fluorescent analtyes were used to demonstrate reproducible electrophoretic injections. An immunoassay was also performed in an imprinted device as a demonstration of future applications. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV ANALYT CHEM,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV SEMICOND ELECT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 27 TC 410 Z9 430 U1 11 U2 101 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 23 BP 4783 EP 4789 DI 10.1021/ac970558y PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YJ913 UT WOS:A1997YJ91300013 PM 9406529 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA AF Margolis, SA TI Sources of systematic bias in the measurement of water by the coulometric and volumetric Karl Fischer methods SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The sources of systematic bias in the measurement of moisture by the volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer methods were assessed, Using water-saturated octanol as a moisture standard, the measurement accuracy of five coulometric instruments was evaluated, Six possible sources of systematic bias were examined: accuracy of the moisture standard, nonadjustable instrumental bias, operator-adjustable instrumental bias, solvent composition, cell design, and sample composition, The published water content of water-saturated octanol was confirmed by the method of standard additions, The nonadjustable instrumental bias consisted of two types, one that was variable and was observed at water levels below 200 mu g of water, and one that represented a constant percentage of the total water over the tested range from 40 to 400 mu g of water, The adjustable instrumental parameters, if set incorrectly, may cause a small but significant negative bias (<7%). Soh ent composition as a function of both solvent type and titration vessel design can introduce a negative bias of up to 10%, Finally, the nature of the sample introduces a negative bias as demonstrated by the results obtained from titrating water in four different oil samples, Under optimum conditions, different amounts of water were measured in each oil using different Karl Fischer titration procedures and five different instruments. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV ANALYT CHEM,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 8 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 23 BP 4864 EP 4871 DI 10.1021/ac9704826 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YJ913 UT WOS:A1997YJ91300024 PM 9406534 ER PT J AU Koch, WF AF Koch, WF TI pH already defined SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter RP Koch, WF (reprint author), NIST,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL LAB,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 69 IS 23 BP A700 EP A700 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YJ913 UT WOS:A1997YJ91300002 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZM Gentile, TR Migdall, AL Datla, RU AF Zhang, ZM Gentile, TR Migdall, AL Datla, RU TI Transmittance measurements for filters of optical density between one and ten SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE infrared filter; optical density; radiometry; transmittance; uncertainty ID ACCURACY AB WE have developed a facility for measuring the transmittance of optical filters at a wavelength of 1064 nm, using a Nd:YAG laser, a power stabilizer, and linear photodiode detectors. A direct measurement method was used for filters with optical densities (OD's) less than or equal to 4, and a reference substitution technique was used for filters with OD's as great as 10. The apparatus and data-acquisition system are described. Measurement results for a set of filters are presented. The expanded uncertainties for the measured OD and deduced absorption coefficient are determined through a detailed analysis of all the uncertainty components. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, ZM (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT MECH ENGN, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 34 BP 8889 EP 8895 DI 10.1364/AO.36.008889 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA YJ899 UT WOS:A1997YJ89900009 PM 18264441 ER PT J AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Datla, RU AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Datla, RU TI Testing the radiometric accuracy of Fourier transform infrared transmittance measurements SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer; neutral-density filter; transmittance; photometric accuracy ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; FT-IR; SILICON; SPECTROSCOPY; FILTERS AB We have investigated the ordinate scale accuracy of ambient temperature transmittance measurements made with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer over the wavelength range of 2-10 mu m. Two approaches are used: (1) measurements of Si wafers whose index of refraction are well known from 2 to 5 mu m, in which case the FT-IR result is compared with calculated values; (2) comparison of FT-IR and laser transmittance measurements at 3.39 and 10.6 mu m on nominally neutral-density filters that are free of etaloning effects. Various schemes are employed to estimate and reduce systematic error sources in both the FT-IR and laser measurements, and quantitative uncertainty analyses are performed. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST,OPT TECHNOL DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 22 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 34 BP 8896 EP 8908 DI 10.1364/AO.36.008896 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA YJ899 UT WOS:A1997YJ89900010 PM 18264442 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH AF Lehman, JH TI Pyroelectric trap detector for spectral responsivity measurements SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Editorial Material AB We have designed and built a pyroelectric optical detector for use as a transfer standard for the calibration of optical power meters. The pyroelectric element is made from lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). Gold black is used as the optical absorber in a multiple reflection wedge-shaped trap structure, with a 5-mm diameter input aperture and an f/4 field-of-view. The detector's spatial responsivity varies less than 1%. The responsivity as a function of wavelength varies less than 1% over a range from 0.45-1.55 mu m and less than 4% from 1.55-10.6 mu m. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) is 5x10(-8) W/Hz(1/2). For this wavelength range and detector area, the measured NEP and spatial uniformity represents a significant improvement over comparable predecessors. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,SOURCES & DETECTORS GRP,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO, USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 34 BP 9117 EP 9118 DI 10.1364/AO.36.009117 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA YJ899 UT WOS:A1997YJ89900050 ER PT J AU Lim, C Beames, RM Eales, JG Prendergast, AF McLeese, JM Shearer, KD Higgs, DA AF Lim, C. Beames, R. M. Eales, J. G. Prendergast, A. F. McLeese, J. M. Shearer, K. D. Higgs, D. A. TI Nutritive values of low and high fibre canola meals for shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) SO AQUACULTURE NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE canola meal; marine shrimp; nutritional value AB This study was undertaken to determine acceptable dietary concentrations of high-fibre canola meal (CMHF) and low-fibre canola meal (CMLF) for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Four groups of 0.78 g shrimp held in running, 24.0-27.8 degrees C sea water on a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle were each fed one of seven isonitrogenous (340 g kg(-1) protein) and isoenergetic (18.5 MJ of gross energy kg(-1)) diets to satiation four times daily for 56 days. Each of the test canola protein products comprised either 150, 300 or 450 g kg(-1) of the protein in a basal (practical) diet by replacement of one-third, two-thirds or all of the menhaden meal protein. Shrimp that ingested diets in which CMHF and CMLF comprised 450 and 300 g kg(-1) of the protein, respectively, exhibited significant reductions in growth and feed intake relative to those fed the basal diet. Feed and protein utilization were not significantly depressed unless menhaden meal in the basal diet was completely replaced by CMHF or CMLF. In general, percentage survival and final whole-body levels of protein, minerals, and thyroid hormones were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Terminal whole-body levels of moisture were raised significantly in shrimp fed diets containing the highest levels of CMHF and CMLF. Potassium levels were significantly higher in shrimp fed the diet containing the lowest level of CMLF relative to those fed the basal diet and the diet with the highest level of CMLF. Water stability of the diet pellets was negatively correlated with their levels of CMHF and CMLF. It is concluded that commercial high-fibre canola meal can constitute 300 g kg(-1) of the dietary protein of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) without compromising growth, feed intake and feed and protein utilization. However, because of a trend towards reduced shrimp survival at this dietary concentration of canola meal, it is recommended that this protein source not exceed 150 g kg(-1) of the protein in practical juvenile shrimp diets. Fibre-reduced canola meal did not have improved nutritive value for shrimp. However, we postulate that one or more fibre-reduced, and solvent-extracted canola protein products may be cost-effective substitutes for fish meal protein. C1 [Lim, C.] USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. [Beames, R. M.; Prendergast, A. F.] Univ British Columbia, Dept Anim Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A2, Canada. [Eales, J. G.; McLeese, J. M.] Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. [Shearer, K. D.] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Utilizat Res Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. [Higgs, D. A.] Fisheries & Oceans Canada, W Vancouver Lab, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Sci Branch,Pacific Reg, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada. RP Lim, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. EM limchh@mindspring.com FU Canola Utilization Assistance Program of the Canola Council of Canada FX We are grateful to the Canola Utilization Assistance Program of the Canola Council of Canada for funding this research. Also, we thank Dr Bill Riley of the Canola Council of Canada for supporting the research and Drs S. Satoh and J. P. Raney for, respectively, determining levels of phytic acid and of glucosinolates in the test diets. NR 39 TC 23 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1353-5773 J9 AQUACULT NUTR JI Aquac. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 3 IS 4 BP 269 EP 279 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00048.x PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA V27FI UT WOS:000208598700009 ER PT J AU Jewett-Smith, J McMillan, C Kenworthy, WJ Bird, K AF Jewett-Smith, J McMillan, C Kenworthy, WJ Bird, K TI Flowering and genetic banding patterns of Halophila johnsonii and conspecifics SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article DE seagrasses; RAPD-PCR banding patterns; genetic diversity ID STAMINATE FLOWERS; DECIPIENS OSTENFELD; ENGELMANNII ASCHERS; SEED-GERMINATION; HYDROCHARITACEAE; SEAGRASS; DNA; ANTHESIS; ECOLOGY; PANAMA AB Halophila johnsonii Eiseman is a seagrass that is restricted in distribution to the Indian River of Florida from Sebastian Inlet on the north to Biscayne Bay on the south, and currently is being considered for listing as a rare/endangered species by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), At the time it was described as a new species in 1980, no staminate flowers had been reported. After numerous searches in the Indian River in the late 1980s and early 1990s and after culture in the laboratory, only pistillate flowers are known. DNA testing indicates that H. johnsonii is distinct from H. decipiens Ostenfeld. Isozymes and sulfated flavonoids had suggested earlier that H. johnsonii may be closely related to the small-leafed plants in H. minor (Zoll.) den Hartog complex that are widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. H. johnsonii may represent the vegetative development of a single pistillate clone. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Texas A&M Int Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Laredo, TX 78040 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Bot, Austin, TX 78713 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RP Jewett-Smith, J (reprint author), Texas A&M Int Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Laredo, TX 78040 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 59 IS 3-4 BP 323 EP 331 DI 10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00064-8 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YU715 UT WOS:000071747000010 ER PT J AU Tynan, CT DeMaster, DP AF Tynan, CT DeMaster, DP TI Observations and predictions of Arctic climatic change: Potential effects on marine mammals SO ARCTIC LA English DT Review DE Arctic Ocean; climate change; sea ice extent; global warming; marginal ice edge zone; bowhead whale; Balaena mysticetus; ice-associated seals; ringed seal; Phoca hispida; beluga; Delphinapterus leucas ID SOUTHEASTERN HUDSON-BAY; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; SEALS PHOCA-GROENLANDICA; COD BOREOGADUS-SAIDA; ICE-EDGE; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; FISH LARVAE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TRANSIENT RESPONSES; AIR-TEMPERATURE AB Recent analyses have revealed trends over the past 20-30 years of decreasing sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean coincident with warming trends. Such trends may be indicative of the polar amplification of warning predicted for the next several decades in response to increasing atmospheric CO,, We have summarized these predictions and nonuniform patterns of arctic climate change in order to address their potential effects on marine mammals. Since recent trends in sea ice extent are nonuniform, the direct and indirect effects on marine mammals are expected to vary geographically. Changes in the extent and concentration of sea ice may alter the seasonal distributions, geographic ranges, patterns of mi,migration, nutritional status, reproductive success, and ultimately the abundance and stock structure of some species. Ice-associated seals, which rely on suitable ice substrate for resting, pupping, and molting, may be especially vulnerable to such changes. As recent decreases in ice coverage have been more extensive in the Siberian Arctic (60 degrees E-180 degrees E) than in the Beaufort Sea and western sectors, we speculate that marine mammal populations in the Siberian Arctic may be among the first to experience climate-induced geographic shifts or altered reproductive capacity due to persistent changes in ice extent. Alteration in the extent and productivity of ice-edge systems may affect the density and distribution of important ice-associated prey elf marine mammals, such as arctic cod Boreogadus saida and sympagic,aic ("with ice") amphipods. Present climate models, however, are insufficient to predict regional ice dynamics, winds, mesoscale features, and mechanisms of nutrient resupply, which must be known to predict productivity and trophic response. Therefore, it is critical that mesoscale process-oriented studies identify the biophysical coupling required to maintain suitable prey availability and ice-associated habitat fur marine mammals on regional arctic scales, Only an integrated ecosystems approach can address the complexity of factors determining productivity and cascading trophic dynamics in a warmer Arctic. This approach, integrated with monitoring of key indicator species (e.g., bowhead whale, ringed seal, and beluga). should be a high priority. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Tynan, CT (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 106 TC 162 Z9 169 U1 26 U2 178 PU ARCTIC INST N AMER PI CALGARY PA UNIV OF CALGARY 2500 UNIVERSITY DRIVE NW 11TH FLOOR LIBRARY TOWER, CALGARY, ALBERTA T2N 1N4, CANADA SN 0004-0843 J9 ARCTIC JI Arctic PD DEC PY 1997 VL 50 IS 4 BP 308 EP 322 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA YR363 UT WOS:000071487900004 ER PT J AU Heinz, S Begelman, MC AF Heinz, S Begelman, MC TI Analysis of the synchrotron emission from the M87 jet SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies, individual (M87); galaxies, jets ID PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; HOT SPOTS; RADIO; RESOLUTION; SPECTRUM; NUCLEUS; SHOCKS AB We propose that the intensity changes and spectral evolution along the M87 jet can be explained by adiabatic changes to the particle momentum distribution function and the magnetic field. This is supported by the lack of any significant variation in the radio-to-optical spectral index along the jet and by the moderate changes in radio brightness. Assuming a simple scaling law between magnetic field and density, we use the deprojection of a 2 cm VLA intensity map by Sparks, Biretta, & Macchetto to predict the spectral evolution along the jet. We derive limits for the magnetic field and the total pressure by comparing our results with the spatially resolved fit to the spectral data by Neumann, Meisenheimer, & Roser of a model spectrum that cuts off at approximate to 10(15) Hz. To explain the weakness of synchrotron cooling along the jet, the magnetic field strength must lie below the equipartition value. Although the inferred pressure in the limit of nonrelativistic bulk flow lies far above the estimated pressure of the interstellar matter in the center of M87, bulk Lorentz factors Gamma(jet) in the range of 3-5 and inclination angles theta(LOS) less than or similar to 25 degrees lead to pressure estimates close to the interstellar medium pressure. The average best-fit magnetic fields we derive fall in the range of 20-40 mu G, departing from equipartition by a factor approximate to 1.5-5. This model is consistent with the proposal by Bicknell & Begelman that the knots in the M87 jet are weak, oblique shocks. First-order Fermi acceleration will then have a minimal effect on the slope of the radio-to-optical spectrum while possibly accounting for the X-ray spectrum. C1 NIST, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP Heinz, S (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO, JILA, CAMPUS BOX 440, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 30 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 490 IS 2 BP 653 EP 663 DI 10.1086/304898 PN 1 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YJ454 UT WOS:A1997YJ45400017 ER PT J AU Sharkey, TD Loreto, F Baldocchi, D Guenther, A AF Sharkey, TD Loreto, F Baldocchi, D Guenther, A TI The BEMA-project - A North American perspective SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biogenic hydrocarbons; BOREAS; isoprene; scaling; Southern Oxidant Study ID HYDROCARBONS; CONTRIBUTE AB Until recently, European regulatory agencies and photochemical modelers had to use biogenic hydrocarbon emission models that were based almost entirely on the results of investigations in North America. Field studies of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions have been conducted in North America and Europe for more than two decades but it is only recently that there has been an attempt at multidisciplinary (plant physiologists, micrometeorologists, atmospheric scientists, landscape ecologists) held studies. Whereas past studies involved a few scientists with similar backgrounds, recent studies have been much more multi-disciplinary efforts involving more scientists. In North America, investigations of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions have been important, but relatively minor, components of regional studies such as the Southern Oxidant Study in the United States and the BOREAS experiment in Canada. None of these studies approach the level of participation id biogenic emission studies that occurred in the BEMA program. The BEMA project also addressed another issue that is gaining interest in North America, seasonality. Variation in emission rates through the year need to be incorporated into models and longer field campaigns need to be incorporated into future experimental programs to better determine seasonality of hydrocarbon emissions. The BEMA study has provided valuable insight into hydrocarbon emissions in the Mediterranean ecosystem. Both the similarities and differences between this ecosystem and typical North America ecosystems help us to understand biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. CNR, Ist Biochim & Ecofisiol Vegetale, I-00016 Rome, Italy. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Sharkey, TD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; Sharkey, Thomas/B-4032-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; Sharkey, Thomas/0000-0002-4423-3223 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 SU 1 BP 251 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00266-5 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YY501 UT WOS:000072153800023 ER PT J AU Brook, JR DiGiovanni, F Cakmak, S Meyers, TP AF Brook, JR DiGiovanni, F Cakmak, S Meyers, TP TI Estimation of dry deposition velocity using inferential models and site-specific meteorology - Uncertainty due to siting of meteorological towers SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; dry deposition inferential models; deposition velocity; ozone dry deposition ID SULFUR; FOREST; PARAMETERIZATION; NITROGEN; RATES; SO2 AB Application of inferential models is currently the only practical way of quantifying seasonal and annual dry deposition rates of acidifying chemical species. A number of inferential modelling approaches have bean developed, but the most up-to-date approaches use easily obtained meteorological measurements and information on the surface characteristics to estimate pollutant-specific deposition velocities (nu(d)). These are then multiplied by air concentration measurements with hourly to weekly resolution. There are a number of sources of uncertainty associated with nu(d) estimates, one of which arises from spatial heterogeneity in surface and meteorological conditions. Due to this spatial variability it is difficult to determine how representative a point estimate of a, is of other nearby locations (i.e. with 1 km) and whether a point estimate represents the prevailing conditions in the area of interest. This paper examines the uncertainty in nu(d) due to small-scale spatial variability in meteorological Variables by comparing nu(d) and related parameters among up to four measurement locations all within 500 m of each other. These locations were selected to provide an estimate of the upper limit on the spatial variability in nu(d) around typical air pollutant/dry deposition monitoring sites. Under most conditions (i.e. 75% of the time) the variability or uncertainty in a point measurement of hourly nu(d) was within +/-40% for O-3 and SO2 and +/-90% for SO42- and HNO3. Hourly estimates of aerodynamic resistance and friction velocity, which are needed to compute nu(d), varied spatially by an average of +/-115 and +/-41%, respectively. When nu(d), was averaged over an annual period, the spatial variability was less pronounced. For SO2 and O-3, the annual nu(d) did not vary in space by more than +/- 10% from the annual average value determined across all of the locations. For SO42- and HNO3, which are more dependent on meteorological and less on surface conditions, annual nu(d), varied in space by about +/-30 and +/-40%, respectively. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 DI GIOVANNI SCI CONSULTING, GUELPH, ON N1C 1B6, CANADA. HLTH CANADA, CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, ENVIRONM HLTH DIRECTORATE, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0L2, CANADA. NOAA, AIR RESOURCES LAB, ATMOSPHER TURBULENCE & DIFFUS DIV, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. RP Brook, JR (reprint author), ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV, 4905 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW, ON M3H 5T4, CANADA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; OI Cakmak, Sabit/0000-0001-9921-2107 NR 30 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 31 IS 23 BP 3911 EP 3919 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00247-1 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XZ760 UT WOS:A1997XZ76000006 ER PT J AU Rao, NM Plant, AL Silin, V Wight, S Hui, SW AF Rao, NM Plant, AL Silin, V Wight, S Hui, SW TI Characterization of biomimetic surfaces formed from cell membranes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GOLD SURFACES; LIPID BILAYERS; MONOLAYERS; PROTEINS; ATTACHMENT; VESICLES; LAYERS AB A method for fabricating biomimetic surfaces from intact cell membranes is described. A monolayer of alkanethiol on gold is covered by a second layer derived from the components of erythrocyte membranes either by self-assembly or by Langmuir-Blodgett methods. The resulting asymmetric hybrid layer was characterized by ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), contact angle, capacitance, voltammetry, and electron and atomic force microscopy. The erythrocyte membrane layer was measured to be similar to 30-40 Angstrom in thickness. Using SPR, the presence of erythrocyte components on the surface was demonstrated by their selective removal by enzymatic action. The uniform deposition of membranous material on the substrate was shown by electron and atomic force microscopy. Demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChase) activity, a membrane-anchored enzyme, on the surface for at least 8 days, suggests that the outer leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane is present in its native form. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that enhanced electron transport from a solution redox species accompanies formation of the erythrocyte layer at the surface. This enhanced electron transport is blocked by 4,4'-diisothiocyanate stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, a well known blocker of anion transport, suggesting that an erythrocyte anion transporter protein is incorporated into the surface layer in an active conformation. C1 ROSWELL PK CANC INST,DEPT BIOPHYS,BUFFALO,NY 14263. CTR CELLULAR & MOL BIOL,HYDERABAD 500007,ANDHRA PRADESH,INDIA. NIST,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL LAB,SURFACE & MICROANAL SCI DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NIST,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL LAB,DIV BIOTECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. GEORGETOWN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20057. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 30969] NR 25 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 73 IS 6 BP 3066 EP 3077 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA YJ673 UT WOS:A1997YJ67300020 PM 9414220 ER PT J AU Chen, F Janjic, Z Mitchell, K AF Chen, F Janjic, Z Mitchell, K TI Impact of atmospheric surface-layer parameterizations in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta model SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface-layer parameterization; land-surface process; roughness length for heat; soil moisture simulation; numerical weather prediction ID FLUX-PROFILE RELATIONSHIPS; HAPEX-MOBILHY; SOIL HYDROLOGY; ENERGY BUDGET; WATER-BUDGET; HEAT; EVAPORATION; SENSITIVITY; TEMPERATURE; FORMULATION AB We tested three atmospheric surface-layer parameterization schemes (Mellor-Yamada level 2, Paulson, and modified Louis), both in a 1-D mode in the new NCEP land-surface scheme against long-term FIFE and HAPEX observations, and in a coupled 3-D mode with the NCEP mesoscale Eta model. The differences in these three schemes and the resulting surface exchange coefficients do not, in general, lead to significant differences in model simulated surface fluxes, skin temperature, and precipitation, provided the same treatment of roughness length for heat is employed. Rather, the model is more sensitive to the choice of the roughness length for heat. To assess the latter, we also tested two approaches to specify the roughness length for heat: 1) assuming the roughness length for heat is a fixed ratio of the roughness length for momentum, and 2) relating this ratio to the roughness Reynolds number as proposed by Zilitinkevich. Our 1-D column model sensitivity tests suggested that the Zilitinkevich approach can improve the surface heat flux and skin temperature simulations. A long-term test with the NCEP mesoscale Eta model indicated that this approach can also reduce forecast precipitation bias. Based on these simulations, in January 1996 we operationally implemented the Paulson scheme with the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP Era model, along with the Zilitinkevich formulation to specify the roughness length for heat. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Pob 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Chen, Fei/B-1747-2009 NR 45 TC 251 Z9 274 U1 2 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 EI 1573-1472 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 85 IS 3 BP 391 EP 421 DI 10.1023/A:1000531001463 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YU847 UT WOS:000071762000004 ER PT J AU Post, MJ Fairall, CW Snider, JB Han, Y White, AB Ecklund, WL Weickmann, KM Quinn, PK Cooper, DI Sekelsky, SM McIntosh, RE Minnett, P Knuteson, RO AF Post, MJ Fairall, CW Snider, JB Han, Y White, AB Ecklund, WL Weickmann, KM Quinn, PK Cooper, DI Sekelsky, SM McIntosh, RE Minnett, P Knuteson, RO TI The Combined Sensor Program: An air-sea science mission in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; CLOUD PROPERTIES; SOLAR-RADIATION; DOPPLER RADAR; CONVECTION; CIRCULATION; ABSORPTION AB Twelve national research organizations joined forces on a 30-day, 6800 n mi survey of the Central and Tropical Western Pacific on NOAA's Research Vessel Discoverer. The Combined Sensor Program (CSP), which began in American Samoa on 14 March 1996, visited Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, and ended in Hawaii on 13 April, used a unique combination of in situ, satellite, and remote sensors to better understand relationships between atmospheric and oceanic variables that affect radiative balance in this climatically important region. Besides continuously measuring both short-wave and longwave radiative fluxes, CSP instruments also measured most other factors affecting the radiative balance, including profiles of clouds (lidar and radar), aerosols (in situ and lidar), moisture (balloons, lidar, and radiometers), and sea surface temperature (thermometers and Fourier Transform Infrared Radiometers). Surface fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture were also measured continuously. The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program used the mission to validate similar measurements made at their CART site on Manus Island and to investigate the effect (if any) of large nearby landmasses on the island-based measurements. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Los Alamos Natl Res Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Miami, Miami, FL 33152 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Post, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, R-E-ET4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 47 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 12 BP 2797 EP 2815 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2797:TCSPAA>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YZ885 UT WOS:000072304100005 ER PT J AU Peterson, TC Vose, RS AF Peterson, TC Vose, RS TI An overview of the global historical climatology network temperature database SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; HEAT-BALANCE; TIME-SERIES; SNOW COVER; DISCONTINUITIES; VARIABILITY; MINIMUM; MAXIMUM; MODELS AB The Global Historical Climatology Network version 2 temperature database was released in May 1997. This century-scale dataset consists of monthly surface observations from similar to 7000 stations from around the world. This archive breaks considerable new ground in the field of global climate databases. The enhancements include 1) data for additional stations to improve regional-scale analyses, particularly in previously data-sparse areas; 2) the addition of maximum-minimum temperature data to provide climate information not available in mean temperature data alone; 3) detailed assessments of data quality to increase the confidence in research results; 4) rigorous and objective homogeneity adjustments to decrease the effect of nonclimatic factors on the time series; 5) detailed metadata (e.g., population, vegetation, topography) that allow more detailed analyses to be conducted; and 6) an infrastructure for updating the archive at regular intervals so that current climatic conditions can constantly be put into historical perspective. This paper describes these enhancements in detail. C1 Natl Climate Data Ctr, Global Climate Lab, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Arizona State Univ, Off Climatol, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Peterson, TC (reprint author), Natl Climate Data Ctr, Global Climate Lab, 151 Patton Ave,Room 120, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 46 TC 515 Z9 544 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 12 BP 2837 EP 2849 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2837:AOOTGH>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YZ885 UT WOS:000072304100007 ER PT J AU Emanuel, K Kalnay, E Bishop, C Elsberry, R Gelaro, R Keyser, D Lord, S Rogers, D Shapiro, M Snyder, C Velden, C AF Emanuel, K Kalnay, E Bishop, C Elsberry, R Gelaro, R Keyser, D Lord, S Rogers, D Shapiro, M Snyder, C Velden, C TI Observations in aid of weather prediction for North America: Report of Prospectus Development Team Seven SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SENSITIVITY; FORECAST; IMPACT; ADJOINT; MODEL AB One of the most significant impediments to progress in forecasting weather over North America is the relative paucity of routine observations over data-sparse regions adjacent to the United States. Prospectus Development Team Seven was convened to consider ways to promote research that seeks to determine implementations of observing systems that are optimal for weather prediction in the United States. An "optimal" measurement system is considered to be one that maximizes the ratio of societal benefit to overall cost. The thrust of the conclusions is that existing means of estimating the value of current observing systems and the potential benefits of new or proposed observing systems are underutilized. At the same time, no rational way exists for comparing the cost of observations across the spectrum of federal agencies responsible for measuring the atmosphere and ocean. The authors suggest that a rational procedure for configuring an observation system that is optimal for weather prediction would consist of the following steps. 1) Identify specific forecast problems arising from insufficient data. Examples might include hurricane landfall and intensity forecasts, 24-h forecasts of intense extratropical cyclones affecting the West Coast and Alaska, and medium-range forecasts of severe weather for all of North America. 2) Use contemporary modeling techniques, such as observing system simulation experiments, ensemble forecasting, and model adjoint-derived sensitivities, to delineate measurement requirements for each specific forecasting problem and identify candidate observing systems and data assimilation techniques that could be brought to bear on each problem. 3) Estimate the incremental forecast improvements that could plausibly result from the added or reconfigured data and the societal benefits that would accrue from such improvements. 4) Estimate the overall cost (to the nation, not to specific federal agencies) of obtaining the data by the various candidate techniques and the benefits that are projected to result. 5) Use standard cost-benefit analysis as a basis for deciding the optimal deployment of measuring systems. The authors believe that a rational approach to atmospheric measurement is critical to further improvements in weather prediction and that such improvements might very well be made within the current budget of routine observations, integrated across all of the responsible federal agencies. This document outlines a proposed strategy for rationalizing atmosphere observations in aid of weather prediction in the United States. The paper begins with a summary of recommendations. C1 MIT, Ctr Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Penn State Univ, State Coll, PA 16804 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. USN, Res Labs, Monterey, CA USA. SUNY Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. RP Emanuel, K (reprint author), MIT, Ctr Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; OI Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 12 BP 2859 EP 2868 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YZ885 UT WOS:000072304100009 ER PT J AU Peterson, TC Griffiths, JF AF Peterson, TC Griffiths, JF TI Historical African data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Peterson, TC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 12 BP 2869 EP 2872 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YZ885 UT WOS:000072304100010 ER PT J AU Hamilton, K Hemler, RS AF Hamilton, K Hemler, RS TI Appearance of a supertyphoon in a global climate model simulation SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Letter ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL CYCLONES; HURRICANES; INTENSITY C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Hamilton, K (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 12 BP 2874 EP 2876 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YZ885 UT WOS:000072304100013 ER PT J AU Murphy, ML Koski, KV Lorenz, JM Thedinga, JF AF Murphy, ML Koski, KV Lorenz, JM Thedinga, JF TI Downstream migrations of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in a glacial transboundary river SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SOCKEYE-SALMON; TAKU RIVER; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COHO SALMON; ALASKA; HABITAT; SALAR; KISUTCH; PARR AB Migrations of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the glacial Taku River (seventh order) were studied to assess movement from upriver spawning areas (in British Columbia) into lower-river rearing areas (in Alaska). Differences between fyke-net catches in the river and seine catches in the river's estuary indicated that many downstream migrants remained in the lower river instead of migrating to sea. In particular, age-0 coho salmon (O. kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) moved downriver from May to November but were not caught in the estuary. Age-0 sockeye salmon (O. nerka), coho presmolts, and other groups delayed entry into the estuary after moving downriver. We tagged groups of juvenile coho (ages 0-2) from the fyke net with coded-wire to determine when they left the river. One-third of all tags recovered from sport and commercial fisheries occurred 2-3 years later, showing that many coho remained in fresh water for 1-2 years after moving to the lower river. Lower-river areas of large glacial rivers like the Taku River can provide essential rearing habitat for juvenile salmon spawned upriver and are important to consider in integrated whole-river management of transboundary rivers. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Cr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Murphy, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Cr, Auke Bay Lab, 11 305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 12 BP 2837 EP 2846 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-12-2837 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZC037 UT WOS:000072533200013 ER PT J AU Spencer, PD Collie, JS AF Spencer, PD Collie, JS TI Effect of nonlinear predation rates on rebuilding the Georges Bank Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) stock SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISH STOCKS; RECRUITMENT; FLUCTUATIONS; FISHERIES; DYNAMICS; MODEL; PREY AB The collapse of several northwest Atlantic groundfish stocks, including Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), necessitated new fishing regulations and generated interest in the role of predation on stock productivity. The sharp break between prolonged periods of high (pre-1965) and low (post-1965) haddock abundance suggests differing levels of stock productivity, consistent with a surplus production model incorporating a nonlinear predation rate (Steele and Henderson's (1984. Science (Washington, D.C.), 224: 985-987) model). This model and a Schaefer (1957. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 2: 245-285) model without a predation term were fit to haddock data to evaluate various rebuilding strategies with two performance measures: the sums of discounted yield and discounted revenue. Steele and Henderson's model provided plausible parameter estimates for the entire data set (1931-1993) whereas Schaefer's model provided plausible estimates only for years of low productivity (1976-1993). The presence of multiple equilibria in Steele and Henderson's model resulted in minor shifts of F, potentially producing large shifts in projected future biomass. For either model, levels of F that maximize either yield or revenue were lower than the recently adopted target level of F-0.1=0.24. Recent low production provides impetus for managers to consider a variety of plausible stock production models, and the uncertainty of production dynamics, in choosing rebuilding strategies. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Spencer, PD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Tiburon Lab, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 12 BP 2920 EP 2929 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-12-2920 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZC037 UT WOS:000072533200022 ER PT J AU Shearer, KD Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM AF Shearer, KD Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM TI Role of adiposity in food intake control of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE food intake control; adiposity; chinook; salmon; Oncorhynchus; insulin; IGF-1; nutrition ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; RAINBOW-TROUT; NEUROPEPTIDE REGULATION; NUTRITIONAL REGULATION; ENERGY-BALANCE; INSULIN; FISH; GAIRDNERI; HORMONE; MYKISS AB Experiments were conducted re, determine if adiposity affected feed intake in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with different nutritional histories. Fry were fed high-fat (23%) or low-fat (3%) diets at high (satiation) and low (one-half satiation) ration levels for 7 months before the start of the intake experiment. This pre-treatment produced fish averaging 22 g with 11.3% (high-fat diet) and 5.4%, (low-fat diet) body fat when fed to satiation or 11 g with 7.0% (high-fat diet) and 3.3% (low-fat diet) body fat when fed at one-half satiation. Experiment 1 had a 2 x 2 factorial design where duplicate groups of 20 fish from the high-ration groups (22 g) were fed high- (16%) or low- (4%) fat diets twice daily to satiation 6 days/wk for 3 weeks. Daily feed intake was recorded. The same protocol was used in experiment 2 on fish (40 fish per tank) from the smaller low-ration groups (11 g). Feed intakes on day 1, cumulative feed intakes after 21 days and plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were compared using two-way ANOVA with initial whole body fat and dietary fat as the independent variables. In both experiments, high body fat led to significantly lower feed intake on day 1 and after 21 days of feeding. High dietary fat levels caused greater intake on day 1, but by the end of the experiments, this effect was not significant, suggesting some adaptation to the diets. Insulin in plasma showed greater response to dietary fat (high-fat diets causing higher insulin levels), whereas IGF-1 responded more to body fat level (high body fat led to higher IGF-1 levels). Our results show that in both fast-and slow-growing juvenile chinook salmon, adiposity plays a role in regulation of feed intake and that adiposity appears to interact with IGF-1. Dietary fat levels had transient effects on intake, but plasma insulin levels consistently reflected the dietary fat levels. An important implication of our findings is that food intake, and possibly growth, could be retarded if a feeding regime results in high body fat levels. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, 355100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jsilver@u.washington.edu NR 41 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 118 IS 4 BP 1209 EP 1215 DI 10.1016/S0300-9629(97)86801-6 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA YN802 UT WOS:000071209300036 ER PT J AU Regli, WC Gaines, DM AF Regli, WC Gaines, DM TI A repository for design, process planning and assembly SO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN LA English DT Article DE solid modeling; CAD; feature recognition; feature-based manufacturing; manufacturing process planning; assembly planning AB This paper provides an introduction to the Design, Planning and Assembly Repository available through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The goal of the Repository is to provide a publically accessible collection of 2D and 3D CAD and solid models from industry problems. In this way, research and development efforts can obtain and share examples, focus on benchmarks, and identify areas of research need. The Repository is available through the World Wide Web at URL http://www.parts.nist.gov/parts. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Regli, WC (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Math & Comp Sci, 32nd & Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 27 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-4485 J9 COMPUT AIDED DESIGN JI Comput.-Aided Des. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 12 BP 895 EP 905 DI 10.1016/S0010-4485(97)00028-6 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA YZ222 UT WOS:000072232500009 ER PT J AU Oey, LY AF Oey, LY TI Eddy energetics in the Faroe-Shetland channel: a model resolution study SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; SIMULATION; CIRCULATION; MEANDERS; EDDIES AB Observation indicate that, perhaps as a result of intense shears produced by the topographic steering of the slope current and merging of the warm North Atlantic water with cold Nordic waters, the Faroe-Shetland Channel is a fertile ground for energetic eddies and meanders. How these meso-scale (similar to 10 km) features are resolved in a three-dimensional numerical model is studied here with grid-nesting, in which the convergence of the simulated energetics is examined as a function of grid sizes Delta = 10, 10/3, 10/5 and 10/7 km. Large-scale forcing to the fine-grid nest consists of steady slope-current transport (2 Sv) and north/south climatological density difference only. The mean fields were found to converge at Delta = 10/3 km, but the eddy fields required Delta = 2 km or less. At the finest grids, meso-scale features more in conformity with those observed were found: meanders with amplitudes of O(10 km) and along-slope propagation speeds of about 0.14 m s(-1), cross-channel vacillation of the slope current, with amplitude of about 10 km and periods of 5-10 days, and vertical excursions of isotherms of O(100 m). The meanders were highly ageostrophic (zeta/f>1, zeta = relative vorticity, f = Coriolis parameter), and developed as a result of conditions favorable to flow instability originated from south of the channel. When adequately resolved, the meander energetics are comparable to those produced by (large-scale) winds, which suggests that a high-resolution grid (Delta < 2 km) will be required for hindcast and forecast studies. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Oey, LY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Sayre Hall,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 15 BP 1929 EP 1944 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(97)00053-8 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZL087 UT WOS:000073397500006 ER PT J AU Hanley, HJM AF Hanley, HJM TI Structure of macromolecular systems under shear: application of neutron scattering SO CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID & INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; ANGLE; MICELLAR; FLOW; APPARATUS; PHASE; SIMULATIONS; POISEUILLE AB Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small angle X-ray and light scattering, are powerful techniques that can probe the structure of a fluid-like system containing macromolecular compounds. Structure in this context is the positional ordering or alignment of the fluid particles. Coupled with a shearing cell, SANS is especially useful to investigate fluids that are flowing or subjected to a shear: neutrons easily penetrate the cell, which can be robust and optically dirty. Much of the more recent work has concentrated on shear induced phenomena in macromolecular systems such as polymer blends and micellar solutions. New areas of research include reflectivity and apparatus development. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hanley, HJM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM hanley@central.bldrdoc.gov NR 69 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU CURRENT CHEMISTRY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON W1P 6LE, ENGLAND SN 1359-0294 J9 CURR OPIN COLLOID IN JI Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 2 IS 6 BP 635 EP 640 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YQ893 UT WOS:000071435000014 ER PT J AU Tirrell, M Levicky, R AF Tirrell, M Levicky, R TI End-tethered chain molecules at liquid interfaces SO CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID HYDROPHOBICALLY-MODIFIED POLYELECTROLYTES; BEARING POLYMER BRUSHES; SCALING DESCRIPTION; SOLID-SURFACES; LAYERS; ADSORPTION; COPOLYMERS; SHEAR; DYNAMICS; FORCES AB Polymeric chains attached by one end to an interface and immersed in a liquid environment provide a powerful tool for the modification of interfacial properties. Recent developments have advanced our understanding and control over interfacial polymer layers at the molecular level, with clear implications to tribological, biosensing and multicomponent systems design considerations. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tirrell, M (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM tirrell@maroon.tc.umn.edu; rastislav.levicky@nist.gov NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU CURRENT CHEMISTRY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON W1P 6LE, ENGLAND SN 1359-0286 J9 CURR OPIN SOLID ST M JI Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 2 IS 6 BP 668 EP 672 DI 10.1016/S1359-0286(97)80007-1 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA YR100 UT WOS:000071458300007 ER PT J AU Solow, AR Sherman, K AF Solow, AR Sherman, K TI Testing for stability in a predator-prey system SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE parametric bootstrap; predator-prey systems, stability; spectral radius; stability, statistical testing; unit root test; vector autoregressive process ID TIME-SERIES AB This report describes a test for stability in a predator-prey system. The test is based on a parametric bootstrap applied under a model in which the predator-prey dynamics are log-linear. The test is illustrated using two published data sets. Some simulation results are presented showing that the test performs reasonably well when the predator-prey dynamics are nonlinear at the logarithmic scale. C1 NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NARRAGANSETT,RI 02882. RP Solow, AR (reprint author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD DEC PY 1997 VL 78 IS 8 BP 2624 EP 2627 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YK726 UT WOS:A1997YK72600029 ER PT J AU Sogard, SM Olla, BL AF Sogard, SM Olla, BL TI The influence of hunger and predation risk on group cohesion in a pelagic fish, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE fish behavior; schooling; food deprivation; predator avoidance ID SHOAL SIZE; GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS; FOOD DISTRIBUTION; MARINE FISH; BEHAVIOR; MINNOWS; STICKLEBACKS; MECHANISMS; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB Variation in the intensity of schooling behavior in fishes suggests that the benefits of aggregation are balanced by certain costs. We examined the proximity of group members to each other in juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, under different environmental conditions. Food availability, simulated by a gradient of six ration treatments, had a major influence on group cohesion, with increasing dispersion as food level decreased. Group cohesion also decreased at night relative to daytime levels. Small juveniles ((x) over bar = 53 mm TL) maintained on high rations were highly responsive to the potential threat of a predator, with groups becoming more cohesive and remaining so for up to an hour after the initial threat. A chronic threat (continual presence of predators) resulted in tighter group cohesion than an acute threat (single simulated attack). Small juveniles maintained on low rations were less responsive to predation threats and recovered quickly, supporting the hypothesis that hunger induces risk-taking behavior. Large juveniles ((x) over bar = 149 mm TL) did not change their degree of aggregation in response to either type of predation threat. An overall plasticity in the degree of cohesiveness among group members indicates that walleye pollock are capable of gradually modifying their schooling behavior according to the environmental context. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sogard, SM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 38 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD DEC PY 1997 VL 50 IS 4 BP 405 EP 413 DI 10.1023/A:1007393307007 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YL654 UT WOS:000070978100007 ER PT J AU Fornstrom, CB Landrum, PF Weisskopf, CP LaPoint, TW AF Fornstrom, CB Landrum, PF Weisskopf, CP LaPoint, TW TI Effects of terbufos on juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Differential routes of exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aquatic toxicology; crayfish; terbufos; bioavailability; acetylcholinesterase ID ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; PESTICIDE; TOXICITY; INSECTICIDES; INHIBITION; ECOSYSTEMS; METABOLISM; PONDS AB During rain events, terbufos may be transported into aquatic ecosystems via agricultural runoff. Because crayfish are closely associated with sediment, they may be exposed to aqueous terbufos through the gills or by ingesting contaminated sediment, detritus, or plants. Bioavailability of terbufos in food and toxicity of terbufos to crayfish were examined by measuring mortality and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and by observing behavior. A 96-h aqueous exposure and a 12-h dietary exposure of juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, to terbufos produced median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 5.9 mu g/L (95% CI: 1.4, 8.1) and 4.4 mu g/g pellet (95% CI: 2.9, 6.7), respectively. Aberrant behavior, such as loss of motor control and equilibrium, was noted al concentrations almost 50% of the aqueous LC50 and 80% of the dietary LC50. As concentration increased, AChE activity decreased and mortality and aberrant behavior increased. I50s, the percentage of AChE inhibition at which 50% of the crayfish died, for aqueous and dietary exposures were 76.5% (95% CI: 67.4, 85.6) and 86.1% (95% CI: 78.1, 94.1) of control activity, respectively. Based on present study results, terbufos is available for uptake by crayfish through ingestion and causes detrimental effects at concentrations less than expected in agricultural runoff. C1 CLEMSON UNIV, DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL, PENDLETON, SC 29670 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL, PENDLETON, SC 29670 USA. GREAT LAKES ENVIRONM RES LAB, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV TRI CITIES, FOOD & ENVIRONM QUAL LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 12 BP 2514 EP 2520 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2514:EOTOJR>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YH377 UT WOS:A1997YH37700012 ER PT J AU Hanson, PJ AF Hanson, PJ TI Response of hepatic trace element concentrations in fish exposed to elemental and organic contaminants SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; WASTE-WATER CONTAMINATION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA BIGHT; WINTER FLOUNDER; LIVER; SEDIMENTS; METABOLISM; CHEMICALS; HYDROCARBONS; ESTUARINE AB Multivariate analysis of contaminant data from a multi-year monitoring program demonstrates alterations in the hepatic chemistry of metals in fish exposed to organic contaminants. Metals (Ag As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Zn) and organic chemicals (PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes, dieldrins, PAHs) were measured in liver and associated sediments for winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) from 23 sites along the northeast Atlantic coast and for Atlantic croaker (Micropogomias undulatus) from 30 sites along the southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. Concentrations of habitat contaminants varied from nil to levels signifying important anthropogenic inputs and thus provided a range in chronic exposures and related contaminant stress levels with which to investigate the response of hepatic chemistry in fish representative of viable populations. The data, analyzed by principal component, principal component regression, and biplot procedures, demonstrated an opposing relationship between micronutrient elements, principally Zn, and exposure to organic contaminants in winter flounder. This relationship was not present in Atlantic croaker that were resident in less contaminated habitats. Based on median concentrations in sediment, exposure of winter pounder to important organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDTs) exceeded that for Atlantic croaker by 7 to 50 times. Coincident with depletion of hepatic Zn and Cd in winter pounder was accumulation of Hg and Ag. My results, in agreement with those of others, implicate the negative effects of hepatic detoxification of organic contaminants on metal binding in liver, which can cause depletion of essential elements while contaminant and potentially toxic elements accumulate. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hanson, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 659 EP 676 DI 10.2307/1352242 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YN242 UT WOS:000071147300001 ER PT J AU Dickhoff, WW Beckman, BR Larsen, DA Duan, C Moriyama, S AF Dickhoff, WW Beckman, BR Larsen, DA Duan, C Moriyama, S TI The role of growth in endocrine regulation of salmon smoltification SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Fish Endocrinology CY MAY 27-31, 1996 CL HAKODATE, JAPAN DE growth; salmon; smoltification; insulin; insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I); growth hormone; thyroxine; photoperiod; temperature; nutrition ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FACTOR-I IMMUNOREACTIVITY; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; GILTHEAD SEA BREAM; TO-ADULT SURVIVAL; OSMOREGULATORY ACTIONS; SEAWATER ADAPTATION; HORMONE BINDING; MESSENGER-RNA; SPARUS-AURATA C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Kitasato Univ, Sch Fisheries Sci, Mol Endocrinol Lab, Sanriku, Iwate 02201, Japan. RP Dickhoff, WW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 56 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 4 U2 17 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 EI 1573-5168 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 17 IS 1-6 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.1023/A:1007710308765 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA YW858 UT WOS:000071981100029 ER PT J AU Kiselev, SB Rainwater, JC AF Kiselev, SB Rainwater, JC TI Extended law of corresponding states and thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures in and beyond the critical region SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Review DE ammonia; carbon dioxide; critical state; mixture; n-alkanes; vapor-liquid equilibria; water ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; FLUID MIXTURES; CRITICAL-POINT; SINGLE-COMPONENT; CRITICAL LOCUS; HIGH-PRESSURES; CROSSOVER; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS; EQUATION AB A parametric crossover equation of state for pure fluids which incorporates the scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into the regular classical expansion far away from the critical point is adapted to binary mixtures. An isomorphic generalization of the law of corresponding states is applied to the prediction of the thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of binary mixtures over a wide region around the locus of vapor-liquid critical points. Methane-ethane and methane-propane are used as reference mixtures, and model parameters for other mixtures are determined completely from excess critical compressibility factors. A comparison is made with the experimental data for twelve binary mixtures. The crossover equation yields a satisfactory representation of the thermodynamic property data in a large range of temperatures and densities. Results for the ammonia-water mixture are consistent with an independent classical correlation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kiselev, SB (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Oil & Gas, Prospect 63-2, Moscow 117917, Russia. NR 102 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 141 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(97)00207-0 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA YT884 UT WOS:000071655900009 ER PT J AU Moriyama, S Swanson, P Larsen, DA Miwa, S Kawauchi, H Dickhoff, WW AF Moriyama, S Swanson, P Larsen, DA Miwa, S Kawauchi, H Dickhoff, WW TI Salmon thyroid-stimulating hormone: Isolation, characterization, and development of a radioimmunoassay SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE COHO SALMON; PITUITARY THYROTROPIN; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; GTH-II; CELLULAR-DISTRIBUTIONS; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES; BETA-SUBUNIT; PURIFICATION; GONADOTROPINS AB Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was isolated by ethanol extraction of pituitary glands from mature coho salmon. Extraction was followed by gel-filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 superfine, anion-exchange chromatography on a Whatman DE-52 column, and finally by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fractions were monitored for TSH content by a homologous in vivo bioassay and by immunoblots using anti-human TSH beta-subunit antisera. In vivo treatment of coho salmon parr with coho salmon TSH caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma thyroxine level similar to that induced by bovine TSH. The N-terminal sequence (25 residues) of the salmon TSH beta subunit has 56% sequence identity to that of human TSH beta subunit and is identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of trout TSH beta subunit. The N-terminal sequence (25 residues) of the salmon TSH alpha subunit is identical to gonadotropin alpha-II subunit. Molecular sizes of the alpha and beta subunits are 18,000 and 24,000 daltons, respectively, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Antiserum generated against salmon TSH, which was preadsorbed with alpha subunit using an alpha-subunit affinity column, detected only salmon TSH beta subunit by immunoblot and specifically stained thyrotropin-producing cells of the pituitary gland. A homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed using purified salmon TSH standard, iodinated TSH beta subunit, and antiserum generated against salmon TSH. Cross-reactivities of GTH I, GTH II, GTH I beta and GTH II beta subunits, alpha subunit, growth hormone, prolactin, and somatolactin were less than 1%. Displacement curves for serial dilutions of plasma and pituitary extracts of various salmonid species, as well as coho salmon pituitary cell culture medium, were parallel to the coho salmon TSH standards. In contrast, plasma of hypophysectomized juvenile coho salmon and pituitary extracts of Pacific tomcod (Microgadus proximus) did not displace bound radiolabeled salmon TSH. Finally, in vivo injection of juvenile coho salmon with triiodothyronine decreased plasma TSH levels, whereas the goitrogen, methimazole, increased plasma TSH levels. Injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist did not alter plasma TSH. These data suggest that the RIA is specific for TSH and confirm a negative-feedback relationship between the thyroid hormones and TSH. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 KITASATO UNIV, SCH FISHERIES SCI, MOL ENDOCRINOL LAB, SANRIKU, IWATE 02201, JAPAN. UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH FISHERIES, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NATL RES INST AQUACULTURE, TAMAKI, MIE 51601, JAPAN. RP Moriyama, S (reprint author), NOAA, NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, 2725 MONTLAKE BLVD E, SEATTLE, WA 98112 USA. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 EI 1095-6840 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 108 IS 3 BP 457 EP 471 DI 10.1006/gcen.1997.7004 PG 15 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YL360 UT WOS:A1997YL36000013 PM 9405122 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RL Madronich, S Flocke, SJ Eisele, FL Frost, GJ Prevot, ASH AF Mauldin, RL Madronich, S Flocke, SJ Eisele, FL Frost, GJ Prevot, ASH TI New insights on OH: Measurements around and in clouds SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ACID; PHOTODISSOCIATION; CHEMISTRY; OZONE AB The first airborne measurements of OH performed in the lower free troposphere are presented. Measurements performed above clouds yielded large [OH], with values of 8-15 x 10(6) molecule cm(-3), compared with values of 3-5 x 10(6) molecule cm(-3) measured in cloud free regions. Measurements performed inside a cloud also yielded relatively high [OH], with values of 7.5 x 10(6) molecule cm(-3), yet a factor of 2 lower than 15 x 10(6) molecule cm(-3) measured just above the cloud. Steady state model calculations using Eppley scaled photolysis rates underestimate [OH] above clouds and overestimate [OH] inside clouds. Actinic fluxes of 2.5 times clear sky values (obtained from theoretical calculations) bring model values into agreement with those measured above clouds, while OH loss onto cloud droplets needs to be included for calculations inside clouds. C1 NOAA,ENVIRONM RES LABS,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303. PAUL SCHERRER INST,CH-5232 VILLIGEN,SWITZERLAND. RP Mauldin, RL (reprint author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA. RI Prevot, Andre/C-6677-2008; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Madronich, Sasha/D-3284-2015 OI Prevot, Andre/0000-0002-9243-8194; Madronich, Sasha/0000-0003-0983-1313 NR 18 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 23 BP 3033 EP 3036 DI 10.1029/97GL02983 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YJ981 UT WOS:A1997YJ98100022 ER PT J AU Randerson, JT Thompson, MV Conway, TJ Fung, IY Field, CB AF Randerson, JT Thompson, MV Conway, TJ Fung, IY Field, CB TI The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NDVI DATA SET; CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; BIOSPHERE EXCHANGE; VEGETATION INDEX; AIR-TEMPERATURE; TRANSPORT MODEL AB We characterized decadal changes in the amplitude and shape of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 with three kinds of analysis. First, we calculated the trends in the seasonal cycle of measured atmospheric CO2 at observation stations in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory network. Second, we assessed the impact of terrestrial ecosystems in various localities on the mean seasonal cycle of CO2 at observation stations using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach terrestrial biosphere model and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric tracer transport model, Third, we used the GISS tracer model to quantify the contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 for the period 1961-1990, specifically examining the effects of biomass burning, emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and regional increases in net primary production (NPP). Our analysis supports results from previous studies that indicate a significant positive increase in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of CO2 at Arctic and subarctic observation stations. For stations north of 55 degrees N the amplitude increased at a mean rate of 0.66% yr(-1) from 1981 to 1995. From the analysis of ecosystem impacts on the mean seasonal cycle we find that tundra, boreal forest, and other northern ecosystems are responsible for most of the seasonal variation in CO2 at stations north of 55 degrees N. The effects of tropical biomass burning on trends in the seasonal cycle are minimal at these stations, probably because of strong vertical convection in equatorial regions. From 1981 to 1990, fossil fuel emissions contributed a trend of 0.20% yr(-1) to the seasonal cycle amplitude at Mauna Loa and less than 0.10% yr(-1) at stations north of 55 degrees N. To match the observed amplitude increases at Arctic and subarctic stations with NPP increases, we find that north of 30 degrees N a 1.7 Pg C yr(-1) terrestrial sink would be required. In contrast, over regions south of 30 degrees N, even large NPP increases and accompanying terrestrial sinks would be insufficient to account for the increase in high-latitude amplitudes. C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NATL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER ADMIN, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO USA. NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA. UNIV VICTORIA, SCH EARTH & OCEAN SCI, VICTORIA, BC, CANADA. RP Randerson, JT (reprint author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, DEPT PLANT BIOL, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. NR 81 TC 284 Z9 284 U1 10 U2 62 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 535 EP 560 DI 10.1029/97GB02268 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YK118 UT WOS:A1997YK11800005 ER PT J AU Koljonen, ML Pella, JJ AF Koljonen, ML Pella, JJ TI The advantage of using smolt age with allozymes for assessing wild stock contributions to Atlantic salmon catches in the Baltic Sea SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES/NASCO Symposium on Interactions Between Salmon Culture and Wild Stocks of Atlantic Salmon - THe Scientific and Management Issues CY APR 18-22, 1997 CL BATH, ENGLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea, NASCO DE allozyme variation; stock mixtures; Salmo salar; smolt age ID IDENTIFICATION; FISHERIES AB Information about the occurrence and proportions of endangered wild Atlantic salmon stocks in Baltic Sea catches is invaluable to the fishery managers responsible for sustaining these populations. The usefulness of stock mixture analysis (SMA) from characters of sampled fish was evaluated by applying the method in an estimation of actual and simulated catch compositions. Samples for seven Variable genetic loci, expressed by allozymes, and smelt age from 17 stocks from Finland and Sweden which are potential contributors to the fishery were used with similar samples collected in 1993 from catches in a Finnish trapnet fishery along the east coast of the Bothnian Sea. Identified by their character similarities, three stock management units and their estimated catch contributions were: resident Neva stock (29%), wild baseline stocks (28%), and migratory hatchery stocks (43%). The contributions of the units varied during the fishing season. With allozyme data alone, the management units were not so distinctive. Nevertheless, three major wild stocks (Tornionjoki, Kalixalven, and Simojoki), which accounted for 68% of the total wild smelt production of the area, were similar in their allozymes and distinctive from the other stocks. The increase in reliability of wild stock composition estimates when smelt age was added to the allozyme loci was evaluated by simulation. Smelt age improved the precision of composition estimates for both the combined wild baseline stocks and their aforementioned subset comprising three major stocks; it controlled bias better for the combined wild baseline stocks than their subset. (C) 1997 International Council for the Exploration or the Sea. C1 Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Koljonen, ML (reprint author), Finnish Game & Fisheries Res Inst, POB 6, FIN-00721 Helsinki, Finland. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1015 EP 1030 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0310 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YT714 UT WOS:000071635600007 ER PT J AU Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP Schroder, SL Knudsen, CM Hard, JJ AF Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP Schroder, SL Knudsen, CM Hard, JJ TI Reproductive behavioral interactions between wild and captively reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES/NASCO Symposium on Interactions Between Salmon Culture and Wild Stocks of Atlantic Salmon - THe Scientific and Management Issues CY APR 18-22, 1997 CL BATH, ENGLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea, NASCO DE captive rearing; Pacific salmon; reproductive interactions; spawning ID MALE ATLANTIC SALMON; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; BREEDING COMPETITION; MATING SUCCESS; SALAR; SELECTION; HATCHERY; CHOICE; NERKA AB Captive rearing is an evolving strategy for restoring depleted salmon populations; it involves capturing wild juvenile salmon from natural streams; rearing them in captivity to adulthood, and then releasing them as adults back into their natal streams to spawn naturally. The conservation benefit of captive rearing is that it bypasses the typically high smolt-to-adult mortality experienced by wild populations, but its success as a restoration strategy depends upon the ability of captively reared salmon to spawn and reproduce in natural streams. In an experimental channel, wild males dominated captively reared males of similar size in 86% of spawning events. Both wild and captively reared females attacked captively reared males more frequently than wild males, indicating a preference for wild over captively reared males, although the interplay between male dominance and Female mate choice was unclear. Wild females established nesting territories earlier and constructed more nests per individual than captively reared females of similar size, suggesting a competitive advantage for wild females. Nevertheless, captively reared coho salmon demonstrated the full range of behaviors shown by wild coho salmon of both sexes and the ability to spawn naturally. (C) 1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Marine Expt Serv, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Berejikian, BA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Marine Expt Serv, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009 NR 36 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1040 EP 1050 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0293 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YT714 UT WOS:000071635600009 ER PT J AU Beamish, RJ Mahnken, C Neville, CM AF Beamish, RJ Mahnken, C Neville, CM TI Hatchery and wild production of Pacific salmon in relation to large-scale, natural shifts in the productivity of the marine environment SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ICES/NASCO Symposium on Interactions Between Salmon Culture and Wild Stocks of Atlantic Salmon - THe Scientific and Management Issues CY APR 18-22, 1997 CL BATH, ENGLAND SP Int Council Explorat Sea, NASCO DE climate change; hatcheries; Pacific salmon ID NORTH PACIFIC; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; CLIMATE; ONCORHYNCHUS; TRENDS; RIVER; OCEAN; SIZE; CALIFORNIA AB Pacific salmon have been fished extensively for at least a century and artificial production of Pacific salmon has been a management strategy to improve production for almost as long. Hatchery production is considered important because it is commonly believed that the carrying capacity for salmon in the ocean has remained more or less constant and is underutilized as a consequence of limited production of smelts in fresh water. Since the mid-1960s, there has been an increase in hatchery production, partly as a response to a desire to increase catch and partly because of improved hatchery techniques. Since the late 1970s there has been a dramatic increase in the total Pacific salmon catch. The increases in catch are now known to result from a large-scale shift in the productivity of the sub-arctic Pacific and management and enhancement actions. Environmental indices changed about 1989-1990 and may indicate that the productive regime of the 1980s has ended. This would imply that under natural conditions Pacific salmon abundance would decline. There are no clear indications of what to expect in the new regime, but it is apparent that the massive production of artificially reared Pacific salmon would not be necessary in a less productive regime. OF concern is the impact that the large numbers of artificially reared salmon will have on wild salmon stock levels. (C) 1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Marine Expt Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. RP Beamish, RJ (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biol Stn, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. NR 59 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 54 IS 6 BP 1200 EP 1215 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0305 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YT714 UT WOS:000071635600028 ER PT J AU Adams, VH Blackburn, DL Joshi, YK Berning, DW AF Adams, VH Blackburn, DL Joshi, YK Berning, DW TI Issues in validating package compact thermal models for natural convection cooled electronic systems SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY PART A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMITHERM XIII) CY JAN 28-30, 1997 CL AUSTIN, TEXAS SP IEEE, Components Pkg & Mfg Technol Soc, NIST DE conjugate-heat transfer; electronic-systems cooling; microelectronics packaging; natural convection; thermal model; validation ID MIRAGE-EFFECT MEASUREMENT; DIFFUSIVITY AB A methodology is proposed for the validation of compact thermal models of electronic packages which utilizes data and simulations obtained from a simple but realistic system containing the package. The test system used to demonstrate the methodology is the enclosure specified by the Electronic Industries Association JEDEC Subcommittee JC15.1. for thermal measurements in a natural convection environment. Simulations for a detailed model and several different compact models for a 88-pin plastic quad flat-package in the enclosure are in good agreement with experimental measurements of junction temperature, The study shows that the system must be well characterized, including accurate knowledge of circuit board thermal conductivity and accurate simulation of radiation heat transfer, to serve for validation purposes, For the package used ire this study, system level considerations can outweigh package level considerations for predicting junction temperature. Given that the system is accurately modeled, the JEDEC enclosure fan serve as a viable experimental validation tool for compact models. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Adams, VH (reprint author), Motorola Inc, Syst Interconnect Technol, Austin, TX 78732 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1070-9886 J9 IEEE T COMPON PACK A JI IEEE Trans Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. Part A PD DEC PY 1997 VL 20 IS 4 BP 420 EP 431 DI 10.1109/95.650931 PG 12 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA YQ711 UT WOS:000071415600006 ER PT J AU Booton, RC Ali, F Marks, RB AF Booton, RC Ali, F Marks, RB TI Special issue on 1997 International Microwave Symposium - Guest editors' overview SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Nokia Mobile Phones, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2164 EP 2165 PN 2 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA YM440 UT WOS:000071063700001 ER PT J AU Weil, CM Marks, RB Kanda, M AF Weil, CM Marks, RB Kanda, M TI The 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Microwave Week: "High frequencies in high places" SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Electromagnet Properties Mat Program, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weil, CM (reprint author), NIST, Electromagnet Properties Mat Program, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2167 EP 2171 DI 10.1109/TMTT.1997.643808 PN 2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA YM440 UT WOS:000071063700002 ER PT J AU Russell, DH AF Russell, DH TI The waveguide below-cutoff attenuation standard SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual IEEE MTT-Society International Microwave Symposium (IMS) at 1997 Microwave Week CY JUN 08-13, 1997 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP IEEE MTT Soc DE attenuators; calibration; high frequency; measurements; standards; uncertainty; waveguide standards AB A semitutorial review of the history, development, and application of waveguide below-cutoff (WBCO) attenuation standards is presented, A brief summary of the electromagnetic (EM) theory is followed by descriptions of the various designs implemented ol er a span of 60 years, Designs range from simplistic to elaborate electromechanical creations that stretch the toolmaker's art yet are ultimately dependent upon the primary standard of length. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Russell, DH (reprint author), 636 Fairfield Lane, Louisville, CO 80027 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2408 EP 2413 DI 10.1109/22.643852 PN 2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA YM440 UT WOS:000071063700033 ER PT J AU Engen, GF AF Engen, GF TI A (historical) review of the six-port measurement technique SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual IEEE MTT-Society International Microwave Symposium (IMS) at 1997 Microwave Week CY JUN 08-13, 1997 CL DENVER, CO SP IEEE MTT Soc DE automatic network analyzer; microwave measurements; microwave metrology; six-port; vector automatic network analyzer ID ONLINE ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; DUAL 6-PORT ANA; NETWORK ANALYZER; REFLECTOMETER AB The six-port measurement technique has found wide acceptance and has played a major role in microwave metrology, particularly in national standards laboratories, This paper reviews the development of this technology and includes some historical background. C1 Natl Bur Stand, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP 333 Sunrise Lane, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM glennengen@aol.com NR 14 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9480 EI 1557-9670 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2414 EP 2417 DI 10.1109/22.643853 PN 2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA YM440 UT WOS:000071063700034 ER PT J AU Witczak, SC Schrimpf, RD Fleetwood, DM Galloway, KF Lacoe, RC Mayer, DC Puhl, JM Pease, RL Suehle, JS AF Witczak, SC Schrimpf, RD Fleetwood, DM Galloway, KF Lacoe, RC Mayer, DC Puhl, JM Pease, RL Suehle, JS TI Hardness assurance testing of bipolar junction transistors at elevated irradiation temperatures SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Annual IEEE International Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC 97) CY JUL 21-25, 1997 CL SNOWMASS VILLAGE, COLORADO SP IEEE NPSS, Def Special Weapons Agcy, Sandia Nat Labs, Philips Lab, JPL, NASA, Goddard ID TOTAL-DOSE RESPONSE; LINEAR INTEGRATED-CIRCUITS; IONIZING-RADIATION; SPACE ENVIRONMENTS; GAIN DEGRADATION; MOS; ELECTRONICS; ISSUES; BJTS; ICS AB The effect of dose rate on radiation-induced current gain degradation was quantified for radiation-hardened poly-Si emitter npn bipolar transistors over the range of 0.005 to 294 rad(Si)/s. Degradation increases sharply with decreasing dose rate and saturates near 0.005 rad(Si)/s. The amount of degradation enhancement at low dose rates decreases monotonically with total dose. In addition, the effect of ambient temperature on radiation-induced gain degradation at 294 rad(Si)/s was investigated over the range of 25 to 240 degrees C. Degradation is enhanced with increasing temperature while simultaneously being moderated by in situ annealing, such that, for a given total dose, an optimum irradiation temperature for maximum degradation results. The optimum irradiation temperature decreases logarithmically with total dose and, for a given dose, is smaller than optimum temperatures reported previously for pnp devices. High dose rate irradiation at elevated temperatures is less effective at simulating low dose rate degradation for the npn transistor than for the pnp transistors. However, additional degradation of the npn device at elevated temperatures is easily obtained using overtest. Differences in the radiation responses of the device types are attributed to the relative effects of oxide trapped charge on gain degradation. High dose rate irradiation near 125 degrees C is found to be suitable for the hardness assurance testing of these devices provided a design margin of at least two is employed. C1 Aerospace Corp, Elect Technol Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1332, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RLP Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87122 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Witczak, SC (reprint author), Aerospace Corp, Elect Technol Ctr, POB 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009 USA. RI Schrimpf, Ronald/L-5549-2013 OI Schrimpf, Ronald/0000-0001-7419-2701 NR 49 TC 74 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 7 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1989 EP 2000 DI 10.1109/23.658978 PN 1 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA YM431 UT WOS:000071062800031 ER PT J AU Fischer, G Daly, JC Recksiek, CW Friedland, KD AF Fischer, G Daly, JC Recksiek, CW Friedland, KD TI A programmable temperature monitoring device for tagging small fish: A prototype chip development SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (1996 ISLPED) CY AUG 12-14, 1996 CL MONTEREY, CA SP IEEE, Solid State Circuits Council, IEEE, Circuits & Syst Soc, ACM SIGDA ID ATLANTIC SALMON; GROWTH AB This paper describes the design of an archival temperature monitoring tag to be used to collect habitat information of Atlantic salmon during the marine phase of the species' natural history. The monolithic circuit should not exceed an average power dissipation of 3.4 mu W, so that a small 3V, 30 mAh lithium battery will provide the device with the expected lifetime of 3 years. The thermal sensor is realized by a p-n-junction. The recorded junction voltages are digitized and stored in static RAM cells. The tag is programmed before deployment by an external computer via a serial interface, The device's temperature-monitoring protocol is defined at this stage, Upon retrieval of the tag, the stored temperature values will be transfered to a computer where the geographical location of the fish at the actual sampling time will be deduced through retrospective navigation based on known sea temperature distribution. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT FISHERIES ANIM & VET SCI,KINGSTON,RI 02881. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES SCI CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. RP Fischer, G (reprint author), UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGN,KINGSTON,RI 02881, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 1063-8210 J9 IEEE T VLSI SYST JI IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 BP 401 EP 407 DI 10.1109/92.645066 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA YJ319 UT WOS:A1997YJ31900007 ER PT J AU Vasconcellos, ECC Tachikawa, M Zink, LR Evenson, KM AF Vasconcellos, ECC Tachikawa, M Zink, LR Evenson, KM TI Far-infrared hydrazine laser pumped by an N2O laser SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES LA English DT Article DE N2H4; far-infrared laser; frequency measurement; N2O pump laser AB We have used an N2O laser to optically pump N2H4 molecules in a far-infrared cavity and observed 17 new laser lines in the wavelength range 93.0 to 374.2 mu m, the 136.8 mu m line pumped by 10P(16) being a doublet. We measured the frequencies of the laser lines by heterodyne mixing of the far-infrared radiation with radiation from two frequency-stabilized CO2 lasers. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, Dept Eletron Quant, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Meiji Univ, Dept Phys, Tama Ku, Kanagawa 214, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Vasconcellos, ECC (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, Dept Eletron Quant, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RI Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-9271 J9 INT J INFRARED MILLI JI Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves PD DEC PY 1997 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2295 EP 2299 DI 10.1007/BF02678389 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA YN407 UT WOS:000071165600002 ER PT J AU Zerbetto, SC Vasconcellos, ECC Zink, LR Evenson, KM AF Zerbetto, SC Vasconcellos, ECC Zink, LR Evenson, KM TI (CH2F2)-C-12 and (CH2F2)-C-13 far-infrared lasers: New lines and frequency measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES LA English DT Article DE far-infrared laser; difluoromethane; (CH2F2)-C-12; (CH2F2)-C-13; frequency measurement AB We report here the discovery of 13 new far-infrared laser lines from (CH2F2)-C-12 and seven new lines from (CH2F2)-C-13. Most Of the new lines were pumped by high-a lines of the 9R branch of a cw-CO2 laser. Wavelengths range from 97.6 to 616.18 mu m. Frequency, pump offset, relative polarization, and relative intensity were measured for most of the new lines. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, Dept Eletron Quant, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Zerbetto, SC (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, Dept Eletron Quant, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RI Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-9271 J9 INT J INFRARED MILLI JI Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves PD DEC PY 1997 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2301 EP 2306 DI 10.1007/BF02678390 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA YN407 UT WOS:000071165600003 ER PT J AU Kattner, UR AF Kattner, UR TI The thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent phase equilibria SO JOM-JOURNAL OF THE MINERALS METALS & MATERIALS SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID REGULAR SOLUTION MODEL; COMPUTER; DIAGRAMS; ALLOYS; DISSOLUTION; SYSTEM; OPTIMIZATION; DIFFUSION; CHEMSAGE AB Enormous progress has been made in the calculation of phase diagrams during the past 30 years. This progress will continue as model descriptions are improved and computational technology advances. Improvement has been made in the model descriptions in the CALPHAD method, the coupling of phase diagrams with kinetic process modeling, computer programs for easy access to phase diagram information, and the construction of databases used for calculating the phase diagrams of complex commercial alloys. RP Kattner, UR (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,BLDG 223,A153,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 69 TC 167 Z9 177 U1 5 U2 47 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 420 COMMONWEALTH DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-J MIN MET MAT S JI JOM-J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 49 IS 12 BP 14 EP 19 DI 10.1007/s11837-997-0024-5 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA YK491 UT WOS:A1997YK49100002 ER PT J AU Carter, WC Taylor, JE Cahn, JW AF Carter, WC Taylor, JE Cahn, JW TI Variational methods for microstructural-evolution theories SO JOM-JOURNAL OF THE MINERALS METALS & MATERIALS SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; ANISOTROPIC SURFACES; FACETED SURFACES AB Recent progress in variational methods helps to provide general principles for microstructural evolution. Especially when several processes are interacting, such general principles are useful to formulate dynamical equations and to specify rules for evolution processes. Variational methods provide new insight and apply even under conditions of nonlinearity, nondifferentiability, and extreme anisotropy. Central to them is the concept of gradient flow with respect to an inner product. This article shows, through examples, that both well-known kinetic equations and new triple junctions motions fit in this context. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855. RP Carter, WC (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,MSEL 223A256,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Carter, W/K-2406-2012 NR 16 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 18 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 420 COMMONWEALTH DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-J MIN MET MAT S JI JOM-J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 49 IS 12 BP 30 EP 36 DI 10.1007/s11837-997-0027-2 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA YK491 UT WOS:A1997YK49100005 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Sharov, VA Chen-Mayer, HH AF Mildner, DFR Sharov, VA Chen-Mayer, HH TI Neutron transmission through tapered channels SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; CAPILLARY OPTICS; GLASS-CAPILLARIES; LAUE DIFFRACTION; FOCUSING OPTICS; BEAMS; LENS; RESOLUTION; REFLECTION; MICROPROBE AB The transmission of neutrons through a tapered channel is analyzed and the relationships among various parameters such as the distance between reflections and the polar and grazing angles of a trajectory at each reflection are established, These relationships are used in a simulation to study the transmission characteristics of a cylindrical tapered channel, The transmission, the transmitted beam angular divergence and the number of reflections are determined for different values of the taper angle and the incident beam divergence. The simulation results for the straight channel agree exactly with the derived analytical expressions, Those for the tapered channels can be described using the same expressions but with a lower effective critical angle. This reduced critical angle depends on the length of the taper and on the taper angle. For long gentle tapers, the reduction in critical angle is equal to the reduction in channel diameter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Xray Opt Syst Inc, Albany, NY 12205 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 30 BP 932 EP 942 DI 10.1107/S0021889897003403 PN 6 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA ZA971 UT WOS:000072421300009 ER PT J AU Dwight, D Rao, MV Holland, OW Kelner, G Chi, PH Kretchmer, J Ghezzo, M AF Dwight, D Rao, MV Holland, OW Kelner, G Chi, PH Kretchmer, J Ghezzo, M TI Nitrogen and aluminum implantation in high resistivity silicon carbide SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SIC POWER DEVICES; N-JUNCTION DIODES; EPILAYERS AB In this article, the results on N and Al implantations into undoped high-resistance and vanadium doped semi-insulating bulk 6H-SiC are reported for the first time. The N implants were performed at 700 degrees C and the Al implants at 800 degrees C to create n- and p-type layers, respectively. For comparison, implants were performed into epitaxial layers at the above temperatures and, for N, also at room temperature. The implanted/annealed material was characterized by van der Pauw Hall, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and Rutherford backscattering (RES) measurements. After annealing, the room temperature N implantation gave similar electrical and RES results as the 700 degrees C implantation for a total implant dose of 8x10(14) cm(-2) which corresponds to a volume concentration of 2x10(19) cm(-3). The Al implant redistributed in the bulk crystals during annealing, resulting in a shoulder formation at the tail of the implant profile. Lower implant activation was obtained in V-doped material compared to the undoped bulk and epitaxial layers, but the results were promising enough to use implantation technology for making planar high frequency devices in the bulk V-doped substrates, especially as the quality of the substrates continue to improve. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. GE CO,CORP RES & DEV,SCHENECTADY,NY 12301. RP Dwight, D (reprint author), GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGN,FAIRFAX,VA 22030, USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 82 IS 11 BP 5327 EP 5333 DI 10.1063/1.366299 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YH590 UT WOS:A1997YH59000008 ER PT J AU Pauza, AJ Booij, WE Herrmann, K Moore, DF Blamire, MG Rudman, DA Vale, LR AF Pauza, AJ Booij, WE Herrmann, K Moore, DF Blamire, MG Rudman, DA Vale, LR TI Electron-beam damaged high-temperature superconductor Josephson junctions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-BOUNDARY JUNCTIONS; T-C; RADIATION-DAMAGE; MAGNETIC-FIELD; THIN-FILMS; IRRADIATION; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; OXYGEN; YBA2CU3O6+X; RESISTIVITY AB Results are presented on the fabrication and characterization of high critical temperature Josephson junctions in thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-delta produced by the process of focused electron-beam irradiation using 350 keV electrons. The junctions so produced have uniform spatial current densities, can be described in terms of the resistive shunted junction model, and their current densities can be tailored for a given operating temperature. The physical properties of the damaged barrier can be described as a superconducting material of either reduced or zero critical temperature (T-c), which has a length of similar to 15 nm. The T-c reduction is caused primarily by oxygen Frenkel defects in the Cu-O planes. The large beam currents used in the fabrication of the junctions mean that the extent of the barrier is limited by the incident electron-beam diameter, rather than by scattering within the film. The properties of the barrier can be calculated using a superconductor/ normal/superconductor (SNS) junction model with no boundary resistance. From the SNS model, we can predict the scaling of the critical current-resistance (IcRn) product and gain insight into the factors controlling the junction properties, T-c, and reproducibility. From the measured IcRn scaling data, we can predict the IcRn product of a junction at a given operating temperature with a given current density. IcRn products of similar to 2 mV can be achieved at 4.2 K. The reproducibility of several junctions in a number of samples can be characterized by the ratio of the maximum-to-minimum critical currents on the same substrate of less than 1.4. Stability over several months has been demonstrated at room and refrigerator temperatures (297 and 281 K) for junctions that have been initially over damaged and then annealed at temperatures similar to 380 K. Junctions manufactured using conventional lithography (0.5 mu m wide) and which are suitable for digital electronics (I-c = 500 mu A at 40 K) can achieve IcRn products of 650 mu V at 40 K. The production of 100 of these stabilized junctions could be accomplished in similar to 4h of irradiation time. The IcRn scaling also indicates that junctions suitable for high sensitivity superconducting quantum interference devices (I-c similar to 100 mu A) can be made with IcRn products of similar to 120 mu V at 77 K. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Pauza, AJ (reprint author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,IRC SUPERCONDUCT,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND. NR 56 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 82 IS 11 BP 5612 EP 5632 DI 10.1063/1.366422 PG 21 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YH590 UT WOS:A1997YH59000049 ER PT J AU Silva, TJ Kos, AB AF Silva, TJ Kos, AB TI Nonreciprocal differential detection method for scanning Kerr-effect microscopy (vol 81, pg 5015, 1997) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Correction, Addition ID THIN RP Silva, TJ (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV 814 05,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 82 IS 11 BP 5877 EP 5877 DI 10.1063/1.366406 PG 1 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YH590 UT WOS:A1997YH59000090 ER PT J AU Huffman, PA Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E AF Huffman, PA Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E TI Characteristics of peripheral blood cells from rainbow trout evaluated by particle counter, image analysis, and hemocytometric techniques SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEMATOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; FRESHWATER-FISH; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; SYSTEM AB Hematological assessments of peripheral blood cells from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were compared by using a hemocytometer, image analysis, and an electronic particle counter. Although statistical differences were noted, the diameters of white blood cells (WBCs) were comparable among the methods used, but lengths and widths of red blood cells (RBCs) were remarkably different among the three methods. Red blood cells were significantly smaller when the particle counter was used compared with sizes obtained by using the hemocytometer or image analysis. Counts of whole blood and isolated RBC concentrations were similar between the hemocytometer and the particle counter in the automatic calculation mode; yet they were significantly different with the manual calculation method, which used the raw data from the particle counter. White blood cell counts from peripheral whole blood could not be obtained with the particle counter; it converted all particle volumes into spherical equivalents and, thus, interpreted rainbow trout RBCs and WBCs to be similar in size, resulting in an inability to accurately count the number of WBCs in mixed-cell populations. In addition, a lysing agent, which is commonly used to count WBCs in mammalian peripheral blood, did not completely remove all RBCs from samples of trout peripheral whole blood because of the presence of nuclei within the fish RBCs. These results indicate that assessing fish hematological characteristics with the particle counter may have limitations. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Arkoosh, MR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 4 BP 239 EP 248 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0239:COPBCF>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA ZE328 UT WOS:000072781600001 ER PT J AU Ciesielski, PE Hartten, LM Johnson, RH AF Ciesielski, PE Hartten, LM Johnson, RH TI Impacts of merging profiler and rawinsonde winds on TOGA COARE analyses SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; VARIABILITY AB During the intensive observing period of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, a large number of collocated rawinsonde and profiler wind observations were taken at six Integrated Sounding System (ISS) sites and Biak, Indonesia. To mitigate limitations in the rawinsonde dataset due to missing and bad wind observations, a procedure was developed to combine profiler and sonde winds to produce an integrated, high-quality, upper-air sounding dataset. In addition to improving the overall quality of the winds, this procedure eliminates several data papa in the sonde dataset. For example, below 800 hPa the amount of bad and missing wind data is reduced from about 45% to 20% at the land-based ISS sires. This paper describes the procedure for combining sonde and profiler winds into a single, coherent merged dataset. Examining the Impact of this merger upon various atmospheric analyses, the authors find that inclusion of profiler winds results in some substantial changes in the analyses, particularly on daily to weekly timescales. To assess whether these changes are an improvement, budget-derived rainfall estimates from analyses with and without profiler winds are compared to Special Sensor Microwave/Imager satellite-based estimates. Overall, this comparison shows that inclusion of profiler winds into the sonde dataset has a beneficial impact upon the analyses. Information for accessing the merged datasets for the seven sites considered in this paper via the Internet is described. C1 UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Ciesielski, PE (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Hartten, Leslie/F-1970-2010 OI Hartten, Leslie/0000-0002-5620-6302 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1264 EP 1279 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1264:IOMPAR>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH198 UT WOS:A1997YH19800003 ER PT J AU Jordan, JR Lataitis, RJ Carter, DA AF Jordan, JR Lataitis, RJ Carter, DA TI Removing ground and intermittent clutter contamination from wind profiler signals using wavelet transforms SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER SPECTRA; VIBRATION AB New algorithms for removing ground and intermittent clutter contamination from wind profiler data are presented. The techniques use wavelet transforms to ''filter'' the contribution of clutter to the wind profiler signals. Examples of typical clutter contamination using simulated and actual signals are presented. The corresponding Doppler spectra before and after wavelet filtering are compared. The authors find that wavelet filtering can reduce the clutter-to-clear-air signal power by as much as 40 dB, even when the clutter and clear-air peaks cannot be resolved in the Doppler spectrum. The enhancement in clear-air signal detectability in the presence of clutter is due to the more efficient separation of clutter and clear-air energy in the wavelet domain. C1 NOAA,ERL,AERON LAB,US DEPT COMMERCE,BOULDER,CO 80303. RP Jordan, JR (reprint author), NOAA,ERL,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,US DEPT COMMERCE,325 BROADWAY,R-E-ET7,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 27 TC 41 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1280 EP 1297 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1280:RGAICC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH198 UT WOS:A1997YH19800004 ER PT J AU Ezer, T Mellor, GL AF Ezer, T Mellor, GL TI Data assimilation experiments in the Gulf Stream region: How useful are satellite-derived surface data for nowcasting the subsurface fields? SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-ANALYSIS SYSTEM; GEOSAT ALTIMETER DATA; OCEAN MODEL; CIRCULATION; INTERPOLATION AB Satellite-derived surface data have become an important source of information for Studies of the Gulf Stream system. The question of just how useful these datasets are for nowcasting the subsurface thermal fields, however remains to be fully explored. Three types of surface data-sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and Gulf Stream position (GSP)-are used here in a series of data assimilation experiments to test their usefulness when assimilated into a realistic primitive equation model. The U.S. Navy's analysis fields from the Optimal Thermal Interpolation System are used to simulate the surface data and to evaluate nowcast errors. Correlation factors between variations of the surface data and variations of the subsurface temperature are used to project the surface information into the deep ocean, using data and model error estimates and an optimal interpolation approach to blend model and observed fields. While assimilation of each surface data source shows some skill in nowcasting the subsurface fields (i.e., reducing errors compared to a control case without assimilation), SSH data reduce errors more effectively in middepths (around 500 m), and SST data reduce errors more effectively in the upper layers (above 100 m). Assimilation of GSP is effective in nowcasting the deep Gulf Stream, while the model dynamics produce eddies that are not included in the GSP analysis. An attempt to optimally combine SST and SSH data in the assimilation shows an improved skill at all depths compared to assimilation of each set of data separately. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,PROGRAM ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI,POB CN710,SAYRE HALL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA. OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 NR 34 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1379 EP 1391 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1379:DAEITG>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH198 UT WOS:A1997YH19800010 ER PT J AU Wurman, J Straka, J Rasmussen, E Randall, M Zahrai, A AF Wurman, J Straka, J Rasmussen, E Randall, M Zahrai, A TI Design and deployment of a portable, pencil-beam, pulsed, 3-cm Doppler radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPERCELL TORNADOES; NEW-MEXICO; THUNDERSTORM; SPECTRA; WINDS AB A portable, pencil-beam, pulsed, Doppler, 3-cm wavelength radar has been constructed to study a wide variety of meteorological phenomena including tornadoes, severe storms, and boundary layer processes. The new radar, the Doppler on Wheels (DOW), has full scanning capability, a real-time display and archiving, and is mounted on a truck for easy portability and full mobility. This portability allows the radar to be brought to within ii kilometer of rare meteorological phenomena. At this range, the pencil beam of the radar is very narrow, permitting significantly higher-resolution measurements (at 3-km range, 64 m x 64 m x 75 m) than are usually possible with stationary or airborne systems. The radar employs a new high-powered, PC-based, digital intermediate frequency (IF) data acquisition scheme called the PIRAQ. The radar has successfully collected data in several tornadoes and tornadic storms and has been used to detect dust devils and other boundary layer structures. The sensitivity and mobility of the radar permits two-dimensional traveling vertical wind profiles to be obtained, extending the applicability of traditional one-dimensional profilers. Other applications are possible, including avian and entomological studies, pseudo-dual-Doppler, and rainfall estimation following and rapidly scanning storms in conjunction with mobile win gauges. C1 NOAA,NATL SEVERE STORMS LAB,NORMAN,OK 73069. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,ATMOSPHER TECHNOL DIV,BOULDER,CO 80307. NATL WEATHER SERV,OPERAT SUPPORT FACIL,NORMAN,OK. RP Wurman, J (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,SCH METEOROL,NORMAN,OK 73019, USA. NR 36 TC 148 Z9 150 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1502 EP 1512 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1502:DADOAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH198 UT WOS:A1997YH19800019 ER PT J AU Votava, O Fair, JR Plusquellic, DF Riedle, E Nesbitt, DJ AF Votava, O Fair, JR Plusquellic, DF Riedle, E Nesbitt, DJ TI High resolution vibrational overtone studies of HOD and H2O with single mode, injection seeded ring optical parametric oscillators SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BETA-BARIUM BORATE; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; 1ST ABSORPTION-BAND; DIODE-LASER; PHOTODISSOCIATION DYNAMICS; FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; VECTOR CORRELATIONS; LITHIUM TRIBORATE; HYDROGEN-ATOMS; BOND FISSION AB Design, performance, and applications of a pulsed, single mode optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for studies of high resolution spectroscopy and photodissociation dynamics are presented, Single mode operation is achieved by resonantly seeding a four-minor OPO ring cavity With a tunable, continuous wave (cw) ring dye laser, providing continuous scanning capability at near Fourier transform limited resolution [Delta nu=160(20) MHz] with peak output energies greater than or equal to 10 mJ. The high spectral brightness of this OPO light source is sufficient to saturate Delta nu =3 stretching transitions in OH, NH, and CH vibrational manifolds, which makes feasible quantum state-selected multiple resonance spectroscopies at 0.005 cm(-1) resolution, The capability of this single mode OPO is explicitly demonstrated via ii) nu(OH)=3<--0 overtone spectroscopy of HOD, (ii) near-IX optical saturation studies of H2O in the /03(-)) overtone vibrational manifold, (iii) high resolution LIF Dopplerimetry of OH radicals, and (iv) IR/UV multiple resonance spectroscopy of Ar-H2O molecular clusters. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV COLORADO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP UNIV COLORADO, JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 68 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 107 IS 21 BP 8854 EP 8865 DI 10.1063/1.475177 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YJ464 UT WOS:A1997YJ46400013 ER PT J AU Magee, JW Haynes, WM Hiza, MJ AF Magee, JW Haynes, WM Hiza, MJ TI Isochoric (p,rho,T) measurements for five natural gas mixtures from T = (225 to 350) K at pressures to 35 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE density; high pressure; isochoric; mixtures; natural gas ID TEMPERATURE RELATION; 8 MPA; DENSITY; RANGE AB Measurements of the (p, rho, T) properties of five natural gas mixtures were carried out at temperatures from (225 to 350) K at pressures to 35 MPa using an isochoric gas expansion apparatus. Ten isochores have been determined for each mixture at densities ranging from 1 mol . dm(-3) to 16 mol . dm(-3). The gas samples were prepared gravimetrically from pure gases of verified research-grade purity. The uncertainty of the density measurements arises primarily from uncertainties involved in the determination of the experimental cell volume and of the amount of substance contained in the experimental volume. When all components of experimental uncertainty arising from random effects are considered, the expanded uncertainty (comprising 95 per cent confidence interval) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.044 per cent. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1439 EP 1454 DI 10.1006/jcht.1997.0259 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA YU366 UT WOS:000071709900006 ER PT J AU Goodwin, ARH Moldover, MR AF Goodwin, ARH Moldover, MR TI Phase border and density determinations in the critical region of (carbon dioxide plus ethane) determined from dielectric permittivity measurements SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE coaxial capacitor; carbon dioxide; density; dielectric constant; ethane; phase border reentrant cavity; relative permittivity ID HIGH-PRESSURE DEW; VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; BUBBLE POINTS; 35 MPA; MIXTURES; VAPOR; METHANE AB We have determined the (p, T, rho, x) phase boundaries in three mixtures of {(1 - x)CO2 + xC(2)H(6)) with x = (0.2516(6), 0.4924(5), and 0.7397(8)), in the vicinity of the critical locus from measurements of the relative dielectric permittivity epsilon(r). We combined accurate measurements of epsilon(r) with the Clausius-Mossotti relationship to determine the density. Measurements of epsilon(r) were made with two apparatuses: a reentrant cavity resonating at 375 MHz, and a coaxial cylindrical capacitor and bridge operating at a frequency of 1 kHz. The phase border was determined with uncertainties of approximately 0.5 per cent in density and 0.06 K in temperature, the latter corresponding to a fractional uncertainty of 1.2 . 10(-3) in pressure. The uncertainties in temperature and pressure resulted from the size of the temperature steps that were used; smaller values could be attained. The uncertainty in density resulted from uncertainty in the parameters relating the density to epsilon(r). (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goodwin, ARH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM agoodwin@uidaho.edu RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1481 EP 1494 DI 10.1006/jcht.1997.0257 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA YU366 UT WOS:000071709900009 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Paegle, JN Higgins, RW AF Mo, KC Paegle, JN Higgins, RW TI Atmospheric processes associated with summer floods and droughts in the central United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICAN DROUGHT; LOW-LEVEL JET; GREAT-PLAINS; NASA/DAO REANALYSES; MOISTURE BUDGET; SOIL-MOISTURE; PRECIPITATION; NCEP/NCAR; CIRCULATION; PERSISTENCE AB Persistent wet and dry events over the central United States are examined during summer. Composites. based on selected persistent wet and dry events reveal common atmospheric processes and circulation features, During summer, heavy precipitation in the central United States is accompanied by less precipitation to the south, in a band that extends from the tropical eastern Pacific through the Gulf of Mexico into the western Atlantic. Dry conditions also occur along the western coasts of Canada and Mexico during persistent wet episodes in the central United States. This rainfall pattern is supported by an inverse temperature-rainfall relationship over North America. During dry events, high pressure extends throughout a vertical column in a pattern that covers North America from 30 degrees to 60 degrees N. In contrast, during wet events, the high pressure is confined to the eastern half of North America, with low pressure prevailing in the western half. Increased northward meridional winds are found between this cyclonic-anticyclonic dipole, leading to increased moisture nux from the Gulf of Mexico at low levels. A significant precursor to wet events is the enhancement of westerlies over the eastern Pacific and western North America from 30 degrees to 40 degrees N. Synoptic-scale eddies intensify prior to onset and accelerate this westerly flow as revealed by Eliassen-Palm Bur diagnostics. One pentad before onset, rainfall begins in Texas, and the low level jet (LLJ) in the Great Plains strengthens, The intensified LLJ transports moisture into the central United States and the moisture convergence downwind from the LW maintains rainfall. For dry events, heating occurs in the tropical eastern Pacific associated with the northward shift of the ITCZ roughly one pentad prior to onset, The prevailing easterly flow over subtropical portions of North America is not conducive to moisture transport into the United States, and without the support of moisture influx from the Gulf of Mexico, dry conditions prevail. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NSW,Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NSW,Climate Predict Ctr, 4700 Silver Spring Hill Rd,Stop 9910, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 40 TC 85 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 10 IS 12 BP 3028 EP 3046 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<3028:APAWSF>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YR813 UT WOS:000071532800004 ER PT J AU Harrison, DE Vecchi, GA AF Harrison, DE Vecchi, GA TI Westerly wind events in the tropical Pacific, 1986-95 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE EXPERIMENT; LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TOGA COARE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; DEEP CONVECTION; OCEAN; BURSTS; EPISODES AB Based on examination of 10 yr of 10-m winds and wind anomalies from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) analysis, definitions for westerly wind events (WWEs) of eight different types are proposed. The authors construct a composite for each type of event, show that a simple propagating Gaussian model satisfactorily describes the evolution of zonal wind anomaly for each type of event, and determine the scales of each composite event by fitting the model to each composite. The authors discuss the WWEs that occurred during the Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) intensive observing period (IOP) and show the extent to which these composite events are able to reproduce the major westerly wind features of the IOP. The frequency of occurrence of each type of WWE for each year of this record and by calendar month are described; the authors find several types of events are negatively correlated with the annual mean troup Southern Oscillation index (SOI), and that the stronger WWEs often have a statistically significant seasonality. Several instances of widespread westerly wind anomaly are identified and described, but these "mega"-WWEs have few features in common. Although the authors' composites underestimate the peak amplitude of many WWEs and cannot always accurately represent the time evolution of each WWE, the authors believe that they offer a useful framework for representing the sort of westerly wind variability that occurs in the western and central tropical Pacific and can provide a basis for further study of the importance of such winds in the climatological and interannual variability of this part of the World Ocean. C1 NOAA, PMEL, OCRD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Hayes Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Harrison, DE (reprint author), NOAA, PMEL, OCRD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; NR 49 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 10 IS 12 BP 3131 EP 3156 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<3131:WWEITT>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YR813 UT WOS:000071532800010 ER PT J AU Bailey, KM Stabeno, PJ Powers, DA AF Bailey, KM Stabeno, PJ Powers, DA TI The role of larval retention and transport features in mortality and potential gene flow of walleye pollock SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fisheries-Society-of-the-British-Isles Annual Symposium on Ichthyoplankton Ecology CY JUL 08-11, 1997 CL GALWAY, IRELAND SP Fisheries Soc Brit Isles DE larval transport; genetic structure; Gulf of Alaska; Bering Sea; eddy retention ID THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SHELIKOF STRAIT; BERING SEA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE; WESTERN GULF; ALASKA; MICROSATELLITES; POPULATIONS; FISHES AB This paper reviews the physical oceanography in the range of walleye pollock that influences transport and mortality of eggs and larvae, and summarizes the current status of stock structure studies of pollock. A synthesis is presented that links the genetic stock structure and the potential for gene how due to transport. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma consistently spawn in several locations, with the major deposition of planktonic eggs in Shelikof Strait in the Gulf of Alaska and in the eastern Bering Sea, near Unimak Pass. In the Gulf of Alaska, eddies are common features where pollock larvae tend to be concentrated; eddies in the region of Shelikof Strait retain larvae in the region, where they are protected from transport offshore in the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC). The ACC is vigorous in Shelikof Strait (20-50 cm s(-1)), but in the downstream region along the Alaska Peninsula it hows over the continental shelf and is more sluggish (10 cm s(-1)). There is equivocal information on the condition and mortality of larvae inside and outside eddies; there may be seasonal and interannual differences in the direct role of eddies on larval mortality. In some years with extremely high storm activity, resulting in a very energetic ACC, eddies are less prevalent and pollock larvae are swept offshore into the swift flowing Alaskan Stream (50-100 cm s(-1)). In the Alaskan Stream the nutritional condition and growth of larvae is poor, leading to high mortality. Satellite-tracked drifter trajectories indicate that Alaskan Stream water can enter the Bering Sea through deep Aleutian passes, the nearest (easternmost) being Amutka Pass. Larvae surviving in the Alaskan Stream and carried into the Bering Sea through Amutka Pass would find themselves in the Aleutian Basin, where feeding conditions are poor and where larval mortality has been high. Therefore, geographical barriers (such as the Alaska Peninsula and shallow sills at passes between the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea), retention features. and high mortality rates of vagrants are likely to impede gene flow due to larval drift between the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea. Recent findings using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of mtDNA variation, further supported by differences in nuclear DNA microsatellite loci, indicate distinct genetic stocks in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Within the Bering Sea, several geographically separate pollock spawning grounds result in larvae occupying a variety of basin, slope and shelf habitats. Larvae can be concentrated in eddies in slope waters, but on the eastern Bering Sea shelf eddies are uncommon and a persistent mean northwestward flow exists along the 100-m isobath. Thus, the potential for gene flow through larval drift is much higher. Genetically distinct stocks have not been identified in the eastern Bering Sea, although there is some evidence for their existence. (C) 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Bailey, KM (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98125 USA. EM kbailey@afsc.noaa.gov NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 51 SU A BP 135 EP 154 DI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb06097.x PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YQ996 UT WOS:000071446100008 ER PT J AU Coffey, HE AF Coffey, HE TI Geomagnetic and solar data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article RP Coffey, HE (reprint author), NOAA,WORLD DATA CTR A SOLAR TERR PHYS,BOULDER,CO 80302, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 102 IS A12 BP 27171 EP 27175 DI 10.1029/97JA03167 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YJ888 UT WOS:A1997YJ88800023 ER PT J AU OHare, PAG Tomaszkiewicz, I Seifert, J AF OHare, PAG Tomaszkiewicz, I Seifert, J TI The standard molar enthalpies of formation of alpha-Si3N4 and beta-Si3N4 by combustion calorimetry in fluorine, and the enthalpy of the alpha-to-beta transition at the temperature 298.15 K SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The standard molar enthalpies of formation Delta(f)H(m) degrees of alpha-Si3N4 and beta-Si3N4 have been determined by fluorine combustion calorimetry: Delta(f)H(m) degrees (Si3N4, cr, alpha, 298.15 K) = -(828.9 +/- 3.4) kJ.mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(m) degrees (Si3N4, cr, beta, 298.15 K) = -(827.8 +/- 2.5) kJ.mol(-1). These results indicate that the enthalpy of the alpha-to-beta transition, approximately (1 +/- 4) kJ.mol(-1), is negligible within experimental uncertainty. C1 POLISH ACAD SCI,INST PHYS CHEM,WARSAW,POLAND. MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,PULVERMET LAB,D-70569 STUTTGART,GERMANY. RP OHare, PAG (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,CHEM & PHYS PROPERTIES DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 12 BP 3203 EP 3205 DI 10.1557/JMR.1997.0417 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA YJ238 UT WOS:A1997YJ23800002 ER PT J AU Tea, NH Milanovic, V Zincke, CA Suehle, JS Gaitan, M Zaghloul, ME Geist, J AF Tea, NH Milanovic, V Zincke, CA Suehle, JS Gaitan, M Zaghloul, ME Geist, J TI Hybrid postprocessing etching for CMOS-compatible MEMS SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE CMOS microwave elements; isotropic and anisotropic silicon etching; maskless etching; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS); micromachining; suspended transmission lines ID SILICON; DEPENDENCE; TMAH AB A major limitation in the fabrication of microstructures as a postCMOS (complimentary metal oxide semi-conductor) process has been overcome by the development of a hybrid processing technique, which combines both an isotropic and anisotropic etch step. Using this hybrid technique, microelectromechanical structures with sizes ranging from 0.05 to similar to 1 mm in width and up to 6 mm in length were fabricated in CMOS technology, The mechanical robustness of the microstructures determines the limit on their dimensions, Examples of an application of this hybrid technique to produce microwave coplanar transmission lines are presented, The performance of the micromachined microwave coplanar waveguides meets the design specifications of low loss, high phase velocity, and 50-Ohm characteristic impedance, Various commonly used etchants were investigated for topside maskless postmicromachining of [100] silicon wafers to obtain the microstructures, The isotropic etchant used is gas-phase xenon difluoride (XeF2), while the wet anisotropic etchants are either ethylenediamine-pyrocatechol (EDP) or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), The advantages and disadvantages of these etchants with respect to selectivity, reproducibility, handling, and process compatibility are also described. C1 NIST,DIV SEMICOND ELECT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20052. OPT ETC,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35801. RP Tea, NH (reprint author), GE CO,MED SYST,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201, USA. RI Geist, Jon/D-5386-2013 NR 22 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 15 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 363 EP 372 DI 10.1109/84.650134 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA YJ988 UT WOS:A1997YJ98800011 ER PT J AU Wollman, DA Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Dulcie, LL Newbury, DE Martinis, JM AF Wollman, DA Irwin, KD Hilton, GC Dulcie, LL Newbury, DE Martinis, JM TI High-resolution, energy-dispersive microcalorimeter spectrometer for X-ray microanalysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE count rate; EDS; energy-dispersive detector; high energy resolution; microcalorimeter spectrometer; microcalorimeter; particle identification; polycapillary X-ray optics; solid angle; TES microcalorimeter; WDS; X-ray microanalysis; X-ray microcalorimeter; X-ray spectroscopy ID ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; DETECTORS; SPECTROSCOPY; WIDTHS AB We have developed a prototype ii-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer with high energy resolution for use in ii-ray microanalysis. The microcalorimeter spectrometer system consists of a superconducting transition-edge sensor X-ray microcalorimeter cooled to an operating temperature near 100 mK by a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, a superconducting quantum interference device current amplifier followed by pulse-shaping amplifiers and pileup rejection circuitry, and a multichannel analyser with computer interface for the real-time acquisition of X-ray spectra. With the spectrometer mounted on a scanning electron microscope, we have achieved an instrument response energy resolution of better than 10 eV full width at half-maximum (FWHM) over a broad energy range at real-time output count rates up to 150 s(-1). Careful analysis of digitized X-ray pulses yields an instrument-response energy resolution of 7.2 +/- 0.4 eV FWHM at 5.89 keV for Mn K alpha(1,2) X-rays from a radioactive Fe-55 source, the best reported energy resolution for any energy-dispersive detector. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wollman, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 40 TC 174 Z9 176 U1 1 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 188 BP 196 EP 223 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1997.2670824.x PN 3 PG 28 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA YQ336 UT WOS:000071375100002 ER PT J AU D'Cunha, R Job, VA Rajappan, G Devi, VM Lafferty, WJ Weber, A AF D'Cunha, R Job, VA Rajappan, G Devi, VM Lafferty, WJ Weber, A TI The high-resolution infrared spectrum of the nu(1)/2(nu)(2) Fermi dyad bands of COF2 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID CARBONYL FLUORIDE; V6 BAND; FREQUENCIES; PARAMETERS AB High-resolution FTIR data of carbonyl fluoride in the region of the C-O stretch vl fundamental have been analyzed. Satisfactory interpretation of the spectral data required a rigorous analysis that involved the inclusion of Fermi resonance with the 2 nu(2) state and Coriolis interaction with the 2 nu(3) + nu(6) dark state. Deperturbed molecular constants for the three interacting states as well as perturbation parameters that fit the data within the limits of the experimental accuracy of similar to 0.00035 cm(-1) have been obtained. Interesting evidence of "axis interchange" in the 2 nu(2) state has been observed. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Div Spect, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India. Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP D'Cunha, R (reprint author), Bhabha Atom Res Ctr, Div Spect, Bombay 400085, Maharashtra, India. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 186 IS 2 BP 363 EP 373 DI 10.1006/jmsp.1997.7439 PG 11 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA YV239 UT WOS:000071803300016 ER PT J AU Tomazic, BB Chow, LC Carey, CM Shapiro, AJ AF Tomazic, BB Chow, LC Carey, CM Shapiro, AJ TI An in vitro diffusion model for the study of calcification of bovine pericardium tissue SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OCTACALCIUM PHOSPHATE; SOLUBILITY AB Bovine pericardium (BP) is extensively used for the production of heart valve bioprostheses, BP has excellent mechanical properties but a limited lifespan because of intrinsic subsurface calcification in vivo. in this study, the in vitro mineralization of BP was investigated by a novel diffusion cell model. In two sets of experiments, glutaraldehyde-treated BP membranes were placed between two compartments, both of which contained calcium phosphate solutions made by equilibration of octacalcium phosphate (Exp I) or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Exp II) in phosphoric acid. The movement of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and protons through the BP membrane was followed throughout the diffusion process. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, wet chemical analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses provided good evidence of subsurface mineralization of BP that resembled in vivo mineral deposition. Energy dispersive x-ray microanalyses found a Ca/P heterogeneity of the early subsurface mineral that formed in the membrane. The use of a diffusion cell to model BP calcification under well-characterized conditions has led to in vitro mineralization that more closely matches that observed in vive. The results suggest that this in vitro difiusion model can be used to study the mechanism of pathological mineralization. This model has the potential to provide rapid, inexpensive, basic information about the mineralization process. C1 NIST,DIV MET,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL30035]; NIDCR NIH HHS [DE10851] NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHARMACEUTICAL ASSN PI WASHINGTON PA 2215 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20037 SN 0022-3549 J9 J PHARM SCI JI J. Pharm. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 86 IS 12 BP 1432 EP 1438 DI 10.1021/js970049b PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA YL205 UT WOS:A1997YL20500021 PM 9423159 ER PT J AU Rothschild, BJ Sharov, AF Kearsley, AJ Bondarenko, AS AF Rothschild, BJ Sharov, AF Kearsley, AJ Bondarenko, AS TI Estimating growth and mortality in stage-structured populations SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MODEL; RECRUITMENT; SURVIVAL; DYNAMICS AB This paper presents a practical numerical method for separating and estimating growth and mortality coefficients in stage-or size-structured populations using only observations of the relative or absolute abundance of each stage. The method involves writing a system of linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) modelling the rate of change of abundance. The solution of the differential system can be numerically approximated using standard (e.g. sixth-order Runge-Kutta-Felhberg) methods. An optimization problem whose solutions yield 'optimal' coefficients for a given model is formulated. The ODE numerical integration technique can then be employed to furnish required function and gradient information to the optimization algorithm. The data-fitting software package ODRPACK is then successfully employed to estimate optimal coefficients for the ODE population model. Simulation experiments with four-and eight-stage model populations illustrate that the method results in the successful estimation of coefficients of mortality and growth from abundance data. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Math, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. RP Rothschild, BJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1913 EP 1928 DI 10.1093/plankt/19.12.1913 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YT705 UT WOS:000071634800007 ER PT J AU Prosa, TJ Bauer, BJ Amis, EJ Tomalia, DA Scherrenberg, R AF Prosa, TJ Bauer, BJ Amis, EJ Tomalia, DA Scherrenberg, R TI A SAXS study of the internal structure of dendritic polymer systems SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE small-angle x-ray scattering; dendrimer; hyperbranched; electron density modeling; radius of gyration ID STARBURST DENDRIMERS; MACROMOLECULES; SCATTERING; DYNAMICS; SHAPE AB Small-angle x-ray scattering was used to characterize the single-particle scattering factors produced by poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, poly(propleneimine) dendrimers, and polyol hyperbranched polymers in dilute solutions with methanol as solvent. Fits from electron density modeling reveal similar overall densities of the dendrimers as a function of dendrimer generation. The seventh through tenth generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimers exhibit higher order scattering features that require nearly monodisperse, spherical particles with essentially uniform internal segment densities. Dilute hyperbranched polymer solutions exhibit scattering more indicative of the inherent irregularity of internal segment densities and overall sizes to be expected within these systems. Radii of gyration estimated from electron density modeling agree reasonably well with those estimated by standard Guinier methods used in previous studies. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 MICHIGAN MOL INST,MIDLAND,MI 48640. DSM RES BV,NL-6160 MD GELEEN,NETHERLANDS. RP Prosa, TJ (reprint author), NIST,BLDG 224,ROOM A209,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 37 TC 216 Z9 219 U1 5 U2 55 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 17 BP 2913 EP 2924 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199712)35:17<2913::AID-POLB14>3.0.CO;2-A PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YJ052 UT WOS:A1997YJ05200014 ER PT J AU Li, S Migler, KB Hobbie, EK Kramer, H Han, CC Amis, EJ AF Li, S Migler, KB Hobbie, EK Kramer, H Han, CC Amis, EJ TI Light-scattering photometer with optical microscope for the in-line study of polymer extrusion SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE polymer blend; extrusion; light scattering; optical microscopy ID PHASE DISTRIBUTION MORPHOLOGY; RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS; ORIENTATION DEVELOPMENT; INCOMPATIBLE POLYMERS; UNIFORM SHEAR; BLENDS; MIXTURES; MELTS; FIBRILLATION; BEHAVIOR AB A light-scattering photometer with optical microscope for in-line studies during polymer processing is described. The instrument utilizes a commercial twin-screw extruding device that feeds molten polymer into a narrow slit die equipped with sapphire optical windows. The flow rate through the die is controlled via the feed rate, screw rate, and a by-pass valve. The optics for light scattering and microscopy can be switched back and forth via simple translation of a rail-mounted optical platform without realignment, allowing efficient in situ morphological studies in both real and reciprocal space. Extruded polystyrene/polyethylene blends and melts are used to demonstrate the performance and versatility of the instrument. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP Li, S (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV POLYMERS,BLDG 224,ROOM B210,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 35 IS 17 BP 2935 EP 2943 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YJ052 UT WOS:A1997YJ05200016 ER PT J AU Niaura, G Gaigalas, AK Vilker, VL AF Niaura, G Gaigalas, AK Vilker, VL TI Moving spectroelectrochemical cell for surface Raman spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID CYTOCHROME-C; ELECTRODES; SILVER AB The construction of a moving spectroelectrochemical cell for surface Raman spectroscopy is described, Spectral distortions due to the photodegradation of the surface-bound species are reduced significantly, permitting the use of a higher incident laser power to enhance the Raman signal. The performance of the cell is demonstrated with the surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectra from the protein cytochrome P450(cam) (CYP101) adsorbed on a silver electrode. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIST,DIV BIOTECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 16 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0377-0486 J9 J RAMAN SPECTROSC JI J. Raman Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 12 BP 1009 EP 1011 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199712)28:12<1009::AID-JRS196>3.0.CO;2-G PG 3 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA YK698 UT WOS:A1997YK69800014 ER PT J AU Ray-Culp, M Davis, M Stoner, AW AF Ray-Culp, M Davis, M Stoner, AW TI The micropredators of settling and newly settled queen conch (Strombus gigas Linnaeus) SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE benthos; crustacean; fish; gastropod; polychaete; predation ID PREDATION; GASTROPOD; COMMUNITY; RECRUITMENT; ABUNDANCE; BEHAVIOR; PATTERNS; CRABS AB Minute settlers to soft-bottom marine communities are potentially vulnerable to a variety of micropredators. Although these micropredators shape the postsettlement community structure of their benthic prey, they are not often well identified. In the laboratory, we tested species from 10 families of polychaetes, 8 families of crustaeans, 4 families of mollusks, and 2 families of fishes for their ability to kill newly settled queen conch (Strombus gigas Linnaeus). This species is a commercially important Caribbean gastropod that produces pelagic larvae that settle onto the benthos at similar to 1 mm shell length. All micropredators were collected from conch nursery areas. Conch kills were made by calappid, portunid, majid, and hermit crabs; alpheid and palaemonid shrimps; panulirid lobsters; file fish; and five families of polychaete worms (glycerids, nereids, sigalionids, spionids, and syllids). Species from five families of polychaete worms (dorvilleids, glycerids, lumbrinerids, nereids, and phyllodocids) also killed competent conch veligers. All of the species that killed conch veligers, and most of those that killed newly settled conch, had not been documented as conch micropredators before this study, and they probably have a significant effect on recruitment. Given the relatively high densities known for some micropredator species living in queen conch nursery areas, the effects of predation-induced mortality on the very earliest life stages are an important consideration in studies of queen conch population dynamics. C1 Caribbean Marine Res Ctr, Vero Beach, FL 32963 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Ray-Culp, M (reprint author), Caribbean Marine Res Ctr, 805 E 46th Pl, Vero Beach, FL 32963 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 423 EP 428 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YV647 UT WOS:000071848700009 ER PT J AU Bushek, D Allen, SK Alcox, KA Gustafson, RG Ford, SE AF Bushek, D Allen, SK Alcox, KA Gustafson, RG Ford, SE TI Response of Crassostrea virginica to in vitro cultured Perkinsus marinus: Preliminary comparisons of three inoculation methods SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oyster; Perkinsus; disease; in vitro culture; dosing method ID EASTERN OYSTER; PATHOGEN; APICOMPLEXA; INFECTIVITY; GMELIN AB The recent development of in vitro culture methods for the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen & Collier) provides a bountiful supply of axenic parasites for biological investigation. Understanding how this parasite interacts with its host, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), is of paramount importance. Here we report and discuss the results of several preliminary experiments on the response of C. virginica to in vitro-cultured P. marinus and the early fate of these cultured cells. In three separate experiments, doses of 10(2)-10(7) parasites per oyster of in vitro-cultured parasites were used to challenge healthy oysters (mean wet tissue weight = 13.8 g) via feeding, shell cavity injection, or adductor muscle injection. After 7 wk, no oysters from the feeding trial were infected. Most oysters in the shell cavity and adductor muscle injection trials had detectable infections, but variability was high. Mean infection intensity increased with dosage, but the effect of dosage was not significant in all trials, probably because of low sample size. The cultured parasites produced infection intensities that appeared to be markedly lower than those reported for natural cells under similar experimental dosing conditions. Sixty-two percent of shell cavity and adductor muscle injections, excluding controls, produced infections with fewer than 100 parasites per oyster, the lowest dosage used in this study. In another experiment, the early fate of cultured cells was investigated for each inoculation method by sampling rejecta over 4 days after dosing. On average, 4% of fed cells, 7% of cells injected into the shell cavity, and 13% of cells injected into the adductor muscle were recovered. Eighty-two percent of discarded parasites, many in phagocytes; were found on Day 1 postinoculation. Oysters were sacrificed on Day 4 to determine total body parasite burdens. Regardless of delivery method, total recovery of parasites (discarded and total parasite burden) was low compared with the dose administered: 4% from feedings, 12% from shell cavity injections, and 21% from adductor muscle injection. Finally, transmission electron microscopy of hemocytes removed at 2, 6, and 18 h postinoculation appeared to indicate that hemocytes can digest in vitro-cultured parasites, possibly explaining the low recovery rates and indicating a mechanism for the apparently low pathogenicity of cultured P. marinus. C1 Univ S Carolina, Baruch Marine Field Lab, Georgetown, SC 29440 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, Port Norris, NJ 08349 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Bushek, D (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Baruch Marine Field Lab, POB 1630, Georgetown, SC 29440 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 479 EP 485 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YV647 UT WOS:000071848700016 ER PT J AU Gjetvaj, B Ball, RM Burbridge, S Bird, CJ Kenchington, E Zouros, E AF Gjetvaj, B Ball, RM Burbridge, S Bird, CJ Kenchington, E Zouros, E TI Amounts of polymorphism at microsatellite loci in the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; scallops; Placopecten magellanicus ID STEPWISE MUTATION MODEL; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; DISTRIBUTIONS; POPULATIONS AB Seven microsatellite DNA markers have been developed for the commercially important scallop Placopecten magelianicus. For four of these loci, the core sequence consists of tandemly repeated dinucleotides (GA). For the other three loci, the core consists of trinucleotide or tetranucleotide repeats with or without intervening sequences. An analysis of a full-sib family produced results compatible with Mendelian transmission and also produced evidence for linkage between two of the loci. A sample from a commercially harvested population produced results that varied markedly among loci. Most of these interlocus differences can be explained in terms of the repeat unit. The four loci with dinucleotide repeats produced comparable results with regard to the observed number of alleles, observed heterozygosities, and range and distribution of allele length. The three loci whose variation has a more complex basis differed from each other and from the other four loci in one or more of these aspects. Excess of homozygosity, however, appears to vary irrespective of core sequence. The large number of alleles and the ability to score larvae and juveniles make this set of markers a powerful instrument for the study of both natural and cultured populations of this species. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Marine Gene Probe Lab, Life Sci Ctr, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada. Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Molluscan Fisheries Sect, Sci Branch, Halifax, NS B3J 2S7, Canada. RP Gjetvaj, B (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Marine Gene Probe Lab, Life Sci Ctr, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI SOUTHAMPTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, NATURAL SCIENCE DIVISION, SOUTHAMPTON COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON, NY 11968 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 547 EP 553 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YV647 UT WOS:000071848700025 ER PT J AU Shang, EC Wang, YY Voronovich, AG AF Shang, EC Wang, YY Voronovich, AG TI Nonlinear tomographic inversion by using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin modal condition SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY; OCEAN AB In the horizontal refraction tomography (HRT) scheme [A. G. Voronovich and E. C. Shang, J. Acoust. Sec. Am. 98, 2708-2716 (1995)], the 3-D tomographic inversion is performed in two stages: (1) retrieving the modal wave numbers k(m)(x,y) in the horizontal plane, and (2) reconstructing the vertical sound-speed profile (SSP) at each node of the horizontal plane based on a set of retrieved modal wave numbers k(m)(x,y). Usually, a nonlinear approach must be considered for the 1-D vertical inversion of the second stage. In this paper, a nonlinear inversion method based on the WKB modal condition is proposed. Using the WKB modal condition has the following advantages: (a) it is efficient because the data k(m)(x,y) can be matched directly to the SSP without a model-based replica calculation; (b) it works even when just a few modes are available; and (c) the error of the inversion can be estimated analytically. Some results of the simulation to verify the concept are presented. (C) 1997 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(97)04512-8]. RP Shang, EC (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 102 IS 6 BP 3425 EP 3432 DI 10.1121/1.419584 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA YL015 UT WOS:A1997YL01500020 ER PT J AU Freiman, SW Onoda, GY AF Freiman, SW Onoda, GY TI Effect of alkali ions on the crystallization of 3BaO center dot 5SiO(2) glass SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB In this study we have investigated the effects of alkali additions on the spherulitic crystallization process in 3BaO . 5SiO(2) glass. Both Li+ and Na+ increased the growth rate of the spherulites and reduced the crystallization temperature from that in the base glass. Li+ and Na+ also reduced the temperature at which the microstructural transformation from spherulites to laths took place. Dielectric loss measurements suggest that the effect of the alkali additions on crystallization temperature is due to their concentration in grain boundaries, thereby lowering the viscosity of the remaining glass, and increasing mobility rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Freiman, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 80 IS 12 BP 3263 EP 3267 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA YN291 UT WOS:000071152200044 ER PT J AU Bunk, DM Welch, MJ AF Bunk, DM Welch, MJ TI Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the quantitation of albumin in human serum SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ASSISTED LASER-DESORPTION; NATIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM; PEPTIDES; QUANTIFICATION; CHOLESTEROL; CHEMISTRY; PROTEINS AB Capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography was coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for determining the concentration of human serum albumin (HSA) in a fresh frozen serum reference material. A biotinylated HSA (bHSA) was prepared and used as an internal standard for the serum albumin determination. The average HSA concentration of the serum sample was determined by mass spectrometry to be 41.5 +/- 2.8 g/L at the 95% confidence limit for the measured value. The HSA concentration of the fresh frozen serum was also assayed using the bromocresol green dye-binding method, producing a value of 42.3 +/- 1.5 g/L. Calibration curves generated from HSA standards spiked with bHSA showed excellent linearity and the relative standard deviation for replicate analysis of a bHSA spiked serum sample was less than 3%. RP Bunk, DM (reprint author), NIST,DIV ANALYT CHEM,222-B208,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 1044-0305 J9 J AM SOC MASS SPECTR JI J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 8 IS 12 BP 1247 EP 1254 DI 10.1016/S1044-0305(97)00185-2 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA YG420 UT WOS:A1997YG42000007 ER PT J AU Yarnal, B Johnson, DL Frakes, BJ Bowles, GI Pascale, P AF Yarnal, B Johnson, DL Frakes, BJ Bowles, GI Pascale, P TI The flood of '96 and its socioeconomic impacts in the Susquehanna River Basin SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE flood hydroclimatology; meteorology/climatology; socioeconomic impacts; vulnerability; climate change ID CLIMATE-CHANGE AB The meteorology, flood hydroclimatology, and socioeconomic impacts of the Flood of January 1996 in the Susquehanna River Basin are explored. The analysis explains how an unusual storm system brought high humidities, high temperatures, strong winds, and heavy rain to the basin. The rapid melt of the deep snowpack, combined with the heavy rainfall, produced the sudden release of large volumes of water. Because the ground surface was frozen or saturated, this water moved primarily as overland flow. Thus, the flood waters were not restricted to areas immediately adjacent to stream channels and, consequently, some of the largest impacts were on people, property, and infrastructure in areas not normally prone to flooding. Socioeconomic patterns of flooding over time and space are investigated to put this flood into context and to highlight its impacts. The analysis concludes that if such overland flooding is a more common feature of climate change, then the current vulnerability to this form of flooding and its economic implications must be considered carefully. C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Hydrol Res Lab, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geog, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Yarnal, B (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, 302 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1299 EP 1312 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03554.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA YR465 UT WOS:000071498000013 ER PT J AU Klein, SA AF Klein, SA TI Moist convective velocity and buoyancy scales - Comment SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article RP Klein, SA (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI PROGRAM,POB 308,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. RI Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 54 IS 23 BP 2775 EP 2777 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2775:COMCVA>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH413 UT WOS:A1997YH41300007 ER PT J AU Hayashi, Y Golder, DG Jones, PW AF Hayashi, Y Golder, DG Jones, PW TI Tropical gravity waves and superclusters simulated by high-horizontal-resolution SKYHI general circulation models SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; CLOUD DISTURBANCES; TOGA-COARE; OSCILLATIONS; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; CLUSTERS; DATASET; KELVIN AB Tropical gravity waves and superclusters simulated by 40-level GFDL SKYHI general circulation model experiments with higher horizontal resolutions (0.6 degrees longitude x 0.72 degrees latitude) and (1.0 degrees x 1.2 degrees) are compared with those simulated by a lower-resolution (3.0 degrees x 3.6 degrees) experiment. Results indicated that simulated precipitational heating appears to excite tropical gravity waves. At higher resolutions, precipitation is more confined in space and time, resulting in a broader wavenumber-frequency spectral distribution. Grid-scale precipitation, which is thought to mimic the precipitation associated with cloud clusters, is organized into larger-scale superclusters. The westward propagation of cloud clusters and eastward propagation of superclusters can be more clearly seen in the high-resolution experiments. The high-resolution (0.6 degrees x 0.72 degrees) model indicates that the lower-stratospheric gravity-wave momentum flux is dominated by high-frequency components having periods shorter than one day. This flux doubles as the resolution is increased from (3.0 degrees x 3.6 degrees) to (0.6 degrees x 0.72 degrees). It is speculated that a further increase in both the horizontal and vertical resolutions could substantially enhance the gravity-wave momentum flux convergence, thus forcing a stronger quasi-biennial oscillation. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Div T 3 MS B216, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. RP Hayashi, Y (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 50 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1125 EP 1139 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZB976 UT WOS:000072527200009 ER PT J AU Dapkunas, SJ Gettings, RJ AF Dapkunas, SJ Gettings, RJ TI Standard reference materials for the thermal spray community SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; measurement; reference materials; standards; thermal spray AB Standard Reference Materials of value to the thermal spray community are described, These materials, supplied by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, are used to calibrate instruments required for specification compliance, process control, and material characterization. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 SN 1059-9630 J9 J THERM SPRAY TECHN JI J. Therm. Spray Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 489 EP 495 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA YJ484 UT WOS:A1997YJ48400018 ER PT J AU Sindermann, C AF Sindermann, C TI A marine pollution society SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 34 IS 12 BP 986 EP 987 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00196-3 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YY498 UT WOS:000072153500001 ER PT J AU Baker, DJ AF Baker, DJ TI The need for a comprehensive global ocean observing system SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere & Administrator, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Baker, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere & Administrator, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA YW137 UT WOS:000071902000002 ER PT J AU Phoel, WC Meehan, JM Hotaling, JM AF Phoel, WC Meehan, JM Hotaling, JM TI Modern fisheries research vessel requirements and acquisition strategies SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Fisheries research vessels (FRVs) are characterized by their capability to conduct stock assessments and biological sampling of fish, shellfish, marine mammals and other species as well as to collect related oceanographic samples and data on the sane cruise. They are required to tow large mid-water and bottom trawls, conduct hydroacoustic surveys, cast and recover biological and oceanographic samplers and instrumentation, and have laboratories and facilities for processing the samples and data. The existing U.S. fleet of eight FRVs, all owned and operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has become functionally obsolete with reliability and safety decreasing while maintenance costs are increasing. A new fleet of multifunctional ships, capable of supporting 24-hour, interdisciplinary research is required. Foreign countries with vested interests in fishery resources have invested heavily to build new fleets of FRVs with modern capabilities including the universal requirement for quiet vessels with low underwater radiated noise, modern research laboratories and instrumentation, sea-kindliness for manipulative experimentation and modern safety standards, (e.g. USCG, ABS, SOLAS, FCC, USPHS, for U.S. FRVs). The projected future needs for fisheries data and how these FRVs will contribute to the health and management of the National and World fisheries will be discussed. The process which NOAA is pursuing to obtain long-term availability of these FRVs has many considerations. Securing the funding commitment for appropriated funds, or long-term contract authority, to assure the continued availability of these ships to maintain the essential stock assessment data series complicates the procurement process. This paper includes the scientific needs and requirements' definition and their relationships to ship design, equipment features and schedule complications which are accompanied with Government procurement considerations and project execution. Also discussed is the desired acquisition strategy being fostered, the management approach to reducing procurement risks and costs, and the procurement schedule conflict with the realities of funding authority availability for such a fleet of FRV's to be brought on line. C1 Phoel Associates Inc, Toms River, NJ USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD USA. NOAA, Syst Acquisit Off, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Phoel, WC (reprint author), Phoel Associates Inc, Toms River, NJ USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 1997 VL 31 IS 4 BP 44 EP 48 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA YW137 UT WOS:000071902000007 ER PT J AU Tepper, T Shechtman, D vanHeerden, D Josell, D AF Tepper, T Shechtman, D vanHeerden, D Josell, D TI fcc titanium in titanium/silver multilayers SO MATERIALS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE fcc titanium; phase transformation; TEM; X-ray diffraction; multilayers AB The equilibrium phases of titanium are hcp under 1155 K and bcc above this temperature. However, titanium has been shown to exist as fee when its dimensions are small. We have studied the hcp to fee transformation in thin titanium layers in an effort to characterize the fee titanium and to understand the driving force behind the transformation. Multilayers of titanium and silver were deposited by electron beam evaporation, and examined by X-ray diffraction and by transmission electron microscopy. The lattice parameter of the fee titanium was measured to be 0.434 nm and the results eliminated lattice mismatch as a driving force, since it has increased by the transformation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL,DEPT MAT ENGN,IL-32000 HAIFA,ISRAEL. NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-577X J9 MATER LETT JI Mater. Lett. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3-4 BP 181 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0167-577X(97)00095-5 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA YF336 UT WOS:A1997YF33600012 ER PT J AU Wang, L Xu, K Bowman, RR Arsenault, RJ AF Wang, L Xu, K Bowman, RR Arsenault, RJ TI Dislocations in continuous filament reinforced W/NiAl and Al2O3/NiAl composites SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEFORMATION; INTERFACES; STRESSES; MATRIX; AL AB Continuous filament reinforced W/NiAl and Al2O3/NiAl composites (as-processed, annealed, and thermally cycled) have much higher dislocation densities than that of monolithic NiAl. These higher dislocation densities resulted from the relaxation of thermal residual stress, which developed during the cooling of the sample from elevated temperatures and was caused by the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the matrix and the reinforcement. The dislocation density in the region adjacent to the matrix-filament interface was high and decreased only slightly with distance from the interface in the 30 vol pct composites. The as-processed and annealed composites exhibited a rather homogeneous dislocation density in the matrix. After thermal cycling, these composites showed no large difference in the dislocation density and morphology. However, there were local regions of lower dislocation densities. This difference was examined in relationship to filament fracture, surface matrix cracking, and degree of bonding. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mat Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Lewis Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wang, L (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mat Engn Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 420 COMMONWEALTH DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 28 IS 12 BP 2755 EP 2761 DI 10.1007/s11661-997-0032-7 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YR348 UT WOS:000071486400032 ER PT J AU Moran, P Dightman, DA Waples, RS Park, LK AF Moran, P Dightman, DA Waples, RS Park, LK TI PCR-RFLP analysis reveals substantial population-level variation in the introns of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) SO MOLECULAR MARINE BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-CHAIN; GENES; EXPRESSION; MARKERS; FISH; DNA AB Conservation issues associated with the preservation of wild salmonids have increased the urgency of obtaining a better understanding of the demographics and population genetics of threatened populations. To augment existing allozyme data and facilitate nonlethal sampling, many research groups have developed DNA markers for use in salmonid population genetics research. We have designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for eight intron loci. Restriction enzyme analysis of selected PCR products (PCR-RFLP) from chinook salmon and steelhead revealed significant allele frequency differences among closely related populations from the Snake River Basin in northwestern North America. The primer pairs described here are capable of amplifying putatively orthologous target sequences in distantly related salmonid genera (e.g., Hucho, Salvelinus, and Salmo), and we expect them to be useful in a wide range of applications from population genetics to systematics. RP Moran, P (reprint author), NW FISHERIES SCI CTR,2725 MONTLAKE BLVD E,SEATTLE,WA 98112, USA. RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 1053-6426 J9 MOL MAR BIOL BIOTECH JI Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 6 IS 4 BP 315 EP 327 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YL459 UT WOS:A1997YL45900005 ER PT J AU Blier, W Keefe, S Shaffer, WA Kim, SC AF Blier, W Keefe, S Shaffer, WA Kim, SC TI Storm surges in the region of western Alaska SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB Within the period of the historical record there have been several occurrences of extensive damage from storm-surge-related coastal flooding in the region of Nome, Alaska. The most recent of these events, although by no means the most destructive, occurred in association with the storm of 5-6 October 1992. Despite the small population of Nome (approximately 4000 people), total damage costs exceeded $6 million. The research into the nature and causes of such flooding events has focused on this October 1992 case. The authors have, however, also examined a weaker, shorter-duration event that occurred on 20 August 1993 and, for contrast, a case in September 1993 where a sustained offshore wind transported water out of Norton Sound. Tide gauge data from Nome were used to quantitatively assess the associated changes in water level, and meteorological analyses were utilized to examine the associated synoptic-scale circulations and their evolution. In addition, numerical modeling experiments were conducted using an extratropical storm surge model. (A version of this model is operational for the east coast of the United States.) Hindcasts of phase and amplitude for the October 1992 and September 1993, events agreed well with observations. Simulations of the shorter-duration August 1993 event were in poorer agreement with observations and indicate several possibilities for future improvement of the performance of the surge model: enhancement of the horizontal and temporal resolution of the model domain; more accurate input sea level pressure and wind data; and improvements to the surge model itself (e.g., inclusion of sea ice). Overall, however, results indicate that recent operational implementation of the model should be of significant benefit to coastal forecasters. C1 NATL WEATHER SERV,ALASKA REG,WEATHER FORECAST OFF,ANCHORAGE,AK. NOAA,NATL WEATHER SERV,OFF SYST DEV,TECH DEV LAB,SILVER SPRING,MD 20910. VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI,COLL WILLIAM & MARY,SCH MARINE SCI,GLOUCESTER POINT,VA 23062. RP Blier, W (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,405 HILGARD AVE,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 125 IS 12 BP 3094 EP 3108 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3094:SSITRO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ555 UT WOS:A1997YJ55500003 ER PT J AU Braun, SA Houze, RA Smull, BF AF Braun, SA Houze, RA Smull, BF TI Airborne dual-Doppler observations of an intense frontal system approaching the Pacific Northwest coast SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES; EXPLOSIVE OCEANIC CYCLONE; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MICROPHYSICAL EVOLUTION; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; FLORIDA CUMULONIMBUS; MESOSCALE RAINBANDS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; MFDP FRONTS-87 AB Airborne Doppler radar data, collected off the Pacific Northwest coast by a NOAA WP-3D Orion aircraft over an 8-h period on 8 December 1993 during the Coastal Observations and Simulations with Topography experiment, reveal the mesoscale structure of an intense frontal system while it was well offshore and as it approached within 20 km of the Oregon coastline. During the offshore stage, a portion of the narrow cold-frontal rainband was characterized by deep convective cores. Pseudo-dual-Doppler analyses characterize the kinematic and precipitation structure of the deep convection. Pseudo-dual-Doppler analyses describe the subsequent evolution of the narrow cold-frontal rainband as it approached to within 20 km of the Oregon coast. Deformation of the frontal zone appeared to cause the dissipation of one of three precipitation cores contained within the dual-Doppler area. The precipitation cores and the strong convergence zone associated with the front conformed to some degree to the shape of the coastline near Cape Blanco, Oregon, as the front neared the coast. Changes in the prefrontal flow that occurred as the front approached the coast were qualitatively consistent with theoretical and numerical studies of upstream orographic influence. Comparison of pseudo-dual-Doppler-derived velocity profiles with idealized numerical model calculations suggests that the nearshore evolution of the frontal rainband was significantly affected by an upstream influence of the coastal orography. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98195. NOAA,ERL,NATL SEVERE STORMS LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303. NR 62 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 125 IS 12 BP 3131 EP 3156 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3131:ADDOOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ555 UT WOS:A1997YJ55500005 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Crane, MW AF Lau, NC Crane, MW TI Comparing satellite and surface observations of cloud patterns in synoptic-scale circulation systems SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; ISCCP AB The propagation characteristics and spatial distributions of cloud cover associated with synoptic-scale circulation systems are studied using both satellite data processed by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and surface observations taken at weather stations or ships of opportunity. These two independent datasets produce comparable climatological patterns of the preferred direction and speed of the cloud movements. Such ''propagation vectors'' based on the ISCCP products depict cloud motions at a higher altitude than that of the corresponding movements deduced from surface synoptic reports. By application of a similar composite procedure to the ISCCP and surface datasets, a detailed comparison is made between the satellite and surface observations of the organization of various cloud types in midlatitude cyclones. The relationships of these cloud patterns with the concurrent atmospheric circulation are illustrated by superposing the composites of wind and geopotential height on the cloud data. Both the satellite and surface observations yield well-defined cloud patterns organized about frontal zones. These cloud patterns are consistent with the composite distributions of weather types as coded in the surface reports. Combination of findings from the surface reports (which provide information on the altitude of the cloud base) and those from the satellite observations (which offer estimates of cloud-top heights) is found to be helpful for portraying the vertical distribution of cloud cover in various sectors of the extratropical cyclones. The ISCCP dataset underestimates the amount of low stratiform clouds lying under the high, optically thick cloud shield in the warm sector. Comparison between the composite results for cyclones occurring over the North Atlantic and those over the North American continent indicates the occurrence of larger anomalous cloud amounts in the continental systems. The more widespread cover by nimbostratus cloud in the northwestern sector of the surface low pressure center over land is particularly noteworthy. The distinction between the cloud organization in maritime and continental cyclones is seen to be related to the stronger frictionally induced cross-isobaric flow over land surfaces. Analogous composite charts are constructed for the convective disturbances occurring over the tropical western Pacific by using both satellite and surface cloud observations. Some degree of consistency is again discernible among the cloud patterns based on the two datasets. The ISCCP data tend to underestimate the amount of cumulus clouds situated below the anvils at the trailing end of these convective systems. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,NOAA,POB 308,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. NR 16 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 125 IS 12 BP 3172 EP 3189 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3172:CSASOO>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ555 UT WOS:A1997YJ55500007 ER PT J AU Schlosser, CA Robock, A Vinnikov, KY Speranskaya, NA Xue, YK AF Schlosser, CA Robock, A Vinnikov, KY Speranskaya, NA Xue, YK TI 18-year land-surface hydrology model simulations for a midlatitude grassland catchment in Valdai, Russia SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SOIL-MOISTURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; RADIATION; SIB AB Off-line simulations of improved bucket hydrology and Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB) models are performed for a grassland vegetation catchment region, located at the Valdai water-balance research station in Russia, forced by observed meteorological and simulated actinometric data for 1966-83. Evaluation of the model simulations is performed using observations of total soil moisture in the top 1 m, runoff, evaporation, snow depth, and water-table depth made within the catchment. The Valdai study demonstrates that using only routine meteorological measurements, long-term simulations of land-surface schemes suitable for model evaluation can be made. The Valdai dataset is available for use in the evaluation of other land-surface schemes. Both the SSiB and the bucket models reproduce the observed hydrology averaged over the simulation period (1967-83) and its interannual variability reasonably well. However, the models' soil moisture interannual variability is too low during the fall and winter when compared to observations. In addition, some discrepancies in the models' seasonal behavior with respect to observations are seen. The models are able to reproduce extreme hydrological events to some degree, but some inconsistencies in the model mechanisms are seen. The bucket model's soil-moisture variability is limited by its inability to rise above its prescribed field capacity for the case where the observed water table rises into the top 1-m layer of soil, which can lead to erroneous simulations of evaporation and runoff. SSiB's snow depth simulations are generally too low due to high evaporation from the snow surface. SSiB typically produces drainage out of its bottom layer during the summer, which appears inconsistent to the runoff observations of the catchment. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT METEOROL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. STATE HYDROL INST,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT GEOG,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Schlosser, CA (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,FORRESTAL CAMPUS,US ROUTE 1,POB 308,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016; OI Robock, Alan/0000-0002-6319-5656 NR 38 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 125 IS 12 BP 3279 EP 3296 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3279:YLSHMS>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ555 UT WOS:A1997YJ55500013 ER PT J AU Toth, Z Kalnay, E AF Toth, Z Kalnay, E TI Ensemble forecasting at NCEP and the breeding method SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID OPTIMAL PERTURBATIONS; ERROR GROWTH; PREDICTION; SKILL; SYSTEM; NMC; PREDICTABILITY; ASSIMILATION; CIRCULATION; MODEL AB The breeding method has been used to generate perturbations for ensemble forecasting at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (formerly known as the National Meteorological Center) since December 1992. At that time a single breeding cycle with a pair of bred forecasts was implemented. In March 1994, the ensemble was expanded to seven independent breeding cycles on the Gray C90 supercomputer, and the forecasts were extended to 16 days. This provides 17 independent global forecasts valid for two weeks every day. For efficient ensemble forecasting, the initial perturbations to the control analysis should adequately sample the space of possible analysis errors. It is shown that the analysis cycle is like a breeding cycle: it acts as a nonlinear perturbation model upon the evolution of the real atmosphere. The perturbation (i.e., the analysis error), carried forward in the first-guess forecasts, is ''scaled down'' at regular intervals by the use of observations. Because of this, growing errors associated with the evolving state of the atmosphere develop within the analysis cycle and dominate subsequent forecast error growth. The breeding method simulates the development of growing errors in the analysis cycle. A difference field between two nonlinear forecasts is carried forward (and scaled down at regular intervals) upon the evolving atmospheric analysis fields. By construction, the bred vectors are superpositions of the leading local (time-dependent) Lyapunov vectors (LLVs) of the atmosphere. An important property is that all random perturbations assume the structure of the leading LLVs after a transient period, which for large-scale atmospheric processes is about 3 days. When several independent breeding cycles are performed, the phases and amplitudes of individual (and regional) leading LLVs are random, which ensures quasi-orthogonality among the global bred vectors from independent breeding cycles. Experimental runs with a 10-member ensemble (five independent breeding cycles) show that the ensemble mean is superior to an optimally smoothed control and to randomly generated ensemble forecasts, and compares favorably with the medium-range double horizontal resolution control. Moreover, a potentially useful relationship between ensemble spread and forecast error is also found both in the spatial and time domain. The improvement in skill of 0.04-0.11 in pattern anomaly correlation for forecasts at and beyond 7 days, together with the potential for estimation of the skill, indicate that this system is a useful operational forecast tool. The two methods used so far to produce operational ensemble forecasts-that is, breeding and the adjoint (or ''optimal perturbations'') technique applied at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-have several significant differences, but they both attempt to estimate the subspace of fast growing perturbations. The bred vectors provide estimates of fastest sustainable growth and thus represent probable growing analysis errors. The optimal perturbations, on the other hand, estimate vectors with fastest transient growth in the future. A practical difference between the two methods for ensemble forecasting is that breeding is simpler and less expensive than the adjoint technique. C1 GEN SCI CORP,LAUREL,MD 20707. RP Toth, Z (reprint author), NATL CTR ENVIRON PREDICT,ENVIRONM MODELING CTR,5200 AUTH RD,RM 204,CAMP SPRINGS,MD 20746, USA. RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015; OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194; Kalnay, Eugenia/0000-0002-9984-9906 NR 56 TC 580 Z9 651 U1 5 U2 33 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 125 IS 12 BP 3297 EP 3319 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3297:EFANAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YJ555 UT WOS:A1997YJ55500014 ER PT J AU Vadas, RL Sanger, JE AF Vadas, RL Sanger, JE TI Lateral zonation of trees along a small Ohio stream SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RIVER FLOODPLAIN; MISSOURI RIVER; VEGETATION; FOREST; IMPACTS; DAMS AB Riparian-vegetation patterns along a small stream in Ohio were examined with multivariate and graphical analyses. The study focused on elevational differences in larger tree species (greater than or equal to 10 cm DBH = diameter at breast height) on a floodplain bench, floodplain slope, and upland terrace. The three habitat zones showed differences in floral assemblages related to the flooding tolerance of tree species, the floodplain bench showing ash-maple dominance and the other habitats yielding maple-beech-oak dominance. The floral differences were Likely attributable to natural and human impacts, particularly stream flooding and possibly past logging. The results and a literature review suggest that hydrologic disturbances (for example, flooding) create predictable, parallel patterns in floral assemblages along a lateral (stream-edge to upland) gradient. Riparian assessments in the lateral dimension can provide information to predict the effects of anthropogenic instream-now alterations on riparian ecosystems, including small tributaries. C1 Ohio Wesleyan Univ, Dept Bot & Bacteriol, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Vadas, RL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 12 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 USA SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 97 IS 5 BP 107 EP 112 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA ZN351 UT WOS:000073637200003 ER PT J AU Gehring, PM Neumann, DA AF Gehring, PM Neumann, DA TI Backscattering spectroscopy at the NIST Center for Neutron Research SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE neutron scattering; backscattering; instrumentation; phase space transformation; inelastic; quasielastic ID RESOLUTION; CRYSTALS AB We discuss the design of a new backscattering spectrometer that is soon to become operational at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. Both monochromator and analyzer are composed of spherically bent Si (1 1 1) crystals that focus the incident and scattered neutron beams. The bending increases the intrinsic lattice gradient of Si beyond its Darwin limit, resulting in an energy resolution of about 0.75 mu eV FWHM. The Doppler-driven monochromator should provide a wide dynamic range of +/- 50 mu eV. The elastic Q-range will cover 0.15-1.8 Angstrom(-1). The most novel component of this spectrometer is the phase-space-transform chopper. This device rotates at 4730 rpm while neutrons are Bragg-diffracted from sets of HOPG crystals affixed to its periphery. The process enhances the neutron flux at the backscattered energy of 2.08 meV, but at the expense of a larger horizontal divergence. This effectively reduces the divergence mismatch between primary and secondary spectrometers, a long standing problem with backscattering instruments. Simulations suggest a resultant flux increase of order 3 should be obtained. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gehring, PM (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 12 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 64 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00512-7 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600016 ER PT J AU Straty, GC Muzny, CD Butler, BD Lin, MY Slawecki, TM Glinka, CJ Hanley, HJM AF Straty, GC Muzny, CD Butler, BD Lin, MY Slawecki, TM Glinka, CJ Hanley, HJM TI An in situ rheometric shearing apparatus for SANS SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE rheometer; SANS; Couette geometry; viscosity; micelle AB Specifications for a modified Couette cell constant-stress rheometer which can measure simultaneously the viscometric properties and neutron-scattered intensities are reported. Representative plots demonstrating simultaneous measurements of the viscosity and the anisotropic scattering patterns as a function of shear stress and shear rate are displayed from a 1.0% by weight (0.03 M) solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate in D2O. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, BD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 74 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00513-9 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600018 ER PT J AU Ioffe, A Jacobson, D Arif, M Vrana, M Werner, SA Fischer, P Greene, G Mezei, F AF Ioffe, A Jacobson, D Arif, M Vrana, M Werner, SA Fischer, P Greene, G Mezei, F TI A new neutron interferometric method used to measure the scattering length of silicon SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE neutron interferometry; coherent scattering length; silicon AB The neutron interferometry technique provides a precise and direct way to measure the coherent scattering lengths b of low-energy neutrons, but its potential accuracy has not been fully realized in past experiments due to systematic sources of error. We have used a new method, which eliminates two of the main sources of error, to measure the scattering length of silicon to an accuracy of 0.005%. The resulting value b = 4.1507(2) fm is in agreement with the current accepted value, but has an error limit five times lower. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hahn Meitner Inst, Berlin Neutron Scattering Ctr, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. St Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, Gatchina 188350, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CAS, Inst Phys Nucl, Rez 20568, Czech Republic. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Ioffe, A (reprint author), Hahn Meitner Inst, Berlin Neutron Scattering Ctr, Glienicker Str 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 130 EP 132 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00866-1 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600036 ER PT J AU Klosowski, P Koennecke, M Tischler, JZ Osborn, R AF Klosowski, P Koennecke, M Tischler, JZ Osborn, R TI NeXus: A common format for the exchange of neutron and synchrotron data SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE data format; data analysis; data visualization; computing AB NeXus is a data format for the exchange of neutron and synchrotron scattering data between facilities and user institutions. It has been developed by an international team of scientists and computer programmers from neutron and X-ray facilities around the world. The NeXus format uses the hierarchical data format (HDF) which is portable, binary, extensible and self-describing. The NeXus format defines the structure and contents of these HDF tiles in order to facilitate the visualization and analysis of neutron and X-ray data. In addition? an application program interface (API) is being produced in order to simplify the reading and writing of NeXus files. The details of the format are available at [http://www.neutron.anl.gov/NeXus/]. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Reactor Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Klosowski, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Reactor Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140 NR 2 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 151 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00865-X PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600043 ER PT J AU Drews, AR Barker, JG Glinka, CJ Agamalian, M AF Drews, AR Barker, JG Glinka, CJ Agamalian, M TI Development of a thermal-neutron double-crystal diffractometer for USANS at NIST SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE small-angle scattering; neutron instrumentation; perfect crystal diffraction; microstructure characterization AB The design and projected performance of a Bonse-Hart, ultra-high-resolution, small-angle neutron-scattering (USANS) diffractometer of the type that is being developed at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is described. The instrument is projected to have a minimum Q-value of less than or equal to 0.001 nm(-1) with a beam current at the sample in excess of 10(5) n/s. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Glinka, CJ (reprint author), NIST, E 151,Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Agamalian, Michael/0000-0002-9112-2534 NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 189 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00547-4 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600056 ER PT J AU Moudden, AH Vasiliu-Doloc, L Pinsard, L Revcolevschi, A AF Moudden, AH Vasiliu-Doloc, L Pinsard, L Revcolevschi, A TI Spin dynamics in La1-xSrxMnO3 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE giant magnetoresistive oxides; antiferromagnetism; ferromagnetism; spin waves ID DOUBLE-EXCHANGE; FERROMAGNET; DISTORTION; TRANSITION; MAGNETISM AB The spin dynamics of the La1-xSrxMnO3 system have been studied from the lightly (x < 0.1) to the heavily doped (x > 0.17) limit. In the low-doping limit we show that the spin waves exhibit a finite-energy gap and a strongly anisotropic dispersion relation, which can be described by a strong in-plane ferromagnetic coupling and a weak inter-plane antiferromagnetic coupling. As the dopant concentration increases, the spin-wave energy gap and the inter-plane coupling both decrease considerably with x. For x = 0.11 a second magnetic-phase transition occurs at T = 122 K evidenced by the appearance of new magnetic peaks at (0, 0, 1/2) and of a new gap in the spin-wave spectrum at finite q = (0, 0, 1/4). In the metallic ferromagnetic state (x > 0.17), the system behaves like an isotropic ferromagnet at low T, with a quadratic long-wavelength dispersion relation E=E-0+Dq(2) and no significant anisotropy gap (E-0 < 0.04 meV). The spin-wave stiffness constant D increases strongly with x, conserving a large D-T=0/kT(c) ratio, indicative of an itinerant soft ferromagnet. In this limit, the x-dependence of the stiffness constant is found to be in good agreement with the double-exchange model with an effective bandwidth of about 0.3 eV and a Hund's coupling constant 4J(H) similar to 4.7eV. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CEA, CNRS, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UPS, Lab Chim Solides, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20899 USA. RP Moudden, AH (reprint author), CEA, CNRS, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM moudden@bali.saclay.cea.fr NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 276 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00567-X PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600078 ER PT J AU Karmonik, C Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ Andersson, Y Flanagan, TB AF Karmonik, C Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ Andersson, Y Flanagan, TB TI Neutron scattering study of the dynamics of hydrogen and deuterium solved in crystalline Pd9Si2 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE palladium-silicon compounds; hydrogen uptake; quasielastic neutron scattering; localized motion AB Using neutron powder diffraction and neutron vibrational spectroscopy, we were able to determine the crystallographic sites for hydrogen/deuterium uptake in crystalline Pd9Si2. By means of quasielastic neutron scattering, a localized motion was revealed between two of these sites, which is consistent with the temperature-dependent occupation visible in powder diffraction refinements. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Uppsala, Dept Inorgan Chem, Inst Chem, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Vermont, Dept Chem, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Karmonik, C (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Karmonik, Christof/B-6150-2009 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 332 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00577-2 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600089 ER PT J AU Hanada, T Izumi, F Nakamura, Y Nittono, O Huang, Q Santoro, A AF Hanada, T Izumi, F Nakamura, Y Nittono, O Huang, Q Santoro, A TI Neutron and electron diffraction studies of ZnGa2Se4 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE convergent-beam electron diffraction; neutron diffraction; Rietveld analysis AB ZnCa2Se4 is a II-III-VI compound semiconductor with a zincblende structure basically. Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED and neutron diffraction were applied to determine its crystal structure unambiguously. A CBED pattern clearly exhibits 4(R)mm(R) symmetry, which suggests that ZnGa2Se4 belongs to space group I(4) over bar2$ m. Rietveld analysis of neutron powder diffraction data on the basis of this space group shows that the 2a site is fully occupied by Ga and that the 2b site is completely vacant. On the other hand, the 4d site is statistically occupied by Zn and Ga atoms. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Met Engn, Tokyo 152, Japan. Natl Inst Res Inorgan Mat, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanada, T (reprint author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Met Engn, Tokyo 152, Japan. EM hanada@nimc.go.jp NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 373 EP 375 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00592-9 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600103 ER PT J AU Copley, JRD Michel, KH AF Copley, JRD Michel, KH TI Multiple orientational order parameters in solid C-60 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE orientational disorder; order parameters; C-60 ID DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; X-RAY; TRANSITION; PHASE; C60 AB The transition Fm (3) over bar m -->Pa (3) over bar in solid C-60 is driven by the condensation of orientational modes belonging to X-5(+) irreducible representations (irreps) of Fm (3) over bar m. Taking into account irreps up to the manifold l = 12, we have studied the primary and secondary orientational order parameters loops). We have numerically solved the coupled molecular field equations for these oops and calculated the temperature dependence of Bragg reflection intensities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Phys, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. RP Copley, JRD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 454 EP 455 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00617-0 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600130 ER PT J AU Skanthakumar, S Lynn, JW Mazumdar, C Nagarajan, R Gupta, LC AF Skanthakumar, S Lynn, JW Mazumdar, C Nagarajan, R Gupta, LC TI Magnetic phase transitions in R2Ni3Si5 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE magnetic order; neutron diffraction; magnetic transitions ID MAGNETORESISTANCE AB Neutron diffraction has been used to investigate the magnetic and crystal structures in R2Ni3Si5 (R = Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho). Our high-resolution data indicate that this system crystallizes in the Ibam space group. Pr orders antiferromagnetically at T-N = 8.8 K, with a magnetic unit cell that is double the chemical unit cell along the b direction. The magnetic and chemical unit cells are the same for the Nd spins, which order at 9.6 K. Tb first orders with an incommensurately modulated structure at 19 K, and then changes to a commensurate structure at 12.2 K. An incommensurate structure is also observed for Dy, which orders at 9 K, with a lock-in transition at similar to 4 K. The Ho system has an incommensurate structure with an ordering temperature of 6.9 K. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Mumbai 400089, India. Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India. RP Skanthakumar, S (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 693 EP 695 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00694-7 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600204 ER PT J AU Lin, YC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Lin, CW Lin, JY Yang, HD AF Lin, YC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Lin, CW Lin, JY Yang, HD TI Neutron diffraction studies of Pr ordering in PrBa2Cu4O8 SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE high-T-c compound; neutron diffraction; magnetic structure ID MAGNETIC ORDER AB Neutron diffraction and AC susceptibility measurements have been performed to study the magnetic ordering of the Pr spins in PrBa2Cu4O8. An anomaly at 15 K, which we believe is associated with the ordering of the Pr spins, is clearly seen in the temperature dependence of the AC susceptibility, chi'(T) The coupling between the Pr spins, as revealed by neutrons, is antiferromagnetic in nature, with a spin structure may be characterized by the {1/2 1/2 1} wave vector. Three-dimensional coupling between the Pr spins is observed, despite the appearance of exact cancellations of the coupling between the adjacent layers along the c-axis due to geometric symmetry. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 702 EP 703 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00697-2 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600207 ER PT J AU Goldman, KI Springholz, G Kepa, H Giebultowicz, TM Majkrzak, CF Bauer, G AF Goldman, KI Springholz, G Kepa, H Giebultowicz, TM Majkrzak, CF Bauer, G TI Interlayer correlations in antiferromagnetic semiconductor superlattices EuTe/PbTe SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE antiferromagnetic superlattices; interlayer spin coherence; neutron diffraction; EuTe/PbTe AB We report neutron diffraction studies of short-period (111) [(EuTe)(xi)/(PbTe)(eta)](N) superlattices (SLs), with a special emphasis on the interlayer spin coherence phenomena seen in these systems. We summarize the results of experiments on over thirty samples, in which we have investigated the dependence of interlayer coupling effects on the EuTe and PbTe layer thicknesses, on doping of the PbTe layers, and on external magnetic fields. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Johannes Kepler Univ, Inst Halbleiterphys, A-4040 Linz, Austria. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Giebultowicz, TM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 710 EP 713 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00700-X PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600210 ER PT J AU Lin, MY Hanley, HJM Muzny, CD Straty, GC AF Lin, MY Hanley, HJM Muzny, CD Straty, GC TI Simultaneous measurement of viscosity and structure for rod-like micelle solutions SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE micelles; shear; phase transition; anisotropy; small-angle neutron scattering ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; INDUCED GELATION; SHEAR; FLOW AB We present a study of rod-like micelle solutions in which we measure the viscosity as a function of shear while monitoring the microstructure with small-angle neutron scattering. These rod-like micelles can grow and break instantaneously in equilibrium or under shear without changing their radius. The system slightly below the overlap concentration c* goes through a phase transition at a certain critical shear rate at which point both the viscosity and the structure undergo a dramatic change. In contrast, above c* such transitions have not been observed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lin, MY (reprint author), NIST, Routes I-270 & 117,React E151, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 990 EP 992 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00776-X PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600289 ER PT J AU Sung, L Nakatani, AI Han, CC Karim, A Douglas, JF Satija, SK AF Sung, L Nakatani, AI Han, CC Karim, A Douglas, JF Satija, SK TI The role of the copolymer additives on phase behavior of a polymer blend SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE neutron scattering; polymer blend; block copolymer; phase behavior ID BLOCK-COPOLYMER; SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; SEPARATION KINETICS; LIGHT-SCATTERING AB SANS experiments were conducted to examine the effect of block copolymer additives on the phase behavior of a binary polymer blend in the bulk state. The blend studied was a polystyrene/polybutadiene mixture, with a copolymer composed of the same homopolymers. This system exhibits upper critical solution temperature behavior. For low copolymer concentrations, the spinodal temperature decreased linearly with increasing copolymer concentration. The magnitude of the slope varies with the molecular weight of each component of the blend. As copolymer concentration increases, micelle formation is evident in the scattering function, as are the competing effects of fluctuations (macrophase separation) and ordering (microphase separation) between different types of polymers. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sung, L (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1013 EP 1015 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00794-1 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600295 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Kleinwaks, LJ Berk, NF Majkrzak, CF Berzina, TS Troitsky, VI Antolini, R Feigin, LA AF Kepa, H Kleinwaks, LJ Berk, NF Majkrzak, CF Berzina, TS Troitsky, VI Antolini, R Feigin, LA TI Neutron and X-ray reflectometry studies of rough interfaces in a Langmuir-Blodgett film SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE Langmuir-Blodgett films; neutron scattering; X-ray scattering; self-affine roughness; reflectometry; diffuse scattering ID DIFFUSE-SCATTERING; MULTILAYERS; REFLECTIVITY; SURFACES; ACID AB Neutron and X-ray reflectometry are used to study interlayer roughness and islanding in a 20-bilayer barium stearate Langmuir-Blodgett film with alternating hydrogenated and deuterated bilayers. The interlayer roughness is highly conformal, and analysis of the diffuse X-ray peak widths suggests it is approximately self-affine with a roughness exponent of h approximate to 0.82. This roughness exponent describes the film in all directions, even though steps on the substrate interrupt the correlation of the film across the steps. The neutron and X-ray specular reflectivities contain modulated Kiessig fringes, indicating the presence of islands on the top of the film. Odd Bragg peaks in the neutron specular reflectivity are broadened, implying long-range disorder in the H-D bilayer structure. These data suggest that the islands arose from incomplete coverage during the film preparation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Thomas Jefferson HS, Alexandria, VA 22312 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Technobiochip, I-57030 Marciana, LI, Italy. Ctr Mat & Med Biophys, I-38050 Povo, TN, Italy. Univ Trent, I-38050 Trent, Italy. AV Shubnikov Crystallog Inst, Moscow 117333, Russia. RP Kleinwaks, LJ (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson HS, Alexandria, VA 22312 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1048 EP 1054 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00790-4 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600305 ER PT J AU Butler, PD Hamilton, WA Magid, LJ Slawecki, TM Han, Z Hayter, JB AF Butler, PD Hamilton, WA Magid, LJ Slawecki, TM Han, Z Hayter, JB TI Effect of a solid/liquid interface on bulk solution structures under flow SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE micelles; shear; flow ID MICELLES; SURFACE AB It has been known for some time that a shear field can impart enough energy to a liquid system for it to exhibit a phase change. Not as well appreciated is the fact that non-Newtonian solutions can be driven into a quasi-phase separation due to the vastly different shear rates between the bulk and near-surface regions. Using a variety of scattering techniques we have probed the interfacial and near-surface region of a system of wormlike colloidal particles under how separately from the bulk. We find that the hexagonal phase which forms under flow near the surface, does not persist into the bulk. We also present data showing substantial differences in the kinetics of alignment and relaxation of the two phases. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, PD (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1074 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00795-3 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600310 ER PT J AU Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Dura, J Satija, SK Karim, A Pedulla, J Deslattes, RD AF Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Dura, J Satija, SK Karim, A Pedulla, J Deslattes, RD TI Direct inversion of specular reflectometry SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE neutron; reflectometry; inversion; phase determination AB We briefly present measurements and analysis testing the experimental feasibility of recently discovered solutions of the dynamical phase problem for specular reflection. Complex reflection amplitudes were extracted from neutron reflectivities for an asymmetric Si-polymer film with metallic reference layers and from a symmetric polymer film without references. Scattering length density profiles for the films studied were obtained by inverting the measured amplitudes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Majkrzak, CF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1101 EP 1103 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00802-8 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600319 ER PT J AU Krueger, S AF Krueger, S TI SANS provides unique information on the structure and function of biological macromolecules in solution SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE proteins; small-angle neutron scattering; contrast variation ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; X-RAY; GROEL; RESOLUTION; GYRATION; COMPLEX; RADIUS AB Since neutrons are sensitive to the positions of the light elements such as H, C, N and O, which are of central importance to all biological systems, SANS can provide unique information on the structure and function of biological macromolecules. Particularly powerful is the contrast variation technique, in which the isotopic substitution of D for H is routinely used to change the scattering from a macromolecule without affecting its biochemistry. Often, this substitution is as simple as using D2O instead of H2O in the solvent in order to increase the contrast between molecule and solvent and to decrease the background due to incoherent scattering from H. In complexes comprised of two components with different neutron-scattering length densities, the scattering from one component can be separated from that of the other by measuring the complex in solvents with different H2O/D2O ratios. This provides unique structural information about each component individually, as it is interacting with the other in the complex. The role of SANS in providing unique structural information is illustrated using several examples of recent experiments. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krueger, S (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Rm E151,Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM susan.krueger@nist.gov NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1131 EP 1137 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00809-0 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600325 ER PT J AU Worcester, D Hammouda, B AF Worcester, D Hammouda, B TI Interdigitated hydrocarbon chains in C20 and C22 phosphatidylcholines induced by hydrostatic pressure SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE biological lipids; membranes; phase transitions; hydrostatic pressure ID DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL LAMELLAR PHASE; GEL PHASE; BILAYERS; ETHANOL; TRANSITIONS AB Saturated diacyl-phosphatidylcholines (PCs) can exist in an unusual gel phase in which the acyl chains from opposing monolayers interdigitate. This phase is induced by a variety of small amphiphilic molecules such as ethanol and by hydrostatic pressure. Pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagrams previously established conditions for interdigitation of dipalmitoyl-PC(C16) and distearoyl-PC (C18). Measurements have now been made for P-T phase diagrams up to 1 kbar pressure for diarachidoyl-PC (C20) and dibehenoyl-PC (C22) using the small-angle neutron scattering facilities at NIST. The minimum pressure for interdigitation was found to be about 0.6 kbar for diarachidoyl-PC and slightly less for dibehenoyl-PC. Together with previous results for distearoyl-PC and dipalmitoyl-PC, these results establish that the minimum pressures for interdigitation, which occur at about 60 degrees C except for dibehenoyl-PC, decrease monotonically with acyl chain length. The data are fit reasonably well by an exponential. Also, the curved phase boundaries for interdigitation show that entropy changes associated with interdigitation change sign with increasing temperature at about 60 degrees C. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Cold Neutron Res Facil, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Worcester, D (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1175 EP 1177 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00821-1 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600337 ER PT J AU Kvardakov, VV Somenkov, VA Lynn, JW Mildner, DFR Chen, H AF Kvardakov, VV Somenkov, VA Lynn, JW Mildner, DFR Chen, H TI Laue focusing effect and its applications SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE focusing; perfect crystal; small-angle scattering; high-resolution diffraction AB The focusing of neutrons by means of symmetric Laue-geometry diffraction from thin perfect crystals has been studied. Applications of the effect to small-angle neutron scattering, single crystal, and powder diffraction experiments have been investigated. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Russian Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kvardakov, VV (reprint author), IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Russian Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1210 EP 1212 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00828-4 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600344 ER PT J AU Brand, PC Prask, HJ Gnaeupel-Herold, T AF Brand, PC Prask, HJ Gnaeupel-Herold, T TI Residual stress measurements at the NIST reactor SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE residual stresses; neutron diffraction AB A neutron-diffraction residual-stress measurement program has been in place for several years at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Very recently a new, dedicated, state-of-the-art diffractometer has been installed at the NIST reactor. With it, the residual stress fields in a variety of engineering specimens have been determined. These include slices of railroad rails, weldments in steel plates and plastically bent steel pipes. Features of the new instrument and various experimental results will be discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gnaeupel-Herold, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 1 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 1244 EP 1245 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00837-5 PG 2 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600355 ER PT J AU Sokol, PE Dimeo, RM Brown, DW Anderson, CR Stirling, WG Adams, MA Lee, SH Rutiser, C Komarneni, S AF Sokol, PE Dimeo, RM Brown, DW Anderson, CR Stirling, WG Adams, MA Lee, SH Rutiser, C Komarneni, S TI Confinement effects on the roton in helium SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY AUG 17-21, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA DE collective excitations; superfluidity ID SUPERFLUID HE-4; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SILICA AEROGELS; LIQUID-HE-4; EXCITATIONS; TRANSITION; SCATTERING; GLASS AB Inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the roton in superfluid helium confined in two different porosity aerogels are presented. The temperature dependence of the roton energy exhibits an anomalous crossover behavior at T-c = 1.9 K. Below T-c the roton energy is found to be weakly temperature dependent while above T-c it is very strongly temperature dependent. The roton lifetime for the confined liquid also displays a weak crossover behavior. A simple qualitative model for this behavior in terms of a confined length scale is discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM pes4@psu.Edu NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 EI 1873-2135 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 1997 VL 241 BP 929 EP 934 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00756-4 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA ZT224 UT WOS:000074062600271 ER PT J AU Liu, WC AF Liu, WC TI High-order nonlinear susceptibilities of helium SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID HIGH-HARMONIC GENERATION; INTENSE LASER-PULSES; MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION; RARE-GASES; FIELD; RADIATION; ATOMS; POLARIZABILITIES; CONVERSION; RESONANCE AB With the goal of providing critically evaluated atomic data for modeling high harmonic generation processes in noble gases, we present calculations of frequency-dependent nonlinear susceptibilities of the ground state of helium, within the framework of Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory at lowest applicable order. The nonrelativistic, infinite-nuclear-mass, atomic Hamiltonian is decomposed in terms of Hylleraas coordinates and spherical harmonies, and the hierarchy of inhomogeneous equations of perturbation theory is solved iteratively. The mixed Hylleraas and Frankowski basis functions are employed to represent accurately the ground-state and perturbed wave functions. We believe our results for nonlinear susceptibilities of helium are the most accurate (and in many cases, the only) available to date, and they are offered as benchmark data for design of future multiphoton experiments. [S1050-2947(97)09111-7]. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, DIV ELECTRON & OPT PHYS, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, INST PHYS SCI & TECHNOL, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 1997 VL 56 IS 6 BP 4938 EP 4945 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.56.4938 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YK233 UT WOS:A1997YK23300074 ER PT J AU Ekin, JW Xu, YZ Mao, S Venkatesan, T Face, DW Eddy, M Wolf, SA AF Ekin, JW Xu, YZ Mao, S Venkatesan, T Face, DW Eddy, M Wolf, SA TI Correlation between d-wave pairing behavior and magnetic-field-dependent zero-bias conductance peak SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID T-C; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; PENETRATION DEPTH; ORDER-PARAMETER; LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS; VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS; THIN-FILMS; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; JUNCTIONS; SYMMETRY AB We consistently observe a magnetic-field-dependent conductance peak at zero-bias voltage in a wide range of superconductor/noble-metal junctions fabricated from oxide superconductors (YBa2Cu3O7-delta and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O) that have been reported to exhibit d-wave pairing behavior; however, no measurable peak appears in similar junctions made from an s-wave oxide superconductor (Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4) Explanations of this correlation are considered in terms of the Appelbaum-Anderson model for magnetic interface scattering and the midgap-state model for d-wave interface states. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. DUPONT CENT RES & DEV,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOL INC,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93111. USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375. RP Ekin, JW (reprint author), NIST,DIV ELECTROMAGNET TECHNOL,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Wolf, Stuart/A-7513-2009; Venkatesan, Thirumalai/E-1667-2013 NR 55 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0163-1829 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 1997 VL 56 IS 21 BP 13746 EP 13749 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.13746 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA YJ879 UT WOS:A1997YJ87900040 ER PT J AU Loezos, JM Vanderah, TA Cline, JP AF Loezos, JM Vanderah, TA Cline, JP TI New ternary compounds in the BaO : Fe2O3 : TiO2 system: Ba2Fe2Ti4O13 ("2 : 1 : 4"), Ba3Fe10TiO20 ("3 : 5 : 1"), and Ba4Fe2Ti10O27 ("4 : 1 : 10") SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article DE BaO : Fe2O3 : TiO2; Ba2Fe2Ti3O13; Ba3Fe10TiO20; Ba4Fe2Ti10O27 barium ion titanates; X-ray powder diffraction data AB X-ray powder diffraction data and refined unit cell parameters for three compounds found during experimental determination of the BaO:Fe2O3:TiO2 phase diagram are reported here. All three phases crystallize in space group C2/m (No. 12). Ba2Fe2Ti4O13 ("2:1:4") is isostructural with K2Ti6O13 and Ba2ZnTi5O13: a=15.1939(9), b=3.8912(3), c=9.1244(5) Angstrom, P=98.456(5)degrees; Z=2, rho(calc)=4.890 g/cc. Ba3Fe10TiO20 ("3:5:1") is structurally analogous to its aluminum congener Ba3Al10TiO20: a=15.336(1), b=11.7986(9), c=5.1700(4) Angstrom, beta=91.220(6)degrees (I2/m setting); Z=2, rho(calc)=4.750 g/cc. Ba4Fe2Ti10O27 ("4:1:10") is also isostructural with its aluminum analog Ba4Al2Ti10O27: a=19.799(1), b=11.4324(6), c=9.8936(6) Angstrom, beta=109.146(4)degrees (C2/m); Z=4, rho(calc)=4.934 g/cc. The 2:1:4 and 3:5:1 compounds adopt open-framework type structures while the 4:1:10 phase exhibits an eight-layer close-packed arrangement. (C) 1997 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Loezos, JM (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 259 EP 263 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA YM411 UT WOS:000071060800011 ER PT J AU Bell, SS Fonseca, MS Motten, LB AF Bell, SS Fonseca, MS Motten, LB TI Linking restoration and landscape ecology SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; COMMUNITY-DEVELOPMENT; PATTERN; MITIGATION; MARSHES; PERSPECTIVES; DISTURBANCE; MANAGEMENT; SEAGRASSES; WETLANDS AB Landscape ecology focuses on questions typically addressed over broad spatial scales. A landscape approach embraces spatial heterogeneity, consisting of a number of ecosystems and/or landscape structures of different types, as a central theme. Such studies may aid restoration efforts in a variety of ways, including (1) provision of better guidance for selecting reference sites and establishing project goals and (2) suggestions for appropriate spatial configurations of restored elements to facilitate recruitment of flora/fauna. Likewise, restoration efforts may assist landscape-level studies, given that restored habitats, possessing various patch arrangements or being established among landscapes of varying diversity and conditions of human alteration, can provide extraordinary opportunities for experimentation over a large spatial scale. Restoration studies can facilitate the rate of information gathering for expected changes in natural landscapes for which introduction of landscape elements may be relatively slow. Moreover, data collected from restoration studies can assist in validation of dynamic models of current interest in landscape ecology. We suggest that restoration and landscape ecology have an unexplored mutualistic relationship that could enhance research and application of both disciplines. C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Bell, SS (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 60 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 6 U2 62 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 5 IS 4 BP 318 EP 323 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00545.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YM707 UT WOS:000071092700007 ER PT J AU Andreasen, C AF Andreasen, C TI Strangulation within NOAA SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA Corps, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 38 IS 12 BP 105 EP 105 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA YM679 UT WOS:000071088900014 ER PT J AU Pursch, M Brindle, R Ellwanger, A Sander, LC Bell, CM Handel, H Albert, K AF Pursch, M Brindle, R Ellwanger, A Sander, LC Bell, CM Handel, H Albert, K TI Stationary interphases with extended alkyl chains: a comparative study on chain order by solid-state NMR spectroscopy SO SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE stationary interphases; solid-state NMR spectroscopy; alkyl chains ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MIXED TRIFUNCTIONAL SILANES; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CHEMICALLY BONDED PHASES; BLOCK-LIKE SOLUTES; SILICA-GEL; CAROTENOID ISOMERS; HORIZONTAL POLYMERIZATION; CROSS-POLARIZATION; MOLECULAR THEORY AB Stationary interphases with long n-alkyl chains (n = 18, 22, 30, 34) have been examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The determination of the silane functionality and the degree of cross-linking of silane Ligands on the silica surface was performed by Si-29 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. High-speed H-1 MAS and C-13 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy were utilized to assess alkyl chain order and mobility of the different bonded phases. For this purpose, H-1 NMR line widths and C-13 chemical shifts have been evaluated. It is shown that stationary phase order and rigidity increase with alkyl chain length. In addition, the temperature-dependent trans/gauche conformational change occurs at higher temperatures for a polymeric C-34 phase compared with a C-30 sorbent. This behaviour is discussed in the context of previously reported chromatographic (HPLC) shape selectivity differences. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Organ Chem, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Albert, K (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Organ Chem, Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. NR 51 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-2040 J9 SOLID STATE NUCL MAG JI Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 9 IS 2-4 BP 191 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00058-1 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Physics; Spectroscopy GA YU021 UT WOS:000071671900013 PM 9477449 ER PT J AU Mearns, AJ AF Mearns, AJ TI Cleaning oiled shores: Putting bioremediation to the test SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SPILL BIOREMEDIATION; PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; DEGRADATION; ALASKA AB Bioremediation, through nutrient treatment, shows promise as a long-term in situ clean-up method for lightly and moderately oiled, sheltered (low-energy) shorelines that might be damaged by more intrusive measures, such as pressure washing. However, shoreline bioremediation has several misunderstood limits. Field research indicates that hydrocarbon-degrading microbes occur in all aquatic environments and that they reproduce greatly in the presence of oil: it is useless to add more. Wind, waves, currents, existing oil-degrading bacteria, nutrients, and oxygen are generally sufficient to promote maximum rates of degradation of oil. Under some circumstances, continuous or periodic application of nutrients (fertilizers) over a period of at least several weeks can accelerate oil degradation by factors of 1.5- to perhaps 5-fold. All future work should be done using statistically-robust sampling designs. In Japan, as elsewhere, there is great need for well-controlled, well-replicated, full-scale field tests to find out which, if any, bioremediation methods would be most useful for various oils, fuels and shoreline types. Intentional shoreline oiling and large-scale mesocosms facilities, coupled with well-tested treatment and monitoring protocols, are the best ay to conduct these tests. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response & Assessments Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response & Assessments Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 4 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(98)00026-7 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 158EW UT WOS:000078103900004 ER PT J AU Galt, JA AF Galt, JA TI Uncertainty analysis related to oil spill modeling SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Spill response is a complex operation that demands the consideration of a great number of varied interests. The planning of operations during a spill event requires an estimate of the future distribution of the pollutant. These are typically obtained by computational algorithms, database references, numerical modeling, or more generally the techniques of trajectory analysis. Since the results of the trajectory analysis are a critical factor in the formulation of operational decisions, the consequences of uncertainty in the forecasts must be analyzed in terms of the response activities they must support. The uncertainty in the forecast results from trajectory analysis must be evaluated in the broadest possible sense. Beginning with the way to solve hydrodynamic flow equations in a sparse data environment, then proceeding to models of geophysical forcing which are the result of additional forecasting, and thus are also uncertain. Finally the contribution of the trajectory analysis to the chain of decision logic that is actually used to formulate response must be considered. Once the uncertainty associated with trajectory analysis results is understood, a use strategy can be formulated on how best to present and use the information. Operations research and game theory methods suggest that 'minimum regret' strategies provide a powerful and understandable procedure for the delivery of forecast information into the spill response system. A digital standard has been developed for implementing this 'minimum regret' strategic approach and has been operational for nearly three years. During this time the response community has used it on over 100 spills and drills with a high level of acceptance. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, HAZMAT, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Galt, JA (reprint author), NOAA, HAZMAT, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 4 IS 4 BP 231 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(98)00027-9 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 158EW UT WOS:000078103900006 ER PT J AU Cahn, JW AF Cahn, JW TI Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics on a finite growing domain with time and position dependent nucleation and growth rates SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF METALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fifty Years of Metallurgy - Retrospect and Prospect CY NOV, 1996 CL NEW DELHI, INDIA AB The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory gives an exact solution for the expected fraction transformed in a nucleation and growth reaction in an infinite specimen, when nucleation is random in the untransformed volume and the radial growth rate after nucleation is constant until impingement. Many of these restrictive assumptions are introduced to facilitate the use of statistics. An alternate derivation is reviewed that not only does not require assuming infinite specimens, but also permits growth or dissolution of a specimen undergoing a nucleation and growth transformation. Exact closed form solutions can be obtained for any convex specimen, and for nucleation rates and growth rates that are both time and position dependent. Certain types of growth anisotropies can be included. The expected fraction transformed is position and time dependent. Simple specimen geometries such as plates are calculated, and are shown to reduce to expected formulas in certain limits. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cahn, JW (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 4 U2 8 PU INDIAN INST METALS PI CALCUTTA PA METAL HOUSE, PLOT 13/4, BLOCK AQ, SECTOR V, SALT LAKE, CALCUTTA 700 091, INDIA SN 0019-493X J9 T INDIAN I METALS JI Trans. Indian Inst. Met. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 50 IS 6 BP 573 EP 580 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA ZJ933 UT WOS:000073268300015 ER PT J AU Massie, DR Rose, MA AF Massie, DR Rose, MA TI Predicting daily maximum temperatures using linear regression and eta geopotential thickness forecasts SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB The relationship between forecast geopotential thickness and observed maximum temperature is investigated, and regression equations are calculated using numerical model thickness forecasts for Nashville. Model thickness forecast accuracy is shown to have seasonal variability. Furthermore the accuracy of era regression forecasts is dependent on changes in the average low-level humidity. During December through March, most large eta regression forecast errors occurred during times when much drier air moved into the Nashville area. The era regression forecast method was useful, in making subjective improvements to the Model Output Statistics (MOS) from the Nested Grid Model (NGM), especially when the difference between the era regression forecast and the NGM MOS was at least 3 degrees F. The limitations of this study include potential error due to inaccurate model thickness forecasts and dependence on forecast thickness as the preferred predictor of afternoon maximum temperature. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Old Hickory, TN 37138 USA. RP Massie, DR (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 500 Weather Stn Rd, Old Hickory, TN 37138 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 799 EP 807 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0799:PDMTUL>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700007 ER PT J AU Sivillo, JK Ahlquist, JE Toth, Z AF Sivillo, JK Ahlquist, JE Toth, Z TI An ensemble forecasting primer SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; ERROR GROWTH; MODEL; NMC; SYSTEM; SKILL; FLOW AB An ensemble forecast is a collection (an ensemble) of forecasts that all verify at the same time. These forecasts are regarded as possible scenarios given the uncertainty associated with forecasting. With such an ensemble, one can address issues that go beyond simply estimating the best forecast. These include estimation of the probability of various events and estimation of the confidence that can be associated with a forecast. Global ensemble forecasts out to 10 days have been computed at both the U.S. and European central forecasting centers since December 1992. Since 1995, the United Stales has computed experimental regional ensemble forecasts focusing on smaller-scale forecast uncertainties out to 2 days. The authors address challenges associated with ensemble forecasting such as 1) formulating an ensemble, 2) choosing the number of forecasts in an ensemble, 3) extracting information from an ensemble of forecasts, 4) displaying information from an ensemble of forecasts, and 5) interpreting ensemble forecasts. Two synoptic-scale examples of ensemble forecasting from the winter of 1995/96 are also shown. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, CITM, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Florida State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Trop Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr,GSC, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Ahlquist, JE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, CITM, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 48 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 809 EP 818 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0809:AEFP>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700008 ER PT J AU Mielke, PW Berry, KJ Landsea, CW Gray, WM AF Mielke, PW Berry, KJ Landsea, CW Gray, WM TI A single-sample estimate of shrinkage in meteorological forecasting SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CROSS-VALIDATION; HURRICANE ACTIVITY; REGRESSION-MODELS; PREDICTION; SKILL; PERFORMANCE AB An estimator of shrinkage based on information contained in a single sample is presented and the results of a simulation study are reported. The effects of sample size, amount, and severity of nonrepresentative data in the population, inclusion of noninformative predictors, and least (sum of) absolute deviations and least (sum of) squared deviations regression models are examined on the estimator. A single-sample estimator of shrinkage based on drop-one cross-validation is shown to be highly accurate under a wide variety of research conditions. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Sociol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM mielke@lamar.colostate.edu NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 847 EP 858 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0847:ASSEOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700011 ER PT J AU Yu, TW Iredell, M Keyser, D AF Yu, TW Iredell, M Keyser, D TI Global data assimilation and forecast experiments using SSM/I wind speed data derived from a neural network algorithm SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; SURFACE AB A neural network algorithm used in this study to derive Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) wind speeds from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite-observed brightness temperatures is briefly reviewed. The SSM/I winds derived from the neural network algorithm are not only of better quality, but also cover a larger area when compared to those generated from the currently operational Goodberlet algorithm. The areas of increased coverage occur mainly over the regions of active weather developments where the operational Goodberlet algorithm fails to produce good quality wind data due to high moisture contents of the atmosphere. These two main characteristics associated with the SSM/I winds derived from the neural network algorithm are discussed. SSM/I wind speed data derived from both the neural network algorithm and the operational Goodberlet algorithm are tested in parallel global data assimilation and forecast experiments for a period of about three weeks. The results show that the use of neural-network-derived SSM/I wind speed data leads to a greater improvement in the first-guess wind fields than use of wind data generated by the operational algorithm. Similarly, comparison of the forecast results shows that use of the neural-network-derived SSM/I wind speed data in the data assimilation and forecast experiment gives better forecasts when compared to those from the operational run that uses the SSM/I winds from the Goodberlet algorithm. These results of comparison between the two parallel analyses and forecasts from the global data assimilation experiments are discussed. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Yu, TW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 859 EP 865 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0859:GDAAFE>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700012 ER PT J AU Browning, P Weaver, JF Connell, B AF Browning, P Weaver, JF Connell, B TI The Moberly, Missouri, Tornado of 4 July 1995 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE AB Tornadic storms that occurred over northeastern Kansas and northern Missouri on 4 July 1995 are examined by combining the latest in National Weather Service technology with more routine datasets. The analysis provides an insightful description of the meteorological setting and evolution that led to the severe weather on this day. Strong thunderstorms first formed where an outflow boundary intersected a cold front, then new activity was triggered along the outflow boundary itself. It was found that small-scale outflow interactions may have played an important role in changing the nature of the convection already under way and were associated with the two most damaging tornadoes of the day. The case is also used to showcase how several new "modernization" datasets can be used together in a quickly accessible manner to provide a valuable and precise overview of a rapidly evolving meteorological event. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NOAA, NESDIS,RAMM, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Pleasant Hill, MO USA. RP Weaver, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NOAA, NESDIS,RAMM, W Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 915 EP 927 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0915:TMMTOJ>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700016 ER PT J AU Wood, VT Brown, RA AF Wood, VT Brown, RA TI Effects of radar sampling on single-Doppler velocity signatures of mesocyclones and tornadoes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB Simulated WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler) radar data were used to investigate the effects of discrete azimuthal sampling on Doppler velocity signatures of modeled mesocyclones and tornadoes at various ranges from the radar and for various random positions of the radar beam with respect to the vortices. Results show that the random position of the beam can change the magnitudes and locations of peak Doppler velocity values. The important implication presented in this study is that short-term variations in tornado and far-range mesocyclone intensity observed by a WSR-88D radar may be due to evolution or due to the chance positions of the radar beam relative to the vortex's maximum rotational velocities or due to some combination of both. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Wood, VT (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 14 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 928 EP 938 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0928:EORSOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700017 ER PT J AU Dostalek, JF Weaver, JF Purdom, JFW Winston, KY AF Dostalek, JF Weaver, JF Purdom, JFW Winston, KY TI Nighttime detection of low-level thunderstorm outflow using a GOES multispectral image product SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Team, Ft Collins, CO USA. Colorado State Univ, Focus Integrated Remote Sensing Technol Training, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Dostalek, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, W Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 12 IS 4 BP 947 EP 950 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0948:POTQND>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YT218 UT WOS:000071577700019 ER PT J AU Quinn, TP Bracarense, AQ Liu, S AF Quinn, TP Bracarense, AQ Liu, S TI A melting rate and temperature distribution model for shielded metal arc welding electrodes SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE SMAW; E7018 electrodes; melting rates; temperature distribution; calcium carbonate AB A mathematical model of the shielded metal are electrode has been developed to predict its temperature distribution and melting rates. The heat transfer equations of the melting electrode were solved: Conduction along the electrode, heat delivered to the end of the solid electrode from the melt, the heat of decomposition of calcium carbonate in the covering and Joule heat generation in the electrode were considered. The ther mal properties of the core rod were allowed to vary with temperature. The covering was modeled as a thermal mass (constant heat capacity) with the same temperature distribution as the core rod. The rate of heat transfer from the melt was set proportional to the current with the constant of proportionality determined by matching model predictions of the melting rate to experimental results. A finite difference technique was used to solve the final set of nonlinear equations. Experiments were conducted on E7018, 354-mm-long, 3.2-mm-diameter commercial electrodes to determine melting rates and, using thermocouples, temperature profiles. The model was able to predict the consumed length within 11 mm for currents ranging from 117.5 to 160 A. Ar the recommended welding current of 130 A, the rms difference in the predicted temperature between the model and experiment was 26 degrees C (79 degrees F). At the ex- tremes of the range in current for practical welding, 110 and 150 A, the rms differences between the model and the experiments were 108 degrees C (226 degrees F) and 150 degrees C (302 degrees F), respectively. The model predicted that at 130 A, the CaCO3 in the covering starts to be prematurely consumed when the are reaches the position of about 170 mm from the holder; at 140 mm from the holder, all of the CaCO3 is predicted to be consumed prematurely. C1 UNIV FED MINAS GERAIS,BELO HORIZONT,MG,BRAZIL. COLORADO SCH MINES,GOLDEN,CO 80401. RP Quinn, TP (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA PO BOX 351040, MIAMI, FL 33135 SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD DEC PY 1997 VL 76 IS 12 BP S532 EP S538 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YJ746 UT WOS:A1997YJ74600021 ER PT J AU Shearer, KD Silverstein, JT Dickhoff, WW AF Shearer, KD Silverstein, JT Dickhoff, WW TI Control of growth and adiposity of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; growth; adiposity; feeding rates; dietary lipid ID RAINBOW-TROUT; FOOD-INTAKE; TEMPERATURE; GAIRDNERI; FISH; DIET AB Chinook salmon fry (0.7 g, 3.9% whole body lipid) were fed high protein diets containing high lipid (HL) (65% protein, 23% lipid) or low lipid (LL) (85% protein, 3% lipid) at high ration (near satiation = HR) or low ration (one half of high ration = LR) for 247 days to determine if growth and adiposity could be independently controlled. Each treatment was duplicated with each tank containing 400 fish. The amount of feed fed to each tank of fish was adjusted each month so that fish fed at a prescribed ration level (HR or LR) would grow at similar rates. The effects of ration and dietary lipid level on final weight, adiposity, feed efficiency (wet weight gain/dry feed fed) and protein retention efficiency were assessed using regression, two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA (P < 0.05). Overall feed efficiency (109-127%) was lowest in the HR/HL treatment but differences among treatments were not significant. For the different treatments (HR/HL, HR/LL, LR/HL, LR/LL), the amounts of dry feed fed averaged; 17.5, 15.4, 6.7 and 6.1 g/fish, final mean fish weights were, 20.2, 19.5, 9.2 and 8.7 g and final mean whole body lipids were, 11.3, 5.4, 7.1, 3.9%. These results show that ration level had the major influence on growth, whereas dietary lipid level was the major determinant of adiposity. This appears to have occurred because when protein was supplied in excess, it was not spared by lipid. Thus it may be possible for enhancement hatcheries and commercial salmon farms to manipulate growth and adiposity by regulating ration and controlling diet composition. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shearer, KD (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 48 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 3-4 BP 311 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00170-1 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YN275 UT WOS:000071150600012 ER PT J AU Kahl, JDW Martinez, DA Kuhns, H Davidson, CI Jaffrezo, JL Harris, JM AF Kahl, JDW Martinez, DA Kuhns, H Davidson, CI Jaffrezo, JL Harris, JM TI Air mass trajectories to Summit, Greenland: A 44-year climatology and some episodic events SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID ICE-SHEET; PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; 5-YEAR CLIMATOLOGY; BACK TRAJECTORIES; CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; FLOW PATTERNS; TRANSPORT; SNOW; DYE-3 AB The seasonal variation in atmospheric transport patterns to Summit, Greenland, is examined using a 44-year record of daily, 10-day, isobaric back trajectories at the 500-hPa level. Over 24,000 modeled trajectories are aggregated into distinct patterns using cluster analysis. Ten-day trajectories reaching Summit are longest during winter, with 67% extending upwind (westward) as far back as Asia or Europe. Trajectories are shortest during summer, with 46% having 10-day origins over North America. During all seasons a small percentage (3-7%) of trajectories originate in west Asia/Europe and follow a meridional path over the Arctic Ocean before approaching: Summit from the northwest. Trajectories at the 700-hPa level tend to be shorter than at 500 hPa, with many of the 700-hPa trajectories from North America tracking over the North Atlantic and approaching Summit from the south. The long-range transport climatology for Summit is similar to a year-round climatology prepared for Dye 3, located 900 lan to the south [Davidson et al., 1993b]. An analysis of several aerosol species measured at Summit during summer 1994 reveals examples of the usefulness and also the limitations of using long-range air trajectories to interpret chemical data. C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. NOAA,CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB,BOULDER,CO 80309. LAB GLACIOL & GEOPHYS ENVIRONM,F-38402 ST MARTIN DHER,FRANCE. RP Kahl, JDW (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOSCI,POB 413,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201, USA. RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008 NR 36 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 30 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C12 BP 26861 EP 26875 DI 10.1029/97JC00296 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YJ671 UT WOS:A1997YJ67100047 ER PT J AU Pipino, ACR Hudgens, JW Huie, RE AF Pipino, ACR Hudgens, JW Huie, RE TI Evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy for probing surface processes SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LASER-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTROMETER; SYSTEMS AB Sub-monolayer detection of adsorbed I-2 is demonstrated with the cavity ring-down technique by using intra-cavity total-internal reflection to generate and evanescent field that probes the adsorption process. A precision, fused-silica Pellin-Broca prism with ultra-smooth facets (surface roughness similar to 0.05 nm r.m.s) is employed to provide the intra-cavity TIR. The known cross-section for the (1) Sigma(g)(+) --> 3 Pi(n) transition of I-2, which is largely invariant between pressure-braodened gaseous weakly chemisorbed, and liquid states, provides quantification of senstitivity. A minimum detectable coverage of similar to monolayer is determined at a weakly absorbed probe wavelength. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pipino, ACR (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010 NR 36 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 28 PY 1997 VL 280 IS 1-2 BP 104 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(97)01080-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YN622 UT WOS:000071188400017 ER PT J AU Chesler, SN Emery, AP Duewer, DL AF Chesler, SN Emery, AP Duewer, DL TI Recovery of diesel fuel from soil by supercritical fluid extraction gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE soil; diesel fuel ID PETROLEUM-HYDROCARBONS; CONTAMINATED SOIL; SFE AB An analytical method based on CO2 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by gas chromatography (GC) was evaluated, compared to Soxhlet extraction, and found to determine accurately and precisely diesel fuel contamination of standard soil samples at a total petroleum hydrocarbon level of 100 mu g/g in soil. While both extraction methods have the same 3% relative repeatability standard deviation for determination of total hydrocarbon contamination at this level, SFE requires much less time, uses less organic solvent and provides better recovery of the more volatile n-C-10 to n-C-12 hydrocarbons. Published by Elsevier Science BN. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chesler, SN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 28 PY 1997 VL 790 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00748-6 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YL693 UT WOS:000070982700013 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, WP Clark, CW AF Reinhardt, WP Clark, CW TI Soliton dynamics in the collisions of Bose-Einstein condensates: an analogue of the Josephson effect SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; GAS AB The usual mean-field description of trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates predicts the existence of solitons in one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional confinement. If the net atomic pair interaction is attractive, these solitons appear as coherently propagating matter wavepackets; if it is repulsive, soliton behaviour is seen in the motion of 'holes' in the condensate density, the velocity of which is determined by the phase difference between adjoining pieces of condensate, in analogy to the familiar Josephson effect. We explore the properties of these solitons via elementary analytic models and computer simulation, and make specific suggestions for their experimental observation. C1 TECHNOL ADM,DIV ELECTRON & OPT PHYS,NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,US DEPT COMMERCE,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Reinhardt, WP (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT CHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 37 TC 157 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6BE SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD NOV 28 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 22 BP L785 EP & DI 10.1088/0953-4075/30/22/001 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YK156 UT WOS:A1997YK15600001 ER PT J AU Hansen, J Sato, M Ruedy, R Lacis, A Asamoah, K Beckford, K Borenstein, S Brown, E Cairns, B Carlson, B Curran, B deCastro, S Druyan, L Etwarrow, P Ferede, T Fox, M Gaffen, D Glascoe, J Gordon, H Hollandsworth, S Jiang, X Johnson, C Lawrence, N Lean, J Lerner, J Lo, K Logan, J Luckett, A McCormick, MP McPeters, R Miller, R Minnis, P Ramberran, I Russell, G Russell, P Stone, P Tegen, I Thomas, S Thomason, L Thompson, A Wilder, J Willson, R Zawodny, J AF Hansen, J Sato, M Ruedy, R Lacis, A Asamoah, K Beckford, K Borenstein, S Brown, E Cairns, B Carlson, B Curran, B deCastro, S Druyan, L Etwarrow, P Ferede, T Fox, M Gaffen, D Glascoe, J Gordon, H Hollandsworth, S Jiang, X Johnson, C Lawrence, N Lean, J Lerner, J Lo, K Logan, J Luckett, A McCormick, MP McPeters, R Miller, R Minnis, P Ramberran, I Russell, G Russell, P Stone, P Tegen, I Thomas, S Thomason, L Thompson, A Wilder, J Willson, R Zawodny, J TI Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC MODEL; LAND-SURFACE; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; GLOBAL TEMPERATURE; GREENHOUSE GASES AB We investigate the roles of climate forcings and chaos (unforced variability) in climate change via ensembles of climate simulations in which we add forcings one by one. The experiments suggest that most interannual climate variability in the period 1979-1996 at middle and high latitudes is chaotic. But observed SST anomalies, which themselves are partly forced and partly chaotic, account for much of the climate variability at low latitudes and a small portion of the variability at high latitudes. Both a natural radiative forcing (volcanic aerosols) and an anthropogenic forcing (ozone depletion) leave clear signatures in the simulated climate change that are identified in observations. Pinatubo aerosols warm the stratosphere and cool the surface glc:,ally, causing a tendency for regional surface cooling. Ozone depletion cools the lower stratosphere, troposphere and surface, steepening the temperature lapse rate in the troposphere. Solar irradiance effects are small, but our model is inadequate to fully explore this forcing. Well-mixed anthropogenic greenhouse gases cause a large surface warming that, over the 17 years, approximately offsets cooling by the other three mechanisms. Thus the net calculated effect of all measured radiative forcings is approximately zero surface temperature trend and zero heat storage in the ocean for the period 1979-1996. Finally, in addition to the four measured radiative forcings, we add an initial (1979) disequilibrium forcing of +0.65 W/m(2). This forcing yields a global surface warming of about 0.2 degrees C over 1979-1996, close to observations, and measurable heat storage in the ocean. We argue that the results represent evidence of a planetary radiative imbalance of at least 0.5 W/m(2); this disequilibrium presumably represents unrealized warming due to changes of atmospheric composition prior to 1979. One implication of the disequilibrium forcing is an expectation of new record global temperatures in the next few years. The best opportunity for observational confirmation of the disequilibrium is measurement of ocean temperatures adequate to define heat storage. C1 MAST HIGH SCH, QUEENS, NY 11411 USA. CUNY YORK COLL, DEPT NAT SCI, JAMAICA, NY 11451 USA. UNIV MIAMI, DEPT PHYS, CORAL GABLES, FL 33124 USA. BRONX HIGH SCH SCI, BRONX, NY 10468 USA. FAR ROCKAWAY HIGH SCH, BROOKLYN, NY 11691 USA. NOAA, AIR RESOURCES LAB, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. USN, RES LAB, EO HULBURT CTR SPACE RES, WASHINGTON, DC 20375 USA. HARVARD UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02137 USA. HAMPTON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, HAMPTON, VA 23668 USA. NASA, LANGLEY RES CTR, HAMPTON, VA 23665 USA. NASA, AMES RES CTR, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA. MIT, CTR METEOROL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. POLYTECH UNIV, DIV ENGN, BROOKLYN, NY 11201 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT APPL PHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV, CTR CLIMATE SYST RES, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA. RP Hansen, J (reprint author), NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, 2880 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA. RI Lacis, Andrew/D-4658-2012; Carlson, Barbara/D-8319-2012; Miller, Ron/E-1902-2012; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Minnis, Patrick/G-1902-2010; Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014; OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Minnis, Patrick/0000-0002-4733-6148; Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920; Thomason, Larry/0000-0002-1902-0840 NR 146 TC 144 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25679 EP 25720 DI 10.1029/97JD01495 PG 42 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300002 ER PT J AU Spangenberg, DA Mace, GG Ackerman, TP Seaman, NL Soden, BJ AF Spangenberg, DA Mace, GG Ackerman, TP Seaman, NL Soden, BJ TI Evaluation of model-simulated upper troposphere humidity using 6.7 mu m satellite observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; MESOSCALE MODEL; INITIALIZATION; CLIMATOLOGY; VALIDATION AB Use of mesoscale models to simulate details of upper tropospheric relative humidity (UTRH) fields represents an important step toward understanding the evolution of small-scale water vapor structures that are responsible for cirrus growth and dissipation. Because mesoscale model UTRH simulations require initialization and verification and since radiosonde measurements of relative humidity are unreliable in the upper troposphere, we use GOES 6.7 mu m water vapor observations to validate the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MM5) simulations of UTRH. To accomplish this task, MM5 temperature and moisture profiles are used in a forward calculation of the clear-sky 6.7 mu m brightness temperature (T-6.7), which is converted into UTRH. A statistical analysis is done to evaluate MM5 simulations of T-6.7 and UTRH against the GOES 7 observations. For the simulations, an average correlation coefficient of 0.80 was found with a dry bias of 1.6 K. In terms of UTRH, the average correlation coefficient was 0.65 with a dry bias of 3.3%. We also found that MM5 fails to simulate accurately extrema in the UTRH field. C1 PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT METEOROL, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB, PRINCETON, NJ USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25737 EP 25749 DI 10.1029/97JD01552 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300004 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T AF Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Xiao, JB Stockton, P Ono, D Helm, PJ Gill, TE Ley, T TI Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Omens Lake .1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 mu m SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID FIELD MEASUREMENT; DUST; SALTATION; AEROSOLS; SEDIMENT AB A field experiment at Owens (dry) Lake, California, tested whether and how the relative profiles of airborne horizontal mass fluxes for >50-mu m wind-eroded particles changed with friction velocity. The horizontal mass flux at almost all measured heights increased proportionally to the cube of friction velocity above an apparent threshold friction velocity for all sediment tested and increased with height except at one coarse-sand site where the relative horizontal mass flux profile did not change with friction velocity. Size distributions for long-time-averaged horizontal mass flux samples showed a saltation layer from the surface to a height between 30 and 50 cm, above which suspended particles dominate. Measurements from a large dust source area on a line parallel to the wind showed that even though the saltation flux reached equilibrium similar to 650 m downwind of the starting point of erosion, weakly suspended particles were still input into the atmosphere 1567 m downwind of the starting point; thus the saltating fraction of the total mass flux decreased after 650 m. The scale length difference and ratio of 70/30 suspended mass flux to saltation mass flux at the farthest downwind sampling site confirm that suspended particles are very important for mass budgets in large source areas and that saltation mass flux can be a variable fraction of total horizontal mass flux for soils with a substantial fraction of <100-mu m particles. C1 USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, BIG SPRING, TX 79720 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, BRANCH ASTROGEOL, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. GREAT BASIN UNIFIED AIR POLLUT CONTROL DIST, BISHOP, CA 93514 USA. SENSIT CO, PORTLAND, ND 58274 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, FLUID MODELING BRANCH, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 32 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25977 EP 25987 DI 10.1029/97JD00961 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300021 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Hardebeck, E Parker, J AF Gillette, DA Hardebeck, E Parker, J TI Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake .2. Role of roughness change, particle limitation, change of threshold friction velocity, and the Owen effect SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB Variability in airborne particles larger than sand flux for distance scales larger than 200 m was observed during wind erosion episodes on the northeast side of a dry lake bed (Owens Lake). Measurements were made during erosion episodes on a similar to 3-km line of wind measuring and sand flux collecting instruments. Data were selected for winds that (1) aligned with the instrument line and (2) had mean speeds cubed at 4-m heights at the beginning, middle, and end of the line that differed by less than 5% (i.e., mean wind speeds differed by less than 1.7%). Four mechanisms were determined to cause the large-scale differences in the mass flux profiles. In order of their importance, the mechanisms are as follows: (I) change of the drag coefficient (or the ratio u*/U, where u* is wind friction velocity and U is mean wind speed from place to place), this is a measure of variability in roughness height; (2) particle limitation (depletion of the loose ''available'' erodible material on the surface); (3) variation of the threshold friction velocity; and (4)the Owen effect (the increase of u*/U with U). C1 GREAT BASIN UNIFIED AIR POLLUT CONTROL DIST, BISHOP, CA 93514 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, FLUID MODELING BRANCH, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 25989 EP 25998 DI 10.1029/97JD00960 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300022 ER PT J AU Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Gill, TE Ley, T Cahill, TA Gearhart, EA AF Gillette, DA Fryrear, DW Gill, TE Ley, T Cahill, TA Gearhart, EA TI Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 mu m to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owens Lake SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MINERAL AEROSOLS; DUST; SALTATION; WIND AB The vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 mu m for a saline playa surface, the particle size composition of which was classified as loam-textured, was estimated for a highly wind-erodible site on the playa of Owens (dry) Lake in California. The ratio of this vertical flux to the horizontal flux of total airborne material through a surface perpendicular to the soil and to the wind, F-a/q(tot), is 2.75 x 10(-4) m(-1). This is consistent with that ratio for sand-textured soils and suggests that the binding energy and size of saltating particles for the tested surface material at Owens Lake is of the same order as that for sandier soils. The horizontal mass flux of saltating grains, q, in the reported wind erosion event is 51.3% of the total horizontal mass flux q(tot). Therefore the ratio of F-a/q is 5.4 x 10(-4) m(-1). C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, CROCKER NUCL LAB, AIR QUAL GRP, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, BIG SPRING FIELD STN, BIG SPRING, TX 79720 USA. USDA ARS, WIND EROS & WATER CONSERVAT UNIT, LUBBOCK, TX 79401 USA. UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RP Gillette, DA (reprint author), NOAA, ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV, AIR RESOURCES LAB, MD-81, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27711 USA. NR 23 TC 77 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D22 BP 26009 EP 26015 DI 10.1029/97JD02252 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH593 UT WOS:A1997YH59300024 ER PT J AU Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ AF Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ TI Rate constants for the reactions of OH with HFC-245cb (CH3CF2CF3) and some fluoroalkenes (CH2CHCF3, CH2CFCF3, CF2CFCF3, and CF2CF2) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; HYDROXYL RADICALS; SCATTERED-LIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET; GAS; HYDROFLUOROCARBONS; CH3CFCL2 AB The rate constant for the reaction of OH with HFC-245cb (CH3-CF2-CF3) was measured by the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range 287-370 K in order to ascertain its atmospheric lifetime. Given the potential for trace levels of olefinic impurities to introduce errors into results of the rate constant measurements for low reactivity HFCs, considerable emphasis was placed on HFC purification and on demonstrating the utility of vacuum UV spectroscopy as a sensitive tool for detecting olefinic impurities in HFC samples. Measurements were also made of the OH rate constants for CH2=CH-CF3, CH2=CF-CF3, and CF2=CF-CF3, over the temperature range 252-370 K, and for CF2=CF2 at 298 K. Absorption spectra for the four fluoroalkenes as well as for ethene and propene were obtained from 160 to 220 nm. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST ENERGY PROBLEMS CHEM PHYS,MOSCOW 117829,RUSSIA. RP Orkin, VL (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,PHYS & CHEM PROPERTIES DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012 NR 18 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 48 BP 9118 EP 9124 DI 10.1021/jp971994r PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YK289 UT WOS:A1997YK28900019 ER PT J AU Sunda, WG Huntsman, SA AF Sunda, WG Huntsman, SA TI Interrelated influence of iron, light and cell size on marine phytoplankton growth SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA-WEISSFLOGII; CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; LIMITED ECOSYSTEM; USE EFFICIENCIES; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; LIMITATION; PICOPHYTOPLANKTON; PRODUCTIVITY; AVAILABILITY AB The sub-optimal growth of phytoplankton and the resulting persistence of unutilized plant nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) in the surface waters of certain ocean regions has been a longstanding puzzle(1,2). Of these regions, the Southern Ocean seems to play the greatest role in the global carbon cycle(3,4), but controversy exists as to the dominant controls on net algal production. Limitation by iron deficiency(4,5), light availability(1,6,7) and grazing by zooplankton(2) have been proposed. Here we present the results from culture experiments showing that the amount of cellular iron needed to support growth is higher under lower light intensities, owing to a greater requirement for photosynthetic iron-based redox proteins by low-light acclimatized algae. Moreover, algal iron uptake varies with cell surface area, such that the growth of small cells is favoured under iron limitation, as predicted theoretically(8). Phytoplankton growth can therefore be simultaneously limited by the availability of both iron and light. Such a co-limitation may be experienced by phytoplankton in iron-poor regions in which the surface mixed layer extends below the euphotic zone-as often occurs in the Southern Ocean(6,7)-or near the bottom of the euphotic zone in more stratified waters. By favouring the growth of smaller cells, iron/light co-limitation should increase grazing by microzooplankton, and thus minimize the loss of fixed carbon and nitrogen from surface waters in settling particles(9,10). RP Sunda, WG (reprint author), NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,101 PIVERS ISL RD,BEAUFORT,NC 28516, USA. NR 26 TC 458 Z9 474 U1 9 U2 140 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 27 PY 1997 VL 390 IS 6658 BP 389 EP 392 DI 10.1038/37093 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YH549 UT WOS:A1997YH54900059 ER PT J AU Robertson, LS Lilak, A Law, ME Jones, KS Kringhoj, PS Rubin, LM Jackson, J Simons, DS Chi, P AF Robertson, LS Lilak, A Law, ME Jones, KS Kringhoj, PS Rubin, LM Jackson, J Simons, DS Chi, P TI The effect of dose rate on interstitial release from the end-of-range implant damage region in silicon SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DOPANT DIFFUSION; DEFECTS; BORON AB Low temperature molecular beam epitaxy was used to grow boron doping superlattices DSLs in Si, with peak boron concentrations of 1 x 10(18)/cm(3), and spike widths of 10 nm. Amorphization of these DSLs was achieved using a series of Si+ implants of 30 and 112 keV, each at a dose of 1 x 10(15)/cm(2), which placed the amorphous to crystalline interface between the first and second doping spikes. The dose rate of the Si+ implants was varied from 0.13 to 1.13 mA/cm(2). Post-implantation anneals were performed in a rapid thermal annealing furnace at 800 degrees C, for times varying from 5 s to 3 min. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to monitor the dopant diffusion after annealing. Increasing the implant dose rate appears to increase the amount interstitial flux toward the surface but has no observable effect on the flux into the crystal. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the end of range defect evolution. Increasing dose rate was observed to decrease the end of range defect density. These observations are consistent with previous findings that indicate the amount of backflow toward the surface decreases as the end of range loop density increases. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 AARHUS UNIV,INST PHYS & ASTRON,DK-8000 AARHUS C,DENMARK. EATON CORP,BEVERLY,MA. NIST,CHEM SCI & TECHNOL LAB,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Robertson, LS (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 24 PY 1997 VL 71 IS 21 BP 3105 EP 3107 DI 10.1063/1.120260 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YG834 UT WOS:A1997YG83400025 ER PT J AU Podurets, KM Sharov, VA Mildner, DFR AF Podurets, KM Sharov, VA Mildner, DFR TI Spatial distribution of neutrons guided through a monolithic tapered lens SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY OPTICS AB The cold neutron transmission through a monolithic polycapillary lens is studied by scanning a pinhole beam across the entrance cross section of the lens. The relative transmission as a function of bending radius of a tapered channel is obtained. The results are explained in terms of a reduced critical angle for total reflection for the tapered channels. A technique for qualitative examination of monolithic lenses is proposed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 KURCHATOV INST,RUSSIAN RES CTR,MOSCOW 123182,RUSSIA. XRAY OPT SYST INC,ALBANY,NY. RP Podurets, KM (reprint author), NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 24 PY 1997 VL 71 IS 21 BP 3168 EP 3170 DI 10.1063/1.120449 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YG834 UT WOS:A1997YG83400046 ER PT J AU Simon, SL McKenna, GB AF Simon, SL McKenna, GB TI The effects of structural recovery and thermal lag in temperature-modulated DSC measurements SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; dynamic calorimetry; Lissajous loops; temperature-modulated DSC; scanning calorimetry; structural recovery; Tool-Narayanaswamy model ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; GLASS-TRANSITION; AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; PARAMETER MODEL; HEAT-CAPACITY; RELAXATION; CONDUCTIVITY AB It is well known that structural recovery in polymeric glass formers leads to the enthalpy overshoot in nonisothermal experiments. One common model for describing this phenomenon is the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) equation, Here we apply the TNM equation to analyze a typical temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) trace and examine the influence of the material nonlinearities on the dynamic heat flow, We show that, in the glass-transition region, the oscillating heat-flow response to the sinusoidal temperature input is a distorted sine wave. Hence, linear analysis of the phase lag between heat flow and temperature is not physically meaningful. The degree of distortion of the sinusoidal heat flow increases as the magnitude of the excess enthalpy annealing peak increases. In addition, we perform a thermal analysis of samples having different geometries and show that an apparent phase lag can result in the measured response due to the presence of thermal gradients in the sample. The significance of the results is discussed. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, SL (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RI Simon, Sindee/M-9372-2013; McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI Simon, Sindee/0000-0001-7498-2826; McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 5 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD NOV 24 PY 1997 VL 307 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00275-X PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA YU178 UT WOS:000071690100001 ER PT J AU Simon, SL McKenna, GB AF Simon, SL McKenna, GB TI Interpretation of the dynamic heat capacity observed in glass-forming liquids SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; DEPENDENT SPECIFIC-HEAT; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; SUPERCOOLED LIQUID; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; ENTHALPY RELAXATION; AMORPHOUS POLYMERS; POLYVINYL ACETATE); TEMPERATURE-JUMP; TRANSITION AB Slow structural relaxations can complicate the interpretation of thermodynamic measurements on glass-forming liquids. Here we demonstrate using model calculations that structural recovery can lead to an apparent frequency-dependent heat capacity in ac calorimetry experiments. The model is shown to describe the complex heat capacity data reported in the literature for glycerol and poly(vinyl acetate). Importantly, the model does not invoke a complex heat capacity; rather, only static heat capacities are used. The analysis further suggests that ac calorimetry should provide a powerful way of testing models of structural recovery. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(97)51544-3]. C1 NIST, DIV POLYMERS, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, SL (reprint author), UNIV PITTSBURGH, DEPT CHEM ENGN, PITTSBURGH, PA 15261 USA. RI Simon, Sindee/M-9372-2013; McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI Simon, Sindee/0000-0001-7498-2826; McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 47 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 22 PY 1997 VL 107 IS 20 BP 8678 EP 8685 DI 10.1063/1.475020 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YG958 UT WOS:A1997YG95800049 ER PT J AU Mahlman, JD AF Mahlman, JD TI Uncertainties in projections of human-caused climate warming SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Mahlman, JD (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA. NR 8 TC 86 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 21 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5342 BP 1416 EP 1417 DI 10.1126/science.278.5342.1416 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YG858 UT WOS:A1997YG85800031 ER PT J AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA TI Angular dependence and polarization of out-of-plane optical scattering from particulate contamination, subsurface defects, and surface microroughness SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE bidirectional reflectance distribution function; polarimetry; particulate contamination; subsurface defects; microroughness ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; MUELLER MATRIX; SPHERES; SUBSTRATE; RAYLEIGH AB The angular dependence and the polarization of light scattered by a small particle a distance d inside and outside a reflecting surface is calculated in the Rayleigh limit. This calculation yields expressions for the polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function matrices for in-plane and out-of-plane scattering. The results are compared with those obtained from microroughness-induced scattering. For the p-in/p-out configuration with oblique incidence, there exist out-of-plane angles for which scattering that is due to one of the mechanisms vanishes, whereas that from the others does not. By exploiting this knowledge, me can make improvements in the detection of small particles or subsurface defects. It is also shown that one must take care when differentiating subsurface-defect-induced scattering from microroughness-induced scattering using in-plane scattering and wavelength scaling laws. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), NIST,OPT TECHNOL DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 22 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 20 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 33 BP 8798 EP 8805 DI 10.1364/AO.36.008798 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA YF886 UT WOS:A1997YF88600035 PM 18264430 ER PT J AU Nevison, C Holland, E AF Nevison, C Holland, E TI A reexamination of the impact of anthropogenically fixed nitrogen on atmospheric N2O and the stratospheric O-3 layer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Review ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; OXIDE EMISSIONS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; SEASONAL-VARIATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; OZONE DEPLETION; SOIL-NITROGEN; TRACE GASES; MODEL AB The impact of anthropogenic nitrogen fixation on atmospheric N2O is estimated using the approach of the 1970s, which assumed that some fraction beta of anthropogenically fixed nitrogen is rapidly denitrified back to the atmosphere, with a significant fraction a of the end product as N2O. Appropriate values for beta and alpha are discussed and applied to current anthropogenic nitrogen fixation rates, which are dominated by synthetic fertilizer and crop production. These calculations yield an N2O source of about 3.5 Tg N/yr associated with anthropogenic nitrogen fixation, which accounts for most of the observed atmospheric N2O increase of 3-5 Tg N/yr. This simple nitrogen cycle-based approach toward estimating anthropogenic N2O sources provides a useful check on the more complex approaches employed today, in which emissions from a large number of small, independent sources are estimated by extrapolating measured emissions coefficients. Such approaches can be inconsistent with considerations of the global nitrogen cycle and likely have underestimated the fertilizer N2O source and double counted other sources. A box model of atmospheric N2O which assumes an anthropogenic N2O source proportional to past and projected future rates of anthropogenic nitrogen fixation can reproduce much of the historic growth in N2O. Continued growth in the rate of anthropogenic nitrogen fixation could increase atmospheric N2O to 400-500 ppbv by the year 2100. Two-dimensional model calculations suggest that the corresponding increase in stratospheric NOx would cause a small loss of O-3, which would be superimposed upon a larger recovery due to the phaseout of anthropogenic halocarbons. An increase in N2O could put more NOx into the middle and upper stratosphere than supersonic aircraft, although the relevant time scale is considerably longer. To better understand the impact of anthropogenic nitrogen on atmospheric N2O and the stratospheric O-3 layer, more information is needed about future anthropogenic nitrogen fixation rates, the N2O yields of denitrification and nitrification, net storage/loss of naturally and anthropogenically fixed nitrogen, and NOx chemistry in the stratosphere. C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, AERON LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NR 143 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D21 BP 25519 EP 25536 DI 10.1029/97JD02391 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH548 UT WOS:A1997YH54800020 ER PT J AU Volk, CM Elkins, JW Fahey, DW Dutton, GS Gilligan, JM Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Chan, KR Gunson, MR AF Volk, CM Elkins, JW Fahey, DW Dutton, GS Gilligan, JM Loewenstein, M Podolske, JR Chan, KR Gunson, MR TI Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROUS-OXIDE; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES; OZONE DEPLETION; GROWTH-RATES; TRANSPORT; N2O; AGE; AIR AB Simultaneous in situ measurements of the long-lived trace species N2O, CH4, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-11, CCl4, CH3CCl3, H-1211, and SF6 were made in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere on board the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft during the 1994 campaign Airborne Southern Hemisphere Ozone Experiment/Measurements for Assessing the Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft. The observed extratropical tracer abundances exhibit compact mutual correlations that show little interhemispheric difference or seasonal variability except at higher altitudes in southern hemisphere spring. The environmental impact of the measured source gases depends, among other factors, on the rate at which they release ozone-depleting chemicals in the stratosphere, that is, on their stratospheric lifetimes. We calculate the mean age of the air from the SF6 measurements and show how stratospheric lifetimes of the other species may be derived semiempirically from their observed gradients with respect to mean age at the extratropical tropopause. We also derive independent stratospheric lifetimes using the CFC-11 lifetime and the slopes of the tracer's correlations with CFC-11. In both cases, we correct for the influence of tropospheric growth on stratospheric tracer gradients using the observed mean age of the air, time series of observed tropospheric abundances, and model-derived estimates of the width of the stratospheric age spectrum. Lifetime results from the two methods are consistent with each other. Our best estimates for stratospheric lifetimes are 122 +/- 24 years for N2O, 93 +/- 18 years for CH4, 87 +/- 17 years for CFC-12, 100 +/- 32 years for CFC-113, 32 +/- 6 years for CCl4, 34 +/- 7 years for CH3CCl3, and 24 +/- 6 years for H-1211. Most of these estimates are significantly smaller than currently recommended lifetimes, which are based largely on photochemical model calculations. Because the derived stratospheric lifetimes are identical to atmospheric lifetimes for most of the species considered, the shorter lifetimes would imply a faster recovery of the ozone layer following the phaseout of industrial halocarbons than currently predicted. C1 NASA, AMES RES CTR, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA. NOAA, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, AERON LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA. UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. RI Gilligan, Jonathan/I-8938-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Gilligan, Jonathan/0000-0003-1375-6686; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 82 TC 140 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D21 BP 25543 EP 25564 DI 10.1029/97JD02215 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH548 UT WOS:A1997YH54800022 ER PT J AU Lin, EK Wu, WI Satija, SK AF Lin, EK Wu, WI Satija, SK TI Polymer interdiffusion near an attractive solid substrate SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) FILMS; GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; INITIAL-STAGES; THIN-FILMS; INTERFACE; MOBILITY; MELTS AB Neutron reflectometry is used to study interdiffusion in bilayers of hydrogenated and deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) an silicon substrates where the polymer-substrate interaction energy is strongly attractive. The effect of the polymer-substrate interaction energy on the interdiffusion rate as a function of distance from the surface is investigated. Samples are prepared with lower layer thicknesses of the deuterated PMMA ranging from 35 to 335 Angstrom or 0.4 to 3.6 radii of gyration (R-g) of the bulk polymer chain. The rate of interdiffusion is found to he strongly dependent upon the lower film size. Polymers in films less than R-g in thickness have effective diffusion constants 2 orders of magnitude smaller than polymers in the thickest films. The effective range of the substrate on the interdiffusion dynamics is found to be between 300 and 400 Angstrom or 3 R-g and 4 R-g. The observed dynamics are attributed to the different polymer chain conformations at varying distances from the solid surface. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV REACTOR RADIAT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RP Lin, EK (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV POLYMERS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 33 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD NOV 17 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 23 BP 7224 EP 7231 DI 10.1021/ma9704424 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YH247 UT WOS:A1997YH24700028 ER PT J AU Nordrum, S Asgard, T Shearer, KD Arnessen, P AF Nordrum, S Asgard, T Shearer, KD Arnessen, P TI Availability of phosphorus in fish bone meal and inorganic salts to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as determined by retention SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE Atlantic salmon; phosphorus; availability ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; REQUIREMENT; GROWTH; BALANCE AB The availability of phosphorus to juvenile (5.6 g) Atlantic salmon from primary and secondary calcium phosphate, primary sodium phosphate and fish bone meal was determined by measuring retention of P in a 12-week feeding trial. Semi-purified casein-based diets were fed and dietary P concentrations were slightly below the requirement. An unsupplemented basal diet (4.6 g kg(-1) P) and a presumed P sufficient diet (primary calcium phosphate, 11 g kg(-1) P) were also fed. Whole body P concentrations declined in fish fed the deficient diets indicating that the fish utilized all the available P. Retention of the P sources was: basal diet, 72%; primary calcium phosphate, 86%; secondary calcium phosphate 91%; primary sodium phosphate, 131%; and fish bone meal, 51%. Our results indicate that the inorganic P salts had higher availability than P from fish bone meal. The high retention of primary sodium phosphate was attributed to improved availability of P in the basal diet, Our results also indicate that P availability may not be additive when P is present in a diet from multiple sources. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 BioMar, R&D Dept, N-8430 Myre, Norway. Agr Res Council Norway, Inst Aquaculture Res, AKVAFORSK, N-6600 Sunndalsora, Norway. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, E Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Nordrum, S (reprint author), BioMar, R&D Dept, N-8430 Myre, Norway. NR 33 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 157 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00145-2 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YM520 UT WOS:000071073000005 ER PT J AU Muller, R Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Crutzen, PJ Bruhl, C Russell, JM Tuck, AF AF Muller, R Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Crutzen, PJ Bruhl, C Russell, JM Tuck, AF TI HALOE observations of the vertical structure of chemical ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex during winter and early spring 1996-1997 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR VORTEX; STRATOSPHERE; MLS AB We discuss observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite in the lower stratosphere in the Arctic vortex during winter and spring 1996-1997. Using HF as a chemically conserved tracer, we identify chemical ozone depletion and chlorine activation, despite variations caused by dynamical processes. For the Arctic vortex region, significant chemical ozone loss (up to two thirds around 475 K potential temperature) due to extensive activation of the inorganic chlorine reservoir is deduced, as observed similarly for previous winters. Chemical reductions in column ozone of up to 70-80 Dobson units (DU) in the lower stratosphere are calculated. Both chlorine activation and ozone loss inside the vortex, however, are more variable than observed in previous years. C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, ATMOSPHER CHEM DEPT, D-55020 MAINZ, GERMANY. HAMPTON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, HAMPTON, VA 23668 USA. NOAA, AERON LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. RP Muller, R (reprint author), FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH, FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, ICG-1, D-52425 JULICH, GERMANY. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; McKenna, Daniel/E-7806-2014 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; McKenna, Daniel/0000-0002-4360-4782 NR 20 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2717 EP 2720 DI 10.1029/97GL52834 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900008 ER PT J AU McCormack, JP Hood, LL Nagatani, R Miller, AJ Planet, WG McPeters, RD AF McCormack, JP Hood, LL Nagatani, R Miller, AJ Planet, WG McPeters, RD TI Approximate separation of volcanic and 11-year signals in the SBUV-SBUV/2 total ozone record over the 1979-1995 period SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR VARIABILITY; TOMS DATA; NIMBUS-7 AB The combined Nimbus 7 SBUV, NOAA 11, and preliminary NOAA 9 SBUV/2 monthly zonal mean total ozone data set, extending from January 1979 to December 1995, is analyzed with a multiple regression statistical model that includes a term to describe the direct effect of volcanic aerosols on total ozone. Outside of polar regions, which are not included in this analysis, the volcanic regression coefficients in the northern hemisphere are negative (consistent with heterogeneous chemical losses of ozone on volcanic sulfate aerosols) and reach their maximum values between 40 degrees N-60 degrees N latitude. Although inclusion of the aerosol term in the statistical model introduces some additional uncertainty to the derived solar response, statistically significant values of the solar coefficients are found in northern and southern subtropical regions throughout the year, with maximum amplitudes of similar to 2.5% at 30 degrees latitude in both hemispheres during winter. We conclude that the 11-year signal in the SBUV-SBUV/2 total ozone record is approximately separable from volcanic aerosol effects. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771. NOAA,CLIMATE RES & APPLICAT DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20233. RP McCormack, JP (reprint author), NOAA,NATL WEATHER SERV,CLIMATE PREDICT CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20233, USA. RI McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; OI McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; McCormack, John/0000-0002-3674-0508 NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2729 EP 2732 DI 10.1029/97GL02900 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900011 ER PT J AU Ffield, A Toole, J Wilson, D AF Ffield, A Toole, J Wilson, D TI Seasonal circulation in the South Indian Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID AGULHAS CURRENT AB Two World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrographic cruises in March and June 1995, along with Topex-Poseidon altimeter data and National Meteorological Center wind data are used to estimate seasonal changes in the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre. Mean annual curves derived from the altimeter and wind data reveal strengthening of the anticyclonic gyre in March and September, and weakening in June and December. The seasonal changes correspond to variations in the wind field south of 30 degrees S at the equinoxes and solstices. In addition, the wind-driven gyre is further north in July, and further south in March. These variations in strength and location of the South Indian Ocean gyre may influence inter-ocean transports south of Africa. Despite the inferred mean annual seasonal variations in the South Indian Ocean gyre, volume transports estimated in 1995 from the hydrographic data are close to mean values. Apparently, a mesoscale eddy in March disrupts the stronger fall gyre, whereas in June the weaker winter gyre is delayed by 1 month. C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT PHYS OCEANOG,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543. NOAA,ATLANTIC OCEANOG & METEOROL LAB,MIAMI,FL 33149. RP Ffield, A (reprint author), LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2773 EP 2776 DI 10.1029/97GL01253 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900022 ER PT J AU Talley, LD Baringer, MO AF Talley, LD Baringer, MO TI Preliminary results from WOCE hydrographic sections at 80 degrees E and 32 degrees S in the central Indian Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH AB The hydrographic properties and circulation along sections at 80 degrees E and 32 degrees S in March, 1995, in the Indian Ocean are described very briefly. A halocline was well-developed in the tropics. A westward coastal jet of fresh Bay of Bengal water was present at the sea surface at Sri Lanka with eastward flow of saline Arabian Sea water below. The Equatorial Undercurrent was well developed as were the deep equatorial jets. The Indonesian throughflow jet presented a large dynamic signature at 10 to 14 degrees S coinciding with a strong front in all properties to great depth. Its mid-depth salinity minimum is separated from that of the Antarctic Intermediate Water. The Subantarctic Mode Water of the southeastern Indian Ocean imparts its high oxygen ventilation signature to the whole of the transects, including the tropical portion. The deepest water in the Central Indian Basin is pooled in the center of the basin, and its principal source appears to be the sill at 11 degrees S through the Ninetyeast Ridge. Northward deep water transports across the 32 degrees S section were similar to those observed in 1987 but the deep water was lower in oxygen and fresher than in 1987. Upper ocean waters at 32 degrees S were more saline and warmer in 1995. C1 NOAA,ATLANTIC OCEANOG & METEOROL LAB,MIAMI,FL 33149. RP Talley, LD (reprint author), SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 11 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2789 EP 2792 DI 10.1029/97GL02657 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900026 ER PT J AU Tynan, CT AF Tynan, CT TI Cetacean distributions and oceanographic features near the Kerguelen Plateau SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WATER MASSES; ZONE; IRON AB Cetacean surveys were conducted in the austral summer during World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrolegs 18S and 19S in the southeastern Indian Ocean. The highest density of cetaceans occurred along the southern flank of the Kerguelen Plateau and northern edge of the Princess Elizabeth Trough, where the distribution of whales coincides with the mean positions of the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and southern water mass boundary (Southern Boundary) of the ACC. The topographic steerage of these features of the ACC around the southern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau brings shoaled, nutrient-rich Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) to higher latitude than in adjacent basins. The higher concentrations of cetaceans near the Kerguelen Plateau suggests that whales benefit from a cascade of trophic dynamics associated with the poleward extent of UCDW, the marginal ice edge zone, and the proximity of several oceanographic features: the high latitude penetration and close alignment of the Southern Front and Southern Boundary of the ACC; the unique poleward extent of the Southern Boundary as it is topographically steered around the plateau; the entrainment of macronutrients into the surface mixed layer near the Southern Boundary; isopycnal shoaling in cyclonic eddies; the presence of complex bathymetry; and the advection of a tongue of ice northward along the eastern side of the plateau. The association between these concurrent oceanographic features and whales suggests that the southeastern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau is a predictably productive foraging location for cetaceans and their prey. C1 NOAA,NATL RES COUNCIL,NATL MARINE MAMMAL LAB,ALASKAN FISHERIES SCI CTR,SEATTLE,WA 98115. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2793 EP 2796 DI 10.1029/97GL02860 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900027 ER PT J AU McCarthy, MC Talley, LD Baringer, MO AF McCarthy, MC Talley, LD Baringer, MO TI Deep upwelling and diffusivity in the southern Central Indian Basin SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION; OCEAN; WATER AB Transport of the deepest water westward through a gap at 28 degrees S in the Ninetyeast Ridge between the Central Indian Basin and the West Australia Basin is calculated from hydrographic data collected as part of WOCE Hydrographic Program section I8N. Zero reference velocity levels at mid-depth were chosen through consideration of water masses. The small transport of 1.0 Sv westward of water denser than sigma(4) = 45.92 kg m(-3) through the gap must all upwell in the southern Central Indian Basin. Of this, 0.7 Sv upwells between the central and western sill sections, that is, close to the sill itself. Using the areas covered by the isopycnal, we calculate an average vertical velocity of 3.3 . 10(-3) cm s(-1) close to the sill and of 4.2 . 10(-4) cm s(-1) west of the sill. Associated average vertical diffusivities are 105 cm(2) s(-1) close to the sill and 13 cm(2) s(-1) west of the sill, in this bottom layer. C1 NOAA,ATLANTIC OCEANOG & METEOROL LAB,MIAMI,FL 33149. RP McCarthy, MC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA. RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 24 IS 22 BP 2801 EP 2804 DI 10.1029/97GL02112 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YG509 UT WOS:A1997YG50900029 ER PT J AU Chapman, WB Blackmon, BW Nesbitt, DJ AF Chapman, WB Blackmon, BW Nesbitt, DJ TI State-to-state reactive scattering of F+H-2 in supersonic jets: Nascent rovibrational HF(v,J) distributions via direct IR laser absorption SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; INTEGRAL CROSS-SECTIONS; MOLECULAR-BEAM; REACTION PRODUCTS; REACTION-RATES; QUANTUM; D2; F+H-2->HF+H; F+H2->HF+H; FLUORINE AB Pulsed discharge sources of supersonically cooled F radicals have been crossed with supersonically cooled H-2 to study the F(P-2(3/2),P-2(1/2)) + H-2-->HF(v,J) + H reaction under single collision conditions with a collision energy of 1.8(2) kcal/mol. The HF(v,J) product states are probed via direct absorption of a single mode, tunable near IR laser perpendicular to the plane of intersection of the two jet axes. The high spectral resolution (Delta v approximate to 0.0001 cm(-1))permits the quantum state HF(v,J)distribution to be determined with complete resolution of final rovibrational levels. The J-dependent integral cross sections for HF(v=3,J) are compared with exact quantum scattering calculations by Castillo and Manolopoulous on the ground adiabatic potential energy surface of Stark and Werner. Agreement between theory and experiment is quite good for low J (<3) states. However, theory substantially underpredicts the experimental distributions for high J(greater than or equal to 3) states near the energetic cutoff for ground spin orbit state F(P-2(3/2)) atoms, which may indicate the presence of non-adiabatic reaction channels involving spin orbit excited F*(P-2(1/2)) atoms. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Chapman, WB (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. NR 35 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 107 IS 19 BP 8193 EP 8196 DI 10.1063/1.475120 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YG655 UT WOS:A1997YG65500068 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Talley, LD AF Johnson, GC Talley, LD TI Deep tracer and dynamical plumes in the tropical Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-PACIFIC; ABYSSAL CIRCULATION; HYDROTHERMAL PLUME; WATER; MODEL; TRANSPORT; CURRENTS; PASSAGE; HEAT; FLOW AB Anomalous middepth plumes in potential temperature-salinity, theta-S, and buoyancy frequency squared, N-2, Originate east of the East Pacific Rise Crest and decay toward the west. Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data from recent hydrographic sections at 15 degrees S and 10 degrees N are used together with meridional sections at 110 degrees, 135 degrees, and 151 degrees W to map these structures. Warm salty plumes west of the rise crest have maxima centered at 2700 m, 10 degrees S and 8 degrees N, and are interrupted by a cold, fresh tongue centered at 2900 m, 2 degrees S. The theta-S anomalies decay to half their peak strength 2800 km to the west of the rise crest, +/-300 km in the meridional, and +/-0.4 km in the vertical. Vertical N-2 minima occur within the plumes, regions of reduced vertical gradients in theta and S. These minima are underlain by maxima near the depth of the rise crest, about 3200 m. The N-2 plumes decay more rapidly to the west of the rise crest than do the theta-S plumes. The N-2 structure is consistent with a pair of stacked gyres in each hemisphere. There are at least three possible mechanisms consistent with some aspects of these features. First, a deep maximum in upwelling somewhere below 2700 m would result in equatorvard and westward interior flow at 2700 m. advecting these plumes along with it. Second, rapid upwelling of warm, salty, unstratified water in the eastern basins could result in westward overflows over the rise crest. Third, upwelling and associated entrainment processes owing to hydrothermal venting could result in stacked counter-rotating gyres west of the rise crest. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA,PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONM LAB,7600 SAND POINT WAY NE,BLDG 3,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C11 BP 24953 EP 24964 DI 10.1029/97JC01913 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YG654 UT WOS:A1997YG65400001 ER PT J AU Cannon, GA Pashinski, DJ AF Cannon, GA Pashinski, DJ TI Variations in mean currents affecting hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BAROCLINIC VORTEX; CLEFT SEGMENT; SOUTHERN JUAN; SEAMOUNT; FLOW AB A summary of current meter observations near the Juan de Fuca Ridge shows new features of topographic steering of flow that determine the fate of plumes from hydrothermal vents. An anticyclonic circulation exists over the ridge with north and south mean flows along the west and east flanks. Speeds are up to 2-3 cm s(-1) near the ridge and decrease to zero about 25 km from the crest. Contributions from hydrothermal forcing and tidal rectification may generate the along-ridge flows. Average anomalous heat fluxes associated with the north and south flows were estimated at 1400 and 2600 MW, respectively, and they are larger than previous estimates based on single-point current measurements. Variability of flow occurs on several time scales and space scales. Daily average currents over a 4-day period can rotate over the entire ridge with sufficient cross-axis speeds to move plumes away from the vents into the stronger north-south flows over the flanks. Currents along the west side of North Cleft diverge with near-ridge flow (<10 km from the ridge) turning eastward around the north end of the segment and offshore flow turning westward. Farther west in winter. off-axis currents can be several times as large as the long-term mean and could advect plume water relatively long distances. Significant cross-axis flow occurs on the north side of Axial Volcano that may be the result of interaction between the general circulation and topography generating eddy circulations around or near Axial or the entire Axial-Cobb massif. RP Cannon, GA (reprint author), NOAA,PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONM LAB,7600 SAND POINT WAY NE,SEATTLE,WA 98115, USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C11 BP 24965 EP 24976 DI 10.1029/97JC01910 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YG654 UT WOS:A1997YG65400002 ER PT J AU Persson, POG Ruffieux, D Fairall, CW AF Persson, POG Ruffieux, D Fairall, CW TI Recalculations of pack ice and lead surface energy budgets during the Arctic Leads Experiment (LEADEX) 1992 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER-COEFFICIENTS AB Because of the discovery of two errors in the calculations of long-wave radiative fluxes from the Eppley radiometers, a recalculation of the ice pack and surface energy budgets during the Arctic Leads Experiment (LEADEX) was necessary. The error principally contributing to the observed differences was in the relationships that have been used for obtaining long-wave radiative fluxes from Eppley radiometers for the past 20 years. This paper focuses on the impacts on the LEADEX data. The main impacts of the corrections of these errors are decreases in the amplitudes of the diurnal variations of the longwave fluxes and the skin temperature; an increase in the estimate of the sensible heat transfer coefficient (C-H) and the removal of its apparent diurnal cycle; and an interpretation of a more stable near-surface background atmosphere during the deployment to Lead 4. Average 10-m neutral values of the drag coefficient (C-D) and C-H are now found to be 1.46 x 10(-3) and 1.40 x 10(-3), respectively. RP Persson, POG (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,ERL,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,REET7,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 102 IS C11 BP 25085 EP 25089 DI 10.1029/97JC02045 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA YG654 UT WOS:A1997YG65400011 ER PT J AU Guttman, CM Blair, WR Danis, PO AF Guttman, CM Blair, WR Danis, PO TI Mass spectroscopy and SEC of SRM 1487, a low molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) standard SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE MALDI-TOF-MS; Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization; poly(methyl methacrylate); alpha-methylstyrene; copolymer; standard reference materials ID MALDI-TOF-MS; METHYL-METHACRYLATE; ANIONIC-POLYMERIZATION; SPECTROMETRY; INITIATION; COPOLYMERS; MECHANISM; POLYMERS AB Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) was used to study the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the number of alpha-methyl styrene (alpha-MeSty) repeat units in SRM 1487, a narrow MWD poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standard reference material of about 6300 g/mol, which was initiated with alpha-MeSty. It was found that each PMMA polymer chain had from zero to seven alpha-MeStys per chain. The MWD of the polymer chains containing a fixed number of alpha-MeStys was obtained. The MWD, M-w, and the average number of alpha-MeSty at a given molecular weight from MALDI TOF NS compare well with those obtained from more traditional methods such as ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). The implications of the number of alpha-MeStys per chain is discussed in terms of the chemistry of anionic polymerization. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ROHM & HAAS CO,RES LAB,SPRING HOUSE,PA 19477. PERSEPT BIOSYST INC,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. RP Guttman, CM (reprint author), NIST,DIV POLYMERS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 1997 VL 35 IS 15 BP 2409 EP 2419 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19971115)35:15<2409::AID-POLB3>3.0.CO;2-O PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YB366 UT WOS:A1997YB36600003 ER PT J AU deTomasi, F Milosevic, S Verkerk, P Fioretti, A Allegrini, M Jabbour, ZJ Huennekens, J AF deTomasi, F Milosevic, S Verkerk, P Fioretti, A Allegrini, M Jabbour, ZJ Huennekens, J TI Experimental study of caesium 6P(j)+6P(j)->7P(j')+6S energy pooling collisions and modelling of the excited atom density in the presence of optical pumping and radiation trapping SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; CESIUM VAPOR; ALKALI-METAL; RESONANCE; PHOTOABSORPTION; LINE AB An experimental study of caesium energy pooling collisions, Cs(6P(J)) + Cs(6P(J)) --> Cs(7P(J')) + Cs(6S(1/2)), at thermal energies, has been carried out in a capillary cell using diode laser excitation. Use of the capillary cell minimizes the effects of radiation trapping, but nonetheless, such effects still play a significant role in the analysis. Consequently, a rate equation model, which treats simultaneous effects of saturation, optical pumping, and radiation trapping, has been developed and is used to determine the Cs(6P(J)) atom density under these experimental conditions. The excited atom densities are combined with measured fluorescence ratios to determine rate coefficients for the caesium energy pooling process. Our values for these rate coefficients are in agreement, within combined error bars, with values we have recently obtained under very different experimental conditions. C1 UNIV PISA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,IST NAZL FIS MAT,I-56126 PISA,ITALY. LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015. INST PHYS,HR-10000 ZAGREB,CROATIA. ECOLE NORMALE SUPER,LAB KASTLER BROSSEL,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE. UNIV MESSINA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS MAT & TECNOL FIS AVANZATE,I-98166 SANT AGATA MESSIN,ITALY. NIST,AUTOMATED PROD TECHNOL DIV,SOUND A147,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RI Milosevic, Slobodan/A-3408-2010; OI Milosevic, Slobodan/0000-0002-4455-7869 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6BE SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD NOV 14 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 21 BP 4991 EP 5008 PG 18 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA YH110 UT WOS:A1997YH11000031 ER PT J AU Overpeck, J Hughen, K Hardy, D Bradley, R Case, R Douglas, M Finney, B Gajewski, K Jacoby, G Jennings, A Lamoureux, S Lasca, A MacDonald, G Moore, J Retelle, M Smith, S Wolfe, A Zielinski, G AF Overpeck, J Hughen, K Hardy, D Bradley, R Case, R Douglas, M Finney, B Gajewski, K Jacoby, G Jennings, A Lamoureux, S Lasca, A MacDonald, G Moore, J Retelle, M Smith, S Wolfe, A Zielinski, G TI Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries SO SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID GREENLAND ICE CORE; NORTHERN NORTH-AMERICA; TREE-RING DATA; 6000 YEARS BP; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SNOW COVER; SUMMER TEMPERATURES; WINTER TEMPERATURES; VOLCANIC-ERUPTIONS; ELLESMERE ISLAND AB A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, glaciers, and marine sediments provides a view of circum-Arctic environmental variability over the last 400 years. From 1840 to the mid-20th century, the Arctic warmed to the highest temperatures in four centuries. This warming ended the Little Ice Age in the Arctic and has caused retreats of glaciers, melting of permafrost and sea ice, and alteration of terrestrial and lake ecosystems. Although warming, particularly after 1920, was likely caused by increases in atmospheric trace gases, the initiation of the warming in the mid-19th century suggests that increased solar irradiance, decreased volcanic activity, and feedbacks internal to the climate system played roles. C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT GEOSCI,AMHERST,MA 01003. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT GEOG,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV TORONTO,DEPT GEOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 3B1,CANADA. UNIV ALASKA,INST MARINE SCI,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT GEOG,OTTAWA,ON K1N 6N5,CANADA. COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964. UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2H3,CANADA. BATES COLL,DEPT GEOL,LEWISTON,ME 04204. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,CLIMATE CHANGE RES CTR,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Overpeck, J (reprint author), NOAA,NATL GEOPHYS DATA CTR,PALEOCLIMATOL PROGRAM,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. RI Wolfe, Alexander/G-6867-2011 NR 105 TC 674 Z9 720 U1 54 U2 283 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 14 PY 1997 VL 278 IS 5341 BP 1251 EP 1256 DI 10.1126/science.278.5341.1251 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YG043 UT WOS:A1997YG04300035 ER PT J AU deGouw, JA Howard, CJ AF deGouw, JA Howard, CJ TI Direct measurement of the rate coefficient for the CH2=C(CH3)C(O)O-2+NO reaction using chemical ionization mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CH3C(O)O-2+NO REACTION; ISOPRENE; PHOTOOXIDATION; KINETICS; MECHANISM; NOX; PAN AB In the troposphere, the CH2=C(CH3)C(O)O-2, or peroxymethacryl, radical is formed as an intermediate in the photooxidation of isoprene, one of the most important biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The reaction between CH2=C(CH3)C(O)O-2 and NO produces NO2 and subsequently ozone. The rate coefficient for the CH2=C(CH3)C(O)O-2 + NO reaction is measured directly over the temperature range 240-360 K and I pressures of 1.3-3.9 Torr using a flow tube reactor and chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection. The results are given by k(T) = 8.7 x 10(-12) exp(290/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), accurate within +/-20% over the 240-360 K range, with a value at 298 K of(2.3 +/- 0.3) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). These results agree within the experimental uncertainties with the measured results for the analogous CH3(O)O-2 + NO reaction, suggesting that the rate coefficient for RC(O)O-2 + NO reactions may not be sensitive to the structure of the R group. Only NO2 could be positively identified as a reaction product. C1 NOAA,ENVIRONM RES LABS,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303. RI de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 13 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 46 BP 8662 EP 8667 DI 10.1021/jp972107n PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YG462 UT WOS:A1997YG46200013 ER PT J AU Wieman, CE AF Wieman, CE TI Bose-Einstein condensation in an ultracold gas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Inauguration Conference of Asia-Pacific-Center-for-Theoretical-Physics CY JUN 04-10, 1996 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Asia Pacific Ctr Theoret Phys ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; VAPOR-CELL; BEHAVIOR; PRESSURE AB Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas has now been achieved. Atoms are cooled to the point of condensation using laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, as well as the techniques by which we observe the cold atom samples. Three different signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation are described. A number of properties of the condensate, including collective excitations, distortions of the wave function by interactions, and the fraction of atoms in the condensate versus temperature, have also been measured. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wieman, CE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 6 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 11 IS 28 BP 3281 EP 3296 DI 10.1142/S0217979297001581 PG 16 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA YN391 UT WOS:000071164000001 ER PT J AU Cherkaoui, ASM Wilcock, WSD Baker, ET AF Cherkaoui, ASM Wilcock, WSD Baker, ET TI Thermal fluxes associated with the 1993 diking event on the CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: A model for the convective cooling of a dike SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; UPPER OCEANIC-CRUST; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; POROUS-MEDIUM; SUBMERSIBLE OBSERVATIONS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NATURAL-CONVECTION; MAGMA CHAMBER AB The 1993 diking event on the CoAxial segment, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, generated at least three hydrothermal event plumes high in the water column and lower chronic plumes along similar to 40 km of the ridge axis. A 2-year time series of temperature and light attenuation measurements within the water column shows a rapid decay of the maximum rise height of the chronic plumes over the first 3 months following the eruption. We use these measurements to estimate the hydrothermal heat fluxes into the chronic plumes at two different sites. We hypothesize that the chronic plumes resulted from the convective cooling of a dike and construct a simple two-dimensional, numerical model of this process for a vertical dike intruded into a cold, saturated porous layer. The width of the dike and the permeability and thickness of the porous layer control the transfer of heat from the dike to the seafloor. We investigate the effects of these parameters on the temporal evolution of the surficial heat fluxes. The results show that simple convective cooling of the dike can reproduce the observed temporal evolution of the heat fluxes for permeabilities in the range 10(-11)-10(-12) m(2) and a 3- to 5-m-wide dike. The high permeabilities obtained are consistent with flow through highly permeable extrusives or with the creation of a zone of high permeability near the dike walls due to fracturing. The width of the dike may well be overestimated by our model because of the limitations of the continuum approximation for the permeability in the narrow upflow zone adjacent to the dike. C1 NOAA, PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONM LAB, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA. RP Cherkaoui, ASM (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH OCEANOG, POB 357940, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NR 82 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 102 IS B11 BP 24887 EP 24902 DI 10.1029/97JB02123 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA YF511 UT WOS:A1997YF51100035 ER PT J AU Dodd, RJ Clark, CW Edwards, M Burnett, K AF Dodd, R. J. Clark, Charles W. Edwards, Mark Burnett, K. TI Characterizing the coherence of Bose-Einstein condensates and atom lasers SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article AB For a dilute, interacting Bose gas of magnetically-trapped atoms at temperatures below the critical temperature T-0 for Bose-Einstein condensation, we determine the second-order coherence function g((2))(r(1), r(2)) within the framework of a finite-temperature quantum field theory. We show that, because of the different spatial distributions of condensate and thermal atoms in the trap, g((2))(r(1), r(2)) does not depend on vertical bar r(1) - r(2)vertical bar alone. This means that the experimental determinations of g((2)) reported to date give only its spatial average. Such an average may underestimate the degree of coherence attainable in an atom laser by judicious engineering of the output coupler. (c) 1997 Optical Society of America C1 [Dodd, R. J.] Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Clark, Charles W.] US Dept Commerce, NIST, Technol Adm, Phys Lab,Electron & Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Edwards, Mark] Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. [Burnett, K.] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RP Dodd, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM bec@bruce.nist.gov RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 FU U.S. National Science Foundation [PHY-9601261, PHY-9612728]; U.S. Office of Naval Research; U. K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council FX We thank John Hagedorn and Phillip Holman for their help in producing the figures. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants PHY-9601261 and PHY-9612728, the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and the U. K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD NOV 10 PY 1997 VL 1 IS 10 BP 284 EP 292 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA V23QC UT WOS:000208356300004 PM 19373414 ER PT J AU Villenave, E Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ AF Villenave, E Orkin, VL Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ TI Rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with dichloromethane SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES; SUBSTITUTED METHANES; HYDROXYL RADICALS; TEMPERATURE-RANGE; CH3CL; CH3BR; TETRACHLOROETHENE; TRICHLOROETHENE; FLUORESCENCE; HALOCARBONS AB The rate constant for the reaction of CH2Cl2 with OH was measured by the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range 277-370 K to give the following Arrhenius expression: k(DCM) = (2.61(-0.34)(+0.37)) x 10(-12) exp{-(944 +/- 29)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), where the uncertainties represent 95% confidence limits associated with the statistical fitting procedure and include the contribution for the expanded uncertainties in the individual rate constant. Based on this new value, the results of recent relative studies of the OH reactions with CHCl2-CFCl2, CH2ClBr, CH2Br2, and CH2FCl have been reanalyzed. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST ENERGY PROBLEMS CHEM PHYS,MOSCOW 117829,RUSSIA. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,PHYS & CHEM PROPERTIES DIV,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Kurylo, Michael/H-2201-2012 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 6 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 45 BP 8513 EP 8517 DI 10.1021/jp9721614 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YF251 UT WOS:A1997YF25100020 ER PT J AU Niaura, G Gaigalas, AK Vilker, VL AF Niaura, G Gaigalas, AK Vilker, VL TI Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of phosphate anions: Adsorption on silver, gold, and copper electrodes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU FTIR; CYTOCHROME-C; ALKALINE-SOLUTIONS; ZERO CHARGE; SCATTERING; PLATINUM; SERS; INTENSITIES; OXIDATION; IMMERSION AB The adsorption of phosphate anions on Ag, Au, and Cu electrodes from H2O and D2O solutions has been studied by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The interpretation of the spectra based on the solution Raman data and frequency shifts upon solution H2O/D2O exchange are presented. The prominent band at 1070-1100 cm(-1), observed from adsorbed PO43- and HPO42- ions, exhibits downshifts of about 10 cm(-1) in D2O solutions and has been assigned to the asymmetric P-O stretching mode. The corresponding asymmetric deformation mode has been assigned to the band located at similar to 570 cm(-1) which shows an upshift of 9-15 cm(-1) in D2O solutions. Monodentate surface coordination of the PO43- and HPO42- ions is proposed. The dependence of the relative intensity of the internal modes on electrode potential was interpreted in terms of the migration of P-O groups from the surface as potential became more negative. Spectroscopic evidence was found for chemisorption of H2PO4- ion on the Cu electrodes, but no such evidence was found in the cases of the Au and Ag electrodes. The adsorbed H2PO4- ion on Cu showed an intense band at similar to 907 cm(-1) which was assigned to the symmetric stretching mode of the P-OH groups, based primarily on the considerable frequency downshift (similar to 11 cm(-1)) and peak broadening (similar to 15 cm(-1)) in D2O solutions. The formation of a P-O-P bond in the adsorbed state on Cu electrodes in acidic solutions is suggested. The force constants derived from experimental metal-oxygen frequencies are compared for the three electrodes, and the following strength order has been estimated: k(Cu-O') > k(Au-O') > k(Ag-O'). RP Niaura, G (reprint author), NIST,DIV BIOTECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 54 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 6 PY 1997 VL 101 IS 45 BP 9250 EP 9262 DI 10.1021/jp970097k PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA YF255 UT WOS:A1997YF25500017 ER PT J AU Ermi, BD Amis, EJ AF Ermi, BD Amis, EJ TI Influence of backbone solvation on small angle neutron scattering from polyelectrolyte solutions SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID CHARGED POLY-ELECTROLYTES; DYNAMIC LIGHT-SCATTERING; DILUTE-SOLUTIONS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; SALT; CONFORMATION; SOLVENT; ACID) AB Recent theoretical and experimental studies of polyelectrolyte solutions have suggested that hydrophobic interactions between the chain backbone and the solvent lead to some of the essential observations of polyelectrolyte solution scattering. In the current paper we present small angle neutron scattering data on a polyelectrolyte, poly(N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium chloride) dissolved in ethylene glycol where the hydrophobic effect is not present. This system shows the same general pattern, a peak at finite wavevector and steep upturn at low wavevector, as for those having hydrophobic interactions so that the influences of poor backbone solvation appear to be unessential for explaining the characteristics of polyelectrolyte scattering data. We demonstrate that in the scattering from polyelectrolytes after the addition of salt, the unusual peak and steep upturn are suppressed and the scattering parallels scattering from the neutral chains. C1 NIST,DIV POLYMERS,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089. NR 32 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD NOV 3 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 22 BP 6937 EP 6942 DI 10.1021/ma970494t PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YE525 UT WOS:A1997YE52500033 ER PT J AU Walton, DG Soo, PP Mayes, AM Allgor, SJS Fujii, JT Griffith, LG Ankner, JF Kaiser, H Johansson, J Smith, GD Barker, JG Satija, SK AF Walton, DG Soo, PP Mayes, AM Allgor, SJS Fujii, JT Griffith, LG Ankner, JF Kaiser, H Johansson, J Smith, GD Barker, JG Satija, SK TI Creation of stable poly(ethylene oxide) surfaces on poly(methyl methacrylate) using blends of branched and linear polymers SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID MICROPHASE SEPARATION; X-RAY; STIFFNESS DISPARITY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; COMB COPOLYMERS; LATTICE MODEL; CHAIN-ENDS; SEGREGATION; ENRICHMENT; NEUTRON AB Thin film miscible blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a branched random copolymer of methyl methacrylate and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate, P(MMA-r-MnG), were investigated by neutron reflectivity. The branched copolymer, which has a higher surface tension than PMMA, was nevertheless found to segregate to and completely cover both the surface and silicon substrate following annealing in 2000 Angstrom thick films with greater than or equal to 2 wt % P(MMA-r-MnG). This is in contrast to linear polyethylene oxide, which was depleted at both film interfaces when blended with PMMA and annealed. The reflectivity results were confirmed by contact angle studies, which indicate that the surfaces of P(MMA-r-MnG)/PMMA blends behave like that of pure P(MMA-r-MnG), resulting in a hydrophilic surface that is stable against dissolution in water-based environments. The branched hydrophilic additive is further shown to render PMMA resistant to protein adsorption and cell adhesion. C1 MIT,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. UNIV MISSOURI,RES REACTOR CTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CHEM ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,DIV REACTOR RADIAT,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. MIT,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. OI Ankner, John/0000-0002-6737-5718 NR 52 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD NOV 3 PY 1997 VL 30 IS 22 BP 6947 EP 6956 DI 10.1021/ma970698+ PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA YE525 UT WOS:A1997YE52500035 ER PT J AU Bujacz, G Miller, M Harrison, R Thanki, N Gilliland, GL Ogata, CM Kim, SH Wlodawer, A AF Bujacz, G Miller, M Harrison, R Thanki, N Gilliland, GL Ogata, CM Kim, SH Wlodawer, A TI Structure of monellin refined to 2.3 angstrom resolution in the orthorhombic crystal form SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID INTENSELY SWEET PROTEIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; DIOSCOREOPHYLLUM-CUMMINSII; MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES; THAUMATIN-I; PURIFICATION; PRINCIPLE; INHIBITOR; CYSTATIN AB The structure of orthorhombic crystals of monellin, a sweet protein extracted from African serendipity berries, has been solved by molecular replacement and refined to 2.3 Angstrom resolution. The final R factor was 0.150 for a model with excellent geometry. A monellin molecule consists of two peptides that are non-covalently bound, with chain A composed of three beta-strands interconnected by loop regions and chain B composed of two beta-strands interconnected by an alpha-helix. The N terminus of chain A is in close proximity to the C terminus of chain B. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit are related by a non-crystallographic twofold axis and form a dimer, similar to those previously observed in other crystal forms of both natural and single-chain monellin. The r.m.s. deviation between the C alpha atoms in the two independent molecules is 0.60 Angstrom, while the deviations from the individual molecules in the previously reported monoclinic crystals are 0.50-0.57 Angstrom. This result proves that the structure of monellin is not significantly influenced by crystal packing forces. C1 NIST,CTR ADV RES BIOTECHNOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850. UNIV MARYLAND,INST BIOTECHNOL,CTR ADV RES BIOTECHNOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,UPTON,NY 11973. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Bujacz, G (reprint author), NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,MACROMOL STRUCT LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. RI Miller, Maria/I-1636-2013 OI Miller, Maria/0000-0003-0252-5348 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 53 BP 713 EP 719 DI 10.1107/S0907444997006860 PN 6 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA YJ649 UT WOS:A1997YJ64900010 PM 15299859 ER PT J AU Mitao, S Bendersky, LA AF Mitao, S Bendersky, LA TI Morphology and growth kinetics of discontinuous coarsening in fully lamellar Ti-44 Al (at.%) alloy SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article ID PERCENT TI ALLOY; CELLULAR PRECIPITATE; TITANIUM ALUMINIDES AB The morphology of discontinuous coarsening in the Ti3Al(alpha(2))/TiAl(gamma) fully lamellar Ti-44 at.% Al alloy has been studied. Three types of morphology were observed in discontinuously coarsened lamellar structures (secondary lamellae). Type-(I) lamellae have the low energy habit plane as their lamellar interfaces, and have the same lamellar direction as the original primary lamellae. Type-(II) lamellae have the same crystallographic orientation of the al plates as that in the original primary lamellae, but have a different lamellar direction from the original primary lamellae, and have irregular faceted lamellar interfaces. Type-(III) lamellae have a different lamellar direction and a different crystallographic orientation of the eel plates from that in the original primary lamellae, but have the low energy habit plane as their lamellar interfaces. The growth kinetics of these three types of lamellae are discussed by modifying the Livingston and Cahn treatment [11] in order to obtain the dependence of the secondary lamellar morphologies on misorientation between the penetrated primary lamellae, the advancing secondary lamellae and the lamellar colony boundaries. (C) 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc. C1 NIST,DIV MET,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 45 IS 11 BP 4475 EP 4489 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00139-0 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA YE504 UT WOS:A1997YE50400007 ER PT J AU Woods, SP Lee, K Bryzek, J AF Woods, SP Lee, K Bryzek, J TI An overview of the IEEE-P1451.2 smart transducer interface module SO ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE smart sensors; smart transducers; networked sensors; sensor bus; sensor communication; sensor interface; transducer interface AB This paper provides a technical overview of the smart transducer interface module (STIM), the key element of the proposed IEEE-P1451.2 Draft Standard for Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS) Formats. The draft standard was released for balloting in August, 1996. Comments have been addressed and the draft was submitted to IEEE for recirculation to balloters in June, 1997. Objectives and genealogy of this standard are summarized. Key technical innovations such as the TEDS, representation of physical units, general calibration model, triggering of sensors and actuators, variable transfer rate between a host and the STIM, and support for multivariable transducers are briefly discussed. Detailed descriptions of the STIM, TEDS, digital interface, and plug-and-play operation are also provided. The specifics of physical units encoding, an example of a TEDS, and an example of the digital interface timing requirements are also included to aid the overview. This paper is an updated version of IEEE-P1451.2 Smart Transducer Interface Module, presented at Sensors Expo, Philadelphia, October, 1996. C1 NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,GAITHERSBURG,MD. RP Woods, SP (reprint author), HEWLETT PACKARD CORP,HEWLETT PACKARD LABS,RES GRP,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-1030 J9 ANALOG INTEGR CIRC S JI Analog Integr. Circuits Process. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 14 IS 3 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.1023/A:1008263501190 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA YB331 UT WOS:A1997YB33100002 ER PT J AU Lorincik, J Fine, J AF Lorincik, J Fine, J TI Focusing properties of hemispherical mirrors for total integrating scattering instruments SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE focusing; hemispherical mirror; total integrated scattering ID SURFACE AB Focusing properties are derived of a hemispherical mirror (also called a Coblentz sphere) used in total integrated scattering (TIS) instruments for the measurement of surface roughness. Analytical formulas for the scattered-light dependence on scattering angle and on the position of the photodetector and sample (with respect to the hemisphere) are given. From these formulas one can estimate useful parameters related to the construction and performance evaluation of TIS instruments, including spherical aberration of the hemispherical mirror, solid angle of the scattered Light collected by a photodetector of a given size, and optimal size of the photodetector and its position with respect to the basal plane of the mirror. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America. RP Lorincik, J (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,SURFACE & MICROANAL SCI DIV,B248-222,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. RI Lorincik, Jan/F-9054-2014 OI Lorincik, Jan/0000-0003-4227-1514 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 1 PY 1997 VL 36 IS 31 BP 8270 EP 8274 DI 10.1364/AO.36.008270 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA YD659 UT WOS:A1997YD65900029 PM 18264367 ER PT J AU Meador, JP Adams, NG Casillas, E Bolton, JL AF Meador, JP Adams, NG Casillas, E Bolton, JL TI Comparative bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sediment by two infaunal invertebrates SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CONGENERS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; MARINE POLYCHAETE; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; PHASE SEPARATION; TOXICITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; TOXICOKINETICS; TRIBUTYLTIN AB Bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) from field-contaminated sediments by two infaunal invertebrates, Rhepoxynius abronius (a non-deposit feeding amphipod) and Armandia brevis (a nonselective, deposit-feeding polychaete), was examined and species responses were compared. Sediments were selected over a large geographical area of the Kudson-Raritan estuary to assess the potential for bioaccumulation from a typical urban estuary. Unlike polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from these sediments, concentrations of CHs in interstitial water (IW) indicated that partition coefficients (K-oc) were generally as expected, especially when based on predicted, nonsorbed, interstitial water CH concentrations (IWfree). Correlations between amphipod and polychaete tissue residues revealed that these species were responding similarly to a gradient of CH concentrations in sediment. While tissue residues and BAF(loc) (lipid/organic carbon normalized bioaccumulation factor) values for the trichlorobiphenyls were similar for both species, accumulation in the polychaete was three to 10 times higher for the more hydrophobic PCBs, which was attributed to differences in the route of exposure. A negative correlation between the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and total organic carbon (TOC) was found for both species, which was expected according to equilibrium partitioning theory. Because it was assumed that the amphipod was not feeding in these tests and the polychaete was ingesting sediment, comparison of their tissue residues and bioaccumulation factors was useful for highlighting the importance of sediment ingestion, especially for shea-term, nonequilibrium exposures. These results may also help elucidate the limitations associated with assessing bioaccumulation and the resultant toxic response in standard 10-day toxicity tests with similar invertebrates. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Meador, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 388 EP 400 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YN353 UT WOS:000071159400006 PM 9419257 ER PT J AU Wanders, I Peterson, BM Alloin, D Ayres, TR Clavel, J Crenshaw, DM Horne, K Kriss, GA Krolik, JH Malkan, MA Netzer, H OBrien, PT Reichert, GA RodriguezPascual, PM Wamsteker, W Alexander, T Anderson, KSJ Benitez, E Bochkarev, NG Burenkov, AN Cheng, FZ Collier, SJ Comastri, A Dietrich, M DultzinHacyan, D Espey, BR Filippenko, AV Gaskell, CM George, IM Goad, MR Ho, LC Kaspi, S Kollatschny, W Korista, KT Laor, A MacAlpine, GM Mignoli, M Morris, SL Nandra, K Penton, S Pogge, RW Ptak, RL RodriguezEspinoza, JM SantosLleo, M Shapovalova, AI Shull, JM Snedden, SA Sparke, LS Stirpe, GM Sun, WH Turner, TJ Ulrich, MH Wang, TG Wei, C Welsh, WF Xue, SJ Zou, ZL AF Wanders, I Peterson, BM Alloin, D Ayres, TR Clavel, J Crenshaw, DM Horne, K Kriss, GA Krolik, JH Malkan, MA Netzer, H OBrien, PT Reichert, GA RodriguezPascual, PM Wamsteker, W Alexander, T Anderson, KSJ Benitez, E Bochkarev, NG Burenkov, AN Cheng, FZ Collier, SJ Comastri, A Dietrich, M DultzinHacyan, D Espey, BR Filippenko, AV Gaskell, CM George, IM Goad, MR Ho, LC Kaspi, S Kollatschny, W Korista, KT Laor, A MacAlpine, GM Mignoli, M Morris, SL Nandra, K Penton, S Pogge, RW Ptak, RL RodriguezEspinoza, JM SantosLleo, M Shapovalova, AI Shull, JM Snedden, SA Sparke, LS Stirpe, GM Sun, WH Turner, TJ Ulrich, MH Wang, TG Wei, C Welsh, WF Xue, SJ Zou, ZL TI Steps toward determination of the size and structure of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei .11. Intensive monitoring of the ultraviolet spectrum of NGC 7469 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE galaxies, active; galaxies, individual (NGC 7469); galaxies, Seyfert; ultraviolet, galaxies ID SHORT-TIMESCALE VARIABILITY; MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS; SEYFERT-GALAXIES; EMISSION-LINES; NGC-5548; CONTINUUM; NGC-4151; QUASARS; IUE; GEOMETRY AB From 1996 June 10 to July 29, the International Ultraviolet Explorer monitored the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 continuously in an attempt to measure time delays between the continuum and emission-line fluxes. From the time delays, one can estimate the size of the region dominating the production of the UV emission lines in this source. We find the strong UV emission lines to respond to continuum variations with time delays of about 2.(d)3-3.(d)1 for Ly alpha, 2.(d)7 for C IV lambda 1549, 1.(d)9-2.(d)4 for N V lambda 1240, 1.(d)7-1.(d)8 for Si IV lambda 1400, and 0.(d)7-1.(d)0 for He II lambda 1640. The most remarkable result, however, is the detection of apparent time delays between the different UV continuum bands. With respect to the UV continuum flux at 1315 Angstrom, the flux at 1485 Angstrom, 1740 Angstrom, and 1825 Angstrom lags with time delays of 0.(d)21, 0.(d)35, and 0.(d)28, respectively. Determination of the significance of this detection is somewhat problematic since it depends on accurate estimation of the uncertainties in the lag measurements, which are difficult to assess. We attempt to estimate the uncertainties in the time delays through Monte Carlo simulations, and these yield estimates of similar to 0.(d)07 for the 1 sigma uncertainties in the interband continuum time delays. Possible explanations for the delays include the existence of a continuum-flux reprocessing region close to the central source and/or a contamination of the continuum flux with a very broad time-delayed emission feature such as the Balmer continuum or merged Fe II multiplets. C1 UNIV ST ANDREWS, SCH PHYS & ASTRON, ST ANDREWS KY16 9SS, FIFE, SCOTLAND. CTR ETUD SACLAY, SERV ASTROPHYS, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE. UNIV COLORADO, CTR ASTROPHYS & SPACE ASTRON, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. EUROPEAN SPACE AGCY, ISO PROJECT, MADRID 28080, SPAIN. NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, ASTRON & SOLAR PHYS LAB, COMP SCI CORP, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT ASTRON, LOS ANGELES, CA 90024 USA. TEL AVIV UNIV, RAYMOND & BEVERLY SACKLER FAC EXACT SCI, SCH PHYS & ASTRON, IL-69978 TEL AVIV, ISRAEL. TEL AVIV UNIV, RAYMOND & BEVERLY SACKLER FAC EXACT SCI, WISE OBSERV, IL-69978 TEL AVIV, ISRAEL. UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND. EUROPEAN SPACE AGCY, IUE OBSERV, MADRID 28080, SPAIN. MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS, D-85740 GARCHING, GERMANY. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV, DEPT ASTRON, DEPT 4500, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 USA. UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO, INST ASTRON, MEXICO CITY 04510, DF, MEXICO. MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV, STERNBERG ASTRON INST, MOSCOW 119899, RUSSIA. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, SPECIAL ASTROPHYS OBSERV, NIZHNII ARKHYZ 357147, KARACHAJ CHERKE, RUSSIA. UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, CTR ASTROPHYS, HEFEI, PEOPLES R CHINA. OSSERVATORIO ASTRON BOLOGNA, I-40126 BOLOGNA, ITALY. LANDESSTERNWARTE HEIDELBERG, KONIGSTUHL, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT ASTRON, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LINCOLN, NE 68588 USA. NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS LAB, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA. UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC, WASHINGTON, DC USA. SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA. HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA. UNIV STERNWARTE GOTTINGEN, D-37083 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY. UNIV KENTUCKY, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LEXINGTON, KY 40506 USA. TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS, IL-32000 HAIFA, ISRAEL. UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT ASTRON, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. DOMINION ASTROPHYS OBSERV, VICTORIA, BC V8X 4M6, CANADA. BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, BOWLING GREEN, OH 43403 USA. INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS, E-38200 LA LAGUNA, TENERIFE, SPAIN. LAEFF, E-28080 MADRID, SPAIN. UNIV COLORADO, JOINT INST LAB ASTROPHYS, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT ASTRON, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NATL CENT UNIV, INST ASTRON, CHUNGLI 32054, TAIWAN. EUROPEAN SO OBSERV, D-85748 GARCHING, GERMANY. UNIV TEXAS, MCDONALD OBSERV, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA. UNIV TEXAS, DEPT ASTRON, RLM 15308, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA. CHINESE ACAD SCI, BEIJING ASTRON OBSERV, BEIJING 100080, PEOPLES R CHINA. RP Wanders, I (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV, DEPT ASTRON, 174 W 18TH AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA. RI Morris, Simon/G-7981-2011; 王, 挺贵/B-8293-2013; Stirpe, Giovanna/O-9393-2015; Mignoli, Marco/O-9426-2015; Comastri, Andrea/O-9543-2015; OI Morris, Simon/0000-0003-4866-110X; Stirpe, Giovanna/0000-0002-3702-8731; Mignoli, Marco/0000-0002-9087-2835; Comastri, Andrea/0000-0003-3451-9970; Espey, Brian/0000-0002-2457-1380; Gaskell, C/0000-0003-4888-2009; SUN, WEI-HSIN/0000-0002-7474-8658 NR 39 TC 121 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 113 IS 1 BP 69 EP 88 DI 10.1086/313054 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YD367 UT WOS:A1997YD36700003 ER PT J AU Clarke, JF Edgerton, ES Martin, BE AF Clarke, JF Edgerton, ES Martin, BE TI Dry deposition calculations for the clean air status and trends network SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE dry deposition; deposition velocities; sulfur dioxide; nitric acid; ozone ID SO2; FLUXES; SULFUR AB The National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) was established in 1986 to document the magnitude, spatial variability, and trends in dry deposition across the United States. Currently, the network operates as a component of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). Dry deposition is not measured directly in CASTNet, but is determined by an inferential approach (i.e. fluxes are calculated as the product bf measured ambient concentration and a modeled deposition velocity). Chemical species include ozone, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid. The temporal resolution for the ambient concentration measurements and dry deposition flux calculations is hourly for ozone and weekly for the other species. This paper describes the 50-station CASTNet dry deposition network, discusses dry deposition calculation procedures and presents dry deposition data for sulfur dioxide and nitric acid for 1991. Sources of uncertainty in dry deposition estimates are also discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN INC,DURHAM,NC 27713. US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,DIV AIR EXPOSURE RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NOAA,ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING DIV,AIR RESOURCES LAB,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. NR 20 TC 116 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 21 BP 3667 EP 3678 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00141-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XV754 UT WOS:A1997XV75400017 ER PT J AU McQueen, JT Valigura, RA Stunder, BJB AF McQueen, JT Valigura, RA Stunder, BJB TI Evaluation of the rams model for estimating turbulent fluxes over the Chesapeake Bay SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mesoscale atmospheric modeling; deposition; Chesapeake Bay; turbulent fluxes; air-water exchange; model evaluation ID SEA-SURFACE; NUMERICAL-MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYERS; DRY DEPOSITION; WIND-SPEED; TEMPERATURE; HEAT; TRAJECTORIES; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION AB This study has examined the ability of a mesoscale model to compute pollutant deposition velocity and surface fluxes over water with the accuracy needed for air pollution studies. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was evaluated against buoy data over the Chesapeake Bay. Turbulence and surface layer variables (e.g., surface fluxes, friction velocity) and ultimately deposition velocities were primarily examined against the buoy data for 23 cases in 1994: Sensible heat fluxes and temperatures compared well with observations when the model horizontal resolution was reduced to 5 km or less and the first model level were 12 m. Other turbulent variables compared poorly especially under stable stratifications. Overall, latent heat fluxes and deposition velocities were significantly under predicted even with these finer resolutions. Results degraded when the effects of clouds on short-and long-wave radiation were incorporated. Results were also insensitive to increase in the initial sea surface temperature (SST) over the observed daytime range (1 degrees C),and to the use of an improved roughness length parameterization over water. Errors were much larger during stably stratified conditions, therefore, substantial under prediction of pollutants to the bay would be expected by RAMS during stable periods. However, RAMS would be a reliable predictor of fluxes and deposition velocity during unstable conditions. Further experiments were done to help explain the poor predictions during the daytime for stable conditions. Fluxes over water were strongly sensitive to the soil moisture content of the surrounding land masses for stable atmospheric conditions and improved when geostrophic forcing terms were added to the momentum equations. However, the improved results given with geostrophic forcing were either representative of synoptic forcing or a decoupled layer from the surface that could not be resolved. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP McQueen, JT (reprint author), NOAA, AIR RESOURCES LAB, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. RI Stunder, Barbara/C-3106-2016 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 31 IS 22 BP 3803 EP 3819 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00222-7 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XX495 UT WOS:A1997XX49500012 ER PT J AU Weetall, HH Druzhko, AB Samuelson, LA de Lera, AR Alvarez, R AF Weetall, HH Druzhko, AB Samuelson, LA de Lera, AR Alvarez, R TI Optical and electrical properties of bacteriorhodopsin Langmuir-Blodgett films: II. D96N mutant and its 4-keto and 9-demethyl retinal analogs SO BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS LA English DT Article DE Langmuir-Blodgett films; bacteriorhodopsin; purple membranes; photocurrents ID PROTON AB Langmuir-Blodgett films prepared from purple membranes of the D96N mutant and two of its chromophore analogs (4-keto-retinal and 9-demethyl-retinal) were characterized for M-state kinetics and photocurrent production. These studies indicated that unlike the wild-type (WT) and its identical chromophore analogs, the photocurrent transients were unusual, showing proton release at pH 3.0. Several possible explanations for these results are considered. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Natick Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Div Biotechnol, Natick, MA 01760 USA. Univ Virgo, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Pura & Aplicada, Virgo 36200, Spain. RP Weetall, HH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Rodriguez de Lera, Angel/0000-0001-6896-9078 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0302-4598 J9 BIOELECTROCH BIOENER JI Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 44 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0302-4598(97)00069-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA YR528 UT WOS:000071504300005 ER PT J AU Baldocchi, D AF Baldocchi, D TI Flux footprints within and over forest canopies SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lagrangian model; micrometeorology; biosphere-atmosphere interactions; diffusion modelling; flux footprint; canopy turbulence ID LAGRANGIAN STOCHASTIC-MODELS; DECIDUOUS FOREST; INHOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE; PLANT CANOPIES; SURFACE-LAYER; SCALAR FLUXES; SIMULATION; TRAJECTORIES; EVAPORATION; ATMOSPHERE AB The characteristics of turbulence within a forest are spatially heterogeneous and distinct from those associated with the surface boundary layer. Consequently, the size and probability distribution of 'flux footprints' emanating from sources below a forest canopy have the potential to differ from those observed above forests. A Lagrangian random walk model was used to investigate this problem since no analytical solution of the diffusion equation exists. Model calculations suggest that spatial characteristics of 'flux footprint' probability distributions under forest canopies are much contracted, compared to those evaluated in the surface boundary layer The key factors affecting the statistical spread of the 'flux footprint', and the position of the peak of its probability distribution, are horizontal wind velocity and the standard deviations of vertical and horizontal velocity fluctuations. Consequently, canopies, which attenuate mean horizontal wind speed, or atmospheric conditions, which enhance vertical velocity fluctuations, will contract flux footprint distributions mostly near the floor of a forest It was also found that the probability distributions of the 'flux footprint' are narrower when horizontal wind velocity fluctuations are considered, instead of the simpler case that considers only vertical velocity fluctuations and mean horizontal wind velocity. RP Baldocchi, D (reprint author), NOAA, ATMOSPHER TURBULENCE & DIFFUS DIV, PO BOX 2456, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA. RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 NR 41 TC 128 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 85 IS 2 BP 273 EP 292 DI 10.1023/A:1000472717236 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YG811 UT WOS:A1997YG81100006 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW AF Stoner, AW TI Shell middens as indicators of long-term distributional pattern in Strombus gigas, a heavily exploited marine gastropod SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE QUEEN CONCH; BAHAMAS AB Shell middens of the economically important gastropod Strombus gigas in the Exuma Sound system of the central Bahamas were located on the shores of islands near tidal inlets between the Exuma Sound and the Great Bahama Bank. The volume of shell middens was directly correlated (r = 0.944) with the abundance of juvenile conch in the shallow surrounding waters (log-log relationship). Radiocarbon dates for shells collected from the bottoms of large middens indicated that these shell accumulations reflect a history of fishing in the region dating back more than 400 yrs. The middens probably originated with the indigenous Lucayan population, then continued to accumulate through the European invasion of the Bahamas, the British Loyalist period, and up to the present date. The distribution of shell middens indicates that the eastern Sound never had an important conch fishery corroborating the present day low abundance of conch in the area, and advection of queen conch larvae from east to west. High shell volumes in the northern Sound reflect large conch populations and larval retention in that region. Shell middens can yield important insights into human history, and useful information on the biogeography, ecology, and long-term fisheries of heavily exploited molluscan species such as S. gigas. C1 Caribbean Marine Res Ctr, Vero Beach, FL 32963 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 559 EP 570 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400004 ER PT J AU Schirripa, MJ Burns, KM AF Schirripa, MJ Burns, KM TI Growth estimates for three species of reef fish in the eastern Gulf of Mexico SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AGE AB In this paper we describe growth of three species of reef fish from the eastern Gulf of Mexico by estimating parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation from release-recapture observations. These estimates of growth were then compared to those previously estimated from various hard-part and back-calculation analyses. The three fish examined in this study gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), and red grouper (Epinephelus moria), are all important species to both the recreational and commercial fisheries of Florida's west coast. We compared estimates of growth between the two methods by calculating the proportional error in size-at-age predicted by the two growth curves. The ages of gag observed in the fishery range from approximately age 3 to 9; within this range the maximum error occurred at age 9 and was 26 mm (2.68%). The ages of greater amberjack observed in the fishery range from approximately 1 to 5; within this range the greatest error occurred at age 1 using the otolith growth curve (156 mm, 38.61%). The majority of red grouper observed in the fishery range from approximately age 5 to 8; within this range the maximum error occurred at age 8 (-31 mm, -4.45%). The results of this study suggest that recent estimates of growth for gag and red grouper are accurate and can be used with a reasonable degree of certainty. Estimates of growth for greater amberjack are not as certain. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. RP Schirripa, MJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami Lab, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 581 EP 591 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400006 ER PT J AU Manooch, CS Potts, JC AF Manooch, CS Potts, JC TI Age, growth, and mortality of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, from the US Gulf of Mexico headboat fishery SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Sectioned otoliths (saggitae) from 340 greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili, 305-1512 mm total length (270-1355 mm fork length) were examined. The fish were sampled from recreational headboats operating in the Gulf of Mexico from Naples, Florida, to Port Aransas, Texas, from 1988 to 1993, and therefore, best represent age and growth of the species as harvested by this fishery. Most (53%) of the fish were landed in Texas, but others came from northwest Florida and Alabama (46%) and Louisiana (1%). The oldest fish was estimated to be age 15 and measured 1512 mm total length (1355 mm fork length). Rings formed on most otoliths between March and May, and are thus considered to be true annual marks. Back-calculated mean total lengths for 225 fish were 415, 614, 742, 839, 915, 976, 1044, 1100, 1156, 1209, 1256, 1283, 1299, 1332, and 1365 mm for ages 1 through 15, respectively. Equations were derived to convert lengths: FL = -17.7319 + 0.8847(TL), and TL = 24.2327 + 1.1247(FL). Back-calculated lengths at age were used to derive the following von Bertalanffy growth equations: TLt = 1272 (1-e(-0.2272(t+0.7931))), and FLt = 1109 (1-e(-0.2270(t+0.7198))). Greater amberjack are fully recruited to the headboat fishery in the Gulf of Mexico at age 4. Total instantaneous mortality estimates (Z) generated from catch curves of the Gulf of Mexico headboat fishery were 0.68 for 1988 and 0.70 for 1993. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Manooch, CS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 671 EP 683 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400008 ER PT J AU Parrish, FA Goto, RS AF Parrish, FA Goto, RS TI Patterns of insular shark dynamics based on fishery bycatch and lifeguard surveillance at Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-1992 SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Incidental shark sightings recorded by beach lifeguards and records of shark bycatch from fishery catch reports were evaluated as possible long-term indices (1983-1992) of insular shark dynamics. The daily lifeguarding of the 17 Oahu beaches provided a documentation of effort not available from fishery data. Identified seasonal and spatial trends in shark sightings were found to persist through successive years of surveillance and were roughly consistent with distributions of fishery bycatch. However, it was possible to attribute shark bycatch to changes in accessibility of fishing grounds and size of the fishing fleet. An evaluation of the potential biases in lifeguard data indicated that variables such as wind/surf conditions and beach attendance did not govern the frequency with which sharks were reported. Summer increases in sightings coincided with shark pupping activities, and winter pulses were roughly associated with periods of increased rainfall. Relationships with coast and season were evident, with significantly more sightings on the island's leeward coast. A survey of shark-related news stories compared with reports of shark sightings suggested that shark sightings increased on a limited scale with high media exposure. No consistent trend in abundance of sharks was detected over the full 10-yr period. The interannual pattern of shark sightings (scaled for effort) remains unexplained, despite comparison with fishery data, island runoff, sea-surface temperature, and known El Nino events. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Dept Parks & Recreat City & Cty Honolulu, Div Water Safety, Honolulu, HI 96815 USA. RP Parrish, FA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 763 EP 777 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400012 ER PT J AU Sheridan, P McMahan, G Conley, G Williams, A Thayer, G AF Sheridan, P McMahan, G Conley, G Williams, A Thayer, G TI Nekton use of macrophyte patches following mortality of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum, in shallow waters of Florida Bay (Florida, USA) SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COVERED MUD BANKS; SNAPPER LUTJANUS-GRISEUS; CYNOSCION-NEBULOSUS; ADJACENT WATERS; GRAY SNAPPER; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; AUSTRALIAN ESTUARY; SPOTTED SEATROUT; FISHERY HARVEST AB Widespread seagrass mortality in western Florida Bay has led to increased habitat heterogeneity: once-dominant Thalassia testudinum beds have become punctuated by mud algae, and Halodule wrightii patches. We tested the hypothesis that increased habitat heterogeneity leads to increased secondary production and diversity. Nekton densities in shallow (depths <1 m) Thalassia meadows and in mud algae, and Halodule patches were compared 12 times over 3 yrs using a quantitative 2.6 m(2) drop trap. Mean densities of fishes and decapods were usually significantly higher in Thalassia beds than in Halodule, algae, and mud patches. The reverse was true for species diversity and richness, which were usually significantly lower in Thalassia beds than in one or more patch types. Macrofaunal densities and species richness and diversity were usually not affected by site (two areas 15 km apart) or time (day vs, night). Six species comprised 84-99% of all organisms in each floral type. Mean densities of Lucania parva Opsanus beta, and Thor floridanus were almost always significantly higher in Thalassia beds than in Halodule, algae or mud patches. The opposite was true for mean densities of Floridichthys carpio, which were usually significantly lower in Thalassia than elsewhere. Mean densities of Penaeus duorarum were irregularly related to plant type, and those of Gobiosoma robustum were never related to plant type. Time of collection did not affect densities of any dominant species, but mean densities of Thor and Floridichthys were significantly higher on Ninemile Bank than on Sandy Key Bank. Lower nekton standing crops and increased species richness and diversity at the local scale may lead to system-wide faunal changes. However, fisheries seem not to have been affected by seagrass mortality and associated changes in habitat heterogeneity and the forage base. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 801 EP 820 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400015 ER PT J AU Sawyer, TK Nerad, TA Rabalais, NN McLaughlin, SM AF Sawyer, TK Nerad, TA Rabalais, NN McLaughlin, SM TI Protozoans isolated from Louisiana shelf sediments subject to hypoxia/anoxia with emphasis on freshwater amoebae and marine flagellates SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER; N-SP; ACANTHAMOEBA; AMEBAS AB Sediments offshore from the Louisiana coast west of the Mississippi Delta Eight were cultured for marine and freshwater protozoans during a period of seasonal benthic hypoxia. The episodes of hypoxia occurring in this area from late spring through early fall follow periods of high volume discharge from the Mississippi River, and coincide with a strong pycnocline between low salinity surface water and deeper more saline water. The study site was located off the Terrebonne/Timbalier Bay system at depths of 14-22 m where there are recurrent episodes of dissolved oxygen readings approaching 0.0 mg L-1, and bottom water and sediments may have an odor of hydrogen sulfide. Sewage contamination at the site has been considered since there are numerous point and non-point sources for pollutants that enter the ecosystem from nearby rivers and bays. We tested bottom sediments to determine whether or not freshwater, soil, or sewage associated protozoans were present as indicators of land or riverine runoff. Two of seven sediment samples yielded freshwater or soil cyst-forming amoebae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba (A. polyphaga and A. hatchetti); one yielded a cyst-forming freshwater flagellate, Heteromita globosa. All stations were positive for one or more of 15 genera of marine flagellates, four yielded unidentified ciliates and five free-living marine amoebae. Physical features of the seabottom and observations on the benthic biota observed by divers and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) showed that surficial sediments were anoxic and covered by bacterial mats. C1 Rescon Assoc Inc, Royal Oak, MD 21662 USA. Amer Type Culture Collect, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. NMFS, NOAA, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Sawyer, TK (reprint author), Rescon Assoc Inc, Box 206, Royal Oak, MD 21662 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 EI 1553-6955 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 859 EP 867 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZP875 UT WOS:000073797400019 ER PT J AU Xie, PP Arkin, PA AF Xie, PP Arkin, PA TI Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS; SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; OCEANIC PRECIPITATION; SCALE PRECIPITATION; TROPICAL RAINFALL; CLOUD; SSM/I; RETRIEVAL; CLIMATOLOGIES AB Gridded fields (analyses) of global monthly precipitation have been constructed on a 2.5 degrees latitude-longitude grid for the 17-yr period from 1979 to 1995 by merging several kinds of information sources with different characteristics, including gauge observations, estimates inferred from a variety of satellite observations, and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. This new dataset, which the authors have named the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), contains precipitation distributions with full global coverage and improved quality compared to the individual data sources. Examinations showed no discontinuity during the 17-yr period, despite the different data sources used for the different subperiods. Comparisons of the CMAP with the merged analysis of Huffman et al. revealed remarkable agreements over the global land areas and over tropical and subtropical oceanic areas: with differences observed over extratropical oceanic areas. The 17-yr CMAP dataset is used to investigate the annual and interannual variability in large-scale precipitation. The mean distribution and the annual cycle in the 17-yr dataset exhibit reasonable agreement with existing long-term means except over the eastern tropical Pacific. The interannual variability associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon resembles that found in previous studies, but with substantial additional details, particularly over the oceans. With complete global coverage, extended period and improved quality, the 17-yr dataset of the CMAP provides very useful information for climate analysis, numerical model validation, hydrological research, and many other applications. Further work is under way to improve the quality, extend the temporal coverage, and to refine the resolution of the merged analysis. RP Xie, PP (reprint author), NATL WEATHER SERV,NATL CTR ENVIRONM PREDICT,NOAA,800A,WASHINGTON,DC 20233, USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010 NR 48 TC 2473 Z9 2646 U1 23 U2 146 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2539 EP 2558 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH372 UT WOS:A1997YH37200001 ER PT J AU Hoium, DK Riordan, AJ Monahan, J Keeter, KK AF Hoium, DK Riordan, AJ Monahan, J Keeter, KK TI Severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings at Raleigh, North Carolina SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; WSR-88D AB The National Weather Service issues public warnings for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when these storms appear imminent. A study of the warning process was conducted at the National Weather Service Forecast Office at Raleigh, North Carolina, from 1994 through 1996. The purpose of the study was to examine the decision process by documenting the types of information leading to decisions to warn or not to warn and by describing the sequence and timing of events in the development of warnings. It was found that the evolution of warnings followed a logical sequence beginning with storm monitoring and proceeding with increasingly focused activity. For simplicity, information input to the process was categorized as one of three types: ground truth, radar reflectivity, or radar velocity. Reflectivity, velocity, and ground truth were all equally likely to initiate the investigation process. This investigation took an average of 7 min, after which either a decision was made not to warn or new information triggered the warning. Decisions not to issue warnings were based more on ground truth and reflectivity than radar velocity products. Warnings with investigations of more than 2 min were more likely to be triggered by radar reflectivity, than by velocity or ground truth. Warnings with a shorter investigation time, defined here as ''immediate trigger warnings,'' were less frequently based on velocity products and more on ground truth information. Once the decision was made to warn, it took an average of 2.1 min to prepare the warning text. in 85% of cases when warnings were issued, at least one contact was made to emergency management officials or storm spotters in the warned county. Reports of severe weather were usually received soon after the warning was transmitted-almost half of these within 30 min after issue. A total of 68% were received during the severe weather episode, but some of these storm reports later proved false according to Storm Data. Even though the WSR-88D is a sophisticated tool, ground truth information was found to be a vital part of the warning process. However, the data did not indicate that population density was statistically correlated either with the number of warnings issued or the verification rate. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MARINE EARTH & ATMOSPHER SCI,COLL PHYS & MATH SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NATL WEATHER SERV,FORECAST OFF,RALEIGH,NC. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2559 EP 2575 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2559:STATWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH372 UT WOS:A1997YH37200002 ER PT J AU Warner, TT Peterson, RA Treadon, RE AF Warner, TT Peterson, RA Treadon, RE TI A tutorial on lateral boundary conditions as a basic and potentially serious limitation to regional numerical weather prediction SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LIMITED-AREA MODEL; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; MESOSCALE-MODEL; PREDICTABILITY; TIME; FORMULATION; EQUATIONS; ADJOINT; SYSTEM; ERROR AB Limited-area models (LAMs) are presently used for a wide variety of research and operational forecasting applications, and such use will likely expand greatly as the rapid increase in the performance/price ratio of computers and workstations makes LAMs more accessible to novice users. The robustness of these well-tested and documented models will make it tempting for many to consider them as turn-key systems that can be used without any experience or formal training in numerical weather prediction. This paper is intended as a tutorial and caution for such prospective model users, with the specific purpose of illustrating that, in spite of advanced physical-process parameterizations and high resolutions permitted by faster computers, and modern mesoscale data for initial conditions, there is still a basic limitation to predictability with a LAM-lateral boundary conditions (LBC). Illustrations are provided of previous work that show the serious negative effects of LBCs, and guidelines are provided for helping to minimize their negative impact on forecast quality. C1 UNIV COLORADO, PROGRAM ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, NATL WEATHER SERV, NCEP, WASHINGTON, DC 20233 USA. GEN SCI CORP, LAUREL, MD USA. RP NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, RAP, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA. NR 36 TC 233 Z9 240 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2599 EP 2617 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2599:ATOLBC>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH372 UT WOS:A1997YH37200005 ER PT J AU Lewis, JM AF Lewis, JM TI The Lettau-Schwerdtfeger balloon experiment: Measurement of turbulence via Austausch theory SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB In the early 1930s, Heinz Lettau and Werner Schwerdtfeger made direct measurements of air motion in the lowest 4 km of the troposphere by using the manned free balloon as an instrumented platform. The experiment was motivated by Wilhelm Schmidt's and Ludwig Prandtl's work on Austausch (exchange) theory in the second and third decades of the twentieth century. As a prelude to investigating the Letteu-Schwerdtfeger experiment, historical developments that had bearing on the field program are reviewed. Following this review, the experiment is analyzed by 1) documenting the scientific goals, 2) discussing the strategy for data collection, 3) examining one flight in detail (the flight of 25 February 1934), and 4) summarizing results from the experiment. The paper ends with a retrospective view of Austausch theory. RP Lewis, JM (reprint author), NOAA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,NATL SEVERE STORMS LAB,1313 HALLEY CIRCLE,NORMAN,OK 73069, USA. NR 62 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2619 EP 2635 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2619:TLSBEM>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YH372 UT WOS:A1997YH37200006 ER PT J AU Hansen, MJ Madenjian, CP Selgeby, JH Helser, TE AF Hansen, MJ Madenjian, CP Selgeby, JH Helser, TE TI Gillnet selectivity for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; SIZE-SELECTIVITY; FISHING GEAR; POPULATION; NEBULOSUS; EXAMPLE AB Gillnet selectivity for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was estimated indirectly from catches in nets of 102-, 114-, 127-, 140-, and 152-mm stretch measure. Mesh selectivity was modeled as a nonlinear response surface that describes changes in the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of fish lengths across mesh sizes. Gillnet selectivity for lake trout was described by five parameters that explained 88% of the variation in wedged and entangled catches, 81% of the variation in wedged catches, and 82% of the variation in entangled catches. Combined catches of wedged and entangled lake trout were therefore described more parsimoniously than separate catches of wedged and entangled lake trout. Peak selectivity of wedged and entangled fish increased from 588 to 663 mm total length as mesh size increased from 102 to 152 mm, and relative selectivity peaked at a total length of 638 mm. The estimated lake trout population size-frequency indicated that gillnet catches were negatively biased toward both small and large lake trout. As a consequence of this bias, survival of Lake Superior lake trout across ages 9-11 was underestimated by about 20% when the catch curve was not adjusted for gillnet selectivity. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Lake Super Biol Stn, Ashland, WI 54806 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Hansen, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Coll Nat Resources, Stevens Point, WI 54481 USA. OI Hansen, Michael/0000-0001-8522-3876 NR 21 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 54 IS 11 BP 2483 EP 2490 DI 10.1139/cjfas-54-11-2483 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YX539 UT WOS:000072050700002 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Sperber, KR Boyle, JS Dix, M Ferranti, L Kitoh, A Lau, KM Miyakoda, K Randall, D Takacs, L Wetherald, R AF Zhang, Y Sperber, KR Boyle, JS Dix, M Ferranti, L Kitoh, A Lau, KM Miyakoda, K Randall, D Takacs, L Wetherald, R TI East Asian winter monsoon: results from eight AMIP models SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID SUMMER MONSOON; COLD SURGES; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; DECEMBER 1974; FIELDS; ENSO AB This study evaluates simulations of the East Asian winter monsoon in eight GCMs that participated in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP). In addition to validating the mean state of the winter monsoon, the cold surge and its transient properties, which includes the frequency, intensity, preferred propagation tracks, and the evolution patterns of the surges, are examined. GCM simulated temporal distribution of the Siberian high and cold surges is also discussed.:Finally, the forcing of the cold surges on the tropical surface wind and convection, along with their interannual variation is analysed. The mean state of the winter monsoon is generally portrayed well in most of the models. These include the climatological position of the Siberian high, the 200 hPa divergent center, and the large-scale wind patterns at the surface and the 200 hPa. Models display a wide range of skill in simulating the cold surge and its transient properties. In some of the models, the simulated cold surge trajectory, intensity, frequency, propagation patterns and source regions are in general agreement with those from the observed. While in others, the models cannot adequately capture these observed characteristics. The temporal distribution of the Siberian high and cold surges were realistically reproduced in most GCMs. Most models were able to simulate the effect of the cold surges on the tropical surface wind, although a few models unrealistically generated subtropical southerly wine! in the mid-winter. The relationship between cold surges and the tropical convection was not satisfactorily simulated in most models. The common discrepancies in the winter monsoon simulation can be attributed to many factors. In some models: the reason is directly related to the improper location of the large-scale convective center near the western Pacific. The satisfactory simulations of the monsoon circulation and the cold surges are partly due to the topographical characteristics of the East Asian continent, i.e., the Tibetan Plateau to the west and the oceans to the east. The correct simulation of the interannual variation of the surface wind near the South China Sea (SCS) and the maritime continent is a demanding task for most of the models. This will require adequate simulations of many aspects, including tropical convection, the Siberian cold dome, the extratropical-tropical linkage, and the air-sea interaction. The discrepancies noted here furnish a guide for the continuing improvement of the winter monsoon simulations. Improved simulations will lead to an adequate delineation of the surface wind and convection near the maritime continent, which is essential for portraying the winter monsoon forcing in a coupled model. C1 CSIRO,MORDIALLOC,VIC 3195,AUSTRALIA. EUROPEAN CTR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS,READING RG2 9AX,BERKS,ENGLAND. METEOROL RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. CNR,IMGA,I-41100 MODENA,ITALY. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GODDARD LAB ATMOSPHERES,GREENBELT,MD 20771. PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08540. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,PROGRAM CLIMATE MODEL DIAG & INTERCOMPARISON,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA. RI Dix, Martin/A-2334-2012; Sperber, Kenneth/H-2333-2012; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; Randall, David/E-6113-2011 OI Dix, Martin/0000-0002-7534-0654; Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; Randall, David/0000-0001-6935-4112 NR 39 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD NOV PY 1997 VL 13 IS 11 BP 797 EP 820 DI 10.1007/s003820050198 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YK951 UT WOS:A1997YK95100003 ER EF