FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kielpinski, D Monroe, C Wineland, DJ AF Kielpinski, D Monroe, C Wineland, DJ TI Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID THERMAL MOTION; GROUND-STATE; DECOHERENCE; COMPUTATION; MANIPULATION; ENTANGLEMENT; INFORMATION; PARTICLES; MEMORY; LOGIC AB Among the numerous types of architecture being explored for quantum computers are systems utilizing ion traps, in which quantum bits (qubits) are formed from the electronic states of trapped ions and coupled through the Coulomb interaction. Although the elementary requirements for quantum computation have been demonstrated in this system, there exist theoretical and technical obstacles to scaling up the approach to large numbers of qubits. Therefore, recent efforts have been concentrated on using quantum communication to link a number of small ion-trap quantum systems. Developing the array-based approach, we show how to achieve massively parallel gate operation in a large-scale quantum computer, based on techniques already demonstrated for manipulating small quantum registers. The use of decoherence-free subspaces significantly reduces decoherence during ion transport, and removes the requirement of clock synchronization between the interaction regions. C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Michigan, FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kielpinski, D (reprint author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011; OI Kielpinski, David/0000-0002-2816-6892 NR 39 TC 642 Z9 654 U1 7 U2 55 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 13 PY 2002 VL 417 IS 6890 BP 709 EP 711 DI 10.1038/nature00784 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 561QY UT WOS:000176154700036 PM 12066177 ER PT J AU Chai, H Lawn, BR AF Chai, H Lawn, BR TI Cracking in brittle laminates from concentrated loads SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE brittle layers; concentrated loads; design diagrams; multilayers; radial cracks ID LAYER STRUCTURES; COATINGS; DAMAGE; CONTACT; FRACTURE; INTERLAYER; DESIGN AB A study is made of the crack resistance of multilaminates consisting of brittle layers interleaved with compliant interlayers and bonded to compliant substrates, Specific attention is paid to flexure-generated radial cracks in the undersurfaces of individual glass layers from concentrated loads applied at the top surfaces. A proposed condition for acceptance of such multilayer systems is that radial cracking in the upper layers should not occur before analogous radial cracking at the undersurface of an equivalent monolithic coating. Model multilayer systems constructed from glass plates laminated with polycarbonate interlayers and glued onto a polycarbonate base are used to test this condition. These systems enable in situ viewing of radial cracks through polished side surfaces. Critical loads to initiate such radial cracks are measured for multilayers with selected numbers of layers and interlayer/glass thickness ratios. Simple, approximate. semi-empirical closed-form relations are derived for the critical loads, and validated against predictions from finite element computations. We demonstrate the general existence of optimum conditions for multilayer design in terms of numbers of brittle layers, ratios of adhesive interlayer to brittle layer thickness, and modulus mismatch ratios. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JUN 12 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 10 BP 2613 EP 2625 AR PII S1359-6454(02)00091-5 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00091-5 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 566MQ UT WOS:000176432500012 ER PT J AU Vanderah, DJ Valincius, G Meuse, CW AF Vanderah, DJ Valincius, G Meuse, CW TI Self-assembled monolayers of methyl 1-thiahexa(ethylene oxide) for the inhibition of protein adsorption SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-CONFORMATION; SURFACE INTERACTIONS; POLYETHYLENE OXIDE; SILVER SURFACES; GOLD; RESISTANCE; SPECTROSCOPY; RELEVANCE; SOLVATION; SAMS AB Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of methyl 1-thiahexa(ethylene oxide), HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3, on gold with different molecular conformations were evaluated for their ability to inhibit protein adsorption. Assembled from 95% ethanol, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) data show that the HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3 SAMs adopt the well-ordered 7/2 helical conformation of the folded-chain crystal polymorph of poly(ethylene oxide). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data indicate that these ordered helical SAMs behave as near ideal capacitors in an electrochemical environment. Assembled from other solvents, the SAMs of HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3 were more variable and less ordered. For samples assembled from 100% ethanol, the RAIRS data were virtually identical to those obtained from 95% ethanol indicating the predominant 7/2 helical structure but the EIS spectra show consistently higher specific capacitance values indicating a slight increase in disorder or number of defect sites. In contrast to the ethanolic solvents, assembled from tetrahydrofuran, the HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3 SAMs are significantly less ordered with RAIRS data clearly showing mixtures of the 7/2 helical and nonhelical conformations and EIS data showing much higher specific capacitance values. Exposure of these ordered and disordered HS(CH2CH2O)(6)CH3 SAMs to bovine serum albumin and lysozyme solutions showed that the less ordered SAMs exhibit better inhibition of protein adsorption. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vanderah, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8313, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUN 11 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 12 BP 4674 EP 4680 DI 10.1021/la025720t PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 560QC UT WOS:000176091900023 ER PT J AU Jurdik, E Hohlfeld, J van Kempen, H Rasing, T McClelland, JJ AF Jurdik, E Hohlfeld, J van Kempen, H Rasing, T McClelland, JJ TI Laser-focused nanofabrication: Beating of two atomic resonances SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT MASKS; DEPOSITION; LITHOGRAPHY AB We deposit a laser-collimated chromium beam onto a substrate through a laser standing-wave (SW) tuned above the atomic resonance at either of the two Cr-52 transitions S-7(3)-->P-7(3)o at 427.600 nm or S-7(3)-->P-7(4)o at 425.553 nm. In both of these cases, the resulting pattern on the surface consists of nanolines with a period of that of the SW. We extend the range of periods accessible to laser-focused atom deposition by superimposing the structures grown at both these resonances. The resulting beating pattern exhibits a period of 44.46+/-0.04 mum as determined with a polarizing optical microscope. This structure provides a link between nanoscopic and macroscopic worlds and could potentially become a calibration standard for length metrology. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. NIST, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jurdik, E (reprint author), Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. RI Rasing, Theo/D-5207-2012; McClelland, Jabez/A-2358-2015 OI McClelland, Jabez/0000-0001-5672-5965 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 23 BP 4443 EP 4445 DI 10.1063/1.1485104 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 557JC UT WOS:000175904600052 ER PT J AU Herczeg, GJ Linsky, JL Valenti, JA Johns-Krull, CM Wood, BE AF Herczeg, GJ Linsky, JL Valenti, JA Johns-Krull, CM Wood, BE TI The far-ultraviolet spectrum of TW Hydrae. I. Observations of H(2) fluorescence SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; circumstellar matter; line : identification; stars : individual (TW Hydrae); stars : pre main-sequence; ultraviolet : stars ID MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY; TAURI STARS; PROTOPLANETARY DISKS; MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; ACCRETION DISKS; CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK; CO EMISSION; IUE ATLAS AB We observed the classical T Tauri star TW Hya with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST) using the E140M grating, from 1150 to 1700 A, with the E230M grating, from 2200 to 2900 Angstrom, and with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer from 900 to 1180 Angstrom. Emission in 146 Lyman-band H(2) lines, representing 19 progressions, dominates the spectral region from 1250 to 1650 Angstrom. The total H(2) emission line flux is 1.94 x 10(12) ergs cm(-2) s(-1), which corresponds to 1.90 x 10(-4) L(.) at TW Hya's distance of 56 pc. A broad stellar Lyalpha line photoexcites the H(2) from excited rovibrational levels of the ground electronic state to excited electronic states. The C II lambda1335 doublet, C III lambda1175 multiplet, and C IV 1550 doublet also electronically excite H(2). The velocity shift of the H(2) lines is consistent with the photospheric radial velocity of TW Hya, and the emission is not spatially extended beyond the 0."05 resolution of HST. The H(2) lines have an intrinsic FWHM of 11.91 +/- 0.16 km s(-1). One H(2) line is significantly weaker than predicted by this model because of C II wind absorption. We also do not observe any H(2) absorption against the stellar Lyalpha profile. From these results we conclude that the H(2) emission is more consistent with an origin in a disk rather than in an outflow or circumstellar shell. We also analyze the hot accretion region lines ( e. g., C IV Si IV O VI) of TW Hya, which are formed at the accretion shock, and discuss some reasons why Si lines appear significantly weaker than other TR region lines. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Herczeg, GJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM gregoryh@casa.colorado.edu; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu; valenti@stsci.edu; cmj@rice.edu; woodb@marmoset.colorado.edu OI Herczeg, Gregory/0000-0002-7154-6065 NR 73 TC 132 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 572 IS 1 BP 310 EP 325 DI 10.1086/339731 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 559BQ UT WOS:000176005100027 ER PT J AU Williams, JE Nikuni, T Clark, CW AF Williams, JE Nikuni, T Clark, CW TI Longitudinal spin waves in a dilute Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; POLARIZED GAS; HYDROGEN AB We present a kinetic theory for a dilute noncondensed Bose gas of two-level atoms that predicts the transient spin segregation observed in a recent experiment. The underlying mechanism driving spin currents in the gas is due to a mean-field effect arising from the quantum interference between the direct and exchange scattering of atoms in different spin states. We numerically solve the spin Boltzmann equation, using a one-dimensional model, and find excellent agreement with experimental data. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Williams, JE (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 15 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 10 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 23 AR 230405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.230405 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 556QM UT WOS:000175860500005 PM 12059343 ER PT J AU Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF AF Dudowicz, J Freed, KF Douglas, JF TI New patterns of polymer blend miscibility associated with monomer shape and size asymmetry SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LATTICE CLUSTER THEORY; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; CRITICAL ORDERING TRANSITION; LIQUID PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; INTERFACIAL-TENSION; BINARY BLENDS; POLYVINYL METHYL-ETHER); DEUTERATED POLYSTYRENE AB Polymer blends are formulated by mixing polymers with different chemical structures to create new materials with properties intermediate between those of the individual components. While Flory-Huggins (FH) theory explains some basic trends in blend miscibility, the theory completely neglects the dissimilarity in monomer structures that is central to the fabrication of real blends. We systematically investigate the influence of monomer structure on blend miscibility using a lattice cluster theory (LCT) generalization of the FH model. Analytic calculations are rendered tractable by restricting the theoretical analysis to the limit of incompressible and high molecular weight blends. The well-known miscibility pattern predicted by FH theory is recovered only for a limited range of monomer size and shape asymmetries, but additional contributions to the LCT entropy and internal energy of mixing for polymers with dissimilarly shaped monomers lead to three additional blend miscibilty classes whose behaviors are quite different from the predictions of classical FH theory. One blend miscibility class (class IV) exhibits a remarkable resemblance to the critical behavior of polymer solutions. In particular, the theta temperature for class IV blends is near a molecular weight insensitive critical temperature for phase separation, the critical composition is highly asymmetric, and the correlation length amplitude is significantly less than the chain radius of gyration. Experimental evidence for these new blend miscibility classes is discussed, and predictions are made for specific blends of polyolefins that should illustrate these new patterns of blend miscibility. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dudowicz, J (reprint author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NR 112 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 8 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 22 BP 9983 EP 9996 DI 10.1063/1.1476696 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 554PL UT WOS:000175744600049 ER PT J AU Grodkowski, J Neta, P AF Grodkowski, J Neta, P TI Reaction kinetics in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Pulse radiolysis study of (CF3)-C-center dot radical reactions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; EXCITED STATES; RATE CONSTANTS; PYRENE; YIELD AB The reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with pyrene, phenanthrene, crotonic acid, and 2-propanol (2-PrOH) in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2) are studied by pulse radiolysis. Radiolysis of R4NNTf2 leads to formation of solvated electrons and organic radicals, including (CF3)-C-.. The solvated electrons do not react rapidly with the solvent and are reacted with CF3Br to produce additional (CF3)-C-. radicals. The rate constants for addition of (CF3)-C-. radicals to pyrene and phenanthrene are determined to be (1.1 +/- 0.1) x 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1) and (2.6 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. By competition kinetics, the rate constant for reaction of (CF3)-C-. radicals with crotonic acid is determined to be (2.7 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1), and the reaction is predominantly addition to the double bond. Competition kinetics with 2-PrOH in the absence of CF3Br gives a rate constant of (4 +/- 1) x 10(4) L mol(-1) s(-1) for H-abstraction from 2-PrOH, but in the presence of CF3Br, the rate constant cannot be determined because a chain reaction develops through the reduction of CF3Br by the (CH3)(2)COH radical. The rate constants for reactions of (CF3)-C-. radicals in acetonitrile solutions are slightly higher, by a factor of 2.3 for pyrene and phenanthrene and a factor of 1.3 for crotonic acid. The rate constant for pyrene in aqueous acetonitrile (30% water) solutions is 4 times higher than that in the ionic liquid. Rate constants for H-abstraction and addition reactions of (CF3)-C-. radicals in the ionic liquid are of the same order of magnitude as in water and acetonitrile, whereas electron-transfer reactions were reported to be one or more orders of magnitude slower in ionic liquids than in water or alcohols. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 6 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 22 BP 5468 EP 5473 DI 10.1021/jp020165p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 559WT UT WOS:000176049600009 ER PT J AU Schmidt, G Nakatani, AI Butler, PD Han, CC AF Schmidt, G Nakatani, AI Butler, PD Han, CC TI Small-angle neutron scattering from viscoelastic polymer-clay solutions SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID AQUEOUS KAOLINITE SUSPENSIONS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; LAPONITE SUSPENSIONS; SHEARING APPARATUS; COPOLYMER MELTS; PHASE-DIAGRAM; DISPERSIONS; GEL AB The influence of shear on viscoelastic polymer-clay solutions was investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) under shear. SANS was used to measure the shear-induced orientation of polymer and platelets. With increasing shear rate an anisotropic scattering pattern developed. At higher shear rates, the scattering anisotropy increased due to the enhanced orientation of the clay platelets in the shear field. The clay platelets aligned by the flow in an unusual direction, with the surface normal parallel to the vorticity direction. SANS on regular samples (contrast between D2O and solution components) measured the shear-induced orientation of polymer and platelets. However, with contrast matching the orientation of the polymer alone could be detected. With increasing shear rate, clay particles oriented first (SANS on regular samples) and then polymer chains started to stretch (SANS on contrast matched samples). Cessation of shear led to fast recovery, demonstrating the system to be highly elastic. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 48 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 4 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 12 BP 4725 EP 4732 DI 10.1021/ma0115141 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 557YV UT WOS:000175937400027 ER PT J AU Blackford, LS Demmel, J Dongarra, J Duff, I Hammarling, S Henry, G Heroux, M Kaufman, L Lumsdaine, A Petitet, A Pozo, R Remington, K Whaley, RC AF Blackford, LS Demmel, J Dongarra, J Duff, I Hammarling, S Henry, G Heroux, M Kaufman, L Lumsdaine, A Petitet, A Pozo, R Remington, K Whaley, RC TI An updated set of Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) SO ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE algorithms; standardization; BLAS; linear algebra; standards ID LEVEL-3 BLAS C1 Myricom Inc, Arcadia, CA 91006 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Div Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Comp Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. CERFACS, F-31057 Toulouse 1, France. Numer Algorithms Grp Ltd, Oxford OX2 8DR, England. Intel Corp, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Avon, MN 56310 USA. William Patterson Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Wayne, NJ 07470 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Sun Microsyst Inc, F-75016 Paris, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Advancement Genom, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Blackford, LS (reprint author), Myricom Inc, 325 N Santa Anita Ave, Arcadia, CA 91006 USA. RI Whaley, R./G-4234-2011; Dongarra, Jack/E-3987-2014; OI Heroux, Michael/0000-0002-5893-0273 NR 19 TC 194 Z9 198 U1 2 U2 11 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0098-3500 J9 ACM T MATH SOFTWARE JI ACM Trans. Math. Softw. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 135 EP 151 DI 10.1145/567806.567807 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 591QN UT WOS:000177891900002 ER PT J AU Duff, IS Heroux, MA Pozo, R AF Duff, IS Heroux, MA Pozo, R TI An overview of the Sparse Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms: The new standard from the BLAS Technical Forum SO ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE design; standardization; algorithms; computational kernels; software; sparse BLAS; sparse iterative methods; sparse matrices ID SET AB We discuss the interface design for the Sparse Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS), the kernels in the recent standard from the BLAS Technical Forum that are concerned with unstructured sparse matrices. The motivation for such a standard is to encourage portable programming while allowing for library-specific optimizations. In particular, we show how this interface can shield one from concern over the specific storage scheme for the sparse matrix. This design makes it easy to add further functionality to the sparse BLAS in the future. We illustrate the use of the Sparse BLAS with examples in the three supported programming languages, Fortran 95, Fortran 77, and C. C1 CERFACS, F-31057 Toulouse 1, France. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Computat Sci & Engn Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Sandia Natl Labs, Avon, MN 56310 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duff, IS (reprint author), CERFACS, F-31057 Toulouse 1, France. OI Heroux, Michael/0000-0002-5893-0273 NR 22 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036 USA SN 0098-3500 J9 ACM T MATH SOFTWARE JI ACM Trans. Math. Softw. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 2 BP 239 EP 267 DI 10.1145/567806.567810 PG 29 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 591QN UT WOS:000177891900005 ER PT J AU Belsky, A Hellenbrandt, M Karen, VL Luksch, P AF Belsky, A Hellenbrandt, M Karen, VL Luksch, P TI New developments in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD): accessibility in support of materials research and design SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The materials community in both science and industry use crystallographic data models on a daily basis to visualize, explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and materials. Access to reliable information on the structure of crystalline materials helps researchers concentrate experimental work in directions that optimize the discovery process. The Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a comprehensive collection of more than 60 000 crystal structure entries for inorganic materials and is produced cooperatively by Fachin-formationszentrum Karlsruhe (FIZ), Germany, and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The ICSD is disseminated in computerized formats with scientific software tools to exploit the content of the database. Features of a new Windows-based graphical user interface for the ICSD are outlined, together with directions for future development in support of materials research and design. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fachinformat Zentrum Karlsruhe, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany. RP Karen, VL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 319 Z9 321 U1 7 U2 43 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0108-7681 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR B JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B-Struct. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 58 SI 1 BP 364 EP 369 DI 10.1107/S0108768102006948 PN 3 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 563TB UT WOS:000176270700008 PM 12037357 ER PT J AU Berman, HM Battistuz, T Bhat, TN Bluhm, WF Bourne, PE Burkhardt, K Iype, L Jain, S Fagan, P Marvin, J Padilla, D Ravichandran, V Schneider, B Thanki, N Weissig, H Westbrook, JD Zardecki, C AF Berman, HM Battistuz, T Bhat, TN Bluhm, WF Bourne, PE Burkhardt, K Iype, L Jain, S Fagan, P Marvin, J Padilla, D Ravichandran, V Schneider, B Thanki, N Weissig, H Westbrook, JD Zardecki, C TI The Protein Data Bank SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEIC-ACIDS; MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE; GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS; CLASSIFICATION; ALIGNMENT; FILE AB The Protein Data Bank [PDB; Berman, Westbrook et al. (2000), Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 235-242; http://www.pdb.org/] is the single worldwide archive of primary structural data of biological macromolecules. Many secondary sources of information are derived from PDB data. It is the starting point for studies in structural bioinformatics. This article describes the goals of the PDB, the systems in place for data deposition and access, how to obtain further information and plans for the future development of the resource. The reader should come away with an understanding of the scope of the PDB and what is provided by the resource. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NIST, Biotechnol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Berman, HM (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008; Schneider, Bohdan/D-2565-2009; OI Schneider, Bohdan/0000-0001-7855-3690; Westbrook, John/0000-0002-6686-5475 NR 33 TC 954 Z9 982 U1 4 U2 51 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 58 SI 1 BP 899 EP 907 DI 10.1107/S0907444902003451 PN 6 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 563TE UT WOS:000176271000003 PM 12037327 ER PT J AU Gilliland, GL Tung, M Ladner, JE AF Gilliland, GL Tung, M Ladner, JE TI The biological macromolecule crystallization database: crystallization procedures and strategies SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-GROWTH; PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION; ARCHIVE AB The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database (BMCD) archives crystallization data from published reports for all forms of biological macromolecules that have produced crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. The information includes the crystallization conditions, crystal data, comments about the crystallization procedure and information on the biological macromolecule or biological macromolecule complex. Crystallization procedures, including fast screens and more general procedures, can be developed effectively using this web-based resource (http://wwwbmcd.nist.gov:8080/ bmcd/bmcd.html). C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Gilliland, GL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 58 SI 1 BP 916 EP 920 DI 10.1107/S0907444902006686 PN 6 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 563TE UT WOS:000176271000005 PM 12037329 ER PT J AU Xie, BS Dickens, SH Giuseppetti, AA AF Xie, BS Dickens, SH Giuseppetti, AA TI Microtensile bond strength of thermally stressed composite-dentin bonds mediated by one-bottle adhesives SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID DEMINERALIZED HUMAN; TENSILE PROPERTIES; SURFACE-AREA; COLLAGEN AB Purpose : To evaluate the effects of thermally stressing composite-dentin bonds in teeth subjected to a modified microtensile bond test that allowed application of two bonding agents side-by-side to the same tooth. Materials and Methods: Extracted human molars with a slot dissecting the occlusal dentin surface were conditioned and primed on one side with Prime & Bond NT (PBNT) and Prime One Mirage (P-One) on the other side. The composite was light-cured onto the surface. Approximately 0.5 min thick dumbbell-shaped tensile specirnens were tested after 24-hour water storage or after thermocycling 2400 times at 5 and 55degreesC. Interfacial morphologies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Mean tensile bond strengths (TBS standard deviation) were (36 24 MPa and 31 +/- 16 MPa) for PBNT, and (51 +/- 25 MPa and 40 +/- 18 MPa) for P-One without and with thermocycling, respectively. 97% of all tested specimens failed adhesively. Differences between the bonding systems and the thermal treatments were significant (two-way ANOVA, P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed regional correlation between mean TBS of each bonding agent when grouped by the teeth from which they were obtained (r = 0.66, P = 0.002). SEM revealed that both bonding agents effectively wetted the conditioned dentin producing a typical hybrid layer, surface-textured resin tags with multiple lateral branches. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE09322] NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSHER & LINDER, INC PI WESTON PA 318 INDIAN TRACE #500, WESTON, FL 33326 USA SN 0894-8275 J9 AM J DENT JI Am. J. Dent. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 3 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 616WC UT WOS:000179325500008 PM 12469756 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Milos, MF AF Dickens, SH Milos, MF TI Relationship of dentin shear bond strengths to different laboratory test designs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID ADHESION; INVITRO; RESIN; STRESS; INVIVO; AGENTS; TEETH; DEPTH AB Purpose : To compare 6 shear bond test procedures using 2 primers by evaluating differences in strength and fracture surfaces. Materials and Methods: Part I - a 2(3)-factorial design evaluated the effects of (1) 2 primer systems, (2) the dentin moisture level, and (3) the application technique defining the bond area. The outcome of Part I then led to choosing for Part II one primer system, applying the primer the entire surface with moist dentin as the substrate while comparing 6 shear test designs: (1) knife-edged chisel-on-iris; (2) similar to 1 with support added to the tooth; (3) chisel on composite plug; (4) similar to 3 with support added; (5) wire loop on composite plug; (6) modified Watanabe assembly. Results : In Part I mean shear bond strengths (SBS) ranged from 14-36 MPa. SBS was highest for either primer when it was applied to moist dentin over the entire dentin surface. Each of the factors, moisture level, primer system and application technique significantly affected SBS (3-way ANOVA, P < 0.05). The effects from each primer system on SBS depended on the surface moisture or the application technique, indicating significant interactions. In Part II, mean SBS ranged from 18-32 MPa with Groups 1 and 2 having significantly higher bond strengths than the others (P < 0.05). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Natl Naval Dent Sch, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Dickens, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE 09322] NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSHER & LINDER, INC PI WESTON PA 318 INDIAN TRACE #500, WESTON, FL 33326 USA SN 0894-8275 J9 AM J DENT JI Am. J. Dent. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 3 BP 185 EP 192 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 616WC UT WOS:000179325500009 PM 12469757 ER PT J AU Ross, D Locascio, LE AF Ross, D Locascio, LE TI Microfluidic temperature gradient focusing SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROCHIP; PROTEINS; SYSTEMS; SENSITIVITY; SEPARATIONS; INJECTION; PEPTIDES; DEVICES AB A new technique is described for the concentration and separation of ionic species in solution within microchannels or capillaries. Concentration is achieved by balancing the electrophoretic velocity of an analyte against the bulk flow of solution in the presence of a temperature gradient. With an appropriate buffer, the temperature gradient can generate a corresponding gradient in the electrophoretic velocity, so that the electrophoretic and bulk velocities sum to zero at a unique point, and the analyte will be focused at that point. The technique is demonstrated for a variety of analytes, including fluorescent dyes, amino acids, DNA, proteins, and particles, and is shown to be capable of greater than 10 000-fold concentration of a dilute analyte. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 218 Z9 220 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 11 BP 2556 EP 2564 DI 10.1021/ac025528w PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 558YK UT WOS:000175995400023 PM 12069237 ER PT J AU Hamel, C Herrmann, M Lee, ST Criddle, KR Geier, HT AF Hamel, C Herrmann, M Lee, ST Criddle, KR Geier, HT TI Linking sportfishing trip attributes, participation decisions, and regional economic impacts in Lower and Central Cook Inlet, Alaska SO ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN PACIFIC HALIBUT AB Forecasts of the regional economic impacts of changes in the demand for recreation occasioned by regulatory changes, changes in the quality of the recreation experience, or changes in average trip costs require a model that links changes in these trip attributes to individual participation decisions and population participation rates. The probability that an individual will take a particular recreational trip is described using a nonlinear random effects probit model based on variable trip attributes and individual economic and demographic characteristics. These conditional individual probabilities are transformed into predictions of changes in total recreation demand using a simulation-based sample enumeration method. The regional impacts associated with ensuing changes in primary and secondary expenditure patterns are elucidated with a stand-alone recreation-sector module linked to a regionally adjusted zip code-level input-output model. Because the participation model allows for non-constant marginal utility, primary and secondary impacts exhibit nonlinear responses to variations in trip attributes. The modeling approach is demonstrated in an application to the saltwater sport fisheries for Pacific halibut and salmon in Lower and Central Cook Inlet, Alaska. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fishery Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Nat Resource Management, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Hamel, C (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Econ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Criddle, Keith/P-7080-2016 OI Criddle, Keith/0000-0001-9347-2944 NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0570-1864 J9 ANN REGIONAL SCI JI Ann. Reg. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 247 EP 264 DI 10.1007/s001680200085 PG 18 WC Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA 586PZ UT WOS:000177594500007 ER PT J AU Dobrowolski, JA Browning, S Jacobson, M Nadal, M AF Dobrowolski, JA Browning, S Jacobson, M Nadal, M TI Topical meeting on optical interference coatings (OIC ' 2001): manufacturing problem SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings CY JUL 15-20, 2001 CL BANFF, CANADA SP Opt Soc Amer ID SITU SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY; DEPOSITION ERROR COMPENSATION; MULTILAYER COATINGS; FILTERS; SYSTEM; DESIGN AB Measurements are presented of the experimental filters submitted to the first optical thin-film manufacturing problem posed in conjunction with the Topical Meeting on Optical Interference Coatings, in which the object was to produce multilayers with spectral transmittance and reflectance curves that were as close as possible to the target values that were specified in the 400- to 600-mn spectral region. No limit was set on the overall thickness of the solutions or the number of layers used in their construction. The participants were free to use the coating materials of their choice. Six different groups submitted a total of 11 different filters for evaluation. Three different physical vapor deposition processes were used for the manufacture of the coatings: magnetron sputtering, ion-beam sputtering, and plasma-ion-assisted, electron-beam gun evaporation. The solutions ranged in metric thickness from 758 to 4226 nm and consisted of between 8 and 27 layers. For all but two of the samples submitted, the average rms departure of the measured transmittances and reflectances from the target values in the spectral region of interest was between 0.98% and 1.55%. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0RG, Canada. Cierra Photon Inc, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 USA. Opt Data Associates, LLC, Tucson, AZ 85711 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dobrowolski, JA (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Microstruct Sci, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON K1A 0RG, Canada. EM George.Dobrowolski@NRC.CA NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 16 BP 3039 EP 3052 DI 10.1364/AO.41.003039 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 557PU UT WOS:000175917600002 PM 12064379 ER PT J AU Ye, J Cundiff, ST Foreman, S Fortier, TM Hall, JL Holman, KW Jones, DJ Jost, JD Kapteyn, HC Leeuwen, KAHV Ma, LS Murnane, MM Peng, JL Shelton, RK AF Ye, J Cundiff, ST Foreman, S Fortier, TM Hall, JL Holman, KW Jones, DJ Jost, JD Kapteyn, HC Leeuwen, KAHV Ma, LS Murnane, MM Peng, JL Shelton, RK TI Phase-coherent synthesis of optical frequencies and waveforms SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Ultrafast Optics Conference CY JUL 22-26, 2001 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA ID MODE-LOCKED LASERS; TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; FEMTOSECOND LASER; PULSE GENERATION; CLOCK; EVOLUTION; HG-199(+); MICROWAVE; LIGHT; COMB AB Precision phase control of an ultrawide-bandwidth optical-frequency comb has produced remarkable and unexpected progress in both areas of optical-frequency metrology and ultrafast optics. A frequency comb (with 100 MHz spacing) spanning an entire optical octave (> 300 THz) has been produced, corresponding to millions of marks on a frequency "ruler" that are stable at the Hz level. The precision comb has been used to establish a simple optical clock based on an optical transition of iodine molecules, providing an rf clock signal with a frequency stability comparable to that of an optical standard, and which is superior to almost all conventional rf sources. To realize a high-power cw optical frequency synthesizer, a separate, widely tunable single-frequency cw laser has been employed to randomly access the stabilized optical comb and lock to any desired comb component. Carrier-envelope phase stabilization of few-cycle optical pulses has recently been realized. This advance in femtosecond technology is important for both extreme non-linear optics and optical-frequency metrology. With two independent femtosecond lasers, we have not only synchronized their relative pulse timing at the femtosecond level, but have also phase-locked their carrier frequencies, thus establishing phase coherence between the two lasers. By coherently stitching the optical bandwidth together, a "synthesized" pulse has been generated with its 2nd-order autocorrelation signal displaying a shorter width than those of the two "parent" lasers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Peng, Jin-Long/D-3425-2011; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Peng, Jin-Long/0000-0001-6149-8197; Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; NR 36 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S27 EP S34 DI 10.1007/s00340-002-0905-9 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 590GY UT WOS:000177812200006 ER PT J AU Nagy, V Sholom, SV Chumak, VV Desrosiers, MF AF Nagy, V Sholom, SV Chumak, VV Desrosiers, MF TI Uncertainties in alanine dosimetry in the therapeutic dose range SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE electron paramagnetic resonance; electron spin resonance; alanine; transfer dosimetry; Monte Carlo simulation; orthogonal regression ID EPR DOSIMETRY; ESR DOSIMETRY; ELECTRON-BEAMS; ACCURACY; SYSTEM; LEVEL; ADVANCEMENTS; SIGNAL; SENSITIVITY; PRECISION AB A method for evaluating the overall uncertainty of alanine EPR transfer dosimetry in the therapeutic dose range is described. The method uses experimental data on EPR signal reproducibility from replicate dosimeters irradiated to low doses (1-5Gy), estimates of Type B uncertainties, and Monte Carlo simulations of heteroscedastic orthogonal linear regression. A Bruker ECS106 spectrometer and Bruker alanine dosimeters have been used for this evaluation. The results demonstrate that alanine dosimetry can be used for transfer dosimetry in that range with the overall uncertainty 1.5-4% (1sigma) depending on the dose. the number of replicate dosimeters. and the duration of the calibration session (the session should not exceed one working day), Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Acad Med Sci, Sci Ctr Radiat Med, UA-252050 Kiev, Ukraine. RP Nagy, V (reprint author), NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chumak, Vadim/N-6960-2015 OI Chumak, Vadim/0000-0001-6045-9356 NR 44 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 56 IS 6 BP 917 EP 929 AR PII S0969-8043(01)00271-8 DI 10.1016/S0969-8043(01)00271-8 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 558UP UT WOS:000175985400023 ER PT J AU Black, RA AF Black, RA TI Partially frozen drops high in a hurricane SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Conference on Cloud Physics/11th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL OGDEN, UTAH C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Black, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 83 IS 6 BP 844 EP 844 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570LU UT WOS:000176660400009 ER PT J AU Goody, R Anderson, J Karl, T Miller, RB North, G Simpson, J Stephens, G Washington, W AF Goody, R Anderson, J Karl, T Miller, RB North, G Simpson, J Stephens, G Washington, W TI Why monitor the climate? SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM C1 Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC USA. Columbia Univ, CIESIN, New York, NY 10032 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. RP Goody, R (reprint author), 101 Cumloden Dr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. RI North, Gerald/G-1019-2011 NR 13 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 83 IS 6 BP 873 EP 878 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0873:WWSMTC>2.3.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570LU UT WOS:000176660400015 ER PT J AU Free, M Durre, I Aguilar, E Seidel, D Peterson, TC Eskridge, RE Luers, JK Parker, D Gordon, M Lanzante, J Klein, S Christy, J Schroeder, S Soden, B McMillin, LM Weatherhead, E AF Free, M Durre, I Aguilar, E Seidel, D Peterson, TC Eskridge, RE Luers, JK Parker, D Gordon, M Lanzante, J Klein, S Christy, J Schroeder, S Soden, B McMillin, LM Weatherhead, E TI Creating climate reference datasets - CARDS Workshop on Adjusting Radiosonde Temperature Data for Climate Monitoring SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TRENDS C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, RARL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Univ Rovira & Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Free, M (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, RARL, SSMC3,Room 3151,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Aguilar, Enric/L-4971-2014; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 21 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 83 IS 6 BP 891 EP 899 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0891:CCRDCW>2.3.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570LU UT WOS:000176660400017 ER PT J AU Waple, AM Lawrimore, JH Halpert, MS Bell, GD Higgins, W Lyon, B Menne, MJ Gleason, KL Schnell, RC Christy, JR Thiaw, W Wright, WJ Salinger, MJ Alexander, L Stone, RS Camargo, SJ AF Waple, AM Lawrimore, JH Halpert, MS Bell, GD Higgins, W Lyon, B Menne, MJ Gleason, KL Schnell, RC Christy, JR Thiaw, W Wright, WJ Salinger, MJ Alexander, L Stone, RS Camargo, SJ TI Climate Assessment for 2001 SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID WEST-AFRICAN RAINFALL; HURRICANE ACTIVITY; SEA-SURFACE; MAUNA-LOA; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION; CARBON-MONOXIDE; ATLANTIC BASIN; GROWTH-RATES; TEMPERATURE; METHANE AB Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51degreesC (0.92degreesF) above the long-term (1880-2000) average, which places 2001 as the second warmest year in the 122-year instrumental record. Land temperatures were 0.75degreesC (1.35degreesF) above average and ocean temperatures were 0.40degreesC (0.72degreesF) above the 1880-2000 mean. This ranks them as the second and third warmest on record, respectively. The Northern Hemisphere temperature continued to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60degreesC (1.08degreesF) above the long-term average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with a positive anomaly of 0.43degreesC (0.77degreesF). Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0degreesC (1.8degreesF) were widespread across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East, while significantly cooler than average conditions were confined to western Australia, the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean, and the far southeastern region of the Pacific, near coastal Chile. Although no hurricanes made landfall in the United States for the second consecutive year, it was nonetheless an extremely active Atlantic hurricane season, the fourth most active on record. Tropical Storm Allison became the costliest tropical storm on record when it caused approximately $5 billion worth of damage in the southern and southeastern United States. The season was slow to start but quickly escalated in the last three months of the season and it was the first time in recorded history that three hurricanes formed in the Atlantic in the month of November. The long-running La Nina episode finally came to an end in 2001. The La Nina, which began in mid-1998 persisted through the first half of the year but gave way to neutral ENSO conditions for the latter half. Other notable events in 2001 include extreme cold and snow in Siberia during the 2000-01 boreal winter, ongoing drought in the Middle East and central Asia, drought in Central America and Brazil, near-record flooding in central/eastern Europe, an extremely wet austral spring in northeastern Argentina, severe moisture deficits in some regions of the United States, and the driest year on record in parts of western Australia. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, STG Inc, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Australian Bur Meteorol, Natl Climate Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Auckland, New Zealand. Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell RB12 2SZ, Berks, England. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, STG Inc, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. EM Anne.Waple@noaa.gov RI Camargo, Suzana/C-6106-2009; Alexander, Lisa/A-8477-2011 OI Camargo, Suzana/0000-0002-0802-5160; Alexander, Lisa/0000-0002-5635-2457 NR 61 TC 19 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 EI 1520-0477 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 83 IS 6 BP S1 EP S62 PG 62 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570LU UT WOS:000176660400021 ER PT J AU Hoff, GR AF Hoff, GR TI New records of the Aleutian skate, Bathyraja aleutica from Northern California SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoff, GR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SUM PY 2002 VL 88 IS 3 BP 145 EP 148 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 699NC UT WOS:000184062000006 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ AF Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ TI Nonresonant effects in one- and two-photon transitions SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LAMB SHIFT; HYDROGEN; ATOMS; ELECTRON; SPECTRA; ENERGY AB We investigate nonresonant contributions to resonant Rayleigh-scattering cross sections of atoms. The problematic nonresonant contributions set a limit to the accuracy to which atomic spectra determine energy levels. We discuss the off-resonance effects in one-photon transitions. We also show that off-resonance contributions for the 1S-2S two-photon transition in atomic hydrogen are negligible at current and projected levels of experimental accuracy. The possibility of a differential measurement for the detection of off-resonance effects in one-photon transitions in atomic hydrogen is discussed. C1 Dresden Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Dresden Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4204 J9 CAN J PHYS JI Can. J. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 633 EP 644 DI 10.1139/P02-019 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 578WM UT WOS:000177144100002 ER PT J AU Wackerman, CC Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, WG Li, XF AF Wackerman, CC Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, WG Li, XF TI A two-scale model to predict C-band VV and HH normalized radar cross section values over the ocean SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; MODULATION TRANSFER-FUNCTION; ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; COMPOSITE SURFACE MODEL; WAVE IMAGE SPECTRA; HYDRODYNAMIC MODULATION; SEA-SURFACE; WIND; SAR; BACKSCATTER AB This paper presents a two-scale model that can predict C-band, VV polarized (C-VV), normalized radar cross section values generated from the CMOD4 model and calibrated normalized radar cross section values derived from C-band, HH polarized (C-HH), RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery with coincident buoy observations of the local wind. The model is based on standard composite models that incorporate tilt modulations, with a new approach for incorporating hydrodynamic modulations. It is shown that inclusion of the hydrodynamic term does not significantly impact the fit to normalized radar cross section (NRCS) values, but does allow the model to accurately predict the upwind to downwind CVV ratios and improves the model fit to simultaneous C-VV and C-HH NRCS observations. The model uses a new wave height spectrum that is a linear combination of the Apel and Romeiser spectra, weighted heavily toward the Apel form, and has modified values within the C-band Bragg wavenumber regime which are close to midway between the two spectra. The final model can represent the CMOD4 C-VV NRCS results with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.47 dB and can represent the RADARSAT-1 C-HH NRCS observations, without any change to the model parameters, with an RMSE of 1.9 dB. The model can accurately reproduce the upwind to downwind C-VV NRCS ratios from CMOD4 (RMSE = 0.15 dB) and fits simultaneous C-VV to C-HH ratios derived from aircraft observations to within I dB (RMSE = 0.65 dB). If the CHH hydrodynamic term is allowed to be scaled differently than the C-VV hydrodynamic term, it lowers the RMSE for the simultaneous C-VV to C-HH aircraft observations to 0.49 dB while not affecting the fit to C-VV and C-HH NRCS values. Compared to other C-HH models published in the literature, this model provides a better fit to the RADARSAT-1 C-HH NRCS data across a larger range of conditions than any other single model, provides a better fit to simultaneous C-VV and C-HH NRCS data at an incidence angle of 20degrees, and reproduces the decreasing trend in the C-VV to C-HH ratio with increasing wind speed observed in data. C1 Veridian Syst Div, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Wackerman, CC (reprint author), Veridian Syst Div, POB 134008, Ann Arbor, MI 48113 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 49 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 367 EP 384 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 573PK UT WOS:000176839900006 ER PT J AU Silvers, LE Rosel, PE Salden, DR AF Silvers, LE Rosel, PE Salden, DR TI DNA sequence analysis of a North Pacific humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) placenta SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; KILLER WHALE; IDENTIFICATION; BIRTH AB Whales residing in their natural, noncaptive environments present a particular challenge to the direct observation of parturition and the subsequent analysis of afterbirth tissues. For many years the research community has believed that the Hawaiian Islands serve as one of the winter calving grounds for the North Pacific humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae. Direct evidence, however, had not been reported. In 1997 the analysis of a large placenta encountered in the Hawaiian winter grounds of the humpback whale was documented but definitive identification of the source species was not possible. In this report we describe the DNA sequence analysis, by polymerase chain reaction, which was performed on the tissue obtained from that placenta to identify its source. It was concluded from the analysis that the unknown placental tissue originated from a humpback whale. These results have important implications concerning humpback whale reproduction, since this molecular confirmation serves as direct evidence of a humpback whale birth in the Hawaiian winter grounds. C1 Hawaii Whale Res Fdn, Bethesda, MD 20827 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Silvers, LE (reprint author), Hawaii Whale Res Fdn, POB 34889, Bethesda, MD 20827 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1141 EP 1144 DI 10.1139/Z02-079 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 580CC UT WOS:000177215900020 ER PT J AU Li, J Yokochi, A Amos, TG Sleight, AW AF Li, J Yokochi, A Amos, TG Sleight, AW TI Strong negative thermal expansion along the O-Cu-O linkage in CuScO2 SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPARENT THIN-FILMS; P-TYPE CONDUCTIVITY; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION; ELECTRON-DENSITY; CHARGE-DENSITY; CUALO2; DELAFOSSITES; SC-2(WO4)(3); CUPRITE AB The structure of 2H CuScO2 has been refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data obtained at room temperature and from neutron powder diffraction data obtained from 11 to 1206 K. Strong negative thermal expansion (-4.0 x 10(-6)/K) has been found for the apparent Cu-O bond length below 300 Y, This is the first example of strong negative thermal expansion in a metal oxide based on an O-M-O linkage instead of a M-O-M linkage. It is now the transverse thermal motion of Cu, instead of the transverse thermal motion of oxygen, that causes the negative thermal expansion. As expected for this mechanism for negative thermal expansion, the thermal displacement parameter for Cu is very pronounced perpendicular to the linear O-Cu-O linkage. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sleight, AW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 34 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 14 IS 6 BP 2602 EP 2606 DI 10.1021/cm011633v PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 565HZ UT WOS:000176365000027 ER PT J AU Ford, MJ AF Ford, MJ TI Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; COHO SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON; REPRODUCTIVE-BEHAVIOR; STEELHEAD TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHINOOK SALMON; HATCHERY; EVOLUTION AB I used a quantitative genetic model to explore the effects of selection on the fitness of a wild population subject to supportive breeding. Supportive breeding is the boosting of a wild population's size by breeding part of the population in captivity and releasing the captive progeny back into the wild. The model assumes that a single trait is under selection with different optimum trait values in the captive and wild environments. The model shows that when the captive population is closed to gene flow from the wild population, even low levels of gene flow from the captive population to the wild population will shift the wild population's mean phenotype so that it approaches the optimal phenotype in captivity. If the captive population receives gene flow from the wild, the shift in the wild population's mean phenotype becomes less pronounced but can still be substantial. The approach to the new mean phenotype can occur in less than 50 generations. The fitness consequences of the phenotypic shift depend on the details of the model, but a>30% decline in fitness can occur over a broad range of parameter values. The rate of gene flow between the two environments, and hence the outcome of the model, is sensitive to the wild environment's carrying capacity and the population growth rate it can support. The results have two important implications for conservation efforts. First, they show that selection in captivity may significantly reduce a wild population's fitness during supportive breeding and that even continually introducing wild individuals into the captive population will not eliminate this effect entirely. Second, the sensitivity of the model's outcome to the wild environment's quality suggests that conserving or restoring a population's habitat is important for preventing fitness loss during supportive breeding. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ford, MJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mike.ford@noaa.gov RI Ford, Michael/K-3147-2012 NR 37 TC 186 Z9 192 U1 4 U2 54 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 BP 815 EP 825 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00257.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556CP UT WOS:000175832000030 ER PT J AU Laursen, AE Seitzinger, SP AF Laursen, AE Seitzinger, SP TI The role of denitrification in nitrogen removal and carbon mineralization in Mid-Atlantic Bight sediments SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE continental shelf; carbon mineralization; denitrification; nitrous oxide; nutrient flux; sediment oxygen consumption ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF SEDIMENTS; BENTHIC NUTRIENT REGENERATION; COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; ORGANIC-MATTER; NORTH-SEA; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; EARLY DIAGENESIS; OXIDE PRODUCTION; N2O PRODUCTION AB Benthic chambers were used to measure in situ fluxes of dissolved gases (N-2, O-2, and N2O) and inorganic nutrients (NO3-, NH4+, and PO43-) in continental shelf sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Bight during spring through autumn (May- November). Denitrification was determined by the rate of increase in N-2 relative to Ar, measured using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Although sediments were a source of recycled (mineralized) inorganic nitrogen (primarily as NH4+) and phosphorus, they only supplied approximate to 1% of total nitrogen required by water column primary production. Overall, sediments were a net sink for total nitrogen due to denitrification. On average denitrification removed 1.7 mmol N m(-2) d(-1) and was related to sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), suggesting that nitrogen regenerated from organic matter in the sediment and subsequently nitrified was an important nitrate source for benthic denitrifying bacteria. Coupled nitrification-denitrification was estimated to support 91-100% of total denitrification in LEO-15 sediments. Denitrification in these sediments was an important pathway for carbon mineralization, on average accounting for 13% of total mineralization (2-62%). Denitrification was not related to the organic content of the sediment suggesting that quality of organic matter, rather than simply quantity, was important in controlling denitrification in continental shelf sediments. Denitrification, SOC, and nutrient fluxes showed no strong seasonal patterns. The pattern of N2O flux was related to bottom water N2O concentration. Nitrous oxide supersaturation during the summer resulted in flux into sediments, whereas near equilibrium N2O concentrations during the spring and autumn resulted in flux out of sediments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers NOAA Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Laursen, AE (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA. RI Wood, Chris/I-5638-2012 NR 64 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 4 U2 37 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1397 EP 1416 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00008-0 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00008-0 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 563TQ UT WOS:000176272000008 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR AF Lawn, BR TI Ceramic-based layer structures for biomechanical applications SO CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE biomechanical replacements; ceramics; crack prevention; dental crowns; fracture mechanics; layer structures; radial cracks ID BRITTLE COATINGS; CONTACT FRACTURE; DENTAL CERAMICS; DAMAGE; COMPOSITES; HERTZIAN; SPHERES; FATIGUE; INTERLAYER; MECHANISMS AB A survey of recent advances in the analysis of ceramic-based layer structures for biomechanical applications is presented. Data on model layer systems, facilitating development of explicit fracture mechanics relations for predicting critical loads to produce lifetime-threatening damage, form the basis of the work. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-0286 J9 CURR OPIN SOLID ST M JI Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 6 IS 3 BP 229 EP 235 AR PII S1359-0286(02)00016-5 DI 10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00016-5 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 609GR UT WOS:000178895700008 ER PT J AU Godley, BJ Richardson, S Broderick, AC Coyne, MS Glen, F Hays, GC AF Godley, BJ Richardson, S Broderick, AC Coyne, MS Glen, F Hays, GC TI Long-term satellite telemetry of the movements and habitat utilisation by green turtles in the Mediterranean SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; SEA-TURTLES; CARETTA-CARETTA; PAINTED TURTLES; MIGRATION; BEHAVIOR; TRACKING; ISLAND; HIBERNATION AB There is a relative paucity of data regarding the at-sea distribution and behaviour of marine turtles. This is especially true for the critically endangered green turtle Chelonia mydas population in the Mediterranean. Six adult female green turtles were equipped with satellite transmitters and tracked for periods of between 28 and 293 d following their final nesting of the season in northern Cyprus. Data elucidated hitherto unknown migratory pathways and highlighted the importance of North African coastal waters as feeding habitat for adults of this species. For three individuals, instruments transmitted detailed information on dive depth, dive duration and water temperature which afforded novel insights into behaviour during different stages of migration, feeding in the foraging grounds and most remarkable, during a period of midwinter diapause when water temperatures were generally below 25degreesC. Turtles showed fidelity to specific shallow inshore feeding areas and moved offshore to deeper wintering sites. C1 Univ Coll Swansea, Marine Turtle Res Grp, Sch Biol Sci, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Godley, BJ (reprint author), Univ Coll Swansea, Marine Turtle Res Grp, Sch Biol Sci, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales. RI godley, brendan/A-6139-2009; Broderick, Annette/A-4062-2013 OI godley, brendan/0000-0003-3845-0034; NR 39 TC 97 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 352 EP 362 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250312.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 558BC UT WOS:000175943800012 ER PT J AU Essington, TE Schindler, DE Olson, RJ Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Hilborn, R AF Essington, TE Schindler, DE Olson, RJ Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Hilborn, R TI Alternative fisheries and the predation rate of yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE apex predator; bioenergetics; dolphin; ecosystem; fisheries; food webs; longline; predator-prey; purse seine; recruitment; Thunnus albacares; yellowfin tuna ID AGE-STRUCTURED MODEL; THUNNUS-ALBACARES; ECOLOGICAL-SOCIETY; GASTRIC EVACUATION; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; IMPACTS; BIOENERGETICS; CONSERVATION; EQUILIBRIUM; COMMUNITIES AB Apex predators in pelagic ecosystems may play key roles in determining food web structure and ecosystem dynamics. Commercial fisheries can thereby have large effects on pelagic ecosystems by selectively harvesting apex predators. We assessed the potential ecological consequences of fishing due to alternative harvest practices currently employed in the capture of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). Specifically, we estimated the demand on the prey resources consumed by yellowfin tuna and how this demand is altered by three methods of pure seining and by long-lining. These fishing techniques are contrasted by stark differences in age selectivity; longline and purse seine sets on yellowfin associated with dolphins ("dolphin sets") capture old fish, whereas purse seine sets on free-swimming tuna schools or floating objects ("dolphin-safe sets") capture young yellowfin. Yellowfin tuna predation rates were estimated froth a bioenergetics model coupled with a population model based on natural mortality estimates and age-specific vulnerabilities for each gear type. Maximum equilibrium fishery catch (measured in megagrams per year; 1 Mg = 1 metric ton) was lowest fur dolphin-safe sets and highest for dolphin sets and longline fishing. Moreover, the present combined fishery yield could not be sustained by either of the dolphin-safe sets, but could be sustained with either dolphin sets or long-lining. The predation rate of the yellowfin population was highly sensitive to the magnitude and type of fishing mortality: yellow fin predation rate declined by similar to119 Mg per megagram of floating object set catch, 72 Mg per megagram of school fish set catch. In contrast, predation declined by only 34 Mg and 17 Mg per megagram of dolphin set and longline catch, respectively. When considering all fishing techniques simultaneously in proportion to the present fishery, we estimated that total yellowfin predation is presently only one-third the magnitude expected froth an unfished population. This reduction in predation was unevenly distributed among prey items; the prey of large yellowfin experienced 80% less predation, whereas the prey of small yellowfin experienced only 50% less predation, compared to an unfished population. We conclude that fisheries can have large effects on trophic linkages in pelagic food webs even when fishing rates are sustainable, and that these ecological effects vary considerably for different types of fishing gear and fishing practices. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, InterAmer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat Sci & Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Essington, TE (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Math Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM Timothy.Essington@sunysb.edu RI Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013 NR 57 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 20 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 724 EP 734 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800015 ER PT J AU Schindler, DE Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Hilborn, R AF Schindler, DE Essington, TE Kitchell, JF Boggs, C Hilborn, R TI Sharks and tunas: Fisheries impacts on predators with contrasting life histories SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE apex predators; bioenergetics; blue shark vs. yellowfin tuna; exploitation; food web; longline fisheries; marine conservation; Pacific Ocean; predation; Prionace glauca; shark finning; Thunnus albacare ID PRIONACE-GLAUCA; BLUE SHARK; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; NATURAL MORTALITY; FISH STOCKS; BIOENERGETICS; EFFICIENCY; ABUNDANCE; DOGFISH; GROWTH AB Large-scale pelagic fisheries exploit a diversity of apex predators with a wide range of life history strategies. Exploitation of species with different life history strategies has different population and food web consequences. We explored the changes in predation that result from exploitation of a common species with a slow growth and low fecundity life history strategy (blue shark, Prionace glauca) with those that result from exploitation of a common species with fast growth and high fecundity (yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares) in the central Pacific Ocean. Longline fisheries directed toward billfishes and tunas also capture blue sharks as incidental catch. Mortality rates of sharks had been relatively low prior to the recent surge in finning that has resulted in a substantial rise in mortality of adult and subadult sharks in the last decade. We estimated the magnitude of changes in predation by populations of yellowfin tuna and blue sharks in response to longline fisheries that involve shark finning. Bioenergetics models for sharks and tunas were coupled to simple population models that account for changes in size-structure in response to fishery-induced mortality regimes in order to estimate predation responses to changes in fishing intensities. Our analyses demonstrate that blue shark populations are very sensitive to low exploitation rates, while yellowfin tuna populations are extremely robust across a wide range of exploitation rates by longline fisheries. Although predation rates by yellowfin tuna are 4-5 times higher than by blue sharks, longline fisheries have substantially greater effects on shark predation than on yellowfin tuna predation at the food web scale. Expected food web responses will be strongest where the unexploited biomass of long-lived species is high and predation is relatively specialized compared with other apex predators. Our analyses suggest that active management to reduce finning mortality in sharks will play an important role toward minimizing the effects of longline fisheries on the food web structure of the pelagic Pacific Ocean. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat Sci & Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Schindler, DE (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013 NR 66 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 10 U2 72 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 735 EP 748 DI 10.2307/3060985 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 553UL UT WOS:000175693800016 ER PT J AU Kirkley, J Paul, CJM Squires, D AF Kirkley, J Paul, CJM Squires, D TI Capacity and capacity utilization in common-pool resource industries - Definition, measurement, and a comparison of approaches SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE capacity; capacity utilization; common-pool resources; efficiency; fisheries ID PRODUCTIVITY-MEASUREMENT; EFFICIENCY; FISHERIES AB Excess capacity poses one of the most pressing problems that arise when industries exploit common-pool natural resources. It entails over-investment in the capital stock and excessive use of variable inputs, and places additional exploitation pressures on the resource stocks. Confusion persists over the appropriate definition and measurement of capacity and capacity utilization for these industries. But understanding capacity and its measurement is necessary to properly design a capacity management program. This paper addresses these issues by overviewing the conceptual and theoretical bases for capacity and capacity utilization measurement, identifying specific problems for common-pool resources, outlining alternative methodologies for their measurement, and illustrating the use of these definitions and measurement methods in a fisheries case study. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Giannini Fdn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Paul, CJM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 51 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 22 IS 1-2 BP 71 EP 97 DI 10.1023/A:1015511232039 PG 27 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 554CY UT WOS:000175717100004 ER PT J AU Baird, RC Eppi, RE AF Baird, RC Eppi, RE TI Building global capacity in coastal resource management: the emerging sea grant model SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID LINKAGES C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Baird, RC (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD JUN PY 2002 VL 27 IS 6 BP 32 EP 35 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 560QQ UT WOS:000176093100018 ER PT J AU Lai, HL Kimura, DK AF Lai, HL Kimura, DK TI Analyzing survey experiments having spatial variability with an application to a sea scallop fishing experiment SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE spatial variability; random field linear model; randomized complete block design; survey experiments; comparative fishing experiments ID LIKELIHOOD REML ESTIMATION; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; MODEL; GEOSTATISTICS AB This paper considers discrete survey sampling in an area, when it can be assumed that observations near each other will be positively correlated. We consider two methods of analyzing such data: classic randomized complete block design (RCBD), and random field linear models (RFLMs) where the spatial covariance function is estimated directly from the data. When normality can be assumed, RFLM reduces to the likelihood analysis for the model Y similar to N[Xbeta, Sigma(theta)]. The mean E(Y) = Xbeta is the standard linear model formulation, and the covariance function 1(0) is modeled using the exponential, Gaussian, or spherical formulation from geostatistics. Hypothesis tests for beta were formulated using standard RCBD-ANOVA and likelihood ratio and Wald statistics were used for the RFLM model. Simulations indicate that for blocked experimental designs both RCBD-ANOVA and RFLM perform well. For experimental designs in which adequate blocking is unavailable, simulations indicate standard ANOVA can perform poorly, but RFLM may be a useful tool to improve the quality of inference that can be derived. The RCBD-ANOVA and RFLM were applied to catch data from a sea scallop survey experiment in the New York Bight conducted by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center using three research vessels. Both RCBD-ANOVA and RFLM analysis showed there was no significant difference in the fishing power of these vessels. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Lai, HL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 56 IS 3 BP 239 EP 259 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00323-X DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00323-X PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 561PZ UT WOS:000176151700002 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Rodriguez, H AF Dizdaroglu, M Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Rodriguez, H TI Free radical-induced damage to DNA: Mechanisms and measurement SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE DNA repair; hydroxyl radical; mass spectrometry; oxidative damage to DNA; free radicals ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; HPLC-ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; PROTEIN CROSS-LINKING; CULTURED HUMAN-CELLS; INDUCED BASE DAMAGE; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; STRAND BREAKS; CELLULAR DNA AB Free radicals are produced in cells by cellular metabolism and by exogenous agents. These species react with biomolecules in cells, including DNA. The resulting damage to DNA, which is also called oxidative damage to DNA, is implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging. Mechanisms of damage involve abstractions and addition reactions by free radicals leading to carbon-centered sugar radicals and OH- or H-adduct radicals of heterocyclic bases. Further reactions of these radicals yield numerous products, Various analytical techniques exist for the measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Techniques that employ gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) simultaneously measure numerous products, and provide positive identification and accurate quantification. The measurement of multiple products avoids misleading conclusions that might be drawn from the measurement of a single product, because product levels vary depending on reaction conditions and the redox status of cells. In the past, GUMS was used for the measurement of modified sugar and bases, and DNA-protein cross-links. Recently, methodologies using LC/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) and LC/MS techniques were introduced fur the measurement of modified nucleosides. Artifacts might occur with the use of any of the measurement techniques. The use of proper experimental conditions might avoid artifactual formation of products in DNA. This article reviews mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage to DNA and recent developments in the measurement of this type of damage using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. Published by Elsevier Science, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ludwik Rydygier Med Univ, Dept Clin Biochem, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Inonu Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Malatya, Turkey. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Bldg 227-A243,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 72 TC 531 Z9 559 U1 11 U2 113 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1102 EP 1115 AR PII S0891-5849(02)00826-2 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00826-2 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 555ZH UT WOS:000175822600008 PM 12031895 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI Effective size of fluctuating salmon populations SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SALMON; CONSERVATION GENETICS; VARIABILITY AB Pacific salmon are semelparous but have overlapping bear classes, which presents special challenges for the application of standard population genetics theory to these species. This article examines the relationship between the effective number of breeders per year (N-b) and single-generation and multigeneration effective population size (N-e) in salmon populations that fluctuate in size. A simple analytical model is developed that allows Calculation of N-e on the basis of the number Of spawners in individual bears and their reproductive contribution (productivity) to the next generation. Application Of the model to a 36-year time series of data for a threatened population of Snake River chinook salmon suggests that variation in population dynamic processes across years reduced the multigeneration N, by similar to40-60%, and reductions may have been substantially greater within some generations. These reductions are comparable in magnitude to, and in addition to, reductions in AT, within a bear due to unequal sex ratio and nonrandom variation in reproductive success. Computer simulations Suggest that the effects of variable population dynamics on N-e observed in this dataset are not unexpected for species with a salmon life history. as random variation in productivity can lead to similar results. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 18 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 16 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 2002 VL 161 IS 2 BP 783 EP 791 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 565MT UT WOS:000176374600027 PM 12072473 ER PT J AU Resing, JA Sansone, FJ AF Resing, JA Sansone, FJ TI The chemistry of lava-seawater interactions II: The elemental signature SO GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article ID MOUNT ST-HELENS; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE GASES; RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; KILAUEA VOLCANO; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EVOLUTION AB The flow of lava into the ocean at the shoreline of Kilauea Volcano (luring the ongoing Pu'u O'o eruption has allowed a detailed study of the geochemical interaction between lava and seawater. This paper focuses on the chemistry of the major and minor elements in the fluids that resulted from this interaction. The elemental enrichments in these fluids are dominated by three processes: (1) evaporation of water from seawater, which creates solutions enriched in the major elements found in seawater, (2) congruent dissolution of the basalt glass matrix, which is limited by the solubility of some of the elements in seawater, and (3) removal of volatile phases from the lava on contact with seawater. Using a simple model of volatile emanation (using published emanation coefficients) and congruent dissolution, we are able to explain the concentrations observed for the majority of elements in precipitation from the steam plume at the shoreline lava entry and in water allowed to interact with molten lava in controlled experiments. Fe, Al, Ti, and some of the rare earth elements (REEs) in precipitation samples from the steam plume at the lava entry were > 10,000-times enriched over their ambient seawater concentrations, suggesting that these elements may be useful for identifying submarine eruptions. The flux of elements from the Kilauea ocean lava entry is greater than that from a typical midocean ridge hydrothermal vent field for Al, Cd, Co, and the REEs, whereas the opposite is true for the remainder of the elements studied. Copyright (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atnosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Resing, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atnosphere & Ocean, Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013 NR 53 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0016-7037 J9 GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC JI Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta PD JUN PY 2002 VL 66 IS 11 BP 1925 EP 1941 DI 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00897-3 PG 17 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 557UM UT WOS:000175926600004 ER PT J AU Farmer, GL Glazner, AF Manley, CR AF Farmer, GL Glazner, AF Manley, CR TI Did lithospheric delamination trigger late Cenozoic potassic volcanism in the southern Sierra Nevada, California? SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE delamination; isotope geochemistry; Sierra Nevada; trace elements; volcanic rocks ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE; MOJAVE DESERT; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MANTLE DOMAINS; NORTH-AMERICA; ORIGIN; ROCKS; BENEATH AB New chemical and isotopic data demonstrate that Pliocene volcanic rocks in the Kings and San Joaquin volcanic fields in the central Sierra Nevada, California, are more potassic, trend toward more mafic compositions, and have distinctly lower epsilon(Nd) values than Miocene volcanic rocks found anywhere in the southern half of the mountain range. The Pliocene magmatism apparently tapped a low-epsilon(Nd) (-6 to -8), K-metasomatized mantle not involved in Sierran magmatism at any other time in the Cenozoic. Published isotopic data from upper-mantle xenoliths entrained in Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks reveal that the only low-epsilon(Nd) mantle in the lithospheric column beneath the central Sierra prior to the Pliocene magmatism was shallow-level, K-metasomatized, spinel peridotite. Melting at such shallow levels in the mantle lithosphere could have been triggered by delamination of deeper parts of the mantle lithosphere, followed by uplift of the remaining continental lithosphere and its heating by upwelling asthenosphere. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Farmer, GL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 66 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 9 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 114 IS 6 BP 754 EP 768 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 561HQ UT WOS:000176134500009 ER PT J AU Park, KD Nerem, RS Davis, JL Schenewerk, MS Milne, GA Mitrovica, JX AF Park, KD Nerem, RS Davis, JL Schenewerk, MS Milne, GA Mitrovica, JX TI Investigation of glacial isostatic adjustment in the northeast US using GPS measurements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMPUTING 3-DIMENSIONAL DEFORMATIONS; SEA-LEVEL CHANGE; SPECTRAL FORMALISM; SURFACE LOADS; MODEL; FIELD AB [1] We have been observing three-dimensional site velocities at over 60 permanent GPS stations in the northeastern U. S for the purpose of inferring mantle viscosity and thus improving current models of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). We estimate the upper and lower mantle viscosity by comparing radial site velocities from a subset of continuous GPS measurements with numerical GIA predictions. Our inferences are consistent with previous estimates obtained using different methods and data sets. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Park, KD (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St,MS 42, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Davis, James/D-8766-2013 OI Davis, James/0000-0003-3057-477X NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 AR 1509 DI 10.1029/2001GL013782 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MN UT WOS:000178964000051 ER PT J AU Smith, DK Tolstoy, M Fox, CG Bohnenstiehl, DR Matsumoto, H Fowler, MJ AF Smith, DK Tolstoy, M Fox, CG Bohnenstiehl, DR Matsumoto, H Fowler, MJ TI Hydroacoustic monitoring of seismicity at the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEGMENT; PACIFIC AB [1] In February 1999, long-term hydroacoustic monitoring of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was initiated. Six autonomous hydrophones were moored between similar to15degreesN and similar to35degreesN on the flanks of the MAR. Results from the first year of data reveal that there is significant variability in along-axis event rate. Groups of neighboring segments behave similarly, producing an along-axis pattern with high and low levels of seismic activity at a wavelength of similar to500 km. This broad scale pattern is likely influenced by the axial thermal regime. Several earthquake sequences with variable temporal characteristics were detected, suggesting fundamental differences in the cause of their seismicity. Off-axis, most seismic faulting occurs within a zone <15 km from the axis center. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Smith, DK (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, MS 22, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 AR 1518 DI 10.1029/2001GL013912 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MN UT WOS:000178964000042 ER PT J AU Taylor, LS AF Taylor, LS TI Radiation exposure as a reasonable calculated risk SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT UNESCO International Conference on Radioisotopes in Scientific Research CY SEP 10, 1957 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP UNESCO AB Maximum permissible exposures for radiation workers have been based, in the main, on levels that would not produce detectable injury to any individual. The impossibility of correlating radiation V effects with small radiation dosage makes it impracticable to use this criteria indefinitely. It must be assumed that there is some undesirable effect from radiation exposures, even though these are not specifically detectable. We are thus confronted with the necessity for accepting some risk due to radiation exposure, even though this risk cannot be specifically defined. The addition of a risk philosophy in the establishment of radiation protection standards and the acceptance of occupational exposure becomes a necessity, if we are to continue the proper exploitation of radiation as a servant to man. Some comparison of the risk due to various types of radiation exposure is given. C1 Natl Bur Stand, Atom & Radiat Phys Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Taylor, LS (reprint author), Natl Bur Stand, Atom & Radiat Phys Div, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 82 IS 6 BP 782 EP 788 AR UNSP 0017-9078/02/0 DI 10.1097/00004032-200206000-00004 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 554LZ UT WOS:000175738300004 PM 12046748 ER PT J AU Soares, C Bohm, J Helmstader, K AF Soares, C Bohm, J Helmstader, K TI International intercomparisons of beta particle dosimetry. SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 82 IS 6 SU S BP S122 EP S122 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 558NC UT WOS:000175947000028 ER PT J AU Frisk, MG Miller, TJ Fogarty, MJ AF Frisk, MG Miller, TJ Fogarty, MJ TI The population dynamics of little skate Leucoraja erinacea, winter skate Leucoraja ocellata, and barndoor skate Dipturus laevis: predicting exploitation limits using matrix analyses SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE elasticity; stochastic; little skate; Leucoraja erinarcea; winter skate; Leucoraja ocellata; barndoor skate Dipturus laevis; population dynamics; exploitation; fishing limits; matrix models; Rajidae; clasmobranchs ID SANDBAR SHARK; LIFE-HISTORY; MODEL; CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; SEA; PARAMETERS; PREDATION; COMMUNITY; SHIFTS AB Over the past thirty years catches of skates have increased in the western Atlantic as a result of targeted fisheries and as by-catch. Presently, sustainable harvest levels for skates in the western Atlantic are unknown. Available life history information was used to model three western Atlantic skate species, little skate Leucoraja erinacea, winter skate Leucoraja ocellata, and barndooor skate Dipturus laevis, to determine their population growth rate and susceptibility to population decline under exploitation. Population characteristics were estimated using age-based matrix analyses for little and winter skate and a stage-based matrix approach for barndoor skate. The intrinsic rate of population increase (r) for little, winter and barndoor skates were 0.21, 0.13 and 0.20, respectively. Fishing mortality resulting in equilibrium conditions, where the intrinsic rate of increase is zero, were 0.35 for little skate, 0.16 for winter skate and 0.20 for barndoor skate. Elasticity analyses indicated that juvenile survival contributed most to Population growth in little skate and winter skate, and adult survival contributed the most in barndoor skate. Thus. conservation measures should focus on juvenile and adult stages of these species. fit the absence of fishing mortality, elasticity of fecundity was low for all species, however: at high exploitation levels the contribution of fecundity to Population growth rate increased. Stochastic analyses were performed by varying first year mortality (egg stage to the completion of one year of life), and model parameters for each species to generate estimates of the distributions of biological reference points. Our Study supports the finding that long-lived. slower growing, late maturing species are highly Vulnerable to exploitation. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Frisk, MG (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, POB 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Miller, Thomas/C-2129-2008 OI Miller, Thomas/0000-0001-8427-1614 NR 37 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 4 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3 BP 576 EP 586 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1177 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 570YB UT WOS:000176687100011 ER PT J AU Eklund, C Marks, RB Stanwood, KL Wang, S AF Eklund, C Marks, RB Stanwood, KL Wang, S TI IEEE Standard 802.16: A technical overview of the WirelessMAN (TM) air interface for broadband wireless access SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE LA English DT Article AB The broadband wireless access industry, which provides high-rate network connections to stationary sites, has matured to the point at which it now has a standard for second-generation wireless metropolitan area networks. IEEE Standard 802.16, with its WirelessMAN(TM) air interface, sets the stage for widespread and effective deployments worldwide. This article overviews the technical medium access control and physical layer features of this new standard. C1 Nokia Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Ensemble Commun Inc, San Diego, CA USA. RP Eklund, C (reprint author), Nokia Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. NR 7 TC 319 Z9 329 U1 0 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0163-6804 J9 IEEE COMMUN MAG JI IEEE Commun. Mag. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 40 IS 6 BP 98 EP 107 DI 10.1109/MCOM.2002.1007415 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 557WP UT WOS:000175932200011 ER PT J AU Suehle, JS AF Suehle, JS TI Ultrathin gate oxide reliability: Physical models, statistics, and characterization SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Review DE CMOS; defect generation; reliability; silicon dioxide; time-dependent dielectric breakdown ID SILICON DIOXIDE FILMS; DEPENDENT-DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; SUBSTRATE-HOT-ELECTRON; ANODE HOLE INJECTION; DEFECT GENERATION; SOFT BREAKDOWN; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; THIN SILICON; TEMPERATURE ACCELERATION; SI/SIO2 INTERFACE AB The present understanding of wear-out and breakdown in ultrathin (t(oinfinity) < 5-0 nm) SiO(2) gate dielectric film and issues relating to reliability projection are reviewed in this article. Recent evidence supporting a voltage-driven model for defect generation and breakdown, where energetic tunneling electrons induce defect generation and breakdown will be discussed. The concept of a critical number of defects required to cause breakdown and percolation theory will be used to describe the observed statistical failure distributions for ultrathin gate dielectric breakdown. Recent observations of a voltage dependent voltage acceleration parameter and non-Arrhenius temperature dependence will be presented. The current understanding of soft breakdown will be discussed and proposed techniques for detecting breakdown presented. Finally, the implications of soft breakdown on circuit functionality and the applicability of applying current reliability characterization and analysis techniques to project the reliability of future alternative gate dielectrics will be discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Suehle, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Semicond Elect Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.suehle@nist.gov NR 116 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 3 U2 19 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD JUN PY 2002 VL 49 IS 6 BP 958 EP 971 AR PII S0018-9383(02)05079-7 DI 10.1109/TED.2002.1003712 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 555XY UT WOS:000175819600001 ER PT J AU Sandford, BP Smith, SG AF Sandford, BP Smith, SG TI Estimation of smolt-to-adult return percentages for Snake River Basin anadromous salmonids, 1990-1997 SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE bootstrap; fish passage; fish transportation; passive-integrated-transponder tag; stratified tag-recapture ID STEELHEAD AB From numbers of juvenile salmonids (smolts) tagged between 1990 and 1997 with passive-integrated-transponder (PIT) tags and detections at downstream hydropower projects on the lower Snake and Columbia Rivers, we applied and adapted stratified tag-recapture methods to estimate the number of PIT-tagged smolts that experienced each possible detection history through the dams. Using adult detection records upon return after 1-3 years of ocean residence, we estimated smolt-to-adult return (SAR) percentages for fish in detection-history categories that included downstream barge transport, migration in-river following detection, and migration in-river with no detection. We used bootstrap methods to estimate 95% confidence intervals for estimated SARs and ratios of SARs for selected detection-history categories. In general, though small numbers of returning adults and statistical uncertainty at various stages of the estimation procedure led to fairly imprecise SAR estimates, some general trends were evident. Adult return percentages for spring/summer yearling chinook salmon and steelhead were highest for fish transported from Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams but only slightly higher than for nondetected fish. Passage routes of nondetected fish (through spill and turbines) may represent optimal passage conditions. Once a juvenile fish is entrained in a bypass system at a "collector dam," transporting the fish maximizes the probability of its eventual return as an adult. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Sandford, BP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 7 IS 2 BP 243 EP 263 DI 10.1198/10857110260141274 PG 21 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 559DN UT WOS:000176010000009 ER PT J AU Popa, NC Balzar, D AF Popa, NC Balzar, D TI An analytical approximation for a size-broadened profile given by the lognormal and gamma distributions SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DIFFRACTION LINE-PROFILES; RAY AB The size-broadened profile given by the lognormal and gamma size distributions of spherical crystallites is considered. An analytical approximation for the size-broadened profile is derived that can be analytically convolved with the strain-broadened and instrumental-broadened profiles. The method is tested on two CeO2 powders; one shows 'super-Lorentzian' profiles that were successfully modelled under the assumption of a broad lognormal size distribution. It is shown that the Voigt function, as a common model for a size-broadened profile, fails for both very narrow and broad size distributions. It is argued that the size-broadened line profile is not very sensitive to variations in size distribution and that an apparent domain size or even column-length distribution function can correspond to significantly different size distributions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Mat Phys, Bucharest, Romania. Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RP Balzar, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Popa, Nicolae/B-8182-2011 NR 24 TC 91 Z9 92 U1 0 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 35 BP 338 EP 346 DI 10.1107/S0021889802004156 PN 3 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 555UZ UT WOS:000175812800007 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Artemev, A Roytburd, AL AF Slutsker, J Artemev, A Roytburd, AL TI Morphological transitions of elastic domain structures in constrained layers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; PHASE-FIELD MODEL; POLYDOMAIN HETEROSTRUCTURES; MARTENSITIC-TRANSFORMATION; PIEZOELECTRIC BEHAVIOR; STRAIN RELAXATION; MICROSTRUCTURE; THERMODYNAMICS; SIMULATION; ENERGETICS AB The phase transformation in a constrained layer is the subject of this article. The formation and evolution of polydomain microstructure under external stress in the constrained layer are investigated by phase-field simulation and analytically using homogeneous approximation. As a result of simulation, it has been shown that the three-domain hierarchical structure can be formed in the epitaxial films. Under external stress there are two types of morphological transitions: from the three-domain structure to the two-domain one and from the hierarchical three-domain structure to the cellular three-domain structure. The results of phase-field simulation are compared with conclusions of homogenous theory and with available experimental data. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM julias@nist.gov NR 45 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 11 BP 9049 EP 9058 DI 10.1063/1.1476969 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 553ZU UT WOS:000175708900019 ER PT J AU Gage, K Hardesty, M May, P Browell, E AF Gage, K Hardesty, M May, P Browell, E TI Tropospheric profiling - Preface SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. BMRC, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Langley, VA USA. RP Gage, K (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 833 EP 833 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0833:PP>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900001 ER PT J AU Frisch, S Shupe, M Djalalova, I Feingold, G Poellot, M AF Frisch, S Shupe, M Djalalova, I Feingold, G Poellot, M TI The retrieval of stratus cloud droplet effective radius with cloud radars SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling CY DEC 04-08, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; MICROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; STRATOCUMULUS; AIRCRAFT; VARIABILITY; PROFILES; LAYER; MODEL AB In situ samples of cloud droplets by aircraft in Oklahoma in 1997, the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA)/First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE)-Arctic Cloud Experiment (ACE) in 1998, and various other locations around the world were used to evaluate a ground-based remote sensing technique for retrieving profiles of cloud droplet effective radius. The technique is based on vertically pointing measurements from high-sensitivity millimeter-wavelength radar and produces height-resolved estimates of cloud particle effective radius. Although most meteorological radars lack the sensitivity to detect small cloud droplets, millimeter-wavelength cloud radars provide opportunities for remotely monitoring the properties of nonprecipitating clouds. These high-sensitivity radars reveal detailed reflectivity structure of most clouds that are within several kilometers range. In order to turn reflectivity into usable microphysical quantities, relationships between the measured quantities and the desired quantities must be developed. This can be done through theoretical analysis, modeling, or empirical measurements. Then the uncertainty of each procedure must be determined in order to know which ones to use. In this study, two related techniques are examined for the retrieval of the effective radius. One method uses both radar reflectivity and integrated liquid water through the clouds obtained from a microwave radiometer; the second uses the radar reflectivity and an assumption that continental stratus clouds have a concentration of 200 drops per cubic centimeter and marine stratus 100 cm(-3). Using in situ measurements of marine and continental stratus, the error analysis herein shows that the error in these techniques would be about 15%. In comparing the techniques with in situ aircraft measurements of effective radius, it is found that the radar radiometer retrieval was not quite as good as the technique using radar reflectivity alone. The radar reflectivity alone gave a 13% standard deviation with the in situ comparison, while the radar-radiometer retrieval gave a 19% standard deviation. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Sci Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Frisch, S (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 835 EP 842 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0835:TROSCD>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900002 ER PT J AU Gage, KS Williams, CR Clark, WL Johnston, PE Carter, DA AF Gage, KS Williams, CR Clark, WL Johnston, PE Carter, DA TI Profiler contributions to tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) ground validation field campaigns SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling CY DEC 04-08, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; VERTICAL AIR MOTIONS; DROP-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; DOPPLER RADAR PROFILERS; WIND PROFILERS; MELTING LAYER; PRECIPITATION RADAR; CLOUD SYSTEMS; VARIABILITY; UHF AB Doppler radar profilers are widely used for routine measurement of wind, especially in the lower troposphere. The same profilers with minor modifications are useful tools for precipitation research. Specifically, the profilers are now increasingly being used to explore the structure of precipitating cloud systems and to provide calibration and validation of other instruments used in precipitation research, including scanning radars and active and passive satellite-borne sensors. A vertically directed profiler is capable of resolving the vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems that pass overhead. Standard profiler measurements include reflectivity, reflectivity-weighted Doppler velocity, and spectral width. This paper presents profiler observations of precipitating cloud systems observed during Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation field campaigns. The observations show similarities and differences between convective systems observed in Florida; Brazil; and Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands. In addition, it is shown how a profiler can be calibrated using a collocated Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, how the profiler can then be used to calibrate a scanning radar, and how the profiler may be used to retrieve drop size distributions. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gage, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Mail Stop R-E-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM kgage@al.noaa.gov RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015; Johnston, Paul/E-1914-2016 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850; Johnston, Paul/0000-0002-4046-9351 NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 843 EP 863 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0843:PCTTRM>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900003 ER PT J AU Schafer, R Avery, S May, P Rajopadhyaya, D Williams, C AF Schafer, R Avery, S May, P Rajopadhyaya, D Williams, C TI Estimation of rainfall drop size distributions from dual-frequency wind profiler spectra using deconvolution and a nonlinear least squares fitting technique SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling CY DEC 04-08, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID VERTICAL MOTION; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; DOPPLER SPECTRA; RADAR; PRECIPITATION; MICROPHYSICS; RETRIEVAL AB This paper compares two different analysis approaches for dual-frequency (VHF and UHF) wind profiler precipitation retrievals. The first technique is based on a general deconvolution process to remove broadening effects from the Doppler spectra due to turbulence and finite radar beamwidth. The second technique is based on a nonlinear least squares fitting approach, where an analytical function that describes the drop size distribution is convolved with a clear air distribution to model the broadening of the observed spectra. These techniques are tested with simulated data, where the true drop size distribution is known and represented by a gamma or exponential distribution, and with observations. The median volume diameter D-0, which is based on the third moment of the drop size number distribution, is used to test these retrieval techniques. This parameter is closely related to the rain rate, which is approximately the 3.67th moment of the drop size number distribution. Methods for extracting D-0 from deconvolved and convolved spectra performed equally well up to D-0 = 2.25 mm and a spectral width sigma of about 0.5 m s(-1), while for D-0. 2.25 mm a nonlinear least squares fit to the spectra gave better results. At sigma = 1.5 m s(-1), a direct retrieval of D-0 from the deconvolved spectra, the method of moments applied to the deconvolved spectra, and a nonlinear least squares fit to the convolved spectra gave the best results, with retrieval success rates of about 80% for most D-0. At the largest simulated spectral width, sigma = 3 m s(-1), the deconvolution methods performed best up to about D-0 = 2 mm, with a success rate of about 60%, while the nonlinear least squares fit gave better results for D-0 > 2 mm. An application of these dual-frequency retrieval techniques to real measurements taken during rain events shows a median absolute error (MAE) of less than 0.15 mm between D-0 calculated by deconvolution methods, and D-0 calculated by the convolution fitting approach. Comparison of retrieved rain rate and surface rain gauge measurements showed an MAE of less than 1.25 mm h(-1) between the retrieval methods and the rain gauge, and less than 0.5 mm h(-1) between the dual-frequency retrieval methods. These results suggest that the gamma distribution is a good representation of the drop size distribution during this rain event. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schafer, R (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, CIRES Bldg,Room 318, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Williams, Christopher/A-2723-2015 OI Williams, Christopher/0000-0001-9394-8850 NR 23 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 864 EP 874 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0864:EORDSD>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900004 ER PT J AU Law, DC McLaughlin, SA Post, MJ Weber, BL Welsh, DC Wolfe, DE Merritt, DA AF Law, DC McLaughlin, SA Post, MJ Weber, BL Welsh, DC Wolfe, DE Merritt, DA TI An electronically stabilized phased array system for shipborne atmospheric wind profiling SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling CY DEC 04-08, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID RADAR AB The design, construction, and first results are presented of a 915-MHz Doppler wind profiler that may be mounted on a moving platform such as a mobile land vehicle, ocean buoy, or a ship. The long dwell times in multiple beam directions, required for the detection of weak atmospheric radar echoes, are obtained by a passive phased array antenna, controlled by a motion control and monitoring (MCM) computer that acquires platform motion measurements and compensates in real time for the platform rotations. The platform translational velocities are accounted for in the signal processing system (SPS) before the calculation of the wind velocity profiles. The phased array antenna, MCM, and SPS are described, and radar-derived wind profiles are compared with those from rawinsonde balloons released during the first test cruise of the system, as the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown performed ship maneuvers. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. RP Law, DC (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-ET2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 924 EP 933 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0924:AESPAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900009 ER PT J AU Johnston, PE Hartten, LM Love, CH Carter, DA Gage, KS AF Johnston, PE Hartten, LM Love, CH Carter, DA Gage, KS TI Range errors in wind profiling caused by strong reflectivity gradients SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling CY DEC 04-08, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ID RADARS AB Comparisons of data taken by collocated Doppler wind profilers using 100-, 500-, and 1000- m pulse lengths show that the velocity profiles obtained with the longer pulses are displaced in height from contemporaneous profiles measured with the shorter pulses. These differences are larger than can be expected from random measurement errors. In addition, there is evidence that the 500- m pulse may underestimate the wind speed when compared with the 100- m pulse. The standard radar equation does not adequately account for the conditions under which observations are made. In particular, it assumes that atmospheric reflectivity is constant throughout the pulse volume and that observations can be assigned to the peak of the range-weighting function. However, observations from several tropical profilers show that reflectivity gradients with magnitudes greater than 10 dB km 21 are common. Here, a more general radar equation is used to simulate the radar response to the atmosphere. The simulation shows that atmospheric reflectivity gradients cause errors in the range placement. Observed reflectivity gradients can be used to calculate a correction to the range location of the observations that helps to reduce these errors. Examples of these errors and the application of the correction to selected cases are shown. The evidence presented shows that reflectivity gradients are the main cause of the pervasive differences observed between the different radar observations. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Johnston, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL3,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hartten, Leslie/F-1970-2010; Johnston, Paul/E-1914-2016 OI Hartten, Leslie/0000-0002-5620-6302; Johnston, Paul/0000-0002-4046-9351 NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 19 IS 6 BP 934 EP 953 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0934:REIWPC>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 557GZ UT WOS:000175901900010 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB AF Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB TI Thermochemistry of the biochemical reaction: {pyrophosphate(aq)+H2O(l)=2 phosphate(aq)} SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE alkaline phosphatase; calorimetry; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs free energy; phosphate; pyrophosphate ID ADENOSINE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATE; FREE-ENERGY; HYDROLYSIS; WATER; THERMODYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIUM; PH AB Calorimetric enthalpies of reaction have been measured for the overall biochemical reaction {pyrophosphate(aq) + H2O(1) = 2phosphate(aq)}. The reaction was catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase and, to simplify the thermochernistry, was carried out in the absence of Mg2+(aq). Measurements were performed with phosphate buffer (pH = 7.19 and 7.94), PIPES buffer (pH = 7.13), and HEPES buffer (pH = 7.86). The results of these measurements were analyzed by using an equilibrium model. These calculations lead to the standard molar enthalpy change Delta(r)H(m)(o) = -(17.3 +/- 0.6) kJ (.) mol(-1) (temperature T = 298.15 K and ionic strength I = 0) for the reference reaction {HP2O73- (aq) + H2O(1) = 2Hpo(4)(2-)(aq) + H+(aq)}. Values of the apparent equilibrium constant K' for the overall biochemical reaction from the literature were also analyzed by using the equilibrium model in order to obtain what is believed to be a reliable value for the equilibrium constant K = 4.7 (.) 10(-4) for the reference reaction. The values of K and Delta(r)H(m)(o) for the reference reaction have been used together with values from the CODATA tables to calculate standard molar formation properties for the pyrophosphate species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 34 IS 6 BP 821 EP 839 DI 10.1006/jcht.2002.0931 PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 595ZC UT WOS:000178137300007 ER PT J AU Stowe, LL Jacobowitz, H Ohring, G Knapp, KR Nalli, NR AF Stowe, LL Jacobowitz, H Ohring, G Knapp, KR Nalli, NR TI The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) climate dataset: Initial analyses and evaluations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; PINATUBO ERUPTION; NOAA AVHRR; SATELLITE; CHANNELS; PRODUCT; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; RADIANCES; OCEANS AB As part of the joint National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NOAA-NASA) Pathfinder program, the NOAA/National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) has created a research-quality atmospheric, climate-scale dataset through the reprocessing of archived Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations from four afternoon satellites, in orbit since 1981. The raw observations were recalibrated using a vicarious calibration technique for the AVHRR reflectance channels and an improved treatment of the nonlinearity of the three infrared emittance channels. State-of-the-art algorithms are used in the Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) project to process global AVHRR datasets into statistics of channel radiances, total cloud amount, components of the earth's radiation budget, and aerosol optical thickness over oceans. The radiances and earth radiation budget components are determined for clear-sky and all-sky conditions. The output products are generated on a quasi-equal-area grid with a spatial resolution of approximately 110 km, with twice-a-day temporal resolution, and averaged over 5-day (pentad) and monthly time periods. The quality of the products is assessed relative to independent surface or satellite observations of these parameters. This analysis shows that the PATMOS data are sufficiently accurate for studies of the interaction of clouds and aerosol with solar and terrestrial radiation, and of climatic phenomena with large signals, for example, the annual cycle, monsoons, and the four ENSOs and two major volcanic eruptions that occurred during the 19-yr PATMOS period. Analysis also indicates that smaller climate signals, such as those associated with longer-term trends in surface temperature, may be difficult to detect due to the presence of artifacts in the time series that result from the drift of each satellite's observation time over its mission. However, a simple statistical method is employed to remove much of the effect caused by orbital drift. The uncorrected PATMOS dataset is accessible electronically. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Jacobowitz, H (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, WWBG, E-RA1,RM712T,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Herbert.Jacobowitz@noaa.gov RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010; Ohring, George/F-5616-2010; Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537; NR 34 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1243 EP 1260 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1243:TAVHRR>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547UC UT WOS:000175349600001 ER PT J AU Paegle, JN Mo, KC AF Paegle, JN Mo, KC TI Linkages between summer rainfall variability over south America and sea surface temperature anomalies SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; BRAZILIAN AMAZON BASIN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; HEMISPHERE CIRCULATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; DECADAL VARIATIONS; RAINY-SEASON; PRECIPITATION; PACIFIC AB A reconstructed rainfall dataset, and satellite estimates are used to analyze interannual to decadal variability of austral summer precipitation over South America. Rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis is applied to isolate dominant patterns of rainfall. Links of these patterns to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) are examined. The leading mode is related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which explains 12% of the total variance. During warm ENSO events, the positive phase of this mode shows dry conditions over northern South America and wet conditions over the subtropical plains between 25degrees and 35degreesS. The situation reverses during cold events. The second REOF 2, which explains about 10.8% of the total variance, consists of positive loadings over northeast Brazil centered at 50degreesW near the equator and negative loadings over Colombia and the subtropical plains. For December-January-February (DJF), REOF 2 is influenced by tropical South Atlantic SSTAs through displacements of the intertropical convergence zone. Northeast Brazil receives most rainfall in March-April-May (MAM) and it is modulated by both the Atlantic SSTAs and ENSO. In the interannual frequency band, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has very limited influence on rainfall. On the decadal timescales, the NAO leads REOF 2 by three years. Latitudinal variations of tropical convection are through the joint contribution of REOF 2 and REOF 4. REOF 4 is similar to REOF 2, but centers are displaced about 10inverted perpendicular south. When these two EOFs are both positive, central South America is wet. The amplitudes of REOF 2 and REOF 4 are small during the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s and they are out of phase from 1968 to 1970, periods with persistent dry conditions over the upper La Plata River basin. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 57 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 12 BP 1389 EP 1407 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1389:LBSRVO>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 552UM UT WOS:000175638500001 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Harrison, DE AF Vecchi, GA Harrison, DE TI Monsoon breaks and subseasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; INDIAN-SUMMER MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; OCEAN; ANOMALIES; RAINFALL; SYSTEM; WIND AB The Indian southwest monsoon directly affects the lives of over one billion people, providing almost 90% of the annual precipitation to the Indian subcontinent. An important characteristic of the southwest monsoon is variability on subseasonal timescales, with "active'' periods of heavy rain interrupted by drier "break'' periods. Both the number of monsoon breaks in a season and the timing of these breaks profoundly impact agricultural output from the Indian subcontinent. Most research on monsoon breaks has emphasized possible atmospheric mechanisms. However, new satellite data reveal large-amplitude basin-scale subseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), in which northern BoB cooling precedes monsoon breaks by about 1 week. The relationship is statistically significant at the 95% level over the 3 yr examined, and so offers a potential statistical predictor for short-term monsoon variability. The basinwide averaged amplitude of SST changes is 1degrees-2degreesC and local changes can exceed 3degreesC over 2 weeks; these changes are as large as those seen in the local climatological seasonal cycle. This raises the possibility that air-sea interaction may be a significant factor in monsoon variability; the SST variability is coherent with monsoon variability with a phase relationship consistent with a coupled oscillation. A schematic coupled air-sea oscillator mechanism is offered for further study, in which oceanic changes play a dynamical role in monsoon variability. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; NR 40 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 15 IS 12 BP 1485 EP 1493 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1485:MBASSS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 552UM UT WOS:000175638500008 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Byrd, E Embree, N Martin, J Tate, JD AF Chin, JW Byrd, E Embree, N Martin, J Tate, JD CA Nat I Standards Technology Dow Chem Co TI Ultraviolet chambers based on integrating spheres for use in artificial weathering SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Federation-of-Societies-for-Coatings-Technology CY NOV 04-07, 2001 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Fed Soc Coatings Tech ID EXPOSURE; FIELD AB Laboratory ultraviolet (UV) chambers are widely used to obtain weathering data for a wide range of commercial polymer products including coatings, textiles, elastomers, plastics, and polymeric composites. Although numerous improvements have been made in the design of UV chambers over the last 80 years, the reproducibility of the exposure results from these chambers has remained elusive. This lack of reproducibility is attributed to systematic errors in their design, operation, and control which prevent direct comparisons of the performance of materials exposed in the same environment, comparisons of the performance of the same material exposed in different laboratories, and the comparison of field and laboratory results. This paper describes an innovative UV-chamber design based on integrating sphere technology that greatly reduces the magnitude of these errors, as well as provides additional experimental capabilities. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Freeport, TX 77541 USA. RP Chin, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 74 IS 929 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.1007/BF02698367 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 559MJ UT WOS:000176029700008 ER PT J AU Greene, CM Owings, DH Hart, LA Klimley, AP AF Greene, CM Owings, DH Hart, LA Klimley, AP TI Revisiting the Umwelt: Environments of animal communication - Foreword SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Greene, CM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0735-7036 J9 J COMP PSYCHOL JI J. Comp. Psychol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 116 IS 2 BP 115 EP 115 DI 10.1037//0735-7036.116.2.115 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Zoology GA 562QF UT WOS:000176209900001 ER PT J AU Liu, B Berrie, CL Kitajima, T Leone, SR AF Liu, B Berrie, CL Kitajima, T Leone, SR TI Arsenic-induced Ge island morphology changes during molecular beam epitaxy of Ge on Si(001) SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE nucleation; molecular beam epitaxy; germanium silicon alloys; semiconducting silicon ID GROWTH; SURFACTANT; GERMANIUM; TRANSITION; EXCHANGE; KINETICS; PYRAMIDS; SI(100); SILICON; SHAPE AB Atomic force microscopy is used to investigate a series of arsenic-mediated growth experiments in the molecular beam epitaxy of Ge on Si(0 0 1). The experiments are performed by first depositing Ge at a coverage of 6 ML (where three-dimensional islands form), followed by additional growth of Ge with coevaporation of As. During the As mediated second growth stage no new islands appear as expected of the surfactant effect. However, the shapes of the Ge islands formed in the first stage are observed to change from pyramids and domes to mesas that have different base orientations and flat (0 0 1) tops of significantly increased areas. Because the island facets can be viewed as stacks of atomic steps, the island shape changes suggest As-induced step movements during the Ge growth, which are important to understand the mechanisms of surfactant suppression in the formation of three-dimensional islands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Leone, SR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JUN PY 2002 VL 241 IS 3 BP 271 EP 276 AR PII S0022-0248(02)01080-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01080-1 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 566HB UT WOS:000176419900001 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR Deng, Y Lloyd, IK Janal, MN Rekow, ED Thompson, VP AF Lawn, BR Deng, Y Lloyd, IK Janal, MN Rekow, ED Thompson, VP TI Materials design of ceramic-based layer structures for crowns SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dental ceramics; elastic modulus; hardness; fracture; layer structures; material design; strength; toughness ID BRITTLE COATINGS; STRENGTH DEGRADATION; DENTAL CERAMICS; FRACTURE; DAMAGE; INDENTATION; THICKNESS; HERTZIAN; FATIGUE; MODES AB Radial cracking has been identified as the primary mode of failure in all-ceramic crowns. This study investigates the hypothesis that critical loads for radial cracking in crown-like layers vary explicitly as the square of ceramic layer thickness. Experimental data from tests with spherical indenters on model flat laminates of selected dental ceramics bonded to clear polycarbonate bases (simulating crown/dentin structures) are presented. Damage initiation events are video-recorded in situ during applied loading, and critical loads are measured. The results demonstrate an increase in the resistance to radial cracking for zirconia relative to alumina and for alumina relative to porcelain. The study provides simple a priori predictions of failure in prospective ceramic/substrate bilayers and ranks ceramic materials for best clinical performance. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Dent, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012; OI Thompson, Van P/0000-0003-0033-0344 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 31 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 81 IS 6 BP 433 EP 438 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 558EU UT WOS:000175954000015 PM 12097438 ER PT J AU Gooch, JA DePaola, A Bowers, J Marshall, DL AF Gooch, JA DePaola, A Bowers, J Marshall, DL TI Growth and survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in postharvest American oysters SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE-BAY; UNITED-STATES; COAST OYSTERS; VULNIFICUS; CONSUMPTION; TEMPERATURE; SHELLSTOCK; INFECTIONS; WASHINGTON; FLORIDA AB Oysters at the retail stage of distribution generally contain greater densities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus than do oysters at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of postharvest storage at 26 and 3degreesC on the growth and survival of naturally occurring V. parahaemolyticus in shellstock American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were collected monthly from May 1998 through April 1999 from Mobile Bay, Alabama, and their V parahaemolyticus densities were determined after 0, 5, 10, and 24 h of postharvest storage at 26degreesC. After 24 h of storage at 26degreesC, oysters were transferred to a refrigerator at 3degreesC and analyzed 14 to 17 days later. V. parahaemolyticus numbers were determined by a direct plating method involving an alkaline-phosphatase-labeled DNA probe that targets the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh-AP) to identify suspect isolates. From April to December, when water temperatures at harvest were >20degreesC, the geometric mean harvest density of V. parahaemolyticus was 130 CFU/g. When water temperatures were <20degreesC, the geometric mean harvest density was 15 CFU/g. After harvest, V. parahaemolyticus multiplied rapidly in live oysters held at 26degreesC, showing a 50-fold increase (1.7 log CFU/,a) at 10 h and a 790-fold increase (2.9 log CFU/g) at 24 h (April through December). Average V parahaemolyticus numbers showed a sixfold decrease (0.8 log CFU/g) after approximately 14 days of refrigeration. These results indicate that V. parahaemolyticus can grow rapidly in unrefrigerated oysters. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP Gooch, JA (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 33 TC 57 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 BP 970 EP 974 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 560HW UT WOS:000176077500009 PM 12092730 ER PT J AU Brock, CA Washenfelder, RA Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Wilson, JC Reeves, JM Huey, LG Holloway, JS Parrish, DD Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC AF Brock, CA Washenfelder, RA Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Wilson, JC Reeves, JM Huey, LG Holloway, JS Parrish, DD Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC TI Particle growth in the plumes of coal-fired power plants SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; particles; plumes; oxidation; urban; industrial ID CHEMICAL CONVERSION MECHANISMS; AEROSOL; OZONE; NITROGEN; SIZE; SPECTROMETER; DIFFUSION; TENNESSEE; KINETICS; SULFUR AB [1] Submicron particle-size distributions were measured with 10-s resolution aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D Orion research aircraft in the plumes downwind of coal-fired power generation plants in the eastern United States and the urban areas of Nashville, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia. Recently formed particles were present at the edges of some power plant plumes within 2 hours of emission, coinciding with OH maxima predicted by a numerical plume photochemistry model. Clearly detectable increases in particle volume (mass) concentration with increasing plume age, indicating gas-to-particle conversion, were found in only those plumes from sources that emit substantial quantities of SO2. The observed growth in particulate volume could be explained by the calculated oxidation of SO2 by OH. However, the amount of volume growth varied substantially from day to day, even in the plume of the same power plant. In the only case in which a quantitative growth law analysis could be performed, the observed growth of particle size with increasing plume age was consistent with condensation and inconsistent with aqueous oxidation. The advected particle volume flux in SO2-rich power plant plumes substantially exceeded that measured in the urban plumes downwind of Nashville and Atlanta. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. CALTECH, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Brock, CA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Washenfelder, Rebecca/E-7169-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Washenfelder, Rebecca/0000-0002-8106-3702; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 35 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D12 AR 4155 DI 10.1029/2001JD001062 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TL UT WOS:000178976900005 ER PT J AU Conny, JM Slater, JF AF Conny, JM Slater, JF TI Black carbon and organic carbon in aerosol particles from crown fires in the Canadian boreal forest SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric particles; boreal forest fires; biomass burning; climate change; black carbon; elemental carbon ID ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; GREENHOUSE GASES; RADIATION BUDGET; CLIMATE CHANGE; BIOMASS; PARTICULATE; BRAZIL; ABSORPTION; EMISSIONS; ARTIFACT AB [1] In the boreal forest, high-intensity crown fires account for an overwhelming proportion of the area burned yearly. Quantifying the amount of black carbon (BC) from boreal crown fires in Canada is essential for assessing the effect on regional climate from natural wildfire aerosol emissions versus that from anthropogenic activities. This is particularly relevant because climate change will likely lead to increased wildfire activity in northern Canada. During 4-5 July 1998, two controlled fires in Northwest Territories, Canada, were conducted as part of the International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment. We report here the BC and organic carbon (OC) compositions of aerosols produced during the flaming and smoldering stages of burning. Particles were collected on back-to-back quartz-fiber filters by helicopter with a hi-vol sampler and at ground level with a dichotomous sampler to separate the fine (less than or equal to2.5 mum diameter) and coarse (2.5-10 mum diameter) particle fractions. An analysis of the back filter in relation to the front filter from the dichot sampler for both the fine and coarse fractions provided a means to correct for the adsorption of gas-phase organic compounds on filters (positive artifact) and for the loss of particulate carbon from filters by volatilization (negative artifact). BC and OC masses, which combine here to give total carbon (TC), were determined by the thermal-optical method. The BC to TC ratio for the flaming stage was 0.085 +/- 0.032 ((x) over bar +/- ksn(-1/2), k = 2, n = 2), based on aerial sampling of the dark plume 300-500 m above the flame front. BC/TC for the smoldering stage was 0.0087 +/- 0.0046 from ground-based sampling. Uncertainties consist of the combined variances in measurement and sampling and in emissions from different fires. These averages and uncertainties serve as important aerosol data input for predictions of climate change on both global and regional scales. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Conny, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D11 AR 4116 DI 10.1029/2001JD001528 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HN UT WOS:000178897700017 ER PT J AU Hicks, BB Artz, RS Meyers, TP Hosker, RP AF Hicks, BB Artz, RS Meyers, TP Hosker, RP TI Trends in eastern US sulfur air quality from the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE air quality; sulfur trends; AIRMoN ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; UNITED-STATES; DRY DEPOSITION; SO2 EMISSIONS; WET AB [1] Surface air quality data obtained at long-term stations operated by the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are combined with precipitation chemistry data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program to construct indicators of air chemistry in the lower atmosphere starting in 1985/ 1986 and extending through 1997. The analysis is based on data from seven stations east of the Mississippi River. On the whole, levels of airborne sulfur reached a maximum in the late 1980s; since then, levels have been declining steadily at a rate of about 2.8% per annum, but with an increase to about 5% per annum for a period of the 1990s. There is no clear-cut step function that could be attributed to the initiation of emissions trading and resulting SO(2) emissions reductions in about 1995. Instead, the data appear to indicate that the new regulatory trading philosophies have continued the long-term improvement in overall air quality that was already under way. The data from individual sites indicate that the benefits of emissions decreases are not necessarily evident at all locations. Improvements appear to be moderated to a considerable extent by local factors that may dominate in some situations. Overall, the air quality data correlate well with changes in emissions of sulfur as reported by the Environmental Protection Agency. The analysis shows that the percentage improvement in sulfur concentrations in the planetary boundary layer east of the Mississippi corresponds one to one to the percentage change in emissions from electric utilities (within the statistical uncertainties involved). Overall, the results support the hypothesis that regional air quality is governed by the largest point-source emitters, rather than by the integral of all upwind sources. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Hicks, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM bruce.hicks@noaa.gov RI Artz, Richard/P-6371-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Artz, Richard/0000-0002-1335-0697; NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D12 AR 4143 DI 10.1029/2000JD000165 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TL UT WOS:000178976900017 ER PT J AU Parrish, DD Trainer, M Hereid, D Williams, EJ Olszyna, KJ Harley, RA Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC AF Parrish, DD Trainer, M Hereid, D Williams, EJ Olszyna, KJ Harley, RA Meagher, JF Fehsenfeld, FC TI Decadal change in carbon monoxide to nitrogen oxide ratio in US vehicular emissions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE vehicle emissions; carbon monoxide; nitrogen oxides; emission inventories; temporal change ID COAST AIR BASIN; POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS; MOTOR-VEHICLES; NORTH-AMERICA; UNITED-STATES; INVENTORIES; TROPOSPHERE; NASHVILLE; OZONE AB [1] Accurate emission inventories and their temporal trends must be incorporated into pollutant inventories to allow for reliable modeling of the country's past, present, and future air quality. Measured carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations from two urban areas show that the CO/NOx vehicular emission ratio has decreased at an average rate of 7-9% per year from 1987 to 1999. This amounts to a factor of nearly 3 over the 12 years. The current U. S. Environmental Protection Agency tabulations of estimated pollutant emission trends indicate a rate of decrease smaller by a factor of 2-3. The trend in maximum ambient CO levels in U. S. cities suggests a 5.2 +/- 0.8% per year average annual decrease in CO vehicular emissions, which implies a 2-3% annual increase in NOx emissions from vehicles. Thus over the decade of the 1990s, annual U. S. CO emissions from vehicles have decreased from similar to65 to similar to38 Tg, representing approximate decreases of 6 and 3% in the annual global fuel-use CO emissions and in total global anthropogenic CO emissions, respectively. It is expected that the volatile organic compound (VOC)/NOx vehicular exhaust emission ratio has decreased similarly, implying that the character of atmospheric photochemistry in U. S. urban areas has changed significantly over the decade. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Parrish, DD (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Harley, Robert/C-9177-2016 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Harley, Robert/0000-0002-0559-1917 NR 31 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D12 AR 4140 DI 10.1029/2001JC000720 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TL UT WOS:000178976900019 ER PT J AU Quinn, PK Miller, TL Bates, TS Ogren, JA Andrews, E Shaw, GE AF Quinn, PK Miller, TL Bates, TS Ogren, JA Andrews, E Shaw, GE TI A 3-year record of simultaneously measured aerosol chemical and optical properties at Barrow, Alaska SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Arctic; aerosol; chemistry; optics; time series ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENT ACE-1; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; ARCTIC ATMOSPHERE; POLLUTION AEROSOL; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SULFUR; PARTICLES; SULFATE; ABSORPTION AB [1] Results are presented from 3 years of simultaneous measurements of aerosol chemical composition and light scattering and absorption at Barrow, Alaska. All results are reported at the measurement relative humidity of less than or equal to40%. Reported are the annual cycles of the concentration of aerosol mass, sea salt, non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate, methanesulfonate or MSA(-), NH4+, and nss K+,Mg+2, and Ca+2 for the submicron and supermicron size ranges. Submicron nss SO4=,NH4+, and nss K+,Mg+2, and Ca+2 peak in winter and early spring corresponding to the arrival and persistence of Arctic Haze. Submicron sea salt displays a similar annual cycle presumably due to long-range transport from the northern Pacific Ocean. Supermicron sea salt peaks in summer corresponding to a decrease in sea ice extent. Submicron and supermicron MSA(-) peak in the summer due to a seasonal increase in the flux of dimethylsulfide from the ocean to the atmosphere. A correlation of MSA(-) and particle number concentrations suggests that summertime particle production is associated with this biogenic sulfur. Mass fractions of the dominant chemical species were calculated from the concentrations of aerosol mass and chemical species. For the submicron size range the ionic mass and associated water make up 80 to 90% of the aerosol mass from November to May. Of this ionic mass, sea salt and nss SO4= are the dominant species. The residual mass fraction, or fraction of mass that is chemically unanalyzed, is equivalent to the ionic mass fraction in June through October. For the supermicron size range the ionic mass and associated water make up 60 to 80% of the aerosol mass throughout the year with sea salt being the dominant species. Also reported for the submicron size range are the annual cycles of aerosol light scattering and absorption at 550 nm, Angstrom exponent for the 450 and 700 nm wavelength pair, and single scattering albedo at 550 nm. On the basis of linear regressions between the concentrations of sea salt and nss SO4= and the light scattering coefficient, sea salt has a dominant role in controlling light scattering during the winter, nss SO4= is dominant in the spring, and both components contribute to scattering in the summer. Submicron mass scattering efficiencies of the dominant aerosol chemical components (nss SO4=, sea salt, and residual mass) were calculated from a multiple linear regression of the measured light scattering versus the component concentrations. Submicron nss SO4= mass scattering efficiencies were relatively constant throughout the year with seasonal averages ranging from 4.1 +/- 2.9 to 5.8 +/- 1.0 m(2) g(-1). Seasonal averages for submicron sea salt ranged from 1.8 +/- 0.37 to 5.1 +/- 0.97 m(2) g(-1) and for the residual mass ranged from 0.21 +/- 0.31 to 1.5 +/- 1.0 m(2) g(-1). Finally, concentrations of nss SO4= measured at Barrow were compared to those measured at Poker Flat Rocket Range, Denali National Park, and Homer for the 1997/1998 and 1998/1999 Arctic Haze seasons. Concentrations were highest at Barrow and decreased with latitude from Poker Flat to Denali to Homer revealing a north to south gradient in the extent of the haze. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Quinn, PK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 54 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D11 AR 4130 DI 10.1029/2001JD001248 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HN UT WOS:000178897700003 ER PT J AU Stohl, A Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Parrish, DD AF Stohl, A Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Parrish, DD TI Export of NOy from the North American boundary layer during 1996 and 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiments SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nitrogen oxides; tracer model; trajectories; aircraft measurements; anthropogenic emissions ID ODD-NITROGEN NOY; UNITED-STATES; REACTIVE NITROGEN; CARBON-MONOXIDE; TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT; OZONE; TRANSPORT; OXIDES; EUROPE; SONEX AB [1] This paper studies the removal timescales of the NOy originating from surface emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and studies what fraction of the emissions reaches the free troposphere. These are important questions because NOx, which limits ozone production in the free troposphere, can be recycled from NOy after the primary NOx has been exhausted. We present an analysis of aircraft measurement data of odd nitrogen (NOy) and carbon monoxide (CO) taken during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) in spring 1996 and fall 1997. Because CO has a relatively long chemical lifetime in the atmosphere and because it has similar emission patterns to NOx, CO concentrations can serve as a reference against which NOy removal can be studied. Correlating NOy and CO for different heights, we show that for the NARE 1997 (and NARE 1996) measurement campaigns, 78-91% (33-76%) of the surface NOy emissions were lost within the boundary layer or during transport from it, and only 3% (5%) of the emissions reached altitudes above 3 km. This accounted for similar to35% (similar to41%) of the total NOy present above 3 km, the remainder coming from in situ emissions. In order to establish the timescales over which NOy is removed from the atmosphere, we determine the time elapsed between emission and measurement using a Lagrangian tracer transport model. We obtain approximate, effective mean e-folding lifetimes of NOy of 1.7 (1.8) days for the two intensives. On average, only 4% (9%) of the NOy remains in the atmosphere after 4-5 days. After 5-6 days, NOy from anthropogenic surface sources has been further depleted and accounts for <50% of the observed NOy. The rest of the observed NOy must come from in situ emissions, not from anthropogenic surface emissions. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bioklimatol & Immiss Forsch, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bioklimatol & Immiss Forsch, Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D11 AR 4131 DI 10.1029/2001JD000519 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HN UT WOS:000178897700002 ER PT J AU Thornton, JA Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC Martinez, M Harder, H Brune, WH Williams, EJ Roberts, JM Fehsenfeld, FC Hall, SR Shetter, RE Wert, BP Fried, A AF Thornton, JA Wooldridge, PJ Cohen, RC Martinez, M Harder, H Brune, WH Williams, EJ Roberts, JM Fehsenfeld, FC Hall, SR Shetter, RE Wert, BP Fried, A TI Ozone production rates as a function of NOx abundances and HOx production rates in the Nashville urban plume SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; NO2; peroxy radicals; Nashville; OH; HO2 ID RADICAL PROPAGATION EFFICIENCY; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; HYDROCARBONS; SENSITIVITY; INDICATORS; CHEMISTRY; NITROGEN AB [1] Tropospheric O-3 concentrations are functions of the chain lengths of NOx (NOx = NO +NO2) and HOx (HOx = OH + HO2 +RO2) radical catalytic cycles. For a fixed HOx source at low NOx concentrations, kinetic models indicate the rate of O-3 production increases linearly with increases in NOx concentrations (NOx limited). At higher NOx concentrations, kinetic models predict ozone production rates decrease with increasing NOx (NOx saturated). We present observations of NO, NO2,O-3, OH, HO2,H2CO, actinic flux, and temperature obtained during the 1999 Southern Oxidant Study from June 15 to July 15, 1999, at Cornelia Fort Airpark, Nashville, Tennessee. The observations are used to evaluate the instantaneous ozone production rate (P-O3) as a function of NO abundances and the primary HOx production rate (P-HOx). These observations provide quantitative evidence for the response of P-O3 to NOx. For high PHOx (0.5 < P-HOx < 0.7 ppt/s), O-3 production at this site increases linearly with NO to similar to500 ppt. P-O3 levels out in the range 500-1000 ppt NO and decreases for NO above 1000 ppt. An analysis along chemical coordinates indicates that models of chemistry controlling peroxy radical abundances, and consequently PO3, have a large error in the rate or product yield of the RO2 +HO2 reaction for the classes of RO2 that predominate in Nashville. Photochemical models and our measurements can be forced into agreement if the product of the branching ratio and rate constant for organic peroxide formation, via RO2 +HO2 --> ROOH + O-2, is reduced by a factor of 3-12. Alternatively, these peroxides could be rapidly photolyzed under atmospheric conditions making them at best a temporary HOx reservoir. This result implies that O-3 production in or near urban areas with similar hydrocarbon reactivity and HOx production rates may be NOx saturated more often than current models suggest. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Energy & Environm Technol Div, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Thornton, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. EM cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; Thornton, Joel/C-1142-2009 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; Thornton, Joel/0000-0002-5098-4867 NR 51 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 47 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS D12 AR 4146 DI 10.1029/2001JD000932 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TL UT WOS:000178976900014 ER PT J AU Roads, J Kanamitsu, M Stewart, R AF Roads, J Kanamitsu, M Stewart, R TI CSE water and energy budgets in the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RANGE FORECAST MODEL; MISSISSIPPI-RIVER BASIN; BOUNDARY-LAYER; SURFACE-WATER; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; UNITED-STATES; LAND-SURFACE; PRECIPITATION; NCEP/NCAR; PROJECT AB During the past several years, the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale experiments (CSEs) have started to develop regional hydroclimatological datasets and water and energy budget studies (WEBS). To provide some global background for these regional experiments, the authors describe vertically integrated global and regional water and energy budgets from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis II (NCEPRII). It is shown that maintaining the NCEPRII close to observations requires some nudging to the short-range model forecast, and this nudging is an important component of analysis budgets. Still, to first order one can discern important hydroclimatological mechanisms in the reanalysis. For example, during summer, atmospheric water vapor, precipitation, evaporation, and surface and atmospheric radiative heating all increase, while the dry static energy convergence decreases almost everywhere over the land regions. One can further distinguish differences between hydrologic cycles in midlatitudes and monsoon regions. The monsoon hydrologic cycle shows increased moisture convergence, soil moisture, and runoff, but decreased sensible heating with increasing surface temperature. The midlatitude hydrologic cycle, on the other hand, shows decreased moisture convergence and surface water, and increased sensible heating. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NCEP, Camp Springs, MD USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Roads, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, SIO UCSD-0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 43 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 227 EP 248 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0227:CWAEBI>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900001 ER PT J AU Chen, MY Xie, PP Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA AF Chen, MY Xie, PP Janowiak, JE Arkin, PA TI Global land precipitation: A 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TIME CLIMATE VARIABILITY; SURFACE CLIMATE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; PART I; MODEL; 20TH-CENTURY; RAINFALL; PATTERNS; RECONSTRUCTION; CLIMATOLOGIES AB This paper describes the initial work toward the production of monthly global (land and ocean) analyses of precipitation for an extended period from 1948 to the present. Called the precipitation reconstruction (PREC), the global analyses are defined by interpolation of gauge observations over land (PREC/L) and by EOF reconstruction of historical observations over ocean (PREC/O). This paper documents the creation of the land component of the analyses (PREC/L) on a 2.5degrees latitude/longitude grid for 1948-2000. These analyses are derived from gauge observations from over 17 000 stations collected in the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), version 2, and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS) datasets. To determine the most suitable objective analysis procedure for gridding, the analyses generated by four published objective analysis techniques [those of Cressman, Barnes, and Shepard, and the optimal interpolation (OI) method of Gandin] were compared. The evaluation demonstrated two crucial points: 1) better results are obtained when interpolating anomalies rather than the precipitation totals, and 2) the OI analysis procedure provided the most accurate and stable analyses among the four algorithms that were tested. Based on these results, the OI technique was used to create monthly gridded analyses of precipitation over the global land areas for the 53-yr period from 1948 to 2000. In addition, some diagnostic investigations of the seasonal and interannual variability of large-scale precipitation over the global land areas are presented. The mean distribution and annual cycle of precipitation observed in the PREC/L showed good agreement with those in several published gauge-based datasets, and the anomaly patterns associated with ENSO resemble those found in previous studies. The gauge-based dataset (PREC/L) will be updated on a quasi-real-time basis and is available online (ftp.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/precip/50-yr). C1 Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Silver Spring, MD USA. RS Informat Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Chen, MY (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, 5200 Auth Rd,800, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010 NR 63 TC 485 Z9 548 U1 13 U2 69 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 249 EP 266 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0249:GLPAYM>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900002 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB AF Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB TI Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: the land dynamics (LaD) model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; SOIL-MOISTURE; STOMATAL-RESISTANCE; CLIMATE; SIMULATIONS; VEGETATION; PROJECT; PHASE; SENSITIVITY AB A simple model of large-scale land (continental) water and energy balances is presented. The model is an extension of an earlier scheme with a record of successful application in climate modeling. The most important changes from the original model include 1) introduction of non-water-stressed stomatal control of transpiration, in order to correct a tendency toward excessive evaporation; 2) conversion from globally constant parameters (with the exception of vegetation-dependent snow-free surface albedo) to more complete vegetation and soil dependence of all parameters, in order to provide more realistic representation of geographic variations in water and energy balances and to enable model-based investigations of land-cover change; 3) introduction of soil sensible heat storage and transport, in order to move toward realistic diurnal-cycle modeling; 4) a groundwater (saturated-zone) storage reservoir, in order to provide more realistic temporal variability of runoff; and 5) a rudimentary runoff-routing scheme for delivery of runoff to the ocean, in order to provide realistic freshwater forcing of the ocean general circulation model component of a global climate model. The new model is tested with forcing from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative I global dataset and a recently produced observation-based water-balance dataset for major river basins of the world. Model performance is evaluated by comparing computed and observed runoff ratios from many major river basins of the world. Special attention is given to distinguishing between two components of the apparent runoff ratio error: the part due to intrinsic model error and the part due to errors in the assumed precipitation forcing. The pattern of discrepancies between modeled and observed runoff ratios is consistent with results from a companion study of precipitation estimation errors. The new model is tuned by adjustment of a globally constant scale factor for non-water-stressed stomatal resistance. After tuning, significant overestimation of runoff is found in environments where an overall arid climate includes a brief but intense wet season. It is shown that this error may be explained by the neglect of upward soil water diffusion from below the root zone during the dry season. With the exception of such basins, and in the absence of precipitation errors, it is estimated that annual runoff ratios simulated by the model would have a root-mean-square error of about 0.05. The new model matches observations better than its predecessor, which has a negative runoff bias and greater scatter. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 45 TC 229 Z9 232 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 283 EP 299 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900004 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB AF Milly, PCD Shmakin, AB TI Global Modeling of land water and energy balances. Part II: Land-characteristic contributions to spatial variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE; SIB AB Land water and energy balances vary around the globe because of variations in amount and temporal distribution of water and energy supplies and because of variations in land characteristics. The former control (water and energy supplies) explains much more variance in water and energy balances than the latter (land characteristics). A largely untested hypothesis underlying most global models of land water and energy balance is the assumption that parameter values based on estimated geographic distributions of soil and vegetation characteristics improve the performance of the models relative to the use of globally constant land parameters. This hypothesis is tested here through an evaluation of the improvement in performance of one land model associated with the introduction of geographic information on land characteristics. The capability of the model to reproduce annual runoff ratios of large river basins, with and without information on the global distribution of albedo, rooting depth, and stomatal resistance, is assessed. To allow a fair comparison, the model is calibrated in both cases by adjusting globally constant scale factors for snow-free albedo, non-water-stressed bulk stomatal resistance, and critical root density (which is used to determine effective root-zone depth). The test is made in stand-alone mode, that is, using prescribed radiative and atmospheric forcing. Model performance is evaluated by comparing modeled runoff ratios with observed runoff ratios for a set of basins where precipitation biases have been shown to be minimal. The withholding of information on global variations in these parameters leads to a significant degradation of the capability of the model to simulate the annual runoff ratio. An additional set of optimization experiments, in which the parameters are examined individually, reveals that the stomatal resistance is, by far, the parameter among these three whose spatial variations add the most predictive power to the model in stand-alone mode. Further single-parameter experiments with surface roughness length, available water capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity show very little sensitivity to estimated global variations in these parameters. Finally, it is found that even the constant-parameter model performance exceeds that of the Budyko and generalized Turc-Pike water-balance equations, suggesting that the model benefits also from information on the geographic variability of the temporal structure of forcing. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 301 EP 310 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0301:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900005 ER PT J AU Shmakin, AB Milly, PCD Dunne, KA AF Shmakin, AB Milly, PCD Dunne, KA TI Global Modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; STORAGE; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE AB The Land Dynamics (LaD) model is tested by comparison with observations of interannual variations in discharge from 44 large river basins for which relatively accurate time series of monthly precipitation (a primary model input) have recently been computed. When results are pooled across all basins, the model explains 67% of the interannual variance of annual runoff ratio anomalies (i.e., anomalies of annual discharge volume, normalized by long-term mean precipitation volume). The new estimates of basin precipitation appear to offer an improvement over those from a state-of-the-art analysis of global precipitation (the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation, CMAP), judging from comparisons of parallel model runs and of analyses of precipitation-discharge correlations. When the new precipitation estimates are used, the performance of the LaD model is comparable to, but not significantly better than, that of a simple, semiempirical water-balance relation that uses only annual totals of surface net radiation and precipitation. This implies that the LaD simulations of interannual runoff variability do not benefit substantially from information on geographical variability of land parameters or seasonal structure of interannual variability of precipitation. The aforementioned analyses necessitated the development of a method for downscaling of long-term monthly precipitation data to the relatively short timescales necessary for running the model. The method merges the long-term data with a reference dataset of 1-yr duration, having high temporal resolution. The success of the method, for the model and data considered here, was demonstrated in a series of model-model comparisons and in the comparisons of modeled and observed interannual variations of basin discharge. C1 NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, Div Water Resources, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 16 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 BP 311 EP 321 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554ME UT WOS:000175738900006 ER PT J AU Levin, I Amos, TG Nino, JC Vanderah, TA Reaney, IM Randall, CA Lanagan, MT AF Levin, I Amos, TG Nino, JC Vanderah, TA Reaney, IM Randall, CA Lanagan, MT TI Crystal structure of the compound Bi2Zn2/3Nb4/3O7 SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; ACTIVATION-ANALYSIS; PYROCHLORE; BISMUTH; CHEMISTRY AB The crystal structure of Bi2Zn2/3Nb4/3O7 was determined using a combination of electron, x-ray, and neutron powder diffraction. The compound crystallizes with a monoclinic zirconolite-like structure [C2/c (No.15) space group, a = 13.1037(9) Angstrom, b = 7.6735(3) Angstrom, c = 12.1584(6) Angstrom, beta = 101.318(5)degrees]. According to structural refinement using neutron diffraction data, Nb preferentially occupies six-fold coordinated sites in octahedral sheets parallel to the (001) planes, while Zn is statistically distributed between two half-occupied (5 + 1)-fold coordinated sites near the centers of six-membered rings of [Nb(Zn)O-6] octahedra. The Nb/Zn cation layers alternate along the c-axis with Bi-layers, in which Bi cations occupy both eight- and seven-fold coordinated sites. The eight-fold coordinated Bi atoms exhibited strongly anisotropic thermal displacements with an abnormally large component directed approximately along the c-axis (normal to the octahedral layers). C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Dielect Studies, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Nino, Juan/A-6496-2008; OI Nino, Juan/0000-0001-8256-0535; Randall, Clive/0000-0002-5478-2699 NR 16 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 15 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 1406 EP 1411 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0209 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 559NQ UT WOS:000176032600026 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Madden, VJ Noga, EJ Tester, PA AF Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Madden, VJ Noga, EJ Tester, PA TI Life cycle of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dinospore; division cyst; homothallic; hypnocyst; hypnozygote; in situ hybridization; planomeiocyte; planozygote; PNA probe; resting cyst; temporary cyst ID ALEXANDRIUM-TAYLORI DINOPHYCEAE; AMBUSH-PREDATOR DINOFLAGELLATE; WHOLE-CELL HYBRIDIZATION; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE; GYMNODINIUM-FUNGIFORME; PHANTOM DINOFLAGELLATE; GONYAULAX-TAMARENSIS; FISH KILLS; RED TIDE AB The putatively toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Steidinger et Burkholder) has been reported to have an unusual life cycle for a free-living marine dinoflagellate. As many as 24 life cycle stages were originally described for this species. During a recent phylogenetic study in which we used clonal cultures of P. piscicida , we were unable to confirm many reported life cycle stages. To resolve this discrepancy, we undertook a rigorous examination of the life cycle of P. piscicida using nuclear staining techniques combined with traditional light microscopy, high-resolution video microscopy, EM, and in situ hybridization with a suite of fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes. The results showed that P. piscicida had a typical haplontic dinoflagellate life cycle. Asexual division occurred within a division cyst and not by binary fission of motile cells. Sexual reproduction of this homothallic species occurred via the fusion of isogamous gametes. Examination of tanks where P. piscicida was actively feeding on fish showed that amoebae were present; however, they were contaminants introduced with the fish. Whole cell probing using in situ hybridization techniques confirmed that these amoebae were hybridization negative for a P. piscicida -specific PNA probe. Direct observations of clonal P. piscicida cultures revealed no unusual life cycle stages. Furthermore, the results of this study provided no evidence for transformations to amoebae. We therefore conclude that P. piscicida has a life cycle typical of free-living marine dinoflagellates and lacks any amoeboid or other specious stages. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Microscopy Serv Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Wayne.Litaker@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 442 EP 463 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.t01-1-01242.x PG 22 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 563AY UT WOS:000176232300004 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RN Kishore, N Lennen, RM AF Goldberg, RN Kishore, N Lennen, RM TI Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE buffers; enthalpy; equilibrium constant; evaluated data; Gibbs free; energy; heat capacity; ionization; pK; thermodynamic properties ID ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS; AQUEOUS SODIUM-CHLORIDE; IONIC-STRENGTH DEPENDENCE; 2ND DISSOCIATION-CONSTANT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; COMPLEX-FORMATION MODEL; APPARENT MOLAR VOLUMES; PHYSIOLOGICAL PH RANGE; ADENOSINE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE ATP; ACID ASSOCIATION QUOTIENTS AB This review contains selected values of thermodynamic quantities for the aqueous ionization reactions of 64 buffers, many of which are used in biological research, Since the aim is to be able to predict values of the ionization constant at temperatures not too far from ambient, the thermodynamic quantities which are tabulated are the pK, standard molar Gibbs energy Delta(r)Gdegrees, standard molar enthalpy Delta(r)Hdegrees, and standard molar heat capacity change Delta(r)C(p)degrees for each of the ionization reactions at the temperature T = 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. The chemical name(s) and CAS registry number, structure, empirical formula, and molecular weight are given for each buffer considered herein. The. selection of the values of the thermodynamic quantities for each buffer is discussed. (C) 2002 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 643 TC 274 Z9 275 U1 10 U2 62 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JUN PY 2002 VL 31 IS 2 BP 231 EP 370 PG 140 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 568QP UT WOS:000176554100001 ER PT J AU Walsh, EJ Wright, CW Vandemark, D Krabill, WB Garcia, AW Houston, SH Murillo, ST Powell, MD Black, PG Marks, FD AF Walsh, EJ Wright, CW Vandemark, D Krabill, WB Garcia, AW Houston, SH Murillo, ST Powell, MD Black, PG Marks, FD TI Hurricane directional wave spectrum spatial variation at landfall SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM FRICTION; EVOLUTION; SURFACE; OCEAN AB The NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter (SRA) flew aboard one of the NOAA WP-3D hurricane research aircraft to document the sea surface directional wave spectrum in the region between Charleston, South Carolina, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, as Hurricane Bonnie was making landfall near Wilmington, North Carolina, on 26 August 1998. Two days earlier, the SRA had documented the hurricane wave field spatial variation in open water when Bonnie was 400 km east of Abaco Island, Bahamas. Bonnie was similar in size during the two flights. The maximum wind speed was lower during the landfall flight (39 m(-1)) than it had been during the first flight (46 m s(-1)). Also, Bonnie was moving faster prior to landfall (9.5 m s(-1)) than when it was encountered in the open ocean (5 m s(-1)). The open ocean wave height spatial variation indicated that Hurricane Bonnie would have produced waves of 10 m height on the shore northeast of Wilmington had it not been for the continental shelf. The gradual shoaling distributed the wave energy dissipation process across the shelf so that the wavelength and wave height were reduced gradually as the shore was approached. The wave height 5 km from shore was about 4 m. Despite the dramatic differences in wave height caused by shoaling and the differences in the wind field and forward speed of the hurricane, there was a remarkable agreement in the wave propagation directions for the various wave components on the two days. This suggests that, in spite of its complexity, the directional wave field in the vicinity of a hurricane may be well behaved and lend itself to be modeled by a few parameters, such as the maximum wind speed, the radii of the maximum and gale force winds, and the recent movement of the storm. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA USA. USA, Engineer Res & Dev Ctr, Vicksburg, MS USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Walsh, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-ETL1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013; Murillo, Shirley/C-3259-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945; Murillo, Shirley/0000-0002-2075-8682 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1667 EP 1684 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1667:HDWSSV>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 555WN UT WOS:000175816400004 ER PT J AU Smith, KS Vallis, GK AF Smith, KS Vallis, GK TI The scales and equilibration of midocean eddies: forced-dissipative flow SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID OCEAN CIRCULATION MODELS; BETA-PLANE; GEOSTROPHIC TURBULENCE; EDDY; ENERGY; PARAMETERIZATION; GENERATION; WAVES; FLUX AB The statistical dynamics of midocean eddies, generated by baroclinic instability of a zonal mean flow, are studied in the context of homogeneous stratified quasigeostrophic turbulence. Existing theory for eddy scales and energies in fully developed turbulence is generalized and applied to a system with surface-intensified stratification and arbitrary zonal shear. The theory gives a scaling for the magnitude of the eddy potential vorticity flux, and its (momentum conserving) vertical structure. The theory is tested numerically by varying the magnitude and mode of the mean shear, the Coriolis gradient, and scale thickness of the stratification and found to be partially successful. It is found that the dynamics of energy in high (m>1) baroclinic modes typically resembles the turbulent diffusion of a passive scalar, regardless of the stratification profile, although energy in the first mode does not. It is also found that surface-intensified stratification affects the baroclinicity of flow: as thermocline thickness is decreased, the (statistically equilibrated) baroclinic energy levels remain nearly constant but the statistically equilibrated level of barotropic eddy energy falls. Eddy statistics are found to be relatively insensitive to the magnitude of linear bottom drag in the small drag limit. The theory for the magnitude and structure of the eddy potential vorticity flux is tested against a 15-layer simulation using profiles of density and shear representative of those found in the mid North Atlantic; the theory shows good skill in representing the vertical structure of the flux, and so might serve as the basis for a parameterization of eddy fluxes in the midocean. Finally, baroclinic kinetic energy is found to concentrate near the deformation scale. To the degree that surface motions represent baroclinic eddy kinetic energy, the present results are consistent with the observed correlation between surface eddy scales and the first radius of deformation. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Smith, KS (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. OI Smith, K Shafer/0000-0003-0740-3067 NR 26 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1699 EP 1720 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1699:TSAEOM>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 555WN UT WOS:000175816400006 ER PT J AU Levin, I Chan, JY Scott, JH Farber, L Vanderah, TA Maslar, JE AF Levin, I Chan, JY Scott, JH Farber, L Vanderah, TA Maslar, JE TI Complex polymorphic behavior and dielectric properties of perovskite-related Sr(Sr1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM AB The complex structural behavior of the perovskite-related compound Sr4Nb2O9 [= Sr(Sr1/3Nb2/3)O-3] has been investigated using electron, X-ray, and neutron powder diffraction. Analysis of well-equilibrated specimens annealed at various temperatures indicated that two thermodynamically stable polymorphs occur above and below T= 1250degreesC. The high-temperature (HT) polymorph exhibits an average cubic structure (Fm (3) over barm, a approximate to 2a(c) , where "c" refers to the cubic similar to 4 A perovskite unit cell) with 1:1 (NaCl-type) partial ordering of Sr2+ and Nb5+ on the B sites. The low-temperature (LT) phase is monoclinic (P2(1)/n, a approximate to 6a(c)root3, b approximate to 2a(c)root2, c approximate to a(c)root6, beta approximate to 90degrees) with a distinct, yet unknown, B-cation arrangement. Examination of the HT cubic polymorph using electron diffraction revealed diffuse intensity contours that were consistent with additional local ordering/ cluster formation on the sites of the mixed (Sr/Nb) fcc cubic sublattice of the 1:1 ordered B-cation array. Concentration of intensity observed at certain points within the diffuse intensity contours was attributed to superstructure formation. Additionally, refinements of the HT structure using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data indicated local displacements of both oxygen and A-site Sr atoms which resembled those associated with octahedral tilting. HT-Sr4Nb2O9 specimens subsequently annealed at 900degreesC exhibited remarkably complex chemical and structural behavior: The contours of diffuse intensity were replaced by arrays of sharp superlattice reflections corresponding to at least four distinct metastable superstructures, all derived from the 1:1 B-cation arrangement. Compositional analysis indicated that these phases exhibit Sr/Nb ratios slightly different from 2/1; that is, they are not true polymorphs, but rather a series of structurally distinct phases with compositions near Sr4Nb2O9. The metastable superstructures were attributed to ordering of Sr and Nb on the mixed B sites in the 1:1 ordered array, possibly combined with either A-site or oxygen vacancy ordering, depending on the Sr/Nb ratio in the particular phase. The metastable phases transform to the stable LT-Sr4Nb2O9 phase upon annealing in the 1100-1200degreesC temperature range. The dielectric properties of HT- and LT-Sr4Nb2O9 were measured by capacitive methods at 1 NMz. HT-Sr4Nb2O9 exhibited an ambient permittivity of 40 with a non-monotonic temperature dependence, while that for LT-Sr4Nb2O9 was 30 with near-linear temperature dependence. The peculiar dielectric behavior of HTSr4Nb2O9 was ascribed to the competitive responses of nanodomains having somewhat different structures and compositions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Chan, Julia/C-5392-2008 OI Chan, Julia/0000-0003-4434-2160 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 166 IS 1 BP 24 EP 41 DI 10.1006/jssc.2002.9548 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 592HV UT WOS:000177932800004 ER PT J AU Farber, L Levin, I Borisevich, A Grey, IE Roth, RS Davies, PK AF Farber, L Levin, I Borisevich, A Grey, IE Roth, RS Davies, PK TI Structural study of Li1+x-yNb1-x-3yTix+4yO3 solid solutions SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE niobates; titanates; intergrowth structures; high resolution TEM; homologous series; lithium miobate ID COMPOUND AB The structures of Li1+x-yNb1-x-3yTix+4yO3 solid solutions within the so-called M-phase field in the Li2O-Nb2O5-TiO2 system were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron, microscope (HRTEM) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrated that the phase field is not a solid solution but rather a homologous series of commensurate intergrowth structures with LiNbO3-type (LN) slabs separated by single [Ti2O3](2+) corundum-type layers. The thickness of the LN slab decreases with increasing Ti-content from similar to55 to 3 atomic layers in the metastable H-Li2Ti3O7 end-member. The LN slabs accommodate a wide range of Ti4+/Nb5+ substitution, and for a given homolog the distribution of Ti and Nb is not uniform across the slab. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a structure composed of nine-layer LT slabs revealed preferential segregation of Ti to the slab surfaces which apparently provides partial compensation for the charge on the adjacent [Ti2O3](2+) corundum layers. The extra cations in phases with x > 0 are accommodated through the formation of Li-rich Li2MO3-type layers in the middle of the LN slabs. The fraction of layers with extra cations increases with increasing, Ti-content in the structure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CSIRO, Div Minerals, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Davies, PK (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Borisevich, Albina/B-1624-2009; Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 OI Borisevich, Albina/0000-0002-3953-8460; NR 14 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 166 IS 1 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1006/jssc.2002.9563 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 592HV UT WOS:000177932800011 ER PT J AU Wallace, JS Huh, JM Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA AF Wallace, JS Huh, JM Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA TI Grain growth and twin formation in 0.74PMN-0.26PT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BARIUM-TITANATE; LIQUID; COALESCENCE; CERAMICS AB The mechanisms controlling normal and exaggerated grain growth in lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) ceramics have been investigated by varying the PbO-based liquid-phase volume fraction from 0.03 to 0.6 and sintering temperature from 900degrees to 1100degreesC. There is a transition in matrix grain growth rate and matrix grain shape with liquid fraction. samples with liquid volume fractions less than similar to0.15 show relatively small equiaxed grains resulting from grain-to-grain impingement. Samples with higher liquid fractions show significantly larger, facetted, cube-shaped grains, whose size is independent of liquid fraction, indicating that a surface nucleation rate mechanism controls growth in this regime. Exaggerated grains were found in the high liquid fraction samples. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that all of the exaggerated grains contained 60degrees <111> twins but none of the normal matrix grains contained twins. The reentrant angles in the twinned grains give them a growth advantage over untwinned grains, resulting in a population of exaggerated grains. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, JS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1584 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 570PV UT WOS:000176667400037 ER PT J AU Carrubba, L AF Carrubba, L TI Reply to discussion - by Lee Carrubba - "Hydrologic modeling at the watershed scale using NPSM" SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Caribbean Field Off, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. RP Carrubba, L (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Caribbean Field Off, POB 3323, Lajas, PR 00667 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 38 IS 3 BP 873 EP 874 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01004.x PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 572HW UT WOS:000176769300022 ER PT J AU Clark, JD Chu, PS AF Clark, JD Chu, PS TI Interannual variation of tropical cyclone activity over the Central North Pacific SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID SAHELIAN MONSOON RAINFALL; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; STRONG ASSOCIATION; STORM FORMATION; HURRICANES; VARIABILITY; VICINITY; HAWAII AB The annual mean number of tropical cyclones in the Central North Pacific (CNP) is approximately three. Although this number is low in comparison to other basins, the interannual variability of tropical cyclones, which includes tropical storms and hurricanes, is high. For the period 1966-1997, the annual number ranges from 0 to 10 tropical cyclones. There is a large and positive correlation between CNP tropical cyclone counts and El Nino 3.4 region SST anomalies with a 95% significance level. In the El Nino Hurricane Season (ENHS), a greater number of cyclones formed in the CNP and more cyclones propagated into this area from the east. The monsoon trough, low level relative vorticity, and tropospheric vertical wind shear in the CNP undergo pronounced changes during warm and cold phases of ENSO. For instance, the 1000 hPa relative vorticity values within the CNP in an El Nino autumn composite are double the values in a corresponding La Nina composite. The El Nino autumn composite of tropospheric vertical wind shear shows a two to three times reduction equatorward of 16degreesN-17degreesN when compared to the La Nina autumn composite. The increased values of the dynamic potential term in Gray's (1977) seasonal genesis parameter correspond well with the increased cyclone frequency in the CNP for an ENHS composite. Furthermore, a majority of initial detection points of named storms is found within a band of relatively large values of dynamic potential. This suggests that this term can be used to diagnose favorable areas for tropical cyclogenesis on a seasonal time scale. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NCEP, Marine Predict Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Chu, PS (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Meteorol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM chu@soest.hawaii.edu NR 31 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 80 IS 3 BP 403 EP 418 DI 10.2151/jmsj.80.403 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 582HZ UT WOS:000177345900005 ER PT J AU Steel, EA Neuhausser, S AF Steel, EA Neuhausser, S TI Comparison of methods for measuring visual water clarity SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE visibility; turbidity; light; water clarity; Secchi disc; horizontal black disc ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; NATURAL-WATERS; TURBIDITY; LIGHT; DISK AB Visual water clarity is a primary regulator of biological and ecological functions in both benthic and aquatic systems. We present a large data set, collected under variable field conditions, to compare measurements of visual water clarity between the horizontal black disc, a horizontal Secchi disc, and 2 more traditional techniques: a vertical Secchi disc and an electronic nephelometer. Distance readings between the 2 horizontal discs were nearly equivalent (r = 0.98). The horizontal discs provided a measure of visibility that was strongly correlated with that of the vertical Secchi disc (r = 0.96, 0.93). Correlation between measurements made with visual discs and with the electronic nephelometer was high (-0.86 < r < -0.85) but not as high as among measurements made using the 3 types of visual disc. The coefficient of variation, a relative indicator of precision, was similar for the 3 visual methods but higher for the electronic nephelometer. Analyses indicated that there was variation in horizontal disc distance readings among observers. We recommend the use of horizontal visual discs by trained observers as an inexpensive, practical, and precise tool for measuring visual water clarity. C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Steel, EA (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Watershed Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 12 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 326 EP 335 DI 10.2307/1468419 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 561TP UT WOS:000176159000011 ER PT J AU Mates, SP Basak, D Biancaniello, FS Ridder, SD Geist, J AF Mates, SP Basak, D Biancaniello, FS Ridder, SD Geist, J TI Calibration of a two-color imaging pyrometer and its use for particle measurements in controlled air plasma spray experiments SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air plasma spray; calibration control; imaging pyrometry; particle sensor ID LASER POLARIMETRY; HIGH-TEMPERATURES; THERMAL SPRAYS; HEAT; SIZE; DIAGNOSTICS AB Advances in digital imaging technology have enabled the development of sensors that can measure the temperature and velocity of individual thermal spray particles over a large volume of the spray plume simultaneously using imaging pyrometry (IP) and particle streak velocimetry (PSV). This paper describes calibration, uncertainty analysis, and particle measurements with a commercial IP-PSV particle sensor designed for measuring particles in an air plasma spray (APS) process. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and molybdenum powders were sprayed in the experiments. An energy balance model of the spray torch was used to manipulate the average particle velocity and temperature in desired ways to test the response of the sensor to changes in the spray characteristics. Time-resolved particle data were obtained by averaging particle streaks in each successive image acquired by the sensor. Frame average particle velocity and temperature were found to fluctuate by 10% during 6 s acquisition periods. These fluctuations, caused by some combination of arc instability, turbulence, and unsteady powder feeding, contribute substantially to the overall particle variability in the spray plume. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sequoyah Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.mates@nist.gov NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1059-9630 EI 1544-1016 J9 J THERM SPRAY TECHN JI J. Therm. Spray Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1361/105996302770348853 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA 574XL UT WOS:000176915300006 ER PT J AU Lipson, DA Roberts, DA Hansen-Flaschen, J Gentile, TR Jones, G Thompson, A Dimitrov, IE Palevsky, HI Leigh, JS Schnall, M Rizi, RR AF Lipson, DA Roberts, DA Hansen-Flaschen, J Gentile, TR Jones, G Thompson, A Dimitrov, IE Palevsky, HI Leigh, JS Schnall, M Rizi, RR TI Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion scanning using hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI and arterial spin tagging in healthy normal subjects and in pulmonary embolism and orthotopic lung transplant patients SO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE lung MRI; ventilation and perfusion; hyperpolarized gas; arterial spin-tagging; emphysema; lung transplant ID AIR SPACES; HE-3 GAS AB Conventional nuclear ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning is limited in spatial resolution and requires exposure to radioactivity. The acquisition of pulmonary V/Q images using MRI overcomes these difficulties. When inhaled, hyperpolarized helium-3 (He-3) permits MRI of gas distribution. Magnetic labeling of blood (arterial spin-tagging (AST)) provides images of pulmonary perfusion. Three normal subjects, two patients who had undergone single lung transplantation for emphysema, and one subject with pulmonary embolism (PE), were imaged. He-3 distribution and blood perfusion appeared uniform in the normal subjects and throughout the lung allografts. Gas distribution and perfusion in the emphysematous lungs were non-uniform and paralleled radiographic abnormalities. AST imaging alone revealed a lower-lobe wedge-shaped perfusion defect in the patient with PE that corresponded to computed tomography (CT) imaging. Hyperpolarized He-3 gas is demonstrated to provide ventilation images of the lung. Blood perfusion information may be obtained during the same examination using the AST technique. The sequential application of these imaging methods provides a novel tool for studying V/Q relationships. C1 Hosp Univ Penn, Div Pulm Allergy & Crit Care Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Hosp Univ Penn, Dept Radiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Hosp Univ Penn, Metab Magnet Resonance Res & Comp Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lipson, DA (reprint author), Hosp Univ Penn, Div Pulm Allergy & Crit Care Med, 3400 Spruce St,821 W Gates Bldg, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Schnall, Mitchell/D-1149-2009; OI Dimitrov, Ivan/0000-0003-2686-6884; Hansen-Flaschen, John/0000-0003-1989-7244 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR02305]; NHLBI NIH HHS [K23 HL04486, R01HL64741] NR 20 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0740-3194 J9 MAGNET RESON MED JI Magn. Reson. Med. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1073 EP 1076 DI 10.1002/mrm.10172 PG 4 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 557XV UT WOS:000175935100005 PM 12111953 ER PT J AU Parrish, FA Pyle, RL AF Parrish, FA Pyle, RL TI Field comparison of open-circuit scuba to closed-circuit rebreathers for deep mixed-gas diving operations SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A comparison of open-circuit scuba diving to closed-circuit ("rebreather') diving was conducted while collecting fishery data on black coral beds in Hawaii. Both methodologies used mixed gas from the same ship-based support system. The comparison was based on a series of eight dives, four open-circuit and four closed-circuit. These were used to make a direct-comparison of the gear in a square dive profile, a multilevel profile and two dives of varying profiles. Four general criteria were considered: time requirements for topside equipment preparation and maintenance, consumption of expendables, decompression efficiency, and potential dive durations and bailout capabilities for each of the two technologies. The open-circuit divers required 4 times as much topside equipment preparation as the rebreather, divers, consumed 17 times as much gas, and cost 7 times more in expendables. The open-circuit divers incurred 42% more decompression time for the square profile dives and 70016 more decompression time for the multilevel profile dives than the closed-circuit dive team. Most of the decompression advantage for the closed-circuit team is from the benefit of real-time decompression calculations, but some benefit comes from the breathing gas optimization inherent to rebreathers. For a given mass of equipment, the rebreathers allow for as much as 7.7 times more bottom time, or emergency bailout capability (depending on the chosen depth of the dive), compared with the open-circuit system. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI USA. Bernice P Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI USA. RP Parrish, FA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 13 EP 22 PG 10 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 590BT UT WOS:000177797900002 ER PT J AU Muzzi, RW Eadie, BJ AF Muzzi, RW Eadie, BJ TI The design and performance of a sequencing sediment trap for lake research SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TURBULENT FLOWS; MICHIGAN; BIASES; FLUXES AB Static sediment traps have been successfully used to examine the processes of particle flux and resuspension in large lakes and coastal systems. Although the traps themselves are inexpensive, the deployment and retrieval of them is costly, which restricts both the quantity and frequency of samples. To overcome tit is, a programmable sequencing sediment trap was designed and tested for use in large lakes and coastal systems. Sediment is collected into a carousel of 23 standard 60 ml (Nalgene(TM)) polyethylene sample bottles. The sequencing design incorporates an electric motor and paddle to rotate the carousel so that one sample bottle at a time is exposed according to a preprogrammed schedule. These traps incorporate a cylindrical design with a 20 cm collection opening and an 8:1 aspect ratio. The micro-controller monitors the operation and records operational parameters allowing confirmation of the exposure time of each bottle. Several field tests were conducted to verify the precision and uniformity of the sediment collection. Improvements made over the 10 years of deployment experience and field testing have resulted in a very reliable and low-cost instrument. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Muzzi, RW (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI COLUMBIA PA 5565 STERRETT PLACE, STE 108, COLUMBIA, MD 21044 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 23 EP 28 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 590BT UT WOS:000177797900003 ER PT J AU Shepard, A Fryer, P Bellingham, J Moore, B Kelly, M Zande, J McCurdy, A Carless, J Ward, M Lemmerman, L AF Shepard, A Fryer, P Bellingham, J Moore, B Kelly, M Zande, J McCurdy, A Carless, J Ward, M Lemmerman, L TI Link 2002 Symposium "Sea and Space Experts Join to Develop Undersea Technologies" held 20-22 May 2002 at NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Link Project Workshop CY MAY 20-22, 2002 CL KENNEDY, FLORIDA C1 Univ N Carolina, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28401 USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium & Res Inst, Monterey, CA USA. Natl Undersea Res Program, Silver Spring, MD USA. NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD USA. Marine Adv Technol & Educ Ctr, Monterey, CA USA. NASA, Oceanog Outreach, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Sci Tek Commun, Orlando, FL USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Shepard, A (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28401 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SUM PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 70 EP 77 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 590BT UT WOS:000177797900012 ER PT J AU Shortt, K Meghzifene, A Saravi, M Amorim, R Gutt, F Tovar, V Shobe, J AF Shortt, K Meghzifene, A Saravi, M Amorim, R Gutt, F Tovar, V Shobe, J TI International dosimetry comparison SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. Comis Nacl Energia Atom, RA-1429 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Comis Nacl Energia Nucl, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Invest Nucl, Mexico City 11801, DF, Mexico. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1199 EP 1199 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 565ME UT WOS:000176373400047 ER PT J AU Soares, C Mourtada, F AF Soares, C Mourtada, F TI Dosimetry characterization of a 20mm 32P source wire for use in vascular brachytherapy SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Guidant Vasc Intervent, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1225 EP 1225 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 565ME UT WOS:000176373400175 ER PT J AU Mitch, M Seltzer, S Coursey, B AF Mitch, M Seltzer, S Coursey, B TI A secondary calibration laboratory well-chamber calibration proficiency test for Ir-192 ribbon sources used in intravascular brachytherapy SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1227 EP 1227 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 565ME UT WOS:000176373400182 ER PT J AU Mitch, M Lamperti, P Seltzer, S Coursey, B AF Mitch, M Lamperti, P Seltzer, S Coursey, B TI New methods for anisotropy characterization of Pd-103 and I-125 prostate brachytherapy seed emissions using radiochromic film and angular x-ray spectrometry SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1228 EP 1228 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 565ME UT WOS:000176373400189 ER PT J AU Soares, C Sliski, A AF Soares, C Sliski, A TI Absorbed dose measurements of a handheld 50-KV x-ray source in water with ionization chambers and plastic scintillators SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Photoelectron Crop, Lexington, MA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1351 EP 1351 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 565ME UT WOS:000176373400743 ER PT J AU Boettinger, WJ Kattner, UR AF Boettinger, WJ Kattner, UR TI On differential thermal analyzer curves for the melting and freezing of alloys SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID KINETICS; DIFFUSION; MODEL AB Using a heat-flow model of a differential thermal analyzer and thermal characteristics obtained by fitting experimental results for a pure metal, the response of the differential thermal analyzer is modeled for the melting and solidification of alloys. The enthalpy-temperature relation used for the alloy simulations is obtained by two different methods: (1) equilibrium and Scheil considerations derived solely from thermodynamic information and (2) solute-diffusion micromodels coupled to the differential thermal analysis (DTA) heat-flow equations. During the consideration of pure material melting, simple expressions are obtained for the effect of sample size and heating rate on the DTA melting onset temperature, peak temperature, and peak height, which assist in the proper calibration of a differential thermal analyzer. For alloys, the smearing effect of the DTA heat flow at different heating and cooling rates is demonstrated for various solidification-path features. In particular, the DTA peak temperature during melting, which is often selected as the liquidus temperature experimentally, is shown to be significantly higher than the liquidus temperature for small-freezing-range alloys and/ or for alloys with slow solid diffusion. The DTA curves calculated for freezing with dendritic growth due to supercooling, quantify the errors associated with the determination of the Liquidus temperature on cooling. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 12 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 6 BP 1779 EP 1794 DI 10.1007/s11661-002-0187-1 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 560NG UT WOS:000176087700020 ER PT J AU Swinker, M Tester, P Attix, DK Schmechel, D AF Swinker, M Tester, P Attix, DK Schmechel, D TI Human health effects of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida: a review SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Review DE Pfiesteria; dinoflagellate; health; human ID ESTUARY-ASSOCIATED SYNDROME; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS; NORTH-CAROLINA; DINOFLAGELLATE; FISH; CONSEQUENCES; TOXIN; RATS AB Since its identification, the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida has been implicated in fish kills and fish disease in the southeastern United States. Adverse health effects have been reported in researchers working with the organism and in watermen following exposure to a fish kill in Maryland. A bioactive secretion is postulated as the cause of these effects but has not yet been isolated and chemically characterized. The biology and toxicology of this organism remain the topic of debate and research. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Off Prospect Hlth, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Div Med Psychol, Durham, NC 27705 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Neurol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. RP Swinker, M (reprint author), E Carolina Univ, Sch Med, Off Prospect Hlth, Room 188,Warren Bldg,600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC 27858 USA. NR 70 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 7 BP 751 EP 762 AR PII S1286-4579(02)01594-0 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01594-0 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 578PN UT WOS:000177127100009 PM 12067835 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI Evaluating the effect of stage-specific survivorship on the N-e/N ratio SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE effective population size; family correlated survival; family size variance; marine survival; Pacific salmon; Type III survivorship ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; RUN CHINOOK SALMON; GENETIC DRIFT; COHO SALMON; SELECTION AB Evaluating effective population size (N-e) and the effective size to census size ratio (N-e/N) in species with Type III survivorship curves is complicated when key demographic parameters [mean ((k) over bar) and variance (V-k) of family size] are measured during early life stages. The method of Crow & Morton (1955) for scaling demographic data collected at a juvenile stage to expected values at adulthood is extended to consider sequential episodes of random and family correlated survival. Results show the following: (i) The order in which the episodes of random and family-correlated survival occur does not affect N-e or N-e/N, (ii) If a population experiences an episode of family-correlated survival, N-e/N scaled to its expected value in a population of constant size ((k) over bar = 2) is simply the survival rate during the family-correlated stage. If multiple such stages occur, scaled N-e/N is the product of the survivals during all family-correlated life stages; (iii) Under the assumption of random post-enumeration survival, adjusting the variance effective size to its expected value at (k) over bar = 2 is equivalent to computing the inbreeding effective size at the earlier life stage. Application to experimental data for hatchery populations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that nonrandom survival during the marine phase led to estimated reductions in effective size of 0-62% (mean 19%) in 12 different cohorts. This approach can provide insights into N-e/N in highly fecund species, including some marine species in which N-e has been estimated to be several orders of magnitude less than N. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 27 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1037 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01504.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 556GL UT WOS:000175841000007 PM 12090236 ER PT J AU LaHood, ES Moran, P Olsen, J Grant, WS Park, LK AF LaHood, ES Moran, P Olsen, J Grant, WS Park, LK TI Microsatellite allele ladders in two species of Pacific salmon: preparation and field-test results SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES LA English DT Article DE allele ladders; electrophresis; genotyping; microsatellite; relative mobility AB To support microsatellite data communication, we have developed a convenient method for creating locus-specific microsatellite allele ladders used to align data from different laboratories. The ladders were constructed by pooling polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to create a template for amplification. Four ladders were field-tested in six different laboratories using different genotyping platforms. Despite substantial differences in absolute size estimates of DNA fragments, each laboratory correctly scored unknown sample genotypes according to the ladder designations. The results indicate that our simple preparation method provides reliable allele ladders in a time-efficient manner for verifying microsatellite genotypes across platforms. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Gene Conservat Lab, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP LaHood, ES (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 3 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-8278 J9 MOL ECOL NOTES JI Mol. Ecol. Notes PD JUN PY 2002 VL 2 IS 2 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00174.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 565LN UT WOS:000176371900036 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM White, AB Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG AF Neiman, PJ Ralph, FM White, AB Kingsmill, DE Persson, POG TI The statistical relationship between upslope flow and rainfall in California's coastal mountains: Observations during CALJET SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL FLOW; OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION; SIERRA-NEVADA; MESOSCALE; MODEL; RADAR; ATMOSPHERE; MECHANISM; EVOLUTION; UPSTREAM AB The California Landfalling Jets Experiment (CALJET) was carried out during the winter of 1997/98, in part to study orographic rainfall in California's coastal mountains using coastal wind profilers. This observational study statistically links hourly rainfall rates observed by tipping-bucket rain gauges in California's quasi-linear coastal mountains to the hourly averaged upslope component of the flow measured by coastal wind profilers immediately upstream. Vertical profiles of the linear correlation coefficient of upslope flow versus rain rate are calculated on a case-by-case basis, for all cases containing a low-level jet (LLJ), and for the winter season of 1997/98. These correlation coefficient profiles show a direct relationship between the magnitude of the upslope flow impacting the coast and the magnitude of the rain rate in the downstream coastal mountains. Maximum correlation coefficients are as large as 0.94 in some individual cases, 0.75 for a composite of LLJ cases, and 0.70 for the winter season. Using three locations with differing coastal terrain characteristics, it is found that the layer of upslope flow that optimally modulates orographic rainfall is near mountaintop, that is, about 1 km above mean sea level for California's coastal ranges. This height also corresponds to the mean altitude of landfalling LLJs observed by the coastal profilers. The correlation coefficient in this layer is largest when the rain rates are used from the coastal mountain sites rather than from the coastal sites, thus further highlighting the physical connection between upslope flow and orographic rainfall in the coastal mountains. The presence of shallow, terrain-blocked flow modulates the correlation coefficient profiles below mountaintop, such that the low-level flow at the coast is poorly correlated with rain rates observed in the coastal mountains. However, cases without significant blocking retain relatively large correlation coefficient values below mountaintop. Landfalling LLJs produce the largest enhancement of upslope flow at the altitude of the LLJ, despite the existence of terrain-modified flows below mountaintop during some LLJ events. The steepest increase in rain rate for a given increase in upslope flow also occurs at jet level, as does the largest correlation coefficient of upslope flow versus rain rate. Therefore, the upslope-induced orographic rain-rate response associated with landfalling LLJs is largest (2.55 mm h(-1)) and statistically most robust near the altitude of those LLJs. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009 NR 56 TC 117 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1468 EP 1492 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1468:TSRBUF>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 546HF UT WOS:000175268100003 ER PT J AU Mann, GE Wagenmaker, RB Sousounis, PJ AF Mann, GE Wagenmaker, RB Sousounis, PJ TI The influence of multiple lake interactions upon lake-effect storms SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AGGREGATE MESOSCALE DISTURBANCES; BOUNDARY-LAYER; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; EFFECT SNOWSTORMS; WINTER WEATHER; UNITED-STATES; GREAT-LAKES; EFFECT SNOW; MICHIGAN; MODEL AB Mesoscale disturbances in close proximity to one another typically undergo process interactions, which ultimately may result in the formation of a disturbance on the scale of the combined mesoscale disturbances. Embedded within this combined disturbance, some semblance of the incipient individual mesoscale disturbances may be preserved, especially in instances when the individual forcing mechanisms are fixed in space, as in the case of the Great Lakes. Studies have shown that during prolonged cold air outbreaks, collective lake disturbances can originate from the organization of individual lake-scale disturbances. These collective lake disturbances may, through scale interactions, alter the behavior of the contributing individual lake-scale disturbances and the embedded lake-effect storms. Factor separation decomposition of the Great Lakes system indicates that various interactions among lake-scale processes contribute to the overall development of the regional-scale disturbance, which can modulate embedded lake-effect snowbands. Contributions from these interactions tend to offset the individual lake contributions, especially during the development of the collective lake disturbance, but vary spatially and temporally. As the regional-scale disturbance matures, lake-lake interactions then accentuate the individual lake contributions. Specifically, the modulation of lake-effect snowbands was translational, intensional, and in some instances morphological in nature. Near Lake Michigan, processes attributed to Lake Superior (upstream lake) were direct and synergistic (indirect) resulting in a time delay of maximum snowfall intensity, while processes attributed to the downstream lakes were primarily synergistic resulting in an overall decrease in snowfall intensity. Furthermore, as the collective lake disturbance matured, Lake Superior-induced processes contributed to a significant morphological change in the Lake Michigan lake-effect snowbands. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, White Lake, MI 48386 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Mann, GE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Detroit Pontiac,9200 White Lake Rd, White Lake, MI 48386 USA. NR 42 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1510 EP 1530 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1510:TIOMLI>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 546HF UT WOS:000175268100005 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM Snyder, C AF Hamill, TM Snyder, C TI Using improved background-error covariances from an ensemble Kalman filter for adaptive observations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; DATA ASSIMILATION; TARGETED OBSERVATIONS; SINGULAR VECTORS; THEORETICAL ASPECTS; ANALYSIS SCHEME; PART I; FASTEX; FORECASTS AB A method for determining adaptive observation locations is demonstrated. This method is based on optimal estimation (Kalman filter) theory; it determines the observation location that will maximize the expected improvement, which can be measured in terms of the expected reduction in analysis or forecast variance. This technique requires an accurate model for background error statistics that vary both in space and in time. Here, these covariances are generated using an ensemble Kalman filter assimilation scheme. A variant is also developed that can estimate the analysis improvement in data assimilation schemes where background error statistics are less accurate. This approach is demonstrated using a quasigeostrophic channel model under perfect-model assumptions. The algorithm is applied here to find the supplemental rawinsonde location to add to a regular network of rawinsondes that will reduce analysis errors the most. The observation network is configured in this experiment so there is a data void in the western third of the domain. One-hundred-member ensembles from three data assimilation schemes are tested as input to the target selection procedure, two variants of the standard ensemble Kalman filter and a third perturbed observation (3DVAR) ensemble. The algorithm is shown to find large differences in the expected variance reduction depending on the observation location, the flow of the day, and the ensemble used in the adaptive observation algorithm. When using the two variants of the ensemble Kalman filter, the algorithm defined consistently similar adaptive locations to each other, and assimilation of the adaptive observation typically reduced analysis errors significantly. When the 3DVAR ensemble was used, the algorithm picked very different observation locations and the analyses were not improved as much. The amount of improvement from assimilating a supplemental adaptive observation instead of a fixed observation in the middle of the void depended on whether the observation was assimilated sporadically or during every analysis cycle. For sporadic assimilation, the adaptive observation provided a dramatic improvement relative to the supplemental fixed observation. When an adaptive observation was regularly assimilated every cycle, the improvement was smaller. For the sporadic assimilation of an adaptive observation, targeting based simply on the maximum spread in background forecasts provided similar target locations and similar analysis improvements to those generated with the full algorithm. The improvement from the regular assimilation of an adaptive observation based on the spread algorithm was no larger than when observations from a fixed target in the middle of the void were regularly assimilated. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 57 TC 64 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 130 IS 6 BP 1552 EP 1572 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1552:UIBECF>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 546HF UT WOS:000175268100007 ER PT J AU Imai, M Sataka, M Kitazawa, S Komaki, K Kawatsura, K Shibata, H Tawara, H Azuma, T Kanai, Y Yamazaki, Y AF Imai, M Sataka, M Kitazawa, S Komaki, K Kawatsura, K Shibata, H Tawara, H Azuma, T Kanai, Y Yamazaki, Y TI Angular momentum distributions of Rydberg state electrons of Be-like sulfur produced through foil penetration SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Atomic Collisions in Solids CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE DE Rydberg state; excitation; ionization; charge transfer; non-equilibrium mean charge ID AUGER-SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON FOILS; FAST IONS; COLLISIONS; SPECTRA; SOLIDS; S12+; HE AB Spectra for Coster-Kronig (C-K) transition Is(2) 2p(P-2(3/2))9l --> Is(2) 2s (S-2(1/2))epsilonl' of Be-like S12+ ions produced following penetration of 2.5 MeV/u Sq+ ions (q = 7, 10, 12, 13) through C-foil targets of various thickness (1-6.9 mug/cm(2)) have been probed using zero-degree electron spectroscopy. It has been found that in collisions for Sq+ (q = 7, 10) ion incidence, in which the C-K electrons originate from the projectile bound electrons, a fraction of the angular momentum l = 1 of the Rydberg state decreases, and fractions of higher (l greater than or equal to 2) angular momenta increase, while the total intensity of the C-K electrons grows, as target foil thickness increases. The electron spectra for Sq+ (q = 13) incident ions, in which the autoionizing Be-like state is preferably formed by electron capture from the target continuum upon or near the exiting surface, do not change in l-distribution or intensity. The shift to higher l comes from the multiple collisions of electron with the target, in traveling at the same speed under the strong Coulomb potential of the projectile. The observed dependence of the l-distribution and the intensity of the Rydberg state on projectile initial charge and target thickness indicates the importance of transport phenomena for both the S13+ core and the projectile-entrained electrons inside solid. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. Inst Phys & Chem Res, Atom Phys Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Tokyo, Nucl Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191188, Japan. Kyoto Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Mat Technol, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Inst Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan. Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Mat Sci, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. RP Imai, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. RI Azuma, Toshiyuki/B-7471-2015; Yamazaki, Yasunori/N-8018-2015; Kanai, Yasuyuki/A-2599-2009 OI Yamazaki, Yasunori/0000-0001-5712-0853; NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JUN PY 2002 VL 193 BP 674 EP 679 AR PII S0168-583X(02)00885-6 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00885-6 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 577HM UT WOS:000177055500109 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Chen-Mayer, HH Lamaze, GP Simons, DS Thompson, PE AF Coakley, KJ Chen-Mayer, HH Lamaze, GP Simons, DS Thompson, PE TI Calibration of a stopping power model for silicon based on analysis of neutron depth profiling and secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE calibration; neutron depth profiling; secondary ion mass spectrometry; silicon; SRIM; stopping power ID SPECTRA; SI AB We measure the boron concentration versus depth profile within a silicon sample with four delta-doped planes by secondary ion mass spectrometry. In a neutron depth profiling (NDP) experiment, we illuminate the sample with a neutron beam. Nuclear reactions between the boron nuclei and neutrons produce alpha particles. Based on the measured boron concentration profile and models for the stopping power of the silicon sample, energy straggling, multiple scattering, and the observed energy resolution of the alpha particle detector, we predict the observed energy spectrum of the detected alpha particles. We predict the stopping power of silicon using the stopping and range of ions in matter code SRIM-2000. The predicted locations of the NDP energy peaks are consistently at lower energies than the locations of the observed peaks. This discrepancy is consistent with the claim that SRIM-2000 overestimates the actual stopping power of silicon. Empirically, we estimate a stopping power reduction factor to be 5.06% +/- 1.06%. When we reduce the SRIM-2000 prediction by this factor, we get good agreement between the observed and predicted NDP measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway,MS 898-02, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JUN PY 2002 VL 192 IS 4 BP 349 EP 359 AR PII S0168-583X(02)00481-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00481-0 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 568AW UT WOS:000176521100001 ER PT J AU Garstang, RH AF Garstang, RH TI Light pollution at Mount Wilson and at Palomar in 1931-32 SO OBSERVATORY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garstang, RH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OBSERVATORY PI OXFORD PA RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB, CHILTON DIDCOT,, OXFORD OX11 OQX, ENGLAND SN 0029-7704 J9 OBSERVATORY JI Observatory PD JUN PY 2002 VL 122 IS 1168 BP 154 EP 158 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 568XY UT WOS:000176571200001 ER PT J AU Ezer, T Arango, H Shchepetkin, AF AF Ezer, Tal Arango, Hernan Shchepetkin, Alexander F. TI Developments in terrain-following ocean models: intercomparisons of numerical aspects SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Ocean modeling; Numerical methods; Sigma coordinates AB During the course of developing new numerical algorithms for a terrain-following ocean modeling system (TOMS), different numerical aspects have been evaluated through a comparison between two widely used community ocean models, the Princeton ocean model (POM) and the regional ocean modeling system (ROMS). While both models aim at modeling coastal to basin-scale problems using similar grids, their numerical algorithms, code structure, and parameterization options are very different. Sensitivity studies with an idealized channel flow and a steep seamount configuration demonstrate how different algorithms in the two models may affect numerical errors, the stability of the code and the computational efficiency. For example, new pressure gradient schemes using polynomial fits and new time stepping algorithms may reduce numerical errors and allow using longer time steps than standard schemes do. However, the new schemes may require more careful choices of time steps and the use of higher order advection schemes to maintain numerical stability. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ezer, Tal] Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Arango, Hernan] Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. [Shchepetkin, Alexander F.] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM ezer@splash.princeton.edu OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 FU NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory FX The development of an expert terrain-following ocean modeling system is supported by ONR's Ocean Modeling and Prediction Branch. K. Bryan, G. Mellor, and two reviewers provide useful comments. Computational support for T. E. was provided by the NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. NR 51 TC 85 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 249 EP 267 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00003-3 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00003-3 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V05FL UT WOS:000207111800002 ER PT J AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, Hendrik L. TI Alleviating the Garden Sprinkler Effect in wind wave models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Wind waves; Garden Sprinkler Effect; Numerical modelling AB In ocean wave models, swell propagation at coarse spectral resolution leads to the disintegration of continuous swell fields into discrete swell fields. This process is known as the Garden Sprinkler Effect (GSE). An existing solution to the GSE consists of adding a diffusion tensor to the propagation equation. Although this diffusion method has been proven successful, it is prohibitively expensive for models with high spatial resolution. Two alternatives are presented here. The first is an averaging method. It shares characteristics with the diffusion method, but is much cheaper for high resolution models. The second method consists of adding divergence to the advection field. This divergence method is shown to be accurate for idealized conditions, and requires less tuning, but is still too expensive to replace the other methods in practical conditions. It is therefore suggested to replace the diffusion method with an averaging method in operational models, and to investigate the divergence method further. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SAIC GSO, NCEP, EMC Ocean Modeling Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, SAIC GSO, NCEP, EMC Ocean Modeling Branch, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM hendrik.tolman@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 269 EP 289 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00004-5 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00004-5 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V05FL UT WOS:000207111800003 ER PT J AU Sura, P Penland, C AF Sura, Philip Penland, Cecile TI Sensitivity of a double-gyre ocean model to details of stochastic forcing SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Wind-driven circulation; Numerical modeling; Stochastic models; Oceanic response to atmospheric forcing; Wind-induced variability AB As the importance of stochastic forcing to the interdecadal variability in the ocean and atmosphere becomes more widely appreciated, numerical stochastic modeling becomes more common. In most cases, the details of how the stochastic modeling is implemented are not considered an important part of the modeling. In this study, we show in the context of a reduced gravity, double-gyre ocean model driven by wind stress how "minor'' details of stochastic forcing can have a significant effect on the temporal and spatial response by the forced system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sura, Philip] Univ Hamburg, Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Penland, Cecile] NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM pgsura@ucsd.edu NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 327 EP 345 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00008-2 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00008-2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V05FL UT WOS:000207111800006 ER PT J AU Krasnopolsky, VM Chalikov, DV Tolman, HL AF Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M. Chalikov, Dmitry V. Tolman, Hendrik L. TI A neural network technique to improve computational efficiency of numerical oceanic models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Neural networks; Oceanic model; Wave model; Equation of state; Nonlinear interaction; Parameterization of physics; EOF AB A new generic approach to improve computational efficiency of certain processes in numerical environmental models is formulated. This approach is based on the application of neural network (NN) techniques. It can be used to accelerate the calculations and improve the accuracy of the parameterizations of several types of physical processes which generally require computations involving complex mathematical expressions, including differential and integral equations, rules, restrictions and highly nonlinear empirical relations based on physical or statistical models. It is shown that, from a mathematical point of view, such parameterizations can usually be considered as continuous mappings (continuous dependencies between two vectors). It is also shown that NNs are a generic tool for fast and accurate approximation of continuous mappings and, therefore, can be used to replace primary parameterization algorithms. In addition to fast and accurate approximation of the primary parameterization, NN also provides the entire Jacobian for very little computation cost. Three successful particular applications of the NN approach are presented here: (1) a NN approximation of the UNESCO equation of state of the seawater (density of the seawater); (2) an inversion of this equation (salinity of the seawater); and (3) a NN approximation for the nonlinear wave-wave interaction. The first application has been implemented in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction multi-scale oceanic forecast system, and the second one is being developed for wind wave models. The NN approach introduced in this paper can provide numerically efficient solutions to a wide range of problems in environmental numerical models where lengthy, complicated calculations, which describe physical processes, must be repeated frequently. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Krasnopolsky, Vladimir M.; Chalikov, Dmitry V.; Tolman, Hendrik L.] NOAA, Ocean Modeling Branch, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict,NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Modeling Branch, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict,NWS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM vladimir.krasnopolsky@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 363 EP 383 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00010-0 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00010-0 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V05FL UT WOS:000207111800008 ER PT J AU Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V AF Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V TI The asymmetry of organic aerosol fission and prebiotic chemistry SO ORIGINS OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE aerosol fission; bacteria; prebiotic; virus ID LIFE; PARTICLES; ORIGIN; MONOLAYERS; SURFACES; PROTEINS; SYSTEMS; MODEL AB We examine the prebiotic applicability of our recent analysis of the fission of an atmospheric aerosol particle coated with an organic film. The fission is made possible by the free energy change upon compression of the exterior monolayer film on the parent particle, which overcomes the increase in surface area associated with the production of two spherical daughter particles. Asymmetric division into a larger and a smaller particle becomes possible following surfactant film collapse. The size of the airborne parent particle is determined by the balance between aerodynamics and gravity, while the ratio of the radii of the daughters is determined by the compression characteristics of the amphiphilic molecules comprising the parent film. For an Earth atmosphere of one bar surface pressure, the larger and smaller daughters have the sizes of a single-celled bacterium and of a virus respectively. Chemical differentiation between the daughters is possible. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab R AL6, Meteorol Chem Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Toronto, Lash Miller Chem Labs, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Tuck, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab R AL6, Meteorol Chem Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014; Donaldson, James/G-7120-2012; OI Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056; Donaldson, James/0000-0002-5090-3318; Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-6149 J9 ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B JI Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 32 IS 3 BP 237 EP 245 DI 10.1023/A:1016575224538 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 576MH UT WOS:000177008700005 PM 12227428 ER PT J AU Bambini, A Geltman, S AF Bambini, A Geltman, S TI Feshbach resonances in cold collisions of potassium atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; LONG-RANGE DISPERSION; 2 K ATOMS; EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS; ULTRACOLD COLLISIONS; SCATTERING LENGTHS; STATE; COEFFICIENTS; GASES; POLARIZABILITIES AB In this paper we briefly review the basic steps that allow the calculation of the scattering length in the collision of two alkali-metal atoms in a well defined magnetic polarization state, and in the presence of a static magnetic field. Calculations are actually done for the low-field seeking state F=1, mu(F)=-1 of bosonic potassium atoms. The electrostatic potentials obtained through Rydberg-Klein-Rees data are connected to a dispersive, long range tail in which the dominant dipole-dipole C-6 term may take different values within a specified range. We show the occurrence of Feshbach resonances in the ultra cold collision of two identical atoms, belonging either to the bosonic species K-39 or K-41. Our results demonstrate that there is a range of C-6 values for which the collision of two K-39 atoms displays a single resonance, while for other values of C-6 no resonance occurs. On the other hand, Feshbach resonances are present in the collision of two K-41 atoms for almost all values of the dispersion coefficient C-6 in that range. We also show the origin of the different types of Feshbach resonances that occur in the cold collision of two K-41 atoms. The detection of such resonances can help establish the actual value of the dispersive coefficient. C1 CNR, Ist Elettron Quantist, I-50127 Florence, Italy. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP CNR, Ist Elettron Quantist, Via Panciatichi 56-30, I-50127 Florence, Italy. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 AR 062704 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.062704 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 572FT UT WOS:000176763600057 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Deng, L AF Payne, MG Deng, L TI Consequences of induced transparency in a double-Lambda scheme: Destructive interference in four-wave mixing SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR FREQUENCY-CONVERSION; QUANTUM INTERFERENCE; 4-PHOTON RESONANCE; ATOMIC COHERENCE; IONIZATION; GAS; SUPPRESSION; GENERATION; EXCITATION; OPTICS AB We investigate a four-state system interacting with long and short laser pulses in a weak probe beam approximation. We show that when all lasers are tuned to the exact unperturbed resonances, part of the four-wave mixing (FWM) field is strongly absorbed. The part that is not absorbed has the exact intensity required to destructively interfere with the excitation pathway involved in producing the FWM state. We show that with this three-photon destructive interference, the conversion efficiency can still be as high as 25%. Contrary to common belief, our calculation shows that this process, where an ideal one-photon electromagnetically induced transparency is established, is not most suitable for high-efficiency conversion. With appropriate phase matching and propagation distance, and when the three-photon destructive interference does not occur, we show that the photon flux conversion efficiency is independent of probe intensity and can be close to 100%. In addition, we show clearly that the conversion efficiency is not determined by the maximum atomic coherence between two lower excited states, as commonly believed. It is the combination of phase matching and constructive interference involving the two terms arising in producing the mixing wave that is the key element for the optimized FWM generation. Indeed, in this scheme no appreciable excited state is produced, so that the atomic coherence between states \0> and \2> is always very small. C1 Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 17 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 AR 063806 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.063806 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 572FT UT WOS:000176763600114 ER PT J AU Crawford, MK Harlow, RL Marshall, W Li, Z Cao, G Lindstrom, RL Huang, Q Lynn, JW AF Crawford, MK Harlow, RL Marshall, W Li, Z Cao, G Lindstrom, RL Huang, Q Lynn, JW TI Structure and magnetism of single crystal Sr4Ru3O10: A ferromagnetic triple-layer ruthenate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; SR3RU2O7; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AB We have determined the structure and magnetic properties of flux-grown single crystals of the triple-layer ruthenate Sr4Ru3O10 by x-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements, respectively. The orthorhombic unit cell has Pbam space group symmetry and contains two crystallographically independent triple layers. The RuO6 octahedra in the outer two layers of each triple layer are rotated by an average of 5.6degrees around the c axis, while the octahedra of the inner layers are rotated in the opposite sense by an average of 11.0degrees. The Curie temperature of these ferromagnetic crystals is T-Curie=105 K, with a saturated moment of 1.0 mu(B)/Ru4+ ion. Thus Sr4Ru3O10 is a layered ferromagnetic ruthenate in the Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) series Srn+1RunO3n+1, which also includes the unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 (n=1), the enhanced paramagnetic metal Sr3Ru2O7 (n=2), and the pseudocubic ferromagnetic metal SrRuO3 (n=infinity). C1 DuPont Co Inc, Dept Cent Res & Dev, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys & Astron, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Synchrotron Res Ctr, DND CAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Crawford, MK (reprint author), DuPont Co Inc, Dept Cent Res & Dev, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. NR 17 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 35 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 21 AR 214412 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214412 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572GM UT WOS:000176765700070 ER PT J AU Leung, K Cockayne, E Wright, AF AF Leung, K Cockayne, E Wright, AF TI Effective Hamiltonian study of PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LEAD-ZIRCONATE-TITANATE; STRUCTURAL PHASE-TRANSITION; FIRST-PRINCIPLES; NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; ANTIFERROELECTRIC PBZRO3; PB(ZR0.95TI0.05)O-3 CERAMICS; THERMAL-EXPANSION; PEROVSKITE PBZRO3; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS AB An effective Hamiltonian H-eff is constructed for PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3. It is parametrized using primarily ab initio results computed in the virtual-crystal approximation. The phase diagram depends sensitively on the energetic competition between the stable orthorhombic antiferroelectric (A(O)) and the metastable "low temperature" rhombohedral ferroelectric (F-R(LT)) structures at 0 K. By incorporating a temperature-dependent thermal-expansion term into H-eff and modifying H-eff to adjust the relative energies of the A(O) and F-R(LT) phases, we obtain a ferroelectric phase intervening between the low-temperature antiferroelectric ground state and the high-temperature paraelectric phase, in qualitative agreement with experiments. We also discuss the temperature-dependent disordering of the oxygen octahedral tilts responsible for the experimentally observed space group of the ferroelectric phase. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Leung, K (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, MS 1415, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. NR 62 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 21 AR 214111 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214111 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572GM UT WOS:000176765700047 ER PT J AU Ratcliff, W Lee, SH Broholm, C Cheong, SW Huang, Q AF Ratcliff, W Lee, SH Broholm, C Cheong, SW Huang, Q TI Freezing of spin correlated nanoclusters in a geometrically frustrated magnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID Y2MO2O7; GLASS; ANTIFERROMAGNET; TRANSITION; BEHAVIOR AB The effects of disorder on the geometrically frustrated magnet ZnCr2O4 are examined through magnetic susceptibility and inelastic neutron-scattering measurements on Zn1-x2+Cdx2+Cr2O4. 3% Cd doping destroys the Neel order of the parent compound, replacing it with a frozen phase of spin-correlated nanoclusters. The local spin structure of these nanoclusters endures through the paramagnetic, spin-glass, and Neel phases of the material. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Ratcliff, W (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 22 AR 220406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.220406 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572HA UT WOS:000176767100011 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Yang, GL AF Coakley, KJ Yang, GL TI Estimation of the neutron lifetime: Comparison of methods which account for background SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID MAGNETICALLY TRAPPED NEUTRONS; ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS AB In the first stage of each run of a neutron lifetime experiment, a magnetic trap is filled with neutrons. In the second stage of each run, neutron decay events plus background events are observed. In a separate experiment of multiple runs, only background signals are measured after refilling the trap. In one approach, the mean lifetime of the neutron is estimated by fitting a two-parameter exponential model to the background-corrected data. In a second approach, the neutron lifetime is estimated by fitting a more complicated model to the "neutron decay plus background" data and the "background-only" data coming from both experiments. In the second approach, we assume knowledge of a statistical model for the background. For each approach, we compute the asymptotic standard deviation of the lifetime estimate in terms of the time spent filling the trap, T-f, the time spent observing decay events, T-d, and the ratio, R, of the number of runs of "background only" experiments to primary "neutron decay plus background" experiments. For each approach, we minimize the asymptotic standard deviation of the lifetime estimate in terms of T-f, T-d, and R, for various cases. In one case, the background rate is assumed to be stationary. In another case, the background rate is nonstationary. The comparison of the two approaches is made on the basis of the minimized asymptotic standard deviations. For both cases, the second "joint" estimation strategy is superior to the "background-correction" estimation strategy for all cases studied. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD JUN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 6 AR 064612 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.65.064612 PG 7 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 572HV UT WOS:000176769200057 ER PT J AU Miller, J Angell, J Seidel, D AF Miller, J Angell, J Seidel, D TI Lester Machta - Obituary SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Miller, J (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD JUN PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 70 EP 71 DI 10.1063/1.1496386 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 557LY UT WOS:000175911100026 ER PT J AU Kock, KH Jones, CD AF Kock, KH Jones, CD TI The biology of the icefish Cryodraco antarcticus Dollo, 1900 (Pisces, Channichthyidae) in the southern Scotia Arc (Antarctica) SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHAMPSOCEPHALUS-GUNNARI; ROSS-SEA; MACKEREL ICEFISH; FISH; REPRODUCTION; MITOCHONDRIAL; ISLANDS; DIET AB The icefish Cryodraco antarcticus is common in deeper waters of the southern Scotia Arc and the high-Antarctic zone. A number of biological features of this species are presented, with new information collected from recent scientific surveys of the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands. The species is closely related to Chaenocephalus aceratus, but can be distinguished by a number of meristic characters. The two species are similar in size, colouration and body shape, and have a number of aspects of their life-cycle in common. such as reproduction, length-weight relationship and diet. These two species appear to occupy a very similar niche in the southern Scotia Are ecosystem. However, Cryodraco antarcticus is less abundant and uses different spatial components of shelf areas, replacing Chaenocephalus aceratus in deeper water and high-Antarctic regions. C1 Bundesforschungsanstalt Fischerei, Inst Seefischerei, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Kock, KH (reprint author), Bundesforschungsanstalt Fischerei, Inst Seefischerei, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. NR 68 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 25 IS 6 BP 416 EP 424 DI 10.1007/s00300-002-0357-z PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 564UQ UT WOS:000176332300003 ER PT J AU Tomaszkiewicz, I AF Tomaszkiewicz, I TI The enthalpy of formation of hexagonal boron nitride SO POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE standard molar enthalpy of formation; hexagonal boron nitride; turbostratic boron nitride; pyrolytic boron nitride ID STANDARD MOLAR ENTHALPY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE 298.15-K AB The energies of combustion in fluorine of three specimens of hexagonal boron nitride with different degree of ideal crystalline structure have been measured in a two-compartment calorimetric bomb at 298.15 K according to reaction: BN(cr) + 3/2F(2)(g) = BF3(g) + 1/2N(2)(g), and new standard molar enthalpies of formation Delta(f)H(m)(0) have been calculated and used to rank the samples in order of stability: Delta(f)H(m)(0) = -(245.8 +/- 1.1) kJ/mol for turbostratic sample, that deviates most from the crystalline structure; Delta(f)H(m)(0) -(248.5 +/- 0.9) kJ/mol for the sample with an interlayer spacing that is only about 0.5% larger than the ideal crystalline h-BN; and Delta(f)H(m)(0) = -(250.8 +/- 1.2) kJ/mol for crystalline h-BN. C1 NIST, Chem & Phys Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-012224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Tomaszkiewicz, I (reprint author), NIST, Chem & Phys Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU POLISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY PI WARSAW PA C/O POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, INST PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, UL KASPRZAKA 44/52, 01-224 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0137-5083 J9 POL J CHEM JI Pol. J. Chem. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 76 IS 6 BP 891 EP 899 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 558CT UT WOS:000175948900013 ER PT J AU Lim, JG Baik, JH Zhang, XQ Son, Y Choi, WM Park, OO AF Lim, JG Baik, JH Zhang, XQ Son, Y Choi, WM Park, OO TI A novel preparation method of maleic anhydride grafted syndiotactic polystyrene and its blend performance with nylon6 SO POLYMER BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SURFACE MODIFICATION; POLYMERS; POLYETHYLENE AB This work is intended to provide a method for the preparation of maleic anhydride grafted syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS-g-MA). In particular, a novel solid reaction method by a radical grafting approach is investigated. The grafting reaction is performed at a solid state, where the syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) is swollen in solvent at relatively low temperature compared to the conventional melt modification method. The formation of sPS-g-MA is directly confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by the morphology observation of sPS/polyamide-6 (Nylon6) blends, when sPS-g-MA is used as a reactive compatibilizer. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Ctr Adv Funct Polymers, Yusong Gu, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Samsung Chem Co Ltd, R&D Ctr, Project Team M, Seosan 356711, Chung Nam, South Korea. Chinese Acad Sci, Changchun Inst Appl Chem, Changchun 130022, Peoples R China. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Park, OO (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Ctr Adv Funct Polymers, Yusong Gu, 373-1,Kusong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RI Park, O Ok/C-1927-2011 NR 22 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0170-0839 J9 POLYM BULL JI Polym. Bull. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4-5 BP 397 EP 405 DI 10.1007/s00289-002-0046-7 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 575GJ UT WOS:000176938300012 ER PT J AU Dupont, DP Grafton, RQ Kirkley, J Squires, D AF Dupont, DP Grafton, RQ Kirkley, J Squires, D TI Capacity utilization measures and excess capacity in multi-product privatized fisheries SO RESOURCE AND ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE capacity utilization; multi-product fishery; individual vessel quota; data envelopment analysis ID INDUSTRIES AB Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) in the Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine capacity and capacity utilization (CU). This paper is the first to look at CU in a multi-species fishery with both ITQ and non-ITQ components. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product industry and the consequences in terms of product-specific CU, as well as aggregate CU. The results provide insights to regulators interested in using market-based approaches to improve efficiency in multi-product industries. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Brock Univ, Dept Econ, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. Univ Ottawa, Dept Econ, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Coll William & Mary, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Williamsburg, VA USA. US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Dupont, DP (reprint author), Brock Univ, Dept Econ, 500 Glenridge Ave,415 Taro Hall, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. RI Grafton, R. Quentin/A-5277-2008 OI Grafton, R. Quentin/0000-0002-0048-9083 NR 34 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-7655 J9 RESOUR ENERGY ECON JI Resour. Energy Econ. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 193 EP 210 AR PII S0928-7655(01)00050-1 DI 10.1016/S0928-7655(01)00050-1 PG 18 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 563GK UT WOS:000176247800002 ER PT J AU Hudson, LT Henins, A Deslattes, RD Seely, JF Holland, GE Atkin, R Marlin, L Meyerhofer, DD Stoeckl, C AF Hudson, LT Henins, A Deslattes, RD Seely, JF Holland, GE Atkin, R Marlin, L Meyerhofer, DD Stoeckl, C TI A high-energy x-ray spectrometer diagnostic for the OMEGA laser SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; CALIBRATION; LINES AB A new x-ray diagnostic has been commissioned at the OMEGA laser facility at the University of Rochester. It is a transmission curved crystal spectrometer designed primarily to characterize the hot-electron energy distribution of laser generated plasmas by registering the continuum x-ray spectrum produced by these hot plasmas from 12 to 60 keV. The diagnostic package is assembled in a linear configuration to ride in a standard instrument insertion module. The instrument consists of a nosecone with a blast shield, spectrometer, electronic imager, drive electronics, and battery. The instrument is connected to the external diagnostic processor and control unit by trigger and data fiber optic cables. Time integrated spectra from various targets have been registered with high sensitivity from single shots of the OMEGA laser. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Hudson, LT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 6 BP 2270 EP 2275 DI 10.1063/1.1476715 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 554PP UT WOS:000175744900007 ER PT J AU Seugling, RM LeBrun, T Smith, ST Howard, LP AF Seugling, RM LeBrun, T Smith, ST Howard, LP TI A six-degree-of-freedom precision motion stage SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID PLATFORM AB This article presents the design and performance evaluation of a six-degree-of-freedom piezoelectrically actuated fine motion stage that will be used for three dimensional error compensation of a long-range translation mechanism. Development of a single element, piezoelectric linear displacement actuator capable of translations of 1.67 mum with 900 V potential across the electrodes and under a 27.4 N axial load and 0.5 mm lateral distortion is presented. Finite element methods have been developed and used to evaluate resonant frequencies of the stage platform and the complete assembly with and without a platform payload. In general, an error of approximately 10.0% between the finite element results and the experimentally measured values were observed. The complete fine motion stage provided approximately +/-0.93 mum of translation and +/-38.0 murad of rotation in all three planes of motion using an excitation range of 1000 V. An impulse response indicating a fundamental mode resonance at 162 Hz was measured with a 0.650 kg payload rigidly mounted to the top of the stage. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Precis Metrol, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seugling, RM (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Precis Metrol, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 6 BP 2462 EP 2468 DI 10.1063/1.1476717 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 554PP UT WOS:000175744900037 ER PT J AU Fields, EJ AF Fields, EJ TI The opportunities of new seafloor mapping technology SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA Corps, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Off Marine & Aviat Operat, Washington, DC USA. RP Fields, EJ (reprint author), NOAA Corps, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 43 IS 6 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 567CZ UT WOS:000176469000011 ER PT J AU Yeung, B Lytle, B Sarihan, V Read, DT Guo, YF AF Yeung, B Lytle, B Sarihan, V Read, DT Guo, YF TI Applying a methodology for microtensile analysis of thin films SO SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A microtensile method, used to evaluate material properties of thin films, features test specimens designed and produced using common wafer-processing steps. The microtensile test apparatus incorporates advanced imaging techniques to accurately interpret sample behavior. Measurements of nickel and aluminum films were conducted, highlighting the uniqueness of thin films with respect to bulk materials. Overall, this work shows the necessity and feasibility of characterizing thin films. C1 Motorola Inc, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Conexant Syst, Newport Beach, CA USA. RP Yeung, B (reprint author), Motorola Inc, Tempe, AZ 85284 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NORTHBROOK PA P O BOX 3284, NORTHBROOK, IL 60065-3284 USA SN 0038-111X J9 SOLID STATE TECHNOL JI Solid State Technol. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 125 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 561WJ UT WOS:000176165800015 ER PT J AU Brooks, HE Doswell, CA AF Brooks, HE Doswell, CA TI Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado from a historical perspective SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA AB The 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado was the deadliest in the United States in over 20 years, with 36 direct fatalities. To understand how this event fits into the historical context, the record of tornado deaths in the United States has been examined. Almost 20 000 deaths have been reported associated with more than 3600 tornadoes in the United States since 1680. A cursory examination of the record shows a break in 1875. Prior to then, it is likely that many killer tornadoes failed to be reported. When the death toll is normalized by population, a near-constant rate of death is apparent until about 1925, when a sharp fall begins. The rate was about 1.8 people per million population in 1925 and was less than 0.12 people per million by 2000. The decrease in fatalities has resulted from two primary causes: a decrease in the number of killer tornadoes and a decrease in the number of fatalities in the most deadly tornadoes. Current death rates for mobile home residents, however, are still nearly what the overall national rate was prior to 1925 and are about 20 times the rate of site-built home residents. The increase in the fraction of the U. S. population living in mobile homes has important implications for future reductions in the death toll. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Brooks, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 11 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 354 EP 361 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0354:DITMOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800003 ER PT J AU Speheger, DA Doswell, CA Stumpf, GJ AF Speheger, DA Doswell, CA Stumpf, GJ TI The tornadoes of 3 May 1999: Event verification in central Oklahoma and related issues SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA AB The tornado events of 3 May 1999 within the county warning area of the Norman, Oklahoma, office of the National Weather Service are reviewed, emphasizing the challenges associated with obtaining accurate information about the existence, timing, location, and intensity of individual tornadoes. Accurate documentation of tornado and other hazardous weather events is critical to research, is needed for operational assessments, and is important for developing hazard mitigation strategies. The situation following this major event was unusual because of the high concentration of meteorologists in the area, relative to most parts of the United States. As a result of this relative abundance of resources, it is likely that these tornadoes were reasonably well documented. Despite this unique situation in central Oklahoma, it is argued that this event also provides evidence of a national need for a rapid-response scientific and engineering survey team to provide documentation of major hazardous weather events before cleanup destroys important evidence. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Speheger, DA (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, 1200 Westheimer Dr,Room 101, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 16 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 362 EP 381 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0362:TTOMEV>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800004 ER PT J AU Yuan, M Dickens-Micozzi, M Magsig, MA AF Yuan, M Dickens-Micozzi, M Magsig, MA TI Analysis of tornado damage tracks from the 3 May tornado outbreak using multispectral satellite imagery SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID STANDARDIZED PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; IRS-1C APPLICATIONS; NOAA-AVHRR; LANDSAT TM; KUWAIT AB Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques are applied to high-resolution satellite imagery to determine characteristics of tornado damage from the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak. Three remote sensing methods, including principal components analysis, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) analysis, and NDVI change analysis, elicit tornado damage paths at different levels of detail on the 23.5-m-resolution images captured by the Linear Imaging Self-Scanning III (LISS-3) sensor on the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite before and after the outbreak. Remote sensing results were spatially overlaid on F-scale contours compiled by the members of Oklahoma Weather Center. Spatial overlays reveal that results from the principal components analysis correlate well with F3 or greater damage. NDVI analysis shows signatures expanding to F2 damage, and NDVI change analysis is capable of detecting F1 damage in some instances. In general, results of these analyses correspond to more severe damage in rural areas than in urban areas. Comparison with detailed ground surveys shows that the spectral signatures of tornado damage are related to vegetation damage and large debris fields. Variations in spectral signatures with Fujita tornado damage intensity suggest that land cover characteristics may be just as important as tornado damage intensity in creating a track detectable by satellite. It is concluded that RS and GIS techniques on IRS LISS-3 imagery (an example of multispectral satellite imagery) can be useful in assessing tornado damage, particularly for extensive and intense events. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Geog, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Warning Decis Training Branch, Norman, OK USA. Natl Weather Serv, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Yuan, M (reprint author), Sarkey Energy Ctr, Room 684,100 E Boyd St, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 6 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 382 EP 398 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0382:AOTDTF>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800005 ER PT J AU Roebber, PJ Schultz, DM Romero, R AF Roebber, PJ Schultz, DM Romero, R TI Synoptic regulation of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID POTENTIAL-VORTICITY ANOMALIES; SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; MESOSCALE MODEL; SUPERCELL STORMS; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; WEATHER PREDICTION; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; COLD-FRONT; ETA-MODEL AB Despite the relatively successful long-lead-time forecasts of the storms during the 3 May 1999 tornadic outbreak in Oklahoma and Kansas, forecasters were unable to predict with confidence details concerning convective initiation and convective mode. The forecasters identified three synoptic processes they were monitoring for clues as to how the event would unfold. These elements were (a) the absence of strong surface convergence along a dryline in western Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle, (b) the presence of a cirrus shield that was hypothesized to limit surface heating, and (c) the arrival into Oklahoma of an upper-level wind speed maximum [associated with the so-called southern potential vorticity (PV) anomaly] that was responsible for favorable synoptic-scale ascent and the cirrus shield. The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5), nested down to 2-km horizontal grid spacing, is used in forecast mode [using the data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Aviation (AVN) run of the Global Spectral Model to provide initial and lateral boundary conditions] to explore the sensitivity of the outbreak to these features. A 30-h control simulation is compared with the available observations and captures important qualitative characteristics of the event, including convective initiation east of the dryline and organization of mesoscale convective systems into long-lived, long-track supercells. Additional simulations in which the initial strength of the southern PV anomaly is altered suggest that synoptic regulation of the 3 May 1999 event was imposed by the effects of the southern PV anomaly. The model results indicate that 1) convective initiation in the weakly forced environment was achieved through modification of the existing cap through both surface heating and synoptic-scale ascent associated with the southern PV anomaly; 2) supercellular organization was supported regardless of the strength of the southern PV anomaly, although weak-to-moderate forcing from this feature was most conducive to the production of long-lived supercells and strong forcing resulted in a trend toward linear mesoscale convective systems; and 3) the cirrus shield was important in limiting development of convection and reducing competition between storms. The implications of these results for the use of high-resolution models in operational forecasting environments are discussed. The model information provides potentially useful information to forecasters following the scientific forecast process, most particularly by assisting in the revision of conceptual ideas about the evolution of the outbreak. Substantial obstacles to operational implementation of such tools remain, however, including lack of model context (e. g., information concerning model biases), insufficient real-time observations to assess effectively model prediction details from the synoptic to the mesoscale, inconsistent forecaster education, and inadequate technology to support rapid scientific discovery in an operational setting. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. NOAA OAR Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK USA. RP Roebber, PJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math Sci, Atmospher Sci Grp, 3200 N Cramer Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA. RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 79 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 399 EP 429 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0399:SROTMT>2.0.CO;2 PG 31 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800006 ER PT J AU Burgess, DW Magsig, MA Wurman, J Dowell, DC Richardson, Y AF Burgess, DW Magsig, MA Wurman, J Dowell, DC Richardson, Y TI Radar observations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID DOPPLER RADAR; MOBILE; SCALE AB The 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City storm is unique from a weather radar perspective because a long-track violent tornado passed within close range of several Doppler radars, because a detailed damage survey was conducted immediately after the event, and because high-quality visual observations of the tornado were available. The tornado passed relatively close (15-60 km) to two fixed-location Doppler radars: the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) at Twin Lakes (KTLX) and the Radar Operations Center WSR-88D test radar at Norman (KCRI). Two mobile Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radars also observed the tornado at very close range (3-8 km). The data from DOW2 are nearly continuous for a substantial portion of the tornado's life and provide detailed information on the high-resolution velocity field in and around the tornado. These data permit good estimates of tornado rotational velocity and diameter. The data also allow comparison with tornado damage survey estimates of damage/intensity and with visual observations of tornado size. Further, one can compare the high-resolution DOW data to the lower-resolution WSR-88D observations to determine how much tornado information is lost because of the broader beamwidth (longer range) and longer gate length of the WSR-88Ds. Results of the study will be useful in determining how better to interpret future WSR-88D observations of near-range tornadoes, including any possible real-time estimation of tornado intensity and evolution. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. NWS, Warning Decis Training Branch, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Burgess, DW (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Richardson, Yvette/G-5016-2013; Dowell, David/E-7855-2015 OI Richardson, Yvette/0000-0002-4495-5074; NR 29 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 456 EP 471 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0456:ROOTMO>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800009 ER PT J AU Zupanski, D Zupanski, M Rogers, E Parrish, DF DiMego, GJ AF Zupanski, D Zupanski, M Rogers, E Parrish, DF DiMego, GJ TI Fine-resolution 4DVAR data assimilation for the Great Plains tornado outbreak of 3 May 1999 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK ID VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; NMC SPECTRAL MODEL; WEAK CONSTRAINT; CLOUD MODEL; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; MICROPHYSICAL RETRIEVAL; CONVECTIVE STORM; DIGITAL-FILTER AB The National Centers for Environmental Prediction fine-resolution four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation system is used to study the Great Plains tornado outbreak of 3 May 1999. It was found that the 4DVAR method was able to capture very well the important precursors for the tornadic activity, such as upper-and low-level jet streaks, wind shear, humidity field, surface CAPE, and so on. It was also demonstrated that, in this particular synoptic case, characterized by fast-changing mesoscale systems, the model error adjustment played a substantial role. The experimental results suggest that the common practice of neglecting the model error in data assimilation systems may not be justified in synoptic situations similar to this one. C1 NOAA NCEP UCAR Visiting Scientist Programs, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zupanski, D (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM zupanski@cira.colostate.edu NR 67 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 506 EP 525 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0506:FRDAFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800011 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Weiss, SJ AF Stensrud, DJ Weiss, SJ TI Mesoscale Model ensemble forecasts of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OK ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; MEDIUM-RANGE ENSEMBLES; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE; MOIST CONVECTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ETA-MODEL; SENSITIVITY; SYSTEM; PRECIPITATION AB A six-member ensemble is developed in which the ensemble members only vary in their model physical process parameterization schemes. This approach is accomplished by mixing three different convective parameterization schemes with two different planetary boundary layer schemes within the nonhydrostatic Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). The initial and boundary conditions for each ensemble member are identical and are provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Eta Model forecasts starting from 0000 UTC. Verification of the ensemble predictions against Eta Model analyses over 42 days indicates that, although this ensemble system is underdispersive and imperfect, the ensemble forecasts show some skill in predicting the probability of various severe-weather parameters exceeding selected threshold values. This model physics ensemble allows us to begin exploring the possible uses of ensemble forecasts for severe-weather events. Results from this six-member ensemble forecasting system of the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak indicate that the ensemble provides a strong signal of two mesoscale-sized regions, one in Oklahoma and Kansas and the other in eastern Nebraska, that have the potential for supporting tornadic supercell thunderstorms. Several of the model forecasts also produce convection in these regions. Tornadic thunderstorm reports are found in both of these areas. This ensemble guidance does not provide any clues as to why the tornadoes in Oklahoma and Kansas were so severe, as compared with those in Nebraska, but it does provide hope that ensembles may be useful for short-range forecasting of severe weather. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA NWS NCEP Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM david.stensrud@nssl.noaa.gov NR 67 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 526 EP 543 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0526:MMEFOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800012 ER PT J AU Edwards, R Corfidi, SF Thompson, RL Evans, JS Craven, JP Racy, JP McCarthy, DW Vescio, MD AF Edwards, R Corfidi, SF Thompson, RL Evans, JS Craven, JP Racy, JP McCarthy, DW Vescio, MD TI Storm prediction center forecasting issues related to the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID ETA-MODEL AB Forecasters at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) were faced with many challenges during the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak. Operational numerical forecast models valid during the outbreak gave inaccurate, inconsistent, and/or ambiguous guidance to forecasters, most notably with varying convective precipitation forecasts and underforecast wind speeds in the middle and upper troposphere, which led forecasters (in the early convective outlooks) to expect a substantially reduced tornado threat as compared with what was observed. That, combined with relatively weak forecast and observed low-level convergence along a dryline, contributed to much uncertainty regarding timing and location of convective initiation. As a consequence, as the event approached, observational diagnosis and analysis became more important and were critical in identification of the evolution of the outbreak. Tornadic supercells ultimately developed earlier, were more numerous, and produced more significant tornadoes than anticipated. As forecasters addressed the meteorological facets of the tornadic storms on the evening of 3 May 1999, there were other areas of simultaneous severe-storm development, and one of the tornadoes posed a threat to the facility and family members of the forecast staff. These uncertainties and challenges are discussed in the context of SPC convective outlooks and watches for this outbreak. Recommendations are made for continued research aimed at improving forecasts of convective initiation and mode. C1 Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Edwards, R (reprint author), Storm Predict Ctr, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 544 EP 558 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0544:SPCFIR>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800013 ER PT J AU Andra, DL Quoetone, EM Bunting, WF AF Andra, DL Quoetone, EM Bunting, WF TI Warning decision making: The relative roles of conceptual models, technology, strategy, and forecaster expertise on 3 May 1999 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID WSR-88D AB This paper examines concepts related to warning decision making for the 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak in central Oklahoma. Sixty-six tornadoes occurred during this outbreak, with 58 occurring in the Norman, Oklahoma, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (WFO) area of responsibility. Verification statistics for the event revealed the WFO issued 48 tornado warnings, with a median lead time of 23 min, a false-alarm rate of 0.29, and a probability of detection of 0.89. WFO Norman meteorologists utilized a warning decision-making methodology that relied upon 1) scientifically based conceptual models of storm types and their environments, 2) Doppler radar data, 3) ground-truth observations, 4) technology, 5) strategy, and 6) human expertise. This methodology was compared with the ability of radar algorithms [e. g., Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) Mesocyclone (MA) and Tornado Detection Algorithms (TDA)] to identify tornado threat. Although the steady-state nature of the isolated long-lived tornadic supercells presumably presented an ideal case for algorithm performance, shortcomings were identified. The most significant finding was the difference in median lead times between the WFO's subjective human tornado warning and signature detection by TDA for the first tornado associated with each supercell. The first tornado is especially significant because ground truth of the tornado is not yet available and radar signatures are less defined at this early stage. Median lead times were 2 min for TDA and 29 min for the WFO. The MA and TDA proved most useful when used as a safety net or check against the WFO warnings. The initial tornado warning for one supercell storm would have been delayed had the TDA not alerted the meteorologist to investigate the storm. C1 NOAA NWS Weather Forecast Off, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA NWS Warning Decis Training Branch, Norman, OK USA. NOAA NWS Weather Forecast Off, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Andra, DL (reprint author), NOAA NWS Weather Forecast Off, 1200 Westheimer Dr,Room 101, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 559 EP 566 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0559:WDMTRR>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800014 ER PT J AU Doswell, CA Brooks, HE AF Doswell, CA Brooks, HE TI Lessons learned from the damage produced by the tornadoes of 3 May 1999 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA ID UNITED-STATES AB After the tornadoes of 3 May 1999, the Federal Emergency Management Agency formed a Building Performance Assessment Team (BPAT) to examine the main tornado paths during the outbreak and to make recommendations based on the damage they saw. This is the first time a tornado disaster has been subjected to a BPAT investigation. Some aspects of the BPAT final report are reviewed and considered in the context of tornado preparedness in Kansas and Oklahoma. Although the preparedness efforts of many public and private institutions apparently played a large role in reducing casualties from the storm, a number of building deficiencies were found during the BPAT's evaluation. Especially in public facilities, there are several aspects of tornado preparedness that could be improved. Moreover, there is clear evidence that a nonnegligible fraction of the damage associated with these storms could have been mitigated with some relatively simple and inexpensive construction enhancements. Widespread implementation of these enhancements would reduce projectile loading and its associated threats to both life and property. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Doswell, CA (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Sarkeys Energy Ctr, 100 E Boyd St,Room 1110, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0611:LLFTDP>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800019 ER PT J AU McCarthy, DH AF McCarthy, DH TI The role of ground-truth reports in the warning decision-making process during the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National Symposium on the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak CY MAY 03, 1999 CL OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA AB During the devastating Oklahoma tornado outbreak that began just after 1600 central daylight time (CDT) on 3 May 1999, timely ground-truth reports of severe weather played a critical role in the warning decision-making process at the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Norman, Oklahoma. Reports from storm spotters, emergency managers, media crews, and law enforcement officers went directly to the WFO staff via amateur (ham) radio, the National Warning System (NAWAS), and telephone. Warning forecasters also viewed live images of tornadoes as they were broadcast continuously by local television stations. These timely reports and the ability to communicate in real time with observers in the field provided NWS warning forecasters with valuable information to combine with Doppler radar data. Reports not only contributed to timely warnings but also enabled forecasters to add more detail and credibility to critical warning messages. The unprecedented warning service provided during this event demonstrated the effectiveness of a fully integrated warning decision and dissemination system and contributed to saving hundreds of lives. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Norman, OK USA. RP McCarthy, DH (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Cent Reg, 7220 NW 101st Terrace, Kansas City, MO 64153 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD JUN PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 647 EP 649 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0647:TROGTR>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560BP UT WOS:000176061800023 ER PT J AU Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK AF Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK TI Electron interactions with plasma processing gases: present status and future needs SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Basis of Low Temperature Plasma Applications CY JUL 24-25, 2001 CL HAKONE, JAPAN DE cross sections; database; data needs; electron interactions; plasma processing gases; transport coefficients ID IONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; IMPACT IONIZATION; FREE-RADICALS; DISSOCIATIVE IONIZATION; SCATTERING; ATTACHMENT; MOLECULES; ARGON; CF4 AB The work conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology over the last 7 years on the systematic synthesis and assessment of fundamental knowledge on low-energy electron interactions with plasma processing gases is briefly summarized and discussed. This work deals mostly with the primary electron interaction processes. Assessed data on electron collision cross sections and rate coefficients are discussed and their multiple value is indicated. Data needs are identified for electron interactions with ground-state, excited, and transient species, and for electron energy losses. It is indicated that the currently limited knowledge on electron reactions at surfaces and interfaces can be aided by related existing knowledge on electron interactions in dense gases, liquids, clusters, and molecular layers on cold surfaces. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Acad Athens, 28 Panepistimiou Str, Athens 10679, Greece. EM lgchrist@otenet.gr NR 67 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 EI 1873-5584 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 192 IS 1-4 BP 309 EP 326 AR PII S0169-4332(02)00033-8 DI 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00033-8 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 580NE UT WOS:000177240000017 ER PT J AU Gilles, MK Burkholder, JB Gierczak, T Marshall, P Ravishankara, AR AF Gilles, MK Burkholder, JB Gierczak, T Marshall, P Ravishankara, AR TI Rate coefficient and product branching measurements for the reaction OH plus bromopropane from 230 to 360 K SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID HYDROGEN-ATOM ABSTRACTION; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHLORINE ATOMS; KINETICS; RADICALS; 1-BROMOPROPANE; ALKANES; BR-2 AB Rate coefficients over the range of 230-360 K were measured for the reaction of OH with the following bromopropane isotopomers: CH3CH2CH2Br (k(1)), CD3CH2CH2Br (k(2)), CD3CH2CD2Br (k(3)), CH3CD2CD2Br (k(4)), and CD3CD2CD2Br (k(5)). The hydroxyl radical was produced by pulsed laser photolysis and detected via laser induced fluorescence. Reaction I can occur by H atom abstraction from three different carbon sites: OH + CH3CH2CH2Br --> CH3CH2CHBr + H2O (1a: alpha): --> CH3CHCH2Br + H2O (1b; beta); or --> CH2CH2-CH2Br + H2O (1c; gamma). Branching ratios obtained from an analysis of the kinetic data at 298 K are k(1c)/k(1) = 0.12 +/- 0.08, k(1b)/k(1) = 0.56 +/- 0.04, and k(1a)/k(1) = 0.32 +/- 0.08; uncertainties given are 2 standard deviations and do not include systematic uncertainties. Stable products formed following reaction 1 in a NOx/O-2 environment were measured using long path infrared absorption. Bromoacetone and propanal were observed in the ratio [(CH3C(O)CH2Br)/(CH3CH2CHO)] of 1.65 +/- 0.50 with an absolute bromoacetone yield of 0.5 +/- 0.2 at room temperature. The product yields are consistent with the rate coefficient data, Ab initio calculations show that C-H bond energies at both the alpha and beta sites decrease (relative to propane) by the addition of Br at the alpha site. The calculated transition state energies decrease in the order gamma > alpha > beta, in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 21 BP 5358 EP 5366 DI 10.1021/jp014736+ PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 556CH UT WOS:000175831400018 ER PT J AU Donley, EA Claussen, NR Thompson, ST Wieman, CE AF Donley, EA Claussen, NR Thompson, ST Wieman, CE TI Atom-molecule coherence in a Bose-Einstein condensate SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID FESHBACH RESONANCES; DYNAMICS; COLLISIONS; SCATTERING AB Recent advances in the precise control of ultracold atomic systems have led to the realisation of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases. An important challenge is to extend this level of control to more complicated molecular systems. One route for producing ultracold molecules is to form them from the atoms in a BEC. For example, a two-photon stimulated Raman transition in a Rb-87 BEC has been used to produce Rb-87(2) molecules in a single rotational-vibrational state(1), and ultracold molecules have also been formed(2) through photo-association of a sodium BEC. Although the coherence properties of such systems have not hitherto been probed, the prospect of creating a superposition of atomic and molecular condensates has initiated much theoretical work(3-7). Here we make use of a time-varying magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance(8-12) to produce coherent coupling between atoms and molecules in a Rb-85 BEC. A mixture of atomic and molecular states is created and probed by sudden changes in the magnetic field, which lead to oscillations in the number of atoms that remain in the condensate. The oscillation frequency, measured over a large range of magnetic fields, is in excellent agreement with the theoretical molecular binding energy, indicating that we have created a quantum superposition of atoms and diatomic molecules-two chemically different species. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Claussen, NR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM nclausse@jilau1.colorado.edu RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 31 TC 534 Z9 543 U1 1 U2 32 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 30 PY 2002 VL 417 IS 6888 BP 529 EP 533 DI 10.1038/417529a PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 556QK UT WOS:000175860300036 PM 12037562 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Johnson, HP AF Dziak, RP Johnson, HP TI Hydrothermal systems - Stirring the oceanic incubator SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; WATER-LEVEL; EARTHQUAKE; SEISMICITY; CALIFORNIA C1 Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 24 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5572 BP 1406 EP 1407 DI 10.1126/science.1072075 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 557LP UT WOS:000175910300027 PM 12029115 ER PT J AU Fernandez-Garcia, M Chiang, MYM AF Fernandez-Garcia, M Chiang, MYM TI Effect of hygrothermal aging history on sorption process, swelling, and glass transition temperature in a particle-filled epoxy-based adhesive SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hygrothermal aging history; epoxy resin; reabsorption ID MOISTURE ABSORPTION; WATER; COMPOSITES; RESINS; EXPOSURE AB The effects of hygrothermal aging history and initial water content on sorption behavior and the physical properties of a commercial particle-filled epoxy-based adhesive were studied by the analysis of the water reabsorption process. ATR-FTIR analysis was performed to characterize the hydrogen bond interactions among the water and either resin or fillers. Swelling behavior and the depression of the glass transition temperature (T-g) under different hygrothermal aging histories were related to the water in the apparent free volume of the adhesive. The results show that the water diffusion of the adhesive is a non-Fickian process. It is also observed that swelling (which is reversible and consistent with hydrogen bond formation) and the rate of diffusion are not only dependent on the hygrothermal temperature but also the hygrothermal history. In addition, the swelling observed on the reabsorption process does not alter the apparent free volume of this adhesive system, and T-g depression is independent of the final equilibrium water content of the system. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fernandez-Garcia, M (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Ciencia & Tecnol Polimeros, Juan Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain. RI Fernandez-Garcia, Marta/P-6710-2014 OI Fernandez-Garcia, Marta/0000-0003-2061-0351 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD MAY 23 PY 2002 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1581 EP 1591 DI 10.1002/app.10447 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 532HU UT WOS:000174468900011 ER PT J AU Starr, FW Schroder, TB Glotzer, SC AF Starr, FW Schroder, TB Glotzer, SC TI Molecular dynamics simulation of a polymer melt with a nanoscopic particle SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS; GLASS-FORMING LIQUID; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; ENERGY LANDSCAPE; CARBON-BLACK; NANOPARTICLE; FILMS; TRANSITION AB We perform molecular dynamics simulations of a bead-spring polymer melt surrounding a nanoscopic particle. We explore the effect of the polymer/nanoparticle interactions, surface-to-volume ratio, and boundary conditions on both the structure and dynamics of the polymer melt. We find that the chains near the nanoparticle surface are elongated and flattened and that this effect is independent of the interaction for the range of interactions we study. We show that the glass transition temperature T-g of the melt can be shifted to either higher or lower temperatures by tuning the interactions between polymer and nanoparticle. A gradual change of the polymer dynamics approaching the nanoparticle surface causes the change in the glass transition. The magnitude of the shift is exaggerated by increasing fraction of surface monomers in the system. These behaviors support a "many-layer"-based interpretation of the dynamics. Our findings appear applicable to systems in which surface interactions dominate, including both traditional and nanofilled polymer melts, as well as systems with markedly different geometries, such as ultrathin polymer films. In particular, we show how our results might be compared with those obtained from experimental studies of "bound" polymer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Starr, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 78 TC 310 Z9 310 U1 14 U2 119 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 21 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 11 BP 4481 EP 4492 DI 10.1021/ma010626p PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 554GU UT WOS:000175728100037 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Carpenter, JM AF Mildner, DFR Carpenter, JM TI Time uncertainty for guided long wavelength neutrons on a pulsed source SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE critical angle of reflection; long wavelength neutrons; multiple reflection; neutron guides; path length uncertainty; pulse neutron sources; time-of-flight; time resolution; time uncertainty AB The additional broadening of the time distribution of a pulse of neutrons associated with path length uncertainties caused by multiple reflections within a guide is generally small. This can become considerable for long wavelength instruments on a pulsed neutron source. This paper reports calculations for both the straight and the curved guide. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAY 21 PY 2002 VL 484 IS 1-3 BP 486 EP 493 AR PII S0168-9002(01)02015-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02015-0 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 568DL UT WOS:000176527100045 ER PT J AU Johnson, TJ Sams, RL Blake, TA Sharpe, SW Chu, PM AF Johnson, TJ Sams, RL Blake, TA Sharpe, SW Chu, PM TI Removing aperture-induced artifacts from Fourier transform infrared intensity values SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FT-IR; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTROMETRY; PARAMETERS; MICHELSON; SPECTRA; SAMPLE AB Two Fourier transform infrared intensity artifacts have been observed at moderately high (0.1 cm(-1)) spectral resolution: Light reflected off the aperture was double modulated by the interferometer, producing a 2f alias, and the warm (approximate to310 K) annulus of the aperture seen by a cooled detector resulted in distorted line shapes and anomalous intensities in the fingerprint region. Although the second artifact has been alluded to previously, we report corrections to remove both of these anomalies and to demonstrate the efficacy of these corrections. Prior to correction, integrated-band intensities were found to be in error by up to 12%. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. EM sw.sharpe@pnl.gov NR 23 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 15 BP 2831 EP 2839 DI 10.1364/AO.41.002831 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 553VR UT WOS:000175697300014 PM 12027170 ER PT J AU Migdall, A Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML AF Migdall, A Castelletto, S Degiovanni, IP Rastello, ML TI Intercomparison of a correlated-photon-based method to measure detector quantum efficiency SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT; PHOTODETECTORS; FIELDS; TIME AB We report on the absolute calibration of photodetector quantum efficiency by using correlated photon sources, performed independently at two laboratories, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale (IEN). The goal is to use an interlaboratory comparison to demonstrate the inherent absoluteness of the photon correlation technique by showing its independence from the particular experimental setup. We find that detector nonuniformity limited this comparison rather than uncertainty inherent in the method itself. The ultimate goal of these investigations is development of a robust measurement protocol that allows the uncertainties of individual measurements to be determined experimentally and verified operationally. Furthermore, to demonstrate the generality of the procedure, the IEN measurement setup was also used to calibrate a fiber-coupled avalanche photodiode module. Uncertainties are evaluated for the detector both with and without fiber coupling and differences are discussed. The current IEN setup using a thinner and higher transmittance nonlinear crystal for the generation of correlated photons shows a significant improvement in overall accuracy with respect to previously reported results from IEN. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Branch, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Branch, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM castelle@ien.it RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/F-2140-2013; OI Degiovanni, Ivo Pietro/0000-0003-0332-3115; Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 15 BP 2914 EP 2922 DI 10.1364/AO.41.002914 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 553VR UT WOS:000175697300023 PM 12027179 ER PT J AU Indekeu, JO Posazhennikova, AI Ross, D Bonn, D Meunier, J AF Indekeu, JO Posazhennikova, AI Ross, D Bonn, D Meunier, J TI Crossover from first-order to critical wetting in methanol-on alkanes SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Current Problems in Complex Fluids: Self-Assembling Systems CY JUL 10-14, 2001 CL OAXACA, MEXICO ID LONG-RANGE FORCES; MEAN-FIELD-THEORY; CRITICAL-POINTS; TRANSITIONS; SYSTEMS; SURFACE; RENORMALIZATION; 1ST-ORDER AB A mean-field theory is presented which describes the basic observations of recent experiments revealing rich Wetting behaviour of n-alkane/methanol mixtures at the liquid-vapour interface. The theory is based on a microscopic lattice-gas model from which a Cahn-Landau phenomenological approach is derived. Besides the physics associated with the short-range components of the intermolecular interactions, the effects of them long-range tails of the net van der Waals forces between interfaces are also taken into account. The tricritical wetting transition, which is featured in the theory when long-range forces are ignored, is replaced by a critical prewetting transition when these forces are included. The experimental observations agree to a large extent with the predictions of the theory for short-range tricritical wetting. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys Magnetisme Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ecole Normale Super, Lab Phys Stat, F-75231 Paris, France. RP Indekeu, JO (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Vaste Stof Fys Magnetisme Lab, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RI Bonn, Daniel/F-9928-2011 NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD MAY 20 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 19 BP 4777 EP 4783 AR PII S0953-8984(02)30232-7 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/14/19/304 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 558DU UT WOS:000175951700006 ER PT J AU Slebarski, A Maple, MB Freeman, EJ Sirvent, C Radlowska, M Jezierski, A Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW AF Slebarski, A Maple, MB Freeman, EJ Sirvent, C Radlowska, M Jezierski, A Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW TI Strongly correlated electron behaviour in the compound CeRhSn SO PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE B-PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER STATISTICAL MECHANICS ELECTRONIC OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES LA English DT Article ID FERMI-LIQUID BEHAVIOR; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; CE COMPOUNDS; PHOTOEMISSION; FLUCTUATIONS; RESISTIVITY; SYSTEMS; SURFACE; METALS; CENISN AB Electrical resistivity rho, magnetic susceptibility chi, specific heat C, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were made on the compound CeRhSn. The measurements reveal an enhancement of the electronic specific heat coefficient gamma = C(T)/T approximate to 160 mJ mol(-1) K-2 at about 1 K and non-Fermi-liquid-like temperature dependences rho(T) proportional to T-0.75 and chi(T) proportional to T(-0.)5 at low temperatures. At high temperatures, the physical properties indicate Kondo-intermediate-valence behaviour. The XPS measurements are consistent with a Cc valence of 3.07. The neutron diffraction measurements reveal anomalies in the planar Ce-Rh and Ce-Ce bond distances in the vicinity of 100 K which are apparently associated with the Cc valence instability in CeRhSn. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Mol Phys, PL-60179 Poznan, Poland. Silesian Univ, Inst Phys, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Mat Res Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slebarski, A (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. EM mbmaple@ucsd.edu RI Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012 NR 49 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-8637 J9 PHILOS MAG B JI Philos. Mag. B-Phys. Condens. Matter Stat. Mech. Electron. Opt. Magn. Prop. PD MAY 20 PY 2002 VL 82 IS 8 BP 943 EP 961 DI 10.1080/13642810110112955 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Physics GA 550HX UT WOS:000175498500005 ER PT J AU Egelhoff, WF Stiles, MD Pappas, DP Pierce, DT Byers, JM Johnson, MB Jonker, BT Alvarado, SF Gregg, JF Bland, JAC Buhrman, RA AF Egelhoff, WF Stiles, MD Pappas, DP Pierce, DT Byers, JM Johnson, MB Jonker, BT Alvarado, SF Gregg, JF Bland, JAC Buhrman, RA TI Spin polarization of injected electrons SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. IBM Corp, Zurich Res Lab, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland. Univ Oxford, Oxford OV1 3PU, England. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 17 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5571 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 554BL UT WOS:000175713000001 ER PT J AU Smith, IWM Ravishankara, AR AF Smith, IWM Ravishankara, AR TI Role of hydrogen-bonded intermediates in the bimolecular reactions of the hydroxyl radical SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; HIGH-PRESSURE RANGE; RATE CONSTANTS; RATE COEFFICIENTS; ATOM ABSTRACTION; NITRIC-ACID; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; TUNNELING CALCULATIONS; BARRIER HEIGHTS; GAS-PHASE AB Because of their importance in atmospheric and combustion chemistry, the rate coefficients and mechanisms of gas-phase reactions of the OH radical have been studied extensively, and the kinetic database for these reactions is unsurpassed. The OH radical has a rather large electric dipole moment (1.668 D) and is clearly capable of forming strong hydrogen bonds. In this article, we examine the evidence for the importance of such interactions in reactions of OH. We propose that the reactions of OH with alkanes and with HNO(3) represent extremes of behavior, with no effect of hydrogen bonding in the first case but reaction via a rather strongly bound intermediate complex in the second. From this base, we go on to discuss, in turn, the reactions of OH with carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, hydrogen halides, and CO, with the emphasis on the possible role of hydrogen bonding between the reagents of these reactions. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Smith, IWM (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem, POB 363, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. EM iwmsmith@bham.ac.uk RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 77 TC 152 Z9 153 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 16 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 19 BP 4798 EP 4807 DI 10.1021/jp014234w PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 552CQ UT WOS:000175601000002 ER PT J AU Pivovar, AM Ward, MD Brown, CM Neumann, AA AF Pivovar, AM Ward, MD Brown, CM Neumann, AA TI Probing vibrational dynamics of hydrogen-bonded inclusion compounds with inelastic neutron scattering and ab initio calculations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLINE L-ALANINE; ARCHITECTURAL ISOMERISM; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; MODEL-CALCULATIONS; HOST FRAMEWORKS; BENZYLIC AMIDE; THERMAL MOTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRUM; BIPHENYL AB Guanidinium organodisulfonates form lamellar host lattices in which adjacent two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded sheets consisting of topologically complementary guanidinium cations (G) and sulfonate moieties (S) are connected by the organodisulfonates, which serve as pillars that support inclusion cavities, between the sheets, which are occupied by guest molecules. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) at low energies (35120 meV or 280-970 cm(-1)) has been performed to probe the lattice dynamics of selected GS inclusion compounds. The pillars and the guests can be easily interchanged to produce inclusion compounds with various host-guest compositions, which can have different solid-state architectures but with retention of lamellar character. The specific host-guest combinations were chosen to evaluate the influence of the host environment on the vibrational modes of the guests, with particular attention paid to the role of pillar-guest isomorphism and lattice architecture. The multicomponent character of these materials enables selective isotopic labeling (hydrogen or deuterium) of the components-guanidinium ion, organodisulfonate pillar, and guest molecule-so that specific features in the INS spectra of the inclusion compounds can be assigned unambiguously to each component. These assignments are corroborated by ab initio density functional theory calculations for free, isolated guest molecules, which also define the specific molecular motions associated with each feature in the INS data. The INS spectra produced by the ab initio calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data, illustrating the accuracy of the assignments while also demonstrating the reliability of the calculations for predicting INS spectra and lattice dynamics. Overall, the contributions to the INS spectra from the guest molecules do not differ appreciably from those observed for crystals of the pure guests or predicted by ab initio calculations. This demonstrates that the host lattices examined here do not appreciably influence the dynamic behavior of the guest molecules, most likely reflecting the absence of strong host-guest interactions, specifically between the organodisulfonate pillars and the guests. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, 421 Washington Ave SE,Amundson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009 OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD MAY 16 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 19 BP 4916 EP 4924 DI 10.1021/jp014113w PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 552CR UT WOS:000175601100003 ER PT J AU Haseyama, T Asahi, K Bowman, JD Delheij, PPJ Funahashi, H Ishimoto, S Jones, G Masaike, A Masuda, Y Matsuda, Y Morimoto, K Muto, S Penttila, SI Pomeroy, VR Sakai, K Sharapov, EI Smith, DA Yuan, VW AF Haseyama, T Asahi, K Bowman, JD Delheij, PPJ Funahashi, H Ishimoto, S Jones, G Masaike, A Masuda, Y Matsuda, Y Morimoto, K Muto, S Penttila, SI Pomeroy, VR Sakai, K Sharapov, EI Smith, DA Yuan, VW TI Measurement of parity-nonconserving rotation of neutron spin in the 0.734-eV p-wave resonance of La-139 SO PHYSICS LETTERS B LA English DT Article ID VIOLATION AB The parity nonconserving spin rotation of neutrons in the 0.734-eV p-wave resonance of La-139 was measured with the neutron transmission method. Two optically polarized He-3 cells were used before and behind a 5-cm long La-139 target, each as a polarizer and an analyzer for neutron spin. The rotation angle was carefully measured by flipping the direction of He-3 polarization in the polarizer in sequence. The peak-to-peak value of the spin rotation was determined to be (7.4+/-1.1) x 10(-3) rad/cm. The result is found to be consistent with the previous experiments, but the result was statistically improved. The s-p mixing model gives the weak matrix element as xW = (1.71+/-0.25) meV. The value agrees well with the one deduced from the parity-nonconserving longitudinal asymmetry in the same resonance. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Haseyama, T (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Nucl Sci Res Facil, Inst Chem Res, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RI Matsuda, Yasuyuki/C-3007-2008 OI Matsuda, Yasuyuki/0000-0002-9847-3791 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0370-2693 J9 PHYS LETT B JI Phys. Lett. B PD MAY 16 PY 2002 VL 534 IS 1-4 BP 39 EP 44 AR PII S0370-2693(02)01720-3 DI 10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01720-3 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 557LD UT WOS:000175909300005 ER PT J AU Vallone, PM Devaney, JM Marino, MA Butler, JM AF Vallone, PM Devaney, JM Marino, MA Butler, JM TI A strategy for examining complex mixtures of deoxyoligonucleotides using ion-pair-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and informatics SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; DIGESTION; PCR AB Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and ionpair-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-RP HPLC) techniques were combined to determine the sequence identity of short single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides. This methodology is demonstrated using a commercially available multiplex set of eight primer pairs. The primer pairs were separated and collected by IP-RP HPLC. Partial sequence information for IP-RP HPLC fractions was obtained from analyzing exonuclease digestion products by MALDI-TOF MS. IP-RP HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS, exonuclease digests, and a simple computational algorithm provide an integrated strategy for determining the sequence of short nucleic acid oligomers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Transgenom Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Vallone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 304 IS 2 BP 257 EP 265 DI 10.1006/abio.2002.5641 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 552VH UT WOS:000175640400016 PM 12009704 ER PT J AU Moon, YJ Dryer, M Smith, Z Park, YD Cho, KS AF Moon, YJ Dryer, M Smith, Z Park, YD Cho, KS TI A revised shock time of arrival (STOA) model for interplanetary shock propagation: STOA-2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVES; AU AB [1] We have examined a possibility for improvement of the STOA (Shock Time Of Arrival) model for interplanetary shock propagation. In the STOA model, the shock propagating velocity is given by V-s similar to R-N with N = 0.5, where R is the heliocentric distance. Noting observational and numerical findings that the radial dependence of shock wave velocity depends on initial shock wave velocity, we suggest a simple modified STOA model (STOA-2) which has a linear relationship between initial coronal shock wave velocity (V-is) and its deceleration exponent(N), N = 0.05 + 4 x 10(-4) V-is, where V-is is a numeric value expressed in units of km s(-1). Our results show that the STOA-2 model not only removes a systematic dependence of the transit time difference predicted by the previous STOA model on initial shock velocity, but also reduces the number of events with large transit time differences. C1 Big Bear Solar Observ NJIT, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. Radio Res Lab, Ichon 467880, South Korea. Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moon, YJ (reprint author), Big Bear Solar Observ NJIT, 40386 N Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013; xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 14 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 10 AR 1390 DI 10.1029/2002GL014865 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DL UT WOS:000178888300116 ER PT J AU Townsend, AR Asner, GP White, JWC Tans, PP AF Townsend, AR Asner, GP White, JWC Tans, PP TI Land use effects on atmospheric C-13 imply a sizable terrestrial CO2 sink in tropical latitudes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; CARBON STORAGE; AMAZONIA; SOIL; VARIABILITY; DELTA-C-13; ECOSYSTEMS; PASTURE; FORESTS; CLIMATE AB [1] Records of atmospheric CO2 and (CO2)-C-13 can be used to distinguish terrestrial vs. oceanic exchanges of CO2 with the atmosphere. However, this approach has proven difficult in the tropics, partly due to extensive land conversion from C-3 to C-4 vegetation. We estimated the effects of such conversion on biosphere- atmosphere C-13 exchange for 1991-2000, and then explored how this "land-use disequilibrium'' altered the partitioning of net atmospheric CO2 exchanges between ocean and land using NOAA-CMDL data and a 2D, zonally averaged atmospheric transport model. Our results suggest sizable CO2 uptake in C-3-dominated tropical regions in 8 of the 10 years; 1997 and 1998, which included a strong ENSO event, are near neutral. Since these fluxes include any deforestation source, our findings imply either that such sources are smaller than previously estimated, and/or the existence of a large equatorial terrestrial CO2 sink. C1 Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Townsend, AR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, 1560 30th St, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009; Asner, Gregory/G-9268-2013 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Asner, Gregory/0000-0001-7893-6421 NR 23 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 10 AR 1426 DI 10.1029/2001GL013454 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DL UT WOS:000178888300080 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA Wang, YC Goyette, A AF Sobolewski, MA Wang, YC Goyette, A TI Measurements and modeling of ion energy distributions in high-density, radio-frequency biased CF4 discharges SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; SHEATH MODEL; PROBE MEASUREMENTS; REFERENCE CELL; POSITIVE-ION; RF-ELECTRODE; REACTORS; ARGON; DYNAMICS; ANALYZER AB Models of ion dynamics in radio-frequency (rf) biased, high-density plasma sheaths are needed to predict ion bombardment energies in plasma simulations. To test these models, we have measured ion energy distributions (IEDs) in pure CF4 discharges at 1.33 Pa (10 mTorr) in a high-density, inductively coupled plasma reactor, using a mass spectrometer equipped with an ion energy analyzer. IEDs of CF3+, CF2+, CF+, and F+ ions were measured as a function of bias frequency, bias amplitude, and inductive source power. Simultaneous measurements by a capacitive probe and a Faraday cup provide enough information to determine the input parameters of sheath models and allow direct comparison of calculated and measured IEDs. A rigorous and comprehensive test of one numerical sheath model was performed. The model, which includes a complete treatment of time-dependent ion dynamics in the sheath, was found to predict the behavior of measured IEDs to good accuracy over the entire range of bias frequency, including complicated effects that are observed when the ion transit time is comparable to the rf bias period. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 6303 EP 6314 DI 10.1063/1.147403 PN 1 PG 12 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551QL UT WOS:000175572500008 ER PT J AU Stiles, MD Zangwill, A AF Stiles, MD Zangwill, A TI Noncollinear spin transfer in Co/Cu/Co multilayers (invited) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WA ID METAL-FERROMAGNET SYSTEMS; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; MAGNETIC MULTILAYER; DEPENDENCE; TRANSPORT; NANOWIRES; REVERSAL; PILLARS AB This article has two parts. The first part uses a single point of view to discuss the reflection and averaging mechanisms of spin transfer between current-carrying electrons and the ferromagnetic layers of magnetic/nonmagnetic heterostructures. The second part incorporates both effects into a matrix Boltzmann equation and reports numerical results for current polarization, spin accumulation, magnetoresistance, and spin-transfer torques for Co/Cu/Co multilayers. When possible, the results are compared quantitatively with relevant experiments. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Stiles, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mark.stiles@nist.gov RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 31 TC 108 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 6812 EP 6817 DI 10.1063/1.1446123 PN 2 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RL UT WOS:000175575100005 ER PT J AU Chen, A Fry, RA Torre, ED AF Chen, A Fry, RA Torre, ED TI Numerical simulation of the aftereffect of a Co/Pt bimodal magneto-optical medium SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WA ID BEHAVIOR AB Moving version of the Preisach-Arrhenius (PA) model function is used to simulate aftereffect in bimodal Co/Pt multilayers. The Co/Pt multilayers are assumed to have two kinds of magnetic phases, each characterized by its own magnetic properties. The Co/Pt bimodal major loop is the sum of the conventional (unimodal) loops of each of the two constituent phases. The aftereffect of each of these loops is calculated separately using its own parameters obtained from the major loop. The individual models are then combined into a single bimodal aftereffect model. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, A (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Washington, DC 20052 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 7631 EP 7633 DI 10.1063/1.1450848 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RL UT WOS:000175575100269 ER PT J AU Lai, CH Ming, T Erwin, R Borchers, J AF Lai, CH Ming, T Erwin, R Borchers, J TI Exchange anisotropy between single twin domain NiO and NiFe SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WA AB Single-twin (T)-domain NiO films were obtained by stress induced during the growth, and the exchange anisotropy between NiO and NiFe films was studied by using micromagnetic modeling. The compressive strain along the [111] is -7.16x10(-4), which forces spins of NiO to lie on the (111) plane parallel to the film surface. The neutron diffraction shows that the moments of NiO predominantly lie in the film plane with random orientations, that is, the NiO is of a single T-domain, and multi-spin-rotation-domains in the film plane. The effective crystalline anisotropy of (111) NiO, calculated from micromagnetic modeling, is 2.4x10(4) ergs/cm(3). The majority of NiO moments at the interface switched along with NiFe moments due to the low effective anisotropy, leading to a large coercivity and a low exchange field. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Read Rite Corp, Fremont, CA 94539 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lai, CH (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. EM chlai@mse.nthu.edu.tw NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 7751 EP 7753 DI 10.1063/1.1447532 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RL UT WOS:000175575100307 ER PT J AU de Araujo, AEP Machado, FLA Rodrigues, AR Azevedo, A de Aguiar, FM de Almeida, JRL Rezende, SM Egelhoff, WF AF de Araujo, AEP Machado, FLA Rodrigues, AR Azevedo, A de Aguiar, FM de Almeida, JRL Rezende, SM Egelhoff, WF TI Spin-glass and random-field effects in exchange-biased NiFe film on a NiO single-crystal substrate SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID ISING-MODEL; IRREVERSIBILITY; FERROMAGNET; ANISOTROPY; INTERFACES AB Magnetization (M) data on a ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AF) sample made of a permalloy thin film sputtered on a thick NiO single-crystal substrate reveal remarkable irreversibilities. The field, temperature (T), and time dependencies of M were measured after the sample was cooled in zero-field or in the presence of a field, keeping T below the Neel temperature, with the field applied in the plane, either perpendicular or parallel to the anisotropy direction. While the behavior observed in the perpendicular configuration is characteristic of spin glasses, in the parallel configuration it exhibits features of random-field systems. The observed metastabilities and thermal history dependencies are shown to result from frustrations and randomness due to the interface roughness. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP de Araujo, AEP (reprint author), Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. RI de Almeida, Jairo/A-5909-2009; Rezende, Sergio/G-4570-2014; Machado, Fernando/A-5443-2009; OI de Almeida, Jairo/0000-0001-9857-013X; Rezende, Sergio/0000-0002-3806-411X; Machado, Fernando/0000-0002-6498-7751; Araujo, Fernando/0000-0001-6471-5564 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 7754 EP 7756 DI 10.1063/1.1447496 PN 2 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RL UT WOS:000175575100308 ER PT J AU Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Egelhoff, WF McMichael, RD Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Anomalous switching behavior of antiparallel-coupled Co layers separated by a super thin Ru spacer SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID MAGNETORESISTANCE; MULTILAYERS; PINHOLES; EXCHANGE; FE/CR AB The details of the magnetization reversal in coupled ferromagnetic Co/Ru/Co trilayers deposited on obliquely sputtered Ta underlayers were studied using the magneto-optical indicator film technique. The ground states of the sandwich are characterized by noncollinear magnetization orientations in the two Co layers, which can be remagnetized by the motion of 180degrees and non-180degrees domain walls. In the latter case, the angle between the magnetization vectors in the adjacent domains was revealed to be about +/-100degrees, and an anomalous magnetization reversal was observed. The canted magnetization states and their mutual transformations are discussed in terms of the competition between ferromagnetic coupling through pinholes and antiferromagnetic coupling across the Ru layer. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gornakov, VS (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8272 EP 8274 DI 10.1063/1.1452706 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400149 ER PT J AU Bae, S Judy, JH Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF Zurn, S Sheppard, L Torok, EJ AF Bae, S Judy, JH Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF Zurn, S Sheppard, L Torok, EJ TI Magnetoelectronic characteristics of a GMR transpinnor and a magnetic random access memory using a closed-flux NiFe/Cu/CoFe/Cu/NiFe pseudo spin-valve SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; DEVICES AB The magnetoelectronic device characteristics of a GMR "transpinnor," a new multifunctional solid-state device, and a magnetic random access memory (MRAM) have been investigated using the structure of closed-flux NiFe/Cu/CoFe/Cu/NiFe pseudo spin-valve (PSV) for a new current driver-one MRAM cell architecture on the same substrate. The electrical and magnetic device characteristics of a PSV-MRAM cell and single or dual-input "transpinnors" are a GMR ratio of 3%-6% and a sheet resistivity of 4-5Omega/square. The switching characteristics of PSV MRAM cells were measured using patterned Si/Si3N4/PSV with a NiFe(30 nm)/Cu(90 nm) word or input line. The writing field was set at +/-40 Oe and a 1-3 mV output signal was obtained when a 10.2 Oe sensing field was induced by a word line with a current density of 2.7x10(6) A/cm(2). The output characteristics of the GMR "transpinnor" were measured using a PSV fabricated on the same wafer with the MRAM cell. Similar to standard transistor characteristics, the transpinnor exhibits a very high output signal between 2 and 3 mA (output load R=1 Omega) at a low 8 Oe switching field, which should be potentially useful as a current driver for activating PVS-MRAM circuits and for realizing various new logic gates such as OR, NAND, and other multivalue logic states. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Micromagnet & Informat Technol MINT, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Integrated Magnetoelect Co, Minneapolis, MN 55406 USA. RP Bae, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Micromagnet & Informat Technol MINT, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8414 EP 8416 DI 10.1063/1.1447204 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400195 ER PT J AU Taketomi, S Shull, RD AF Taketomi, S Shull, RD TI Magnetic behavior of yttrium-iron-garnet nanoparticles dispersed in glass composites SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID ALKOXIDE METHOD AB By absorbing amorphous yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) nanoparticles into nanosized pores of a controlled pore glass (CPG) followed by heat treatment, we synthesized YIG nanocrystal-dispersed glass composites. In a sample which was prepared with a 300 nm pore size CPG and heat treated at 800 degreesC for 2 h, almost all the amorphous YIG nanoparticles transformed to YIG nanocrystals. The mass fraction of YIG was estimated to be 4.7% from the measured saturation magnetization. In a sample which was prepared from a 49 nm pore size CPG with the same heat treatment, the amount of YIG was estimated to be only 0.54%. Magnetization measurements of different samples revealed that heat treatment at higher temperatures or for longer times resulted in reactions of the YIG particles with the SiO2 of the CPG, and the composites became paramagnetic. However, even in those samples, large initial magnetic susceptibilities were measured, implying the presence of a small amount of unreacted YIG nanocrystals. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Co Ltd, Osaka 5810075, Japan. RP Taketomi, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8468 EP 8470 DI 10.1063/1.1452204 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400213 ER PT J AU Taketomi, S Shull, RD AF Taketomi, S Shull, RD TI Experimental study of magnetic interactions between colloidal particles in magnetic fluids SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON AB In order to clarify whether or not there is any magnetic interaction between the magnetic colloidal particles in magnetic fluids (MFs), we present a method for comparing the magnetization curve of a mother MF with that of a few-thousand-fold diluted solution. For a MF which showed clusters of colloidal particles in an optical microscope under an applied magnetic field, the hysteresis loops for the mother MF and its few-thousand-fold dilution displayed different shapes for weak fields. We conclude from this result that strong magnetic interactions exist between the particles in this MF. On the contrary for a MF which showed no clusters under optical microscopy, no differences in shapes of the hysteresis loops for the mother MF and its few-thousand-fold dilution were observed in the weak field region. However, differences were observed for the field region above 80 kA/m. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Co Ltd, Osaka 5810075, Japan. RP Taketomi, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8546 EP 8548 DI 10.1063/1.1452205 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400239 ER PT J AU Lee, CG Jung, JG McMichael, RD Fry, RA Chen, A Egelhoff, WF Gornakov, VS AF Lee, CG Jung, JG McMichael, RD Fry, RA Chen, A Egelhoff, WF Gornakov, VS TI Structural, magnetic, and thermal stability of IrMn exchange biased layers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; THIN-FILMS; ANISOTROPY; NIO AB The magnetic domain structure, magnetic properties, and thermal stability of IrMn biased top spin valves containing Co and NiFe have been investigated. The magneto-optical indicator film pictures of Ni-Fe biased IrMn spin valve show the formation and motion of domain walls that separate large domains in the free film unlike the Co biased IrMn spin valve structure with many small microdomains. From the angular dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth (DeltaH) and resonance field (H-res) it was found that the IrMn biased Co film is very different from the behavior of a NiO biased Permalloy film which exhibits two-magnon scattering. To investigate the thermal stability two kinds of magnetoresistance measurements at anneal temperature (T-Ann) and room temperature (T-RT) following anneals were accomplished. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Changwon Natl Univ, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RAS, LRCS, Inst Solid State Phys, Moscow 117901, Russia. RP Lee, CG (reprint author), Changwon Natl Univ, Chang Won 641773, Gyeongnam, South Korea. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8566 EP 8568 DI 10.1063/1.1455616 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400246 ER PT J AU McMichael, RD Twisselmann, DJ Bonevich, JE Chen, AP Egelhoff, WF Russek, SE AF McMichael, RD Twisselmann, DJ Bonevich, JE Chen, AP Egelhoff, WF Russek, SE TI Ferromagnetic resonance mode interactions in periodically perturbed films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID EXTRINSIC CONTRIBUTIONS; ULTRATHIN FILMS; THIN-FILMS; LINEWIDTH AB Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurements are reported for thin films of Ni80Fe20 deposited on substrates with 320 nm period grooves or parallel aperiodic scratches. These films are model systems for studying the effects of inhomogeneity on ferromagnetic resonance. With the grooved substrate, the ferromagnetic resonance spectra show that interactions split the resonant frequencies of interacting modes leading to two resonances for strong interactions and broadened resonances for weak interactions. The results obtained with the scratched substrate are in agreement with the two-magnon model of linewidth, showing sharply increased linewidth when the scratches are oriented to allow coupling to degenerate spinwave modes. The results are not in agreement with a simple model of linewidth as a direct measure of the spread in local resonance fields. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP McMichael, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8647 EP 8649 DI 10.1063/1.1456382 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400273 ER PT J AU McMichael, RD Kunz, A AF McMichael, RD Kunz, A TI Calculation of damping rates in thin inhomogeneous ferromagnetic films due to coupling to lattice vibrations SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID RESONANCE LINEWIDTH AB This article describes calculations of ferromagnetic resonance damping rates due to coupling between the magnetization and lattice vibrations through inhomogeneities. The mechanisms we have explored include generation of shear phonons through inhomogeneous anisotropy and generation of both longitudinal and shear phonons through inhomogeneous magnetostriction. In both cases, inhomogeneities couple the uniform precession to finite wave vector phonons. For both coupling mechanisms, the predicted damping rate is on the order of 10(6) s(-1) in transition metals. The damping rate by these mechanisms is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the shear phonon velocity, and may play a significant role in mechanically softer materials such as magnet/polymer nanocomposites. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McMichael, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8650 EP 8652 DI 10.1063/1.1450831 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400274 ER PT J AU Russek, SE Kabos, P McMichael, RD Lee, CG Bailey, WE Ewasko, R Sanders, SC AF Russek, SE Kabos, P McMichael, RD Lee, CG Bailey, WE Ewasko, R Sanders, SC TI Magnetostriction and angular dependence of ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in Tb-doped Ni0.8Fe0.2 thin films SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials CY NOV 12-16, 2001 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ID COMPLEX PERMEABILITY; DYNAMICS; TIMES AB We present the dependence of the magnetostriction in Ni0.8Fe0.2 films on Tb and Gd doping concentration and compare with the measured doping dependence of the high-frequency damping. While the magnetostriction and the high-frequency damping are correlated, the dependence is complicated. In particular, the high-frequency damping parameter alpha increases rapidly (alpha=0.008-0.84) with a modest increase in the magnetostriction (lambda(s)=-0.6x10(-6) to 5.7x10(-6)) for Tb doping concentrations up to 10%. For Gd doping, the high-frequency damping changes slowly (alpha=0.008-0.02) as the doping concentration is increased to 10%, whereas the increase in magnetostriction is similar to that observed in the Tb-doped films. Further, it is possible to achieve low magnetostriction (lambda(s)=2x10(-6)) near the region of critical damping. Measurements of the angular dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in Tb-doped Ni0.8Fe0.2 films show little change similar to the behavior observed in undoped Ni0.8Fe0.2 films, although the linewidths are considerably larger. This is in contrast to systems such as Ni0.8Fe0.2 on NiO, which have a large angular dependence indicating that the relaxation process proceeds through the generation of spin waves. The enhanced damping in the Tb-doped films appears, therefore, to be mediated through direct phonon generation. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Changwon Natl Univ, Chang Won 641773, Kyungnam, South Korea. Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA. StorageTek, Louisville, CO 80028 USA. RP Russek, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 14 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 8659 EP 8661 DI 10.1063/1.1452708 PN 3 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 551RY UT WOS:000175576400277 ER PT J AU Hamilton, WA Porcar, L Butler, PD Warr, GG AF Hamilton, WA Porcar, L Butler, PD Warr, GG TI Local membrane ordering of sponge phases at a solid-solution interface SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DILUTE SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; LYOTROPIC LAMELLAR PHASES; X-RAY; FLUID MEMBRANES; MACROSCOPIC SURFACES; MULTILAYER SYSTEMS; STERIC INTERACTION; TRANSITION; REFLECTION AB We report a study of the ordering of the surfactant membranes of cetylpyridiniumchloride-hexanol in heavy brine sponge phase solutions in the proximity of a quartz surface by simultaneous neutron reflectometry (NR) and "near surface" small angle neutron scattering (NS-SANS) measurement in a reflection geometry sample cell. The NR results indicate layered surface ordering correlated with the solid-solution interface and decaying exponentially with depth over distances corresponding to a few membrane separations. The absolutely normalized NS-SANS results are consistent with conventional bulk SANS measurements, also indicating that the layered ordering established very near the surface does not constitute a phase of significant volume. We have compared this local surface ordering with the dilution behavior observed for sponge and lamellar phases in the bulk. At low membrane volume fraction the surface layering periodicity corresponds to the bulk sponge correlation peak, but approaches the smaller periodicities measured for lamellar systems at the same membrane volume fraction at higher concentrations. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Hamilton, WA (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 62 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 19 BP 8533 EP 8546 DI 10.1063/1.1469602 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 546VY UT WOS:000175297600034 ER PT J AU Larkin, NK Harrison, DE AF Larkin, NK Harrison, DE TI ENSO warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) event life cycles: Ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries, and implications SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WESTERLY WIND EVENTS; SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; CIRCULATION; TELECONNECTIONS; VARIABILITY AB Previous studies by the authors have described the composite global marine surface anomalies of ENSO warm (El Nino) events and cold (La Nina) events. Here the similarities and differences in these life cycles are examined. Qualitatively different behavior between warm events and cold events exists in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in the extratropical Pacific. Even in the tropical Pacific statistically significantly different behavior is found in some variables for particular regions and phases of the life cycles. A single-mode regression analysis of the ENSO signal is done; the patterns are very similar to those of previously published ENSO EOF and regression analyses. The authors describe how the regression patterns obscure many of the interesting life cycles and life cycle differences of cold events and warm events. Most of the regression structures outside of the tropical Pacific are not statistically significant because of such differences. ENSO models should be evaluated against their ability to reproduce the observed cold event and warm event life cycles and not just single EOF or regression mode patterns. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Larkin, NK (reprint author), USDA, FS FERA, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RI Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 NR 50 TC 111 Z9 111 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1118 EP 1140 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1118:EWENOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 546AC UT WOS:000175248900002 ER PT J AU Kinter, JL Miyakoda, K Yang, S AF Kinter, JL Miyakoda, K Yang, S TI Recent change in the connection from the Asian monsoon to ENSO SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-SUMMER MONSOON; TROPICAL-WIDE TELECONNECTION; INTERANNUAL TIME SCALES; WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; TRADE-WIND SYSTEM; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL-NINO; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC AB The Asian monsoon and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known to interact with each other. In this paper, four primary indices (the Indian monsoon rainfall index, the Webster and Yang monsoon index, the tropical-wide oscillation index, and the Southern Oscillation index) that characterize the temporal variation of these complex, chaotic and quasi-oscillatory phenomena are used to assess the action from the Asian monsoon to ENSO, that is, the linkage between the strong/weak monsoon and La Nina/El Nino. The evolution of the four previously documented indices and other auxiliary data over a 43-yr period is examined using the observed database and the reanalysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The Asian monsoon and ENSO intersect in a common area, namely, the warm pool in the western tropical Pacific. This region (e. g., 10degreesS-5degreesN, 110degrees-170degreesE) is located at the longitudinally central portion of the Walker circulation and also the equatorial end of the Indo-Pacific meridional overturning cell that is part of the zonal mean Hadley circulation. In recent decades, the connection between the monsoon and ENSO has changed considerably. This change is related to the atmospheric circulation over the entire North Pacific Ocean, which entered a new regime in about 1976. Before 1976, the correlations among the four primary indices, and those between the indices and the Nino-3 index of sea surface temperature, were strong. In recent decades, the ocean temperature in the entire North Pacific became considerably colder. The lower-tropospheric winds became simultaneously more cyclonic over the North Pacific. ENSO is now related to atmospheric fluctuations both in the Indian sector and in northeastern China. The western North Pacific monsoon in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands (9degrees-19degreesN, 139degrees-141degreesE) may play an important role together with the off-equatorial ocean heat content in a larger region (5degrees-15degreesN, 135degrees-170degreesE) in maintaining or even increasing ENSO activities. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Inst Global Environm & Soc, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Kinter, JL (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Inst Global Environm & Soc, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 NR 62 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1203 EP 1215 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1203:RCITCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 546AC UT WOS:000175248900007 ER PT J AU Yi, XH Pellegrino, J AF Yi, XH Pellegrino, J TI Diffusion measurements with Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy: Water diffusion in polypropylene SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE diffusion; Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR); poly(propylene) (PP); water; surface resistance; films ID POLY(ETHER SULFONE) MEMBRANES; ATR-FTIR; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; POLYMERS; INTERDIFFUSION; PERMEABILITY; SORPTION; KETONE AB The diffusion of pure liquid water into a commercial polypropylene (PP) film at 278-348 K was studied with Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. Abnormal diffusion behavior was indicated by a significant deviation between the experimental data and a Fickian diffusion model with the conventional saturated boundary condition applied at the water/PP interface. This deviation was observed at all the temperatures studied. With a modified boundary condition that took into account a mass-transfer resistance at the water/PP interface, the Fickian model was able to represent the experimental data satisfactorily. The average water diffusion coefficient varied between 1.41 and 7.64 x 10(-9) cm(2)/s, with an activation energy of diffusion of about 19.3 kJ/mol. The interfacial mass-transfer resistance was represented by an exponential model with an empirical relaxation parameter. The relaxation parameter beta increased as the temperature increased and reached an apparent plateau. The infrared spectrum indicated a positive chemical shift of 18 cm(-1) for the less strongly hydrogen-bonded component of the broad hydroxyl stretching band with respect to pure liquid water, indicating that hydrogen-bonding interactions were weakened or broken when water molecules diffused into the PP matrix. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pellegrino, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI PELLEGRINO, JOHN/0000-0001-7749-5003 NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 980 EP 991 DI 10.1002/polb.10161 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 542YR UT WOS:000175073800008 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Stephens, GL AF Heidinger, AK Stephens, GL TI Molecular line absorption in a scattering atmosphere. Part III: Pathlength characteristics and effects of spatially heterogeneous clouds SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTION DERIVATION; AVERAGED SOLAR FLUXES; BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; A-BAND; OPTICAL MEDIA; STRATOCUMULUS; SATELLITE; PARAMETERIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB The paper analyzes the influence of horizontal variability of clouds on sunlight reflected in a narrow portion of the solar spectrum and how this influence affects the ability to estimate cloud properties from measurements of reflection. This paper is part of a series that examines the use of high-resolution measurements of absorption lines of the oxygen A band located between 0.763 and 0.773 mum as a way of deriving information on cloud structure presently unobtainable from other passive measurements. The effects of spatial heterogeneity on reflectances and pathlength distributions are examined for marine stratocumulus cloud fields derived from Landsat data. The results showed that for the marine stratocumulus fields studied, the radiance errors were on the order of 3%-20%, and the spectral radiance ratio (in-band to out-of-band) errors were on the order of 1%-5%. When these errors are too large, the retrieved quantities possess too much error to be useful. The errors due to horizontal transport of photons and subpixel variability are studied independently as a function of spatial scale. Using both the radiance and radiance ratios, a technique was developed that allows the plane-parallel forward model typically used in retrieval schemes to be able to predict when its retrievals are so influenced by spatial heterogeneity that the results are invalid. This ability would represent a significant step forward in the current abilities of passive retrievals, which cannot determine the effect of cloud spatial variability on their retrievals. Lastly, a method was demonstrated that used domain-averaged measurements of absorption formed by reflection along with plane-parallel theory to estimate the distribution of optical depth throughout the domain. The results for the four simulated cloud fields showed this technique to have significant promise in quickly classifying the level of cloud heterogeneity over a large area. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1,Rm 712,World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1641 EP 1654 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1641:MLAIAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 542YU UT WOS:000175074000001 ER PT J AU Browning, GL Kreiss, HO AF Browning, GL Kreiss, HO TI Multiscale bounded derivative initialization for an arbitrary domain SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; DIFFERENT TIME SCALES AB The bounded derivative theory (BDT) for hyperbolic systems with multiple timescales was originally applied to the initialization problem for large-scale shallow-water flows in the midlatitudes and near the equator. Concepts from the theory also have been used to prove the existence of a simple reduced system that accurately describes the dominant component of a midlatitude mesoscale storm forced by cooling and heating. Recently, it has been shown how the latter results can be extended to tropospheric flows near the equator. In all of these cases, only a single type of flow was assumed to exist in the domain of interest in order to better examine the characteristics of that flow. Here it is shown how BDT concepts can be used to understand the dependence of developing mesoscale features on a balanced large-scale background flow. That understanding is then used to develop multiscale initialization constraints for the three-dimensional diabatic equations in any domain on the globe. C1 NOAA, OAR, Forcast Syst Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr 3B906, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Browning, GL (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Forcast Syst Lab, David Skaggs Res Ctr 3B906, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1680 EP 1696 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1680:MBDIFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 542YU UT WOS:000175074000004 ER PT J AU Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM AF Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM TI Interactions between tropical convection and its environment: An energetics analysis of a 2D cloud resolving simulation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MOIST AVAILABLE ENERGY; CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE; DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; TOGA COARE; CONVERGENCE; CIRCULATION; MAINTENANCE; ENSEMBLE; WAVE AB The phase relation between the perturbation kinetic energy (K') associated with the tropical convection and the horizontal-mean moist available potential energy ((P) over bar) associated with environmental conditions is investigated P by an energetics analysis of a numerical experiment. This experiment is performed using a 2D cloud resolving model forced by the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) derived vertical velocity. The imposed upward motion leads to a decrease of through the (P) over bar associated vertical advective cooling, and to an increase of K' through cloud-related processes, feeding the convection. The maximum K' and its maximum growth rate lags and leads, respectively, the maximum imposed large-scale upward motion by about 1-2 h, indicating that convection is phase locked with large-scale forcing. The dominant life cycle of the simulated convection is about 9 h, whereas the timescales of the imposed large-scale forcing are longer than the diurnal cycle. In the convective events, the maximum growth of K' leads the maximum decay of the perturbation moist available potential energy (P') by about 3 h through vertical heat transport by perturbation circulation, and perturbation cloud heating. The maximum decay of P' leads the maximum decay of (P) over bar by about 1 h through the perturbation radiative processes, the horizontal-mean cloud heating, and the large-scale vertical advective cooling. Therefore, maximum gain of K' occurs about 4-5 h before maximum decay of (P) over bar. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM xiaofan.li@noaa.gov RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 25 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1712 EP 1722 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1712:IBTCAI>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 542YU UT WOS:000175074000006 ER PT J AU Serra, YL Houze, RA AF Serra, YL Houze, RA TI Observations of variability on synoptic timescales in the East Pacific ITCZ SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LOWER TROPOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES; WAVE DISTURBANCES; TROPICAL PACIFIC; NORTHERN SUMMER; GLOBAL ANALYSIS; FGGE YEAR; SYSTEM; CYCLOGENESIS; CONVECTION; ATLANTIC AB Data obtained in the eastern Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during the Tropical Eastern Pacific Process Study (TEPPS) show a 3-6-day variability. The NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown collected surface meteorological observations, C-band Doppler radar volumes, atmospheric soundings, and rainfall data while on station at 7.8degreesN, 125degreesW from 8-23 August 1997. The 3-6-day variability was a prominent timescale in the meridional wind and humidity data. The maxima of the surface-to-700-mb meridional wind anomalies were 512 m s(-1). Maxima of the moisture anomalies at the same levels were similar to1-3 g kg(-1), in phase with the low-level southerlies, while upper-level moisture lagged the southerlies by less than a day. The radar indicated a close connection between precipitation in the vicinity of the ship and the meridional wind, with the precipitation occurring when the surface southerlies were strongest. The meridional and zonal wind components had a maximum of 850-450-mb wind shear during the southerly events. The vertical profiles of wind, humidity, and temperature in each of the events at 3-6-day intervals were generally consistent with theoretical studies of easterly waves. Satellite infrared (IR) data indicated significant variance at 3-6-day periods within the region 0degrees-20degreesN, 75degrees-150degreesW for July-August 1997. The variability seen by satellite was most pronounced off the coast of South America and over the warm waters north of the equator, which mark the latitude of the ITCZ. Satellite-observed cloudiness exhibited wavelike organization with disturbed areas moving westward at similar to8 m s(-1) (6degrees-7degrees day(-1)), with wavelengths of 2000-3000 km. Consistent with previous descriptions of easterly waves, a chain of low clouds and moisture formed inverted V patterns in visible and water-vapor channels of satellite imagery. Mesoscale convective systems formed along this chain. Some of these systems appeared to have been associated with low-pressure regions that eventually led to hurricanes. However, others did not spin off tropical storms, thus implying that their existence did not necessarily depend on these events. One set of mesoscale convective systems moved eastward through the 3-6-day westward- moving waves in conjunction with a Kelvin wave. Surface meteorological data from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Improved Meteorological Instrumentation (IMET) buoy moored at 10degreesN, 125degreesW and the NOAA Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TOA) moored buoys in the eastern Pacific also indicated significant 3-6-day variability in the meridional wind component during August 1997. Spectral analysis of the buoy data were consistent with spectrally analyzed satellite IR data in showing a seasonal spatial pattern of 3-6-day variability with easterly waves most active during the July-September season. Together the ship, satellite, and buoy data show that the TEPPS ship data were collected in a large-scale environment that was characterized by an interference pattern of two wave types. A regular progression of easterly waves produced the dominant 3-6-day variability, which was modified during one time period by the passage of a Kelvin wave approaching the region from the west. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Serra, YL (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Serra, Yolande/I-3457-2015 OI Serra, Yolande/0000-0003-3542-1158 NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD MAY 15 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 10 BP 1723 EP 1743 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1723:OOVOST>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 542YU UT WOS:000175074000007 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JM Iverson, EB Mildner, DFR AF Carpenter, JM Iverson, EB Mildner, DFR TI Time focusing of pulsed-source crystal analyzer spectrometers. Part II: practical expressions SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE crystal analyzer spectrometers; backscattering spectrometers; time focusing; neutron scattering; pulsed neutron sources; quasielastic scattering; resolution ID NEUTRON SOURCE; INELASTIC SPECTROMETER; RESOLUTION; DIFFRACTOMETER; DESIGN AB We develop practical expressions for the focusing conditions of fully general crystal analyzer inelastic neutron scattering instruments having two-dimensionally extended sources (moderators), samples, analyzer crystals, and detectors. We show their relationships to focusing conditions for powder diffraction and single-crystal diffraction instruments. We demonstrate that geometries other than the traditional backscattering arrangement, using more general sample, analyzer, and detector orientation angles, can provide high resolution and offer potential advantages in design. The results apply to the use of mosaic as well as perfect single-crystal analyzers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source Project, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carpenter, JM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 360, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD MAY 11 PY 2002 VL 483 IS 3 BP 784 EP 806 AR PII S0168-9002(01)01938-6 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01938-6 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 569VH UT WOS:000176622700019 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, C Lim, EC AF Gonzalez, C Lim, EC TI On the equilibrium geometries of anthracene trimer and naphthalene tetramer: comparison of the exp-6-1 and HFD structure predictions with experiment SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DER-WAALS DIMERS; EXCIMER FORMATION; AB-INITIO; ELECTRONIC-SPECTRA; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; QUANTUM-CHEMISTRY; CLUSTERS; BENZENE; MICROCLUSTERS; SPECTROSCOPY AB Energy minimizations using Hartree-Fock dispersion (HFD) model and exp-6-1 potentials predict very different global minima for anthracene trimer and naphthalene tetramer. Comparison of the predicted geometries with available experimental data demonstrates the clear superiority of the HFD model in structure prediction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Knight Chem Lab 319, Ctr Laser & Opt Spectroscopy, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lim, EC (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Knight Chem Lab 319, Ctr Laser & Opt Spectroscopy, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 357 IS 3-4 BP 161 EP 167 AR PII S0009-2614(02)00528-6 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00528-6 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 558GV UT WOS:000175958700001 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Fox, CG AF Dziak, RP Fox, CG TI Evidence of harmonic tremor from a submarine volcano detected across the Pacific Ocean basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE hydroacoustics; harmonic tremor; submarine volcanoes; seafloor eruption; hydrophones; volcanic seismicity ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; T-WAVE; ACOUSTIC DETECTION; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; ARENAL VOLCANO; AXIAL VOLCANO; COSTA-RICA; SEISMICITY; EARTHQUAKE; ERUPTION AB [1] Since the 1950s seismic activity associated with submarine volcanic eruptions has been detected throughout the Pacific Ocean basin using hydroacoustic methods. However, narrowband harmonic tremor with multiple overtones typically associated with subaerial volcanic eruptions has not commonly been observed. This paper presents a series of recently recorded hydroacoustic signals that originated in the Volcano Islands arc south of Japan, a region that frequently experiences submarine eruptions. The signals are characterized by a narrowband, long-duration, high-amplitude fundamental centered at 10 Hz with three harmonics at 20, 30, and 40 Hz and are consistent with harmonic tremor signals observed using traditional seismic methods at active subaerial volcanoes throughout the world. These hydroacoustic signals were detected 21 different times over the period from April 1998 through December 1999, typically lasting from several days to several weeks. After a 6-month hiatus, the signals were detected 26 more times from June 2000 through August 2001. The signals are qualitatively interpreted as a result of resonance of a magma-gas mixture within a large chamber/conduit near the surface of a shallow (<1 km) submarine volcanic edifice, allowing for efficient release of acoustic energy into the ocean sound channel. During periods of peak energy radiation the tremor could be clearly detected on hydrophones in the western Aleutians, Hawaii, west coast of the United States, and eastern equatorial Pacific and was detected by the French Polynesian seismic network, covering a maximum distance of 14,000 km. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM dziak@pmel.noaa.gov; fox@pmel.noaa.gov NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD MAY 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS B5 AR 2085 DI 10.1029/2001JB000177 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609RC UT WOS:000178917500020 ER PT J AU Grodkowski, J Neta, P Fujita, E Mahammed, A Simkhovich, L Gross, Z AF Grodkowski, J Neta, P Fujita, E Mahammed, A Simkhovich, L Gross, Z TI Reduction of cobalt and iron corroles and catalyzed reduction of CO2 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; ELECTROCATALYTIC REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION; HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS; FREE-RADICALS; PHOTOREDUCTION; MACROCYCLES AB The role of cobalt and iron corroles in catalytic CO2 reduction has been studied. Chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical reductions of the stable metal corroles Ph3PCoIII(tpfc) (tpfc = 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole), ClFeIV(tpfc), and CIFeIV(tdcc) (tdcc = 5,10,15-tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)corrole) have been carried out in acetonitrile solutions. Stepwise reduction to the [M-II(tpfc)](-) and [M-1(tpfc)](2-) states was observed in all cases. Gradual reduction with sodium amalgam permitted recording of the optical absorption spectra of the various oxidation states and showed that the M-1 state reacts with CO2. Cyclic voltammetry in Ar-saturated acetonitrile solutions permitted determination of the following half-wave potentials: for Ph3PCOIII (tpfc), 1.11 V, 0.72 V, -0.42 V (E-pc), - 1.44 V, -2.3 V (E-pc); for ClFeIV(tpfc), 0.44 V, - 1.01 V (E-pc), - 1.60 V, -2.2 V (E-pc); for ClFeIV(tdcc), 0.24 V, - 1.18 V (E-pc), - 1.78 V vs SCE with a scan rate of 0. 1 V s(-1). Cyclic voltammetry in CO2-saturated solutions indicated that the Co-1 and Fe-1 complexes react with CO2 and that the reduced Fe(tdcc) complex is the most efficient electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction, showing the largest catalytic currents among these corroles. Photochemical reduction in CO2-saturated acetonitrile solutions containing p-terphenyl (TP) as a sensitizer and triethylamine (TEA) as a reductant led to production of CO and H, These experiments also show that Fe(tdcc) is more effective than the other corroles as a CO2 reduction catalyst. The present finding that the M-1 oxidation states of the cobalt and iron corroles can react with CO2 is in contrast with the case of the respective porphyrins and phthalocyanines, which do not react with CO2 until they are reduced beyond the M-1 state. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Inst Catalysis Sci & Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Fujita, Etsuko/D-8814-2013 NR 35 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 6 U2 97 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD MAY 9 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 18 BP 4772 EP 4778 DI 10.1021/jp013668o PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 550DM UT WOS:000175488400042 ER PT J AU Hendricks, JH de Clercq, HL Freidhoff, CB Arnold, ST Eaton, JG Fancher, C Lyapustina, SA Snodgrass, JT Bowen, KH AF Hendricks, JH de Clercq, HL Freidhoff, CB Arnold, ST Eaton, JG Fancher, C Lyapustina, SA Snodgrass, JT Bowen, KH TI Anion solvation at the microscopic level: Photoelectron spectroscopy of the solvated anion clusters, NO-(Y)(n), where Y=Ar, Kr, Xe, N2O, H2S, NH3, H2O, and C2H4(OH)(2) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID MOLECULAR NEGATIVE-IONS; ELECTRON PHOTODETACHMENT SPECTROSCOPY; MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; CARBON-DIOXIDE CLUSTERS; GAS-PHASE; PHOTO-DISSOCIATION; CHARGE-TRANSFER; WATER CLUSTERS; EXCITED-STATES; NO-AR AB The negative ion photoelectron spectra of the gas-phase, ion-neutral complexes; NO-(Ar)(n=1-14), NO-(Kr)(1), NO-(Xe)(n=1-4), NO-(N2O)(n=3-5), NO-(H2S)(1), NO-(NH3)(1), and NO-(EG)(1) [EG=ethylene glycol] are reported herein, building on our previous photoelectron studies of NO-(N2O)(1,2) and NO-(H2O)(1,2). Anion solvation energetic and structural implications are explored as a function of cluster size in several of these and as a result of varying the nature of the solvent in others. Analysis of these spectra yields adiabatic electron affinities, total stabilization (solvation) energies, and stepwise stabilization (solvation) energies for each of the species studied. An examination of NO-(Ar)(n=1-14) energetics as a function of cluster size reveals that its first solvation shell closes at n=12, with an icosahedral structure there strongly implied. This result is analogous to that previously found in our study of O-(Ar)(n). Inspection of stepwise stabilization energy size dependencies, however, suggests drastically different structures for NO-(Ar)(2) and O-(Ar)(2), the former being "Y" shaped, and the latter being linear. While stepwise stabilization energies usually provide good estimates of ion-single solvent dissociation energies, in the cases of NO-(Ar)(1), NO-(Kr)(1), and NO-(Xe)(1), it is possible to determine more precise values. A plot of these anion-solvent dissociation energies shows them to vary linearly with rare gas atom polarizability, confirming the dominance of an ion-induced dipole interaction in these complexes. Extrapolation of this trend permits the estimation of NO-... (rare gas atom) interaction energies for helium, neon, and radon, as well. The relative strengths of the molecular solvents, N2O, H2S, NH3, H2O, and EG are reflected in their stepwise stabilization energies and in the degree of broadening observed in their photoelectron spectra. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Northrop Grumman Corp, Baltimore, MD 21203 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Chem, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Stanford Res Syst, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. Int Pharmaceut Aerosol Consortium, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Taylor Technol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Charles & 34th St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. EM kitbowen@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu NR 109 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD MAY 8 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 18 BP 7926 EP 7938 DI 10.1063/1.1457444 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 545BL UT WOS:000175196300017 ER PT J AU Roberts, AP Garboczi, EJ AF Roberts, AP Garboczi, EJ TI Computation of the linear elastic properties of random porous materials with a wide variety of microstructure SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE structure-property relationships; theoretical mechanics; porous media; elasticity; percolation ID COMPOSITE-MATERIALS; HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS; MICROMECHANICS MODELS; DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME; MODULI; DISPERSIONS; BOUNDS; MEDIA AB A finite-element method is used to study the elastic properties of random three-dimensional porous materials with highly interconnected pores. We show that Young's modulus, E, is practically independent of Poisson's ratio of the solid phase, nu(s), over the entire solid fraction range, and Poisson's ratio, nu, becomes independent of nu(s) as the percolation threshold is approached. We represent this behaviour of nu in a flow diagram. This interesting but approximate behaviour is very similar to the exactly known behaviour in two-dimensional porous materials. In addition, the behaviour of nu versus nu(s) appears to imply that information in the dilute porosity limit can affect behaviour in the percolation threshold limit. We summarize the finite-element results in terms of simple structure-property relations, instead of tables of data, to make it easier to apply the computational results. Without using accurate numerical computations, one is limited to various effective medium theories and rigorous approximations like bounds and expansions. The accuracy of these equations is unknown for general porous media. To verify a particular theory it is important to check that it predicts both isotropic elastic moduli, i.e. prediction of Young's modulus alone is necessary but not sufficient. The subtleties of Poisson's ratio behaviour actually provide a very effective method for showing differences between the theories and demonstrating their ranges of validity. We find that for moderate- to high-porosity materials, none of the analytical theories is accurate and, at present, numerical techniques must be relied upon. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Queensland, Ctr Microscopy & Microanal, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Roberts, AP (reprint author), NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM anthony.roberts@mailbox.uq.edu.au; edward.garboczi@nist.gov RI Roberts, Anthony/A-3613-2011 OI Roberts, Anthony/0000-0001-5915-300X NR 30 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 14 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 EI 1471-2946 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD MAY 8 PY 2002 VL 458 IS 2021 BP 1033 EP 1054 DI 10.1098/rspa.2001.0900 PG 22 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 548NV UT WOS:000175395300002 ER PT J AU McFadden, GB Wheeler, AA AF McFadden, GB Wheeler, AA TI On the Gibbs adsorption equation and diffuse interface models SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE adsorption; phase-field model; diffuse interface model; binary alloy; Gibbs adsorption equation; surface free energy ID PHASE-FIELD MODEL; ORDER-PARAMETER MODEL; BINARY ALLOY; SOLIDIFICATION; GROWTH; ANISOTROPY; MOTION AB In this paper we discuss some applications of the classical Gibbs adsorption equation to specific diffuse interface models that are based on conserved and non-conserved order parameters. Such models are natural examples of the general methodology developed by J. W. Gibbs in his treatment of the thermodynamics of surfaces. We employ the methodology of J. W. Cahn, which avoids the use of conventional dividing surfaces to define surface excess quantities. We show that the Gibbs adsorption equation holds for systems with gradient energy coefficients, provided the appropriate definitions of surface excess quantities are used. We consider, in particular, the phase-field model of a binary alloy with gradient energy coefficients for solute and the phase field. We derive a solute surface excess quantity that is independent of a dividing surface convention, and find that the adsorption in this model is influenced by the surface free energies of the pure components of the binary alloy as well as the solute gradient energy coefficient. We present one-dimensional numerical solutions for this model corresponding to a stationary planar interface and show the consistency of the numerical results with the Gibbs adsorption equation. We also discuss the Gibbs adsorption equation in the context of other diffuse interface models that arise in spinodal decomposition and order-disorder transitions. C1 NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Southampton, Fac Math Studies, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP McFadden, GB (reprint author), NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mcfadden@nist.gov; a.a.wheeler@maths.soton.ac.uk RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 EI 1471-2946 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD MAY 8 PY 2002 VL 458 IS 2021 BP 1129 EP 1149 DI 10.1098/rspa.2001.0908 PG 21 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 548NV UT WOS:000175395300006 ER PT J AU Papanek, P Fischer, JE Murthy, NS AF Papanek, P Fischer, JE Murthy, NS TI Low-frequency amide modes in different hydrogen-bonded forms of nylon-6 studied by inelastic neutron scattering and density-functional calculations SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID N-METHYLACETAMIDE; GAMMA-FORM; X-RAY; SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS; POLYMERS; FIBERS AB Inelastic neutron-scattering spectra of oriented nylon-6 were measured using the filter-analyzer and time-of-flight techniques. The samples studied were semicrystalline fibers with the crystalline fraction either in the alpha or the gamma form, and selectively deuterated polymer films. Strong features observed in the inelastic spectra correspond to vibrations of methylene groups, however several of the typical amide modes are also identified. The frequencies of observed amide V, VI and VII modes depend on the type of crystal structure. The lowest amide VII mode is located at 27 meV in the alpha phase, and at 32 meV in the gamma phase. Broad boson peaks are observed in both types of fibers, and attributed to their amorphous fractions. The boson peak of the gamma fiber is found at a slightly higher frequency, which we explain by a higher cohesive energy density due to stronger hydrogen bonds or their higher density in the gamma amorphous phase. Density functional calculations, using the B3LYP functional, were employed to study the vibrational modes of smaller model molecules, including H-bonded couples. These calculations show that hydrogen bonding significantly modifies not just the frequencies of out-of-plane amide vibrations, but the character of mode polarization vectors as well. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Res Struct Matter Lab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Honeywell Int Inc, Morristown, NJ 07962 USA. RP Fischer, JE (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 3231 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD MAY 7 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 10 BP 4175 EP 4182 DI 10.1021/ma011218o PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 548FU UT WOS:000175378600057 ER PT J AU Vogel, EM Heh, D Bernstein, JB AF Vogel, EM Heh, D Bernstein, JB TI Interaction between low-energy electrons and defects created by hot holes in ultrathin silicon dioxide SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRAP GENERATION; INJECTION; BREAKDOWN; FILMS; RELIABILITY; CURRENTS; STRESS; MODEL; SIO2 AB The interaction of injected electrons with defects created by hot holes in 2.0-nm-thick silicon dioxide is studied using substrate hot hole injection and concomitant electron tunneling. The ratio of injected hot holes to electrons is varied from approximately 10(-3) to 10(0) by changing the forward biased substrate hot hole injector voltage. Increased bulk and interfacial degradation caused by the interaction of concomitantly injected electrons with defects created by hole injection is not observed for the experimental conditions studied. The ability of defects to produce catastrophic breakdown is also not affected. The results suggest that the interaction of tunneling electrons with defects created by hot holes is not a viable mechanism for explaining the catastrophic breakdown of the oxide layer in field-effect transistors. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Reliabil Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Vogel, EM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Bldg 225,Rm B360, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.vogel@nist.gov RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD MAY 6 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 18 BP 3343 EP 3345 DI 10.1063/1.1471376 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 546WE UT WOS:000175298400033 ER PT J AU Thompson, DWJ Solomon, S AF Thompson, DWJ Solomon, S TI Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OZONE DEPLETION; GREENHOUSE-GAS; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; ANTARCTIC OZONE; ANNULAR MODES; TRENDS; OSCILLATION; TEMPERATURES; VARIABILITY; REANALYSIS AB Climate variability in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere (SH) is dominated by the SH annular mode, a large-scale pattern of variability characterized by fluctuations in the strength of the circumpolar vortex. We present evidence that recent trends in the SH tropospheric circulation can be interpreted as a bias toward the high-index polarity of this pattern, with stronger westerly flow encircling the polar cap. It is argued that the largest and most significant tropospheric trends can be traced to recent trends in the lower stratospheric polar vortex, which are due largely to photochemical ozone losses. During the summer-fall season, the trend toward stronger circumpolar flow has contributed substantially to the observed warming over the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia and to the cooling over eastern Antarctica and the Antarctic plateau. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM davet@atmos.colostate.edu RI Thompson, David/F-9627-2012 NR 45 TC 911 Z9 955 U1 16 U2 193 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 EI 1095-9203 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 3 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5569 BP 895 EP 899 DI 10.1126/science.1069270 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 549KF UT WOS:000175442500040 PM 11988571 ER PT J AU Janech, MG Chen, RH Klein, J Nowak, MW McFee, W Paul, RV Fitzgibbon, WR Ploth, DW AF Janech, MG Chen, RH Klein, J Nowak, MW McFee, W Paul, RV Fitzgibbon, WR Ploth, DW TI Molecular and functional characterization of a urea transporter from the kidney of a short-finned pilot whale SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2000 Meeting CY APR 14-19, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA DE urea reabsorption; cetaceans; osmoregulation; urinary concentration ID RAT-KIDNEY; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; COLLECTING DUCTS; NITRIC-OXIDE; CLONING; VASOPRESSIN; EXPRESSION; LOCALIZATION; ARGINASE; TESTIS AB Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) always excrete urine with an osmolality markedly higher than that of plasma. Although the mechanisms by which cetaceans concentrate urine have not been elucidated, data support a role for medullary urea accumulation in this process, as is the case for terrestrial mammals. Therefore, we hypothesized that facilitated urea transporters are present in the kidney of cetaceans. Using 5'/3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we cloned a 2.7-kb cDNA from the kidney of the short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus. The putative open-reading frame encoded a 397-amino acid protein [pilot whale urea transporter A2 (whUT-A2)] that has 94% amino acid sequence identity to the A2 isoform of the human urea transporter (hUT-A2). Heterologous expression of whUT-A2 cRNA in Xenopus oocytes induced phloretin-inhibitable urea transport. Although Northern analysis and RT-PCR indicated that whUT-A2 was exclusively expressed in kidney, Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody to rat UT-A1/UT-A2 detected various immunoreactive proteins in kidney and other tissues. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis suggested the presence of alternatively spliced UT-A transcripts in the kidney as well as extrarenal tissues. We conclude that renal urea transporters are highly conserved among mammals inhabiting terrestrial and pelagic environments. A urea-based concentrating mechanism, presumably evolved to meet the demands of an arid terrestrial environment, may have contributed a fortuitous preadaptation that enabled the ancestors of cetaceans to reinvade the sea. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Marine Biomed & Environm Sci, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Ralph H Johnson Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Med, Div Renal, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Fitzgibbon, WR (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. EM fitzgiwr@musc.edu OI Nowak, Mark/0000-0001-5097-2682 NR 52 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0363-6119 EI 1522-1490 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 282 IS 5 BP R1490 EP R1500 DI 10.1152/ajpregu.00323.2001 PG 11 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA 541MC UT WOS:000174987500031 PM 11959693 ER PT J AU Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U AF Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U TI Absolute refractive indices and thermal coefficients of CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and LiF near 157 nm SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; CALCIUM-FLUORIDE; NITROGEN AB We present high-accuracy measurements for wavelengths near 157 nm of the absolute index of refraction, the index dispersion, and the temperature dependence of the index for the ultraviolet optical materials with cubic symmetry: CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and LiF. Accurate values of these quantities fur these materials are needed for designs of the lens systems for F-2 excimer-laser-based exposure tools fur 157-nm photolithography. These tools are expected to use CaF2 as the primary optical material and possibly one of the others to correct for chromatic aberrations. These optical properties were measured by the minimum deviation method. Absolute refractive indices were obtained with an absolute accuracy of 5 x 10(-6) to 6 x 10(-6). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 221,Room B228,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.burnett@nist.gov NR 17 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 13 BP 2508 EP 2513 DI 10.1364/AO.41.002508 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 547TF UT WOS:000175347500018 PM 12009162 ER PT J AU Moos, HW Sembach, KR Vidal-Madjar, A York, DG Friedman, SD Hebrard, G Kruk, JW Lehner, N Lemoine, M Sonneborn, G Wood, BE Ake, TB Andre, M Blair, WP Chayer, P Gry, C Dupree, AK Ferlet, R Feldman, PD Green, JC Howk, JC Hutchings, JB Jenkins, EB Linsky, JL Murphy, EM Oegerle, WR Oliveira, C Roth, K Sahnow, DJ Savage, BD Shull, JM Tripp, TM Weiler, EJ Welsh, BY Wilkinson, E Woodgate, BE AF Moos, HW Sembach, KR Vidal-Madjar, A York, DG Friedman, SD Hebrard, G Kruk, JW Lehner, N Lemoine, M Sonneborn, G Wood, BE Ake, TB Andre, M Blair, WP Chayer, P Gry, C Dupree, AK Ferlet, R Feldman, PD Green, JC Howk, JC Hutchings, JB Jenkins, EB Linsky, JL Murphy, EM Oegerle, WR Oliveira, C Roth, K Sahnow, DJ Savage, BD Shull, JM Tripp, TM Weiler, EJ Welsh, BY Wilkinson, E Woodgate, BE TI Abundances of deuterium, nitrogen, and oxygen in the local interstellar medium: Overview of first results from the FUSE mission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; Galaxy : abundances; ISM : abundances; ISM : evolution; ultraviolet : ISM ID ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE; D/H RATIO; WHITE-DWARF; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; SIGHT; LINE; ABSORPTION; HYDROGEN; STARS; SPECTROGRAPH AB Observations obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE) have been used to determine the column densities of D I, N I, and O I along seven sight lines that probe the local interstellar medium (LISM) at distances from 37 to 179 pc. Five of the sight lines are within the Local Bubble, and two penetrate the surrounding H I wall. Reliable values of N ( H I were determined for five of the sight lines from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data, International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) data, and published Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer ( EUVE) measurements. The weighted mean of D I/H I for these five sight lines is (1.52 +/- 0.08) x 10(-5) (1 sigma uncertainty in the mean). It is likely that the D I/H I ratio in the Local Bubble has a single value. The D I/ O I ratio for the five sight lines within the Local Bubble is (3.76 +/- 0.20) x 10(-2). It is likely that O I column densities can serve as a proxy for H I in the Local Bubble. The weighted mean for O I H I for the seven FUSE sight lines is (3.03 +/- 0.21) x 10(-4), comparable to the weighted mean (3.43 +/- 0.15) x 10(-4) reported for 13 sight lines probing larger distances and higher column densities. The FUSE weighted mean of N I/H I for five sight lines is half that reported by Meyer and colleagues for seven sight lines with larger distances and higher column densities. This result combined with the variability of O I/N I ( six sight lines) indicates that at the low column densities found in the LISM, nitrogen ionization balance is important. Thus, unlike O I, N I cannot be used as a proxy for H I or as a metallicity indicator in the LISM. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Comp Sci Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. ESA, Div Astrophys, ISO Data Ctr, Madrid 28080, Spain. Astron Spatiale Lab, F-13376 Marseille 12, France. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Gemini Observ, No Operat Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Moos, HW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Oegerle, William/C-9070-2012; Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Woodgate, Bruce/D-2970-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Howk, Jay/D-2577-2013; Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014; OI Murphy, Edward/0000-0003-2925-738X; Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423; Howk, J. Christopher/0000-0002-2591-3792 NR 89 TC 142 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1 BP 3 EP 17 DI 10.1086/339133 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541XU UT WOS:000175012500002 ER PT J AU Kruk, JW Howk, JC Andre, M Moos, HW Oegerle, WR Oliveira, C Sembach, KR Chayer, P Linsky, JL Wood, BE Ferlet, R Hebrard, G Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Sonneborn, G AF Kruk, JW Howk, JC Andre, M Moos, HW Oegerle, WR Oliveira, C Sembach, KR Chayer, P Linsky, JL Wood, BE Ferlet, R Hebrard, G Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Sonneborn, G TI Abundances of deuterium, nitrogen, and oxygen toward HZ 43A: Results from the FUSE mission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; stars : individual (HZ 43A); white dwarfs ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; HOPKINS-ULTRAVIOLET-TELESCOPE; STARK-BROADENING TABLES; RICH WHITE-DWARFS; EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES; MASS-DISTRIBUTION; HYDROGEN; HOT; MODELS; LINES AB We present an analysis of interstellar absorption along the line of sight to the nearby white dwarf star HZ 43A. The distance to this star is 68 +/- 13 pc, and the line of sight extends toward the north Galactic pole. Column densities of O I, N I, and N II were derived from spectra obtained by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE), the column density of D I was derived from a combination of our FUSE spectra and an archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) GHRS spectrum, and the column density of H I was derived from a combination of the GHRS spectrum and values derived from Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) data obtained from the literature. We find the following abundance ratios (with 2 sigma uncertainties) : D I/H I = (1.66 +/- 0.28) x 10(-5), O I/H I = (3.63 +/- 0.84) x 10(-4), and N I/ H I = (3.80 +/- 0.74) x 10(-5). The N II column density was slightly greater than that of N I indicating that ionization corrections are important when deriving nitrogen abundances. Other interstellar species detected along the line of sight were C II C III O vi Si II Ar I Mg II and Fe II an upper limit was determined for N III No elements other than H I were detected in the stellar photosphere. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Kruk, JW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Oegerle, William/C-9070-2012; Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Howk, Jay/D-2577-2013; OI Howk, J. Christopher/0000-0002-2591-3792 NR 76 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1086/339131 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541XU UT WOS:000175012500003 ER PT J AU Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Hebrard, G Desert, JM Ferlet, R Des Etangs, AL Howk, JC Andre, M Blair, WP Friedman, SD Kruk, JW Lacour, S Moos, HW Sembach, K Chayer, P Jenkins, EB Koester, D Linsky, JL Wood, BE Oegerle, WR Sonneborn, G York, DG AF Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Hebrard, G Desert, JM Ferlet, R Des Etangs, AL Howk, JC Andre, M Blair, WP Friedman, SD Kruk, JW Lacour, S Moos, HW Sembach, K Chayer, P Jenkins, EB Koester, D Linsky, JL Wood, BE Oegerle, WR Sonneborn, G York, DG TI Deuterium abundance toward G191-B2B: Results from the FUSE mission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; stars : individual (G191-B2B); ultraviolet : ISM ID TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS; STARK-BROADENING TABLES; WHITE-DWARF HZ43; GALACTIC EVOLUTION; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; GHRS OBSERVATIONS; D/H RATIO; HST-GHRS AB High-resolution spectra of the hot white dwarf G191-B2B, covering the wavelength region 905 1187 A, were obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE). These data were used in conjunction with existing high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) observations to evaluate the total H I, D I, O I and N I column densities along the line of sight. Previous determinations of N (D I) based upon GHRS and STIS observations were controversial as a result of the saturated strength of the D I Lyalpha line. In the present analysis the column density of D I has been measured using only the unsaturated Lybeta and Lygamma lines observed by FUSE. A careful inspection of possible systematic uncertainties tied to the modeling of the stellar continuum or to the uncertainties in the FUSE instrumental characteristics has been performed. The column densities derived are log N (D I) = 13.40 +/- 0.07, log N(O I) = 14.86 +/- 0.07, and log N(N I) = 13.87 +/- 0.07, quoted with 2 sigma uncertainties. The measurement of the H I column density by pro le fitting of the Lyalpha line has been found to be uncertain. If additional weak, hot interstellar components are added to the three detected clouds along the line of sight, the H I column density can be reduced quite significantly, even though the signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution at Lyalpha are excellent. The new estimate of N (H I) toward G191-B2B reads log N(H I) = 18.18 +/- 0.18 (2 sigma), so that the average D/H ratio on the line of sight is D/H = 1.66(-0.6)(+0.9))x 10(-5) (2 sigma). C1 CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Kiel, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Lemoine, M (reprint author), CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98 Bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France. RI Oegerle, William/C-9070-2012; Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Howk, Jay/D-2577-2013; Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014; OI Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423; Howk, J. Christopher/0000-0002-2591-3792 NR 62 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1086/339128 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541XU UT WOS:000175012500006 ER PT J AU Wood, BE Linsky, JL Hebrard, G Vidal-Madjar, A Lemoine, M Moos, HW Sembach, KR Jenkins, EB AF Wood, BE Linsky, JL Hebrard, G Vidal-Madjar, A Lemoine, M Moos, HW Sembach, KR Jenkins, EB TI Deuterium abundance toward WD 1634-573: Results from the FUSE mission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; stars : individual (WD 1634-573); ultraviolet : ISM; white dwarfs ID ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC EXPLORER; LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; ABSORPTION PROFILE SPECTROGRAPH; WHITE-DWARF HD-149499-B; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ATOMIC DEUTERIUM; RATIO; HYDROGEN; CLOUD; AR AB We use Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE) observations to study interstellar absorption along the line of sight to the white dwarf WD 1634-573 d = 37.1 +/- 2.6 pc). Combining our measurement of D I with a measurement of H I from Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer data, we find a D/H ratio toward WD 1634-573 of D/H = (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(-5). In contrast, multiplying our measurements of D I/ O I = 0.035 +/- 0.006 and D I/ N I = 0.27 +/- 0.05 with published mean Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) gas-phase O/H and N/H ratios yields D/H-O = (1.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5) and D/H-N = (2.0 +/- 0.4) x 10(-5), respectively. Note that all uncertainties quoted above are 2 sigma. The inconsistency between D/H-O and D/H-N suggests that either the O I/ H I or the N I/ H I ratio toward WD 1634-573 must be different from the previously measured average ISM O/H and N/H values. The computation of D/H-N from D I/ N I is more suspect, since the relative N and H ionization states could conceivably vary within the local ISM, while the O and H ionization states will be more tightly coupled by charge exchange. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Wood, BE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014 OI Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423 NR 38 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1 BP 91 EP 102 DI 10.1086/339127 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541XU UT WOS:000175012500008 ER PT J AU Hebrard, G Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Desert, JM Des Etangs, AL Ferlet, R Wood, BE Linsky, JL Kruk, JW Chayer, P Lacour, S Blair, WP Friedman, SD Moos, HW Sembach, KR Sonneborn, G Oegerle, WR Jenkins, EB AF Hebrard, G Lemoine, M Vidal-Madjar, A Desert, JM Des Etangs, AL Ferlet, R Wood, BE Linsky, JL Kruk, JW Chayer, P Lacour, S Blair, WP Friedman, SD Moos, HW Sembach, KR Sonneborn, G Oegerle, WR Jenkins, EB TI Deuterium abundance toward WD 2211-495: Results from the FUSE mission SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE cosmology : observations; ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds; stars : individual (WD 2211-495); ultraviolet : ISM; white dwarfs ID DA WHITE-DWARFS; ALL-SKY SURVEY; ABSORPTION PROFILE SPECTROGRAPH; LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; EUV-SELECTED SAMPLE; SEQUENCE-B-STARS; GALACTIC EVOLUTION; ELEMENT ABUNDANCES; CHEMICAL EVOLUTION; SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD AB We present a deuterium abundance analysis of the line of sight toward the white dwarf WD 2211-495 observed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Numerous interstellar lines are detected on the continuum of the stellar spectrum. A thorough analysis was performed through the simultaneous fit of interstellar absorption lines detected in the four FUSE channels of multiple observations with different slits. We excluded all saturated lines in order to reduce possible systematic errors on the column density measurements. We report the determination of the average interstellar D/O and D/N ratios along this line of sight at the 95% confidence level: D/O = (4.0 +/- 1.2) x 10(-2) and D/N = (4.4 +/- 1.3) x 10(-1). In conjunction with FUSE observations of other nearby sight lines, the results of this study will allow a deeper understanding of the present-day abundance of deuterium in the local interstellar medium and its evolution with time. C1 Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Hebrard, G (reprint author), Inst Astrophys, 98 Bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France. RI Oegerle, William/C-9070-2012; Sonneborn, George/D-5255-2012; Kruk, Jeffrey/G-4047-2012; Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014 OI Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423 NR 70 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1 BP 103 EP 114 DI 10.1086/339130 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 541XU UT WOS:000175012500009 ER PT J AU Bullock, OR Brehme, KA AF Bullock, OR Brehme, KA TI Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE atmospheric mercury; numerical modeling; mercury chemistry; mercury deposition; evaluation ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; PARTICULATE MATTER; BOUNDARY-LAYER; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT; TRANSFORMATION; OXIDATION; SPECIATION; CHLORINE AB The community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been adapted to simulate the emission, transport, transformation and deposition of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in three distinct forms: elemental Hg gas, reactive gaseous Hg, and particulate Hg. Emissions of Hg are currently defined from information published in the Environmental Protection Agency's Mercury Study Report to Congress. The atmospheric transport of these three forms of Hg is simulated in the same manner as for all other substances simulated by the CMAQ model to date, Transformations of Hg are simulated with four new chemical reactions within the standard CMAQ gaseous chemistry framework and a highly modified cloud chemistry mechanism which includes a compound-specific speciation for oxidized forms of Hg, seven new aqueous-phase Hg reactions, six aqueous Hg chemical equilibria, and a two-way mechanism for the sorption of dissolved oxidized Hg to elemental carbon particles. The CMAQ Hg model simulates the partitioning of reactive gaseous Hg between air and cloud water based on the Henry's constant for mercuric chloride. Henry's equilibrium is assumed for elemental Hg also. Particulate Hg is assumed to be incorporated into the aqueous medium during cloud nucleation. Wet and dry deposition is simulated for each of the three forms of Hg. Wet deposition rate is calculated based on precipitation information from the CMAQ meteorological processor and the physicochemical Hg speciation in the cloud chemistry mechanism. Dry deposition rate is calculated based on dry deposition velocity and air concentration information for each of the three forms of Hg. The horizontal modeling domain covers the central and eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada. An analysis of simulated Hg wet deposition versus weekly observations is performed. The results are described for two evaluation periods: 4 April-2 May 1995, and 20 June-18 July 1995. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US EPA, NERL, AMD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. DynTel, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Bullock, OR (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, AMD, Mail Drop D243-03, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. EM bullock.russell@epa.gov NR 43 TC 112 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 31 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 36 IS 13 BP 2135 EP 2146 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00220-0 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00220-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564GM UT WOS:000176306700005 ER PT J AU Helmig, D Boulter, J David, D Birks, JW Cullen, NJ Steffen, K Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ AF Helmig, D Boulter, J David, D Birks, JW Cullen, NJ Steffen, K Johnson, BJ Oltmans, SJ TI Ozone and meteorological Summit, Greenland, boundary-layer conditions at during 3-21 June 2000 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE balloon vertical profiling; tropospheric ozone; ozone deposition; boundary layer ID AIR-SNOW EXCHANGE; POLAR SUNRISE; SURFACE OZONE; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; AGASP-II; FLUXES; DEPLETION; NOX; DESTRUCTION AB The temporal and spatial distributions of boundary-layer ozone were studied during June 2000 at Summit, Greenland, using surface-level measurements and vertical profiling from a tethered balloon platform. Three weeks of continuous ozone surface data, 133 meteorological vertical profile data and 82 ozone vertical profile data sets were collected from the surface to a maximum altitude of 1400 m above ground. The lower atmosphere at Summit was characterized by the prevalence of strong stable conditions with strong surface temperature inversions. These inversions reversed to neutral to slightly unstable conditions between similar to9.00 and 18.00 h local time with the formation of shallow mixing heights of similar to70-250 m above the surface. The surface ozone mixing ratio ranged from 39 to 68 ppbv and occasionally had rapid changes of up to 20 ppb in 12 h. The diurnal mean ozone mixing ratio showed diurnal trends indicating meteorological and photochemical controls of surface ozone. Vertical profiles were within the range of 37-76 ppb and showed strong stratification in the lower troposphere. A high correlation of high ozone/low water vapor air masses indicated the transport of high tropospheric/low stratospheric air into the lower boundary layer. A similar to0.1-3 ppb decline of the ozone mixing ratio towards the surface was frequently observed within the neutrally stable mixed layer during midday hours. These data suggest that the boundary-layer ozone mixing ratio and ozone depletion and deposition to the snowpack are influenced by photochemical processes and/or transport phenomena that follow diurnal dependencies. With 37 ppb of ozone being the lowest mixing ratio measured in all data no evidence was seen for the occurrence of ozone depletion episodes similar to those that have been reported within the boundary layer at coastal Arctic sites during springtime. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Helmig, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Birks, John/H-7451-2013; Steffen, Konrad/C-6027-2013 OI Birks, John/0000-0003-1691-1354; Steffen, Konrad/0000-0001-8658-1026 NR 53 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 36 IS 15-16 BP 2595 EP 2608 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00129-2 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00129-2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 569QU UT WOS:000176614200014 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Krueger, S Prosser, RS Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Glinka, CJ Krueger, S Prosser, RS Katsaras, J TI SANS study on the effect of lanthanide ions and charged lipids on the morphology of phospholipid mixtures SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BILAYERED MIXED MICELLES; HIGH-RESOLUTION NMR; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; SOLID-STATE NMR; DIPOLAR COUPLINGS; MEMBRANE-PROTEINS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; DIMYRISTOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; BICELLES; SCATTERING AB The structural phase behavior of phospholipid mixtures consisting of short-chain (dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine) and long-chain lipids (dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol), with and without lanthanide ions was investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS profiles were obtained from 10 C to 55 C using lipid concentrations ranging from 0.0025 g/ml to 0.25 g/ml. The results reveal a wealth of distinct morphologies, including lamellae, multi-lamellar vesicles, unilamellar vesicles, and bicellar disks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Kent State Univ, Inst Liquid Crystal, Kent, OH 44242 USA. CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. RP Nieh, MP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, E20,Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Nieh, Mu-Ping/0000-0003-4462-8716; Katsaras, John/0000-0002-8937-4177 NR 36 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 21 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 82 IS 5 BP 2487 EP 2498 PG 12 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 546EQ UT WOS:000175259600018 PM 11964236 ER PT J AU Mann, GE Wagenmaker, RB Sousounis, P AF Mann, GE Wagenmaker, RB Sousounis, P TI New system to aim balloon-borne instruments SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 NWS, White Lake, MI USA. RP Mann, GE (reprint author), NWS, White Lake, MI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 5 BP 676 EP 677 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554UH UT WOS:000175755200023 ER PT J AU Knievel, JC Johnson, RH AF Knievel, JC Johnson, RH TI Circulations within a mesoscale convective system and vortex SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Knievel, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 5 BP 679 EP 679 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554UH UT WOS:000175755200026 ER PT J AU Stewart, JQ Whiteman, CD Steenburgh, WJ Bian, XD AF Stewart, JQ Whiteman, CD Steenburgh, WJ Bian, XD TI A climatological study of thermally driven wind systems of the US Intermountain West SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB This paper investigates the diurnal evolution of thermally driven. plain-mountain winds, up- and down-valley winds, up- and downslope winds, and land-lake breezes for summer fair weather conditions in four regions of the Intermountain West where dense wind networks have been operated. Because of the diverse topography in these regions, the results are expected to be broadly representative of thermally driven wind climates in the Intermountain West. The regions include the Wasatch Front Valleys of northern Utah, the Snake River Plain of Idaho, the southern Nevada basin and range province, and central Arizona. The analysis examines wind characteristics, including the regularity of the winds and interactions of the four types of thermally driven winds, using meteorological data from the University of Utah's MesoWest network. In general, on fair weather days, winds in all four regions exhibit a consistent direction from day to day at a given hour. A measure of this wind consistency is defined. The nighttime hours exhibit a generally higher consistency than the daytime hours. Lower consistency during the day-night and night-day transition periods reflects day-to-day variations in the timing of wind system reversals. Thermally driven circulations are similar in the four regions, but the Wasatch Front Valleys are influenced by lake breezes from the adjacent Great Salt Lake, the Snake River Plain is influenced by along-plain circulations and localized outflow from the Central Idaho Mountains, and winds in both southern. C1 NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Stewart, JQ (reprint author), NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, R-FS3,325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Stewart, Jebb/D-3700-2015 OI Stewart, Jebb/0000-0001-7390-8675 NR 17 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 83 IS 5 BP 699 EP + DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0699:ACSOTD>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554UH UT WOS:000175755200032 ER PT J AU Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ AF Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ TI Applications of ultrafast transient infrared spectroscopies SO BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL POPULATION LIFETIMES; LASER-PULSES; DYNAMICS; BAND; RELAXATION; MOLECULES; ADSORBATES; ABSORPTION; CONVERSION; EXCITATION AB Broadband fermtosecond and longer timescale mid-infrared and far-infrared (THz) probing techniques being explored at NIST using multi-element, mid-infrared focal plane arrays and solid-state THz generators/detectors are presented. Ultrafast infrared pulse generation, detection and pump-probe spectroscopy schemes are first reviewed in detail. These methods are used to examine transitory vibrational, chemical and electron transfer phenomena amenable to time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Direct monitoring of electron transfer rates (>5x10(12) s) from dye sensitizers ([Ru(dceb)(bpy)(2)](+2) and Ru(dcb)(2)(NCS)(2) derivatives) anchored to semiconductor solar-cell substrates (nanoparticle TiO2, ZrO2 and SnO2 films) is accomplished by measuring increased mid-IR absorption originating from C=O groups and injected electrons in the substrate. Coherent control of CO-stretching vibrational overtone population distributions in liquid-phase metal-hexacarbonyl systems using deliberately chirped mid-IR excitation pulses has also been explored. Identification of molecular steric and diffusional properties involved in internal ring-closing reaction dynamics of ultraviolet (UV) photo-dissociated (RCp)Mn(CO)(3) systems in n-hexane will be presented. Terahertz spectroscopic methods and pulsed THz spectra of calf-thymus DNA, proteins and model dipeptides are also presented and their potential use for extracting bio-molecular functional dynamics discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 40 PU CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 1-5 KANDA-SURUGADAI CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 101-8307, JAPAN SN 0009-2673 EI 1348-0634 J9 B CHEM SOC JPN JI Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 75 IS 5 BP 899 EP 908 DI 10.1246/bcsj.75.899 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 557MF UT WOS:000175911800004 ER PT J AU Hurst, TP Conover, DO AF Hurst, TP Conover, DO TI Effects of temperature and salinity on survival of young-of-the-year Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxatilis): implications for optimal overwintering habitats SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT LATITUDES; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; ESTUARINE; RECRUITMENT; TOLERANCE; FISH AB We examined the role of salinity, body size, and energetic state in determining low temperature tolerance of young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and used this information to map optimal overwintering habitat in the Hudson River estuary. A long-term experiment compared survival at 15 ppt and 30 ppt. In additional experiments, winter-acclimated fish were exposed to temperature declines (2.3degreesC.day(-1) to 1degreesC.week(-1)) at salinities from 0 ppt to 35 ppt. Highest survival at low temperatures was consistently observed at intermediate salinities. These results suggest that the observed distribution of overwintering striped bass is related to physiological constraints on osmoregulatory ability at low temperatures. Low temperature tolerance appeared unrelated to body size and energetic state. Salinity profiles were used to describe the location and extent of optimal wintering habitats under various hydrographic regimes. The location of optimal habitats was displaced by over 27 km along the river axis because of variation in salinity regime. Changes in the availability of optimal habitat may be responsible for variation in recruitment to the Hudson River population. These results demonstrate the need to consider a holistic approach encompassing all seasons of the year in assessing habitat requirements of fishes. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Hurst, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Hurst, Thomas/N-1401-2013 NR 38 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 59 IS 5 BP 787 EP 795 DI 10.1139/F02-051 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 583FC UT WOS:000177395100005 ER PT J AU Brooks, EN AF Brooks, EN TI Using reproductive values to define optimal harvesting for multisite density-dependent populations: example with a marine reserve SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MODEL; FISHERIES; EQUATION; SYSTEMS AB A new method for determining optimal harvest from age-structured populations with a density-dependent stock-recruit relationship is presented. The theoretical optimal harvest comes from removing the age-class with the smallest ratio of reproductive value to weight. The method is derived from considering the sensitivity of equilibrium egg production to harvest using results for density-dependent Leslie matrices. The method holds in both single- and multi-site contexts and is derived for both Ricker and Beverton-Holt recruitment functions. I illustrate the method for a one-site model of Arcto-Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua) and obtain the same optimal strategy as previous methods, namely that age-class 6 should be harvested 45%. Including age-specific selectivities, the best constrained yields occur at a harvest rate of 11% on ages 5-12. This yield is 73% of the theoretical optimum. I considered the same model when a reserve is established and found that high transfer rates out of the reserve (where spawners attain a higher fecundity) produced greater yields that were 86% of the one-site (no reserve) yield. Also, if overfishing occurs at 1.5 and 2.0 times the optimal level in the one-site case, then most yields from the reserve model are greater than those from the one-site model. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Biomath Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Brooks, EN (reprint author), SE Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Liz.Brooks@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 59 IS 5 BP 875 EP 885 DI 10.1139/F02-058 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 583FC UT WOS:000177395100013 ER PT J AU Amorim, MCP McCracken, ML Fine, ML AF Amorim, MCP McCracken, ML Fine, ML TI Metabolic costs of sound production in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID SONIC NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM; ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ENERGETIC COSTS; TELEOST FISH; MUSCLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTRACTIONS; SWIMBLADDER; GENERATION AB The energetics of mate calling has been studied in insects, frogs, birds, and mammals, but not in fishes. The oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, produces a boatwhistle advertisement call using one of the fastest muscles known in vertebrates. Because toadfish will not boatwhistle in a respirometer, we measured oxygen consumption after eliciting sound production by electrically stimulating the sonic swim bladder muscle nerve. Induced sounds were similar to a male calling at a rapid rate. Stimulation of the sonic nerve increased the respiration rate by 40-60% in males, but they became agitated. Repeating the experiment decreased agitation, and in most fish respiration rates approximated control levels by the second or third replication. Elicited sounds and therefore sonic-muscle performance were similar in all repetitions, hence it appears that the increased oxygen consumption in the first trial was caused by the fish's agitation. Controls indicated that electrode implantation and electrical stimulation of the body cavity did not affect the respiration rate. We suggest that allocation of a small amount of the total energy budget to sound production is reasonable in toadfish, and probably most other fish species, because of the small amount of time that the sonic muscles actually contract and their small size (about 1% of body mass). C1 Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, P-1149041 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Biol, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RP Amorim, MCP (reprint author), Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, Rua Jardim Tabaco 34, P-1149041 Lisbon, Portugal. RI Amorim, Maria Clara/K-1889-2012 OI Amorim, Maria Clara/0000-0002-2453-6999 NR 43 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 80 IS 5 BP 830 EP 838 DI 10.1139/Z02-054 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566GU UT WOS:000176419200005 ER PT J AU Kurle, CM AF Kurle, CM TI Stable-isotope ratios of blood components from captive northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and their diet: applications for studying the foraging ecology of wild otariids SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; NATURAL ABUNDANCE; CARBON ISOTOPES; AMINO-ACIDS; POLAR BEARS; GROWTH-RATE; BERING-SEA; FRACTIONATION AB Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios (C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14, respectively) of plasma, serum, clotted red blood cells, and unclotted red blood cells from six captive northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and two fish species in their diet, Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus), were measured. The delta(15)N values from the fur seal blood components ranged from 15.5 +/- 0.1e (mean +/- SE; all RBCs) to 16.7 +/- 0.1e (plasma), and delta(13)C values ranged from -18.3 +/- 0.1e (serum) to -17.5 +/- 0.1e (clotted RBCs). Fur seal blood components had higher delta(15)N and delta(13)C values than their diet. Mean enrichments of N-15 between fur seal RBCs and plasma/serum and their prey were +4.1 and +5.2e, respectively, while mean C-13 enrichments were +0.6e (serum), +1.0e (plasma), and +1.3 to +1.4e (all RBCs). Fur seal blood components did not differ in delta(15)N or delta(13)C between the sexes. One female (Baabs) was pregnant at the time of sampling and was resampled 4 months later, when she was approximately 3 months post parturient. The delta(15)N values of the blood components taken from Baabs during pregnancy were all higher by 0.6e (unclotted RBCs) to 1.3e (plasma) than those of samples taken during lactation, while her delta(13)C values were nearly the same (RBCs) for the two time periods or lower during lactation by 0.5e (serum) and 0.7e (plasma). This study was the first to analyze isotope ratios of blood components from captive fur seals and their prey. The subsequent establishment of fractionation values between captive fur seals and their diet can be used to interpret trophic level and habitat usage of otariids feeding in the wild. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kurle, CM (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 72 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 23 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 80 IS 5 BP 902 EP 909 DI 10.1139/Z02-069 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 566GU UT WOS:000176419200013 ER PT J AU Pate, BD Choi, SM Werner-Zwanziger, U Baxter, DV Zaleski, JM Chisholm, MH AF Pate, BD Choi, SM Werner-Zwanziger, U Baxter, DV Zaleski, JM Chisholm, MH TI Structure and magnetic alignment of metalloporphyrazine columnar aggregates in their mesophases and crystalline phases SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CRYSTALS; SOLID-STATE; MAGIC-ANGLE; DISCOTIC MESOMORPHISM; MANGANESE(II); COMPLEXES; FERROMAGNETISM; DERIVATIVES; TRANSPORT; MICELLES AB The response of a series of metalloporphyrazine liquid crystals to external magnetic fields has been investigated. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data of the octa(n-decylthio)-porphyrazine complexes of the diamagnetic late first-row transition elements (Ni, Zn) reveal a perpendicular orientation of the columnar directors with respect to applied magnetic fields as low as 0.50 T when the samples are cooled from their isotropic phases. The threshold aligning field for the analogous cobalt derivative is half that of the diamagnetic complexes, while the copper porphyrazine exhibits no preferred alignment at fields as high as 1.02 T. We account for these observations on the basis of the competing diamagnetic and paramagnetic moments of the complexes. Correlated solid state and mesophase C-13 NMR studies on the nickel and zinc complexes indicate time-averaged disk tilt angles of 27degrees with respect to the columnar directors in the liquid-crystalline phase. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Nucl & Quantum Engn, Taejon 305401, South Korea. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chisholm, MH (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RI Baxter, David /D-3769-2013 OI Baxter, David /0000-0003-2812-0904 NR 53 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1930 EP 1936 AR UNSP CM010428C DI 10.1021/cm010428c PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 555JC UT WOS:000175790100006 ER PT J AU Tilbury, KL Stein, JE Krone, CA Brownell, RL Blokhin, SA Bolton, JL Ernest, DW AF Tilbury, KL Stein, JE Krone, CA Brownell, RL Blokhin, SA Bolton, JL Ernest, DW TI Chemical contaminants in juvenile gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from a subsistence harvest in Arctic feeding grounds SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE gray whale; organochlorine; PCBs; element; baleen whale; Bering Sea ID BALAENOPTERA-PHYSALUS; GLOBICEPHALA-MELENA; STRIPED DOLPHIN; NORTH-ATLANTIC; ORGANOCHLORINE; COAST; METAL; MASSACHUSETTS; TISSUES; AGE AB Gray whales are coastal migratory baleen whales that are benthic feeders. Most of their feeding takes place in the northern Pacific Ocean with opportunistic feeding taking place during their migrations and residence on the breeding grounds. The concentrations of organochlorines and trace elements were determined in tissues and stomach contents of juvenile gray whales that were taken on their Arctic feeding grounds in the western Bering Sea during a Russian subsistence harvest. These concentrations were compared to previously published data for contaminants in gray whales that stranded along the west coast of the US during their northbound migration. Feeding in coastal waters during their migrations may present a risk of exposure to toxic chemicals in some regions. The mean concentration (standard error of the mean, SEM) of SigmaPCBs [1400 (130) ng/g, lipid weight] in the blubber of juvenile subsistence whales was significantly lower than the mean level [27 000 (11000) ng/g, lipid weight] reported previously in juvenile gray whales that stranded in waters off the west coast of the US. Aluminum in stomach contents of the subsistence whales was high compared to other marine mammal species, which is consistent with the ingestion of sediment during feeding. Furthermore, the concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals in tissues were relatively low when compared to the concentrations in tissues of other marine mammals feeding at higher trophic levels. These chemical contaminant data for the subsistence gray whales substantially increase the information available for presumably healthy animals. 9 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Pacific Fisheries & Oceanog Res Inst, TINRO, Vladivostok 690600, Russia. RP Tilbury, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 52 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY PY 2002 VL 47 IS 6 BP 555 EP 564 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00061-9 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00061-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 550UA UT WOS:000175520800001 PM 12047066 ER PT J AU Linteris, GT Knyazev, VD Babushok, VI AF Linteris, GT Knyazev, VD Babushok, VI TI Inhibition of premixed methane flames by manganese and tin compounds SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article ID IRON PENTACARBONYL; BURNING VELOCITIES; KINETICS AB The first experimental measurements of the influence of manganese- and tin-containing compounds (MMT, TMT) on the burning velocity of methane/air flames are presented. Comparisons with Fe(CO)(5) and CF3Br demonstrate that manganese and tin-containing compounds are effective inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency of MMT is about a factor of two less than that of iron pentacarbonyl, and that of TMT is about 26 times less effective, although TMT is still about mice as effective as CF3Br. There exist conditions for which both MMT and TMT show a loss of effectiveness beyond that expected because of radical depletion, and the cause is believed to be particle formation. Kinetic models describing the inhibition mechanisms of manganese- and tin-containing compounds are suggested. Simulations of MMT- and TMT-inhihited flames show reasonable agreement with experimental data. The decomposition of the parent molecule for the tin and manganese species is found to have a small effect on the inhibition properties for the concentrations in this work. The inhibition effect of TMT is determined mostly by the rate of the association reaction H + SnO + M <----> SnOH + M, and the catalytic recombination cycle is completed by the reactions SnOH + H <----> SnO + H-2 and SnOH + OH <----> SnO + H2O. The inhibition mechanism by manganese-containing compounds includes the reactions: MnO + H2O <----> Mn(OH)(2); Mn(OH)(2) + H <----> MnOH + H2O, and MnOH + OH (or H) <----> MnO + H2O (or H-2), and the burning velocity is most sensitive to the rate of the reaction Mn(OH)(2) + H <----> MnOH + H2O. (C) 2002 by The Combustion Institute. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD MAY PY 2002 VL 129 IS 3 BP 221 EP 238 AR PII S0010-2180(02)00346-2 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(02)00346-2 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 554KN UT WOS:000175734700001 ER PT J AU Good, TP AF Good, TP TI Breeding success in the Western Gull x Glaucous-winged Gull complex: The influence of habitat and nest site characteristics SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE breeding success; egg loss; Glaucous-winged Gull; habitat; Larus glaucescens; L. occidentalis; Western gull ID GLAUCESCENS-OCCIDENTALIS COMPLEX; YELLOW-FOOTED GULLS; TERRITORY SIZE; HERRING GULL; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; EGG PREDATION; COMMON MURRES; LARUS; DENSITY; COLONY AB The nesting ecology of breeding pairs of the Western Gull X Glaucous-winged Gull (Lams occidentalis X glaucescens) hybrid complex was investigated at two locations in coastal Washington. In Grays Harbor, breeding performance (clutch size, hatching and fledging success) was highest in vegetated habitat where nests were most dense and where natural screens blocked the nearest neighbor. Egg loss, presumably from gull predators, was common except in areas of dense vegetation. At Tatoosh Island, egg loss was rare, and breeding performance was similar in vegetated and rock habitats. To test if physical structure around open-area nests influenced egg loss in Grays Harbor, predator-exclusion fences were erected around nests on a sandbar island lacking vegetation. Excluding predators reduced egg loss and increased hatching success relative to nests with adjacent natural screens (driftwood logs >30 cm tall) or nests lacking natural screens. Pairs that nest in habitats with adequate habitat structure appear to benefit in terms of lower egg loss and higher nesting success, especially in Grays Harbor. Increasing structure around individual nests may increase breeding success of gulls or other seabirds that experience extensive nest predation. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Systemat & Ecol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Good, TP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 64 TC 20 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 2002 VL 104 IS 2 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0353:BSITWG]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 548RF UT WOS:000175402500012 ER PT J AU Lee, BS Bullister, JL Murray, JW Sonnerup, RE AF Lee, BS Bullister, JL Murray, JW Sonnerup, RE TI Anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE anoxia; chlorofluorocarbotis; mathematical models; residence time; tracers; Black Sea ID CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; UPPER OCEAN; MAN-MADE; CFC-11; CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES; DISTRIBUTIONS; CHLOROCARBONS; HALOCARBONS; ATLANTIC; REMOVAL AB Measurements of the distributions of two chlorofluorocarbons, CCl3F (CFC-11) and CCl2F2 (CFC-12), made during the June/July 1988 R. V. Knorr cruise in the Black Sea indicate that CFC-11 is non-conservative relative to CFC-12 in the strongly reducing anoxic waters. A multi-layer model combining horizontal/vertical renewal and vertical diffusion processes was tuned to the distributions of CFC-12 and salinity in suboxic and anoxic waters and used to estimate the residence times of subsurface waters and first-order in situ removal rate constants for CFC-11. The model-calculated residence times were similar to5 yr in the suboxic zone (80-120 m) and increased to similar to625 yr at 500 m. The first-order CFC-11 in situ removal coefficients were 0.52+/-0.19 yr(-1) for the depth range 160-480 m. Based on the observed CFC-12 concentrations, the residence time of cold intermediate layer water (similar to50-100 m) was estimated to be < 5 yr. The residence time of the deep water (100-450 in) in the Sea of Marmara was estimated to be 12-19 yr using a box model tuned to CFC-12. implying an in situ oxygen utilization rate of 10-18 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Ctr Ocean Res, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Oceans & Atmospheres, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bullister, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. OI Murray, James/0000-0002-8577-7964 NR 52 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 49 IS 5 BP 895 EP 913 AR PII S0967-0637(02)00005-5 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00005-5 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 552YK UT WOS:000175647600007 ER PT J AU Pradhan, RD Melikechi, N Eichmiller, F AF Pradhan, RD Melikechi, N Eichmiller, F TI The effect of irradiation wavelength bandwidth and spot size on the scraping depth and temperature rise in composite exposed to an argon lasesr or a conventional quartz-tungsten-halogen source SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental composite resins; argon laser curing; source bandwidth; focusing effects; depth-of-cure and temperature rise ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; POLYMERIZATION; LIGHT; RESIN AB Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the spectral distribution of the curing irradiation near the maximum excitation wavelength of the photo-initiator and the effect of the irradiation spot size on the scraping depth-of-cure and temperature rise in a resin composite for both an argon laser and a quartz-tungsten-halogen lamp. Methods: Using bandpass filters, the spectral outputs of an argon laser and a quartz-tungsten-halogen lamp were restricted to pass selected wavelengths on to a commercial camphorquinone-based resin composite and the depth-of-cure, using scraping methods, was measured. The temperature rise in composite was measured for some of the above-mentioned sources. The spot sizes for both sources were varied and the scraping depth was measured. Lateral curing or the extent of curing away from the focused spot was also measured. Results: For constant power density and exposure time, an irradiation spectral distribution closer to the photo-initiator excitation peak yielded a higher scraping depth than a broadband spectral distribution for both sources. Under similar conditions, the argon laser resulted in a lower temperature rise in the composite than the lamp. For the same total energy imparted to the resin composite, the scraping depth increased with reducing spot size of the curing irradiation. Furthermore lateral curing of the composite well beyond the irradiation spot size was observed. Significance: The spectral and spatial characteristics of the curing irradiation need to be carefully considered as these affect the scraping depth-of-cure and temperature rise in a resin composite. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 Delaware State Univ, Ctr Appl Opt, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Delaware State Univ, Dept Phys, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Melikechi, N (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, Ctr Appl Opt, 1200 N DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901 USA. EM nmelikec@dsc.edu NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 221 EP 226 AR PII S0109-5641(01)00037-9 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00037-9 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 553MK UT WOS:000175679400006 PM 11823014 ER PT J AU Phinney, KW Jackson, JW Sander, LC AF Phinney, KW Jackson, JW Sander, LC TI Chiral recognition of functionalized cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; chiral recognition; cyclodextrins; enantiomers ID ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN; ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION; ENANTIOMERS; RESOLUTION; SELECTORS; DRUGS; SUBSTITUTION; DERIVATIVES AB The chiral recognition of hydroxypropylated, dimethylated, and sulfated cyclodextrins was evaluated by utilizing them as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis. Although each selector yielded enantiomeric separations of most of the target analytes, differences were observed in the electrophoretic results for the different derivatized cyclodextrins and for additives having varying degrees of substitution. The results for the sulfated cyclodextrins also highlighted the importance of knowing the degree of substitution as well as the location of the substituents when comparing chiral selectors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phinney, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD MAY PY 2002 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1308 EP 1313 AR UNSP EL 4738 DI 10.1002/1522-2683(200205)23:9<1308::AID-ELPS1308>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 553UK UT WOS:000175693700015 PM 12007131 ER PT J AU Penn, T Tomasi, T AF Penn, T Tomasi, T TI Calculating resource restoration for an oil discharge in Lake Barre, Louisiana, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE damage assessment; oil spill; Louisiana; restoration; habitat equivalency analysis ID SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; MARSH AB Under the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990, natural resource trustees are charged with assessing natural resource impacts due to an oil spill and determining the type and amount of natural resource restoration that will compensate the public for the impacts. Habitat equivalency analysis is a technique through which the impacts due to the spill and the benefits of restoration are quantified; both are quantified as habitat resources and associated ecological services. The goal of the analysis is to determine the amount of restoration such that the services lost are offset by services provided by restoration. In this paper, we first describe the habitat equivalency analysis framework. We then present an oil spill case from coastal Louisiana, USA, where the framework was applied to quantify resource impacts and determine the scale of restoration. In the Louisiana case, the trustees assessed impacts for oiled salt marsh and direct mortality to finfish, shellfish, and birds. The restoration project required planting salt-marsh vegetation in dredge material that was deposited on a barrier island. Using the habitat equivalency analysis framework, it was determined that 7.5 ha of the dredge platform should be planted as salt marsh. The planted hectares will benefit another 15.9 ha through vegetative spreading resulting in a total of 23.4 ha that will be enhanced or restored as compensation for the natural resource impacts. C1 NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. ENTRIX, New Castle, DE 19720 USA. RP Penn, T (reprint author), NOAA, Damage Assessment Ctr, 1305 East West Highway,Stn 10218, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 29 IS 5 BP 691 EP 702 DI 10.1007/s00267-001-0059-2 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 542KB UT WOS:000175041200010 PM 12180182 ER PT J AU Jakupciak, JP Bacolla, A Jaworski, A Larson, JE O'Connell, CD Wells, RD AF Jakupciak, JP Bacolla, A Jaworski, A Larson, JE O'Connell, CD Wells, RD TI PKD1 unusual DNA conformations are recognized by nucleotide excision repair. SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT European-Society-of-Human-Genetics European Human Genetics Conference in Conjuction With European Meeting on Psychosocial Aspects of Genetics CY MAY 25-28, 2002 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Soc Human Genet C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX USA. RI Bacolla, Albino/N-3877-2013 OI Bacolla, Albino/0000-0003-0206-8423 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1018-4813 J9 EUR J HUM GENET JI Eur. J. Hum. Genet. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 10 SU 1 BP 169 EP 169 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 752MW UT WOS:000187166100540 ER PT J AU Johnson, JB AF Johnson, JB TI Evolution after the flood: Phylogeography of the desert fish Utah chub SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE mate change; intraspecific evolutionary contrasts; Great Basin; historical contingency; Lake Bonneville; Pleistocene glaciation; predation; Snake River ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; DNA-SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; CLADISTIC-ANALYSIS; PHENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; LAKE BONNEVILLE; GENE FLOW; CLADOGRAM ESTIMATION; COALESCENT THEORY AB The Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River drainage of western North America underwent extensive hydrological changes during the late Pleistocene, potentially influencing the geographic distribution and evolutionary trajectories of aquatic species that occupied this region. To test this hypothesis, I reconstructed the phylogeographic history of the desert fish Utah chub (Gila atraria) by examining 16 populations that span the natural distribution of this species across the Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River. I compared mitochondrial control region sequences (934 bp) among 77 individuals revealing 24 unique haplotypes. Geographic and phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were explored using parsimony, maximum likelihood, nested clade analysis, and analysis of molecular variance. I found that G. atraria is composed of two distinct clades that represent an early Pleistocene split between the upper Snake River and Bonneville Basin. Within each of these clades, geographic structuring was highly concordant with the hydrological history of late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville and the upper Snake River, suggesting that glacial-induced shifts in climate and unpredictable geological events have played a major role in shaping genetic subdivision among populations. To examine the effects of vicariant events on phenotypic divergence among Utah chub populations, I mapped chub life histories to the control region haplotype network. I found a nonrandom association between haplotypes and life-history phenotypes. These results suggest that historical events responsible for population fragmentation may have also contributed to phenotypic shifts in life histories, both indirectly by limiting gene flow among populations and directly by altering the selective environments where populations persisted. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Johnson, JB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 59 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD MAY PY 2002 VL 56 IS 5 BP 948 EP 960 PG 13 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 560JH UT WOS:000176078600008 PM 12093030 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC TI An experimental study of a water droplet impinging on a liquid surface SO EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID IMPACT AB An experimental study is presented for water droplet impingement on a liquid surface. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1,000 frames/s. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 3.1 mm +/- 0.1 mm, and all experiments were performed in atmospheric air. The impact velocity was varied from 0.36 m/s to 2.2 m/s thus varying the impact Weber number from 5.5 to 206. The impacted liquid surface consisted of two fluids, namely water and methoxy-nonafluorobutane, C4F9OCH3 (HFE7100). The depth of the water and HFE7100 pool was varied from 2 mm to 25 mm. The collision dynamics of water in the HFE7100 pool was observed to be drastically different from that observed for the water droplet impingement on a water pool. The critical impact Weber number for jet breakup was found to be independent of liquid depth. Water-HFE7100 impact resulted in no jet breakup over the range of velocities studied. Therefore, no critical impact Weber number can be defined for water-HFE7100 impact. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0723-4864 J9 EXP FLUIDS JI Exp. Fluids PD MAY PY 2002 VL 32 IS 5 BP 580 EP 589 DI 10.1007/S00348-001-0401-8 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 557BM UT WOS:000175887500006 ER PT J AU Bograd, S Schwing, F Mendelssohn, R Green-Jessen, P AF Bograd, S Schwing, F Mendelssohn, R Green-Jessen, P TI On the changing seasonality over the North Pacific SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; OCEAN AB [1] Although many marine organisms have life histories adapted to seasonal events in the environment, most studies aimed at understanding biotic responses to environmental variability assume a stationary and deterministic seasonal cycle, or remove it altogether. Here we use historical sea level pressure data for the period 1948-2000 to document significant changes in the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle in the Aleutian Low and North Pacific High, the two dominant pressure centers over the northeast Pacific Ocean. The Aleutian Low seasonal amplitude, which is dominated by the annual component, has nearly doubled over this period, mostly due to wintertime deepening. Changes in the amplitude and phase of both the annual and semi-annual components have contributed to the time-varying structure of the North Pacific High. Observed long-term changes in the biological community structure and productivity of the North Pacific Ocean may be associated with this changing seasonality. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Bograd, S (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM sbograd@pfeg.noaa.gov NR 17 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 9 AR 1333 DI 10.1029/2001GL013790 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DH UT WOS:000178888000030 ER PT J AU Sansone, FJ Benitez-Nelson, CR Resing, JA DeCarlo, EH Vink, SM Heath, JA Huebert, BJ AF Sansone, FJ Benitez-Nelson, CR Resing, JA DeCarlo, EH Vink, SM Heath, JA Huebert, BJ TI Geochemistry of atmospheric aerosols generated from lava-seawater interactions SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID KILAUEA VOLCANO; DRY DEPOSITION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TRANSPORT; ELEMENTS; BASALTS; METALS; MAGMA; GASES AB [1] Trace elements were measured in the aerosol plume produced by lava-seawater interactions along the shoreline of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Plume concentrations were normalized relative to Hawaiian basalt composition and showed a linear log-log covariation with their emanation coefficient (an indicator of element volatility). Normalized aerosol concentrations also consistently covaried with corresponding normalized concentrations in dilute fumarolic gas from Kilauea volcano and fumarolic gas condensates from Kudryavy and Merapi volcanoes, despite different mechanisms of element volatilization. Conservatively estimated regional ocean deposition rates of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe and P were >50 times background rates. Thus, upper ocean volcanism may be an important source of both toxic and nutrient elements to the surrounding ocean. It appears unlikely, however, that shallow ocean volcanism can exert a significant impact on the global ecosystem, even during massive lava emplacements. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM sansone@soest.hawaii.edu RI Minerals Institute, Sustainable/F-8043-2010; Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013 NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 9 AR 1335 DI 10.1029/2001GL013882 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DH UT WOS:000178888000028 ER PT J AU Machta, L AF Machta, L TI Meteorological benefits from atmospheric nuclear tests SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Annual Meeting of the National-Council-on-Radiation-Protection-and-Measurements CY APR 04-05, 2001 CL ARLINGTON, VA SP Natl Council Radiat Protect & Measurements DE fallout; atmospheric testing; monitoring; meteorological; National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements AB The presence in the atmosphere of radioactive debris from nuclear tests provided a unique opportunity to study atmospheric motions and transfers of trace substances. Measurements of the concentrations in air of radionuclides were used to verify trajectories derived solely from weather data. The profiles of radioactive concentration along the aircraft tracks were non-Gaussian. High-flying aircraft and balloons collected air and particulate samples to approximately 30,000 in from Alaska to South America. The measurements from these samples were used in verifying stratospheric motions on a hemispheric and global scale. Other benefits to the atmospheric sciences gained during the nuclear testing era are briefly described. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Machta, L (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 82 IS 5 BP 635 EP 643 DI 10.1097/00004032-200205000-00010 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 544MN UT WOS:000175164300010 PM 12003014 ER PT J AU Capriulo, GM Smith, G Troy, R Wikfors, GH Pellet, J Yarish, C AF Capriulo, GM Smith, G Troy, R Wikfors, GH Pellet, J Yarish, C TI The planktonic food web structure of a temperate zone estuary, and its alteration due to eutrophication SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE phytoplankton; zooplankton; food web; ciliates; larval fish; bacteria; protists; estuary; eutrophication; nutrients; microbes ID LONG-ISLAND SOUND; COPEPOD ACARTIA-TONSA; NATURAL PARTICLE ASSEMBLAGES; MESOHALINE CHESAPEAKE BAY; BACTERIA-SIZED PARTICLES; EGG-PRODUCTION; WATER-COLUMN; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TEMORA-LONGICORNIS; NARRAGANSETT BAY AB Current conventional wisdom argues that human-induced excesses in nutrient loadings to estuaries often stimulate 'excess' algal production leading to hypoxia, via bacterial pathways, and subsequent reduced recruitment/survival of finfish and shellfish. Why wouldn't such elevated production stimulate more animal production, rather than less? In a three-year study of Long Island Sound, U.S.A., a multitude of variables were quantified along a west to east gradient, to address the above question via the hypothesis that different successes among planktonic species experiencing eutrophication alter planktonic food web structure away from traditional pathways to microbial loop dominated ones. Variables studied included: nutrient concentrations and ratios (i.e. NO2, NO3, NH4, DON, PON, PO4, Silicate, N/P and N/Si), phytoplankton, protozooplanktonic ciliate, zooplankton, heterotrophic nanoplankton (HNAN), photosynthetic nanoplankton (PNAN), size-fractionated chlorophyll, larval fish and bacterial concentrations and/or species composition, and bacterial growth rates (as frequency of dividing cells, FDC). Results indicated that although current nitrogen and other nutrient loadings into the estuary are much higher than past inputs (especially in western waters), the average concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients is similar (though slightly higher) to past values. Relative proportioning among chemical species does vary from west to east, with NH4 and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) at times more prevalent in the west, especially in bottomwaters. Excess loadings of nitrogen and other nutrients into the estuary are converted to elevated biomass of both small (<10 mu m), and large (>20 mum) phytoplankton in the west. Slightly enhanced bacterial densities and growth rates shadow the elevated chlorophyll levels, with distinctive Sound-wide seasonal patterns that follow not total chlorophyll, but rather PNAN concentrations. HNAN concentrations also are elevated in the west, and likely influence bacterial dynamics. Species composition of phytoplankton routinely differ west to east. Inorganic N/P are routinely low (i.e. below Redfield ratios), especially in the west, while total dissolved N/P (i.e. including DON) are similar among stations and typically are significantly higher than Redfield ratios. Associated with bacterial and <10 mu m chlorophyll enhancements to an elevated diversity of ciliate species in the west. Copepod biomass is extremely enhanced in the west, indicating that while stimulating the microbial loop, eutrophication is also enhancing the secondary production preferred by larval fish and gelatinous zooplankton. Larval fish diversity is down relative to the past, but shows little contemporaneous west/east variations. So, if adult fish populations are down, but larvae are not food limited, possibly toxicity, overfishing, and/or habitat destruction which prevent a healthy, normal system response to eutrophication are culpable. It is suggested that recipients of the excess copepod production are likely gelatinous zooplankton and benthic sediments, and that unused copepod 'excess' biomass likely significantly contributes to hypoxia. New conventional wisdom: Excess nitrogen stimulates microbial loop and net phytoplankton biomass and production, which in turn stimulates microcrustasean biomass and production and fecal release, and both significantly fuel hypoxia and likely stimulate gelatinous zooplankton production. C1 St Marys Coll Calif, Dept Biol, Moraga, CA 94575 USA. St Marys Coll Calif, Environm Sci & Studies Program, Moraga, CA USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Chem, New Britain, CT 06050 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford, CT USA. Maritime Aquarium Norwalk, Norwalk, CT USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Capriulo, GM (reprint author), St Marys Coll Calif, Dept Biol, POB 4507, Moraga, CA 94575 USA. NR 205 TC 57 Z9 66 U1 6 U2 55 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 EI 1573-5117 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PD MAY PY 2002 VL 475 IS 1 BP 263 EP 333 DI 10.1023/A:1020387325081 PG 71 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 598AJ UT WOS:000178252700023 ER PT J AU Jackson, M Hockel, H Lauters, M Vasconcellos, ECC Allen, MD Evenson, KM AF Jackson, M Hockel, H Lauters, M Vasconcellos, ECC Allen, MD Evenson, KM TI New short-wavelength laser emissions from optically pumped (CD3OD)-C-13 SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article DE (CD3OD)-C-13; CO2 laser; frequency measurements; optically pumped molecular laser (OPML) ID FAR-INFRARED-LASER; CO2-LASER LINES; FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY; METHANOL; (CD3OH)-C-13; ASSIGNMENT; CH3OH AB We report the discovery of 15 new laser emissions from (CD3OD)-C-13 when optically pumped with a CW CO2 laser. The wavelengths of these lines, ranging from 57.5 to 135.2 mum, are reported along with their polarization relative to the CO2 PUMP laser, operating pressure and relative intensity. A three-laser heterodyne system was then used to measure the frequencies of 12 optically pumped laser emissions from this methanol isotope. These emissions range from 65.7 to 151.8 mum and are reported with fractional uncertainties up to +/-2 . 10(-7). C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Eletron Quant, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jackson, M (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RI Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9197 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 429 EP 431 DI 10.1109/3.998613 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 547LZ UT WOS:000175335000002 ER PT J AU Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Fleming, MD Berg, JS Ashton, JB AF Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Fleming, MD Berg, JS Ashton, JB TI Long-term climate patterns in Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation and their biological consequences SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Arctic climate; Arctic hydrology; arctic oscillation; boreal forest; climographs; El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO); pacific decadal oscillation; precipitation; surface temperature; tundra ID EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; ARCTIC PRECIPITATION; NORTH-AMERICA; ANNULAR MODES; NCEP-NCAR; EL-NINO; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; COMPONENTS; TUNDRA AB Man monthly climate maps of Alaskan surface temperature and precipitation produced by the parameter-elevation regression on independent slopes model (PRISM) were analyzed. Alaska is divided into interior and coastal zones with consistent but different climatic variability separated by a transition region; it has maximum interannual variability but low long-term mean variability. Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)- and El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO)-type events influence Alaska surface temperatures weakly (1-2 degreesC) statewide. PDO has a stronger influence than ENSO on precipitation but its influence is largely localized to coastal central Alaska. The strongest influence of Arctic oscillation (AO) occurs in northern and interior Alaskan precipitation. Four major ecosystems are defined. A major eco-transition zone occurs between the interior boreal forest and the coastal rainforest. Variability in insolation, surface temperature, precipitation, continentality, and seasonal changes in storm track direction explain the mapped ecosystems. Lack of westward expansion of the interior boreal forest into the western shrub tundra is influenced by the coastal marine boundary layer (enhanced cloud cover, reduced insolation, cooler surface and soil temperatures). In this context, the marine boundary layer acts in an analogous fashion to the orographic features which form the natural boundaries of other Alaskan ecosystems. Variability in precipitation may play a secondary role. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. Raytheon USGS EROS Field Off, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP Simpson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 42 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 13 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD MAY PY 2002 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1164 EP 1184 AR PII S0196-2892(02)05143-4 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.1010902 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 566QB UT WOS:000176438800016 ER PT J AU Ding, XL Zheng, DW Yang, S AF Ding, XL Zheng, DW Yang, S TI Variations of the surface temperature in Hong Kong during the last century SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface temperature; Hong Kong; statistical analysis; regional climate variability; climatic teleconnection ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; WINTER MONSOON; SNOW COVER; CLIMATE; ENSO; PREDICTABILITY AB A statistical analysis has been applied to obtain a better understanding of the variations of the surface climate in Southeast Asia. In particular, we have depicted the detailed features of the changes in the Surface air temperature of Hong Kong (HK) during the past 115 years. Analysis of the time-frequency spectra of the wavelet transform indicates that although seasonal variations account for most of the temperature variations, strong signals also exist On subseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales. Though the strong seasonal cycle is marked by a minimum temperature in February (and then in January) and a maximum temperature in July (and then in August), strong variations on the subseasonal and interannual time scales occur mostly in February and then in March. It is also found that a rising tendency exists in the Ion-recorded temperature data, with a rate of 0.09-0.15 degreesC per decade. Temperature variations in HK are strongly related to changes in the regional and remote atmospheric circulation on various time scales. The East Asian monsoon circulation is the main factor controlling the seasonal cycle and the subseasonal and interannual variations of the HK temperature during winter. The subseasonal and seasonal variations of the temperature are also associated with changes in the atmospheric Circulation over the North Pacific, which is closely linked to the East Asian jet stream. Strong signals are also found in both this mid-latitude circulation and the El Nino-southern oscillation phenomenon when the interannual variability of the HK temperature is apparent. Copyright (C) 2002 Royal Meteorological Society. C1 NOAA, NSW, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Land Surveying & Geo Informat, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, Ctr Astrogeodynam Res, Shanghai 20030, Peoples R China. RP Yang, S (reprint author), NOAA, NSW, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Ding, Xiaoli/K-4596-2013 OI Ding, Xiaoli/0000-0002-5733-3629 NR 43 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 715 EP 730 DI 10.1002/joc.760 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 562BK UT WOS:000176177400006 ER PT J AU Gallo, KP Owen, TW AF Gallo, KP Owen, TW TI A sampling strategy for satellite sensor-based assessments of the urban heat-island bias SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB A data sampling strategy was developed for the use of a satellite sensor-based methodology to estimate the urban heat-island temperature bias associated with climate observation stations. NOAA-AVHRR observations at a grid scale of 1 km x 1 km were analysed on a local (3 km x 3 km) and regional (41 km x 41 km) basis centred on the climate observation stations of interest. The grid cells of the regional sample were evaluated and only those designated as rural were used in further analysis. Local and regional differences in the normalized difference vegetation index and radiant surface temperature were used to estimate the urban heat-island bias associated with the climate observation stations. These values were compared to a population-based methodology and a satellite sensor should read satellite sensor/station-derived methodology that required locations of known rural observation stations associated with the local observation station of interest. Generally, the heat-island bias estimates provided by the methodology that relied solely on satellite sensor data were similar to the other methodologies. The datasets used to identify the regional grid cells as rural are available on a global basis as are the vegetation index and radiant surface temperature data. Thus, the satellite sensor-based methodology developed may be uniformly applicable on a global basis. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Gallo, KP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 23 IS 9 BP 1935 EP 1939 DI 10.1080/01431160110097259 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 542ML UT WOS:000175047600009 ER PT J AU Hurly, JJ AF Hurly, JJ TI Thermophysical properties of nitrogen trifluoride, ethylene oxide, and trimethyl gallium from speed-of-sound measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE C2H4O; ethylene oxide; equation of state; Ga(CH3)(3); ideal-gas heat capacity; intermolecular potential; NF3; nitrogen trifluoride; speed of sound; thermodynamic properties; trimethyl gallium; virial coefficients ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; HEXAFLUORIDE AB The speed of sound was measured in gaseous nitrogen trifluoride, ethylene oxide, and trimethyl gallium using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The measurements span the temperature range 200 to 425 K and reach pressures up to the lesser of 1500 kPa or 80% of the sample vapor pressure. The speed-of-sound measurements have a relative standard uncertainty of less than 0.01%. The data were analyzed to obtain the constant-pressure ideal-gas heat capacity C-p(0) as a function of temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. The values of C-p(0) are in agreement with those determined from spectro- scopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials, and the second based on a hard-core Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound-speed data to within +/-0.02%, and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hurly, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 667 EP 696 AR UNSP 0195-928X/02/0500-0697/0 DI 10.1023/A:1015498903371 PG 30 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 550LD UT WOS:000175503800005 ER PT J AU Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Stepanov, GV AF Polikhronidi, NG Abdulagatov, IM Magee, JW Stepanov, GV TI Isochoric heat capacity measurements for heavy water near the critical point SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE adiabatic calorimeter; critical amplitudes; critical point; coexistence curve; crossover equation of state; density; isochoric heat capacity; light and heavy water ID YANG-YANG RELATION; CRITICAL REGION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROGEN TETROXIDE; EQUATION; STATE; LIGHT; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB Isochoric heat capacity measurements of D2O are presented as a function of temperature at fixed densities of 319.60, 398.90, 431.09, and 506.95 kg.m(-3). The measurements cover a range of temperatures from 551 to 671 K and pressures up to 32 MPa. The coverage includes one- and two-phase states and the coexistence curve near the critical point of D2O. A high-temperature, high-pressure, adiabatic, and nearly constant-volume calorimeter was used for the measurements. Uncertainties of the heat capacity measurements are estimated to be 2 to 3%. Temperatures at saturation T-S(rho) were measured isochorically using a quasi-static thermogram method. The uncertainty of the phase transition temperature measurements is about +/-0.02 K. The measured C-V data for D2O were compared with values predicted from a parametric crossover equation of state and six-term Landau expansion crossover model. The critical behavior of second temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure and chemical potential were studied using measured two-phase isochoric heat capacities. From measured isochoric heat capacities and saturated densities for heavy water, the values of asymptotic critical amplitudes were estimated. It is shown that the critical parameters (critical temperature and critical density) adopted by IAPWS are consistent with the T-S-rho(S) measurements for D2O near the critical point. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, M Yaragskogo Str 94, Makhachkala 367005, Dagestan, Russia. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 51 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 745 EP 770 DI 10.1023/A:1015403104280 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 550LD UT WOS:000175503800008 ER PT J AU Gallagher, A Howling, AA Hollenstein, C AF Gallagher, A Howling, AA Hollenstein, C TI Anion reactions in silane plasma SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISCHARGES; ATTACHMENT; DEPOSITION; PARTICLES; CHEMISTRY; MODEL AB Previous measurements of SixHm- anions and electrons in the afterglow of silane discharges are analyzed here. A model of plasma anion chemistry includes two sources of anions, two possible causes of x-->x+1 anion growth, and anion loss by mutual neutralization. Comparison to pulsed-discharge measurements for x=1-6, for a range of discharge times, clearly establishes radical reactions as the primary cause of anion growth; prior estimates generally suggested silane reactions. This comparison also indicates that electron attachment to radicals, not silane, is the largest source of SiHm- anions. Measured afterglow electron decay and SiHm- signals are also consistent with efficient, low energy electron attachment to radicals. Reasonable agreement with the observations is obtained using realistic estimates of the radical density, cation density, and the values of radical-anion (k(x)) and mutual neutralization rate coefficients. However, the x dependence of the k(x) required to fit the data is surprising. These conclusions have major consequences for silane-discharge, particle-nucleation models. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, PPB Ecublens, Ctr Rech Phys Plasmas, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Gallagher, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 15 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 9 BP 5571 EP 5580 DI 10.1063/1.1459758 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 542WR UT WOS:000175069000008 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Anne, VR Dean, C AF Heidinger, AK Anne, VR Dean, C TI Using MODIS to estimate cloud contamination of the AVHRR data record SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; CLEAR-SKY; CLASSIFICATION; RADIANCES; IMAGERY; WINDOW; ISCCP AB A study of the improvement in cloud-masking capability of data from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) relative to data from an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is performed. MODIS offers significant advances over AVHRR in spatial resolution and spectral information. Three MODIS scenes that present a range of cloudiness, surface type, and illumination conditions are analyzed. AVHRR local area coverage (LAC) and global area coverage (GAC) data were synthesized from the most spectrally comparable MODIS channels. This study explores the benefits to cloud masking offered by MODIS beyond that offered by AVHRR. No global generalization can be inferred from this limited analysis, but this study does attempt to quantify the added benefit of MODIS over AVHRR for three scenes. The sole focus is on the levels of cloud contamination in clear AVHRR pixels; the misclassification of clear pixels as cloudy is not addressed. For the scenes studied, the results of the additional MODIS tests revealed measurable residual cloud contamination in both AVHRR LAC and GAC clear pixels. From this analysis, the contamination of the clear pixels in AVHRR LAC data was between 1% and 3% for the cases studied. The levels of contamination of the clear GAC pixels revealed by MODIS cloud tests ranged from 2% to 4%. MODIS was able to reveal roughly 2% more cloud contamination of clear GAC pixels than was revealed by LAC. This result indicates that the increase in spatial resolution offered by MODIS may be as significant to reducing cloud contamination as is the increase in spectral information. Inclusion of the results of AVHRR spatial uniformity tests applied to MODIS or LAC pixels revealed potentially much more cloud contamination of clear GAC pixels. The larger values of potential cloud contamination revealed by spatial uniformity tests were not apparent in the clear-sky products. An analysis of the derived SST, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) fields was conducted to explore the impact of the MODIS-inferred cloud contamination on these products. The results indicated minimal effects on the distribution of SST, LST, and NDVI derived from AVHRR LAC data. Errors in the GAC SST and LST had standard deviations of 0.1 and 0.3 K, respectively. The GAC NDVI error distribution has a standard deviation of 0.03 for all scenes. The GAC error distributions showed little bias, indicating that cloud-masking differences between the AVHRR and MODIS should not introduce a discontinuity in the AVHRR/MODIS/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) SST and NDVI data records. C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. IM Syst Grp Inc, Kensington, MD USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NESDIS, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, World Weather Bldg,E-RA1,Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 19 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5 BP 586 EP 601 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0586:UMTECC>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547BG UT WOS:000175312200003 ER PT J AU White, AB Gottas, DJ Strem, ET Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ AF White, AB Gottas, DJ Strem, ET Ralph, FM Neiman, PJ TI An automated brightband height detection algorithm for use with Doppler radar spectral moments SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; CLOUDS; TROPICS; MODEL; LAYER; RAIN; GATE AB Because knowledge of the melting level is critical to river forecasters and other users, an objective algorithm to detect the brightband height from profiles of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity collected with a Doppler wind profiling radar is presented. The algorithm uses vertical profiles to detect the bottom portion of the bright band, where vertical gradients of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity are negatively correlated. A search is then performed to find the peak radar reflectivity above this feature, and the brightband height is assigned to the altitude of the peak. Reflectivity profiles from the off-vertical beams produced when the radar is in the Doppler beam swinging mode provide additional brightband measurements. A consensus test is applied to subhourly values to produce a quality-controlled, hourly averaged brightband height. A comparison of radar-deduced brightband heights with melting levels derived from temperature profiles measured with rawinsondes launched from the same radar site shows that the brightband height is, on average, 192 m lower than the melting level. A method for implementing the algorithm and making the results available to the public in near-real time via the Internet is described. The importance of melting level information in hydrological prediction is illustrated using the NWS operational river forecast model applied to mountainous watersheds in California. It is shown that a 2000-ft increase in the melting level can triple run off during a modest 24-h rainfall event. The ability to monitor the brightband height is likely to aid in melting-level forecasting and verification. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Calif Nevada River Forecast Ctr, Sacramento, CA USA. RP White, AB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 72 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5 BP 687 EP 697 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0687:AABHDA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547BG UT WOS:000175312200011 ER PT J AU Thacker, WC Esenkov, OE AF Thacker, WC Esenkov, OE TI Assimilating XBT data into HYCOM SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEATHER PREDICTION; OCEAN MODELS; PART I; CLIMATE; SYSTEM; FINGERPRINTS; CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; ATLANTIC; DYNAMICS AB A scheme is presented for assimilating expendable bathythermographic data into HYCOM, an oceanic circulation model featuring a hybrid vertical coordinate. The scheme is fully multivariate, using observations of temperature to correct density, pressure, salinity, and momentum, in addition to temperature. Central to the scheme is the estimation of companion profiles of salinity and potential density. The potential density profiles are used to estimate the thicknesses of the model's layers, so that layer-averaged values of potential density and potential temperature can be computed. These derived data and the derived layer thicknesses are assimilated via optimal interpolation. Salinity corresponding to the corrected potential density and potential temperature fields is determined by the equation of state of seawater, and corrections to the momentum field are computed geostrophically from the corrections to the pressure field. The scheme is illustrated using data from March 1995 in the Atlantic Ocean. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL USA. RP Thacker, WC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 40 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5 BP 709 EP 724 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0709:AXDIH>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547BG UT WOS:000175312200013 ER PT J AU Weissman, DE Bourassa, MA Tongue, J AF Weissman, DE Bourassa, MA Tongue, J TI Effects of rain rate and wind magnitude on SeaWinds scatterometer wind speed errors SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRMM PRECIPITATION RADAR; WATER SURFACES; SCATTERING; ALGORITHM AB Rain within the footprint of the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite causes more significant errors than existed with its predecessor, the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) on Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-I (ADEOS-I). Empirical relations are developed that show how the rain-induced errors in the scatterometer wind magnitude depend on both the rain rate and on the wind magnitude. These relations are developed with collocated National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy measurements (to provide accurate sea surface winds) and simultaneous Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) observations of rain reflectivity. An analysis, based on electromagnetic scattering theory, interprets the dependence of the scatterometer wind errors on volumetric rain rate over a range of wind and rain conditions. These results demonstrate that the satellite scatterometer responds to rain in a manner similar to that of meteorological radars, with a Z-R relationship. These observations and results indicate that the combined (wind and rain) normalized radar cross section will lead to erroneously large wind estimates when the rain-related radar cross section exceeds a particular level that depends on the rain rate and surface wind speed. C1 Hofstra Univ, Dept Engn, Hempstead, NY 11549 USA. Florida State Univ, COAPS, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Upton, NY USA. RP Weissman, DE (reprint author), Hofstra Univ, Dept Engn, 104 Weed Hall, Hempstead, NY 11549 USA. NR 25 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5 BP 738 EP 746 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0738:EORRAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547BG UT WOS:000175312200015 ER PT J AU Bittner, M Offermann, D Graef, HH Donner, M Hamilton, K AF Bittner, M Offermann, D Graef, HH Donner, M Hamilton, K TI An 18-year time series of OH rotational temperatures and middle atmosphere decadal variations SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Planetary Scale Mesopause Observing System (PSMOS 2000) CY MAY 23-26, 2000 CL UNIV TORONTO, SANDFOR FLEMING BLD, TORONTO, CANADA HO UNIV TORONTO, SANDFOR FLEMING BLD DE OH-temperatures; atmospheric trends; mesopause ID THERMOSPHERIC INFRARED EMISSIONS; LOCAL-THERMODYNAMIC-EQUILIBRIUM; WAVE-DRIVEN FLUCTUATIONS; HIGH-LATITUDE TWILIGHT; GRAVITY-WAVE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; HYDROXYL AIRGLOW; MESOPAUSE REGION; MIDLATITUDE MESOPAUSE; ROCKET MEASUREMENTS AB Rotational temperatures are derived from measurements of the (3-1) transitions of the OH Meinel bands. They are found to be a reasonable proxy for atmospheric kinetic temperatures at an altitude of 3 x 10(-3) hPa (87 kin). Measurements were taken in Wuppertal (51degreesN/7degreesE) from 1980 to 1998. A second (shorter) data set (1980-1991) is available for Northern Scandinavia (Andoya, 69degreesN/16degreesE, and Kiruna, 68degreesN/21degreesE). Data are analyzed for seasonal variations (annual, semi-annual, terannual) and for long-term changes of the temperature. Furthermore atmospheric wave activity is studied by means of measured short-tens temperature fluctuations. Amplitudes and phases of the seasonal components do not change much during the measurement period. On the contrary annual mean temperatures and wave activity show strong long-term and even decadal variations. Similar decadal "episodes" are found in data from the Stratospheric Sounding Units (SSU) and from radiosondes at lower altitudes (1 hPa/47 km and 10 hPa/31 km, respectively). Temperature variations during these episodes are rather large (10 K) and need to be taken into account when using reference or standard atmospheres. Episodic variations of temperature and wave activity are found to be correlated. They appear to be consistent with the "downward control principle" (Rev. Geophys. 33 (1995) 403). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, D-5600 Wuppertal, Germany. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Bittner, M (reprint author), Deutsches Femerkundungsdatensentrum, Postfach 1116, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. NR 88 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD MAY-JUL PY 2002 VL 64 IS 8-11 BP 1147 EP 1166 AR PII S1364-6826(02)00065-2 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00065-2 PG 20 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 571ZJ UT WOS:000176748800024 ER PT J AU Dong, Q Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Hong, XG Chirico, RD Diky, VV Frenkel, M AF Dong, Q Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Hong, XG Chirico, RD Diky, VV Frenkel, M TI Data quality assurance for thermophysical property databases - Applications to the TRC SOURCE data system SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DATA COMPILATIONS; MODELS AB To a significant degree processes of database development are based upon human activities, which are susceptible to various errors. Propagation of errors in the processing leads to a decrease in the value of original data as well as that of any database products. Data quality is a critical issue that every database producer must handle as an inseparable part of the database management. Within the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC), a systematic approach to implement database integrity rules was established through the use of modern database technology, statistical methods, and thermodynamic principles. The four major functions of the system-error prevention, database integrity enforcement, scientific data integrity protection, and database traceability-are detailed in this paper. C1 NIST, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Dong, Q (reprint author), NIST, TRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 42 IS 3 BP 473 EP 480 DI 10.1021/ci010118e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 557QV UT WOS:000175920000004 PM 12086504 ER PT J AU Stone, RP O'Clair, CE AF Stone, RP O'Clair, CE TI Behavior of female Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, in a glacial southeast Alaska estuary: Homing, brooding-site fidelity, seasonal movements, and habitat use SO JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; EGGS; CRUSTACEANS; MORTALITY AB Aspects of the behavior of ovigerous Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) were studied in Fritz Cove, Alaska. To test fidelity and homing ability of crabs to their brooding site. we ultrasonically tagged eight ovigerous crabs and transplanted them 1.4 km from their brooding site. Eight ultrasonically tagged control crabs v ere returned to the brooding site. Crab movements were subsequently monitored weekly from late February to October to determine activity patterns and seasonal shifts in depth distribution and habitat use. Seven females transplanted away from the brooding site homed back to that site within 13 to 20 d. Ovigerous female crabs showed fidelity to the head of the cove and ranged a maximum of 3.4 km. Crabs had distinct seasonal patterns of depth distribution. habitat use, and activity which were related to reproductive status. The general pattern for female crabs was: (1) a relatively inactive period during winter and early spring at depths greater than -16 m; ovigerous crabs were typically buried during this period in a dense aggregation: (2) an abrupt movement into shallow water (less than -10 m) during mid-April and residence there until late June; this movement was coincident with the spring phytoplankton bloom and initiation of larval hatching and (3) increased activity beginning in July with movement back to deeper water presumably to forage. Females that molted prior to oviposition did so between late May and September. Females occupied depths between +1.6 and -107.3 m. Home ranges were small (<4% of the total cove habitat) and varied with crab sized smaller crabs had larger home ranges. Ovigerous females brooded embryos in a small, discrete area of unconsolidated, homogeneous, fine sand. These sediments were also highly permeable, Annual use of the main brooding area was documented for a 12-year period and emphasizes the importance of this essential habitat. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Stone, RP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM bob.stone@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU CRUSTACEAN SOC PI SAN ANTONIO PA 840 EAST MULBERRY, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78212 USA SN 0278-0372 J9 J CRUSTACEAN BIOL JI J. Crustac. Biol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 481 EP 492 DI 10.1651/0278-0372(2002)022[0481:BOFDCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 556TY UT WOS:000175866100028 ER PT J AU Boettinger, WJ Handwerker, CA Newbury, B Pan, TY Nicholson, JM AF Boettinger, WJ Handwerker, CA Newbury, B Pan, TY Nicholson, JM TI Mechanism of fillet lifting in Sn-Bi alloys SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Electronic Materials Conference CY JUN 27-29, 2001 CL UNIV NOTRE DAME, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA HO UNIV NOTRE DAME DE Pb-free solder; Sn-Bi; fillet lifting; solidification AB The probability of fillet lifting in through-hole solder joints was determined for a series of seven binary Sn-Bi solders with Bi mass contents between 26% and 65%. A 20-pin ceramic dual inline package was soldered to printed wiring boards with three board thicknesses and two pad sizes. A laboratory scale drag soldering process designed to simulate wave soldering was employed. Composition has the largest effect on failure with a peak in lift-off probability near 8%Bi. The presence of intermetallic needles Of Cu6Sn5 attached to the pad side of the separation surface, but pulled from the solder side, indicates that fillet lifting occurs during solidification. This conclusion is further supported by real time observation of fillet lifting. The solidification of these alloys is analyzed using a Scheil analysis and the tendency for fillet lifting is related to a hot tearing criterion originally developed for castings. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Ford Motor Co, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. RP Boettinger, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 545 EP 550 DI 10.1007/s11664-002-0112-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 555QK UT WOS:000175804600036 ER PT J AU Sadek, F Simiu, E AF Sadek, F Simiu, E TI Peak non-Gaussian wind effects for data base-assisted low-rise building design SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article DE buildings; low-rise; building codes; probability distribution; wind loads; structural reliability; databases AB Current procedures for estimating the peaks of the stochastic response of tall buildings to wind are based on the assumption that the response is Gaussian. Those procedures are therefore inapplicable to low-rise buildings, in which time histories of wind-induced internal forces are generally non-Gaussian. In this paper, an automated procedure is developed for obtaining from such time histories sample statistics of internal force peaks for low-rise building design and codification. The procedure is designed for use in software for calculating internal force time series by the database-assisted design approach. A preliminary step in the development of the procedure is the identification of the appropriate marginal probability distribution of the time series using the probability plot correlation coefficient method. The result obtained is that the gamma distribution and a normal distribution are appropriate for estimating the peaks corresponding, respectively, to the longer and shorter tail of the time series' histograms. The distribution of the peaks is then estimated by using the standard translation processes approach. It is found that the peak distribution can be represented by the Extreme Value Type I (Gumbel) distribution. Because estimates obtained from this approach are based on the entire information contained in the time series, they are more stable than estimates based on observed peaks. The procedure can be used to establish minimum acceptable requirements with respect to the duration and sampling rate of the time series of interest, so that the software used for database-assisted design will be both efficient and accurate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sadek, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 76 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2002 VL 128 IS 5 BP 530 EP 539 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:5(530) PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 544YB UT WOS:000175188500004 ER PT J AU Ciannelli, L Paul, AJ Brodeur, RD AF Ciannelli, L Paul, AJ Brodeur, RD TI Regional, interannual and size-related variation of age 0 year walleye pollock whole body energy content around the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE age 0 pollock; energetics; Pribilof Islands; Bering Sea ID HERRING CLUPEA-PALLASI; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS; WINTER MORTALITY; PREY SELECTION; FORAGE FISHES; ALASKA; TEMPERATURE AB Mean whole energy content (E(wb)) of age 0 year walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was 19-928 KJ g(-1) dry mass in 3943 fish collected from different habitats around the Pribilof Islands frontal structure, south-east Bering Sea, during September 1994-1996 and 1999. It varied, however, with habitat type. Fish residing offshore had higher E(wb), than fish residing inshore of the frontal regions. Age 0 year walleye pollock E(wb) changed in a non-linear fashion with fish size, with larger juveniles typically having higher E,vb. Size thresholds were identified at which the relationship between age 0 year walleye pollock E(wb) and L(S) changed. One such threshold was found at 46 mm where E(wb) reached a local minimum. Another threshold was found at 80 mm beyond which E(wb) tended to remain constant with size. Overall mass-length and E(wb) length residuals were highly correlated with each other (r=0.73, Pmuch less than0.0001). The slope of the regression, however, was higher for smaller fish. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the observed ontogenetic variation in nutritional status and the role of age 0 year walleye pollock late summer E(wb) on survival over their first critical winter of life. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Seward Marine Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ciannelli, L (reprint author), NOAA, AFSC, RACE, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Lorenzo.Ciannelli@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1267 EP 1279 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.1937 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 581DG UT WOS:000177275400015 ER PT J AU Free, M Angell, JK AF Free, M Angell, JK TI Effect of volcanoes on the vertical temperature profile in radiosonde data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE volcanic eruptions; El Chichon; Pinatubo; vertical temperature profile; stratospheric temperature; tropospheric temperature ID MOUNT-PINATUBO; TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EL CHICHON; ERUPTIONS; CLIMATE; TRENDS; AEROSOLS; SURFACE; SIGNAL AB [1] Comparison of the responses of radiosonde temperatures to aerosol forcing from the Agung, El Chichon, and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions shows the expected stratospheric warming, with a maximum at 50 mbar in the tropics, and a predominantly cooling effect in the troposphere with a maximum in the middle or upper troposphere. The tropospheric cooling is greater after the Pinatubo eruption, with a significant effect on the temperature difference between the upper and lower tropical troposphere. The tropospheric coolings after El Chichon and Agung are more vertically uniform. The size of the difference between the Pinatubo and El Chichon responses is somewhat sensitive to the choice of data subset and the index used to account for the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Differential effects of volcanic eruptions on the upper and lower tropical troposphere should be considered as possible causes of differential temperature trends at those levels. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM melissa.free@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS D10 AR 4101 DI 10.1029/2001JD001128 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HA UT WOS:000178896500005 ER PT J AU Mansell, ER MacGorman, DR Ziegler, CL Straka, JM AF Mansell, ER MacGorman, DR Ziegler, CL Straka, JM TI Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE lightning; thunderstorm electrification; numerical thunderstorm model ID DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; CONVECTIVE STORMS; WINTER THUNDERSTORMS; SOLID DIELECTRICS; RIME ACCRETION; ELECTRIFICATION; CHARGE; PARAMETERIZATION; DISCHARGES; MECHANISM AB [1] Lightning discharges are simulated by using a stochastic dielectric breakdown model within a numerical thunderstorm model with extensive parameterizations of electrification mechanisms. The lightning model simulates the macroscopic bidirectional extension of discharges as a step-by-step stochastic process. Discharge channels are propagated on a uniform grid, and the direction of propagation (including diagonals) for a particular step is chosen randomly, with the probability for choosing a particular direction depending on the net electric field. After each propagation step the electric fields are recomputed via Poisson's equation to account for the effect of the conducting channel. The lightning parameterization produces realistic looking, three-dimensional, branched lightning discharges. A variety of lightning types have been produced, including intracloud discharges, negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, and positive CG lightning. The model simulations support the hypothesis that negative CG flashes occur only when a region of positive charge exists below the main negative charge region. Similarly, simulated positive CG flashes were found to occur only in regions of storms where the two significant charge layers closest to ground had roughly a "normal dipole'' structure (i.e., positive charge above negative). C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Mansell, ER (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM mansell@nssl.noaa.gov; don.macgorman@nssl.noaa.gov; ziegler@nssl.noaa.gov; jstraka@ou.edu NR 52 TC 85 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS D9 AR 4075 DI 10.1029/2000JD000244 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609GG UT WOS:000178894800003 ER PT J AU Reinsel, GC Weatherhead, EC Tiao, GC Miller, AJ Nagatani, RM Wuebbles, DJ Flynn, LE AF Reinsel, GC Weatherhead, EC Tiao, GC Miller, AJ Nagatani, RM Wuebbles, DJ Flynn, LE TI On detection of turnaround and recovery in trend for ozone SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE detection; ozone; recovery; trend; turnaround ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; CLIMATE-CHANGE AB [1] Because of control measures from international agreements, it is predicted that previous decreases in ozone should lessen and eventually turn around as a recovery of ozone. It is important to statistically determine from available ozone data that a change in the rate of downward trend in ozone occurs and that there is an overall "turnaround'' in the downward trend. For this purpose, characteristics of a statistical trend model that allows for a change in trend (either a flattening or a turnaround) at some specified date are investigated. This model permits the use of data from before as well as after the change date to be used in the trend analysis and affords the opportunity for detection of a change in the downward ozone trend as an early signal in addition to detection of positive trend (recovery) after the change. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data and ground station total ozone data from the northern midlatitudes are used to estimate the number of years of data required to detect a change in trend and to detect a positive trend recovery, under two different assumptions about future ozone trends. Results show that for midlatitudes (30degrees-60degrees) a positive change in trend of reasonably assumed magnitude can be detected within similar to7-8 years from the change date, whereas detection of a positive trend recovery can require roughly 15-20 years for southern midlatitude zonal average data and 20-25 years for northern midlatitude zonal average data. In addition, preliminary trend analysis of recent ground station total ozone data is performed to illustrate estimation using the proposed trend model, with some informative results. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Chicago, Grad Sch Business, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climat Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Champaign, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Reinsel, GC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Stat, 1210 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM reinsel@stat.wisc.edu; betsy.weatherhead@noaa.gov; gct@gsbgct.uchicago.edu; alvin.miller@noaa.gov; Ronald.Nagatani@noaa.gov; wuebbles@atmos.uiuc.edu; lawrence.e.flynn@noaa.gov RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228 NR 21 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS D10 AR 4078 DI 10.1029/2001JD000500 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HA UT WOS:000178896500028 ER PT J AU Stone, RS Dutton, EG Harris, JM Longenecker, D AF Stone, RS Dutton, EG Harris, JM Longenecker, D TI Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE arctic; snowmelt; temperature-albedo feedback; radiation budget ID SEA-ICE COVER; ARCTIC TUNDRA; BARROW; DATE; USA; DISAPPEARANCE; TEMPERATURES; OSCILLATION; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION AB [1] Predictions of global circulation models (GCMs) that account for increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere show that warming in the Arctic will be amplified in response to the melting of sea ice and snow cover. There is now conclusive evidence that much of the Arctic has warmed in recent decades. Northern Alaska is one region where significant warming has occurred, especially during winter and spring. We investigate how the changing climate of northern Alaska has influenced the annual cycle of snow cover there and in turn, how changes in snow cover perturb the region's surface radiation budget and temperature regime. The focus is on Barrow, Alaska, for which comprehensive data sets exist. A review of earlier studies that documented a trend toward an earlier disappearance of snow in spring is given. Detection and monitoring activities at Barrow are described, and records of snow disappearance from other sites in the Alaskan Arctic are compared. Correlated variations and trends in the date of final snowmelt (melt date) are found by examining several independent time series. Since the mid-1960s the melt date in northern Alaska has advanced by 8 days. The advance appears to be a consequence of decreased snowfall in winter, followed by warmer spring conditions. These changes in snowfall and temperature are attributed to variations in regional circulation patterns. In recent decades, there has been a higher frequency of northerly airflow during winter that tends to diminish snowfall over northern Alaska. During spring, however, intrusions of warm moist air from the North Pacific have become more common, and these tend to accelerate the ablation of snow on the North Slope of Alaska. One result of an earlier melt date is an increase in the net surface radiation budget. At Barrow, net radiative forcing can exceed 150 W m(-2) on a daily basis immediately following the last day of snowmelt, and as a result of an 8-day advance in this event, we estimate an increase of similar to2 W m(-2) on an annual basis. Our results are in general agreement with earlier analyses suggesting that reductions in snow cover over a large portion of the Arctic on an annual basis have contributed to a warming of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). In addition, the terrestrial ecosystems of the region are very sensitive to snow cover variations. There is growing concern that these perturbations are anthropogenically forced and adapting to these environmental changes will have significant social and economic consequences. While observed decreases in NH snow cover are in broad agreement with GCM simulations, our analyses suggest that internal (or natural) shifts in circulation patterns underlie the observed variations. Continued monitoring and further study is needed to determine whether the earlier disappearance of snow cover in spring in northern Alaska is an indicator of greenhouse-forced global warming or is a manifestation of a more natural, long-term cycle of climate change. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Div Cryospher & Polar Proc, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Stone, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Robert.Stone@noaa.gov; edutton@cmdl.noaa.gov; jharris@cmdl.noaa.gov; dlongenecker@cmdl.noaa.gov NR 49 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 4 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS D10 AR 4089 DI 10.1029/2000JD000286 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609HA UT WOS:000178896500017 ER PT J AU Deser, C Holland, M Reverdin, G Timlin, M AF Deser, C Holland, M Reverdin, G Timlin, M TI Decadal variations in Labrador Sea ice cover and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE sea ice; decadal variability; North Atlantic Ocean; sea surface temperature; Labrador Sea ID OCEAN; ANOMALIES; MODEL; VARIABILITY; GREENLAND; SALINITY; FLUCTUATIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; PERSISTENCE; EPISODES AB [1] The spatial and temporal evolution of winter sea ice anomalies in the Labrador Sea and associated sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the North Atlantic are documented for three periods of above-normal ice cover: 1972-1974, 1983-1985, and 1990-1992. These events are notable for their winter-to-winter persistence, despite the fact that the ice margin retreats to northern Baffin Bay each summer, and for their spatial evolution, progressing from the northern Labrador Sea to the southern tip of Newfoundland over a 3 year period. Above-normal sea ice is consistently accompanied by below-normal SSTs in the subpolar Atlantic: the latter persist 1-3 years after the decay of the ice anomalies and in some cases exhibit a tendency for eastward movement across the gyre. Spring-summer freshwater anomalies at 100 m depth in the West Greenland Current are found to precede by similar to8 months the initial occurrence of above-normal ice cover in the northern Labrador Sea. The role of atmospheric forcing in the joint evolution of anomalous sea ice and SST is assessed by means of an ice-ocean mixed layer model forced with observed air temperature and wind fields. The model results indicate that thermodynamic atmospheric forcing accounts for much of the winter-to-winter persistence and spatial evolution of the ice and concurrent SST anomaly patterns. However, the subsequent persistence of SST anomalies in the subpolar region is not well simulated, suggesting that oceanic processes omitted from the simple slab mixed layer formulation play a contributing role. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. CNES, GRGS, LEGOS, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Deser, C (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam Div, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 40 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS C5 AR 3035 DI 10.1029/2000JC000683 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609VR UT WOS:000178926100013 ER PT J AU Samelson, R Barbour, P Barth, J Bielli, S Boyd, T Chelton, D Kosro, P Levine, M Skyllingstad, E Wilczak, J AF Samelson, R Barbour, P Barth, J Bielli, S Boyd, T Chelton, D Kosro, P Levine, M Skyllingstad, E Wilczak, J TI Wind stress forcing of the Oregon coastal ocean during the 1999 upwelling season SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE coastal upwelling; coastal meteorology; air-sea coupling; marine atmospheric boundary layer; mesoscale modeling; remote sensing ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; FLOW; JET AB [1] The wind stress forcing of the Oregon coastal ocean during June-August 1999 is estimated from a regional mesoscale atmospheric model and from satellite scatterometer observations, supplemented by moored and coastal surface data and by a land-based wind profiler. Both the mean and variable components of model alongshore wind stress increase by factors of 3-4 from north to south along the Oregon coast. There is evidence of orographic intensification near Cape Blanco, which is supported by previous aircraft and ship observations during August 1995. The systematic southward increase of southward stress will drive enhanced ocean upwelling along the southern Oregon coast and suggests the new hypothesis that systematic variations in local wind stress may contribute to the observed offshore displacement of the coastal upwelling jet in this region. It is inferred from an analysis of the model and surface data that ocean upwelling modifies coastal surface air temperatures by 1-5degreesC over timescales of 12-24 hours. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RP Samelson, R (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS C5 AR 3034 DI 10.1029/2001JC000900 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609VR UT WOS:000178926100014 ER PT J AU Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ AF Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ TI Investigation of the nature and stability of the Martian seasonal water cycle with a general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; water; climate; atmosphere; ice; cap ID MARS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; INFRARED MEASUREMENTS; CLIMATE MODEL; ICE CLOUDS; SURFACE; VAPOR; TEMPERATURES; VARIABILITY; REGOLITH; DUST AB [1] We describe the first use of a general circulation model to study the Martian water cycle. Water is treated as a passive tracer, except for ice-albedo coupling. The model is used to assess which mechanisms and water reservoirs are critical to the seasonal evolution of water and specifically the attainment of an interannually repeatable steady state. The model comes to a reasonable steady state with active surface ice and atmospheric vapor and ice reservoirs. A regolith is not necessary. The mechanism of equilibration results from independent parameters controlling the transport of water between the northern polar and the extratropical atmospheres at different seasons. Water export from the northern summer pole results from weak mixing across a strong vapor gradient, dependent upon northern cap temperatures. Import at other seasons depends on stronger mixing and weak vapor gradients, which are history dependent. Equilibration is achieved when the fluxes balance, minus a small net loss to the south. We find that with a southern residual CO2 cap, the water cycle cannot be completely closed. We conclude that the northern summer cap temperature determines the bulk humidity of the atmosphere, all else being equal. We proceed to show that a water cap exposed in southern summer would be unstable with respect to the north for dynamical as well as thermal reasons. At high obliquity (45), much higher vapor abundances result in more widespread surface ice with seasonal ice caps overlapping in the equinoctial subtropics, producing year-round stability of water ice just north of the equator. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Richardson, MI (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NR 59 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD MAY PY 2002 VL 107 IS E5 AR 5031 DI 10.1029/2001JE001536 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 609MC UT WOS:000178906900003 ER PT J AU Reed, S Johnson, D Sweeney, T AF Reed, S Johnson, D Sweeney, T TI Application and national geographic information system database to support two-year flood and threshold runoff estimates SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; Alaska; databases; runoff AB A computer application and national geospatial database have been developed to support the calculation of flooding flow (Q(f)) and threshold runoff across the conterminous United States and Alaska. Flooding flow is the flow required to cause a stream to slightly overflow its bank and cause damage. Threshold runoff [L], defined as the depth of runoff required to cause flooding, is computed as flooding flow divided by the unit hydrograph peak flow. A key assumption in this work is that the two-year return flood (Q(2)) is a useful surrogate for flooding flow. The application described here computes flood magnitude estimates for selected return periods (Q(2), Q(5), Q(10), etc.) using regression equations published by the U.S. Geological Survey for each of 210 hydrologic regions. The application delineates basin boundaries and computes all basin parameters required for the flood frequency calculations. The geographic information system database that supports these calculations contains terrain data [digital elevation models (DEMs) and DEM derivatives], reference data, and 89 additional data layers related to climate, soils, geology, and land use. Initial results indicate that there are some practical limitations associated with using Q(2) regression equations to estimate flooding flow. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Juniata Coll, Huntingdon, PA 16652 USA. RP Reed, S (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, W-OHDI,1325 EW Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 7 IS 3 BP 209 EP 219 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:3(209) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 545NQ UT WOS:000175224200002 ER PT J AU Dennis, T Curtis, EA Oates, CW Hollberg, L Gilbert, SL AF Dennis, T Curtis, EA Oates, CW Hollberg, L Gilbert, SL TI Wavelength references for 1300-nm wavelength-division multiplexing SO JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE absorbing media; optical fiber communication; optical materials; optical propagation in absorbing media; optical spectroscopy; semiconductor lasers; standards; wavelength-division multiplexing ID DIODE-LASER SPECTROSCOPY; 1.5 MU-M; FREQUENCY LOCKING; LINES; TRANSITIONS; STABILITY; SPECTRUM; IODINE; BANDS AB We have conducted a study of potential wavelength calibration references for use as both moderate-accuracy transfer standards and high-accuracy National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) internal references in the 1280-1320-nm wavelength-division-multiplexing region. We found that most atomic and molecular absorption lines in this region are not ideal for use as wavelength references owing to factors such as weak absorption, complex spectra, or special requirements (for example, frequency-doubling or excitation with an additional light or discharge source). We have demonstrated one of the simpler schemes consisting of a tunable diode laser stabilized to a Doppler-broadened methane absorption line. By conducting a beat-note comparison of this reference to a calcium-based optical frequency standard, we measured the methane line center with an expanded uncertainty (2sigma) of +/-2.3 MHz. This methane-stabilized laser now serves as a NIST internal reference. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Dennis, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0733-8724 J9 J LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL JI J. Lightwave Technol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 20 IS 5 BP 776 EP 782 AR PII S0733-8724(02)05119-8 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA 560FX UT WOS:000176073000004 ER PT J AU Davies, MA Pratt, JR Dutterer, B Burns, TJ AF Davies, MA Pratt, JR Dutterer, B Burns, TJ TI Stability prediction for low radial immersion milling SO JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID GENERAL FORMULATION; CHATTER STABILITY AB Traditional regenerative stability theory predicts a set of optimally stable spindle speeds at integer fractions of the natural frequency of the most flexible mode of the system. The assumptions of this theory, become invalid for highly interrupted machining, where the ratio of time spent cutting to not cutting (denoted rho) is small. This paper proposes a new stability theory for interrupted machining that predicts a doubling in the number of optimally stable speeds as the value of rho becomes small. The results of the theory, are supported by numerical simulation and experiment. It is anticipated that the theory will be relevant for choosing optimal machining parameters in high-speed peripheral Milling operations where the radial depth of cut is only a small fraction of the tool diameter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davies, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 102 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 1087-1357 J9 J MANUF SCI E-T ASME JI J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.-Trans. ASME PD MAY PY 2002 VL 124 IS 2 BP 217 EP 225 DI 10.1115/1.1455030 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 557BW UT WOS:000175888300008 ER PT J AU Zhao, H Miranda, P Lawn, BR Hu, XZ AF Zhao, H Miranda, P Lawn, BR Hu, XZ TI Cracking in ceramic/metal/polymer trilayer systems SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HERTZIAN CONTACTS; CERAMIC COATINGS; STRESS-ANALYSIS; FRACTURE; DAMAGE; DEFORMATION; INDENTATION; INTERLAYER; MODULUS; SPHERES AB Fracture and deformation in model brittle-outerlayer/metal-core/polymer-substrate trilayer systems in concentrated loading are studied. Model systems for experimental study are fabricated from glass microscope slides glued with epoxy adhesive onto steel and aluminum sheets, and the resulting laminates glued onto polycarbonate substrate bases. Critical loads to initiate two basic fracture modes in the glass layers-cone cracks at the top surfaces and radial cracks at the undersurfaces-are measured as a function of metal thickness by in situ observation through the glass side walls. Finite element modeling (FEM) is used to quantify these competing fracture modes. The more damaging radial fracture mode is attributed to flexure of the glass layers on soft underlayers. Although much of this flexure can be eliminated by removing the soft adhesive interlayer between glass and metal, yield in the metal limits the potential increases in critical load for radial cracking. Trilayer systems consisting of porcelain fused to Co-, Pd- and Au-alloy core support layers relevant to dental crowns are then analyzed by FEM. The hardness (especially) and elastic modulus of the metal are identified as the primary controlling material parameters, with modulus and strength of the brittle layer as supplemental parameters. Guidelines for improving metal-based crownlike layer structures are thereby developed via optimization of metal properties and relative layer thicknesses. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Western Australia, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. RP Zhao, H (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RI Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Hu, Xiaozhi /H-4353-2011 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; NR 19 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1102 EP 1111 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0163 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 548XF UT WOS:000175414600030 ER PT J AU Chou, KF Han, CC Lee, S AF Chou, KF Han, CC Lee, S TI Effect of buffer on the optical properties of irradiated hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); GAMMA-RAYS; TRANSPORT; AIR AB The effect of buffer and gamma irradiation on the optical properties of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymer was investigated. The transmission of HEMA copolymer decreased with the increase of irradiation dose and/or pH value of the buffer. The cutoff wavelength of HEMA copolymer exhibits a bathochromic shift as the gamma-ray dose and/or pH value of buffer increases. The influence of atmosphere during gamma-ray irradiation on the optical properties of HEMA copolymer was investigated. The change of optical properties of HEMA copolymer irradiated in air was more pronounced than that irradiated in vacuum. Light was scattered by holes in the polymer. The relationship between scattering intensity (I-s) and incident wavelength (lambda) can be described by the formula I-s (proportional to) lambda(-n). The span of holes increases with the irradiation dose regardless of radiation atmosphere and pH value in the range of 4.1-6.5. A boundary between the inner and outer layers of HEMA copolymer irradiated in air was observed, separating two differential morphologies of holes. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chou, KF (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 1199 EP 1207 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0177 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 548XF UT WOS:000175414600044 ER PT J AU Small, JA Michael, JR Bright, DS AF Small, JA Michael, JR Bright, DS TI Improving the quality of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns from nanoparticles SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE crystallographic identification; EBSD; individual-particle analysis; nanoparticles; phase identification; SEM AB In this study, we investigated the relative contributions of atomic number (Z) and density (rho) to the degradation of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) pattern quality for nanoparticles <500 nm in diameter. This was accomplished by minimizing the diffuse scattering from the conventional thick mounting substrate through the design of a sample holder that can accommodate particles mounted on thin-film TEM substrates. With this design, the contributions of incoherently scattered electrons that result in the diffuse background are minimized. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made of the EBSD pattern quality obtained from Al2O3 particles approximately 200 nm in diameter mounted on both thick- and thin-film C substrates. For the quantitative comparison we developed a 'quality' factor for EBSD patterns that is based on the ratio of two Hough transforms derived from a given EBSD pattern image. The calculated quality factor is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio for the EBSD pattern. In addition to the comparison of the thick and thin mounting substrates, we also estimated the effects of Z and ρ by comparing the EBSD pattern quality from the Al2O3 particles mounted on thin-film substrates with the quality of patterns obtained from Fe-Co nanoparticles approximately 120 nm in diameter. The results indicate that the increased background generated in EBSD patterns by the electrons escaping through the bottom of the small particles is the dominant reason for the poor EBSD pattern quality from nanoparticles <500 nm in size. This was supported by the fact that we were able to obtain usable EBSD patterns from Al2O3 particles as small as 130 nm using the thin-film mounting method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Small, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 7 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 206 BP 170 EP 178 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2002.01015.x PN 2 PG 9 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 549YP UT WOS:000175475600009 PM 12000557 ER PT J AU Mendez, C Kunzel, E Lipata, F Lombo, F Cotham, W Walla, M Bearden, DW Brana, AF Salas, JA Rohr, J AF Mendez, C Kunzel, E Lipata, F Lombo, F Cotham, W Walla, M Bearden, DW Brana, AF Salas, JA Rohr, J TI Oviedomycin, an unusual angucyclinone encoded by genes of the oleandomycin-producer Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC11891 SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE; MYCOBACTERIUM-ULCERANS; 2 GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES; ABC-TRANSPORTER; BIOSYNTHESIS; RESISTANCE; MYCOLACTONE; EXPRESSION; CLONING; RING AB Our investigations on the discovery of novel natural metabolites using type II polyketide synthase gene probes (actI/III) yielded an unusual angucyclinone, oviedomycin (2), when applied to the oleandomycin (1) producer Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC11891. The novel natural product was produced using S. albus R-M- as a host strain, into which a cosmid containing the oviedomycin gene cluster was transformed. Its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. C1 Univ Oviedo, Dept Biol Func, Oviedo 33006, Spain. Univ Oviedo, Inst Oncol Principado Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain. Med Univ S Carolina, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Chem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Salas, JA (reprint author), Univ Oviedo, Dept Biol Func, Oviedo 33006, Spain. RI Rohr, Jurgen/G-5375-2014; Brana, Alfredo/M-1836-2014; Lombo, Felipe/H-8183-2015; OI Rohr, Jurgen/0000-0001-6447-5951; Brana, Alfredo/0000-0002-3277-9085; Lombo, Felipe/0000-0002-6680-6723; Mendez-Fernandez, Maria del Carmen/0000-0003-2729-841X NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 BP 779 EP 782 DI 10.1021/np010555n PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 555JG UT WOS:000175790500038 PM 12027768 ER PT J AU Simon, CG Khatri, CA Wight, SA Wang, FW AF Simon, CG Khatri, CA Wight, SA Wang, FW TI Preliminary report on the biocompatibility of a moldable, resorbable, composite bone graft consisting of calcium phosphate cement and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres SO JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; POLYMER; POLYGLYCOLIDE; HYDROXYAPATITE; RECONSTRUCTION; POLYLACTIDE; RABBIT; SCAFFOLDS; FIXATION; APATITE AB We have assessed the biocompatibility of a new composite bone graft consisting or calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (approximate diameter of 0.18-0.36 mm) using cell culture techniques. CPC powder is mixed with PLGA microspheres and water to yield a workable paste that could be sculpted to fit the contours of a wound. The cement then hardens into a matrix of hydroxyapatite microcrystals containing PLGA microspheres. The rationale for this design is that the microspheres will initially stabilize the graft but can then degrade to leave behind macropores for colonization by osteoblasts. The CPC matrix could then be resorbed and replaced with new bone. In the present study, osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) were seeded onto graft specimens and evaluated with fluorescence microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and the Wst-1 assay (an enzymatic assay for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity), Cells were able to adhere, attain a normal morphology, proliferate and remain viable when cultured on the new composite graft (CPC-PLGA) or on a control graft (CPC alone). These results suggest that our new cement consisting of CPC and PLGA microspheres is biocompatible, This is the first time that a 'polymer-in-mineral' (PLGA microspheres dispersed in a CPC matrix) cement has been formulated that is moldable, resorbable and that can form macropores after the cement has set. (C) 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [YI-DE-7006-01] NR 47 TC 76 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0736-0266 J9 J ORTHOPAED RES JI J. Orthop. Res. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 20 IS 3 BP 473 EP 482 AR PII S0736-0266(01)00140-1 DI 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00140-1 PG 10 WC Orthopedics SC Orthopedics GA 552LF UT WOS:000175621300011 PM 12038620 ER PT J AU Sun, C Watts, DR AF Sun, C Watts, DR TI A pulsation mode in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID BOTTOM PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS; GRAVEST EMPIRICAL MODE; GULF-STREAM; VARIABILITY; TRANSPORT; WIND; TEMPERATURE; HEMISPHERE; WAVE AB A streamfunction EOF method is developed to identify long-term thermohaline variations within a strong baroclinic current. The temporal variability associated with meandering fronts and mesoscale eddies is removed by projecting hydrographic data into a baroclinic streamfunction space. The residual field, after removing the streamfunction mean field, is analyzed to find empirical orthogonal functions. The method is applied to a time series of hydrographic sections across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) south of Australia. The temperature variation in the surface layer (0-300 dbar) is dominated by a seasonal signal. In the subsurface water (300-3000 dbar), a separately calculated first EOF mode dominates the thermohaline variation and exhibits two phases. In the strengthening phase both salinity and temperature in the Subantarctic Mode Water increase and the ACC section is characterized by less Antarctic Intermediate Water and higher salinity at the core of the Circumpolar Deep Water. The water masses vary conversely in the relaxing phase. The authors call this mode the ACC pulsation mode and hypothesize that it is related to the ACC barotropic transport and is a response to the large-scale wind stress variation. Observations of westerly winds and ACC transport appear to support the hypothesis as they all display semiannual periods nearly in phase with higher coherence to the south. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sun, C (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1479 EP 1495 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1479:APMITA>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 547GW UT WOS:000175325500013 ER PT J AU Sims, JS George, WL Satterfield, SG Hung, HK Hagedorn, JG Ketcham, PM Griffin, TJ Hagstrom, SA Franiatte, JC Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W Martys, NS Bouldin, CE Simmons, V Nicolas, OP Warren, JA Ende, BAA Koontz, JE Filla, BJ Pourprix, VG Copley, SR Bohn, RB Peskin, AP Parker, YM Devaney, JE AF Sims, JS George, WL Satterfield, SG Hung, HK Hagedorn, JG Ketcham, PM Griffin, TJ Hagstrom, SA Franiatte, JC Bryant, GW Jaskolski, W Martys, NS Bouldin, CE Simmons, V Nicolas, OP Warren, JA Ende, BAA Koontz, JE Filla, BJ Pourprix, VG Copley, SR Bohn, RB Peskin, AP Parker, YM Devaney, JE TI Accelerating scientific discovery through computation and visualization II SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE discovery science; FEFF; FeffMPI; genetic programming; Hylleraas-Configuration Interaction; immersive environments; Lennard-Jones; nanostructures; screen saver science; parallel computing; QDPD; scientific visualization ID MULTIPLE-SCATTERING CALCULATIONS; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; GROUND-STATE; VARIATIONAL CALCULATIONS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; LITHIUM ATOM; ENERGIES; HELIUM; PROGRESS; SYSTEMS AB This is the second in a series of articles describing a wide variety of projects at NIST that synergistically combine physical science and information science. It describes, through examples, how the Scientific Applications and Visualization Group (SAVG) at NIST has utilized high performance parallel computing, visualization, and machine learning to accelerate research. The examples include scientific collaborations in the following areas: (1) High Precision Energies for few electron atomic systems, (2) Flows of suspensions, (3) X-ray absorption, (4) Molecular dynamics of fluids, (5) Nanostructures, (6) Dendritic growth in alloys, (7) Screen saver science, (8) genetic programming. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Inst Fiz UMK, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sims, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 78 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS 3 BP 223 EP 245 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 568ZP UT WOS:000176575100001 PM 27446728 ER PT J AU Westlund, HB Meyer, GW Hunt, FY AF Westlund, HB Meyer, GW Hunt, FY TI The role of rendering in the competence project in measurement science for optical reflection and scattering SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BRDF; computer rendering; gloss, reflectance AB Computer rendering is used to simulate the appearance of lighted objects for applications in architectural design, for animation and simulation in the entertainment industry, and for display and design in the automobile industry. Rapid advances in computer graphics technology suggest that in the near future it will be possible to produce photorealistic images of coated surfaces from scattering data. This could enable the identification of important parameters in the coatings manufacturing process that lead to desirable appearance, and to the design of virtual surfaces by visualizing prospective coating formulations once their optical properties are known. Here we report the results of our work to produce visually and radiometrically accurate renderings of selected appearance attributes of sample coated surfaces. It required changes in the rendering programs, which in general are not designed to accept high quality optical and material measurements, and changes in the optical measurement protocols. An outcome of this research is that some current ASTM standards can be replaced or enhanced by computer based standards of appearance. C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Westlund, HB (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. EM hwestlund@radical.ca; meyer@cs.umn.edu; fern.hunt@nist.gov NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS 3 BP 247 EP 259 DI 10.6028/jres.107.020 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 568ZP UT WOS:000176575100002 PM 27446729 ER PT J AU Laesecke, A AF Laesecke, A TI Through measurement to knowledge: The inaugural lecture of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1882) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE history; metrology; simulation; standards; theory; thermophysical properties ID TEMPERATURE; TRANSLATION; HELIUM AB This paper is a contribution to the NIST Centennial 2001. It presents the first complete English translation of the inaugural speech of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on the occasion of his appointment as Professor at the University of Leiden (The Netherlands) in 1882. The speech is a snapshot of the scientific landscape of that time and lays out a vision. It advocates with enthusiasm the significance of quantitative measurements and the development of metrology standards. Although science and technology have advanced since then by orders of magnitude, a number of interesting parallels between then and now appear. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Laesecke, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM arno.laesecke@boulder.nist.gov NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS 3 BP 261 EP 277 DI 10.6028/jres.107.021 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 568ZP UT WOS:000176575100003 PM 27446730 ER PT J AU Currie, LA Benner, BA Kessler, JD Klinedinst, DB Klouda, GA Marolf, JV Slater, JF Wise, SA Cachier, H Cary, R Chow, JC Watson, J Druffel, ERM Masiello, CA Eglinton, TI Pearson, A Reddy, CM Gustafsson, O Quinn, JG Hartmann, PC Hedges, JI Prentice, KM Kirchstetter, TW Novakov, T Puxbaum, H Schmid, H AF Currie, LA Benner, BA Kessler, JD Klinedinst, DB Klouda, GA Marolf, JV Slater, JF Wise, SA Cachier, H Cary, R Chow, JC Watson, J Druffel, ERM Masiello, CA Eglinton, TI Pearson, A Reddy, CM Gustafsson, O Quinn, JG Hartmann, PC Hedges, JI Prentice, KM Kirchstetter, TW Novakov, T Puxbaum, H Schmid, H TI A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-14 speciation; elemental carbon; fossil and biomass carbon; international intercomparison; SRM 1649a; total carbon certified value ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BLACK CARBON; RADIOCARBON; SEDIMENTS; AEROSOLS; ATTENUATION; PHASE; AMS AB Because of increased interest in the marine and atmospheric sciences in elemental carbon (EC), or black carbon (BC) or soot carbon (SC), and because of the difficulties in analyzing or even defining this pervasive component of particulate carbon, it has become quite important to have appropriate reference materials for intercomparison and quality control. The NIST "urban dust" Standard Reference Material(R) SRM 1649a is useful in this respect, in part because it comprises a considerable array of inorganic and organic species, and because it exhibits a large degree of (C-14) isotopic heterogeneity, with biomass carbon source contributions ranging from about 2 % (essentially fossil aliphatic fraction) to about 32 % (polar fraction). A primary purpose of this report is to provide documentation for the new isotopic and chemical particulate carbon data for the most recent (31 Jan. 2001) SRM 1649a Certificate of Analysis. Supporting this is a critical review of underlying international intercomparison data and methodologies, provided by 18 teams of analytical experts from 11 institutions. Key results of the intercomparison are: (1) a new, Certified Value for total carbon (TC) in SRM 1649a; (2) C-14 Reference Values for total carbon and a number of organic species, including for the first time 8 individual PAHs; and (3) elemental carbon (EC) Information Values derived from 13 analytical methods applied to this component. Results for elemental carbon, which comprised a special focus of the intercomparison, were quite diverse, reflecting the confounding of methodological-matrix artifacts, and methods that tended to probe more or less refractory regions of this universal, but ill-defined product of incomplete combustion. Availability of both chemical and C-14 speciation data for SRM 1649a holds great promise for improved analytical insight through comparative analysis (e. g., fossil/biomass partition in EC compared to PAH), and through application of the principle of isotopic mass balance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Sunset Labs Inc, Forest Grove, OR 97116 USA. Desert Res Inst, Energy & Environm Engn Ctr, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Stockholm Univ, Inst Appl Environm Res, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. RP Currie, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lloyd.currie@nist.gov; bruce.benner@nist.gov; donna.klinedinst@nist.gov; george.klouda@nist.gov; george.klouda@nist.gov; stephen.wise@nist.gov RI Pearson, Ann/A-6723-2009; Masiello, Caroline/A-2653-2011; Watson, John/E-6869-2010 OI Masiello, Caroline/0000-0003-2102-6229; Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899 NR 59 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 5 U2 42 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS 3 BP 279 EP 298 DI 10.6028/jres.107.022 PG 20 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 568ZP UT WOS:000176575100004 PM 27446731 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Patel, PJ Lloyd, I AF Quinn, GD Patel, PJ Lloyd, I TI Effect of loading rate upon conventional ceramic microindentation hardness SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aluminum oxynitride; hardness; loading rate; silicon carbide ID INDENTATION HARDNESS; VICKERS INDENTATION; BRITTLE MATERIALS; DYNAMIC HARDNESS; GLASS AB The world standards for conventional ceramic hardness have varying requirements for control of loading rate during the indentation cycle. A literature review suggests that loading rate may affect measured hardness in some instances. In view of the uncertainty over this issue, new experiments over a range of indentation loading rates were performed on a steel, sintered silicon carbide, and an aluminum oxynitride. There was negligible effect upon Vickers hardness when loading rate was varied by almost four orders of magnitude from approximately 0.03 N/s to 10 N/s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Weap & Mat Directorate, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 21742 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.quinn@nist.gov RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 NR 33 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 12 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 107 IS 3 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.6028/jres.107.023 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 568ZP UT WOS:000176575100005 PM 27446732 ER PT J AU Khalifah, P Ho, DM Huang, Q Cava, RJ AF Khalifah, P Ho, DM Huang, Q Cava, RJ TI The structure and properties of beta-La3RuO7: A new structure type with isolated RuO6 octahedra SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; LA3RUO7 AB second lanthanum ruthenium oxide with the formula La3RuO7 is reported. This compound, beta-La3RuO7, crystallizes in the P2(1)/c space group with a unit cell of a=8.8388(3)A, b = 5.6960(1) Angstrom, c = 12.5830(3) Angstrom, and beta = 104.729(1)degrees, as refined from powder neutron diffraction data. The two major structural motifs in this structure are isolated RuO6 octahedra and edge-sharing chains of OLa4 tetrahedra. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show this compound to have a magnetic moment of mu(eff) = 3.92 mu(B) and a Weiss constant of theta = -70 K. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Khalifah, P (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 165 IS 2 BP 359 EP 362 DI 10.1006/jssc.2002.9551 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 557PB UT WOS:000175916000019 ER PT J AU Baker, WF Bjorhovde, R Burgett, L Carter, C Disque, RO Engestrom, MF Fisher, JM Geschwindner, LF Griffis, LG Gross, JL Ioannides, SA Julicher, AJ Kloiber, L Malley, JO Martinez-Romero, E Murray, TM Nair, RS Ricker, DT Rongoe, JJ Ruddy, JL Stecich, J Thornton, WA Troup, EWJ Wiesner, KB Youssef, NFG AF Baker, WF Bjorhovde, R Burgett, L Carter, C Disque, RO Engestrom, MF Fisher, JM Geschwindner, LF Griffis, LG Gross, JL Ioannides, SA Julicher, AJ Kloiber, L Malley, JO Martinez-Romero, E Murray, TM Nair, RS Ricker, DT Rongoe, JJ Ruddy, JL Stecich, J Thornton, WA Troup, EWJ Wiesner, KB Youssef, NFG CA Tech Adm Comm Met Comm Design TI Compendium of design office problems - Volume III SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE structural engineering; steel structures; building design; ASCE committees ID SHEAR CONNECTIONS; BEAMS AB This is the third in a series of papers aimed at resolving structural engineering issues faced by the designers of steel building structures. The emphasis is on practical solutions that the designer can use directly, without extensive further research. Each issue is listed separately, with a technical discussion of the problem followed by a suggested solution, and references provided where appropriate. In addition, topics currently under study by the ASCE Committee on Design of Steel Building Structures are listed, as are subjects identified by the Committee as being in need of investigation. C1 ASCE Struct Engn Inst, Reston, VA 20191 USA. Skidmore Owings & Merrill Inc, Chicago, IL USA. Bjorhovde Grp, Tucson, AZ USA. AISC, Chicago, IL USA. GNCB Inc, Old Saybrook, CT USA. Nucor Yamato Steel, Weston, FL USA. Computerized Struct Design Inc, Milwaukee, WI USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Walter P Moore & Assoc, Austin, TX USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Struct Affiliates Int Inc, Nashville, TN USA. LeJuene Steel Co, Minneapolis, MN USA. Degenkolb Engn, San Francisco, CA USA. Enrique Martinez Romero SA, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Teng & Assoc, Chicago, IL USA. Wiss Janney Elstner Assoc Inc, Chicago, IL USA. Cives Steel Co, Roswell, GA USA. LeMessurier Consultants Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. Nabih Youssef & Assoc, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Baker, WF (reprint author), ASCE Struct Engn Inst, 1801 Alexander Bell Dr, Reston, VA 20191 USA. RI Gross, Jorge/G-9138-2012 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 2002 VL 128 IS 5 BP 559 EP 568 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:5(559) PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 545KJ UT WOS:000175216000001 ER PT J AU Godin, OA AF Godin, OA TI Coupled-mode sound propagation in a range-dependent, moving fluid SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Theoretical and Computational Acoustics (ICTCA) CY MAY 10-14, 1999 CL TRIESTE, ITALY ID WAVE-GUIDE; DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; SHALLOW-WATER; OCEAN; APPROXIMATION; ACOUSTICS; SURFACE; SPEED; FIELD; FLOW AB Full-field acoustic methods for current velocity inversion require accurate and efficient mathematical models of sound propagation in a range-dependent waveguide with flow, In this paper, an exact coupled-mode representation of the acoustic field is derived. To account for the physics of the problem, normal modes in a corresponding range-independent waveguide are chosen as the local basis. In the absence of currents, mode shape functions form a complete orthogonal basis. This property is heavily used in coupled-mode theories of sound propagation in motionless fluid. Unlike in the motionless case, however, vertical dependencies of acoustic pressure in individual normal modes are not orthogonal in the presence of currents. To overcome this difficulty, linearized equations of hydrodynamics are rewritten in terms of a state vector. Its five components are expressed in terms of acoustic pressure and particle displacement due to the wave. Orthogonality of the state vectors corresponding to individual normal modes is established. Coupled differential equations are derived for range-dependent mode amplitudes, leading to a remarkably simple result. The mode-coupling equations have the same form as those known for the motionless case, but of course the values of the mode-coupling coefficients differ as long as the range dependence of the flow velocity contributes to mode coupling in addition to the range dependence of sound speed and fluid density. The mode-coupling formulation is verified against known coupled-mode equations for certain limiting cases and an exact analytic solution of a benchmark problem. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanog Inst, Acoust Wave Propagat Lab, Moscow 117851, Russia. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Oleg.Godin@noaa.gov RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 111 IS 5 BP 1984 EP 1995 DI 10.1121/1.1467672 PN 1 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 552RC UT WOS:000175632500004 PM 12051418 ER PT J AU Kumon, RE Hamilton, MF AF Kumon, RE Hamilton, MF TI Directional dependence of nonlinear surface acoustic waves in the (001) plane of cubic crystals SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RAYLEIGH-WAVES; GENERAL ANISOTROPY; ISOTROPIC SOLIDS; PULSES; PROPAGATION; EVOLUTION; SILICON AB Spectral evolution equations are used to perform analytical and numerical studies of nonlinear surface acoustic waves in the (001) plane of a variety of nonpiezoelectric cubic crystals. The basic theory underlying the model equations is outlined, and quasilinear solutions of the equations are presented. Expressions are also developed for a characteristic length scale for nonlinear distortion and a nonlinearity coefficient. A time-domain equation corresponding to the spectral equations is derived. Numerical calculations based on measured second- and third-order elastic constants taken from the literature are performed to predict the evolution of initially monofrequency surface waves. Nonlinearity matrix elements that indicate the coupling strength of harmonic interactions are shown to provide a useful tool for characterizing waveform distortion. The formation of compression or rarefaction shocks can be strongly dependent on the direction of propagation, and harmonic generation is suppressed or increased in certain directions. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Mech Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Kumon, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,Mail Stop 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 111 IS 5 BP 2060 EP 2069 DI 10.1121/1.1455023 PN 1 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 552RC UT WOS:000175632500012 PM 12051426 ER PT J AU McClenny, WA Williams, EJ Cohen, RC Stutz, J AF McClenny, WA Williams, EJ Cohen, RC Stutz, J TI Preparing to measure the effects of the NOxSIP call-methods for ambient air monitoring of NO, NO2, NO gamma, and individual NOZ species SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID OPTICAL-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC-ACID; CONTINUOUS AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT; INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; CATALYTIC REDUCTION TECHNIQUE; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETER; EFFLUENT DIFFUSION DENUDER; PARTS-PER-TRILLION; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE AB The capping of stationary source emissions of NO, in 22 states and the District of Columbia is federally mandated by the NOx SIP Call legislation with the intended purpose of reducing downwind O-3 concentrations. Monitors for NO, NO2, and the reactive oxides of nitrogen into which these two compounds are converted will record data to evaluate air quality model (AQM) predictions. Guidelines for testing these models indicate the need for semicontinuous measurements as close to real time as possible but no less frequently than once per hour. The measurement uncertainty required for AQM testing must be less than +/-20% (+/-10% for NO2) at mixing ratios of 1 ppbv and higher for NO, individual NOz component compounds, and NOy. This article is a review and discussion of different monitoring methods, some currently used in research and others used for routine monitoring. The performance of these methods is compared with the monitoring guidelines. Recommendations for advancing speciated and total NOy monitoring technology and a listing of demonstrated monitoring approaches are also presented. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP McClenny, WA (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-46, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Cohen, Ronald/A-8842-2011; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014 OI Cohen, Ronald/0000-0001-6617-7691; NR 115 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 13 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 52 IS 5 BP 542 EP 562 PG 21 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 548XY UT WOS:000175416200005 PM 12022694 ER PT J AU Chi, PH Simons, DS McKinley, JM Stevie, FA Granger, CN AF Chi, PH Simons, DS McKinley, JM Stevie, FA Granger, CN TI High precision measurements of arsenic and phosphorous implantation dose in silicon by secondary ion mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article AB The metrology section of the 1999 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors specifies in-line dopant profile concentration precision requirements ranging from a value of 5% in 1999 to a value of 2% in 2008. These values are to be accomplished with "low systematic error." Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has demonstrated the capability to meet these requirements for B, As, and P. However, the detailed analytical protocols required to achieve these goals have not been completely specified. This article reports the parameters that must be controlled to make highly repeatable dose measurements of As and P implants in Si with magnetic sector SIMS instruments. Instrument conditions that were investigated include analytical species, matrix ion species, energy bandpass, and sample holder design. With optimized settings, we demonstrate the ability to distinguish As or P implant doses differing by 5%. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Agere Syst, Orlando, FL 32819 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM peter.chi@nist.gov NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 EI 1520-8559 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 20 IS 3 BP 688 EP 692 DI 10.1116/1.1463084 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 555RG UT WOS:000175806600019 ER PT J AU Yoder, JA Schollaert, SE O'Reilly, JE AF Yoder, JA Schollaert, SE O'Reilly, JE TI Climatological phytoplankton chlorophyll and sea surface temperature patterns in continental shelf and slope waters off the northeast US coast SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ZONE-COLOR-SCANNER; ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION-ANALYSIS; MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT; GEORGES-BANK; EAST-COAST; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; GULF; CALIBRATION; IMAGES AB Satellite-derived chlorophyll estimates from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a large archive of in situ near-surface chlorophyll data, and satellite sea surface temperature (SST) measurements were used to quantify spatial and seasonal variability of near-surface chlorophyll and SST in middle shelf to slope waters off the coast of the U.S. Northeast. The results of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on normalized monthly fields (after temporal and spatial means were removed) show that all three chlorophyll climatologies have similar mode 1 temporal and spatial patterns in these waters. Mode 1, which explains about half of the total variability in monthly climatological images, shows that shelf waters in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) are out of phase with the mid-Atlantic bight (MAB). with seasonally high chlorophyll concentrations in winter in the MAB and in summer in the GOM. The three chlorophyll climatologies be-in to differ at higher modes (modes 2 and 3), although SeaWiFS and in situ climatologies keep similar features through mode 3. Higher modes in both SST and chlorophyll are related to the effects of tidal mixing on Georges Bank, differences in seasonal stratification between the southwestern and northeastern GOM. and the importance of the spring bloom in MAB outer shelf waters and western GOM. SST patterns during the CZCS and SeaWiFS eras are very Similar, and this indicates that the observed differences between results Obtained with these two sensors are probably not caused by differences in physical processes during the two satellite eras. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Yoder, JA (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. OI yoder, james/0000-0002-2700-8681 NR 39 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 47 IS 3 BP 672 EP 682 PG 11 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551HP UT WOS:000175554700006 ER PT J AU Shea, EK Vecchione, M AF Shea, EK Vecchione, M TI Quantification of ontogenetic discontinuities in three species of oegopsid squids using model II piecewise linear regression SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE GROWTH; ALLOMETRY; BIOLOGY; SIZE AB Growth trajectories of morphological characters may change during ontogeny, but this change is often overlooked or, at best, is estimated visually. An objective method was developed for determining discontinuities in morphological measurements of three species of oceanic squids: Chtenopteryx sicula (Verany, 185 1), Mastigoteuthis magna Joubin, 1913, and Brachioteuthis sp. 3. The specimens were collected on the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions (1980-1983) along a transect from 55degreesN to 25degreesN along 30degreesW. Discontinuities were quantified via an iterative, model II, piecewise linear regression (PLR) analysis, whereby the regression model incorporated a fixed breakpoint that was increased in each iteration across the range of dorsal mantle lengths (DMLs). The iteration with the lowest LOSS value was selected as the best estimate of the breakpoint. In C. sicula, 7 of 10 measured characters had a single breakpoint, and 5 of these occurred at 7-9 nun DML. In M. magna, only 4 of 12 characters had breakpoints, 3 of which occurred at 47 mm DML. More, larger specimens would likely yield additional breakpoints. In Brachioteuthis sp. 3, 12 of 14 characters had discernable breakpoints; 3 characters had 2 breakpoints. Most breakpoints occurred at 11-12 mm DML, and all were found at larger sizes than in the other species. This clustering of breakpoints into discrete size ranges may be considered an allomorphosis, and this rapid morphological change may correlate with rapid ecological change. C1 Bryn Mawr Coll, Dept Biol, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Shea, EK (reprint author), Bryn Mawr Coll, Dept Biol, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 USA. NR 39 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 140 IS 5 BP 971 EP 979 DI 10.1007/s00227-001-0772-7 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 562QY UT WOS:000176211500009 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Roytburd, AL AF Slutsker, J Roytburd, AL TI Deformation of heterogeneous adaptive composite SO MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM4) CY DEC 11-15, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Japan Inst Met, Chinese Soc Met, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Iketani Sci & Technol Fdn, USN, Off Naval Res Int Field Off, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USA Res Off Far E DE superelasticity; shape memory alloys; adaptive composite; thermodynamic analysis ID MEMORY ALLOY WIRES; CRYSTALS AB The superelastic deformation of an adaptive layer composite containing a shape memory alloy as an active component is considered in this paper. It is shown that the intrinsic instability of superelastic deformation can be suppressed in such kind of composite. The stability analysis of superelastic deformation allows one to formulate design principles of adaptive composites with controlled stress-strain hysteresis. The analysis of composite with sufficiently different elastic moduli of passive and active layers is a necessary step for using adaptive composites in applications which require a large reversible superelastic deformation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN INST METALS PI SENDAI PA 1-14-32, ICHIBANCHO, AOBA-KU, SENDAI, 980-8544, JAPAN SN 1345-9678 EI 1347-5320 J9 MATER TRANS JI Mater. Trans. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 43 IS 5 SI SI BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.2320/matertrans.43.1001 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 562RE UT WOS:000176212100039 ER PT J AU Roytburd, AL Slutsker, J AF Roytburd, AL Slutsker, J TI Theory of multilayer SMA actuators SO MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM4) CY DEC 11-15, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Japan Inst Met, Chinese Soc Met, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Minerals, Met & Mat Soc, Iketani Sci & Technol Fdn, USN, Off Naval Res Int Field Off, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USA Res Off Far E DE shape memory alloys; actuators; bending; phase transformation; thin films ID MARTENSITIC-TRANSFORMATION; PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; SOLIDS; FILMS AB Two types of multilayer actuators based on a shape memory alloy (SMA) film as an active component are explored theoretically. One of them uses the bending of an actuator due to the movement of an austenite/martensite interface of a SMA film parallel to a film plane. Another type of actuation uses the combination of passive layers with different coefficients of thermal expansion for engineering curvature. It is shown that in both cases the actuating deformation of the multilayer actuators can be optimized by the combination of the layers with different elastic properties, misfits and thickness. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roytburd, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU JAPAN INST METALS PI SENDAI PA 1-14-32, ICHIBANCHO, AOBA-KU, SENDAI, 980-8544, JAPAN SN 1345-9678 EI 1347-5320 J9 MATER TRANS JI Mater. Trans. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 43 IS 5 SI SI BP 1023 EP 1029 DI 10.2320/matertrans.43.1023 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 562RE UT WOS:000176212100042 ER PT J AU Szunyogh, I Toth, Z AF Szunyogh, I Toth, Z TI The effect of increased horizontal resolution on the NCEP global ensemble mean forecasts SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; SKILL AB The primary goal of this paper is to explore why the use of increased horizontal resolution enhances the performance of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global ensemble mean forecasts. Numerical experiments were carried out with a 10-member (five-pair) 0000 UTC subset of the NCEP global ensemble forecasts for a 30-day period during January-February 1999. Four sets of ensembles and corresponding control forecasts were generated. One ensemble was identical to the then-operational T62 horizontal resolution NCEP ensemble, while in the other three ensembles the horizontal resolution was increased to T126 out to day-1, day-3, and day-15 forecast lead times. Anomaly correlation and root-mean-square error, also decomposed into bias and variance terms, were used to evaluate the control and ensemble mean forecasts. As expected, the use of a higher-resolution model improves both scores. A newly developed condition for optimal smoothing indicates that the root-mean-square error for the high-resolution 10-member ensemble is nearly as low as it can be given its anomaly correlation. Therefore, further significant improvements in the ensemble mean forecasts can be achieved only through improved anomaly forecast patterns, and not through additional smoothing. The two main meteorological aspects of the higher-resolution-induced error reduction for both the control and the ensemble mean forecasts are 1) the maintenance of a more realistic time-mean flow, and 2) the better prediction of high-frequency transients along the midlatitude storm tracks. The effect of increased horizontal resolution, however, is markedly more positive on the ensemble mean than on the control forecasts. This is because the ensemble mean 1) efficiently filters out unpredictable small-scale features at high resolution, and 2) accentuates the relatively large systematic errors present in the low-resolution integrations. C1 NCEP, GSC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Szunyogh, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Szunyogh, Istvan/G-9248-2012; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1125 EP 1143 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1125:TEOIHR>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 537WH UT WOS:000174782300003 ER PT J AU Szunyogh, I Toth, Z Zimin, AV Majumdar, SJ Persson, A AF Szunyogh, I Toth, Z Zimin, AV Majumdar, SJ Persson, A TI Propagation of the effect of targeted observations: The 2000 Winter Storm Reconnaissance program SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; SINGULAR VECTORS; HORIZONTAL DEFORMATION; BAROCLINIC WAVES; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; ENSEMBLE; FASTEX; NCEP; PERFORMANCE; SENSITIVITY AB The propagation of the effect of targeted observations in numerical weather forecasts is investigated, based on results from the 2000 Winter Storm Reconnaissance (WSR00) program. In this field program, nearly 300 dropsondes were released adaptively at selected locations over the northeast Pacific on 12 separate flight days with the aim of reducing the risk of major failures in severe winter storm forecasts over the United States. The data impact was assessed by analysis-forecast experiments carried out with the T62 horizontal resolution, 28-level version of the operational global Medium Range Forecast system of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. In some cases, storms that reached the West Coast or Alaska were observed in an earlier phase of their development, while at other times the goal was to improve the prediction of storms that formed far downstream of the targeted region. Changes in the forecasts were the largest when landfalling systems were targeted and the baroclinic energy conversion was strong in the targeted region. As expected from the experience accumulated during the 1999 Winter Storm Reconnaissance (WSR99) program, downstream baroclinic development played a major role in propagating the influence of the targeted data over North America. The results also show, however, that predicting the location of significant changes due to the targeted data in the forecasts can be difficult in the presence of a nonzonal large-scale flow. The strong zonal variations in the large-scale flow over the northeast Pacific during WSR00 did not reduce the positive forecast effects of the targeted data. On the contrary, the overall impact of the dropsonde data was more positive than during WSR99, when the large-scale flow was dominantly zonal on the flight days. This can be attributed to the improved prediction of the large-scale flow that led to additional improvements in the prediction of the synoptic-scale waves. C1 NCEP, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. RP Szunyogh, I (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Szunyogh, Istvan/G-9248-2012; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 57 TC 69 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1144 EP 1165 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1144:POTEOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 537WH UT WOS:000174782300004 ER PT J AU Dunion, JP Velden, CS AF Dunion, JP Velden, CS TI Application of surface-adjusted GOES low-level cloud-drift winds in the environment of Atlantic tropical cyclones. Part I: Methodology and validation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GENERATION; LANDFALL; FIELDS AB Beginning with the 1997 hurricane season, the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison began demonstrating the derivation of real-time Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) low-level cloud-drift winds in the vicinity of Atlantic tropical cyclones. The winds are derived from tracking low-level clouds in sequential, high-resolution GOES visible channel imagery. Since then, these data have been provided to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division (HRD) for evaluation in their real-time tropical cyclone surface wind objective analyses (H*Wind) that are disseminated to forecasters at the NOAA National Hurricane Center on an experimental basis. These wind analyses are proving useful as guidance to support forecasters's tropical cyclone advisories and warnings. The GOES satellite wind observations often provide essential near-surface coverage in the outer radii of the tropical cyclone circulation where conventional in situ observations (e. g., ships and buoys) are frequently widely spaced or nonexistent and reconnaissance aircraft do not normally fly. The GOES low-level cloud-tracked winds are extrapolated to the surface using a planetary boundary layer model developed at HRD for hurricane environments. In this study, the unadjusted GOES winds are validated against wind profiles from the newly deployed global positioning system dropwindsondes, and the surface-adjusted winds are compared with collocated in situ surface measurements. The results show the ability of the GOES winds to provide valuable quantitative data in the periphery of tropical cyclones. It is also shown that the current scheme employed to extrapolate the winds to the surface results in small biases in both speed and direction. Nonlinear adjustments to account for these biases are presented. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Dunion, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1333 EP 1346 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1333:AOSAGL>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 537WH UT WOS:000174782300014 ER PT J AU Dunion, JP Houston, SH Velden, CS Powell, MD AF Dunion, JP Houston, SH Velden, CS Powell, MD TI Application of surface-adjusted GOES low-level cloud-drift winds in the environment of Atlantic tropical cyclones. part II: Integration into surface wind analyses SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE ANDREW LANDFALL; SOUTH FLORIDA; FIELDS AB The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison recently (1997 season) began providing real-time Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) low-level cloud-drift winds in the vicinity of tropical cyclones on an experimental basis to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division (HRD). The cloud-drift winds are derived from sequential high-resolution GOES visible channel imagery. These data were included in many of HRD's real-time tropical cyclone surface wind objective analyses, which were sent to NOAA's National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center on an experimental basis during the 1997-2001 hurricane seasons. These wind analyses were used to support the forecasters' tropical cyclone advisories and warnings. The satellite wind observations provide essential low-level coverage in the periphery of the tropical cyclone circulation where conventional in situ observations (e. g., ships, buoys, and Coastal-Marine Automated Network stations) are often widely spaced or nonexistent and reconnaissance aircraft do not normally fly. Though winds derived from microwave channels on polar orbiting satellites provide valuable surface wind data for HRD surface wind analyses, their swath coverage and orbital passes are limited spatially and temporally. GOES low-level visible (GLLV) winds offer nearly continuous spatial and temporal coverage in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins. The GLLV winds were extrapolated to the surface using a planetary boundary layer model developed at HRD. These surface-adjusted satellite data were used in real-time surface wind analyses of 1998 Hurricane Georges, as well as in poststorm analyses of 1996 Hurricane Lili and 1997 Tropical Storm Claudette. The satellite observations often helped to define the spatial extent of the 17.5 m s(-1) (34 kt) surface wind radii and also redefined the 25.7 m s(-1) (50 kt) wind radius for one case. Examples of the impact of these data on real-time hurricane surface wind fields provided to the NHC will be discussed. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Cent Pacific Hurricane Ctr, Honolulu, HI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite, Madison, WI USA. RP Dunion, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, 4301 Rickenbaker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013; Dunion, Jason/B-1352-2014 OI Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945; Dunion, Jason/0000-0001-7489-0569 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1347 EP 1355 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1347:AOSAGL>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 537WH UT WOS:000174782300015 ER PT J AU Majumdar, SJ Bishop, CH Etherton, BJ Toth, Z AF Majumdar, SJ Bishop, CH Etherton, BJ Toth, Z TI Adaptive sampling with the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Part II: Field program implementation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; DATA ASSIMILATION; SINGULAR VECTORS; FASTEX; SENSITIVITY AB The practical application of the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ET KF), used in recent Winter Storm Reconnaissance (WSR) programs by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), is described. The ET KF assesses the value of targeted observations taken at future times in improving forecasts for preselected critical events. It is based on a serial assimilation framework that makes it an order of magnitude faster than its predecessor, the ensemble transform technique. The speed of the ET KF enabled several different forecast scenarios to be assessed for targeting during recent WSR programs. Each potential observational network is broken down into idealized routine and adaptive components. The adaptive component represents a predesigned flight track along which GPS dropwindsondes are released. For a large number of flight tracks, the ET KF estimates the forecast error reducing effects of these observations (via the "signal variance''). The track that maximizes the average forecast signal variance within a selected verification region is deemed optimal for targeting. Secondary flight tracks can also be chosen using serial assimilation, by calculating the signal variance for each flight track given that the primary track had already been selected. For the second consecutive year the ET KF was able to estimate, via a statistical rescaling, the variance of NCEP signal realizations produced by the dropwindsonde data. A monotonic increasing relationship between the ET KF signal variance and the reduction in NCEP forecast error variance due to the targeted observations was then deduced for the operational 2001 WSR program. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr,SAIC, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Majumdar, SJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Etherton, Brian/E-7419-2015; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Etherton, Brian/0000-0002-2760-0095; Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 29 TC 77 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 130 IS 5 BP 1356 EP 1369 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1356:ASWTET>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 537WH UT WOS:000174782300016 ER PT J AU Charnotskii, M Naugolnykh, K Ostrovsky, L Smirnov, A AF Charnotskii, M Naugolnykh, K Ostrovsky, L Smirnov, A TI On the cascade mechanism of short surface wave modulation SO NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th General Assembly of the European-Geophysical-Society CY 2001 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc ID PARASITIC CAPILLARY WAVES; INTERNAL WAVES; DISSIPATION AB Modulation of short surface ripples by long surface or internal waves by a cascade mechanism is considered. At the first stage, the orbital velocity of the long wave (LW) adiabatically modulates an intermediate length nonlinear gravity wave (GW), which generates a bound (parasitic) capillary wave (CW) near its crest in a wide spatial frequency band. Due to strong dependence of the CW amplitude on that of the GW, the resulting ripple modulation by LW can be strong. Adiabatic modulation at the first stage is calculated for an arbitrarily strong LW current. The CWs are calculated based on the Lonquet-Higgins theory, in the framework of a steady periodic solution, which proves to be sufficient for the cases considered. Theoretical results are compared with data from laboratory experiments. A discussion of related sea clutter data is given in the conclusion. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Charnotskii, M (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013; OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254; Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1023-5809 J9 NONLINEAR PROC GEOPH JI Nonlinear Process Geophys. PD MAY-JUL PY 2002 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 281 EP 288 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 576DG UT WOS:000176987100010 ER PT J AU Smith, SG Muir, WD Williams, JG Skalski, JR AF Smith, SG Muir, WD Williams, JG Skalski, JR TI Factors associated with travel time and survival of migrant yearling chinook salmon and steelhead in the lower Snake River SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Simple and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with travel time and survival of yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss migrating in the lower Snake River. Factors were release date and environmental variables measuring river discharge (flow), water temperature, and the percentage of total flow passed over spillways at dams. Data were collected from migrant salmonids tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from 1995 through 1999. The greatest distance over which survival could be estimated during all 5 years was from the Lower Granite Dam tailrace to the McNary Dam tailrace (225 river km encompassing four dams and reservoirs). Release groups consisted of PIT-tagged fish leaving Lower Granite Dam daily. Data from more than 451,000 PIT-tagged yearling chinook salmon and 204,000 PIT-tagged steelhead were analyzed. For each daily group, indices of exposure to environmental factors were calculated as the average value for the factor during an index period of the group's downstream passage. For both species, flow volume and travel time were strongly correlated within single years, and the regression equation was consistent from year to year. Survival estimates changed very little within any given migration season, despite sometimes great fluctuations in environmental factors. Correlations between river discharge and survival between Lower Granite Dam and McNary Dam and between travel time and survival were neither strong (within or between years) nor consistent from year to year. Thus, survival benefits to the stocks from increased flow in this stretch of the river were at best minimal; any measurable benefits occurred downstream from the Snake River. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. RP Smith, SG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fish Ecol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. OI Skalski, John/0000-0002-7070-2505 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 385 EP 405 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0385:FAWTTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600001 ER PT J AU Link, JS Garrison, LP Almeida, FP AF Link, JS Garrison, LP Almeida, FP TI Ecological interactions between elasmobranchs and groundfish species on the northeastern US continental shelf. I. Evaluating predation SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID DOGFISH SQUALUS-ACANTHIAS; BANK FISH COMMUNITY; GEORGES BANK; PELAGIC FISH; ECOSYSTEM; CONSUMPTION; RECRUITMENT; ATLANTIC; OVERLAP; HAKE AB Elasmobranchs are an important component of the northeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem in terms of both biomass and abundance. It has been hypothesized that because of their high biomass these species have a significant negative impact on commercially valuable groundfish via ecological interactions. One of these hypotheses posits that elasmobranchs directly remove such groundfish by predation. We analyzed data from the stomachs of 40,756 spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, 3,806 smooth dogfish Mustelus canis, 17,618 little skate Raja erinacea. 11,593 winter skate R. ocellata, and 2,571 thorny skate R. radiata collected in bottom trawl surveys conducted principally during spring and autumn 1973-1998 in waters from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Nova Scotia. Except for silver hake Merluccius bilinearis, most groundfish are not common in the diets of the elasmobranchs. Estimates of consumption indicate that both the number and the total biomass of the groundfish that are removed are generally small fractions of total fishery removals and stock sizes. The number of potential recruits removed could be high, but there is no relationship between recruitment success and elasmobranch abundance. We conclude that predation by elasmobranchs probably does not have significant impacts on groundfish in this system and list alternative causal mechanisms for the observed changes in this fish community. C1 US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, 160 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 53 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 550 EP 562 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0550:EIBEAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 556VL UT WOS:000175869600016 ER PT J AU Jelenkovic, BM Newbury, AS Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Itano, WM AF Jelenkovic, BM Newbury, AS Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Itano, WM TI Sympathetically laser-cooled positrons SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article ID NONNEUTRAL ION PLASMA; PURE ELECTRON-PLASMA; PENNING TRAP; FIELD; ANTIHYDROGEN; SEPARATION; TRANSPORT; ROTATION; BEAM AB We present results on trapping and cooling of positrons in a Penning trap. Positrons from a 2 mCi Na-22 source travel along the axis of a 6 T magnet and through the trap after which they strike a Cu reflection moderator crystal. Up to a few thousand positrons are trapped and lose energy through Coulomb collisions (sympathetic cooling) with laser-cooled Be-9(+). By imaging the Be-9(-) laser-induced fluorescence, we observe centrifugal separation of the Be-9(-) ions and positrons, with the positrons coalescing into a column along the trap axis. This indicates the positrons have the same rotation frequency and comparable density (similar to4 x 10(9) cm(-3)) as the Be-9(-) ions, and places an upper limit of approximately 5 K on the positron temperature of motion parallel to the magnetic field. We estimate the number of trapped positrons from the volume of this column and from the annihilation radiation when the positrons are ejected from the trap. The measured positron lifetime is >8 days in our room-temperature vacuum of 10(-8) Pa. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Belgrade, Inst Phys, YU-11080 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Ball Aerosp Syst Grp, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Bollinger, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD MAY PY 2002 VL 192 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 127 AR PII S0168-583X(02)00791-7 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(02)00791-7 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 569VX UT WOS:000176624100016 ER PT J AU Cho, BH Dickens, SH Bae, JH Chang, CG Son, HH Um, CM AF Cho, BH Dickens, SH Bae, JH Chang, CG Son, HH Um, CM TI Effect of interfacial bond quality on the direction of polymerization shrinkage flow in resin composite restorations SO OPERATIVE DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID MARGINAL ADAPTATION; CURING CONTRACTION; DENTAL COMPOSITES; STRESS-ANALYSIS; LIGHT; ADHESIVE; SYSTEMS; STRENGTHS; CAVITIES; GAPS AB assumed to be directed toward the light source. However, the strong bond at the dentin-resin interface achieved by newer generation dentin bonding systems may affect the direction of polymerization shrinkage. In this study, various curing modes of adhesive resin simulating different bond qualities were applied to determine the extent of interfacial gap formation with a scanning electron microscope. We also measured the free surface depression with a profilometer. The direction of polymerization shrinkage was inferred from the ratio of the interfacial gap measurement at the floor to the free surface depression. Various curing modes used in this study include Group 1: light curing of resin composite without the bonding agent as the negative control; Group 2: simultaneous light curing of the bonding agent and resin composite; Group 3: start of the chemical cure of the dual-cured bonding agent before light curing the resin composite; Group 4: curing the light-initiated bonding agent before insertion and light curing of the resin composite. When the bonding agent was light cured prior to inserting the resin composite (Group 4), the free surface depression was the greatest and the interfacial gap smallest among those in all groups. Therefore, if a good bond between dentin and resin composite can be established, the shrinkage flow will be directed toward a center located near the bonded interface rather than toward the incident light, thus reducing detrimental shrinkage stress. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Dent, Dept Conservat Dent, Seoul, South Korea. Dent Res Inst, Seoul, South Korea. NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Dongbuk womens Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Seoul, South Korea. RP Cho, BH (reprint author), 28-2 Yeongun Dong, Seoul 110749, South Korea. RI Cho, Byeong-Hoon/D-6166-2012; OI Cho, Byeong-Hoon/0000-0001-9641-5507 NR 36 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPERATIVE DENTISTRY INC PI INDIANAPOLIS PA INDIANA UNIV SCHOOL DENTISTRY, ROOM S411, 1121 WEST MICHIGAN ST, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202-5186 USA SN 0361-7734 J9 OPER DENT JI Oper. Dent. PD MAY-JUN PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 297 EP 304 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 548YE UT WOS:000175416800017 PM 12022463 ER PT J AU Bartels, RA Paul, A Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Backus, S Liu, Y Attwood, DT AF Bartels, RA Paul, A Murnane, MM Kapteyn, HC Backus, S Liu, Y Attwood, DT TI Absolute determination of the wavelength and spectrum of an extreme-ultraviolet beam by a Young's double-slit measurement SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COHERENCE AB The interference pattern produced by irradiation of a pair of pinholes with a beam contains information on both the spatial and the temporal coherence properties of the beam, as well as its power spectrum. We demonstrate experimentally for what is believed to be the first time that the spectrum of an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) beam can be obtained from a measurement. of the interference pattern produced by a pinhole pair. This approach offers a convenient method of making absolute wavelength and relative spectral intensity calibrations in the EUV. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Xray Opt, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Appl Sci & Technol Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Bartels, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Backus, Sterling/C-2506-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 10 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 9 BP 707 EP 709 DI 10.1364/OL.27.000707 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 546QC UT WOS:000175284000011 PM 18007906 ER PT J AU Rao, DV Takeda, T Itai, Y Akatsuka, T Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH Cesareo, R Brunetti, A Gigante, GE AF Rao, DV Takeda, T Itai, Y Akatsuka, T Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH Cesareo, R Brunetti, A Gigante, GE TI Measurements of atomic Rayleigh scattering cross-sections: A new approach based on solid angle approximation and geometrical efficiency? SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article ID ANOMALOUS-DISPERSION; FORM-FACTORS AB Atomic Rayleigh scattering cross-sections for low. medium and high Z atoms are measured in vacuum using X-ray tube with a secondary target as an excitation source instead of radioisotopes. Monoenergetic Kalpha radiation emitted from the secondary target and monoenergetic radiation produced using two secondary targets with filters coupled to an X-ray tube are compared. The Kalpha. radiation from the second target of the system is used to excite the sample. The background has been reduced considerably and the monochromacy is improved. Elastic scattering of Kalpha X-ray line energies of the secondary target by the sample is recorded with Hp Ge and Si (Li) detectors. A new approach is developed to estimate the solid angle approximation and geometrical efficiency for a system with experimental arrangement using X-ray tube and secondary target. The variation of the solid angle is studied by changing the radius and length of the collimators towards and away from the source and sample. From these values the variation of the total solid angle and geometrical efficiency is deduced and the optimum value is used for the experimental work. The efficiency is larger because the X-ray fluorescent source acts as a converter. Experimental results based on this system are compared with theoretical estimates and good agreement is observed in between them. C1 Univ Tsukuba, Inst Clin Med, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan. Yamagata Univ, Fac Engn, Yonezawa, Yamagata 9928510, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sassari, Ist Matemat & Fis, I-07100 Sassari, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Rao, DV (reprint author), Univ Tsukuba, Inst Clin Med, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan. RI brunetti, antonio/F-3370-2011; OI brunetti, antonio/0000-0002-0116-1899; Gigante, Giovanni Ettore/0000-0001-5943-9366 NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 BP 398 EP 409 DI 10.1238/Physica.Regular.065a00398 PG 12 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 551XY UT WOS:000175590300007 ER PT J AU Deng, L Hagley, EW Kozuma, M Payne, MG AF Deng, L Hagley, EW Kozuma, M Payne, MG TI Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without electromagnetically induced transparency SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC VAPOR; LIGHT; GAS AB A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme has many advantages over the conventional method that critically relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process. Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the propagation process are studied. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 9 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 051805 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.051805 PN A PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PC UT WOS:000175743800016 ER PT J AU Djuric, N Bannister, ME Derkatch, AM Griffin, DC Krause, HF Popovic, DB Smith, ACH Wallbank, B Dunn, GH AF Djuric, N Bannister, ME Derkatch, AM Griffin, DC Krause, HF Popovic, DB Smith, ACH Wallbank, B Dunn, GH TI Absolute cross sections for near-threshold electron-impact excitation of the dipole-allowed transitions 3s(2) (1)S -> 3s3p (1)P in Cl(5+) and 3s (2)S -> 3p (2)P in Cl(6+) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-LOSS TECHNIQUE; ION EXCITATION; IONIZATION; BEAMS AB Experimental and theoretical cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the dipole-allowed transitions 3s(2) (1)S-->3s3p (1)P in Cl(5+) and 3s (2)S-->3p (2)P in Cl(6+) near the excitation thresholds are reported. Absolute cross sections are measured using the merged electron-ion beams energy-loss technique. The intermediate-coupling frame-transformation R-matrix method is used to obtain theoretical cross sections. The total cross sections, for the transitions studied in both ions, exhibit resonance structures near threshold. There is excellent agreement between theory and experiment with respect to both the shape and the magnitude of the cross section for the 3s (2)S-->3p (2)P transition in Cl(6+). For Cl(5+), structures and trends in both the present R-matrix calculation and the previous calculation of Baluja and Mohan [J. Phys. B 20, 831 (1987)] agree well with the experimental results. However, the magnitudes of the theoretical cross sections for Cl(5+) are significantly smaller than the measured cross section, which has been corrected for metastable contamination. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys, S-11385 Stockholm, Sweden. Rollins Coll, Dept Phys, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. St Francis Xavier Univ, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. RP Djuric, N (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 052711 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.052711 PN A PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PC UT WOS:000175743800092 ER PT J AU Kokkelmans, SJJMF Milstein, JN Chiofalo, ML Walser, R Holland, MJ AF Kokkelmans, SJJMF Milstein, JN Chiofalo, ML Walser, R Holland, MJ TI Resonance superfluidity: Renormalization of resonance scattering theory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; NUCLEAR REACTIONS; UNIFIED THEORY; FERMI GASES; ATOMIC GAS; LI-6 ATOMS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; STATES AB We derive a theory of superfluidity for a dilute Fermi gas that is valid when scattering resonances are present. The treatment of a resonance in many-body atomic physics requires a novel mean-field approach starting from an unconventional microscopic Hamiltonian. The mean-field equations incorporate the microscopic scattering physics, and the solutions to these equations reproduce the energy-dependent scattering properties. This theory describes the high-T-c behavior of the system, and predicts a value of T-c that is a significant fraction of the Fermi temperature. It is shown that this mean-field approach does not break down for typical experimental circumstances, even at detunings close to resonance. As an example of the application of our theory, we investigate the feasibility for achieving superfluidity in an ultracold gas of fermionic Li-6. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, INFM, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. Scuola Normale Super Pisa, Classe Sci, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. RP Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 50 TC 139 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 053617 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.053617 PN B PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PH UT WOS:000175744300043 ER PT J AU Sataka, M Imai, M Kawatsura, K Komaki, K Tawara, H Vasilyev, A Safronova, UI AF Sataka, M Imai, M Kawatsura, K Komaki, K Tawara, H Vasilyev, A Safronova, UI TI Comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of Coster-Kronig electron spectra from 64-MeV S12+ ions excited through He gas and C-foil targets SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID STATES; COLLISIONS; RYDBERG; SPECTROSCOPY AB In Coster-Kronig electrons from the autoionizng Rydberg states of 64 MeV S12+ ions excited through He gas and very thin C-foil targets, several peaks have been observed in the electron energy range up to 2.5 eV. To obtain a better understanding on low-energy electron production mechanisms in such collisions, we synthesize the expected electron spectrum by assuming that the spectral (energy) distribution of each line can be expressed with a Gaussian profile with proper resolution and compare that with the observed spectrum. Two theoretical methods, namely, the perturbation theory of the Z-expansion (MZ code) and multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method (Cowan code) are used to calculate Auger electron energies and rates. It is found that the 1s2p15l-1s2s S-1, 1s2p13l-1s2s S-3, 1s(2)2p9l-1s(2)2s, 1s(2)2s2p9l-1s(2)2s(2), 1s(2)2p(2)7l-1s(2)2s2p P-3, and 1s(2)2p(2)9l-1s(2)2s2p P-1 decays give a significant contribution in the electron spectrum near threshold in the range of 0-2.5 eV. Synthetic spectra have been found to reproduce the observed spectra reasonably well if the ion charge distributions are taken into account properly. Based upon the synthetic electron spectra from particular core configurations best fitted to the observed spectra, we have inferred the ion charge "inside" foils which can be compared with the well-established equilibrium charge "after" foil. C1 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Mat Sci, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan. Kyoto Inst Technol, Fac Engn & Design, Dept Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Art & Sci, Inst Phys, Meguro 1538902, Japan. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Sataka, M (reprint author), Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Dept Mat Sci, Tokai, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 052704 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.052704 PN A PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PC UT WOS:000175743800085 ER PT J AU Xie, RH AF Xie, RH TI Efficient and lasting squeezed light due to constructive two-photon interference SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID JAYNES-CUMMINGS MODEL; QUANTUM TELEPORTATION; RECYCLED INTERFEROMETER; GENERATION; STATES; FIELD AB We demonstrate numerically that efficient and lasting squeezed light can be achieved due to a constructive two-photon interference. Even if large phase fluctuations occur, the dispersion in one of the two quadrature components of the light field can still be reduced below the standard quantum limit set by the symmetric distribution of the vacuum state. Experimental observation of squeezed light in this system is possible by generalizing the recent techniques of Ou's group [L. J. Lu and Z. Y. Ou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 023601 (2002)]. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Chem, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Xie, RH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 055801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.055801 PN B PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PH UT WOS:000175744300084 ER PT J AU Zibrov, AS Lukin, MD Hollberg, L Scully, MO AF Zibrov, AS Lukin, MD Hollberg, L Scully, MO TI Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent media SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; QUANTUM INTERFERENCE; POPULATION-INVERSION; NONLINEAR OPTICS; ATOMIC COHERENCE; GROUP-VELOCITY; LIGHT; OSCILLATION; GENERATION; EMISSION AB We demonstrate an efficient frequency up-conversion based on generation of large atomic coherence in a cascade system. Two infrared, low power laser fields tuned to the vicinity of the two-photon transition in Rb vapor were converted spontaneously into infrared and blue radiation. Extension of the technique into other spectral regions using highly excited states seems feasible. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Inst Quantum Studies, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Zibrov, Alexander/G-7419-2014 NR 30 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9926 EI 2469-9934 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 051801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.051801 PN A PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 554PC UT WOS:000175743800012 ER PT J AU Anderson, CR Andersen, KH Stirling, WG Sokol, PE Dimeo, RM AF Anderson, CR Andersen, KH Stirling, WG Sokol, PE Dimeo, RM TI Dynamics of superfluid He-4 confined in xerogel glass SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID POROUS VYCOR GLASS; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; AEROGEL GLASS; LIQUID-HE-4; HELIUM; FILMS; DISORDER AB We present neutron inelastic-scattering measurements of superfluid He-4 in porous xerogel glass. Two-dimensional scattering at all wave vectors is observed. Six pore-filling fractions were studied at constant temperature T=1.25 K. We established the dependence on the pore-filling fraction and on the wave vectors of the energies, widths, and intensities of both the three-dimensional and the two-dimensional phonon-maxon-roton excitations. Comparisons are made with the results of neutron studies of thin helium films and of helium in contrasting porous glasses. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Anderson, CR (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, ZBE FRM 2, D-85747 Garching, Germany. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 17 AR 174509 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.174509 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 552KM UT WOS:000175619600108 ER PT J AU Ravel, B Raphael, MP Harris, VG Huang, Q AF Ravel, B Raphael, MP Harris, VG Huang, Q TI EXAFS and neutron diffraction study of the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION-FINE-STRUCTURE; HALF-METALLIC FERROMAGNETS; RAY; AMPLITUDE AB Spintronic devices, devices that rely upon the spin of the conduction electron to control device properties, are of increasing scientific and commercial interest. These devices commonly are heterostructures with ferromagnetic metals used as spin injectors. The performance of these heterostructured devices can be optimized by using a 100% spin-polarized ferromagnet. Recent band-structure calculations predict that the Heusler alloy Co2MnSi should be a 100% spin-polarized ferromagnet. However, band-structure calculations further suggest that chemical disorder in the Co2MnSi lattice should lower the degree of spin polarization. In this work, we present neutron diffraction and extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements (EXAFS) on bulk Co2MnSi, which reveal extensive chemical disordering even in pure-phase samples and discuss the limitations of EXAFS in measuring this sort of disorder. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Ravel, B (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Harris, Vincent/A-8337-2009 NR 28 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 18 AR 184431 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.184431 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 554VW UT WOS:000175758700083 ER PT J AU Wakimoto, S Stock, C Birgeneau, RJ Ye, ZG Chen, W Buyers, WJL Gehring, PM Shirane, G AF Wakimoto, S Stock, C Birgeneau, RJ Ye, ZG Chen, W Buyers, WJL Gehring, PM Shirane, G TI Ferroelectric ordering in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 as evidenced by low-temperature phonon anomalies SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PHASE-TRANSITION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR AB Neutron scattering measurements of the lowest-energy TO phonons in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN) are reported for 10less than or equal toTless than or equal to750 K. The soft mode, which is overdamped by the polar nanoregions below the Burns temperature T-d=620 K, surprisingly recovers below 220 K. The square of the soft-mode energy ((h) over bar omega(0))(2) increases linearly with decreasing temperature and is consistent with the behavior of a ferroelectric soft mode. At 10 K, (h) over bar omega(0) reaches 11 meV, the same value observed in ferroelectric Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 at low T. An unusual broadening of the TA phonon starts at T-d and disappears at 220 K, coincident with the recovery of the TO mode. These dynamics suggest that a well-developed ferroelectric state is established below 220 K. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Natl Res Council Canada, Neutron Program Mat Res, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Wakimoto, S (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NR 23 TC 121 Z9 122 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 17 AR 172105 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.172105 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 552KM UT WOS:000175619600005 ER PT J AU Yang, FY Shang, CH Chien, CL Ambrose, T Krebs, JJ Prinz, GA Nikitenko, VI Gornakov, VS Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD AF Yang, FY Shang, CH Chien, CL Ambrose, T Krebs, JJ Prinz, GA Nikitenko, VI Gornakov, VS Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD TI Multistep magnetic switching in single-crystal (001)Co2MnGe films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID UNIAXIAL ANISOTROPY; FE; REVERSAL; BEHAVIOR AB Multistep magnetic switching with single, double, and triple loops has been observed in single-crystal (001) Co2MnGe Heusler alloy films epitaxially grown on GaAs (001) substrates due to a combined magnetic anisotropy consisting of cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy and uniaxial anisotropy. Theoretical calculations of the hysteresis loops using coherent rotation show excellent agreement with the experimental results. Domain patterns and magnetization rotation in the Co2MnGe films have been studied using the magneto-optical indicator film (MOIF) imaging technique. Magnetic domains and domain walls, as well as the coherent rotation of magnetization in single-step, double-step, and triple-step switching have been clearly observed. The magnetic switching field and domain wall pattern (90degrees and 180degrees domain walls) observed from the MOIF images are in excellent agreement with the results of the hysteresis measurements and the theoretical model. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. RP Yang, FY (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 20 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD MAY 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 17 AR 174410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.174410 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 552KM UT WOS:000175619600081 ER PT J AU Rech, GA Browne, E Goldman, ID Schima, FJ Norman, EB AF Rech, GA Browne, E Goldman, ID Schima, FJ Norman, EB TI Half-life of the 6.3-keV isomer in Sn-121 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article AB We present a measurement of the half-life of Sn-121(m), obtaining a value of 43.9+/-0.5 yr. In the same experiment, we measured a half-life of 21.8+/-0.3 yr for Pb-210 to verify the reliable performance of our data acquisition system and analysis methods. Our experimental Sn-121(m) half-life is consistent with 49 yr, a value predicted on the basis of the systematic trend of the M4 isomeric gamma-ray transition in Sn-117 and Sn-119. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rech, GA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2813 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 057302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.65.057302 PG 3 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 555BH UT WOS:000175772600082 ER PT J AU Ferreiro, V Douglas, JF Warren, J Karim, A AF Ferreiro, V Douglas, JF Warren, J Karim, A TI Growth pulsations in symmetric dendritic crystallization in thin polymer blend films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Review ID BELOUSOV-ZHABOTINSKY REACTION; PHASE-FIELD MODEL; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); EXPLOSIVE CRYSTALLIZATION; BACTERIAL COLONIES; PATTERN-FORMATION; GROWING PLAQUE; POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) AB The crystallization of polymeric and metallic materials normally occurs under conditions far from equilibrium, leading to patterns that grow as propagating waves into the surrounding unstable fluid medium. The Mullins-Sekerka instability causes these wave fronts to break up into dendritic arms, and we anticipate that the nor, mal modes of the dendrite tips havea significant influence on pattern growth. To check this possibility, we focus on the dendritic growth of polyethylene oxide in a thin-film geometry. This crystalline polymer is mixed with an amorphous polymer (polymethyl-methacrylate) to "tune" the morphology and clay was added to nucleate the crystallization. The tips of the main dendrite trunks pulsate during growth and the sidebranches, which grow orthogonally to the trunk, pulsate out of phase so that the tip dynamics is governed by a limit cycle. The pulsation period P increases sharply with decreasing film thickness L and then vanishes below a critical value L(c) approximate to 80 nm. A change of dendrite morphology accompanies this transition. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ferreiro, V (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vincent.ferreiro@univ-lille1.fr; jack.douglas@nist.gov NR 143 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 39 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD MAY PY 2002 VL 65 IS 5 AR 051606 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.051606 PN 1 PG 16 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 568PX UT WOS:000176552300060 PM 12059569 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Structure-function equations for scalars SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID IMAGING VELOCIMETRY MEASUREMENTS; GRADIENT TENSOR FIELD; PASSIVE SCALAR; GRID TURBULENCE; MEAN GRADIENT; VELOCITY; FLOWS; TEMPERATURE; DISSIPATION; STATISTICS AB An exact equation is obtained which relates the products of two-point differences of a scalar quantity and those differences with the difference of velocity and other quantities. The averages of such products are structure functions. Equations that follow from the scalar equation but with no other approximations are called "exact" here. Exact equations for structure functions are obtained. Ensemble, temporal, and spatial averages are all considered because each one produces different statistical equations from the others and because they differ in application to theoretical purposes, experiment, and numerical simulation of turbulence. The midpoint and the difference of the two points at which the hydrodynamic quantities are obtained are X and r, respectively. Use of X and r as independent variables combined with Reynolds decomposition reveals quantifiable effects of inhomogeneity and large-scale structures. Exact equations obtained by averaging over a sphere in r space have a particularly simple form. The case of a numerical simulation that has periodic boundary conditions leads to particularly simple equations. For the case of grid-generated wind-tunnel turbulence, approximate equations are derived relating structure functions of fluctuations. Applications of the equations to experiments and direct numerical simulation are discussed. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD MAY PY 2002 VL 14 IS 5 BP 1745 EP 1756 DI 10.1063/1.1466826 PG 12 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 540PY UT WOS:000174938400020 ER PT J AU Ashby, N AF Ashby, N TI Relativity and the global positioning system SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Article C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Ashby, N (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 11 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD MAY PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1063/1.1485583 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 547KT UT WOS:000175332100022 ER PT J AU Heide-Jorgensen, MP Dietz, R Laidre, KL Richard, P AF Heide-Jorgensen, MP Dietz, R Laidre, KL Richard, P TI Autumn movements, home ranges, and winter density of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) tagged in Tremblay Sound, Baffin Island SO POLAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIVING BEHAVIOR; MARINE MAMMALS; DAVIS STRAIT; SEA-ICE; BELUGAS; SUMMER; BAY; NUMBERS; WHALES AB Seven narwhals (Monodon monoceros) were instrumented with satellite transmitters in Tremblay Sound, northeast Canada in August 1999. The whales were tracked for 5-218 days with positions received until 17 March 2000. All whales stayed in the fjord system where they were tagged until the end of August. Three whales went northwest visiting adjacent fjords before moving south, together with the three other whales, along the east coast of Baffin Island. The narwhals arrived on the wintering ground in northern Davis Strait in late October. Speed and range of movements declined once the wintering ground was reached. Dive depths increased from summer to autumn, and reached at least 1,500 m. Late summer and winter kernel home ranges were approximately 3,400 km(2) and 12,000 km(2), respectively. The relative abundance of whales on the wintering ground was 936 narwhals. Assuming that the home range defines the winter distribution of the stock, an estimated 5,348 narwhals (corrected for perception and availability bias) were present in this area. C1 Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arct Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Inst Freshwater, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. RP Heide-Jorgensen, MP (reprint author), Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015 NR 37 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4060 J9 POLAR BIOL JI Polar Biol. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 331 EP 341 DI 10.1007/s00300-001-0347-6 PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 552GJ UT WOS:000175611000002 ER PT J AU Son, Y Migler, KB AF Son, Y Migler, KB TI Interfacial tension measurement between immiscible polymers: improved deformed drop retraction method SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE deformed drop retraction method; imbedded fiber retraction method; interfacial tension ID BREAKING THREAD METHOD; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; BLENDS; DEFORMATION; SHAPE; POLY(STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE); RECOVERY; SYSTEMS; FIBERS; MELTS AB This paper describes an improvement of the technique to measure interfacial tension in immiscible polymer blends. Our method is based on the droplet retraction method, in which one relates the kinetics of relaxation of a deformed droplet to the interfacial tension between the matrix and droplet. Previously, the problem with this technique has been the difficulty in preparing axisymmetric ellipsoidal droplets. In our work, we demonstrate that perfect axisymmetric ellipsoidal droplets are produced at a later stage of relaxation of short imbedded fibers. With this technique, we utilize the strengths of both the deformed droplet method and the imbedded fiber retraction method while overcoming their shortcomings. The interfacial tension value thus obtained was compared to that by conventional methods. Additionally, the effect of confinement by external walls on the interfacial tension measurement was studied. Confinement affects interfacial tension measurement when the gap between the walls is less than two times the equilibrium drop size. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymer, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD MAY PY 2002 VL 43 IS 10 BP 3001 EP 3006 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00097-6 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 539KH UT WOS:000174868800013 ER PT J AU Jefferson, TA AF Jefferson, TA TI Preliminary analysis of geographic variation in cranial morphometrics of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finless porpoise; Neophocaena phocaenoides; taxonomy; systematics; geographical variation; skull morphology; osteology AB The taxonomy of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), while better-studied than that of many species of small cetaceans, still suffers from some uncertainties and a general lack of data from most of the range. In this study, skull morphometric and meristic data were collected from 218 specimens from throughout the range of the species. Bivariate and multivariate Principal Components Analyses (PCA) were used to examine the sample for geographic variation. Results indicated that there is a great deal of geographic variation in the size and shape of skulls of porpoises from different areas. The two primary types of finless porpoise found in tropical and temperate waters showed some separation in both the PCA and rostrum shape analyses (but with some overlap in all features analyzed). However, there was not strong support from skull morphology for their distinctness at the species level. The temperate form, asiaeorientalis-type, is found in coastal and riverine waters of Japan, Korea, and northern China. It is relatively large (total length up to 227 cm and adult CBL 209-251 mm), with a narrow dorsal ridge (< 1.3 cm), a relatively narrow rostrum, and adult coloration ranging from black to light gray. The tropical form, phocaenoides-type, occurs in the Indian Ocean (including the Persian Gulf) and South China Sea. Some populations of the latter are small (perhaps not exceeding 160 cm total length), and adult CBL ranges from 181-245 mm. It has a wide dorsal ridge (> 3.4 cm), relatively wide rostrum, and dark-gray adult coloration. Two geographic populations were recognized within the asiaeorientalis-type, and three within the phocaenoides-type. Further work, especially analyses of skulls from unstudied portions of the range, systematic studies on dorsal ridge width, and molecular genetics, are needed to clarify taxonomic relationships and to identify stocks for management. C1 Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Ocean Pk, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 3 EP 14 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500002 ER PT J AU Jefferson, TA Hung, SK Law, L Torey, M Tregenza, N AF Jefferson, TA Hung, SK Law, L Torey, M Tregenza, N TI Distribution and abundance of finless porpoises in Hong Kong and adjacent waters of China SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finless porpoise; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Hong Kong; China; abundance; distribution; population size; line transect ID AERIAL SIGHTING SURVEYS; NEOPHOCAENA-PHOCAENOIDES; JAPAN; CONSERVATION; BAY AB We studied the distribution and abundance of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hong Kong and adjacent waters of China's Guangdong Province between September 1995 and November 2000. Vessel (50,194 km) and helicopter (2,696 km) surveys were used to assess distribution patterns, and estimates of abundance were calculated using line transect methods. Acoustic detection data from a towed porpoise click detector (POD) were used to make an estimate of the trackline detection probability [g(0)] for ship surveys, and surface and dive time data were used for correcting helicopter survey estimates. Porpoises occurred in Hong Kong and adjacent waters year-round, but showed evidence of seasonal movements, with porpoises largely vacating most of Hong Kong's southwestern waters in summer and autumn. Seasonal changes in overall abundance were also evident. The peak season within Hong Kong waters was spring, in which an estimated 152 porpoises inhabited territorial waters. The peak estimates for all areas combined (217 porpoises in spring and summer) can be viewed as a minimum estimate of the size of the local population. Examination of potential violations of line transect assumptions indicate that the techniques used were well-suited, with no evidence of serious biases. However, because the distribution clearly extends beyond the study area and the exact range limits are unknown, further work is needed to assess overall population size. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Ocean Pk, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 43 EP 55 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500005 ER PT J AU Jefferson, TA Robertson, KM Wang, JY AF Jefferson, TA Robertson, KM Wang, JY TI Growth and reproduction of the finless porpoise in southern China SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finless porpoise; Hong Kong; Taiwan; Fujian Province; life history; growth; reproduction; sexual maturity ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; HARBOR PORPOISES; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; STENELLA-ATTENUATA; LIFE-HISTORY; AGE; SEASONALITY; MATURITY; FUNDY; BAY AB We studied the growth and reproduction of finless porpoises in southern China, based on 86 specimens collected as strandings or fisheries bycatches in Hong Kong, southern Fujian Province, and Taiwan. Specimens were aged by sectioning and staining thin layers in the teeth, and counting dentinal and cemental growth layer groups (GLGs). There is a general darkening of the colour pattern from neonates through adults, and adults become relatively more slender. Growth is rapid in the first year and thereafter begins to level-off. There is evidence of some sexual dimorphism, with males growing somewhat larger than females. There is a distinct calving peak from October to January. Limited data on age and length at attainment of sexual maturity suggest that females reach maturity at about 137-150 cm and 5-6 years, and males at 138-154 cm and 4-5 years. The growth and reproductive parameters found in this study are similar to those determined previously for other populations of finless porpoises. C1 Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Ocean Pk, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 62 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 105 EP 113 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500011 ER PT J AU Beasley, I Jefferson, TA AF Beasley, I Jefferson, TA TI Surface and dive times of finless porpoises in Hong Kong's coastal waters SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finless porpoise; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Hong Kong; surface and dive times; line transect assumptions ID HARBOR PORPOISE; AERIAL SURVEYS AB We studied the surface and dive times of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hong Kong from three land-based survey sites in winter/spring 2000, to allow the estimation of the trackline detection probability [g(0)] for helicopter line transect surveys in Hong Kong. We determined that groups of finless porpoises in Hong Kong spend on average about 60% of their time at or near the surface, and 40% of their time on a long dive (30 sec. or greater). Surface times apparently increase in larger groups. We conclude that finless porpoises in Hong Kong, while being challenging targets for sighting surveys, are apparently available at the surface to be seen for a higher proportion of time than are harbour porpoises in some deeper water habitats. C1 James Cook Univ, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), James Cook Univ, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 125 EP 129 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500013 ER PT J AU Goold, JC Jefferson, TA AF Goold, JC Jefferson, TA TI Acoustic signals from free-ranging finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in the waters around Hong Kong SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porpoise; finless porpoise; Neophocaenaphocaenoides; acoustic; bioacoustic; echolocation; click; sonar; ultrasonic; narrowband; broadband; Hong Kong AB Acoustic signals from free-ranging finless porpoises were recorded in the waters around Hong Kong during March 2000. Finless porpoises produced short-duration high-frequency clicks. Signal analysis showed finless porpoise clicks to be both "typical" phocoenid sounds, i.e. narrowband, high frequency ultrasonic pulses, and "atypical" broadband pulses with sharp onsets. Peak energy in the narrowband porpoise click spectrum occurred at 142 kHz, with negligible energy below 100 kHz. Energy was more diffuse in the spectra of broadband clicks, with a tendency towards higher frequencies. Mean pulse duration of narrowband clicks was 104 microseconds, whereas mean pulse duration of broadband clicks was 61 microseconds. Generally, finless porpoise clicks were inaudible to the human ear, except on occasion when faint, but distinct, pulses were heard from animals close to the hydrophone. C1 Univ Wales, Inst Environm Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Goold, JC (reprint author), Univ Wales, Inst Environm Sci, Robinson Bldg,Deiniol Rd, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. EM j.c.goold@bangor.ac.uk; Sclymene@aol.com NR 13 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 131 EP 139 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500014 ER PT J AU Dolar, MLL Perrin, WF Gaudiano, JP Yaptinchay, AASP Tan, JML AF Dolar, MLL Perrin, WF Gaudiano, JP Yaptinchay, AASP Tan, JML TI Preliminary report on a small estuarine population of Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris in the Philippines SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Irrawaddy dolphin; marine mammal; Orcaella brevirostris; Malampaya Sound; Palawan; distribution; Philippines AB During a survey in 1999 covering the coastal waters of the northwestern Sulu Sea and Malampaya Sound, Palawan, we sighted several groups of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris). Distribution was restricted to very shallow waters (less than or equal to 15 m) of the inner part of Malampaya Sound. No Irrawaddy dolphin sightings were made in the Sulu Sea. No directed fisheries exist for the dolphin, but some incidental mortality occurs in fishing gear such as bottom-set gillnets, fish corrals, liftnets and crab traps. The habitat is endangered by encroaching fisheries, terrestrial development and increasing human population around the sound. C1 Trop Marine Res, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Silliman Univ, Marine Lab, Dumaguete 6200, Philippines. Kabang Kalikasang Pilipinas, WWF Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. Bookmark Inc, Manila, Philippines. RP Dolar, MLL (reprint author), Trop Marine Res, 6363 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500016 ER PT J AU Jefferson, TA Curry, BE Kinoshita, R AF Jefferson, TA Curry, BE Kinoshita, R TI Mortality and morbidity of Hong Kong finless porpoises, with emphasis on the role of environmental contaminants SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finless porpoise; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Hong Kong; mortality; morbidity; disease; pathology; cause of death; necropsy; pollutants; contaminants ID ASIAN COASTAL WATERS; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; INFECTIOUS-DISEASE MORTALITY; MARINE MAMMALS; NORTH PACIFIC; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SMALL CETACEANS; HARBOR PORPOISES; PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; BUTYLTIN CONTAMINATION AB Data on causes of death for finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) specimens stranded in Hong Kong between 1995 and 2000 were evaluated. We diagnosed several causes of death, including fishing net entanglement (44%), vessel collision (17%), reproductive abnormalities (17%), parasitic infections (17%), and shark attack (5%). The incidence of net entanglements may have increased in recent years. We also examined the levels of five types of environmental contaminants of particular concern (DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, BTs, and Hg). Organochlorine concentrations generally increased with age in males, but decreased with age in females, the latter likely due to the reproductive transfer of these lipophilic compounds to the offspring during gestation and lactation. Mercury levels increased exponentially with age in both sexes. Organochlorine pesticide (DDT), and to a lesser extent, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were extremely high in some individuals. There was some evidence for higher (but not statistically significant) DDT and HCH concentrations in specimens classified as in 'poor' health. This suggests that these organochlorines may indeed be affecting the health of Hong Kong finless porpoises. Mercury levels were also very high, and were in the range of concentrations previously found to be associated with liver disease in bottlenose dolphins. However, the levels of mercury were similar in specimens classified both as in 'good' and 'poor' health. Although much further work needs to be done to clarify the factors related to mortality and morbidity of finless porpoises in Hong Kong, this preliminary study suggests that fishing net entanglement may be the primary human-related cause of death. Further, there is now sufficient evidence to point to the damaging effects of some environmental contaminants on these animals. We suggest that efforts to mitigate these effects be implemented immediately to ensure the conservation of the porpoise population. C1 Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Zool Operat, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Dept Educ, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Jefferson, TA (reprint author), Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Ocean Pk, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. NR 67 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 11 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 161 EP 171 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500017 ER PT J AU Smith, BD Jefferson, TA AF Smith, BD Jefferson, TA TI Status and conservation of facultative freshwater cetaceans in Asia SO RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Irrawaddy dolphin; Orcaella brevirostris; firdess porpoise; Neophocaena phocaenoides; freshwater cetaceans; river dolphins; Asian cetaceans; marine biodiversity; freshwater biodiversity ID PORPOISE NEOPHOCAENA-PHOCAENOIDES; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; AERIAL SIGHTING SURVEYS; FINLESS PORPOISE; COASTAL WATERS; MARINE MAMMALS; BUTYLTIN CONTAMINATION; JAPANESE WATERS; WESTERN KYUSHU; RIVER DOLPHIN AB Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris and finless porpoises Neophocaena phocaenoides are referred to as facultative freshwater cetaceans because they occupy both fresh- and nearshore marine waters. In Asia, the especially rapid growth of human populations and their consequent resource demands have had profound impacts on these environments and the biodiversity that they sustain. Facultative freshwater cetaceans and other aquatic species inhabiting these waters are particularly threatened by intensive fishing with non-selective gear, vessel traffic, environmental degradation from water development (most notably dams), land reclamation, and the input of large quantities of toxic contaminants, especially those with bioaccumulative properties. Populations of finless porpoises in the Yangtze River and Inland Sea of Japan, and Irrawaddy dolphins in the Mahakam River, Malampaya Sound and Songkhla Lake, and probably the Mekong River and Chilkha Lake, are at risk of extirpation in the immediate future. The general absence of knowledge regarding the abundance and population structure (and even species occurrence in some areas) has prevented a comprehensive assessment of both species. To provide conservation guidance we liberally adapt a set of conservation principles developed for marine mammals (see Meffe et al., 1999) to the specific survival requirements (in the holistic sense) of facultative freshwater cetaceans in Asia and give practical advice for their implementation. C1 Aquat Biodivers Associates, Eureka, CA 95502 USA. Ocean Pk Conservat Fdn, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Aquat Biodivers Associates, POB 3479, Eureka, CA 95502 USA. NR 121 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, SCHOOL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PI SINGAPORE PA DEPT ZOOLOGY, KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE 0511, SINGAPORE SN 0217-2445 J9 RAFFLES B ZOOL JI Raffles Bull. Zool. PD MAY 1 PY 2002 SU 10 BP 173 EP 187 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 587JJ UT WOS:000177636500018 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Gibson, WM Gnaupel-Herold, T Miller, ME Prask, HJ Schultz, AJ Vitt, R Youngman, R AF Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Gibson, WM Gnaupel-Herold, T Miller, ME Prask, HJ Schultz, AJ Vitt, R Youngman, R TI A monolithic polycapillary focusing optic for polychromatic neutron diffraction applications SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY OPTICS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AB We have conducted measurements at five different thermal neutron wavelengths to determine the transmission characteristics of a tapered monolithic focusing lens with a focal length of 100 mm, suitable for time-of-flight diffraction. Both the width of the focused beam and the intensity gain of the optic increase as a function of wavelength. We have performed similar measurements on a polychromatic beam on a pulsed neutron source, where the results are subject to background from short wavelength neutrons. The use of a beryllium filter shows the increased effective gain for the longer wavelengths at the expense of an increased focused beam width by a factor of 2. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Xray Opt Syst Inc, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 73 IS 5 BP 1985 EP 1993 DI 10.1063/1.1470236 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 545AN UT WOS:000175194200001 ER PT J AU Christensen, S Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM Backus, S AF Christensen, S Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM Backus, S TI A simple, high power, compact, intracavity frequency-doubled, Q-switched Nd : Y3Al5O12 laser SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID CHIRPED-PULSE AMPLIFICATION; ND-YAG LASER; 1 KHZ; GENERATION; SYSTEM AB We have developed a simple, compact, high power, diode-pumped, intracavity frequency-doubled, Nd:Y3Al5O12 laser capable of generating output powers of up to 70 W at 10 kHz, and 16.5 W at 1 kHz. The output beam quality is highly multimode, with an M(2)similar to30. This, combined with the short output pulse duration of 36-60 ns, and the high average power, makes this laser ideal for pumping ultrafast Ti:sapphire laser amplifier systems. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Christensen, S (reprint author), Coherent Technol Inc, 655 Aspen Ridge Drive, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. RI Backus, Sterling/C-2506-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 73 IS 5 BP 1994 EP 1997 DI 10.1063/1.1469672 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 545AN UT WOS:000175194200002 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC McBrearty, M AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC McBrearty, M TI In-line dielectric monitoring during extrusion of filled polymers SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY; MICRODIELECTROMETRY; BLENDS AB Real-time monitoring of the dielectric properties of polymer melts and filled polymer melts has been carried out during extrusion. The measurements are obtained using a dielectric cell that is placed directly in line with the extruder machine. The dielectric cell consists of interdigitating electrodes that are deposited on the inside of a ceramic ring that is electrically insulated and temperature controlled to the set point of extrusion. As the processed resin passes through the ring, its permittivity and conductivity are measured. The spatial sensitivity of the cell was determined experimentally and was biased to the resin flowing near the electrodes. Using the spatial sensitivity function, we examined the time profile of the transition from one composition to another during extrusion. We demonstrate the operation of the cell during the processing of polystyrene filled with aluminum oxide and calcium carbonate and of polyethylene-ethyl vinyl acetate copolymer filled with montmorillonite clay. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Chem ElectroPhys Corp, Hockessin, DE 19707 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 73 IS 5 BP 2097 EP 2102 DI 10.1063/1.1470235 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 545AN UT WOS:000175194200019 ER PT J AU Pallett, DS Lamel, L AF Pallett, DS Lamel, L TI Automatic transcription of Broadcast News data SO SPEECH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pallett, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Room A216 Technol Bldg, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dpallett@nist.gov; lamel@limsi.fr NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6393 EI 1872-7182 J9 SPEECH COMMUN JI Speech Commun. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 2 AR PII S0167-6393(01)00055-3 DI 10.1016/S0167-6393(01)00055-3 PG 2 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Acoustics; Computer Science GA 542EC UT WOS:000175029700001 ER PT J AU Pallett, DS AF Pallett, DS TI The role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology in DARPA's Broadcast News continuous speech recognition research program SO SPEECH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Article AB This paper reviews the role that the National Institute of Standards and Technology has played in the "Broadcast News" research community. The 1995 "Dry Run" Marketplace set the scene for the introduction of broadcast materials, followed by larger-scale benchmark tests in 1996, 1997, 1998 and (most recently) 1999. This paper discusses the 1998 test results in some detail; these also involve tests based on Broadcast News corpora, including the Spoken Document Retrieval, Information Extraction - Named Entity, and Topic Detection and Tracking tasks. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pallett, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Room A216 Technol Bldg, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dpallett@nist.gov NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6393 EI 1872-7182 J9 SPEECH COMMUN JI Speech Commun. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 14 AR PII S0167-6393(01)00056-5 DI 10.1016/S0167-6393(01)00056-5 PG 12 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Acoustics; Computer Science GA 542EC UT WOS:000175029700002 ER PT J AU Powell, CL Ferdin, ME Busman, M Kvitek, RG Doucette, GJ AF Powell, CL Ferdin, ME Busman, M Kvitek, RG Doucette, GJ TI Development of a protocol for determination of domoic acid in the sand crab (Emerita analoga): a possible new indicator species SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; Pseudo-nitzschia; indicator species; sentinel species; Emerita; harmful algal blooms; toxin extraction; toxin trophic transfer ID SEA LIONS; CALIFORNIA; MORTALITY; SEAFOOD; TOXINS; COAST AB The aim of this study was to begin evaluating the utility of sand crabs (Emerita analoga) as an indicator species for the algal neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), in Monterey Bay, California, USA, a site of recurrent blooms of the DA-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia. One of the current sentinel organisms, the sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), has shown minimal or undetectable toxicity during some local bloom events. As a critical step in assuring the accuracy of DA determinations in E analoga, we have developed and validated a highly efficient extraction protocol that yields toxin recoveries of 97 +/- 2.9%. We also determined by HPLC-UV and receptor binding assay, with confirmation by LC-MS/MS, that sand crabs accumulated measurable amounts of DA during toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, while the sea mussel showed no detectable toxin. In addition, a comparison of inter-animal variability in DA content revealed values ranging from ca. 0.5 to 5 mug DA g(-1) tissue and no consistent trend with size class, based on either animal weight or length. These data on the toxicity of individual animals will be useful in designing an appropriate sampling strategy for monitoring DA and, importantly, indicate that sand crabs do not appear to progressively bioaccumulate DA with age. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Calif State Univ, Monterey, CA 93955 USA. RP Doucette, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD MAY PY 2002 VL 40 IS 5 BP 485 EP 492 AR PII S0041-0101(01)00236-7 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00236-7 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 533CR UT WOS:000174512300002 PM 11821119 ER PT J AU Baker, J Bentzen, P Moran, P AF Baker, J Bentzen, P Moran, P TI Molecular markers distinguish coastal cutthroat trout from coastal rainbow trout/steelhead and their hybrids SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER REGIONS; ONCORHYNCHUS-CLARKI; INTROGRESSIVE HYBRIDIZATION; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; GENE; SALMONID; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION; SALVELINUS AB A major cause of population declines among interior cutthroat trout subspecies Oncorhynchus clarki ssp. is hybridization with introduced rainbow trout O. mykiss ssp. Coastal cutthroat trout O. c. clarki have also experienced Population declines in recent decades and are known to hybridize with coastal rainbow trout/steelhead O. m. irideus. However, unlike interior cutthroat trout, coastal cutthroat trout are naturally sympatric with coastal rainbow trout/steelhead. and the role of hybridization in their population declines remains, unclear, Further. little is known about the spatial and temporal distributions of hybridization in these coastal subspecies. As a step toward better characterization of this hybridization, we developed a suite of species-specific DNA markers for coastal cutthroat trout and coastal rainbow trout/steelhead. Of 11 loci presented here, 8 exhibit fixed differences between coastal cutthroat trout and coastal rainbow trout/steelhead. The other three loci revealed frequency differences great enough to make them useful as species markers. To demonstrate their utility, Five of the markers developed here were used to assay a coastal cutthroat trout hatchery broodstock for the presence of hybrids. DNA-based markers can be assayed using nonlethal fin clips or archived samples and hence offer advantages for the study of historical and threatened contemporary populations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Marine Mol Biotechnol Lab, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Baker, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM jon.baker@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAY PY 2002 VL 131 IS 3 BP 404 EP 417 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0404:MMDCCT>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 549PM UT WOS:000175453300005 ER PT J AU Kalin, M Jahanmir, S Ives, LK AF Kalin, M Jahanmir, S Ives, LK TI Effect of counterface roughness on abrasive wear of hydroxyapatite SO WEAR LA English DT Article DE dental restorations; abrasive wear; surface roughness; hydroxyapatite; alumina; enamel ID HUMAN ENAMEL; CERAMICS; ALUMINA; INVITRO; DAMAGE; GOLD AB The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of surface roughness of glass-infiltrated alumina on the abrasive wear of hydroxyapatite using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Hydroxyapatite was used as a model material to simulate tooth enamel. The wear tests were conducted in distilled water at room temperature using a constant sliding speed and three loads to model the normal occlusal contact conditions. The wear volume of polished hydroxyapatite pins increased by more than 20-fold as the average roughness of the alumina disks increased from 14 to 649 nm Ra. No measurable wear was detected on the alumina specimens. The wear surfaces were viewed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and were analyzed with X-ray dispersion spectroscopy to determine the extent of surface damage and the wear mechanisms. It is suggested that polished ceramic restorations will cause relatively low enamel wear, while increased roughness could severely abrade and damage the tooth enamel. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Ljubljana, Ctr Tribol & Tech Diagnost, Ljubljana, Slovenia. RP Jahanmir, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI kalin, mitjan/M-2504-2014 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD MAY PY 2002 VL 252 IS 9-10 BP 679 EP 685 AR PII S0043-1648(02)00028-5 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00028-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 565XW UT WOS:000176396200001 ER PT J AU Kent, MS Yim, H Sasaki, DY Majewski, J Smith, GS Shin, K Satija, S Ocko, BM AF Kent, MS Yim, H Sasaki, DY Majewski, J Smith, GS Shin, K Satija, S Ocko, BM TI Segment concentration profile of myoglobin adsorbed to metal ion chelating lipid monolayers at the air-water interface by neutron reflection SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID X-RAY; PROTEIN CRYSTALS; CRYSTALLIZATION; MEMBRANES; SURFACE; REORGANIZATION; COORDINATION; DIFFRACTION; MICROSCOPY; BINDING C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1815, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1815, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD APR 30 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 9 BP 3754 EP 3757 DI 10.1021/la011440m PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 546TF UT WOS:000175289600057 ER PT J AU Wilson, PT Briggman, KA Wallace, WE Stephenson, JC Richter, LJ AF Wilson, PT Briggman, KA Wallace, WE Stephenson, JC Richter, LJ TI Selective study of polymer/dielectric interfaces with vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation via thin-film interference SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL HARMONIC-GENERATION; MULTILAYER MEDIA; SPECTROSCOPY; SURFACE; POLYSTYRENE AB A technique for selective characterization of the structure of free and buried thin-film interfaces by vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation spectroscopy is described. Manipulation of Fresnel coefficients by choice of film thickness on a reflecting substrate allows simultaneous optimization of the signal from the desired interface and minimization of the signal from other interfacial sources. This technique is demonstrated for the free polystyrene (PS)/air and the buried PS/spin-on glass interfaces. Our spectra show that the pendant phenyl group orientation is similar at the buried and free interfaces, with the phenyls pointing away from the bulk PS at each interface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richter, LJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 18 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 29 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 17 BP 3084 EP 3086 DI 10.1063/1.1475358 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 544EB UT WOS:000175144300018 ER PT J AU Loftus, T Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS AF Loftus, T Regal, CA Ticknor, C Bohn, JL Jin, DS TI Resonant control of elastic collisions in an optically trapped Fermi gas of atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; FESHBACH RESONANCES; SCATTERING LENGTHS; LITHIUM FERMIONS; SPECTROSCOPY; CESIUM; STATE; POTASSIUM; THRESHOLD; RB-85 AB We have loaded an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms into a far-off resonance optical dipole trap and precisely controlled the spin composition of the trapped gas. We have measured a magnetic-field Feshbach resonance between atoms in the two lowest energy spin states, \9/2, -9/2] and\9/2, -7/2] . The resonance peaks at a magnetic field of 201.5+/-1.4 G and has a width of 8.0+/-1.1 G . Using this resonance, we have changed the elastic collision cross section in the gas by nearly 3 orders of magnitude. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ticknor, Christopher/B-8651-2014 NR 33 TC 163 Z9 165 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 29 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 17 AR 173201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.173201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 542QA UT WOS:000175054700021 PM 12005753 ER PT J AU Hewes, JD Bendersky, LA AF Hewes, JD Bendersky, LA TI High throughput materials research and development: a growing effort at NIST SO APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Japan/USA Workshop on Combinatorial Materials Science and Technology CY OCT 01-03, 2000 CL MAUI, HAWAII DE combinatorial methods; high throughput screening ID COMBINATORIAL AB The US private sector has indicated that the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a role to play in facilitating the implementation of high throughput experimentation, e.g. using combinatorial methods. The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) is currently funding research projects in high throughput discovery of catalysts, electronic materials, and polymer coatings internally and externally to NIST. The NIST Measurement and Standards Laboratories (MSL) is actively pursuing research in electronic materials and organic polymers. This presentation presents details on these efforts at NIST. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Chem & Life Sci Off, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Met, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hewes, JD (reprint author), NIST, Chem & Life Sci Off, Adv Technol Program, 100 Bur Dr Stop 4730, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4332 J9 APPL SURF SCI JI Appl. Surf. Sci. PD APR 28 PY 2002 VL 189 IS 3-4 BP 196 EP 204 AR PII S0169-4332(01)01005-4 DI 10.1016/S0169-4332(01)01005-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 571RZ UT WOS:000176733600005 ER PT J AU Soden, BJ Wetherald, RT Stenchikov, GL Robock, A AF Soden, BJ Wetherald, RT Stenchikov, GL Robock, A TI Global cooling after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A test of climate feedback by water vapor SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UPPER-TROPOSPHERE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; CLOUD FEEDBACK; SATELLITE DATA; VARIABILITY; RADIATION; AEROSOL; IMPACT AB The sensitivity of Earth's climate to an external radiative forcing depends critically on the response of water vapor. We use the global cooling and drying of the atmosphere that was observed after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo to test model predictions of the climate feedback from water vapor. Here, we first highlight the success of the model in reproducing the observed drying after the volcanic eruption. Then, by comparing model simulations with and without water vapor feedback, we demonstrate the importance of the atmospheric drying in amplifying the temperature change and show that, without the strong positive feedback from water vapor, the model is unable to reproduce the observed cooling. These results provide quantitative evidence of the reliability of water vapor feedback in current climate models, which is crucial to their use for global warming projections. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Soden, BJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 NR 40 TC 208 Z9 214 U1 12 U2 64 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD APR 26 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5568 BP 727 EP 730 DI 10.1126/science.296.5568.727 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 546PD UT WOS:000175281700052 PM 11976452 ER PT J AU Craig, NC Oertel, CM Oertel, DC Tubergen, MJ Lavrich, RJ Chaka, AM AF Craig, NC Oertel, CM Oertel, DC Tubergen, MJ Lavrich, RJ Chaka, AM TI Structure of cis,trans-1,4-difluorobutadiene from microwave spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article AB Microwave spectra in the 5.5 - 17.5-GHz region have been observed for cis,trans-1,4-difluorobutadiene, for its C-13 isotopomers in natural abundance, for the four singly substituted deuterium isotopomers, and for the 1,4-d(2) species. For the parent species fitting 37 lines to a Watson-type Hamiltonian with the five quartic centrifugal distortion constants gave A = 12 988.333(1) B = 1467.8791(3), and C = 1318.5845(3) MHz. Stark effect measurements on three transitions of the parent species gave a dipole moment of 2.309(5) D with components mu(a) = 0.660(4) D and mu(b) = 2.213(5) D. Surprisingly, the B rotational constant for the 2-d(1) isotopomer, as indexed from the trans end, is larger than that for the normal species, and the rotational constants for the 3-d(1) isotopomer are also anomalous. Nonetheless, a complete, 17-parameter structure is proposed for this planar molecule and compared with density functional theory predictions made with the adiabatic connection method. Structural parameters are also compared with those of butadiene itself. C1 Oberlin Coll, Dept Chem, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. Kent State Univ, Dept Chem, Kent, OH 44242 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Craig, NC (reprint author), Oberlin Coll, Dept Chem, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 25 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 16 BP 4230 EP 4235 DI 10.1021/jp014378a PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 544PR UT WOS:000175169600032 ER PT J AU Jung, HT Kim, SO Ko, YK Yoon, DK Hudson, SD Percec, V Holerca, MN Cho, WD Mosier, PE AF Jung, HT Kim, SO Ko, YK Yoon, DK Hudson, SD Percec, V Holerca, MN Cho, WD Mosier, PE TI Surface order in thin films of self-assembled columnar liquid crystals SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID SPHERICAL SUPRAMOLECULAR DENDRIMERS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMER FILMS; MACROMOLECULES; MONODENDRONS; MICROSCOPY; INTERFACE; POLYMERS; PHASE AB The way in which alignment of hexagonal columnar mesophases depends on molecular structure, film thickness, and surface interactions is investigated. Homeotropic orientation of tapered nonpolymeric and polymeric amphiphilic columnar molecules occurs most readily on carbon substrates. The planar alignment of asymmetric dendrimers is favored on a water surface but is not possible for a symmetric dendrimer. For the polymeric material, film thickness has a significant influence on the morphology. Thick films align homeotropically, but films that are only a few column diameters in thickness are planar, and their thickness is quantized. Because they must contain an integral number of layers of cylinders, the resulting morphology is terraced. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Yusong Gu, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Jung, HT (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Yusong Gu, 373-1 Kusong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RI Yoon, Dong Ki/D-4125-2009; Jung, Hee-Tae/C-1574-2011; Yoon, Dong Ki/C-9670-2011; Kim, Sang Ouk/C-1632-2011; Percec, Virgil/H-6316-2014; Lee, Junyoung/D-5463-2012 OI Yoon, Dong Ki/0000-0002-9383-8958; Kim, Sang Ouk/0000-0003-1513-6042; Percec, Virgil/0000-0001-5926-0489; Lee, Junyoung/0000-0001-6689-2759 NR 33 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 23 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 9 BP 3717 EP 3721 DI 10.1021/ma010587h PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 543QF UT WOS:000175112100058 ER PT J AU Schwahn, D Richter, D Lin, M Fetters, LJ AF Schwahn, D Richter, D Lin, M Fetters, LJ TI Cocrystallization of a poly(ethylene-butene) random copolymer with C-24 in n-decane SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON AB Amorphous-crystalline random copolymers containing ethylene and butene (PEB) segments are known to self-assemble in solution to yield one-dimensional micellar structures, i.e., rodlike aggregates. This behavior stands in contrast with the amorphous-crystalline diblock polymers, where self-assembly leads to a core consisting of a rough textured plate of polyethylene cloaked by the amorphous component; either alternating polyethylene-propylene) or random polyethylene-butene). These materials serve as nucleation platforms for wax crystal size control in commercial formulations for middle distillate fuels. Here, we present small-angle neutron-scattering results to evaluate the influence of C-24 wax in the presence of the PEB random copolymer upon the self-assembly event. In stark contrast to the rodlike micelles the random copolymers cocrystallize with the wax in thin sheets consisting of a single paraffin layer surrounded by amorphous polymer hairs on both plate sides. Such structures have not been seen before. The polymer brush is well-defined, indicating a homogeneous distribution of the polymer in the wax-stabilized plate. It can be conjectured that this behavior may prove to be a viable mechanism regarding the development of flow improvers for waxy crude stocks. C1 Res Ctr, Inst Solid State Res, D-52425 Julich, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neurron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Exxon Res & Engn Co, Corp Strateg Labs, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. RP Richter, D (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sch Chem Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Richter, Dieter/H-3701-2013 OI Richter, Dieter/0000-0003-0719-8470 NR 9 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD APR 23 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 9 BP 3762 EP 3768 DI 10.1021/ma0120456 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 543QF UT WOS:000175112100063 ER PT J AU Yang, DX Chopra, HD Shashishekar, B Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF AF Yang, DX Chopra, HD Shashishekar, B Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF TI Carbon: A bane for giant magnetoresistance magnetic multilayers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SPIN VALVES AB This study reports the highly deleterious role of a small amount of carbon on the structure and magnetic properties of "giant" magnetoresistance (GMR) NiO-Co-Cu-based spin valves. Controlled incorporation of 1-3 at. % carbon in the Co/Cu layers has been shown to completely eliminate the GMR effect. The presence of carbon gives rise to highly discontinuous Co/Cu layers, resulting in the formation of pinholes, and associated degradation of structure-sensitive magnetic properties. In addition, carbon promotes the formation of a high density of stacking faults in the Co/Cu layers, with carbon nanoprecipitates forming in the vicinity of the stacking faults. Results have implications for other multilayers and magnetoelectronics devices. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Mat Program, Thin Films & Nanosynth Lab, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chopra, HD (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Mat Program, Thin Films & Nanosynth Lab, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM hchopra@eng.buffalo.edu NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 22 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 16 BP 2943 EP 2945 DI 10.1063/1.1469682 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 542WQ UT WOS:000175068900042 ER PT J AU Kaka, S Russek, SE AF Kaka, S Russek, SE TI Precessional switching of submicrometer spin valves SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; DEVICES AB Small spin valves are switched using a subnanosecond field pulse applied along the magnetization hard axis. The measured probability for switching due to pulsed hard-axis fields increases as the duration is decreased from 325 to 230 ps. This indicates a large-angle precessional motion in response to the transverse applied field. The behavior is modeled with a single-domain, Landau-Lifshitz simulation. Switching in this manner requires only single-polarity transverse pulses that toggle the state of magnetic devices. This process consumes less energy than traditional quasi-static switching using long-duration field pulses along both directions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kaka, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD APR 22 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 16 BP 2958 EP 2960 DI 10.1063/1.1470704 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 542WQ UT WOS:000175068900047 ER PT J AU Wang, H Shimizu, K Kim, H Hobbie, EK Wang, ZG Han, CC AF Wang, H Shimizu, K Kim, H Hobbie, EK Wang, ZG Han, CC TI Competing growth kinetics in simultaneously crystallizing and phase-separating polymer blends SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE); SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; POLY(ETHYL ACRYLATE); MORPHOLOGY CONTROL; TRANSITIONS; MIXTURES; DIAGRAM; METASTABILITY; POLYPROPYLENE; SEGREGATION AB The kinetic interplay between crystal superstructure growth and late-stage liquid phase coarsening in a polymer blend has been examined. By controlling the relative quench depths for liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization, the growth kinetics of the characteristic length scales of the simultaneous ordering processes show a crossover from crystallization dominated to phase-separation dominated behavior. Based on a scaling argument for late-stage coarsening during spinodal decomposition, we argue that this kinetic crossover is inevitable in a blend for which the critical temperature of liquid-liquid phase separation is well above the equilibrium melting temperature of the blend. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Chem, Kyonggi Do 449701, South Korea. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hao.wang@nist.gov RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 36 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 22 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 16 BP 7311 EP 7315 DI 10.1063/1.1464537 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 541FB UT WOS:000174973600052 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, ST TI Phase stabilization of ultrashort optical pulses SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASER; MODE-LOCKED LASER; COHERENT FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; FEMTOSECOND LASER; NONLINEAR OPTICS; LIGHT-PULSES; GENERATION; FIBERS; DISPERSION; COMB AB New methods have recently been developed to measure the carrier-envelope phase evolution of ultrashort optical pulses. These methods utilize a powerful combination of time-domain and frequency-domain techniques. The resulting ability to stabilize the carrier-envelope phase of the pulse train emitted by a mode-locked laser means that the absolute frequencies in the optical spectrum can be determined, which has had an immediate impact on optical frequency metrology and optical clocks. In the time domain, this establishes the basis for controlling and tailoring the electric field of ultrashort pulses, which will affect applications in extreme nonlinear optics and coherent control. This paper provides a detailed look at the correspondence between time and frequency that underlies these results and reviews the recent progress in the field. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 65 TC 128 Z9 129 U1 4 U2 45 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD APR 21 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 8 BP R43 EP R59 AR PII S0022-3727(02)26929-6 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/35/8/201 PG 17 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 549GB UT WOS:000175435200003 ER PT J AU Roytburd, A Slutsker, J AF Roytburd, A Slutsker, J TI Coherent phase equilibria in a bending film SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE phase transformations; thin films; coherent phase diagrams ID MULTILAYERS; DEFORMATION; SYSTEMS; PLATES; SOLIDS AB The theory of coherent phase diagrams is expanded to phase transformations in films. The misfit between the phases dictates their layer arrangement with an interface parallel to film surfaces. Then, the transformational self-strain leads to the film bending. The phase equilibrium analysis shows that the polymorphic transformation in a single component system proceeds with the thermodynamic hysteresis. However, the reversible change of the two-phase equilibrium with temperature is possible, if the phase fractions are maintained within a range (1/2, 2/3). The character of polymorphic phase transformations in a binary system depends on the concentration of a second component. The quasi-single component transformation takes place at small concentrations. The reversible coherent phase transformation should be observed at the concentration larger than the critical one. The irreversible transformations take place at intermediate concentrations. The irreversible transformations begin with the formation of a finite fraction of the second phase. Then, the two-phase system evaluates with temperature to the final two-phase state that transfers discontinuously to a single-phase state. The concentration diagram does not coincide with the phase diagram. The concentrations in the transforming phases change non-monotonously with temperature. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM julias@nist.gov NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 EI 1873-2453 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 19 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1809 EP 1824 AR PII S1359-6454(02)00033-2 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00033-2 PG 16 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 547HU UT WOS:000175327600015 ER PT J AU Kline, MC Duewer, DL Redman, JW Butler, JM Boyer, DA AF Kline, MC Duewer, DL Redman, JW Butler, JM Boyer, DA TI Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from aged blood stains: Quantitative evaluation of the "suitability for purpose" of four filter papers as archival media SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; GUTHRIE CARDS; LEGAL ISSUES; STORAGE; SAMPLES; COLLECTION; EXTRACTION; BANKS; TEMPERATURE; GUIDELINES AB In collaboration with the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology's Department of Defense DNA Registry, the National Institute of Standards and Technology recently evaluated the performance of a short tandem repeat multiplex with dried whole blood stains on four different commercially available identification card matrixes. DNA from 70 stains that had been stored for 19 months at ambient temperature was extracted or directly amplified and then processed using routine methods. All four storage media provided fully typeable (qualitatively identical) samples. After standardization, the average among-locus fluorescence intensity (electropherographic peak height or area) provided a suitable metric for quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of amplifiable DNA in an archived sample. The amounts of DNA in Chelex extracts from stains on two untreated high-purity cotton linter pulp papers and a paper treated with a DNA-binding coating were essentially identical. Average intensities for the aqueous extracts from a paper treated with a DNA-releasing coating were somewhat lower but also somewhat less variable than for the Chelex extracts. Average intensities of directly amplified punches of the DNA-binding paper were much larger but somewhat more variable than the Chelex extracts. Approximately 25% of the observed variation among the intensity measurements is shared among the four media and thus can be attributed to intrinsic variation in white blood count among the donors. All of the evaluated media adequately "bank" forensically useful DNA in well-dried whole blood stains for at least 19 months at ambient temperature. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Def DNA Registry, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. RP Kline, MC (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008; Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 42 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 8 BP 1863 EP 1869 DI 10.1021/ac015715e PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 541BP UT WOS:000174965600016 PM 11985319 ER PT J AU Lin, P Jabs, W Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Brugh, DJ Suenram, RD AF Lin, P Jabs, W Lucchese, RR Bevan, JW Brugh, DJ Suenram, RD TI A morphed ground state potential for Ne : HI based on microwave spectroscopy SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY SURFACES; HCN-HF; HYDROGEN; DYNAMICS; HBR; SPECTRUM; MODEL; ATOM; IH AB The structure and ground state dynamics of the interaction Ne:HI have been investigated. The potential surface from ab initio molecular orbital calculation was morphed to yield a fit to experimental data. This intermolecular potential results in a ground state Ne-20:HI with R-cm = 4.1018(1) Angstrom. and (P-2 (cos theta')) = 0.12527(1), a nearly free rotor state. For Ne-20:DI, R-cm was 3.9616 (1) A with a value of [P-2(cos theta') = 0.41110(1) corresponding to an angle theta' = 141.20(1) in the isomeric structure. Ne-ID. Ground state characteristics are compared with those determined for Ar:HI and Kr:HI. and predicted for Ne:HI. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bevan, JW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Bldg 3255, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Bevan, John/B-6529-2015; Lucchese, Robert/O-4452-2014; OI Bevan, John/0000-0003-0264-6596; Lucchese, Robert/0000-0002-7200-3775; Lin, Ping/0000-0003-1200-4423 NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 356 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 108 AR PII S0009-2614(02)00374-3 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00374-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 547KF UT WOS:000175331000015 ER PT J AU Reddy, CM Pearson, A Xu, L McNichol, AP Benner, BA Wise, SA Klouda, GA Currie, LA Eglinton, TI AF Reddy, CM Pearson, A Xu, L McNichol, AP Benner, BA Wise, SA Klouda, GA Currie, LA Eglinton, TI TI Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in environmental samples SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE-SEDIMENTS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR MARKER; WOOD COMBUSTION; C-14; PAH; QUANTIFICATION; SOILS; AIR; EMISSIONS AB To determine the relative inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in environmental samples from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass we have developed two independent analytical methods for determining the C-14 abundance of PAHs and BC. The 5730 yr half-life of C-14 makes it an ideal tracer for identifying combustion products derived from fossil fuels (C-14-free) versus those stemming from modern biomass (contemporary C-14). The C-14 abundance of PAHs in several environmental Standard Reference Materials was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry after extraction and then purification by high-performance liquid chromatography and preparative capillary gas chromatography. This method yields pure compounds that allow for a high degree of confidence in the C-14 results. The PAHs data were then used to compare and evaluate results from an operationally defined thermal oxidation method used to isolate a BC fraction. The C-14 compositions of PAHs and BC were very similar and suggest that the thermal oxidation method employed for isolating BC is robust and free from interferences by non-BC components. In addition, these data indicate that both the PAHs and the BC species derive mostly from fossil fuels and/or their combustion products. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Natl Oceans Sci Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Fac, Dept Marine Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NIST, Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM creddy@whoi.edu RI Pearson, Ann/A-6723-2009 NR 59 TC 136 Z9 150 U1 4 U2 32 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1774 EP 1782 DI 10.1021/es011343f PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 541GF UT WOS:000174976300020 PM 11998834 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M AF Dizdaroglu, M TI Introduction to serial reviews on oxidative DNA damage and repair SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 32 IS 8 BP 677 EP 677 AR PII S0891-5849(02)00766-9 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00766-9 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 542BM UT WOS:000175023700001 ER PT J AU Kepko, L Spence, HE Singer, HJ AF Kepko, L Spence, HE Singer, HJ TI ULF waves in the solar wind as direct drivers of magnetospheric pulsations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FIELD LINE RESONANCES; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; HF RADAR; OSCILLATIONS; MAGNETOTAIL; MODES; ACCELERATION; LOBES AB [1] Global magnetospheric ULF pulsations with frequencies in the Pc 5 range (f = 1.7-6.7 mHz) and below have been observed for decades in space and on the Earth. Recent work has shown that in some cases these pulsations appear at discrete frequencies. Global cavity and waveguide modes have been offered as possible sources of such waves. In these models the magnetosphere is presumed to resonate globally at frequencies determined solely by its internal properties such as size, shape, field topology, mass density distribution, etc. We show in this work that upstream solar wind number density and dynamic pressure variations precede and drive compressional magnetic field variations at geosynchronous orbit. Furthermore, spectral analysis shows that wave power spectra in both the solar wind and magnetosphere contain peaks at the same discrete frequencies. Therefore, in contrast to the cavity mode hypothesis, we suggest that discrete ULF pulsations observed within the magnetosphere are at least sometimes directly driven by density oscillations present in the ambient solar wind. Finally, we comment on possible sources for such pulsations observed in the solar wind. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kepko, L (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Kepko, Larry/D-7747-2012; Spence, Harlan/A-1942-2011 OI Kepko, Larry/0000-0002-4911-8208; NR 28 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1197 DI 10.1029/2001GL014405 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800090 ER PT J AU Lesht, BM Stroud, JR McCormick, MJ Fahnenstiel, GL Stein, ML Welty, LJ Leshkevich, GA AF Lesht, BM Stroud, JR McCormick, MJ Fahnenstiel, GL Stein, ML Welty, LJ Leshkevich, GA TI An event-driven phytoplankton bloom in southern Lake Michigan observed by satellite SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GREAT-LAKES; WIND EVENTS; DYNAMICS; MODELS AB [1] Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) images from June 1998 show a surprising early summer phytoplankton bloom in southern Lake Michigan that accounted for approximately 25% of the lake's annual gross offshore algal primary production. By combining the satellite imagery with in situ measurements of water temperature and wind velocity we show that the bloom was triggered by a brief wind event that was sufficient to cause substantial vertical mixing even though the lake was already stratified. We conclude that episodic events can have significant effects on the biological state of large lakes and should be included in biogeochemical process models. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Penn, Wharton Sch, Dept Stat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lesht, BM (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. OI Lesht, Barry/0000-0003-0801-4290 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1177 DI 10.1029/2001GL013533 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800110 ER PT J AU Otterman, J Angell, J Atlas, R Bungato, D Schubert, S Starr, D Susskind, J Wu, MLC AF Otterman, J Angell, J Atlas, R Bungato, D Schubert, S Starr, D Susskind, J Wu, MLC TI Advection from the North Atlantic as the forcing of winter greenhouse effect over Europe SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article DE greenhouse effect in Europe; maritime-air advection; climate fluctuations; climatic feedback ID TEMPERATURE; SURFACE; REANALYSIS AB [1] In winter, large interannual fluctuations in the surface temperature are observed over central Europe. Comparing warm February 1990 with cold February 1996, a satellite-retrieved surface (skin) temperature difference of 9.8 K is observed for the region 50 - 60degreesN; 5 - 35degreesE. Previous studies show that advection from the North Atlantic constitutes the forcing to such fluctuations. The advection is quantified by Index I-na, the average of the ocean-surface wind speed over the eastern North Atlantic when the direction is from the southwest (when the wind is from another direction, it counts as a zero speed to the average). Average Ina for February 1990 was 10.6 m s(-1), but for February 1996 I-na was only 2.4 m s(-1). A large value of I-na means a strong southwesterly flow which brings warm and moist air into central Europe at low level, producing a steeper tropospheric lapse rate. Strong ascending motions at 700 mb were observed in association with warm and moist advection from the ocean in February 1990, producing clouds and precipitation. Total precipitable water and cloud-cover fraction have larger values in February 1990 than in 1996. The difference in the greenhouse effect between these two scenarios, this reduction in the heat loss to space, can be translated into a virtual radiative heating of 2.6 W m(-2) above the February 1990 surface/atmosphere system, which contributes to a warming of the surface on the order of 2.6 K. Accepting this estimate as quantitatively meaningful, we evaluate the direct effect, the rise in the surface temperature in Europe as a result of the maritime-air inflow, as 7.2 K (9.8 K-2.6 K). Thus, fractional reinforcement by the greenhouse effect is 2.6/7.2, or 36%, a substantial positive feedback. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Otterman, J (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Code 910-3, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Atlas, Robert/A-5963-2011 OI Atlas, Robert/0000-0002-0706-3560 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1241 DI 10.1029/2001GL014187 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800036 ER PT J AU Peng, SL Robinson, WA Li, SL AF Peng, SL Robinson, WA Li, SL TI North Atlantic SST forcing of the NAO and relationships with intrinsic hemispheric variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSES; ANOMALIES; CLIMATE; WINTER AB [1] Large (100-member) ensembles of GCM experiments are conducted to examine the atmospheric response to a North Atlantic SST tripole with warm anomalies off the US Eastcoast and cold anomalies north of 40degreesN and south of 25degreesN. The response varies seasonally with the model's intrinsic variability, producing a strong NAO pattern only in February-April, the same months in which the model's internal variability projects strongly on the NAO. The response is significantly different for positive and negative SST tripoles, reproducing nonlinearity present in observational composites. The anomalous surface heat flux associated with the strong late-winter/spring response implies a significantly reduced damping of the SST anomaly, and in some areas even a positive thermal feedback between the atmosphere and the ocean. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Peng, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408 NR 14 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1276 DI 10.1029/2001GL014043 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800011 ER PT J AU Ploshay, JJ Anderson, JL AF Ploshay, JJ Anderson, JL TI Large sensitivity to initial conditions in seasonal predictions with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IMPACT AB [1] An ensemble of one-year forecasts differing only in details of the atmospheric initial conditions was produced with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM) in order to investigate the predictability of the coupled system. For some ocean initial conditions, the evolution of the tropical Pacific ocean thermal structure seems to be relatively deterministic for lead times out to one year. However, there are other ocean initial conditions, mostly in the mid 1990's for which coupled model forecasts of the tropical Pacific are much more sensitive to details of the atmosphere initial conditions. In some cases, the ensemble forecasts appear to split, with some ensemble members predicting El Nino-like conditions, and others predicting La Nina. Very large ensembles were run for several of these cases. Very slight perturbations added to the atmospheric initial conditions led to large spread in predicted SST anomalies in some years. These are model results, however, they do suggest the possibility that seasonal predictions of the coupled tropical system may be highly non-deterministic in some years. C1 Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Ploshay, JJ (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1262 DI 10.1029/2000GL012710 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800025 ER PT J AU Rathke, C Fischer, J Neshyba, S Shupe, M AF Rathke, C Fischer, J Neshyba, S Shupe, M TI Improving IR cloud phase determination with 20 microns spectral observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; WATER; ICE AB [1] Adding 20 mum spectral observations to observations in the 812 mum region can significantly improve infrared cloud phase determination from both space and the surface. We demonstrate this with 7-20 mum radiance spectra of Arctic stratus clouds measured by a ship-based FTIR spectrometer during the SHEBA experiment. Our results are compared with phase classifications obtained from lidar, microwave radiometer, and radar data. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Weltraumwissensch, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. Univ Puget Sound, Dept Chem, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. NOAA, Sci & Technol Corp, Environm Technol Lab, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rathke, C (reprint author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Weltraumwissensch, Carl Heinrich Becker Weg 6-10, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1209 DI 10.1029/2001GL014594 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800078 ER PT J AU Tsunoda, RT Ecklund, WL AF Tsunoda, RT Ecklund, WL TI East-west asymmetry in type-2 echoes and enhanced electron drift in the equatorial electrojet SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WAVELENGTH IRREGULARITIES; RADAR ECHOES; TURBULENCE AB [1] Simultaneous measurements of type-2 echoes in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the 150 km echoes were made with a tri-beam radar on Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia). Using the mean Doppler velocity ([V-D]) to estimate the line-of-sight component of electron drift velocity ( (V) over right arrow (e)), we show that its vertical component (V-ez) increases with altitude and exceeds V-ez measured at 150 km, between 96 and 103 km. At 103 km, the ratio of vertical [V-D] to V-ez at 150 km was five. This enhancement explains the hitherto puzzling east-west asymmetry in [V-D] of type-2 echoes. More importantly, we show how the enhanced V-ez appears to be associated with the discrepancy in the altitude of peak current density of the EEJ, between measurement and model. We discuss roles played by kilometer-scale irregularities and close by describing apparent effects by atmospheric gravity waves. C1 SRI Int, Ctr Geosp Studies, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tsunoda, RT (reprint author), SRI Int, Ctr Geosp Studies, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1180 DI 10.1029/2001GL014582 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800107 ER PT J AU Wilson, WD Johns, WE Garzoli, SL AF Wilson, WD Johns, WE Garzoli, SL TI Velocity structure of North Brazil Current rings SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT RETROFLECTION; VARIABILITY; ALTIMETRY AB [1] High-resolution shipboard surveys of four North Brazil Current rings are presented, which are the first such dedicated surveys to be made of these features. Of the four rings surveyed, three fundamentally different types of ring structures are found: (1) a shallow, surface-trapped structure with velocities confined to the top 200 m (two rings), (2) a deep-reaching structure with significant swirl velocities (similar to0.2 m/s) extending to 2000 m (one ring), and (3) a thermocline-intensified structure with almost no detectable surface signature (one ring). The results of this study indicate that North Brazil Current rings can have highly variable vertical structures, and that assessing their overall role in cross gyre exchange in the tropical Atlantic will require a careful combination of remote sensing and in-situ observations. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wilson, WD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253 NR 9 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 AR 1273 DI 10.1029/2001GL013869 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DF UT WOS:000178886800014 ER PT J AU Wang, LL Silin, V Gaigalas, AK Xia, JL Gebeyehu, G AF Wang, LL Silin, V Gaigalas, AK Xia, JL Gebeyehu, G TI Application of electromodulated fluorescence to the study of the dynamics of single-strand oligonucleotides at modified gold surfaces SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ELECTROPHORETIC MOTION; ELECTRIC DICHROISM; DNA PROBES; HYBRIDIZATION; POLARIZATION; FRAGMENTS; PARTICLES; MOLECULES; CHARGE; FIELDS AB Single-strand oligonucleotides with fluorescein labels were immobilized on modified gold electrodes and the surface fluorescence intensity was measured as a function of the potential applied to the electrode. The potential consisted of a constant and sinusoidal parts. The fluorescence was detected synchronously with the sinusoidal component of the potential. Large variation in the electromodulated fluorescence (EmF) was observed as a function of the constant component of the applied potential. In the potential range -0.2 to +0.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) the EmF signal was quasi-reversible. A model for surface fluorescence was applied to the analysis of the EmF in this potential range. The model assumed that the adsorption-desorption process and quenching by the metal were the dominant mechanisms responsible for the observed EmF. For constant potential more negative than -0.5 V, the observed EmF response appeared to have a contribution from ssDNA in solution. This interpretation was suggested by comparison to EmF from solutions containing free fluorescein or labeled ssDNA. Large variation in the EmF response was observed for electrodes modified with amine and carboxyl groups. This suggests that electrostatic interactions play a dominant role. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Life Technol Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Gaigalas, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 248 IS 2 BP 404 EP 412 DI 10.1006/jcis.2001.8191 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 541ZY UT WOS:000175018700022 PM 16290545 ER PT J AU Cheng, WY Chen, LS Yoon, TH Hall, JL Ye, J AF Cheng, WY Chen, LS Yoon, TH Hall, JL Ye, J TI Sub-Doppler molecular-iodine transitions near the dissociation limit (523-498 nm) SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 532 NM; HYPERFINE; SPECTROSCOPY AB A widely tunable and high-resolution spectrometer based on a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser was used to explore sub-Doppler transitions of iodine molecules in the wavelength range 523-498 mm. The wavelength dependence of the hyperfine transition linewidth of iodine was mapped out in this region, and the narrowest linewidth was similar to4 kHz near 508 nm. The hyperfine-resolved patterns were found to be largely modified toward the dissociation limit. The observed excellent signal-to-noise ratio should lead to high-quality optical frequency standards that are better than those of the popular 532-nm system. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILa, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cheng, WY (reprint author), Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Phys, Hualien, Taiwan. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 15 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 8 BP 571 EP 573 DI 10.1364/OL.27.000571 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 543RY UT WOS:000175116000003 PM 18007865 ER PT J AU Lobkovsky, AE Warren, JA AF Lobkovsky, AE Warren, JA TI Phase field model of premelting of grain boundaries SO PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE grain boundary; phase field; premelting ID SIMULATION; INTERFACE; DIFFUSION; MIGRATION AB We present a phase field model of solidification which includes the effects of the crystalline orientation in the solid phase. This model describes grain boundaries as well as solid-liquid boundaries within a unified framework. With an appropriate choice of coupling of the phase field variable to the gradient of the crystalline orientation variable in the free energy, we find that high-angle boundaries undergo a premelting transition. As the melting temperature is approached from below, low-angle grain boundaries remain narrow. The width of the liquid layer at high-angle grain boundaries diverges logarithmically. In addition, for some choices of model coupling, there may be a discontinuous jump in the width of the fluid layer as function of temperature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lobkovsky, AE (reprint author), Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 24 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 164 IS 3-4 BP 202 EP 212 AR PII S0167-2789(02)00377-9 DI 10.1016/S0167-2789(02)00377-9 PG 11 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 559XY UT WOS:000176052700005 ER PT J AU Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S Kilic, C AF Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S Kilic, C TI Reversible band-gap engineering in carbon nanotubes by radial deformation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; BROKEN SYMMETRY; ROPES; MICROTUBULES; MANIPULATION; COMPRESSION; PSEUDOGAPS; TRANSPORT; TUBULES AB We present a systematic analysis of the effect of radial deformation on the atomic and electronic structure of zigzag and armchair single wall carbon nanotubes using the first-principle plane wave method. The nanotubes were deformed by applying a radial strain, which distorts the circular cross section to an elliptical one. The atomic structure of the nanotubes under this strain are fully optimized, and the electronic structure is calculated self-consistently to determine the response of individual bands to the radial deformation. The band gap of the insulating tube is closed and eventually an insulator-metal transition sets in by the radial strain which is in the elastic range. Using this property a multiple quantum well structure with tunable and reversible electronic structure is formed on an individual nanotube and its band lineup is determined from first principles. The elastic energy due to the radial deformation and elastic constants are calculated and compared with classical theories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Kilic, Cetin/E-1336-2011 OI Kilic, Cetin/0000-0003-2690-4940 NR 39 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 15 AR 155410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.155410 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 544FG UT WOS:000175147100116 ER PT J AU Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S AF Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S TI Systematic ab initio study of curvature effects in carbon nanotubes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NANOSCALE GRAPHITIC TUBULES; ENERGY GAPS; SEMICONDUCTING NANOTUBULES; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; TRANSPORT AB We investigate curvature effects on geometric parameters, energetics, and electronic structure of zigzag nanotubes with fully optimized geometries from first-principle calculations. The calculated curvature energies, which are inversely proportional to the square of radius, are in good agreement with the classical elasticity theory. The variation of the band gap with radius is found to differ from simple rules based on the zone folded graphene bands. Large discrepancies between tight binding and first-principles calculations of the band gap values of small nanotubes are discussed in detail. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Ankara, Turkey. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 37 TC 187 Z9 188 U1 0 U2 24 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 15 AR 153405 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.153405 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 544FG UT WOS:000175147100035 ER PT J AU Hamalainen, K Galambosi, S Soininen, JA Shirley, EL Rueff, JP Shukla, A AF Hamalainen, K Galambosi, S Soininen, JA Shirley, EL Rueff, JP Shukla, A TI Momentum dependence of fluorine K-edge core exciton in LiF SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; DYNAMIC STRUCTURE FACTOR; RAMAN-SCATTERING; ELECTRON-GAS; GRAPHITE; EXCHANGE; DIAMOND; SYSTEMS AB Nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra have been measured with an energy loss close to the fluorine K edge of lithium fluoride. The extracted dynamic structure factor is well reproduced by a first-principles computational scheme that takes the electron-hole interaction into account. A systematic study of the momentum-transfer dependence with high energy resolution in the close vicinity of the K edge shows clear deviations from the dipole approximation. With the help of the calculations, it is shown that the observed deviations are because of an s-type exciton. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Xray Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France. RP Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Xray Phys, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Hamalainen, Keijo/A-3986-2010; Shukla, Abhay/G-6753-2011; Rueff, Jean-Pascal/D-8938-2016 OI Hamalainen, Keijo/0000-0002-9234-9810; Rueff, Jean-Pascal/0000-0003-3594-918X NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 15 AR 155111 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.155111 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 544FG UT WOS:000175147100051 ER PT J AU Nelson, EJ Woicik, JC Pianetta, P Vartanyants, IA Cooper, JW AF Nelson, EJ Woicik, JC Pianetta, P Vartanyants, IA Cooper, JW TI Quadrupole effects in core and valence photoelectron emission from crystalline germanium measured via a spatially modulated x-ray interference field SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS; SURFACE-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; STANDING WAVES; NONDIPOLAR ASYMMETRIES; MULTIPOLE CORRECTIONS; LOW ENERGIES; PHOTOEMISSION AB Near a crystal x-ray Bragg reflection, the incident and reflected x-ray beams that travel with opposite wave vectors create an x-ray standing-wave (XSW) interference field. The quadrupole (and higher order nondipole) contributions to the photoelectron emission matrix element differ for these two beams due to their different wave vectors. By monitoring the angle-resolved photoelectron yield as a function of photon energy near the (11-1) Bragg back-reflection condition of crystalline Ge, we measure the contribution of nondipole effects to Ge 3p, Ge 3d, and Ge valence-band (4s and 4p) XSW photoelectron emission. Significant changes due to nondipole emission are measured in both the apparent amplitude and phase of the Ge structure factor relative to the true Ge atomic distribution, and compared to theory. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Nelson, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 16 AR 165219 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165219 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 547GQ UT WOS:000175325000063 ER PT J AU Zhang, GP Woods, GT Shirley, EL Callcott, TA Lin, L Chang, GS Sales, BC Mandrus, D He, J AF Zhang, GP Woods, GT Shirley, EL Callcott, TA Lin, L Chang, GS Sales, BC Mandrus, D He, J TI Orbital-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy in NaV2O5 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-ORDERED STATE; ANOMALOUS SCATTERING; CHEMICAL-BOND; FLUORESCENCE; POLARIZATION; ABSORPTION; GRAPHITE; EMISSION; COMPOUND; SPECTRA AB We demonstrate that angle-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy can resolve absorption by inequivalent oxygen sites and by different orbitals belonging to the same site in NaV2O5. By rotating the polarization direction, we see a dramatic change in the absorption spectra at the oxygen K edge. Our theory identifies the detailed composition of the spectra and predicts a correct energy ordering of the orbitals of three inequivalent oxygen atoms. Because different orbitals dominate absorption spectra at different energies and angles, one can excite at a specific site and "orbital." In contrast, absorption at the vanadium L edge does not show large changes when varying the polarization direction. The reason for this is that different excitation channels (involving different initial states for the excited electron) overlap in energy and vary in compensating ways, obscuring each channel's sensitive polarization dependence. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. SUNY Coll Buffalo, Dept Phys, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Zhang, GP (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Chang, Gap Soo/C-7370-2008; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014 OI Chang, Gap Soo/0000-0002-8611-4230; NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD APR 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 16 AR 165107 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165107 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 547GQ UT WOS:000175325000027 ER PT J AU Burnett, K Edwards, M Clark, CW Shotter, M AF Burnett, K Edwards, M Clark, CW Shotter, M TI The Bogoliubov approach to number squeezing of atoms in an optical lattice SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; MODEL AB We describe an approach for finding the number squeezing for arrays of atoms in an optical lattice. It is based on a straightforward extension of the Bogoliubov method. We discuss the conditions for optimizing squeezing and how to predict what will be obtained in a given experiment. We consider using the method to deal with finite temperatures. The method also appears to be extensible to inhomogeneous and time-dependent systems. C1 Clarendon Lab, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, K (reprint author), Clarendon Lab, Dept Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 23 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD APR 14 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1671 EP 1678 AR PII S0953-4075(02)30896-4 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/35/7/305 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 548AB UT WOS:000175364400010 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Jensen, PY Kishore, N Mayhew, MP Parsons, JF Eisenstein, E Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, YB Jensen, PY Kishore, N Mayhew, MP Parsons, JF Eisenstein, E Goldberg, RN TI Thermodynamics of reactions catalyzed by PABA synthase SO BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ADC; 4-aminobenzoic acid; 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate; apparent equilibrum constant; calorimetry; chorismate; enthalpy; PABA; thermodynamics ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AMINODEOXYCHORISMATE LYASE; ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE; CHORISMATE; PURIFICATION; CONVERSION; EQUILIBRIUM; PATHWAY; ENZYME; WATER AB Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of reactions catalyzed by PABA synthase, the enzyme located at the first step in the shikimic acid metabolic pathway leading from chorismate to 4-aminobenzoate (PABA). The overall biochemical reaction catalyzed by the PabB and PabC components of PABA synthase is: chorismate (aq) + ammonia(aq) = 4-aminobenzoate (aq) + pyruvate(aq) + H,0(l). This reaction can be divided into two partial reactions involving the intermediate 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADO: chorismate(aq) + ammonia(aq) = ADC(aq) + H2O(l) and ADC(aq) 4-aminobenzoate(aq) + pyruvate(aq). Microcalorimetric measurements were performed on all three of these reactions at a temperature of 298.15 K and pH values in the range 8.72-8.77. Equilibrium measurements were performed on the first partial (ADC synthase) reaction at T 298.15 K and at pH=8.78. The saturation molality of 4-aminobenzoate(cr) in water is (0.00382+/-0.0004) mol kg(-1) at T=298.15 K. The results of the equilibrium and calorimetric measurements were analyzed in terms of a chemical equilibrium model that accounts for the multiplicity of ionic states of the reactants and products. These calculations gave thermodynamic quantities at the temperature 298.15 K and an ionic strength of zero for chemical reference reactions involving specific ionic forms. For the reaction: chorismate(2-) (aq) +NH4+ (aq) =ADC(-) (aq) +H2O(1), K= (10.8+/-4.2) and Delta(r)H(m)(o) = -(35 +/- 15) kJ mol(-1). For the reaction: ADC-(aq) =4-aminobenzoate-(aq) +pyruvate- (aq) +H+ (aq), ArH'111 -(139+23) kJ mol-'. For the reaction: chorismate2- (aq) +NH4+(aq)=4-aminobenzoate(-) (aq) +pyruvate(-) (aq) +H2O(1)+H+ (aq), Delta(r)H(m)(o) = 74 +/- 6) kJ mol(-1). Thermodynamic cycle calculations were used to calculate thermodynamic quantities for three additional reactions that utilize L-glutamine rather than ammonia and that are pertinent to this branch point of the shikimic acid pathway. The quantities obtained in this study permit the calculation of the position of equilibrium of these reactions as a function of temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Values of the apparent equilibrium constants and the standard transformed Gibbs energy changes Delta(r)G'(o)(m) under approximately physiological conditions are given. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Catonsville, MD 21228 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-4622 J9 BIOPHYS CHEM JI Biophys. Chem. PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 96 IS 1 BP 33 EP 51 AR PII S0301-4622(02)00034-0 DI 10.1016/S0301-4622(02)00034-0 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry GA 551EP UT WOS:000175546800004 PM 11975992 ER PT J AU George, WL Warren, JA AF George, WL Warren, JA TI A parallel 3D dendritic growth simulator using the phase-field method SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE phase-field method; dendritic growth; binary alloy; finite differences; parallel processing; MPI ID 3-DIMENSIONAL DENDRITES; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; SOLIDIFICATION; MODEL; MICROSEGREGATION; COMPUTATIONS; DIFFUSION; ALLOYS; FLOWS AB We describe an implementation of a parallel finite-difference algorithm for the simulation of alloy solidification in three dimensions using the phase-field model. We also describe the visualization of the output from this Simulator. Although this type of simulation has been accomplished before in two dimensions. extending this to three dimensions presents scaling problems for both the Computations and the subsequent rendering of the results for visualization. This is due to the O(n(4)) execution time of the simulation algorithm as well as the ()(113) space requirements for holding the required three-dimensional arrays of field parameters. Additionally, rendering the output of the three-dimensional simulation stresses the available software and hardware when the simulations extend over computational grids of size 500 x 500 x 500. Parallel computing libraries and hardware-supported rendering combine to help make this Simulator simple to implement. portable, and efficient even when run in heterogeneous environments. This has all been accomplished using simple static uniform grids and finite differencing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP George, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD APR 10 PY 2002 VL 177 IS 2 BP 264 EP 283 DI 10.1006/jcph.2002.7005 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 544PQ UT WOS:000175169500003 ER PT J AU Farnik, M Davis, S Schuder, MD Nesbitt, DJ AF Farnik, M Davis, S Schuder, MD Nesbitt, DJ TI Probing potential surfaces for hydrogen bonding: Near-infrared combination band spectroscopy of van der Waals stretch (nu(4)) and geared bend (nu(5)) vibrations in (HCl)(2) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 6-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM CALCULATIONS; HCL DIMER; HIGH-RESOLUTION; SUPERSONIC JETS; INTERMOLECULAR MODES; LASER SPECTROSCOPY; ENERGY SURFACE; ROTATION; DYNAMICS; SPECTRA AB High resolution infrared spectra of the two "low" frequency intermolecular modes-van der Waals stretch (nu(4)) and geared bend (nu(5)) of (HCl)(2)-have been characterized in HCl-stretch excited states using a slit jet spectrometer. In a high resolution high sensitivity search covering the range between 2880 and 3070 cm(-1) four (HCl)(2) combination bands associated with in-plane vibrations nu(4) and nu(5) have been observed. The vibrational assignment of these bands is based on comparison between observed intermolecular mode energies and predictions from recent six-dimensional (6D) quantum mechanical (QM) calculations [Y. Qiu, J. Z. H. Zhang, and Z. Bacic, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 4804 (1998)], though additional confirmation is provided by ancillary spectroscopic information such as rotational constants, predissociation linewidths, and Cl-35/Cl-37 isotopic band shifts. The experimentally observed intermolecular energies agree with theoretical predictions to approximate to2-4 cm(-1) out of 60-90 cm(-1), suggesting that the 6D potential energy surface can describe combination band excitation in these lower frequency intermolecular coordinates fairly well. Three of the four observed combination bands arise from the upper tunneling level (B+), and all four bands are built exclusively on bound HCl stretch (nu(2)). To account for these striking intensity anomalies, a simple model for three-dimensional QM calculation of transition moments is introduced, which correctly reproduces the experimental trends. In this model, the propensity for nu(2) based combination bands arising from upper tunneling levels can be successfully ascribed to the unusually "floppy" nature of the intermolecular vibrations, which results in a "harmonic oscillator" Deltav=+1 propensity for excitations between tunneling levels along the geared bend coordinate. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Farnik, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Farnik, Michal/F-5274-2014 OI Farnik, Michal/0000-0002-7106-0719 NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 8 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 14 BP 6132 EP 6145 DI 10.1063/1.1436105 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 535FH UT WOS:000174634200027 ER PT J AU Farnik, M Davis, S Kostin, MA Polyansky, OL Tennyson, J Nesbitt, DJ AF Farnik, M Davis, S Kostin, MA Polyansky, OL Tennyson, J Nesbitt, DJ TI Beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation: High-resolution overtone spectroscopy of H2D+ and D2H+ SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; NU-3 FUNDAMENTAL BANDS; INFRARED-SPECTRUM; SELECTION-RULES; MOLECULAR-SPECTROSCOPY; MICROHARTREE ACCURACY; H-3(+); H-3+; ION AB Transitions to overtone 2nu(2) and 2nu(3), and combination nu(2)+nu(3) vibrations in jet-cooled H2D+ and D2H+ molecular ions have been measured for the first time by high-resolution IR spectroscopy. The source of these ions is a pulsed slit jet supersonic discharge, which allows for efficient generation, rotational cooling, and high frequency (100 KHz) concentration modulation for detection via sensitive lock-in detection methods. Isotopic substitution and high-resolution overtone spectroscopy in this fundamental molecular ion permit a systematic, first principles investigation of Born-Oppenheimer "breakdown" effects due to large amplitude vibrational motion as well as provide rigorous tests of approximate theoretical methods beyond the Born-Oppenheimer level. The observed overtone transitions are in remarkably good agreement (<0.1 cm(-1)) with non-Born-Oppenheimer ab initio theoretical predictions, with small but systematic deviations for 2nu(2), nu(2)+nu(3), and 2nu(3) excited states indicating directions for further improvement in such treatments. Spectroscopic assignment and analysis of the isotopomeric transitions reveals strong Coriolis mixing between near resonant 2nu(3) and nu(2)+nu(3) vibrations in D2H+. Population-independent line intensity ratios for transitions from common lower states indicate excellent overall agreement with theoretical predictions for D2H+, but with statistically significant discrepancies noted for H2D+. Finally, H2D+ versus D2H+ isotopomer populations are analyzed as a function of D-2/H-2 mixing ratio and can be well described by steady state kinetics in the slit discharge expansion. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603600, Russia. RP Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Tennyson, Jonathan/I-2222-2012; Farnik, Michal/F-5274-2014 OI Tennyson, Jonathan/0000-0002-4994-5238; Farnik, Michal/0000-0002-7106-0719 NR 53 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 8 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 14 BP 6146 EP 6158 DI 10.1063/1.1458244 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 535FH UT WOS:000174634200028 ER PT J AU Deng, L Kozuma, M Hagley, EW Payne, MG AF Deng, L Kozuma, M Hagley, EW Payne, MG TI Opening optical four-wave mixing channels with giant enhancement using ultraslow pump waves SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR OPTICS; GROUP-VELOCITY; ATOMIC GAS AB We show that by strongly modifying the dispersion properties of a four-level system, nonexisting wave mixing channels can be opened and significantly enhanced. Specifically, we show that coherent optical four-wave mixing with a pump wave mediated by electromagnetically induced transparency ( thereby propagating with an extremely slow group velocity) will lead to many orders of magnitude enhancement in the amplitude of the generated wave. Contrary to common belief, a large transparency window, which causes a large propagation velocity, actually diminishes efficient mixing wave production. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 8 TC 126 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD APR 8 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 14 AR 143902 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.143902 PG 3 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 535EQ UT WOS:000174632600013 PM 11955149 ER PT J AU Inn, K Lin, ZC McMahon, C Wu, ZY AF Inn, K Lin, ZC McMahon, C Wu, ZY TI Interface of environmental, bioassay and radioanalytical traceability evaluations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 031-NUCL BP B150 EP B151 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296800803 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, BE Colle, R Cessna, JT Broda, R Cassette, P AF Zimmerman, BE Colle, R Cessna, JT Broda, R Cassette, P TI Application of the triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method for the absolute standardization of radionuclides by liquid scintillation counting. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 051-NUCL BP B154 EP B154 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296800823 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, CA AF Gonzalez, CA TI Practical aspects of computational chemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 235-PHYS BP C55 EP C55 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801682 ER PT J AU Hsu, S AF Hsu, S TI Nanolubrication: The arts and sciences of surface property control and measurements. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 141-PHYS BP C41 EP C41 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801590 ER PT J AU Koga, T Seo, YS Hu, XS Shin, K Zhang, YM Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK AF Koga, T Seo, YS Hu, XS Shin, K Zhang, YM Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, JC Chu, B Satija, SK TI Dynamics of ultrathin polymer films in supercritical carbon dioxide. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res 2, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 145-PHYS BP C41 EP C41 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801594 ER PT J AU Leone, SR AF Leone, SR TI Radical reactions: Novel products and transition state dynamics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 446-PHYS BP C85 EP C85 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801890 ER PT J AU Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP AF Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP TI Application of computational kinetics to combustion chemistry problems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Lille 1, Lab Cinet & Chim Combust, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 515-PHYS BP C96 EP C96 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801959 ER PT J AU Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ AF Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Huie, RE Kurylo, MJ TI A theoretical study of the kinetics of the reactions of OH radicals with a series of haloethanes of type CH3CXYZ (X, Y, Z = H, F, Cl or Br). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Lille 1, Lab Cinet & Chim Combust, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Expt Kinet & Thermodynam Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 387-PHYS BP C76 EP C76 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801832 ER PT J AU Nesbitt, DJ Harper, WW Whitney, E Zolot, A AF Nesbitt, DJ Harper, WW Whitney, E Zolot, A TI IR laser studies of state-to-state reaction dynamics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, JILA, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Zolot, Alexander/C-7450-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 485-PHYS BP C91 EP C91 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801929 ER PT J AU Rafailovich, MH Ge, S Gersappe, D Schwarz, SA Sokolov, J Peiffer, D Wu, WL AF Rafailovich, MH Ge, S Gersappe, D Schwarz, SA Sokolov, J Peiffer, D Wu, WL TI The dynamics of polymers confined at surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Phys, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY USA. EXXON Mobil Res & Engn, Paulsboro, NJ USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 458-PHYS BP C87 EP C87 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801902 ER PT J AU Westmoreland, PR Stoliarov, SI Zhang, HQ Nyden, MR AF Westmoreland, PR Stoliarov, SI Zhang, HQ Nyden, MR TI Modeling and identifying intramolecular mechanisms of polymer degradation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Goessmann Lab 159, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 516-PHYS BP C96 EP C96 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296801960 ER PT J AU Riffle, JS Rutnakornpituk, M Lin-Gibson, S Dailey, JP Harris, LA AF Riffle, JS Rutnakornpituk, M Lin-Gibson, S Dailey, JP Harris, LA TI Magnetic nanostructured fluids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NIST, Polymers Div 854, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 374-POLY BP D38 EP D39 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296802337 ER PT J AU Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Kim, H Han, CC AF Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Kim, H Han, CC TI Morphological development in copolymer blends of poly(ethylene-co-hexene) and poly(ethylene-co-butene) SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 333-POLY BP D32 EP D32 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296802297 ER PT J AU Wang, ZG Balizer, E Hsiao, BS Han, CC AF Wang, ZG Balizer, E Hsiao, BS Han, CC TI Structure evolution during ferroelectric phase transition in a vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymer. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 367-POLY BP D37 EP D37 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296802330 ER PT J AU Wang, ZG Wang, H Hsiao, BS Gersappe, D Han, CC AF Wang, ZG Wang, H Hsiao, BS Gersappe, D Han, CC TI In-situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of crystallization in poly(ethylene/hexene) copolymer subjected to step shear SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 332-POLY BP D32 EP D32 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CE UT WOS:000176296802296 ER PT J AU Byrd, M Guttman, CM Wallace, WE Ridge, DP AF Byrd, M Guttman, CM Wallace, WE Ridge, DP TI Gas-phase reactivity of eta (5)-cyclopentadienylgo balt ion (CpCo+) towards saturated hydrocarbons using Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Chem & Biochem, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RI Ridge, Douglas/A-7539-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 079-ANYL BP U76 EP U76 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296700338 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM Johnson, RD AF Chaka, AM Johnson, RD TI Current and future needs for improvement in electron correlation methodology: The industrial perspective SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 269-COMP BP U504 EP U504 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702826 ER PT J AU Gierczak, T Gilles, M Talukdar, RK Bauerle, S Ravishankara, AR AF Gierczak, T Gilles, M Talukdar, RK Bauerle, S Ravishankara, AR TI Atmospheric OH reactions: Simple to complex pathways and their consequences. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 095-ENVR BP U524 EP U524 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702932 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, CA AF Gonzalez, CA TI On the transferability of hybrid density functional. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 47-COMP BP U470 EP U470 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702607 ER PT J AU Hackley, VA AF Hackley, VA TI Techniques for measurements in concentrated suspensions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 327-COLL BP U434 EP U434 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702405 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK Johnson, RD AF Irikura, KK Johnson, RD TI Isopotential searching for discovering chemical reactions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 55-COMP BP U471 EP U471 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702613 ER PT J AU Louis, F Gonzalez, CA AF Louis, F Gonzalez, CA TI How to predict kinetic parameters using the combination of electronic structure calculations and transition state theory? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Lille 1, Lab Cinet & Chim Combust, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 1201-CHED BP U342 EP U342 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296701939 ER PT J AU O'Hern, CS Langer, SA Liu, AJ Nagel, SR AF O'Hern, CS Langer, SA Liu, AJ Nagel, SR TI Jamming. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RI O'Hern, Corey/I-3459-2014 OI O'Hern, Corey/0000-0002-8272-5640 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 435-COLL BP U452 EP U452 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702512 ER PT J AU Orlando, JJ Tyndall, GS Burkholder, JB Bertman, SB Chen, WC AF Orlando, JJ Tyndall, GS Burkholder, JB Bertman, SB Chen, WC TI The atmospheric chemistry of the unsaturated aldehydes methacrolein, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCAR, Atomopher Chem Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 096-ENVR BP U524 EP U524 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296702933 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB McCarty, G Reeves, VB Follet, RF Kimble, JM AF Reeves, JB McCarty, G Reeves, VB Follet, RF Kimble, JM TI Mid-versus near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of organic matter in soils and other biological materials. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, AMBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, EQL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, SPNRU, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, NSSL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 139-CELL BP U141 EP U142 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296700688 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE AF Wallace, WE TI Advances in the mass spectrometry of saturated hydrocarbon polymers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD APR 7 PY 2002 VL 223 MA 200-ANYL BP U95 EP U95 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 564CD UT WOS:000176296700455 ER PT J AU Nilsson, WB Strom, MS AF Nilsson, WB Strom, MS TI Detection and identification of bacterial pathogens of fish in kidney tissue using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA genes SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE terminal restriction length polymorphism; T-RFLP; bacteria; universal detection; bacterial pathogen identification ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; SALMON SALMO-SALAR; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE; PCR ASSAY; STRAINS; AMPLIFICATION; MYCOBACTERIUM AB We report the application of a nucleic acid-based assay that enables direct detection and identification of bacterial pathogens in fish kidney tissue without the need for bacterial culture. The technique, known as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), employs the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a primer pair that targets 2 highly conserved regions of the gene that encodes for the 16S small subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Each primer is 5' labeled with a different fluorescent dye, which results in each terminus of the resulting amplicon having a distinguishable fluorescent tag. The amplicon is then digested with a series of 6 restriction endonucleases, followed by size determination of the 2 labeled terminal fragments by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Comparison of the lengths of the full set of 12 terminal fragments with those predicted based on analyses of GenBank submissions of 16S sequences leads to presumptive identification of the pathogen to at least the genus, but more typically the species level. Results of T-RFLP analyses of genomic DNA from multiple strains of a number of fish bacterial pathogens are presented. The assay is further demonstrated on fish kidney tissue spiked with a known number of cells of Flavobacterium psychrophilum where a detection limit of ca. 30 CFU mg(-1) of tissue was estimated. A similar detection limit was observed for several other Gram-negative pathogens. This procedure was also used to detect Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum in the kidney tissue of 2 naturally infected salmonids. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Strom, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 35 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD APR 5 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 3 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.3354/dao048175 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 559NU UT WOS:000176032900003 PM 12033704 ER PT J AU Kim, JH Germer, TA Mulholland, GW Ehrman, SH AF Kim, JH Germer, TA Mulholland, GW Ehrman, SH TI Size-monodisperse metal nanoparticles via hydrogen-free spray pyrolysis SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; SPHERES; SURFACE AB Size-monodisperse pure copper particles (see Figure for a TEM image) are formed from metal salt precursors in a spray pyrolysis process that uses ethanol as co-solvent, thus avoiding the addition of hydrogen or other reducing gases. In addition, the uniform-size particles' could be "classified" using a droplet impactor plate, which eliminates larger droplets at the atomizer prior to entering the reactor furnace. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehrman, SH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM sehrman@eng.umd.edu NR 18 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 13 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 EI 1521-4095 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD APR 4 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 7 BP 518 EP + DI 10.1002/1521-4095(20020404)14:7<518::AID-ADMA518>3.0.CO;2-P PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 542DJ UT WOS:000175028000011 ER PT J AU Behar, D Neta, P Schultheisz, C AF Behar, D Neta, P Schultheisz, C TI Reaction kinetics in ionic liquids as studied by pulse radiolysis: Redox reactions in the solvents methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoroniethylsulfonyl)imide and N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ONE-ELECTRON REDUCTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; RATE CONSTANTS; ORGANIC REDUCTANTS; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; PEROXYL RADICALS; KETYL RADICALS; CATION; METHYL; NITROBENZENES AB Rate constants for several reduction and oxidation reactions were determined by pulse radiolysis in three ionic liquids and compared with rate constants in other solvents. Radiolysis of the ionic liquids methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2), N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BuPyBF4), and N-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (BuPicPF(6)) leads to formation of solvated electrons and organic radicals. In R4NNTf2 the solvated electrons do not react rapidly with the solvent and were reacted with several solutes, including CCl4, benzophenone, and quinones. In the pyridinium ionic liquids the solvated electrons react with the pyridinium moiety to produce a pyridinyl radical, which, in turn, can transfer an electron to various acceptors. The rate constant for reduction of duroquinone by the benzophenone ketyl radical in R4NNTf2, (k = 2 x 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1)) is much lower than that measured in water (k = 2 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) due to the high viscosity of the ionic liquid. Rate constants for electron transfer from the solventderived butylpyridinyl radicals in BuPyBF4 and BuPicPF(6) to several compounds (k of the order of 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) also are lower than those measured in water and in 2-PrOH but are significantly higher than the diffusion-controlled rate constants estimated from the viscosity, suggesting an electron hopping mechanism through solvent cations. Electron transfer between methyl viologen and quinones takes place 3 or 4 orders of magnitude more slowly in BuPyBF4 than in water or 2-PrOH and the direction of the electron transfer is solvent dependent. The driving force reverses direction on going from water to 2-PrOH and is intermediate L in the ionic liquid. Radiolysis of ionic liquid solutions containing CCl4 and O-2 leads to formation Of CCl3O2* radicals, which oxidize chlorpromazine (CIPz) with rate constants near 1 x 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1), i.e., much lower than in aqueous solutions and close to rate constants in alcohols. On the other hand, the experimental rate constants in the ionic liquids and in water are close to the respective diffusion-controlled limits while the values in alcohols are much slower than diffusion-controlled. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD APR 4 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 13 BP 3139 EP 3147 DI 10.1021/jp013808u PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 538BA UT WOS:000174793100013 ER PT J AU Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhom, SM Luecke, WE AF Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhom, SM Luecke, WE TI Effect of temperature, strain rate and grain size on the mechanical response of Ti3SiC2 in tension SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE mechanical properties; high temperature deformation; brittle-to-ductile transition; plastic AB Tensile, relaxation and cycling loading-unloading tests indicate that the mechanical response of Ti3SiC2 has a strong dependence on temperature and strain rate, but a weak dependence on grain size. Loading at low temperatures, and/or high strain rates, results in elastic and anelastic deformation, followed by brittle fracture. Anelastic deformation in this regime can be attributed to the easy glide of dislocation into pileups during loading, and their run back during unloading. At high temperatures (approximate to1100-1200degreesC), and/or low (<10(-5) s(-1)) strain rates, the response is plastic. The resulting strain is elastic, anelastic and plastic. Even at 1200degreesC, intense stress-relaxation processes are observed, and a sizable fraction (approximate to13%) of the strain is anelastic. At intermediate temperatures and strain rates (transition regime) the mechanical response is controlled by simultaneous damage formation (microcracking) and localized plastic deformation. Combining the results obtained in this work with previous results, viz. tensile creep and strain transient dip tests, a deformation map that takes into account temperature, grain size and strain rate is defined. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barsoum, MW (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, 32nd & Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 21 TC 83 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD APR 2 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1297 EP 1306 AR PII S1359-6454(01)00424-4 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00424-4 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 541EN UT WOS:000174972400005 ER PT J AU Vetter, WM Gallagher, DT Dudley, M AF Vetter, WM Gallagher, DT Dudley, M TI Synchrotron white-beam X-ray topography of ribonuclease S crystals SO ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN CRYSTALS; TETRAGONAL LYSOZYME; DIFFRACTION; RESOLUTION; RADIATION; QUALITY; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; TEMPERATURE; DISORDER AB With careful experimental design, indexed synchrotron white-beam X-ray topographs of ribonuclease S crystals at ambient temperature could be recorded with a definition and contrast comparable to that of monochromatic beam topographs of other proteins reported in the literature. By excluding wavelengths longer than 1 Angstrom from the white beam with a filter, a radiation dose equivalent to that required to record about 18 topographs could be tolerated without appreciable radiation damage to the samples. Bragg angles of 0.5degrees or less were required to select low-index harmonically pure reflections with high intensities and extinction lengths only several times the sample's thickness. The resulting X-ray topographs in some cases showed topographic detail and in others showed the even featureless background that has been considered characteristic of a protein crystal of low mosaicity. The ribonuclease S crystals were well ordered single crystals of a quality comparable to other protein crystals that have been studied by X-ray topography. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vetter, WM (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0907-4449 J9 ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D JI Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. PD APR PY 2002 VL 58 BP 579 EP 584 DI 10.1107/S090744490200121X PN 4 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Crystallography GA 536XT UT WOS:000174727700002 PM 11914480 ER PT J AU Zabel, RW AF Zabel, RW TI Using "travel time" data to characterize the behavior of migrating animals SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE travel time; migration; dispersal modeling; chinook salmon; life-history variation; advection-diffusion equation ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; SWIM SPEEDS; ENERGY USE; MOVEMENT; ECOLOGY; MODEL; FISH; POPULATION; COLUMBIA; HABITAT AB For migratory species, duration of migration, or "travel time," is often a critical variable in determining the cost of migration. Observed travel times are the result of both environmental factors such as air or water currents and the behavior of individuals. In an effort to distinguish among these components, I developed a migration model based on an advection-diffusion equation that characterizes population movements in terms of two biologically meaningful parameters: migration rate and rate of population spread. I applied the model to travel time data from juvenile chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha), which were tagged during their seaward migration. The tagged fish originated from three separate evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) as classified by the U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service. The model was expanded by allowing migration and diffusion rates to vary with fish length and river flow. Variability in travel times explained by these factors was strikingly similar from year to year within ESUs, and the migratory behavior revealed by the analysis was consistent with the life-history patterns that distinguish the ESUs. The approach presented here is easily adaptable to a wide range of migratory species and may be particularly useful for predicting how at-risk populations respond to variable conditions in regulated or otherwise disturbed migration habitats. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Zabel, RW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Zabel, Richard/F-7277-2015 OI Zabel, Richard/0000-0003-2315-0629 NR 71 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 12 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 159 IS 4 BP 372 EP 387 DI 10.1086/338993 PG 16 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 528PK UT WOS:000174252000005 PM 18707422 ER PT J AU Arslan, Z Paulson, AJ AF Arslan, Z Paulson, AJ TI Analysis of biogenic carbonates by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Flow injection on-line solid-phase preconcentration for trace element determination in fish otoliths SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference of the Federation-of-Analytical-Chemistry-and-Spectroscopy-Societies (FACSS) CY OCT 07-12, 2001 CL DETROIT, MICHIGAN SP Federat Analyt Chem & Spectroscopy Soc DE fish otoliths; trace elements; preconcentration; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ID RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS; SEA-WATER; ATLANTIC CROAKER; SALINE WATERS; METALS; MICROCHEMISTRY; ESTUARINE; SEAWATER; SAMPLES; LEAD AB The aragonite deposits within the ear bones (otoliths) of teleost fish retain a chemical signal reflecting the life history of fish (similar to rings of trees) and the nature of fish habitats. Otoliths dissolved in acid solutions contain high concentrations of calcium and a variety of proteins. Elimination of matrix salts and organic interferences during preconcentration is essential for accurate determination of trace elements in otolith solutions by inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry. An iminodiacetate-based chelating resin (Toyopearl. AF-Chelate 650 M) has been used for on-line preconcentration and matrix separation for the determination of 31 transition and rare elements. Successful preconcentration of the elements was achieved at pH 5 by on-line buffering, except Mn which required pH 8.8. Sample solutions were loaded on to the column for 1 min at 3.2 mL min(-1), and then eluted directly into the mass spectrometer with 4% v/v nitric acid. This procedure enabled up to 25-fold preconcentration with successful removal of the calcium matrix. The effect of heat-assisted oxidation with concentrated nitric acid was investigated to eliminate the organic matrix. It was found that heating to dryness after dissolution and further mineralization with the acid significantly improved the retention of the transition elements. The method was validated by analysis of a certified reference material produced from saggittal otoliths of emperor snapper (Lutjanus sebae), and then applied to the determination of trace metal concentrations in juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Western Pacific Ocean. RP Arslan, Z (reprint author), NOAA, NFSC, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 372 IS 7-8 BP 776 EP 785 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1274-2 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 562FA UT WOS:000176185700005 PM 12012188 ER PT J AU Long, SE Kelly, WR AF Long, SE Kelly, WR TI Determination of mercury in coal by isotope dilution cold-vapor generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-ACTIVATION ANALYSIS; ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; FLY-ASH; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; BITUMINOUS COAL; MILD PYROLYSIS; FOSSIL-FUELS; ICP-MS; SELENIUM; EXTRACTION AB A method based on isotope dilution cold-vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICPMS) has been developed for high-accuracy determinations of mercury in bituminous and sub-bituminous coals. A closed-system digestion process employing a Carius tube is used to completely oxidize the coal matrix and chemically equilibrate the mercury in the sample with a Hg-201 isotopic spike. The digestates are diluted with high-purity quartz-distilled water, and the mercury is released as a vapor by reduction with tin(H) chloride. Measurements of Hg-201/Hg-202 isotope ratios are made using a quadrupole ICPMS system in time-resolved analysis mode. The new method has some significant advantages over e existing methods. The instrument detection limit is less than 1 pg/mL. The average blank (n = 17) is 30 pg, which is roughly 1 order of magnitude lower than the equivalent microwave digestion procedure. The detection limit in coal is blank limited and is similar to40 pg/g. Memory effects are very low. The relative reproducibility of the analytical measurements is similar to0.5% for mercury concentrations in the range 10-150 ng/g. The method has been used to measure mercury concentrations in six coal reference materials, SRM 1632b (77.4 ng/g), SRM 1632c (94.3 ng/g), BCR 40 (433.2 ng/g), BCR 180 (125.0 ng/g), BCR 181 (135.8 ng/g), and SARM 20 (252.6 ng/g), as well as a coal fly ash, SRM 1633b (143.1 ng/g). The method is equally applicable to other types of fossil fuels including both crude and refined oils. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Long, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1477 EP 1483 DI 10.1021/ac010954n PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 538XZ UT WOS:000174841600011 PM 12033233 ER PT J AU Tsurutani, BT Zhang, LD Mason, GL Lakhina, GS Hada, T Arballo, JK Zwickl, RD AF Tsurutani, BT Zhang, LD Mason, GL Lakhina, GS Hada, T Arballo, JK Zwickl, RD TI Particle transport in He-3-rich events: wave-particle interactions and particle anisotropy measurements SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; energetic particles; MHD waves and turbulence; space plasma physics; charged particle motion and acceleration; wave-particle interactions ID SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES; COSMIC-RAY TRANSPORT; HIGH HELIOGRAPHIC LATITUDES; PITCH-ANGLE DIFFUSION; MEAN FREE PATHS; ALFVEN WAVES; MAGNETIC CLOUDS; INTERPLANETARY DISCONTINUITIES; TANGENTIAL DISCONTINUITIES; ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS AB Energetic particles and MHD waves are studied using simultaneous ISEE-3 data to investigate particle propagation and scattering between the source near the Sun and 1 AU. He-3-rich events arc of particular interest because they are typically low intensity "scatter-free" events. The largest solar proton events are of interest because they have been postulated to generate their own waves through beam instabilities, For 3He-rich events, simultaneous interplanetary magnetic spectra are measured. The intensity of the interplanetary "fossil" turbulence through which the particles have traversed is found to be at the "quiet" to "intermediate" level of IMF activity. Pitch angle scattering rates and the corresponding particle mean free paths; lambda(W-P) are calculated using the measured wave intensities, polarizations, and k directions. The values of lambda(W-P) are found to be similar to5 times less than the value of lambda(He), the latter derived from He intensity and anisotropy time profiles. It is demonstrate by computer simulation that scattering rates through a 90degrees pitch angle are lower than that of other pitch angles, and that this is a possible explanation for the discrepancy between the lambda(W-P) and lambda(He) values. At this time the scattering mechanism(s) is unknown. We suggest a means where a direct comparison between the two lambda values could be made. Computer simulations indicate that although scattering through 90degrees is lower, it still occurs. Possibilities are either large pitch angle scattering through resonant interactions, or particle mirroring off of field compression regions. The largest solar proton events are analyzed to investigate the possibilities of local wave generation at 1 AU. In accordance with the results of a previous calculation (Gary et al., 1985) of beam stability, proton beams at 1 AU are found to be marginally stable. No evidence for substantial wave amplitude was found. Locally generated waves, if present, were less than 10(-3) nT(2) Hz(-1) at the leading proton event edge, 4 where dispersion effects (beaming) are the greatest, and at the point of peak proton flux, where the particle energy flux is the greatest. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD USA. Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Colaba, Mumbai Bombay, India. Kyushu Univ, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816, Japan. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tsurutani, BT (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Lakhina, Gurbax /C-9295-2012; OI Lakhina, Gurbax /0000-0002-8956-486X NR 85 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD APR PY 2002 VL 20 IS 4 BP 427 EP 444 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556QA UT WOS:000175859400002 ER PT J AU Barabash, V Kirkwood, S Chilson, PB AF Barabash, V Kirkwood, S Chilson, PB TI Are variations in PMSE intensity affected by energetic particle precipitation? SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; particle precipitation; magnetospheric physics; energetic particles, precipitating; meteorology and atmospheric dynamics precipitation ID MESOSPHERE SUMMER ECHOES; POLAR MESOSPHERE; VHF RADAR AB The correlation between variations in Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) and variations in energetic particle precipitation is examined. PMSE were observed by the Esrange VHF MST Radar (ESRAD) at 67degrees53'N, 21degrees06'E. The 30 MHz riometer in Abisko (68degrees24'N, 18degrees54'E) registered radio wave absorption caused by ionization changes in response to energetic particle precipitation. The relationship between the linear PMSE intensity and the square of absorption has been estimated using the Pearson linear correlation and the Spearman rank correlation. The mean diurnal variation of the square of absorption and the linear PMSE intensity are highly correlated. However, their day-to-day variations show significant correlation only during the late evening hours. The correlation in late evening does not exceed 0.6. This indicates that varying ionization cannot be considered as a primary source of varying PMSE, and the high correlation found when mean diurnal variations are compared is likely a by-product of daily variations caused by other factors. C1 Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kirkwood, S (reprint author), Swedish Inst Space Phys, Box 812, S-98128 Kiruna, Sweden. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD APR PY 2002 VL 20 IS 4 BP 539 EP 545 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556QA UT WOS:000175859400011 ER PT J AU Moraes, JCS Scalabrin, A Allen, MD Evenson, KM AF Moraes, JCS Scalabrin, A Allen, MD Evenson, KM TI New laser lines from CHD2OH methanol deuterated isotope SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID CW CO2-LASER; ASSIGNMENTS; CH3OH AB Through the optical pump technique we have reinvestigated the CHD2OH molecule as a source of far-infrared (FIR) laser lines using for the first time a CO2 laser lasing on regular, hot, and sequence bands. As a consequence, we present here spectroscopic data of 16 now FIR laser transitions from this molecule. Furthermore, we also present a catalogue of all FIR laser lines generated from CHD2OH. C1 UNESP, Dept Quim & Fis, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. UNICAMP, Inst Fis, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. NIST, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Moraes, JCS (reprint author), UNESP, Dept Quim & Fis, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. RI Moraes, Joao /C-3406-2012; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD APR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 6 BP 541 EP 543 DI 10.1007/s003400200852 PG 3 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 564QU UT WOS:000176325700010 ER PT J AU Jones, RJ Cheng, WY Holman, KW Chen, L Hall, JL Ye, J AF Jones, RJ Cheng, WY Holman, KW Chen, L Hall, JL Ye, J TI Absolute-frequency measurement of the iodine-based length standard at 514.67 nm SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASER; GENERATION; COMB AB The absolute frequency of the length standard at 514.67 nm based on the molecular iodine (I-127(2)) transition of the P(13) 43-0 component a(3) is measured using a self-referenced femtosecond optical comb. This frequency-based technique improves measurement precision more than 100 times compared with previous wavelength-based results. Power- and pressure-related frequency shifts have been carefully studied. The measured absolute frequency is 71.8 +/- 1.5 kHz higher than the internationally accepted value of 582 490 603.37 +/- 0.15 MHz, adopted by the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) in 1997. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD APR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 6 BP 597 EP 601 DI 10.1007/s003400200846 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 564QU UT WOS:000176325700020 ER PT J AU Evenson, KM Sanford, Q Smith, C Sullivan, J Sutton, D Vershure, E Jackson, M AF Evenson, KM Sanford, Q Smith, C Sullivan, J Sutton, D Vershure, E Jackson, M TI New short-wavelength laser emissions from partially deuterated methanol isotopes SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FIR LASER; FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; LINES; ASSIGNMENTS; CH2DOH; CHD2OH AB The partially deuterated isotopes of methanol, CH2DOH and CHD2OH, have been reinvestigated as sources of far-infrared (FIR) laser emissions using an optically pumped molecular laser (OPML) system recently designed for wavelengths below 150 mum. With this system, 10 new FIR laser emissions from these isotopes ranging from 32.8 to 174.6 mum have been discovered. This includes the shortest known OPML emission from CHD2OH, at 32.8 mum. These lines are reported with their operating pressure, polarizations relative to the CO2 pump laser and wavelengths, measured to +/-0.5 mum. In addition, polarizations for three previously observed FIR laser lines from CHD2OH were measured for the first time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RP Jackson, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 84700,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD APR PY 2002 VL 74 IS 6 BP 613 EP 614 DI 10.1007/s003400200864 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 564QU UT WOS:000176325700023 ER PT J AU Yi, Y Nerbonne, K Pellegrino, J AF Yi, Y Nerbonne, K Pellegrino, J TI Diffusion measurements using FT-IR ATR spectroscopy: Lubricant diffusion in polypropylene SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE diffusion; fluorocarbon ether; FT-IR ATR; lubricant; mineral oil; poly(propylene) ID POLY(ETHER SULFONE) MEMBRANES; PERMEABILITY; POLYMERS AB We present an experimental method for measuring diffusion of lubricants (or any highly viscous fluid) in polymers using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. Unlike the conventional FT-IR ATR diffusion measurement, in which a polymer sample is sandwiched between the penetrant and an internal reflection element (IRE), in this method, a thin layer of penetrant (for example, a lubricant) is sandwiched between the IRE and the polymer sample. This allows accurate control and measurement of the thickness of the lubricant lay, er, which, in turn, facilitates subsequent data analysis. The diffusion is studied by monitoring the time-resolved change in absorbance of either a unique polymer or penetrant band. A feature of this new method is that it can provide an estimate of solubility, as well as an estimate of the diffusivity of the penetrant in the polymer. Using this method, we studied the diffusion of mineral oil and a commercial fluorocarbon ether lubricant (Krytox(R) 143ACdouble dagger) in poly(propylene) (PP) film at room temperature. The experimental data was modeled using a Fickian model with impermeable and saturated boundary conditions applied at the IRE/lubricant and lubricant/polymer interfaces, respectively. The diffusivity and solubility of mineral oil in PP were found to be 1.34 +/- 0.35 (x10(-10)) cm(2)/s and 0.77 +/- 0.13 (x10(-2)) g/g of PP, respectively. The current model was unable to quantitatively describe the diffusion of the Krytox(R) 143AC in the PP, possibly due to excessive swelling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pellegrino, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI PELLEGRINO, JOHN/0000-0001-7749-5003 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 USA SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 56 IS 4 BP 509 EP 514 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 543YE UT WOS:000175130300014 ER PT J AU Landrum, PF Gedeon, ML Burton, GA Greenberg, MS Rowland, CD AF Landrum, PF Gedeon, ML Burton, GA Greenberg, MS Rowland, CD TI Biological responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to fluoranthene-spiked sediment SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; STYLODRILUS-HERINGIANUS LUMBRICULIDAE; CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT; SUBLETHAL RESPONSES; DEPOSIT FEEDERS; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; TOXICOKINETICS AB Lumbriculus variegatus was used as a bioassay organism to examine the impact of the sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fluoranthene on behavior, reproduction, and toxicokinetics. The number of worms increased between the beginning and end of the experiment at 59 mug g(-1) fluoranthene, but at the next higher treatment (108 mug g(-1)) the number of worms found was lower and not different from the control. Worms exposed to 95 mug g(-1) also exhibited increased reproduction when fed a yeast-cerophyl-trout chow mixture. On a total biomass basis, only the 95 jig g(-1) exposure with food exhibited a statistically significant increase over the nonfed control. Evaluation of reproduction at the two highest treatments was compromised by a brief aeration failure 2 days before the end of the experiment. The behavioral responses were followed as changes in biological burial rate (sediment reworking rate) of a Cs-137-labeled marker layer. The biological burial rate increased toward a plateau as the concentration increased from the control (3.9 mug g(-1) dry weight total PAH) to 355 mug g(-1) dry weight fluoranthene in sediment. The aeration failure had minimal impact on the determination of reworking rate because all the data for the rate determination were collected prior to the aeration failure. Uptake and elimination rates declined with increasing treatment concentration across the range of fluoranthene concentrations, 59-355 mug g(-1) dry weight sediment. The disconnect between the increasing biological burial rates and the decreasing toxicokinetics rates with increasing exposure concentration demonstrates that the toxicokinetic processes are dominated by uptake and elimination to interstitial water. The bioaccumulation factor (concentration in the organisms on a wet weight basis divided by the concentration in sediment on a dry weight basis) ranged from 0.92 to 1.88 on day 10 and declined to a range of 0.52 to 0.99 on day 28 with the lowest value at the highest dose. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Wright State Univ, Inst Environm Qual, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM landrum@glerl.noaa.gov RI Burton, Glenn/Q-9714-2016 OI Burton, Glenn/0000-0002-8660-6294 NR 39 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 42 IS 3 BP 292 EP 302 DI 10.1007/s00244-001-0032-3 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 533DF UT WOS:000174513600005 PM 11910457 ER PT J AU Redfield, S Linsky, JL AF Redfield, S Linsky, JL TI The structure of the local interstellar medium. I. High-resolution observations of Fe II Mg II and Ca II toward stars within 100 parsecs SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES LA English DT Article DE ISM : atoms; ISM : clouds; ISM : structure; stars : chromospheres; ultraviolet : ISM; ultraviolet : stars ID ULTRA-HIGH-RESOLUTION; HST-GHRS OBSERVATIONS; TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; LY-ALPHA ABSORPTION; BETA-PICTORIS; D/H RATIO; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; RADIAL-VELOCITIES AB High-resolution absorption measurements (lambda/Deltalambda greater than or similar to 100, 000) of the resonance lines of Fe II Mg II and Ca II are presented for all available observed targets within 100 pc. The Fe II and Mg II spectra were obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instruments aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Of the 63 observations of targets within 100 pc, we present new measurements for 24 lines of sight. We also compiled all published absorption measurements based on Ca II spectra obtained by various ground-based instruments. For each observation we provide measurements of the central velocity, Doppler parameter, and column density for each absorption component. These three ions provide the best opportunity to measure the component velocity structure. Because these are the heaviest ions observed in absorption through the warm local interstellar medium (LISM), the narrow line widths minimize significant blending of components and allow for accurate measurements of the central velocity. We present a statistical analysis of the LISM absorption measurements, which provides an overview of some physical characteristics of warm clouds in the LISM, such as, temperature, turbulent velocity, ionization degree, and depletion. The complete collection and reduction of all LISM absorption measurements provides an important database for studying the structure of nearby warm clouds. Subsequent papers will present models for the morphology and physical properties of individual structures ( clouds) in the LISM. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Redfield, Seth/0000-0003-3786-3486 NR 66 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0067-0049 J9 ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S JI Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. PD APR PY 2002 VL 139 IS 2 BP 439 EP 465 DI 10.1086/338650 PG 27 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 533KB UT WOS:000174527600004 ER PT J AU Peters, NE Meyers, TP Aulenbach, BT AF Peters, NE Meyers, TP Aulenbach, BT TI Status and trends in atmospheric deposition and emissions near Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-99 SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fossil fuel emissions; sulfur dioxide; acid rain; sulfate; nitrogen; nitrogen oxides; dry deposition; wet deposition ID INFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES; AIR ACT AMENDMENTS; DRY DEPOSITION; PHASE-I; USA; SULFUR; TROPOSPHERE; PIEDMONT; FOREST AB Wet and dry atmospheric deposition were investigated from weekly data, 1986-99 (1986-97 for dry deposition) at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), a forested research site 25km, southeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Furthermore, the wet deposition was compared to that at three adjacent National Atmospheric Deposition Program's National Trends Network (NTN) sites (GA41, 50 km south of PMRW AL99. 175 kin northwest: NC25, 175 km north-northeast) and dry deposition was compared to that at adjacent Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) sites, co-located at the NTN sites. The pH of precipitation is acidic and the dominant acid anion is SO4: the pH (derived from the volume-weighted mean H concentration) averages 4.44 for 1986-99, and varies seasonally with average low est values in summer (4.19) and highest in winter (4.63). From 1986-99, the annual wet deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) averaged 400 and 300 eq ha(-1) (6.4 and 4.2 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Inferential model estimates of annual dry S and N deposition from 1986-97 averaged 130 and 150 eq ha(-1) (2.1 and 2.1 kg ha(-1)). respectively. From 1993-99. net S deposition (dry deposition plus canopy interactions) for coniferous and deciduous throughfall (throughfall minus wet-only deposition) averaged 400 and 150 eq ha(-1) (6.4 and 2.1 kg ha(-1)), respectively. The annual wet deposition of S and N species at PMRW was comparable to that at NTN sites. with the exception of higher N species deposition at AL99 and relatively lower H, SO4 and NO3 deposition at GA41. Dry S deposition at PMRW differed markedly from the CASTNET sites despite similarity in S concentrations for all but NC25: the differences are attributed to differences in model parameters associated with the landscape and vegetation characteristics at the sites. At PMRW, atmospheric deposition trends were not detected for the entire sampling period. but were detected for shorter periods (4-5 yr). Annual S and N deposition increased from 1986 to 1991. decreased to 1995 and then increased to 1999. SO, emissions from seven major point sources within 120km of PMRW decreased markedly from the late 1980s to 1995 and have remained relatively constant or increased slightly from 1995 to 1998 Annual wet and dry S deposition at PMRW significantly correlates (p<0.01) with SO emissions. and the correlation is dominated by the large SO, emissions decreases in the early 1990s, consistent with the implementation of Phase I of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USGS, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Peters, NE (reprint author), USGS, 3039 Amwiler Rd,Suite 130, Atlanta, GA 30360 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Aulenbach, Brent/A-5848-2008 OI Aulenbach, Brent/0000-0003-2863-1288 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1577 EP 1588 AR PII S1352-2310(01)00080-8 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00080-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 558KN UT WOS:000175965300002 ER PT J AU Tang, YH AF Tang, YH TI A case study of nesting simulation for the Southern Oxidants Study 1999 at Nashville SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE chemical transport model; nesting; Southern Oxidant Study; photochemical reactions ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; MIDDLE TENNESSEE OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; STAGNATION EPISODE; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; ISOPRENE CHEMISTRY; SPECIAL SECTION; BOUNDARY-LAYER AB A regional Eulerian chemical transport model took simulations for a case of Southern Oxidants Study at Nashville from 30 June to I July 1999. NCAR/Penn State MM5 provided meteorological information to drive this model with a basic horizontal resolution of 20km. Both vertical and horizontal nesting techniques were applied to the chemical simulations. and significantly improved the simulations near the ground during nighttime by enhancing the resolution. The multi-scale simulations with 20. 4 and 1.333 km resolutions were performed. and compared to the aircraft and ground-based observations, Generally. the 4 and 1.333 km simulations are similar, but differ much from the 20km simulation. One important effect of enhancing the resolution is reducing the dilution of NOx emissions at urban sites or near power plants. The 20 km simulation underestimated the pollutant emissions near urban sites and power plants due to its coarse resolution. The high-resolution simulations generally show better agreement with the observations. Simulated results are also compared to the surface observations at Cornelia Fort, a suburban site near Nashville. The associated chemical features. including photostationary state and ozone production efficiency. were discussed through comparisons, which showed that the finest Simulation yielded the most consistent results with the observations. The nesting simulations also agree with the measurements in downtown Nashville. Due to the different resolutions, these three simulations showed different aging patterns of the Nashville urban plume. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tang, YH (reprint author), Univ Iowa, CGRER, 252IATL, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Tang, Youhua/D-5205-2016 OI Tang, Youhua/0000-0001-7089-7915 NR 42 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 10 BP 1691 EP 1705 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00093-6 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00093-6 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 558KN UT WOS:000175965300013 ER PT J AU Orlando, JJ Tyndall, GS Bertman, SB Chen, WC Burkholder, JB AF Orlando, JJ Tyndall, GS Bertman, SB Chen, WC Burkholder, JB TI Rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OONO2 (MPAN) SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE OH radical; peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride (MPAN); rate coefficient; oxidation ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; NITRIC ANHYDRIDE MPAN; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ISOPRENE CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; PEROXYACYL NITRATES; SOUTHERN OXIDANTS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; OZONE PRODUCTION AB The rate coefficient for reaction of OH with CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OONO2 (MPAN, peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride), k(3), has been determined using a relative rate technique. Consistent results were obtained with ethene and propene as the reference compound, and a rate coefficient of k(3) = (3.2 +/- 0.8) x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) is reported at 275 +/- 3 kappa. This value is about a factor of eight larger than the only previous report. A brief investigation of the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MPAN and methacrylic acid (CH2=C(CH3)COOH, an impurity in the MPAN sample but also a structural analog of MPAN) is also reported. Major products obtained in the case of methacrylic acid were CH2O and pyruvic acid (CH3C(O)C(O)OH), while CH2O, CO2, and possibly hydroxyacetone are observed in the case of MPAN. The atmospheric implications of the results are briefly discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Orlando, JJ (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013 NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD APR PY 2002 VL 36 IS 11 BP 1895 EP 1900 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00090-0 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00090-0 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 560CW UT WOS:000176065200019 ER PT J AU Mayer, B Boyer, EW Goodale, C Jaworski, NA Van Breemen, N Howarth, RW Seitzinger, S Billen, G Lajtha, LJ Nosal, M Paustian, K AF Mayer, B Boyer, EW Goodale, C Jaworski, NA Van Breemen, N Howarth, RW Seitzinger, S Billen, G Lajtha, LJ Nosal, M Paustian, K TI Sources of nitrate in rivers draining sixteen watersheds in the northeastern US: Isotopic constraints SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE denitrification; nitrate; nitrate sources; rivers; stable isotopes; delta N-15(nitrate); delta O-18(nitrate) ID RIPARIAN ZONE; GROUND-WATER; NITROGEN; DENITRIFICATION; N-15; FOREST; STREAM; OXYGEN; O-18; FRACTIONATION AB The feasibility of using nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate (NO3-) for elucidating sources and transformations of riverine nitrate was evaluated in a comparative study of 16 watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A. Stream water was sampled repeatedly at the outlets of the watersheds between January and December 1999 for determining concentrations, delta(15)N values, and delta(18)O values of riverine nitrate. In conjunction with information about land use and nitrogen fluxes, delta(15)N(nitrate) and delta(18)O(nitrate) values provided mainly information about sources of riverine nitrate. In predominantly forested watersheds, riverine nitrate had mean concentrations of less than 0.4 mg NO3- -N L-1, delta(15)N(nitrate) values of less than +5parts per thousand, and delta(18)O(nitrate) values between +12 and +19parts per thousand. This indicates that riverine nitrate was almost exclusively derived from soil nitrification processes with potentially minor nitrate contributions from atmospheric deposition in some catchments. In watersheds with significant agricultural and urban land use. concentrations of riverine nitrate were as high as 2.6 mg NO3--N L-1 with delta(15)N(nitrate) values between +5 and +8parts per thousand 3 and delta(18)O(nitrate) values generally below +15parts per thousand. Correlations between nitrate concentrations, delta(15)N(nitrate) values, and N fluxes suggest that nitrate in waste water constituted a major, and nitrate in manure a minor additional source of riverine nitrate. Atmospheric nitrate deposition or nitrate-containing fertilizers were not a significant source of riverine nitrate in watersheds with significant agricultural and urban land use. Although complementary studies indicate that in-stream denitrification was significant in all rivers, the isotopic composition of riverine nitrate sampled at the Outlet of the 16 watersheds did not provide evidence for denitrification in the form of elevated delta(15)N(nitrate) and delta(18)O(nitrate) values. Relatively low isotopic enrichment factors for nitrogen and oxygen during in-stream denitrification and continuous admixture of nitrate from the above-described sources are thought to be responsible for this finding C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US EPA, Sanford, FL 32771 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Lab Soil Sci & Geol, Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen Inst Environm & Climate Res, Wageningen, Netherlands. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Paris 06, UMR Sisyphe, F-75005 Paris, France. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Energy & Environm Engn, Troy, NY USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Math & Stat, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Mayer, B (reprint author), Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. EM bernhard@earth.geo.ucalgary.ca RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013 NR 61 TC 221 Z9 235 U1 8 U2 88 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 EI 1573-515X J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 171 EP 197 DI 10.1023/A:1015744002496 PG 27 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 559AG UT WOS:000176001500006 ER PT J AU Seitzinger, SP Styles, RV Boyer, EW Alexander, RB Billen, G Howarth, RW Mayer, B Van Breemen, N AF Seitzinger, SP Styles, RV Boyer, EW Alexander, RB Billen, G Howarth, RW Mayer, B Van Breemen, N TI Nitrogen retention in rivers: model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern USA SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE budgets; denitrification; model; nitrogen; rivers; watersheds ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SEASONAL-VARIATION; HEADWATER STREAMS; FOREST STREAM; DENITRIFICATION; NITRATE; BUDGET; SEDIMENT; RIPARIAN; EXPORT AB A regression model (RivR-N) was developed that predicts the proportion of N removed from streams and reservoirs as an inverse function of the water displacement time of the water body (ratio of water body depth to water time of travel). When applied to 16 drainage networks in the eastern U.S., the RivR-N model predicted that 37% to 76% of N input to these rivers is removed during transport through the river networks. Approximately half of that is removed in 1st through 4th order streams which account for 90% of the total stream length. The other half is removed in 5th order and higher rivers which account for only about 10% of the total stream length. Most N removed in these higher orders is predicted to originate from watershed loading to small and intermediate sized streams. The proportion of N removed from all streams in the watersheds (37-76%) is considerably higher than the proportion of N input to an individual reach that is removed in that reach (generally <20%) because of the cumulative effect of continued nitrogen removal along the entire flow path in downstream reaches. This generally has not been recognized in previous studies, but is critical to an evaluation of the total amount of N removed within a river network. At the river network scale, reservoirs were predicted to have a minimal effect on N removal. A fairly modest decrease (<10 percentage points) in the N removed at the river network scale was predicted when a third of the direct watershed loading was to the two highest orders compared to a uniform loading. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr 413, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ Paris 06, UMR Sisyphe, F-75005 Paris, France. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Lab Soil Sci & Geol, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen Inst Environm & Climate Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Seitzinger, SP (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers NOAA CMER Program, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM sybil@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; Boyer, Elizabeth/D-6617-2013 NR 57 TC 270 Z9 284 U1 10 U2 109 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD APR PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 199 EP 237 DI 10.1023/A:1015745629794 PG 39 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 559AG UT WOS:000176001500007 ER PT J AU Poulos, GS Blumen, W Fritts, DC Lundquist, JK Sun, J Burns, SP Nappo, C Banta, R Newsom, R Cuxart, J Terradellas, E Balsley, B Jensen, M AF Poulos, GS Blumen, W Fritts, DC Lundquist, JK Sun, J Burns, SP Nappo, C Banta, R Newsom, R Cuxart, J Terradellas, E Balsley, B Jensen, M TI CASES-99: A comprehensive investigation of the stable nocturnal boundary layer SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ BILLOWS; LOW-LEVEL JET; GREAT-PLAINS; COMPLEX TERRAIN; FIELD PROGRAM; TURBULENCE; INSTABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; EVOLUTION; MODEL C1 Colorado Res Assoc, NWRA, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Inst Natl Meteorol, Barcelona, Spain. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Poulos, GS (reprint author), Colorado Res Assoc, NWRA, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RI Burns, Sean/A-9352-2008; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015; OI Burns, Sean/0000-0002-6258-1838; Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914; LUNDQUIST, JULIE/0000-0001-5490-2702 NR 61 TC 257 Z9 260 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 555 EP 581 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0555:CACIOT>2.3.CO;2 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 547RZ UT WOS:000175346800019 ER PT J AU Waluda, CM Trathan, PN Elvidge, CD Hobson, VR Rodhouse, PG AF Waluda, CM Trathan, PN Elvidge, CD Hobson, VR Rodhouse, PG TI Throwing light on straddling stocks of Illex argentinus: assessing fishing intensity with satellite imagery SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID FISHERIES AB Marine fisheries provide around 20% of animal protein consumed by man worldwide, but ineffective management can lead to commercial extinction of exploited stocks. Fisheries that overlap nationally controlled and high seas waters cause particular problems, as few management data are available for the high seas. The Argentinean short-finned squid, Illex argentinus, exemplifies such a "straddling stock". Here we demonstrate that light emitted by fishing vessels to attract squid can be detected via remote-sensing. Unlike conventional fisheries data, which are restricted by political boundaries, satellite imagery can provide a synoptic view of fishing activity in both regulated and unregulated areas. By using known levels of fishing effort in Falkland Islands waters to calibrate the images, we are able to estimate effort levels on the high seas, providing a more comprehensive analysis of the overall impact of fishing on the stock. This innovative tool for quantifying fishing activity across management boundaries has wide-ranging applications to squid fisheries worldwide. C1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Off Director, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Waluda, CM (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 12 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 3 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 4 BP 592 EP 596 DI 10.1139/F02-049 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 564KH UT WOS:000176313200002 ER PT J AU Pess, GR Montgomery, DR Steel, EA Bilby, RE Feist, BE Greenberg, HM AF Pess, GR Montgomery, DR Steel, EA Bilby, RE Feist, BE Greenberg, HM TI Landscape characteristics, land use, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) abundance, Snohomish River, Wash., USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID URBANIZATION; FLOODS; HABITAT; STREAMS; TROUT AB We used temporally consistent patterns in the spatial distribution of returning adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to explore relationships between salmon abundance, landscape characteristics, and land use patterns in the Snohomish River watershed, Wash. The proportion of total adult coho salmon abundance supported by a specific stream reach was consistent among years, even though interannual adult coho salmon abundance varied substantially. Wetland occurrence, local geology, stream gradient, and land use were significantly correlated with adult coho salmon abundance. Median adult coho salmon densities in forest-dominated areas were 1.5-3.5 times the densities in rural, urban, and agricultural areas. Relationships between these habitat characteristics and adult coho salmon abundance were consistent over time. Spatially explicit statistical models that included these habitat variables explained almost half of the variation in the annual distribution of adult coho salmon. Our analysis indicates that such models can be used to identify and prioritize freshwater areas for protection and restoration. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Pess, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. OI Feist, Blake/0000-0001-5215-4878 NR 25 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 25 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 4 BP 613 EP 623 DI 10.1139/F02-035 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 564KH UT WOS:000176313200005 ER PT J AU Porch, CE Fisher, MR McEachron, LW AF Porch, CE Fisher, MR McEachron, LW TI Estimating abundance from gillnet samples with application to red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in Texas bays SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MODEL SELECTION; NETS AB A model of gillnet selection is developed to accommodate the possibility that some catch observations will be known more precisely than others and allow for nonlinear relationships between the selection parameters and mesh size. The model is used to show that gillnet selection for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in Texas bays may be explained as a unimodal process approximating a skewed Laplace distribution, where the optimal length varies in proportion to mesh size and the variance in proportion to the optimal length. It is also suggested that the number of encounters with the net ought to depend on swimming speed of the quarry, which in turn varies predictably with length. This information, along with the estimates of selection, is used to develop indices of abundance for each length-class. The results indicate that the recruitment of year-old red drum to Texas bays has fluctuated markedly since 1975, but without any persistent trends. However, the survival of these and older fish has increased dramatically owing to various regulations promulgated since 1981. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Sustainable Fisheries Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept, Coastal Fisheries Div, Austin, TX 78744 USA. RP Porch, CE (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Sustainable Fisheries Div, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM clay.porch@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 4 BP 657 EP 668 DI 10.1139/F02-034 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 564KH UT WOS:000176313200009 ER PT J AU Madenjian, CP Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Nalepa, TF Vanderploeg, HA Fleischer, GW Schneeberger, PJ Benjamin, DM Smith, EB Bence, JR Rutherford, ES Lavis, DS Robertson, DM Jude, DJ Ebener, MP AF Madenjian, CP Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Nalepa, TF Vanderploeg, HA Fleischer, GW Schneeberger, PJ Benjamin, DM Smith, EB Bence, JR Rutherford, ES Lavis, DS Robertson, DM Jude, DJ Ebener, MP TI Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970-2000 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GOBY NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS; ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; TROPHIC TRANSFER EFFICIENCY; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS; LAURENTIAN GREAT-LAKES; ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SILICA DEPLETION; PHYTOPLANKTON; TRENDS AB Herein, we document changes in the Lake Michigan food web between 1970 and 2000 and identify the factors responsible for these changes. Control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) populations in Lake Michigan, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, had profound effects on the food web. Recoveries of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and burbot (Lota lota) populations, as well as the buildup of salmonine populations, were attributable, at least in part, to sea lamprey control. Based on our analyses, predation by salmonines was primarily responsible for the reduction in alewife abundance during the 1970s and early 1980s. In turn, the decrease in alewife abundance likely contributed to recoveries of deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and burbot populations during the 1970s and 1980s. Decrease in the abundance of all three dominant benthic macroinvertebrate groups, including Diporeia, oligochaetes, and sphaeriids, during the 1980s in nearshore waters (less than or equal to50 m deep) of Lake Michigan, was attributable to a decrease in primary production linked to a decline in phosphorus loadings. Continued decrease in Diporeia abundance during the 1990s was associated with the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion, but specific mechanisms for zebra mussels affecting Diporeia abundance remain unidentified. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Marquette Fisheries Stn, Marquette, MI 49855 USA. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Michigan, Fisheries Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ludington Biol Stn, Ludington, MI 49431 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Middleton, WI 53562 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Chippewa Ottawa Resource Author, Intertribal Fisheries & Assessment Program, Sault St Marie, ON 49783, Canada. RP Madenjian, CP (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013; Bence, James/E-5057-2017; OI Bence, James/0000-0002-2534-688X; Rutherford, Edward/0000-0002-7282-6667; Robertson, Dale/0000-0001-6799-0596; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 88 TC 189 Z9 193 U1 3 U2 60 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 4 BP 736 EP 753 DI 10.1139/F02-044 PG 18 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 564KH UT WOS:000176313200016 ER PT J AU Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Dietz, R AF Laidre, KL Heide-Jorgensen, MP Dietz, R TI Diving behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) at two coastal localities in the Canadian High Arctic SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; BAFFIN-ISLAND; WHITE WHALES; SUMMER; DEPTH; CLASSIFICATION; MOVEMENTS; GREENLAND; RATES; BAY AB In August 1999 and 2000, four suction-cup-attached time-depth recorders (TDRs) were deployed and retrieved from narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Tremblay Sound, Baffin Island, and Creswell Bay, Somerset Island, Nunavut, Canada. The TDRs remained on the whales for between 12 and 33 h and collected 64.5 h of dive data. Mean dive depths ranged from 20.8 m (SD = 14.8 m) to 50.8 m (SD = 43.8 m) and mean dive durations ranged from 3.4 min (SD = 1.6 min) to 4.9 min (SD = 4.5 min). There appeared to be individual differences in dive parameters both within a region and between regions. Three of the whales made short, shallow dives, while another whale made dives twice as deep and twice as long. One whale had maximum dive durations (>20 min) that exceeded predicted aerobic dive limits for narwhals. There was a strong relationship between maximum dive depth and duration for all whales (p < 0.0001). Narwhals spent between 30.3 and 52.9% of their time at depths <5 m and the range of correction factors for availability bias was 1.9-3.3. Satellite-linked TDRs were simultaneously deployed on the whales at both localities. Dive data collected using the two methods were compared and good agreement between the methods was obtained. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Washington Cooperat Fish Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Arctic Environm, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. RP Laidre, KL (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Dietz, Rune/L-4640-2013; Dietz, Rune/F-9154-2015 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD APR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 4 BP 624 EP 635 DI 10.1139/Z02-041 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 549DL UT WOS:000175429200003 ER PT J AU Remond, S Bentz, DP Pimienta, P AF Remond, S Bentz, DP Pimienta, P TI Effects of the incorporation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash in cement pastes and mortars - II: Modeling SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydration; leaching; microstructure; diffusion; transport properties ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; DIFFUSIVITY; IONS AB This work falls within the scope of the general problem of the assessment of concretes manufactured from waste materials. The main objective is to study the long-term evolution of these materials during leaching using the cellular automata-based hydration model developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The work is based on the analysis of mortars and cement pastes containing experimental waste: Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ash (MSWI fly ash). After having determined the mineralogical composition of the MSWI fly ash and its interactions with cement during hydration, presented previously as Part I, the phases comprising the fly ash have been incorporated into the hydration model. The increase in porosity of cement pastes containing MSWI fly ash during leaching has then been simulated. Finally, a simplified leaching model has been developed to study the influence of the changes in microstructure on the release of calcium and sodium. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CSTB, F-77421 Marne La Vallee 2, France. ENS Cachan, LMT, F-94235 Cachan, France. NIST, BFRL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Remond, S (reprint author), IUP GCI, S MailGay Lussac,Neuville Oise, F-95031 Cergy Pontoise, France. RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010; OI Remond, Sebastien/0000-0001-7700-9319 NR 20 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 32 IS 4 BP 565 EP 576 AR PII S0008-8846(01)00722-0 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00722-0 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 538TZ UT WOS:000174832300006 ER PT J AU Branford, W Green, MA Neumann, DA AF Branford, W Green, MA Neumann, DA TI Structure and ferromagnetism in Mn4+ spinels: AM(0.5)Mn(1.5)O(4) (A = Li, Cu; M = Ni, Mg) SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID COLOSSAL-MAGNETORESISTANCE; GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; CARRIER DENSITY; FRUSTRATED ANTIFERROMAGNET; TL2MN2O7 PYROCHLORE; DEFECT SPINEL; OXIDES; TRANSPORT; MANGANESE; LAMBDA-MNO2 AB The structure and electronic properties of a series of Mn-IV spinel oxides, with the general formula, AM(0.5)Mn(1.5)O(4) (A = Li, Cu; M = Ni, Mg), are investigated. These materials form an interesting analogy to pyrochlore structures that show colossal magnetoresistance properties. Studies of all the compounds show spontaneous magnetization at a well-defined transition temperature and their semiconducting nature. C1 UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, Davy Faraday Res Lab, London W1X 4BS, England. UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, Davy Faraday Res Lab, 21 Albemarle St, London W1X 4BS, England. EM mark@ri.ac.uk RI Branford, Will/K-4375-2012 OI Branford, Will/0000-0002-4821-4097 NR 41 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1649 EP 1656 DI 10.1021/cm010857a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 542DR UT WOS:000175028700030 ER PT J AU Taylor, CJ Semancik, S AF Taylor, CJ Semancik, S TI Use of microhotplate arrays as microdeposition substrates for materials exploration SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; OXIDE THIN-FILMS; ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS; POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS; TITANIUM-DIOXIDE; GROWTH; TIN; MICROSTRUCTURE; DIELECTRICS AB An approach for high-throughput rapid screening of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) materials using micromachined silicon microheater arrays is described. To illustrate this approach, titanium dioxide was deposited by CVD, using titanium(IV) nitrate and titanium(IV) isopropoxide at temperatures between 130 and 815 degreesC. Deposition was confined to the microhotplate elements within 4- and 16-element arrays. Film microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In situ electrical measurements were made with integrated microcontacts during the deposition of TiO2 using titanium(IV) isopropoxide. A novel approach using temperature-programmed deposition with temperature ramp rates up to 800 degreesC/s was also employed for microstructure modification during deposition. Additionally, the steep temperature gradients present on the microhotplate supports have been demonstrated to provide an excellent platform for investigating temperature-dependent microstructures. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Taylor, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1671 EP 1677 DI 10.1021/cm0108583 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 542DR UT WOS:000175028700033 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Lin, EK Wang, H Wu, WL Chen, W Moyer, ES AF Lee, HJ Lin, EK Wang, H Wu, WL Chen, W Moyer, ES TI Structural comparison of hydrogen silsesquioxane based porous low-k thin films prepared with varying process conditions SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; LOW-DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT; PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ON-GLASS FILMS; SCATTERING; INTERCONNECTS; COPOLYMERS AB The structures of hydrogen silsesquioxane based porous low dielectric constant (low-k) films (XLK) prepared with varying process conditions are characterized using a combination of high-energy ion scattering, X-ray reflectivity, and small-angle neutron scattering. We measure the film thickness, average mass density, density depth profile, wall density, porosity, average pore size, pore spacing, pore connectivity, and atomic composition. We compare samples with varying dielectric constants and degrees of cure or Si-H bonding fraction. The structural parameters are correlated with the chemical bond structure as measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The density profiles of the porous films were uniform, with a slight densification observed at the film surface. Films with similar k values but varying degrees of cure have almost identical structural characteristics. Lower dielectric constant films have larger porosities and average pore sizes but lower wall densities. The process conditions used to alter the dielectric constant affect not only the porosity but also many other structural parameters such as the wall density. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Semicond Fabricat Mat, Midland, MI 48640 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 EI 1520-5002 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD APR PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1845 EP 1852 DI 10.1021/cm011569h PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 542DR UT WOS:000175028700058 ER PT J AU Tai, SSC Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ AF Tai, SSC Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ TI Candidate reference method for total thyroxine in human serum: Use of isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Background: There is a need for a critically evaluated reference method for thyroxine to provide an accuracy base to which routine methods can be traceable. We describe a candidate reference method involving isotope-dilution coupled with liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Methods: An isotopically labeled internal standard, thyroxine-d(5) was added to serum, followed by equilibration, protein precipitation, and ethyl acetate and solid-phase extractions to prepare samples for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry electrospray ionization (LC/MS-ESI) analysis. For separation, a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C-18 column was used with a mobile phase consisting of 1 mL/L acetic acid in acetonitrile-water (32:68 by volume) for positive ions and a Zorbax Extend-C-18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 2 mL/L ammonium hydroxide in methanol-water (32:68 by volume) for negative ions. [M + H](+) ions at m/z 778 and 783 for thyroxine and its labeled internal standard were monitored for positive ions and [M - H](-) ions at m/z 776 and 781 for negative ions. Samples of frozen serum pools were prepared and measured in three separate sets. Results: Within-set CVs were 0.2-1.0%. The correlation coefficients of all linear regression lines (measured intensity ratios vs mass ratios) were 0.999-1.000. Positive- and negative-ion measurements agreed with a mean difference of 0.45% at three concentrations (50, 110, and 168 mug/L). The detection limits (at a signal-to-noise ratio of similar to3 to 5) were 30 and 20 pg for positive and negative ions, respectively. The results from the LC/MS-ESI method were within 1 SD of the composite means from many routine clinical methods, although it appears that the clinical method means may be biased high by 4-5 mu/L across the concentrations. Some routine clinical methods may be biased by up to 20% at low concentrations. Conclusions: This well-characterized LC/MS-ESI method for total serum thyroxine with a theoretically sound approach, demonstrated good accuracy and precision, and low susceptibility to interferences qualifies as a candidate reference method. Use of this reference method as an accuracy base may reduce the apparent biases in routine methods along with the high interlaboratory imprecision. (C) 2002 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tai, SSC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD APR PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 637 EP 642 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 533MY UT WOS:000174535300006 PM 11901062 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF Presser, C AF Widmann, JF Presser, C TI A benchmark experiemental database for multiphase combustion model input and validation SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article ID SPRAY FLAMES; PHASE; INTERFEROMETRY AB Experimental data were obtained for the purpose of validating multiphase combustion models and submodels. A reference spray combustor was fabricated to permit well-defined input and boundary conditions, enabling measurements to characterize the fuel spray, combustion air, wall temperatures, gas temperatures, and species concentrations. The level of complexity of the reference spray combustor is consistent with a benchmark case in which the level of coupling between the flow field and the remaining physics (e.g., chemical reactions, heat transfer) is not as extensive as in the complete system, but is also not insignificant. The characteristics (i.e., size, velocity, volume flux, etc.) of the methanol fuel spray were determined using phase Doppler interferometry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the species concentrations in the reactor emissions, and the conversion of methanol in the reactor. Thermocouple measurements provide gas temperature data at the reactor exit. Particle image velocimetry was used to characterize the inlet combustion air, and also to provide validation data farther downstream. (C) 2002 by The Combustion Institute. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Presser, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD APR PY 2002 VL 129 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 86 AR PII 0010-2180(01)00374-1 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00374-1 PG 40 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 546TW UT WOS:000175291300004 ER PT J AU Duchovic, RJ Volobuev, YL Lynch, GC Truhlar, DG Allison, TC Wagner, AF Garrett, BC Corchado, JC AF Duchovic, RJ Volobuev, YL Lynch, GC Truhlar, DG Allison, TC Wagner, AF Garrett, BC Corchado, JC TI POTLIB 2001: A potential energy surface library for chemical systems SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID REACTION-RATES; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; POLYATOMICS; VERSION AB POTLIB 2001 is a computer program library of global chemical potential energy surface (PES) functions (91 functions in version 1.0) along with test data, a suite of utility programs, and a convenient user interface. The PES programs are written in ANSI standard FORTRAN77 and can be used to determine the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy of chemical systems as a function of the internal coordinates. The accompanying test data allow users to verify local implementations of this library. Finally, the utility programs permit use of this library in conjunction with a variety of chemical dynamics and chemical kinetics computer codes. Interface routines are provided for the POLYRATE and ABCRATE program packages of Truhlar and co-workers, the VENUS96 program package of Hase and co-workers, and the VARIFLEX program package of Klippenstein and co-workers; the routines in this library can also be used in conjunction with the DYNASOL program package of Zhang and co-workers. This article describes the library and the utility programs and outlines the systematic conventions used for interfaces in the computer programs contained in the library. Adherence to these conventions will allow future PESs to be compatible with this library. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Theoret Chem Grp, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Inst Superconduct, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Fis, Badajoz 06071, Spain. RP Duchovic, RJ (reprint author), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Wayne, IN 46805 USA. RI Garrett, Bruce/F-8516-2011; Truhlar, Donald/G-7076-2015; Corchado, Jose C./H-6053-2015 OI Truhlar, Donald/0000-0002-7742-7294; Corchado, Jose C./0000-0002-8463-3168 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 144 IS 2 BP 169 EP 187 AR PII S0010-4655(01)00437-4 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(01)00437-4 PG 19 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 535ZG UT WOS:000174675800005 ER PT J AU Precht, WF Bruckner, AW Aronson, RB Bruckner, RJ AF Precht, WF Bruckner, AW Aronson, RB Bruckner, RJ TI Endangered acroporid corals of the Caribbean SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article C1 PBS&J, Ecol Sci Progam, Miami, FL 33172 USA. NOAA, Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. NOAA Restorat Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Precht, WF (reprint author), PBS&J, Ecol Sci Progam, 2001 NW 107th Ave, Miami, FL 33172 USA. NR 3 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 41 EP 42 PG 2 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552FG UT WOS:000175608200007 ER PT J AU Grigg, RW Grossman, EE Earle, SA Gittings, SR Lott, D McDonough, J AF Grigg, RW Grossman, EE Earle, SA Gittings, SR Lott, D McDonough, J TI Drowned reefs and antecedent karst topography, Au'au Channel, SE Hawaiian Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE drowned reefs; holocene transgression; sea level; karst topography; reef growth; Hawaii ID YOUNGER DRYAS; LEVEL RECORD; ARCHIPELAGO; CORALS; AGES; HISTORY; FLEXURE; RISE; OAHU AB During the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 21,000 years ago, the Hawaiian Islands of Maui, Lanai, and Molokai were interconnected by limestone bridges, creating a super-island known as Maui-Nui. Approximately 120 in of sea-level rise during the Holocene Transgression flooded, and then drowned. these bridges separating the islands by inter-island channels. A new multibeam high-resolution bathymetric survey of the channels between the islands, coupled with observations and video-transects utilizing DeepWorker-2000 submersibles, has revealed the existence of numerous drowned reef features including concentric solution basins, solution ridges (rims), sand and sediment plains, and conical-shaped reef pinnacles. The concentric basins contain flat lagoon-like bottoms that are rimmed by steep-sided limestone walls. Undercut notches rim the basins at several depths, marking either sea-level still stands or paleo-lake levels. All of the solution basins shallower than 120 in were subaerial at the LGM, and at one stage or another may have been shallow shoreline lakes. Today, about 70 drowned reef pinnacles are scattered across the Maui-Lanai underwater bridge and all are situated in wave-sheltered positions. Most drowned during the interval between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago when sea-level rise averaged 15 mm/ year. Virtually all of the surficial topography in the Au'au Channel today is a product of karst processes accentuated by marginal reef growth during the Holocene. Both the submerged basins and the drowned reefs represent an archive of sea-level and climate history in Hawaii during the late Quaternary. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, US Geol Survey, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Geog Soc, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Grigg, RW (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 34 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD APR PY 2002 VL 21 IS 1 BP 73 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s00338-001-0203-8 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 552FG UT WOS:000175608200011 ER PT J AU Minello, TJ Rozas, LP AF Minello, TJ Rozas, LP TI Nekton in Gulf Coast wetlands: Fine-scale distributions, landscape patterns, and restoration implications SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE blue crabs; density models; edge marsh; Gulf Coast wetlands; habitat fragmentation; landscape patterns; nekton populations; restoration; salt marsh; shrimp; Spartina alterniflora; tidal creeks ID SALT-MARSH; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; GALVESTON BAY; NATANT MACROFAUNA; SEAGRASS HABITAT; PENAEUS-AZTECUS; BROWN SHRIMP; TEXAS USA; LAND LOSS; FISH AB Many decapod crustaceans and fishes are common inhabitants of flooded salt marshes in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, but spatial distributions are uneven, and population sizes are difficult to estimate. We measured fine-scale (1-10 m) distributions of nekton on the vegetated marsh surface using enclosure samplers in Galveston Bay, Texas, and used these patterns to estimate population size. Natant decapod crustaceans were abundant in the marsh; densities of juvenile brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, and blue crabs Callinectes sapidus were highest 1 m from the water's edge and declined rapidly to 10 m from the edge. We developed regression models to describe these fine-scale density patterns and validated the models with independent data on density distributions from two other marsh systems. We used a Geographic Information System to transfer the density models to a natural marsh landscape; the highly fragmented Elmgrove Point marsh was composed of shallow nonvegetated bottom (37.4% of the area) and Spartina alterniflora vegetation (62.6%) with similar to 15 % of the vegetated area within 1 m of the marsh-water interface. We estimated that this 437-ha salt marsh complex supported populations of 16.2 million brown shrimp, 15.5 million white shrimp, and 11.3 million blue crabs. We divided the marsh complex into 39 sectors and examined relationships between nekton populations and landscape-scale patterns of marsh fragmentation. The amount of edge and the population estimates in a sector increased consistently with the amount of water up to similar to20-25%. Nekton population declines were not apparent until the late stages of marsh disintegration (>70% open water). We also used our fine-scale density models to simulate the effects of adding creeks to a 1-ha created salt marsh of solid vegetation. For shrimp, 1-2 creeks/ha (or a comparable amount of edge) were required to reach populations equivalent to shallow nonvegetated bottom, and up to 6 creeks/ha were required to reach populations similar to those estimated for the natural marsh complex. Simulated populations of blue crabs reached levels in the natural marsh complex with the addition of fewer creeks (2-3 creeks/ha). C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Galveston Lab,Fishery Ecol Branch, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Minello, TJ (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Galveston Lab,Fishery Ecol Branch, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM tom.minello@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 26 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD APR PY 2002 VL 12 IS 2 BP 441 EP 455 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 532EC UT WOS:000174457800012 ER PT J AU Josell, D Wheeler, D Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Wheeler, D Moffat, TP TI Superconformal Electrodeposition in vias SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COPPER; TRENCHES AB Conditions for which superconformal filling of vias can be expected are predicted using the curvature enhanced accelerator coverage mechanism to model the effect of accelerator accumulation and area change on local copper deposition rate. Superconformal filling of vias is predicted to occur over a more limited range of electrodeposition conditions than in trenches of similar aspect ratio with significant implications for dual damascene processing. Parameters for the model describing both the accumulation of accelerator on the copper/electrolyte interface and the impact of the accumulated accelerator on the local deposition rate come from voltammetry experiments on planar electrodes. An idealized geometry permits reduction of the 3D filling problem to solution of a system of coupled first-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equations. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.josell@nist.gov RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 11 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PD APR PY 2002 VL 5 IS 4 BP C49 EP C52 DI 10.1149/1.1452485 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 547CB UT WOS:000175314300009 ER PT J AU Valincius, G Reipa, V Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL AF Valincius, G Reipa, V Mayhew, MP Vilker, VL TI New degenerate metal-oxide electrodes for nearly reversible direct electron transfer to the redox proteins SO ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFER RATE CONSTANTS; CYTOCHROME-C; DIRECT ELECTROCHEMISTRY; INDIUM OXIDE; REDUCTION; GOLD; METALLOPROTEINS; PUTIDAREDOXIN; BIOCATALYSIS AB Heavily doped cadmium tin oxide (CTO) film electrodes were developed for fast electron exchange with redox proteins. The metal oxide films showed nearly reversible electron transfer for the [2Fe-2S] proteins spinach ferredoxin (Sp fd) and putidaredoxin (Pdx), and the well-studied heme protein horse heart cytochrome c. These represent a family of proteins that are of comparable size, but vary significantly in overall charge, formal redox potential, and type of metal center. The unmediated electron exchange was achieved through variation of metal oxide film synthesis parameters that led to an increase of the charge carrier concentration up to the levels typical for degenerate semiconductors. In addition, the flat band potential of the films was shifted close to or more positive of the formal redox potentials of proteins such that the semiconductor electrodes would be utilized in an accumulation mode. The rates and sustainability of electron transfer for the two ferredoxins obtained on these cadmium tin oxide electrodes are as high or higher than previously reported. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reipa, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1388-2481 J9 ELECTROCHEM COMMUN JI Electrochem. Commun. PD APR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 314 EP 317 AR PII S1388-2481(02)00267-9 DI 10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00267-9 PG 4 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA 571QZ UT WOS:000176729600009 ER PT J AU Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG AF Scavia, D Field, JC Boesch, DF Buddemeier, RW Burkett, V Cayan, DR Fogarty, M Harwell, MA Howarth, RW Mason, C Reed, DJ Royer, TC Sallenger, AH Titus, JG TI Climate change impacts on US coastal and marine ecosystems SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM DYNAMICS; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; CORAL-REEFS; UNITED-STATES; FRESH-WATER; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; EL-NINO; HURRICANE INTENSITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE AB Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of PotentiaI Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO(2). Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO(2) levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed upon, and in many cases intensify, other ecosystem stresses (pollution, harvesting, habitat destruction, invasive species, land and resource use, extreme natural events), which may lead to more significant consequences. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Cambridge, MD 21401 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Coastal Geol, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US EPA, Off Econ & Environm, Global Programs Div, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Scavia, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. OI Scavia, Donald/0000-0002-2784-8269 NR 141 TC 314 Z9 321 U1 47 U2 325 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.1007/BF02691304 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 554UA UT WOS:000175754500001 ER PT J AU Goldberg, R Phelan, B Pereira, J Hagan, S Clark, P Bejda, A Calabrese, A Studholme, A Able, KW AF Goldberg, R Phelan, B Pereira, J Hagan, S Clark, P Bejda, A Calabrese, A Studholme, A Able, KW TI Variability in habitat use by young-of-the-year winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, in three northeastern US estuaries SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE FISHES; WAQUOIT BAY; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; SPATIAL SCALE; HUDSON RIVER; GROWTH-RATES; MARSH CREEKS; BARE SAND; MASSACHUSETTS AB We compared distribution and abundance by habitat for age-0, young-of-the-year (YOY) winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, in three estuaries (Hammonasset River, Navesink River, and Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor) in the northeastern United States to better define essential fish habitat (EFH). Two replicates of five representative habitats were sampled in most estuaries: eelgrass (Zostera marina), unvegetated areas adjacent to eelgrass, macroalgae, (primarily Ulva lactuca), unvegetated areas adjacent to macroalgae, and tidal marsh creeks. Fish were sampled every two weeks, May through October 1995 and 1996, with a beam-trawl (1-m width, 3-mm mesh net). Abundance of YOY winter flounder was highest in the Navesink River estuary and similar between years, but was significantly lower and differed between years in the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor and Hammonasset River estuaries. Annual temperature differences appear to influence estuary use by YOY. In the years and estuaries studied, where habitat-related differences in abundance were significant, YOY were found in higher densities in unvegetated areas adjacent to eelgrass. The exception was in the Hammonasset River in 1995 when densities were higher in eelgrass. We conclude that the type of habitat most important to YOY winter flounder varies among estuaries and as a result, care should be taken in defining EFH, based only on limited spatial and temporal sampling. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Studies, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. RP Goldberg, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NR 58 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.1007/BF02691309 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 554UA UT WOS:000175754500006 ER PT J AU Link, JS AF Link, JS TI Ecological considerations in fisheries management: When does it matter? SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID CORMORANTS PHALACROCORAX-CARBO; GRAYLING THYMALLUS-THYMALLUS; TROUT SALMONIDAE POPULATIONS; LAKE TROUT; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; PACIFIC SALMON; GEORGES BANK; SWISS RIVERS; GREAT-LAKES AB Ecological processes are often not explicitly included in fisheries models and management, but have the potential to be a significant influence on fish stocks. I examine cases from ecosystems around the world where predation, competition, environmental tal regime shifts, and habitat alteration have altered population dynamics, stock abundance, and community composition. These cases demonstrate the importance of ecological processes in the regulation of fish populations. Fisheries managers and scientists have long appreciated the importance of quantifying ecological processes relative to fishing, but recognizing the consequences of ignoring these considerations and developing a feasible set of widely used tools to implement these considerations has been lagging. Very simply, given what we know about the importance of these processes, particularly at low stock abundances, we would be wise to address them. I conclude with a proposed set of questions that need to be addressed in order to more widely and systematically implement ecological considerations in fisheries management. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 86 TC 101 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 36 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 4 BP 10 EP 17 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:ECIFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 539HK UT WOS:000174864300013 ER PT J AU Link, JS AF Link, JS TI What does ecosystem-based fisheries management mean? SO FISHERIES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 20 TC 136 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 27 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 4 BP 18 EP 21 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 539HK UT WOS:000174864300014 ER PT J AU von Szalay, PG McConnaughey, RA AF von Szalay, PG McConnaughey, RA TI The effect of slope and vessel speed on the performance of a single beam acoustic seabed classification system (vol 54, pg 181, 2002) SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Correction ID HABITAT; ROXANN; REEF AB Although the emergence of an acoustic single beam seabed classification system appears promising as a cost-effective tool to acquire information about bottom types, some limitations of this technology with respect to vessel speed and rough terrain have been identified. To further refine this technology, we examined the QTC View system to determine if it would work in an area such as the Gulf of Alaska, which is characterized by deep water, steep slopes, heterogeneous substrate. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the operational limits with respect to vessel speed and bottom slope. Results indicate that speeds between 3 and 12 kn have no significant effect on classification performance, but bottom slopes exceeding approximately 5-8degrees appear to cause a complete breakdown in classification accuracy. The potential of trawl-mounted sonar systems, currently under evaluation, as a potential solution to expanded range of operation over bottom slopes is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP von Szalay, PG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 56 IS 1 BP 97 EP + AR PII S0165-7836(02)00019-X DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00019-X PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 546YR UT WOS:000175305000009 ER PT J AU Brill, R Lutcavage, M Metzger, G Bushnell, P Arendt, M Lucy, J Watson, C Foley, D AF Brill, R Lutcavage, M Metzger, G Bushnell, P Arendt, M Lucy, J Watson, C Foley, D TI Horizontal and vertical movements of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), in relation to oceanographic conditions of the western North Atlantic, determined with ultrasonic telemetry SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID YELLOWFIN TUNA; KATSUWONUS-PELAMIS; HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; PELAGIC FISHES; SKIPJACK TUNA; ACUTE-HYPOXIA; ALBACARES; TEMPERATURE; OCEAN; BIGHT AB We employed ultrasonic transmitters to follow (for up to 48 h) the horizontal and vertical movements of five juvenile (6.8-18.7 kg estimated body mass) bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the western North Atlantic (off the eastern shore of Virginia). Our objective was to document the fishes' behavior and distribution in relation to oceanographic conditions and thus begin to address issues that currently limit population assessments based on aerial surveys. Estimation of the trends in adult and juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna abundance by aerial surveys, and other fishery-independent measures, is considered a priority. Juvenile bluefin tuna spent the majority of their time over the continental shelf in relatively shallow water (generally less then 40 m deep). Fish used the entire water column in spite of relatively steep vertical thermal gradients (approximate to24degreesC at the surface and approximate to12degreesC at 40 m depth), but spent the majority of their time (approximate to90%) above 15 m and in water warmer then 20degreesC, Mean swimming speeds ranged from 2.8 to 3.3 knots, and total distance covered from 152 to 289 km (82-156 nmi). Because fish generally remained within relatively confined areas, net displacement was only 7.7-52.7 km (4.1-28.4 nmi). Horizontal movements were not correlated with sea surface temperature. We propose that it is unlikely that juvenile bluefin tuna in this area can detect minor horizontal temperature gradients (generally less then 0.5degreesC/km) because of the steep vertical temperature gradients (up to approximate to0.6degreesC/m) they experience during their regular vertical movements. In contrast, water clarity did appear to influence behavior because the fish remained in the intermediate water mass between the turbid and phytoplankton-rich plume exiting Chesapeake Bay (and similar coastal waters) and the clear oligotrophic water east of the continental shelf. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol,Hawaii Reg Node, Pelag Fisheries Res Program,CoastWatch Program, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res,NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. New England Aquarium, Edgerton Res Lab, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Long Isl Univ, Southampton Coll, Dept Biol, Southampton, NY 11968 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol Sci, South Bend, IN 46634 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sea Grant Program, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Cent Connecticut State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New Britain, CT 06053 USA. RP Brill, R (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol,Hawaii Reg Node, Pelag Fisheries Res Program,CoastWatch Program, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res,NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM rbrill@honlab.nmfs.hawaii.edu NR 66 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 155 EP 167 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800001 ER PT J AU Else, P Haldorson, L Krieger, K AF Else, P Haldorson, L Krieger, K TI Shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) abundance and habitat associations in the Gulf of Alaska SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ROCKFISH SEBASTES; DEEP-REEF; FISHES; OREGON AB Shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) abundance was estimated from 107 video transects at 27 stations recorded from a research submersible in 1991 off southeast Alaska at depths ranging from 165 to 355 m. Numbers of invertebrates in seven major taxa were estimated, as was substrate type. Thornyhead abundance ranged from 0 to 7.5/100 m(2), with a mean of 1.22/100 m(2), and was positively correlated with depth and amount of hard substrate. Invertebrate abundances were not significantly correlated with numbers of thornyheads, Shortspine thornyhead abundance estimates from this study were several times higher than estimates produced by bottom trawl surveys off southeast Alaska in 1990 and 1993, the two years of survey that encompassed the submersible transects; however, the trend of increasing abundance with depth was similar in the trawl surveys and in the submersible transects, suggesting that trawl surveys systematically underestimate abundance of shortspine thornyheads. C1 Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Haldorson, L (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, 11120 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 193 EP 199 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800004 ER PT J AU Hatfield, EMC Cadrin, SX AF Hatfield, EMC Cadrin, SX TI Geographic and temporal patterns in size and maturity of the longfin inshore squid (Loligo pealeii) off the northeastern United States SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FINNED SQUID; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; CAPE-HATTERAS; LIFE-SPAN; GROWTH; POPULATION; WINTER; REPRODUCTION; TEMPERATURE; CEPHALOPODA AB Analysis of 32 years of standardized survey catches (1967-98) indicated differential distribution patterns for the longfin inshore squid (Loligo pealeii) over the northwest Atlantic U.S. continental shelf, by geographic region, depth, season, and time of day. Catches were greatest in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, where there were significantly greater catches in deep water during winter and spring, and in shallow water during autumn. Body size generally increased with depth in all seasons. Large catches of juveniles in shallow waters off southern New England during autumn resulted from inshore spawning observed during late spring and summer; large proportions of juveniles in the Mid-Atlantic Bight during spring suggest that substantial winter spawning also occurs. Few mature squid were caught in survey samples in any season; the majority of these mature squid were captured south of Cape Hatteras during spring. Spawning occurs inshore from late spring to summer and the data suggest that winter spawning occurs primarily south of Cape Hatteras. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hatfield, EMC (reprint author), FRS Marine Lab, Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland. EM e.hatfield@marlab.ac.uk NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 200 EP 213 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800005 ER PT J AU MacFarlane, RB Norton, EC AF MacFarlane, RB Norton, EC TI Physiological ecology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the southern end of their distribution, the San Francisco Estuary and Gulf of the Farallones, California SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SALMON; RIVER ESTUARY; WASHINGTON; OREGON; FISHES; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; SEBASTES; TROUT AB Juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from natal streams in California's Central Valley demonstrated little estuarine dependency but grew rapidly once in coastal waters. We collected juvenile chinook salmon at locations spanning the San Francisco Estuary from the western side of the freshwater delta-at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers-to the estuary exit at the Golden Gate and in the coastal waters of the Gulf of the Farallones. Juveniles spent about 40 d migrating through the estuary at an estimated rate of 1.6 km/d or faster during their migration season (May and June 1997) toward the ocean. Mean growth in length (0.18 mm/d) and weight (0.02 g/d) was insignificant in young chinook salmon while in the estuary, but estimated daily growth of 0.6 mm/d and 0.5 g/d in the ocean was rapid (Pless than or equal to0.001). Condition (K factor) declined in the estuary, but improved markedly in ocean fish. Total body protein, total lipid, triacylglycerols (TAG), polar lipids, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations did not change in juveniles in the estuary, but total lipid and TAG were depleted in ocean juveniles. As young chinook migrated from freshwater to the ocean, their prey changed progressively in importance from invertebrates to fish larvae. Once in coastal waters, juvenile salmon appear to employ a strategy of rapid growth at the expense of energy reserves to increase survival potential. In 1997, environmental conditions did not impede development: freshwater discharge was above average and water temperatures were only slightly elevated, within the species' tolerance, Data suggest that chinook salmon from California's Central Valley have evolved a strong ecological propensity for a ocean-type life history. But unlike populations in the Pacific Northwest, they show little estuarine dependency and proceed to the ocean to benefit from the upwelling-driven, biologically productive coastal waters. C1 NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP MacFarlane, RB (reprint author), NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 51 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 20 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 244 EP 257 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800008 ER PT J AU McFee, WE Hopkins-Murphy, SR AF McFee, WE Hopkins-Murphy, SR TI Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) strandings in South Carolina, 1992-1996 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NOSED DOLPHINS; PATTERNS; TEXAS; GROWTH AB From 1992 to 1996,153 bottlenose dolphin stranded in South Carolina, accounting for 73% of all marine mammal strandings during this period, The objectives of our study were to evaluate data from these strandings to determine 1) annual trends in strandings, 2) seasonal and spatial distribution trends, 3) life history parameters such as sex ratio and age classes, 3) seasonal trends in reproduction, and 4) the extent to which humans have played a role in causing these strandings (human interactions). The results showed that 49% of the bottlenose dolphin strandings occurred between April and July; the greatest number of strandings occurred in July (n=22). There was a significant seasonal increase in the distribution of bottlenose dolphin strandings in the northern portion of the state from November to March Bottlenose dolphin neonates stranded in every month of the year, except March and October, and represented 19.6% of the total number of strandings with known length (n=138). Fifty-five percent (n=15) of bottlenose dolphin neonatal strandings occurred between May and July Bottlenose dolphins determined to have died as the result of human interaction accounted for 23.1% of the total number of bottlenose dolphin strandings (excluding those for which a determination could not be made). Incidents of bottlenose dolphin entanglements in nets accounted for 16 of these cases. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. S Carolina Dept Nat Resources, Charleston, SC 29422 USA. RP McFee, WE (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 258 EP 265 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800009 ER PT J AU Natanson, LJ Mello, JJ Campana, SE AF Natanson, LJ Mello, JJ Campana, SE TI Validated age and growth of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID REPRODUCTION; PARAMETERS; PACIFIC AB Growth parameters were estimated for porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean on the basis of vertebral annuli. A total of 578 vertebrae was analyzed. Annuli were validated up to an age of 11 years by using vertebrae from recaptured oxytetracycline-injected and known-age sharks. Males and females grew at similar rates until the size of male sexual maturity, after which the relative growth of the males declined. The growth rate of the females declined in a similar manner at the onset of maturity. Growth curves were consistent with those derived from tag-recapture analyses (GROTAG) of 76 recaptured fish and those based on length-frequency methods with measurements from 13,589 individuals. Von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters (combined sexes) were L-infinity = 289.4 cm fork length, K = 0.07 and t(0) = -6.06. Maximum age, based on vertebral band pair counts, was 25 and 24 years for males and females, respectively, Longevity calculations, however, indicated a maximum age of 45 to 46 years in an unfished population. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fish Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Natanson, LJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 33 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 23 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 266 EP 278 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800010 ER PT J AU Powles, PM Warlen, SM AF Powles, PM Warlen, SM TI Recruitment season, size, and age of young American eels (Anguilla rostrata) entering an estuary near Beaufort, North Carolina SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC COAST; EUROPEAN EEL; SARGASSO SEA; JAPANESE EEL; ELVERS; OTOLITHS; MICROSTRUCTURE; METAMORPHOSIS; LEPTOCEPHALI; HISTORY AB Net catches from 1985-86 to 1994-95 at Pivers Island, North Carolina, indicated that glass-eel stage American eels (Anguilla rostrata) were recruited to the estuary from November to early May, with peak numbers in January, February, and March. There was no declining trend in recruitment over the years of sampling, Except for one year, there was no clear seasonal decrease in mean length. But shorter glass eels were older than longer glass eels, as judged by age within the glass eel growth zone of the otolith, suggesting that smaller fish took longer to arrive. The mean age of glass eels collected from the lower estuary and a freshwater site 9.5 km upriver differed by 8.4 d (36.2 vs. 44.6, respectively). Cuter increments (30-35) of the otolith growth zone of glass eels from North Carolina were significantly wider than corresponding increments of otoliths from New Brunswick, Mean total ages of North Carolina, New Jersey, and New Brunswick elvers were 175.4, 201.2, and 209.3 d, corresponding to mean lengths of 55,9,60.9, and 58.1 mm TL, respectively. The mean durations of glass-eel growth zones (44.6, 62.3, and 69.8) were in close agreement with those from previous studies, but total ages were not. This suggested that perhaps some finer (leptocephalus stage) increments were not detected by light microscopy, differences occurred in seasonal increment deposition, or absorption of the otolith material may have taken place during metamorphosis, rendering the aging of larvae inaccurate. Judging from the long recruitment period and seasonal uniformity in both mean age and length found in our study, the spawning period of American eels may be somewhat more protracted than previously considered. C1 Trent Univ, Dept Biol, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Powles, PM (reprint author), Trent Univ, Dept Biol, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800012 ER PT J AU Shima, M Hollowed, AB VanBlaricom, GR AF Shima, M Hollowed, AB VanBlaricom, GR TI Changes over time in the spatial distribution of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska, 1984-1996 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; WESTERN GULF; ABUNDANCE; JUVENILE; LARVAL; COAST AB Triennial bottom trawl survey data from 1984 to 1996 were used to evaluate changes in the summer distribution of walleye pollock in the western and central Gulf of Alaska. Differences between several age groups of pollock were evaluated. Distribution was examined in relation to several physical characteristics, including bottom depth and distance from land. Interspecies associations were also analyzed with the Bray-Curtis clustering technique to better understand community structure. Our results indicated that although the population numbers decreased, high concentrations of pollock remained in the same areas during 1984-96. However, there was an increase in the number of stations where low-density pollock concentrations of all ages were observed, which resulted in a decrease in mean population density of pollock within the GOA region. Patterns emerging from our data suggested an alternative to Mac-Call's "basin hypothesis" which states that as population numbers decrease, there should be a contraction of the population range to optimal habitats. During 1984-96 there was a concurrent precipitous decline in Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska. The results of our study suggest that decreases in the mean density of adult pollock, the main food in the Steller sea lion diet, combined with slight changes in the distribution of pollock (age-1 pollock in particular) in the mid-1980s, may have contributed to decreased foraging efficiency in Steller sea lions. Our results support the prevailing conceptual model for pollock ontogeny, although there is evidence that substantial spawning may also occur outside of Shelikof Strait. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shima, M (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1122 Boat St NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 307 EP 323 PG 17 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800013 ER PT J AU Vaughan, DS Prager, MH AF Vaughan, DS Prager, MH TI Severe decline in abundance of the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) population off the southeastern United States SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-PARAMETERS; PRODUCTION-MODEL; NORTH-CAROLINA; VERMILION SNAPPER; SOUTH-CAROLINA; LIFE-HISTORY; FISH STOCKS; AGE; MORTALITY; GROUPER AB Status of the southeastern U.S. stock of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) was estimated from fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data, 1972-97. Annual population numbers and fishing mortality rates at age were estimated from virtual population analysis (VPA) calibrated with fishery-independent data. For the VPA, a primary matrix of catch at age was based on age-length keys from fishery-independent samples; an alternate matrix was based on fishery-dependent keys. Additional estimates of stock status were obtained from a surplus-production model, also calibrated with fishery-independent indices of abundance. Results describe a dramatic increase in exploitation of this stock and concomitant decline in abundance. Estimated fully recruited fishing mortality rate (F) from the primary catch matrix increased from 0.10/yr in 1975 to 0.88/yr in 1997, and estimated static spawning potential ratio (SPR) declined from about 67% to about 18%. Estimated recruitment to age 1 declined from a peak of 3.0 million fish in 1973-74 to 94,000 fish in 1997, a decline of 96.9%. Estimated spawning-stock biomass declined from a peak of 3530 t in 1979 to 397 t in 1997, a decline of 88.8%. Results from the alternate catch matrix were similar. Retrospective patterns in the VPA suggest that the future estimates of this population decline will be severe, but may be less than present estimates. Long-term and marked declines in recruitment, spawning stock, and catch per unit of effort (both fishery-derived and fishery-independent) are consistent with severe overexploitation during a period of reduced recruitment. Although F prior to 1995 has generally been estimated at or below the current management criterion for overfishing (F equivalent to SPR=35%), the recent spawning-stock biomass is well below the biomass that could support maximum sustainable yield. Significant reductions in fishing mortality will be needed for rebuilding the southeastern U.S. stock. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Vaughan, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM Doug.Vaughan@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 351 EP 375 PG 25 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800016 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Speckman, SG AF Abookire, AA Piatt, JF Speckman, SG TI A nearsurface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; FAMILY MYCTOPHIDAE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NORTH PACIFIC; OREGON C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaksa Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak Lab, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM alisa.abookire@noaa.gov NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 376 EP 380 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800017 ER PT J AU Link, JS Almeida, FP AF Link, JS Almeida, FP TI Opportunistic feeding of longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus): Are scallop fishery discards an important food subsidy for scavengers on Georges Bank? SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITY; AREAS C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 100 IS 2 BP 381 EP 385 PG 5 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 545PR UT WOS:000175226800018 ER PT J AU Garrett, ES AF Garrett, ES TI The "shrouded threat" of foodborne parasites SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS USA. RP Garrett, ES (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 56 IS 4 BP 20 EP 20 PG 1 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 541EC UT WOS:000174971400007 ER PT J AU Hinson, DP Wilson, RJ AF Hinson, DP Wilson, RJ TI Transient eddies in the southern hemisphere of Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RADIO OCCULTATION MEASUREMENTS; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; GLOBAL SURVEYOR; MODEL; WAVES AB [1] Mars Global Surveyor is providing the first observations of transient eddies in the southern hemisphere of Mars. We derive basic properties of the traveling eddies that appear in midwinter (L-s = 134degrees-148degrees) through analysis of radio occultation measurements at 67degrees-70degreesS latitude. The dominant mode has a period of 2 solar days and a zonal wavenumber s = 3. Strong zonal variations in eddy amplitude signal the presence of a possible "storm zone'' at 150degrees-330degreesE longitude. Within this longitude band the eddies achieve peak amplitudes at the 300-Pa pressure level of similar to7 K in temperature and 10-15 m s(-1) in meridional wind speed. The minimum temperature associated with the eddies is similar to2 K colder than saturation of CO2, close to the threshold where nucleation and growth of new ice particles can occur. A simulation by a Mars general circulation model produces traveling eddies that closely resemble the observations. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Hinson, DP (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 AR 1154 DI 10.1029/2001GL014103 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DE UT WOS:000178886700006 ER PT J AU Polvani, LM Kushner, PJ AF Polvani, LM Kushner, PJ TI Tropospheric response to stratospheric perturbations in a relatively simple general circulation model SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TRENDS; OSCILLATION AB [1] The sensitivity of the tropospheric extratropical circulation to thermal perturbations of the polar stratosphere is examined in a dry primitive equation general circulation model with zonally symmetric forcing and boundary conditions. For sufficiently strong cooling of the polar winter stratosphere, the winter-hemisphere tropospheric jet shifts polewards and strengthens markedly at the surface; this is accompanied by a drop in surface pressure at high latitudes in the same hemisphere. In addition, this extratropical tropospheric response is found to be very similar to the model's leading pattern of internal variability. These results are tested for robustness at several horizontal and vertical resolutions, and the same tropospheric response is observed at all but the lowest resolution tested. The behavior of this relatively simple model is broadly consistent with recent observational and modeling studies of trends in extratropical atmospheric variability. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Polvani, LM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM polvani@columbia.edu; pjk@gfdl.noaa.gov RI Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 12 TC 173 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 AR 1114 DI 10.1029/2001GL014284 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DE UT WOS:000178886700046 ER PT J AU Wilson, RJ AF Wilson, RJ TI Evidence for nonmigrating thermal tides in the Mars upper atmosphere from the Mars Global Surveyor Accelerometer Experiment SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; WAVES; MODEL AB [1] Mars Global Surveyor Accelerometer Experiment density measurements indicate the presence of planetary-scale wave structure in the Mars upper atmosphere (similar to130 km). In particular, Phase 2 aerobraking observations reveal large amplitude zonal wave 2 and 3 variations in dayside density between +/-60degrees latitude. These spatial variations (in a fixed local solar time reference) can be qualitatively reproduced by a Mars general circulation model and are identified as a manifestation of eastward propagating nonmigrating thermal tides with long vertical wavelengths. The simulated wave 2 variation is dominated by a diurnal period wave 1 Kelvin mode while the principal components of the simulated zonal wave 3 structure are a diurnal period wave 2 Kelvin mode and a wave 1 semidiurnal tide. The characterization of these waves is important for understanding the structure and variability of the martian atmosphere at aerobraking altitudes. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Wilson, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 11 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 AR 1120 DI 10.1029/2001GL013975 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 609DE UT WOS:000178886700040 ER PT J AU Kim, YC O'Neal, DL Payne, WV Farzad, M AF Kim, YC O'Neal, DL Payne, WV Farzad, M TI Refrigerant flow through flexible short-tube orifices SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Flexible short-tube orifices were designed to decrease their diameter as the pressure differential across them increases under high outdoor temperatures. A series of tests for an R-22/lubricant mixture (mass fraction of oil 1.2%) were performed with two flexible short-tube orifices to develop flow data over a range of typical air conditioner operating conditions. One short tube had a modulus of elasticity of 7063 kPa and the other a value of 9860 kPa. Both short tubes had identical lengths (14.5 mm), entrance diameters (2.06 mm), and exit diameters (2.46 mm). The tests included both single- and two-phase flow conditions at the inlet of the flexible short tube. Upstream pressures were varied from 1179 kPa to 2144 kPa, which corresponded to saturated condensing temperatures of 29.4 to 54.4degreesC Experimental results were presented as a function of pressure, subcooling/quality, evaporating pressure, and modulus of elasticity. Mass flow rates were compared with those of a rigid short tube. The flow rate through the flexible short-tube orifices was strongly dependent on the condensing pressure, subcooling/quality, and modulus of elasticity (which, in effect, changed diameter at different upstream pressures) of the short-tube material. However, the flow rate showed little dependence on the evaporating pressure. An empirical flow model was developed using the experimental data. This flow model was then combined with an air-conditioning system simulation model. Results from the model indicated that the flexible short tube provided approximately 2 to 3% higher capacity than the fixed expansion devices at temperatures lower than 25degreesC and higher than 45degreesC. However, the flow control with the flexible short-tube orifice was not as good as with a thermal expansion valve. C1 Korea Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Seoul, South Korea. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Mech Engn, College Stn, TX USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Carrier Corp, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Kim, YC (reprint author), Korea Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Seoul, South Korea. NR 10 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.1080/10789669.2002.10391435 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 549NQ UT WOS:000175450800004 ER PT J AU Lee, SK Griffith, D Coussot, V Su, D AF Lee, SK Griffith, D Coussot, V Su, D TI Explicit routing with QoS constraints in IP over WDM SO IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID NETWORKS AB Generalised multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) is being developed as a unified control architecture for the optical transport network and the layers above it. GMPLS supports traffic engineering (TE) by allowing explicit routing (ER) of data-bearing paths across networks, which will help to guarantee quality of service (QoS) for types of services in IP over WDM networks. Although there have been many approaches to allocate resources in optical data networks using constrained linear programs, these do not consider the delays at layer 3, which impacts QoS. In networks where it is not possible to create a virtual topology at layer 3 that is a full mesh. more than one lightpath will be required to route traffic between certain pairs of source and destination IP routers. The authors present a technique for traffic engineering in optical networks that support QoS considering the traffic flows with delay QoS requirements across optical networks. This technique provides real-time services with a specific optical label switched path and optimises an objective function including the queueing delay at layer 3. C1 NIST, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, SK (reprint author), NIST, Adv Network Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 1350-2425 J9 IEE P-COMMUN JI IEE Proc.-Commun. PD APR PY 2002 VL 149 IS 2 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1049/ip-com:20020033 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 568KL UT WOS:000176540900004 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW Stapp, M AF Chadwick, WW Stapp, M TI A deep-sea observatory experiment using acoustic extensometers: Precise horizontal distance measurements across a mid-ocean ridge SO IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE acoustic ranging; mid-ocean ridge; seafloor spreading; submarine volcano monitoring ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; VOLCANIC RIFT ZONES; FUCA RIDGE; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; SURFACE DEFORMATION; PLATE BOUNDARY; CRACKING EVENT; NORTH ICELAND; ERUPTION; KRAFLA AB In July 2000, an array of instruments called acoustic extensometers was deployed at the Cleft segment of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, a seafloor observatory site selected by the National Science Foundation RIDGE Program. These instruments are designed to precisely measure horizontal deformation across the axis of a mid-ocean ridge in order to detect and quantify seafloor spreading events. The instruments were deployed in semipermanent seafloor benchmarks in a linear array that is 1.2-km long and spans the floor of the axial valley. The instruments make daily measurements of distance to their neighbors in the array by recording the round trip travel time of 100-kHz acoustic pulses, and simultaneous temperature measurements are used to correct the ranges for sound speed variations. The instruments are expected to have lifetimes of at least five years. In addition, precise pressure measurements have been made at each benchmark with a remotely operated vehicle in order to monitor or vertical deformation across the array. Preliminary results show that the resolution of the acoustic measurements is +/-1-2 cm and that no abrupt deformation events occurred during the first year. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0364-9059 J9 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG JI IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 2 BP 193 EP 201 AR PII S0364-9059(02)03371-X DI 10.1109/JOE.2002.1002473 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 554UC UT WOS:000175754700006 ER PT J AU Wong, SH Swartz, SL AF Wong, SH Swartz, SL TI A middleware architecture for open and interoperable GISs SO IEEE MULTIMEDIA LA English DT Article AB The volume and number of data sets about Earth are rapidly growing. However, sharing and integrating them is difficult due to incompatible data formats and platforms. We propose an abstract model for information sharing and integration and use it to develop an architecture for building open, component-based, interoperable systems. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Species & Biodivers Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA. RP NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Protected Species & Biodivers Div, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM Steven.Wong@noaa.gov NR 25 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1070-986X EI 1941-0166 J9 IEEE MULTIMEDIA JI IEEE Multimedia PD APR-JUN PY 2002 VL 9 IS 2 BP 62 EP 76 DI 10.1109/93.998065 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 542ER UT WOS:000175031000010 ER PT J AU Geyer, RG Kabos, P Baker-Jarvis, J AF Geyer, RG Kabos, P Baker-Jarvis, J TI Dielectric sleeve resonator techniques for microwave complex permittivity evaluation SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE dielectric sleeve resonators; ferroelectric; microwave complex permittivity ID CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES; RING RESONATORS; MODES; FREQUENCY AB Closed-form analytical solutions are derived for accurate microwave dielectric characterization of rod test specimens inserted into dielectric sleeve resonators placed centrally in a metal cavity. Low-loss sleeve resonators can be used advantageously for multiple frequency measurements of the same specimen and may be employed for accurate dielectric characterization of high-permittivity specimens having dielectric loss factors greater than 0.001. Uncertainty relations for permittivity and dielectric loss are also shown, which demonstrate that when sample electric energy filling factors are greater than 0.4, relative uncertainties in measured permittivity and dielectric loss tangent are less than 1% and 4%, even for relative permittivities greater than 600. Example measurements are given that illustrate how this dielectric resonator system can be employed for dielectric characterization of ferroelectric materials at temperatures both near or far from their Curie temperatures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 EI 1557-9662 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD APR PY 2002 VL 51 IS 2 BP 383 EP 392 AR PII S0018-9456(02)04305-X DI 10.1109/19.997841 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 545TU UT WOS:000175234300033 ER PT J AU Zhou, YH Shen, YJ Zhang, ZM Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP AF Zhou, YH Shen, YJ Zhang, ZM Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP TI A Monte Carlo model for predicting the effective emissivity of the silicon wafer in rapid thermal processing furnaces SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB Advances in microelectronics led to the development of rapid thermal processing (RTP). Accurate in situ temperature measurement and control are crucial for RTP furnaces to be largely accepted in the fabrication of semiconductor chips. This paper describes an effective emissivity model based on the Monte Carlo method to facilitate radiometric temperature measurements. The results showed that for non-diffuse wafers the "true" effective emissivity (defined in this paper) should be used, instead of the hemispherical effective emissivity, to correct thermometer readings. The geometric parameters and surface radiative properties can significantly influence the effective emissivity. The numerical aperture of the lightpipe radiation thermometer and the wafer-to-shield distance may be optimized to improve the measurement accuracy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, ZM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 10 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD APR PY 2002 VL 45 IS 9 BP 1945 EP 1949 AR PII S0017-9310(01)00295-2 DI 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00295-2 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 535YA UT WOS:000174672900015 ER PT J AU Zeitler, TR Toby, BH AF Zeitler, TR Toby, BH TI Parallel processing for Rietveld refinement SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB A method for speeding Rietveld refinements using parallel computing is presented. The method can be applied to most, if not all, Rietveld refinement programs. An example implementation for the Los Alamos General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) package is described. Using a cluster with seven processors, least-squares refinements are completed 2.5 to 5 times faster than on an equivalent single-processor computer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD APR PY 2002 VL 35 BP 191 EP 195 DI 10.1107/S0021889802000109 PN 2 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 536XK UT WOS:000174727000007 ER PT J AU Alduchov, OA Eskridge, RE AF Alduchov, OA Eskridge, RE TI Determination of radiosonde station elevation from observational data SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Correct radiosonde station elevation (balloon release height) is important in quality control of radiosonde soundings. Incorrect heights introduce errors in calculated temperature trends and numerical forecasts. Radiosonde metadata frequently contain erroneous information regarding station elevations. Soundings are produced at the station using the correct station elevation and the hydrostatic equation to determine the height of each pressure level in the sounding. It is easy to do a reverse calculation using the soundings to calculate the station elevation (release point). From a time series of calculated station elevations, the change dates and station elevations can be determined for individual stations. A method was developed to calculate station elevation and change dates automatically from time series of calculated station elevations. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia. RP Eskridge, RE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 41 IS 4 BP 357 EP 362 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0357:DORSEF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 528PE UT WOS:000174251500001 ER PT J AU Elmore, KL Stensrud, DJ Crawford, KC AF Elmore, KL Stensrud, DJ Crawford, KC TI Ensemble cloud model applications to forecasting thunderstorms SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; MESOSCALE; SCALE; TIME AB A cloud model ensemble forecasting approach is developed to create forecasts that describe the range and distribution of thunderstorm lifetimes that may be expected to occur on a particular day. Such forecasts are crucial for anticipating severe weather, because long-lasting storms tend to produce more significant weather and have a greater impact on public safety than do storms with brief lifetimes. Eighteen days distributed over two warm seasons with 1481 observed thunderstorms are used to assess the ensemble approach. Forecast soundings valid at 1800, 2100, and 0000 UTC provided by the 0300 UTC run of the operational Meso Eta Model from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are used to provide horizontally homogeneous initial conditions for a cloud model ensemble made up from separate runs of the fully three-dimensional Collaborative Model for Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation. These soundings are acquired from a 160 km x 160 km square centered over the location of interest; they are shown to represent a likely, albeit biased, range of atmospheric states. A minimum threshold value for maximum vertical velocity of 8 m s(-1) within the cloud model domain is used to estimate storm lifetime. Forecast storm lifetimes are verified against observed storm lifetimes, as derived from the Storm Cell Identification and Tracking algorithm applied to Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from the National Weather Service (reflectivity exceeding 40 dBZ(e)). Probability density functions (pdfs) are estimated from the storm lifetimes that result from the ensemble. When results from all 18 days are pooled, a vertical velocity threshold of 8 m s(-1) is found to generate a forecast pdf of storm lifetime that most closely resembles the pdf that describes the collection of observed storm lifetimes. Standard 2 x 2 contingency statistics reveal that, on identifiable occasions, the ensemble model displays skill in comparison with the climatologic mean in locating where convection is most likely to occur. Contingency statistics also show that when storm lifetimes of at least 60 min are used as a proxy for severe weather, the ensemble shows considerable skill at identifying days that are likely to produce severe weather. Because the ensemble model has skill in predicting the range and distribution of storm lifetimes on a daily basis, the forecast pdf of storm lifetime is used directly to create probabilistic forecasts of storm lifetime, given the current age of a storm. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climate Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Elmore, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 52 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 41 IS 4 BP 363 EP 383 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0363:ECMATF>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 528PE UT WOS:000174251500002 ER PT J AU Zhao, LM Weng, FZ AF Zhao, LM Weng, FZ TI Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using the advanced microwave sounding unit SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; CIRRUS CLOUDS; IMAGING RADIOMETER; WATER-CONTENT; CLASSIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; ALGORITHM; RAINFALL; CRYSTALS; IMAGER AB An algorithm is developed to derive cloud ice water path (IWP) and ice particle effective diameters D-e from the advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) measurements. In the algorithm, both IWP and D-e are related to the ice particle scattering parameters, which are determined from the AMSU 89- and 150-GHz measurements. The ratio of the scattering parameters measured at two frequencies provides a direct estimate of D-e. IWP is then derived from the scattering parameter at 150 GHz with the derived D-e and the constant bulk volume density. A screening procedure is developed to discriminate the scattering signatures between atmospheric clouds and surface materials. The major error sources affecting the retrievals are identified. The errors of retrieved effective diameter are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating cloud-base brightness temperatures at 89 and 150 GHz and the errors of the bulk volume density. It is shown that D-e possibly contains an error of 5%-20%. For the retrieval of cloud ice water path, the errors are influenced by the uncertainties in estimated cloud-base brightness temperature, retrieved particle effective diameter, and particle volume density. A 30% error in bulk volume would alone result in a 25% error in retrieved IWP. The algorithm is applied for various weather events and can primarily detect the precipitating ice clouds as well as thick nonprecipitating clouds because of an increasing sensitivity of AMSU measurements at 150 GHz to smaller particle sizes. These results demonstrate the use of 89- and 150-GHz channels for studying the ice cloud properties and their spatial variability under various atmospheric environments. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD USA. RP Weng, FZ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 33 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 41 IS 4 BP 384 EP 395 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0384:ROICPU>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 528PE UT WOS:000174251500003 ER PT J AU Frush, C Doviak, RJ Sachidananda, M Zrnic, DS AF Frush, C Doviak, RJ Sachidananda, M Zrnic, DS TI Application of the SZ phase code to mitigate range-velocity ambiguities in weather radars SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB It has been demonstrated through simulations that the SZ phase code method of mitigating range ambiguities has a performance that exceeds any other known phase-coding scheme. This paper describes an implementation of this code on a weather radar and compares its performance with that derived from simulations. Spectral data obtained from NCAR's S-Pol radar, which had its transmitted phases coded with the SZ(8/64) switching code, are presented to illustrate the steps in this method. It is shown that fully coherent transmitters, such as that used in the U.S.'s WSR-88D weather radars of the National Weather Service, have a system phase stability that takes full advantage of the unique properties of the SZ-coding method. The performance of this coding technique is evaluated by implementing it on a research WSR-88D weather radar. Results verify the dramatic increase in the area of reliable velocities compared to that provided by techniques presently employed in the operations. The performance of the SZ algorithm to retrieve weak signals overlaid by stronger signals is evaluated in the spectral domain by comparing a subjective analysis of the data field where the two overlaid echo spectra can be visually separated and mean Doppler velocities calculated. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Doviak, RJ (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 413 EP 430 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0413:AOTSPC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 534UH UT WOS:000174605000001 ER PT J AU Deng, Y Lawn, BR Lloyd, IK AF Deng, Y Lawn, BR Lloyd, IK TI Characterization of damage modes in dental ceramic bilayer structures SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dental ceramics; elastic modulus; hardness; fracture; layer structures; material design; strength; toughness ID CONTAINING GLASS-CERAMICS; HERTZIAN CONTACT DAMAGE; STRENGTH DEGRADATION; BRITTLE COATINGS; CYCLIC FATIGUE; LAYER STRUCTURES; SILICON-NITRIDE; FRACTURE; INDENTATION; MICROSTRUCTURE AB Results of contact tests using spherical indenters on flat ceramic coating layers bonded to compliant substrates are reported for selected dental ceramics. Critical loads to produce various damage modes, cone cracking, and quasiplasticity at the top surfaces and radial cracking at the lower (inner) surfaces are measured as a function of ceramic-layer thickness. It is proposed that these damage modes, especially radial cracking, are directly relevant to the failure of all-ceramic dental crowns. The critical load data are analyzed with the use of explicit fracture-mechanics relations, expressible in terms of routinely measurable material parameters (elastic modulus, strength, toughness, hardness) and essential geometrical variables (layer thickness, contact radius). The utility of such analyses in the design of ceramic/substrate bilayer systems for optimal resistance to lifetime-threatening damage is discussed. (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Bldg 223,Room B309,100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8500, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.lawn@nist.gov RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 NR 51 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 63 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1002/jbm.10091 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 535JK UT WOS:000174641300008 PM 11870646 ER PT J AU Washburn, NR Simon, CG Tona, A Elgendy, HM Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Washburn, NR Simon, CG Tona, A Elgendy, HM Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Co-extrusion of biocompatible polymers for scaffolds with co-continuous morphology SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE polymers scaffolds; polymer processing; tissue; engineering; bone replacement materials; biocompatibility ID SCANNING-ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; LIQUID PHASE-SEPARATION; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BLENDS; BEHAVIOR; BONE; POLY(L-LACTIDE); REGENERATION AB A methodology for the preparation of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering using co-extrusion is presented. Poly (epsilon-caprolactone) is blended with poly(ethylene oxide) in a twin-screw extruder to form a two-phase material with micron-sized domains. Selective dissolution of the poly(ethylene oxide) with water results in a porous material. A range of blend volume fractions results in co-continuous networks of polymer and void spaces. Annealing studies demonstrate that the characteristic pore size may be increased to larger than 100 mum. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds are characterized by a compressive modulus on the order of 1 MPa at low strains but displaying a marked strain-dependence. The results of osteoblast seeding suggest it is possible to use co-extrusion to prepare polymer scaffolds without the introduction of toxic contaminants. Polymer co-extrusion is amenable to both laboratory- and industrial-scale production of scaffolds fur tissue engineering and only requires rheological characterization of the blend components. This method leads to scaffolds that have continuous void space and controlled characteristic length scales without the use of potentially toxic organic solvents. (C) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* J Biomed Mater Res 60: 20-29, 2002. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Washburn, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Elgendy, Hoda/0000-0002-5573-7419 NR 41 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1 BP 20 EP 29 DI 10.1002/jbm.10049 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 518VC UT WOS:000173687700003 PM 11835155 ER PT J AU Harper, WW Nizkorodov, SA Nesbitt, DJ AF Harper, WW Nizkorodov, SA Nesbitt, DJ TI Reactive scattering of F+HD -> HF(v,J)+D: HF(v,J) nascent product state distributions and evidence for quantum transition state resonances SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTIONS; MOLECULAR-BEAM EXPERIMENTS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; F+H-2->HF+H REACTION; F+H-2 REACTION; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTIONS; SUPERSONIC JETS; REACTION F+D-2; ABSORPTION; DYNAMICS AB Single collision reactive scattering dynamics of F+HD-->HF(v,J)+D have been investigated exploiting high-resolution (Deltanuapproximate to0.0001 cm-1) infrared laser absorption for quantum state resolved detection of nascent HF(v,J) product states. State resolved Doppler profiles are recorded for a series of HF rovibrational transitions and converted into state resolved fluxes via density-to-flux analysis, yielding cross-section data for relative formation of HF(v,J) at E(com)approximate to0.6(2), 1.0(3), 1.5(3), and 1.9(4) kcal/mol. State resolved HF(v,J) products at all but the lowest collision energy exhibit Boltzmann-type populations, characteristic of direct reactive scattering dynamics. At the lowest collision energy [E(com)approximate to0.6(2) kcal/mol], however, the HF(v=2,J) populations behave quite anomalously, exhibiting a nearly "flat" distribution out to Japproximate to11 before dropping rapidly to zero at the energetic limit. These results provide strong experimental support for quantum transition state resonance dynamics near E(com)approximate to0.6 kcal/mol corresponding classically to H atom chattering between the F and D atoms, and prove to be in remarkably quantitative agreement with theoretical wave packet predictions by Skodje [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 4536 (2000)]. These fully quantum state resolved studies therefore nicely complement the recent crossed beam studies of Dong [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3633 (2000)], which confirm the presence of this resonance via angle resolved differential cross-section measurements. The observed quantum state distributions near threshold also indicate several rotational states in the HF(v=3) vibrational manifold energetically inaccessible to F(P-2(3/2)) reagent, but which are consistent with a minor (less than or similar to5%) nonadiabatic contribution from spin-orbit excited F-*(P-2(1/2)). (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harper, WW (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999 MS K5-25, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RI Nizkorodov, Sergey/I-4120-2014 OI Nizkorodov, Sergey/0000-0003-0891-0052 NR 37 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 13 BP 5622 EP 5632 DI 10.1063/1.1456507 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 532JH UT WOS:000174470700035 ER PT J AU Zhou, ST Miller, AJ Wang, J Angell, JK AF Zhou, ST Miller, AJ Wang, J Angell, JK TI Downward-propagating temperature anomalies in the preconditioned polar stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN WARMINGS; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; PLANETARY-WAVES; TROPOSPHERE; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; MODEL AB Dynamical links of the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere and troposphere are studied, with an emphasis on whether stratospheric changes have a direct effect on tropospheric weather and climate. In particular, downward propagation of stratospheric anomalies of polar temperature in the winter-spring season is examined based upon 22 years of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data. It is found that the polar stratosphere is sometimes preconditioned, which allows a warm anomaly to propagate from the upper stratosphere to the troposphere, and sometimes it prohibits downward propagation. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is more clearly seen in the former case. To understand what dynamical conditions dictate the stratospheric property of downward propagation, the upper-stratospheric warming episodes with very large anomalies (such as stratospheric sudden warming) are selected and divided into two categories according to their downward-propagating features. Eliassen-Palm (E-P) diagnostics and wave propagation theories are used to examine the characteristics of wave-mean flow interactions in the two different categories. It is found that in the propagating case the initial wave forcing is very large and the polar westerly wind is reversed. As a result, dynamically induced anomalies propagate down as the critical line descends. A positive feedback is that the dramatic change in zonal wind alters the refractive index in a way favorable for continuous poleward transport of wave energy. The second pulse of wave flux conducts polar warm anomalies farther down. Consequently, the upper-tropospheric circulations are changed, in particular, the subtropical North Atlantic jet stream shifts to the south by similar to5 degrees of latitude, and the alignment of the jet stream becomes more zonal, which is similar to the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zhou, ST (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, W-NP53,Room 808,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM shuntai.zhou@noaa.gov RI Wang, Julian/C-3188-2016 NR 22 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 EI 1520-0442 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD APR PY 2002 VL 15 IS 7 BP 781 EP 792 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0781:DPTAIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 529WP UT WOS:000174324500006 ER PT J AU Coriell, SR McFadden, GB AF Coriell, SR McFadden, GB TI Applications of morphological stability theory SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Crystal Growth held in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Vapor Growth and Epitaxy CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2001 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Sci Council Japan, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Japanese Assoc Crystal Growth, Fdn Promot Mat Sci & Technol Japan, Izumi Fdn Promot Sci & Engn, Kansai Res Fdn Technol Program, Murata Fdn Promot Sci & Engn, Doshisha Univ, Japan Soc Micrograv Applicat, Anritsu Corp, ASEC Inc, Canon Inc, Chichibu Fuji Co Ltd, Dai Ichi Kiden Co Ltd DE convection; diffusion; directional solidification; morphological stability; supersaturated solutions ID KINETIC SELF-STABILIZATION; CRYSTAL-MELT INTERFACE; BINARY ALLOY; VICINAL FACE; DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; STEPPED INTERFACE; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; SORET DIFFUSION; SHEAR-FLOW; GROWTH AB Recent applications of morphological stability theory are reviewed. For growth of a binary alloy from the melt, the tempera ture-dependence of the solute diffusivity can have a significant effect on the critical wavelength at the onset of instability. The response of the interface velocity to an electrical current pulse has been calculated by a linear perturbation analysis. The effect of a parallel shear flow and anisotropic interface kinetics on the onset of instability during growth from a supersaturated solution has been analyzed. The kinetic anisotropy arises from a model of step motion in which the morphological instability corresponds to step bunching. Kinetic anisotropy causes traveling waves along the crystal-solution interface and an enhancement of morphological stability. A shear flow in the direction of the step motion promotes morphological instability, while flow in the opposite direction is stabilizing. Oscillatory (in time) shear flows can be studied by Floquet theory. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coriell, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, A153 Mat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD APR PY 2002 VL 237 BP 8 EP 13 AR PII S0022-0248(01)01841-3 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01841-3 PN 1 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 567XT UT WOS:000176512700004 ER PT J AU Vogel, GL AF Vogel, GL TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Cariol Grp, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vogel, GL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Cariol Grp, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 81 IS 4 BP 228 EP 228 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 539YG UT WOS:000174900200001 PM 12109485 ER PT J AU Slifka, AJ Drexler, ES AF Slifka, AJ Drexler, ES TI Thermomechanical effects in embedded passive materials SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE electron-beam moire; embedded passive; infrared microscopy; thermal resistance; thermomechanical fatigue ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; STEADY-STATE; APPARATUS AB Thermomechanical fatigue was measured using electron-beam moire (EBM) and infrared (IR) microscopy. A specimen was made using a FR-4 printed wiring board (PWB), a silver-filled conductive adhesive, and a carbon-filled conductive paste. Both filled polymeric materials are used for embedded resistor applications. We studied the behavior of these materials and, particularly, the interfaces between these materials as a function of thermal cycling. The EBM gives quantitative information on localized strains, whereas the IR microscopy gives quantitative information on changes in heat flow. The filled polymeric materials showed strains of -0.6% at -55degreesC and 1.4% at 125degreesC. The interface between the silver and carbon-filled materials increased in thermal resistance on the order of 10(-6) m(2) . K . W-1 per thermal cycle. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Slifka, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0361-5235 J9 J ELECTRON MATER JI J. Electron. Mater. PD APR PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 286 EP 291 DI 10.1007/s11664-002-0145-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 537AU UT WOS:000174735000008 ER PT J AU Chiang, MYM Chiang, CK Wu, WL AF Chiang, MYM Chiang, CK Wu, WL TI A technique for deducing in-plane modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of a supported thin film SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC-MODULUS AB A technique for determining the in-plane modulus and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of supported thin films has been developed. The modulus and CTE are calculated by solving two coupled equations that relate the curvature of film samples deposited on two different substrates to the thermal and mechanical Properties of the constituents. In contrast with the conventional method used to calculate modulus and CTE, which involves differentiation of the thermal stress in he film, this new technique does not require the differentiation of the thermal stress, and can also provide the temperature-dependence of the in-plane CTE and elastic modulus of supported thin films. The data reduction scheme used for deducing CTE and elastic modulus is direct and reliable. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0094-4289 J9 J ENG MATER-T ASME JI J. Eng. Mater. Technol.-Trans. ASME PD APR PY 2002 VL 124 IS 2 BP 274 EP 277 DI 10.1115/1.1448522 PG 4 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 547KG UT WOS:000175331100025 ER PT J AU Klokocnik, J Reigber, C Schwintzer, P Wagner, CA Kostelecky, J AF Klokocnik, J Reigber, C Schwintzer, P Wagner, CA Kostelecky, J TI Evaluation of pre-CHAMP gravity models 'GRIM5-S1' and 'GRIM5-C1' with satellite crossover altimetry SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE gravity field models; accuracy assessment; satellite crossover altimetry ID FIELD; GEOSAT; ACCURACY; ERRORS AB The new GFZ/GRGS gravity field models GRIM5-S1 and GRIM5-C1, currently used as initial models for the CHAMP mission, have been compared with other recent models (JGM 3, EGM 96) for radial orbit accuracy (by means of latitude lumped coefficients) in computations on altimetry satellite orbits. The bases for accuracy judgements are multi-year averages of crossover sea height differences from Geosat and ERS 1/2 missions. This radially sensitive data is fully independent of the data used to develop these gravity models. There is good agreement between the observed differences in all of the world's oceans and projections of the same errors from the scaled covariance matrix of their harmonic geopotential coefficients. It was found that the tentative scale factor of five for the formal standard deviations of the harmonic coefficients of the new GRIM fields is justified, i.e. the accuracy estimates, provided together with the GRIM geopotential coefficients, are realistic. C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Div Kinemat & Dynam Earth, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, Ondrejov 25165, Czech Republic. NOAA, NESDIS Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Res Inst Geodesy Topog & Cartog, Zdiby 25066 98, Czech Republic. RP Klokocnik, J (reprint author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Div Kinemat & Dynam Earth, Telegrafenberg A17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. RI Klokocnik, Jaroslav/G-9025-2014 NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD APR PY 2002 VL 76 IS 4 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1007/s00190-001-0240-7 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 552EX UT WOS:000175607300001 ER PT J AU Cooper, OR Moody, JL Parrish, DD Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Evans, MJ AF Cooper, OR Moody, JL Parrish, DD Trainer, M Ryerson, TB Holloway, JS Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Evans, MJ TI Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A conceptual model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cyclone; pollution; transport; chemistry; stratospheric intrusions; airstreams ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; DISTRIBUTIONS; AIRCRAFT; FLUORESCENCE; CLIMATOLOGY; AIRSTREAMS; POLLUTION AB [1] Midlatitude cyclones provide the energy necessary for most of the trace gas transport from North America to the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). These cyclones are composed of four primary airstreams: warm conveyor belt (WCB), cold conveyor belt (CCB), dry airstream (DA), and post cold front (PCF) airstream. This study is the first to present a conceptual model of the chemical composition of a midlatitude cyclone tracking from North America to the WNAO. The model, a composite of chemical measurements from several cyclones, establishes the fundamental relationships between large-scale chemical transport and midlatitude cyclone structure. It also separates the meteorological influences on airstream trace gas signatures from the influence of surface emissions heterogeneity and presents characteristic mixing ratios of ozone, CO, NOx, and NOy within the four types of airstream during late summer/early autumn. While cyclone track and surface emissions heterogeneity impact the median trace gas values within airstreams, the O-3/CO and O-3/NOy slopes remain fairly constant. Several characteristics of the conceptual model impact trace gas signatures, regardless of cyclone track: (1) the DA always advects stratospheric ozone into the middle and upper troposphere; (2) the WCB is a more favorable location for photochemical ozone production than the CCB or PCF; (3) the PCF originates to the northwest, is unaffected by wet deposition, and the sunny conditions may allow for some photochemical ozone production; (4) the CCB is generally cloudy and does not show signs of significant photochemical ozone production; (5) both the CCB and the WCB experience wet deposition resulting in little NOy export from the lower troposphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge, England. RP Cooper, OR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ocooper@al.noaa.gov RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Evans, Mathew/A-3886-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Evans, Mathew/0000-0003-4775-032X; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 60 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4056 DI 10.1029/2001JD000901 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000018 ER PT J AU Cooper, OR Moody, JL Parrish, DD Trainer, M Holloway, JS Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Stohl, A AF Cooper, OR Moody, JL Parrish, DD Trainer, M Holloway, JS Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Stohl, A TI Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A seasonal comparison of O-3 and CO SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cyclone; pollution; transport; chemistry; stratospheric intrusions; airstreams ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; CARBON-MONOXIDE; HEMISPHERE TROPOSPHERE; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRANSPORT; CLIMATOLOGY; AIR; DISTRIBUTIONS; POLLUTION AB [1] The regional- to synoptic-scale transport of trace gases from North America to the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) is largely controlled by midlatitude cyclones. The four primary airstreams that compose these cyclones, the warm conveyor belt (WCB), cold conveyor belt (CCB), dry airstream (DA), and post cold front (PCF) airstream, exhibit characteristic trace gas mixing ratios that vary seasonally. The present study compares ozone and CO mixing ratios measured in these four airstreams during spring 1996 and late summer/early autumn 1997. The three main influences on this seasonal variation of ozone and CO are surface emissions heterogeneity, photochemistry, and stratosphere/troposphere exchange efficiency. The more southerly springtime cyclone tracks account for nearly 50% of the increase of lower troposphere CO from late summer/early autumn to spring. The remainder of the variation is due to the seasonal cycle of background CO. Stratosphere/ troposphere exchange occurs in every DA; however, the seasonal cycle of ozone in the lowermost stratosphere allows greater quantities of ozone to enter the troposphere during spring. Net photochemical ozone production occurs in the late summer/early autumn WCB at all levels and in the lower troposphere PCF. In contrast, springtime net ozone production appears absent from all airstreams, with the CCB influenced by ozone destruction. Ozone and CO are greater in spring, but the relative mixing ratios between airstreams are roughly the same in both seasons. NOx/CO emissions ratios vary across the midlatitudes according to socioeconomic factors. It is expected that the emissions variation influences the ozone production efficiency of the cyclone airstreams that draw from these regions. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bioklimatol & Immissionsforsch, D-8050 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. RP Cooper, OR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ocooper@al.noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Cooper, Owen/H-4875-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 50 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4057 DI 10.1029/2001JD000902 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000017 ER PT J AU Frost, GJ Fried, A Lee, YN Wert, B Henry, B Drummond, JR Evans, MJ Fehsenfeld, FC Goldan, PD Holloway, JS Hubler, G Jakoubek, R Jobson, BT Knapp, K Kuster, WC Roberts, J Rudolph, J Ryerson, TB Stohl, A Stroud, C Sueper, DT Trainer, M Williams, J AF Frost, GJ Fried, A Lee, YN Wert, B Henry, B Drummond, JR Evans, MJ Fehsenfeld, FC Goldan, PD Holloway, JS Hubler, G Jakoubek, R Jobson, BT Knapp, K Kuster, WC Roberts, J Rudolph, J Ryerson, TB Stohl, A Stroud, C Sueper, DT Trainer, M Williams, J TI Comparisons of box model calculations and measurements of formaldehyde from the 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE formaldehyde; photochemical modeling; aircraft measurements; North Atlantic troposphere ID OBSERVATORY PHOTOCHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; MARINE AIR; TROPOSPHERE; FATE; HYDROPEROXIDES; STRATOSPHERE; ENVIRONMENT; KINETICS AB [1] Formaldehyde (CH2O) measurements from two independent instruments are compared with photochemical box model calculations. The measurements were made on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration P-3 aircraft as part of the 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE 97). The data set considered here consists of air masses sampled between 0 and 8 km over the North Atlantic Ocean which do not show recent influence from emissions or transport. These air masses therefore should be in photochemical steady state with respect to CH2O when constrained by the other P-3 measurements, and methane oxidation was expected to be the predominant source of CH2O in these air masses. For this data set both instruments measured identical CH2O concentrations to within 40 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) on average over the 0-800 pptv range, although differences larger than the combined 2 total uncertainty estimates were observed between the two instruments in 11% of the data. Both instruments produced higher CH2O concentrations than the model in more than 90% of this data set, with a median measured-modeled [CH2O] difference of 0.13 or 0.18 ppbv (depending on the instrument), or about a factor of 2. Such large differences cannot be accounted for by varying model input parameters within their respective uncertainty ranges. After examining the possible reasons for the model-measurement discrepancy, we conclude that there are probably one or more additional unknown sources of CH2O in the North Atlantic troposphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NCAR, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem, York, PA 17403 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm Chem Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. York Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Atmospher Chem, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Bioklimatol & Immissionsforsch, D-85354 Munich, Germany. Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Chem Atmosphare, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Frost, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM gfrost@al.noaa.gov RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Evans, Mathew/A-3886-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588; Evans, Mathew/0000-0003-4775-032X; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 41 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4060 DI 10.1029/2001JD000896 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000014 ER PT J AU Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Stiles, DC Marolf, JL Ellenson, WD Lonneman, WA AF Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Stiles, DC Marolf, JL Ellenson, WD Lonneman, WA TI Biogenic contributions to atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Azusa, California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE volatile organic compounds (VOC); radiocarbon (C-14); VOC mixing ratio; biogenic; ozone precursors; back trajectories ID RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS; EMISSIONS INVENTORY; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; AMBIENT AIR; FORMIC-ACID; CANISTERS; ATLANTA; STABILITY; AEROSOLS; OZONE AB [1] An objective of the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97) was to provide an up-to-date assessment of the importance of biogenic emissions for tropospheric ozone production in the South Coast Air Basin. To this end, ambient air samples were collected during September 1997 at the Azusa air-monitoring station for subsequent measurement of their radiocarbon (C-14) content of the atmospheric nonmethane volatile organic compound (VOC) fraction. The C-14/C-12 ratio is proportional to the fraction of a sample's carbon that is biogenic. The proportionality constant was determined from local samples of vegetation, gasoline, and ambient CO2 collected during the same period. The median fraction of biogenic VOC observed from 0600 to 0900 hours (LT) was 7% (n = 5) with a range of -8% to 24%, from 1300 to 1600 hours it was 27% (n = 4) with a range of 11% to 39%, and from 1700 to 2000 hours it was 34 +/- 7% for a single sample. On the basis of calculated 24-hour back trajectories the dominant source region for the air masses associated with periods of high biogenic VOC-C levels was a sector extending from the north to the east. Over all time and space that the samples represent, the median fraction of biogenic VOC was 18% (n = 10). Expressed as an atmospheric mixing ratio, the overall (median and 95% confidence interval) biogenic VOC-carbon contribution was 80 +/- 50 nmol mol(-1) which may be representative of the natural VOC-C background for the Los Angeles air basin. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mantech Environm Technol Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Klouda, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atmospher Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM george.klouda@nist.gov NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4072 DI 10.1029/2001JC000758 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000002 ER PT J AU Knapp, KR Vonder Haar, TH Kaufman, YJ AF Knapp, KR Vonder Haar, TH Kaufman, YJ TI Aerosol optical depth retrieval from GOES-8: Uncertainty study and retrieval validation over South America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol; optical depth; remote sensing; GOES ID SCAR-B EXPERIMENT; SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; SMOKE PARTICLES; SURFACE ALBEDO; LAND; ATMOSPHERE; SCATTERING; TRANSPORT; BRAZIL AB [1] An algorithm for aerosol optical depth tau retrieval from the Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is described, where the darkest pixels are used to create a spatial composite of surface reflectance. The data are calibrated and corrected for atmospheric extinction to retrieve the surface reflectance which is then used to retrieved tau. Analysis suggests that t retrieval uncertainty is +/-18-34% depending on the certainty of the assumed radiative transfer model parameters. Retrieval uncertainty is less over low surface reflectances and at large scattering angles. The retrieval algorithm is validated against Sun-sky radiometer tau measurements for aerosols emitted by biomass burning in South America during 1995 and 1998. The relative differences between observed and retrieved t are within the estimated uncertainty, having correlations ranging from 0.78 to 0.97. Further, the GOES retrievals are compared to tau retrieved using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) airborne simulator (MAS). The average relative difference in this comparison is 11%, thus retrieval validations are again within the estimated algorithm uncertainty. These results suggest that the GOES satellite can be used to monitor aerosols over land, while the agreement between MAS and GOES retrievals suggests the ability to combine the spectral abilities of MODIS with the temporal observations of GOES. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Knapp, KR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 711, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ken.knapp@noaa.gov RI Knapp, Kenneth/E-9817-2011; Vonder Haar, Thomas/F-2048-2011 NR 35 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4055 DI 10.1029/2001JD000505 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000019 ER PT J AU Tervahattu, H Hartonen, K Kerminen, VM Kupiainen, K Aarnio, P Koskentalo, T Tuck, AF Vaida, V AF Tervahattu, H Hartonen, K Kerminen, VM Kupiainen, K Aarnio, P Koskentalo, T Tuck, AF Vaida, V TI New evidence of an organic layer on marine aerosols SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE sea salt; organic coating; fatty acids; inverted micelle; SEM/EDX ID SEA-SALT PARTICLES; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; CAPE GRIM; WATER; ATMOSPHERE; DROPLETS; IDENTIFICATION; IMPACT; SULFUR; FILMS AB [1] An extraordinary episode of fine particles (diameter mainly <2.5 mu m) occurred in Helsinki, southern Finland, at the end of February 1998. The air masses came from the North Atlantic Ocean and passed over France, Germany, and southern Scandinavia. Particles were collected during the episode as well as before and after it. Uncoated particle samples were adhered to an indium substrate and were studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDX). A great proportion of the particles behaved differently than aerosols previously studied by microscopic techniques. The particles (size mainly 0.5-1 mu m) did not exhibit solid shape. They were "bubbling'' or "pulsating'' continually, enlarging in one part and shrinking in another. Some particles were broken down, especially when the beam of the electron microscope was focused on them. EDX analyses showed that the particles contained much carbon together with oxygen, sulfur, and sodium. Ion analyses by ion chromatography revealed high concentrations of sodium, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. The particles were identified as marine sea-salt aerosols, which had accumulated anthropogenic emissions and lost chloride during their flow through continental polluted air. The shape fluctuations and the high carbon content observed by SEM/EDX led to the conclusion that the aerosols were enclosed by an organic membrane. Direct insertion probe/mass spectrometry investigations showed remarkable amounts of fragmented aliphatic hydrocarbons, which were considered as an evidence of a lipid membrane on the surface of the particles. The impact of the posited organic film on the properties of sea-salt particles, as well as on Earth's climate, is discussed. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Limnol & Environm Protect, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council, FIN-00520 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Analyt Chem Lab, Dept Chem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00810 Helsinki, Finland. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Tervahattu, H (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Limnol & Environm Protect, POB 62, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. EM tervahattu@helsinki.fi; kari.hartonen@helsinki.fi; veli-matti.kerminen@fmi.fi; kaarle.kupiainen@helsinki.fi; paivi.aarnio@ytv.fi; tarja.koskentalo@ytv.fi; tuck@al.noaa.gov; vaida@colorado.edu RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Kerminen, Veli-Matti/M-9026-2014; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056 NR 41 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 40 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4053 DI 10.1029/2000JD000282 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000021 ER PT J AU Warneke, C Luxembourg, SL de Gouw, JA Rinne, HJI Guenther, AB Fall, R AF Warneke, C Luxembourg, SL de Gouw, JA Rinne, HJI Guenther, AB Fall, R TI Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compounds fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE biogenic hydrocarbons; volatile organic compounds; flux measurements; eddy covariance ID REACTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; AIR-SURFACE EXCHANGE; VOC EMISSIONS; HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERE; METHANOL; ACETONE; TROPOSPHERE; LEAVES; PLANTS AB [1] There is interest in and significant uncertainty about the emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (oxVOCs) from vegetation to the atmosphere. Here, we measured the fluxes of selected oxVOCs from an alfalfa field, before, during, and after cutting, using a combination of disjunct eddy covariance and proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Over the course of 1 day a significant methanol flux of 4 mg m(-2) h(-1) was observed from undisturbed alfalfa with a maximum at 0800 LT, possibly caused by the evaporation of dew. A smaller release of hexenals during this day (0.04 mg m(-2) h(-1)) demonstrated the sensitivity of the method. Other results suggested that acetaldehyde and acetone were released in the afternoon but were lost by dry deposition in the evening and morning; deposition velocities were estimated to be 0.2 cm s(-1) (acetaldehyde) and 0.09 cm s(-1) (acetone). After the alfalfa was cut the emissions of methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and hexenals were significantly enhanced and remained high for three days during which the alfalfa was drying. After a rainstorm the oxVOC emissions from the cut, wet alfalfa increased even more. Nighttime measurements yielded low oxVOC fluxes in general, but the high variability of the concentrations during the night and the high degree of correlation between different oxVOCs suggest that the nighttime releases of oxVOCs from alfalfa were nonzero. This work suggests that the global source of oxVOCs due to the production of hay is of minor importance. The emission flux of methanol from vegetation during the growing season may be very large on a global basis. C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Warneke, C (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Rinne, Janne/A-6302-2008; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; Guenther, Alex/B-1617-2008; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI Rinne, Janne/0000-0003-1168-7138; Guenther, Alex/0000-0001-6283-8288; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 39 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4067 DI 10.1029/2001JD000594 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000007 ER PT J AU Yang, FL Schlesinger, ME AF Yang, FL Schlesinger, ME TI On the surface and atmospheric temperature changes following the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption: A GCM study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Pinatubo; volcano; aerosol; ENSO; temperature ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; MOUNT-PINATUBO; MODEL SIMULATION; TOTAL OZONE; EL-CHICHON; CLIMATE; IMPACT; AEROSOL; WINTER; SEPARATION AB [1] Ensemble numerical simulations are performed using an atmospheric general circulation model to study the responses of the atmosphere to volcanic aerosol forcing and sea surface temperature (SST) forcing during the two years following the Pinatubo eruption. The simulated surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies, forced respectively and jointly by the Pinatubo aerosol and the observed SST anomalies, are compared to those derived from observations using a singular value decomposition (SVD) model. The simulated land SAT anomalies, forced only by the observed SST anomalies, match well in magnitude and time the leading mode of SAT anomalies from the SVD analysis, which represents the ENSO-forced SAT variations. When forced by both the Pinatubo aerosol and the observed SST anomalies, the model captures the observed surface cooling over land in June-July-August and September-October-November 1992 but misses the surface warming over northern Eurasia in December-January-February (DJF) 1991-1992 and DJF 1992-1993. In the atmosphere the simulated temperature anomalies in the troposphere (stratosphere) forced by the Pinatubo aerosol are sensitive (insensitive) to the initial conditions and the type of prescribed SST. The signal of SST forcing is stronger in the troposphere and near the surface than in the stratosphere, while the signal of the Pinatubo aerosol forcing is strongest in the lower stratosphere. The simulated global-mean stratospheric temperature anomalies induced by the Pinatubo aerosol are generally 1degreesC to 1.5degreesC larger than observed. Empirical data analyses and numerical model simulations showed that this discrepancy is explained in part by the influences of the quasi-biennial oscillation and the observed ozone depletion, which the en semble numerical simulations did not resolve. C1 Univ Illinois, Climate Res Grp, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Yang, FL (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM schlesin@atmos.uiuc.edu RI Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD APR PY 2002 VL 107 IS D7-8 AR 4073 DI 10.1029/2001JC000373 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609FY UT WOS:000178894000001 ER PT J AU Seo, DJ Breidenbach, JP AF Seo, DJ Breidenbach, JP TI Real-time correction of spatially nonuniform bias in radar rainfall data using rain gauge measurements SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEAN-FIELD BIAS; GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACH; AREAL RAINFALL; SPACE; REFLECTIVITY; CALIBRATION; ADJUSTMENT; BASINS AB A procedure for real-time correction of spatially nonuniform bias in radar rainfall data using rain gauge measurements is described. Developed to complement the existing gauge-based bias correction procedures used in the National Weather Service (NWS), the proposed procedure is a generalized local bias estimator that may be used under varying conditions of rain gauge network density and types of rainfall. To arrive at the procedure, the correction problem is formulated as a space-time estimation of radar and bin-averaged gauge rainfall from radar rainfall data and rain gauge measurements, respectively, at all hours up to and including the current hour. The estimation problem is then solved suboptimally via a variant of exponential smoothing. To evaluate the procedure, parameter estimation and true validation were performed using hourly radar-rainfall and rain gauge data from the Arkansas-Red Basin River Forecast Center (ABRFC) area. The results indicate that the proposed procedure is generally superior to mean field bias correction, and that the improvement is particularly significant in the cool season. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Seo, DJ (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 40 TC 129 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 3 IS 2 BP 93 EP 111 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0093:RTCOSN>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 530VU UT WOS:000174380300001 ER PT J AU Kuligowski, RJ AF Kuligowski, RJ TI A self-calibrating real-time GOES rainfall algorithm for short-term rainfall estimates SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE INFRARED TECHNIQUE; MICROWAVE; CLOUD AB Estimates of precipitation from satellite data can provide timely information about rainfall in regions for which data from rain gauge networks are sparse or unavailable entirely and for which radar data are unavailable or are compromised by range effects and beam blockage. Two basic kinds of satellite-based estimates are available. Infrared data from geostationary satellite platforms such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) can be used to infer cloud-top conditions on a continuous basis, but the relationship between cloud-top conditions and the rate of rainfall below can vary significantly. Microwave radiances are related more directly to precipitation rates, but microwave instruments are limited to polar-orbiting platforms, resulting in intermittent availability of estimates. A number of authors have made efforts to combine the strengths of both by using the microwave-based estimates to adjust the GOES-based estimates, mainly for long-term precipitation estimates at coarse spatial resolution. The self-calibrating multivariate precipitation retrieval (SCaMPR) technique represents an approach for doing the same for fine timescales and short time periods. This algorithm first selects an optimal predictor for separating raining from nonraining pixels, calibrates it to raining and nonraining areas from a Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) algorithm, and then selects an optimal rain-rate predictor and calibrates it to the SSM/I rain rate for the raining pixels via linear regression. The performance of SCaMPR compared favorably with the autoestimator (AE) technique and GOES multispectral rainfall algorithm (GMSRA) when compared with rain gauge data for three cases. The linear correlations between the estimates and rain gauge observations were similar, but SCaMPR exhibited significantly less bias than did AE and GMSRA. C1 NOAA, NESDIS Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Kuligowski, RJ (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd,WWB-601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252 NR 35 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 3 IS 2 BP 112 EP 130 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0112:ASCRTG>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 530VU UT WOS:000174380300002 ER PT J AU Gourley, JJ Maddox, RA Howard, KW Burgess, DW AF Gourley, JJ Maddox, RA Howard, KW Burgess, DW TI An exploratory multisensor technique for quantitative estimation of stratiform rainfall SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; FLOOD PROGRAM; RADAR REFLECTIVITY; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; WSR-88D; RIVER; PROFILE; CLOUD AB Implementation of the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar network provides the potential to monitor rainfall and snowfall accumulations at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. An automated, operational algorithm called the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) uses reflectivity data to estimate precipitation accumulations. The utility of these estimates has yet to be quantified in the Intermountain West during winter months. The accuracy of precipitation estimates from the operational PPS during cool-season, stratiform-precipitation events in Arizona is examined. In addition, a method, with the potential for automation, is developed to improve estimates of precipitation by calibrating infrared data (10.7-mum band) from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-9 using reflectivity-derived rainfall rates from WSR-88D radar. The "multisensor'' approach provides more accurate estimates of rainfall across lower elevations during cool-season extratropical storms. After the melting layer has been manually identified using volumetric radar reflectivity data, reflectivity measured in or above it is discarded. Melting-layer heights also indicate the altitude of the rain-snow line. This information is used to delineate and map frozen versus liquid precipitation types. Rain gauges are used as an independent, ground-based source to assess the magnitude of improvements made over PPS rainfall products. Although the technique is designed and evaluated over a limited area in Arizona, it may be applicable to many mountainous regions. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 47 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 3 IS 2 BP 166 EP 180 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0166:AEMTFQ>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 530VU UT WOS:000174380300005 ER PT J AU Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD Jiang, JS Bader, SD AF Gornakov, VS Nikitenko, VI Shapiro, AJ Shull, RD Jiang, JS Bader, SD TI Direct experimental study of the exchange spring formation process SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE ferromagnetism; exchange spring; domain walls ID MAGNETIC-STRUCTURES; MAGNETORESISTANCE; BILAYERS; ASYMMETRY; BIAS AB The remagnetization of a soft ferromagnetic film exchange coupled with a high-coercivity ferromagnetic film is studied by a magneto-optic imaging technique. If the magnetic field is antiparallel to the macroscopic unidirectional inplane anisotropy, the soft layer reverses via the formation of exchange springs consisting of subdomains with opposite spin twistings. However, if the field is instead rotated in-plane, remagnetization initially proceeds via formation of a single uniform exchange spring. Then, at a critical angle, the spring incoherently untwists, leading again to subdomains with opposite chirality. These phenomena are attributed to the influence of inhomogeneity in the unidirectional magnetic anisotropy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8525, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bader, Samuel/A-2995-2013; Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD APR PY 2002 VL 246 IS 1-2 BP 80 EP 85 AR PII S0304-8853(02)00029-X DI 10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00029-X PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 561QQ UT WOS:000176154000013 ER PT J AU Moreland, J Beall, JA Russek, SE AF Moreland, J Beall, JA Russek, SE TI Resonating torque microbalance for in situ measurements of ferromagnetic films SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint European Magnetic Symposia (JEMS 01) CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2001 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE SP CNRS, CEA, MENRT, DGA, Inst Natl Polytechn Grenoble, Univ Joseph Fourier, Soc Francaise Phys, European Phys Soc, IEEE Magnet Soc, Mairie Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes Metropole, Reg Rhone Alpes, Conseil Gen Isere DE torque magnetometry; thin films-thickness; magnetization; vibrating sample magnetometer ID MICROCANTILEVER AB We describe an instrument for in situ monitoring of the magnetic moment of a thin film during deposition with submonolayer sensitivity, The instrument measures the magnetic torque on a film as it is being deposited onto a microcantilever excited near its mechanical resonance, Dynamic feedback is used to balance the magnetic torque by applying a mechanical force at the base of the cantilever. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moreland, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Mail Stop 814-02,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-8853 J9 J MAGN MAGN MATER JI J. Magn. Magn. Mater. PD APR PY 2002 VL 242 BP 1157 EP 1159 AR PII S0304-8853(01)01295-1 DI 10.1016/S0304-8853(01)01295-1 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 574BQ UT WOS:000176868900151 ER PT J AU Khalyavin, DD Troyanchuk, IO Kasper, NV Huang, Q Lynn, JW Szymczak, H AF Khalyavin, DD Troyanchuk, IO Kasper, NV Huang, Q Lynn, JW Szymczak, H TI Magnetic structure of TbBaCo2O5.4 perovskite SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPIN-STATE-TRANSITION; OXYGEN-DEFICIENT PEROVSKITE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; LAYER STRUCTURE; LA1-XSRXCOO3; CHARGE; MAGNETORESISTANCE; BEHAVIOR; COBALT AB In accordance with magnetization studies, the fast-cooled TbBaCo2O5.4 is characterized by spontaneous magnetization around 0.18 mu(B) per cobalt ion, which develops below T-N = 245 K. The neutron diffraction study of this compound revealed that magnetic moments of Co3+ ions adopting intermediate spine state are ordered antiferromagnetically. Both magnetization and neutron diffraction study showed that there is a spin reorientation process in the wide temperature range. The crystal and magnetic structures are discussed. C1 Natl Acad Sci Belarus, Inst Solid State & Semicond Phys, Minsk 220072, Byelarus. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. RP Khalyavin, DD (reprint author), Natl Acad Sci Belarus, Inst Solid State & Semicond Phys, P Brovki Str 17, Minsk 220072, Byelarus. RI Khalyavin, Dmitry/E-4335-2017 OI Khalyavin, Dmitry/0000-0002-6724-7695 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 838 EP 843 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0122 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 538FZ UT WOS:000174805700020 ER PT J AU Palmer, DR AF Palmer, DR TI A parabolic approximation method with application to global wave propagation SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELASTIC-WAVES; EQUATION; ACOUSTICS; SOUND; PREDICTIONS; SERIES; MEDIA AB Motivated by the difficulty in using the splitting matrix method to obtain parabolic approximations to complicated wave equations, we have developed an alternative method. It is three dimensional, does not a priori assume a preferred direction or path of propagation in the horizontal, determines spreading factors, and results in equations that are energy conserving. It is an extension of previous work by several authors relating parabolic equations to the horizontal ray acoustics approximation. Unlike previous work it applies the horizontal ray acoustics approximation to the propagator rather than to the Green's function or the homogenous field. The propagator is related to the Green's function by an integral over the famous "fifth parameter" of Fock and Feynman. Methods for evaluating this integral are equivalent to narrow-angle approximations and their wide-angle improvements. When this new method is applied to simple problems it gives the standard results. In this paper it is described by applying it to a problem of current interest-the development of a parabolic approximation for modeling global underwater and atmospheric acoustic propagation. The oceanic or atmospheric waveguide is on an Earth that is modeled as an arbitrary convex solid of revolution. The method results in a parabolic equation that is energy conserving and has a spreading factor that describes field intensification for antipodal propagation. Significantly, it does not have the singularities in its range-sliced version possessed by many parabolic equations developed for global propagation. We then discuss two extensions of the method; first to propagation along refracted geodesics and second to a description involving discrete, local, normal modes. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM david.r.palmer@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0022-2488 EI 1089-7658 J9 J MATH PHYS JI J. Math. Phys. PD APR PY 2002 VL 43 IS 4 BP 1875 EP 1905 DI 10.1063/1.1458060 PG 31 WC Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 532KQ UT WOS:000174474300009 ER PT J AU Zhao, Y Mao, MY Horowitz, R Majumdar, A Varesi, J Norton, P Kitching, J AF Zhao, Y Mao, MY Horowitz, R Majumdar, A Varesi, J Norton, P Kitching, J TI Optomechanical uncooled infrared imaging system: Design, microfabrication, and performance SO JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE focal-plane array (FPA); infrared; interdigited fingers; microcantilever array; microfabrication; optomechanical; uncooled ID OPTIMIZATION; SENSORS; ARRAYS; CAMERA AB This paper presents the design, fabrication and performance of an uncooled micro-optomechanical infrared (IR) imaging system consisting of a focal-plane array (FPA) containing bi-material cantilever pixels made of silicon nitride (SiNx) and gold (An), which serve as infrared absorbers and thermomechanical transducers. Based on wave optics, a visible optical readout system is designed to simultaneously measure the deflections of all the cantilever beams in the FPA and project the visible deflection map onto a visible charge-coupled device (CCD) imager. The IR imaging results suggest that the detection resolution of current design is 3-5 K, whereas noise analysis indicates the current resolution to be around 1 K. The noise analysis also shows that the theoretical noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of the system can be below 3 mK. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Santa Barbara Res Ctr Raytheon, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. IR Vis, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Zhao, Y (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 23 TC 168 Z9 194 U1 5 U2 33 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1057-7157 J9 J MICROELECTROMECH S JI J. Microelectromech. Syst. PD APR PY 2002 VL 11 IS 2 BP 136 EP 146 AR PII S1057-7157(02)02343-0 DI 10.1109/84.993448 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 538GW UT WOS:000174807900006 ER PT J AU Ahn, E Williams, GA Taylor, PC Georgiev, DG Boolchand, P Schwickert, BE Cappelletti, RL AF Ahn, E Williams, GA Taylor, PC Georgiev, DG Boolchand, P Schwickert, BE Cappelletti, RL TI Nuclear quadrupole resonance study of the glassy AsxSe1-x system SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Conference on Amorphis and Microcrystalline Semiconductors (ICAMS 19) CY AUG 27-31, 2001 CL OLD NICE, FRANCE AB Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of As-75 has been used to study the local bonding structure of glassy arsenic-selenium systems. We have studied the glassy system AsxSe1-x with x = 0.08, 0.15, 0.27, 0.32, 0.36, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60 using As-75 NQR at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The As-75 NQR spin-echo spectra from x = 0.08 up to x = 0.40 each consist of a single broad line. As the concentration of arsenic increases. the positions of the peaks decrease approximately linearly from 63 MHz at x = 0.08 to 58 MHz at x = 0.40. For x = 0.50, the spectrum, consists of a very broad asymmetric peak near 81 MHz. The spectrum for x = 0.60 consists of three well-resolved, narrow peaks, but otherwise extends over a similar frequency range as that of x = 0.50. By comparison with NQR spectra that occur in crystalline arsenic-selenium compounds. these three peaks have been interpreted as due to three fold co-ordinated, pyramidal arsenic sites with, varying numbers of arsenic-arsenic bonds. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Dept Elect Comp Engn & Comp Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. IBM Almaden, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ahn, E (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RI Boolchand, Punit/A-3334-2008 NR 9 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD APR 1 PY 2002 VL 299 BP 958 EP 962 AR PII S0022-3093(01)01121-8 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)01121-8 PN B PG 5 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 554VJ UT WOS:000175757600047 ER PT J AU Alexander, TJ Ostrovskaya, EA Kivshar, YS Julienne, PS AF Alexander, TJ Ostrovskaya, EA Kivshar, YS Julienne, PS TI Vortices in atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS B-QUANTUM AND SEMICLASSICAL OPTICS LA English DT Article DE Bose-Einstein condensates; atom-molecular BEC; BEC vortices ID QUADRATIC NONLINEAR MEDIA; VORTEX SOLITONS; DYNAMICS AB The structure and stability of vortices in hybrid atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates is analysed in the framework of a two-component Gross-Pitaevskii-type model that describes the stimulated Raman-induced photoassociation process. New types of topological vortex states are predicted to exist in the coherently coupled two-component condensates even without a trap, and their nontrivial dynamics in the presence of losses is demonstrated. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Nonlinear Phys Grp, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. RP Alexander, TJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Nonlinear Phys Grp, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RI Ostrovskaya, Elena/G-6367-2010; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Ostrovskaya, Elena/0000-0002-8657-6048; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4266 J9 J OPT B-QUANTUM S O JI J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt. PD APR PY 2002 VL 4 IS 2 BP S33 EP S38 AR PII S1464-4266(02)30948-0 DI 10.1088/1464-4266/4/2/365 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 549GL UT WOS:000175436100019 ER PT J AU Dean, W Anderson, R Bradbury, JP Anderson, D AF Dean, W Anderson, R Bradbury, JP Anderson, D TI A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota - I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density SO JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cycles; Elk Lake; gray-scale; Minnesota; varves ID HOLOCENE; SEDIMENTS AB The deepest part (29.5 m) of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, contains a complete Holocene section that is continuously varved. The varve components are predominantly autochthonous (CaCO3, organic matter, biogenic silica, and several iron and manganese minerals), but the varves do contain a minor detrital-clastic (aluminosilicate) component that is predominantly wind-borne (eolian) and provides an important record of atmospheric conditions. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and wavelet analysis of varve thickness recognized significant periodicities in the multicentennial and multidecadal bands that varied in power (i.e., variable significance) and position (i.e., variable period) within the periodic bands. Persistent periodicities of about 10, 22, 40, and 90 years, and, in particular, multicentennial periodicities in varve thickness and other proxy variables are similar to those in spectra of radiocarbon production, a proxy for past solar activity. This suggests that there may be a solar control, perhaps through geomagnetic effects on atmospheric circulation. Multicentennial and multidecadal periodicities also occur in wavelet spectra of relative gray-scale density. However, gray-scale density does not appear to correlate with any of the measured proxy variables, and at this point we do not know what controlled gray scale. C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NOAA, Paleoclimate Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Dean, W (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 38 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2728 J9 J PALEOLIMNOL JI J. Paleolimn. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 3 BP 287 EP 299 DI 10.1023/A:1016062207440 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 567UZ UT WOS:000176505000001 ER PT J AU Kutsuwada, K McPhaden, M AF Kutsuwada, K McPhaden, M TI Intraseasonal variations in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during the 1997-98 El Nino SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION; WESTERLY WIND BURST; KELVIN WAVES; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PREDICTABILITY; CURRENTS; COAST AB Time series data from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) array of moored buoys and data from other sources are used to document the oceanic dynamical response to intraseasonal (periods centered near 60 days) wind stress forcing in the equatorial Pacific. We focus on the period from October 1996 to December 1997, encompassing the time just prior to and during the onset of the 1997-98 El Nino, when both atmospheric forcing and ocean response were exceptionally strong. Analysis reveals that the oceanic response to intraseasonal wind forcing is characterized by two district regimes. West of the international date line, the response is dominated by reversing zonal jets in both time and depth in the upper 200 m. East of the date line, variability is controlled primarily by first baroclinic mode equatorial Kelvin waves propagating eastward at phase speeds of 2.4-2.7 m s(-1). However, amplitude structures in the eastern Pacific deviate from those expected for first baroclinic Kelvin waves in a resting ocean, suggesting that the wave field may be sensitive to the presence of a zonally sloping thermocline and the Equatorial Undercurrent. In addition, upward phase propagation, consistent with downward energy propagation, suggests the presence of some higher baroclinic mode wind-forced wave energy in the eastern Pacific. The implications of these results for understanding the evolution of the 1997-98 El Nino are discussed. C1 Tokai Univ, Fac Marine Sci & Technol, Shizuoka 4248610, Japan. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Kutsuwada, K (reprint author), Tokai Univ, Fac Marine Sci & Technol, 3-20-1 Orido, Shizuoka 4248610, Japan. EM kkutsu@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 56 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD APR PY 2002 VL 32 IS 4 BP 1133 EP 1149 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1133:IVITUE>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 535CL UT WOS:000174627600002 ER PT J AU Quinn, GD Salem, JA AF Quinn, GD Salem, JA TI Effect of lateral cracks on fracture toughness determined by the surface-crack-in-flexure method SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-SILICON CARBIDE; HOT-PRESSED SI3N4; R-CURVES; CERAMICS; GLASS; FLAWS; GROWTH; PARAMETERS; SPECIMENS; ALUMINA AB The surface-crack-in-flexure (SCF) method uses a Knoop indenter to create small, semielliptical surface precracks in beam specimens. Lateral cracks may interfere with the primary median crack and cause errors of up to 10% in determination of fracture toughness, particularly for materials for which the fracture toughness is similar to3 MPa.m(1/2) or less. Although the residual-stress-damage zone is ground or polished away by hand by removing 4.5-5 times the indentation depth, this amount may not be sufficient to completely remove the lateral cracks in low-fracture-toughness materials. A series of tests were conducted on sintered alpha silicon carbide with different amounts of material removed after indentation. Once the lateral cracks were fully removed, the SCF results concurred with single-edged-precracked-beam and chevron-notched-beam data collected in accordance with ASTM Designation C1421. A simple remedy for the SCF method is to examine the outer ground surface for remnants of lateral cracks before fracture and to remove more material if necessary. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Struct Div, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Quinn, GD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 48 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 4 BP 873 EP 880 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 540XV UT WOS:000174956900022 ER PT J AU Richardson, JM Biernacki, JJ Stutzman, PE Bentz, DP AF Richardson, JM Biernacki, JJ Stutzman, PE Bentz, DP TI Stoichiometry of slag hydration with calcium hydroxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BLAST-FURNACE SLAG; C-S-H; CEMENT; PASTES AB The stoichiometry of the reaction between ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having an empirical formula of C(7.88)S(7.39)M(3)A and calcium hydroxide (CH) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the slag consumption as well as the Ca/Si ratio in calcium silicate hydrate get (C-S-H) products. A tentative stoichiometric ratio of 2.6 mol of CH consumed per mole of slag reacted was determined using two methods. By combining consumption data determined separately for slag and CH a molar stoichiometry of 2.79 was found. Similarly, by directly determining the Ca/Si ratio in the C-S-H gel product, a range for the molar stoichiometry between 1.65 and 3.42 was found. Finally, a comparison of the stoichiometry of the slag/CH reaction was made with slag/portland cement hydration. The basic features of both appear similar. In the C-S-H gel around slag grains, a calcium-to-silica ratio of 1.3 to 1.4 was found for both slag/CH and slag/cement systems. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Richardson, JM (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD APR PY 2002 VL 85 IS 4 BP 947 EP 953 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 540XV UT WOS:000174956900033 ER PT J AU Williams, GP AF Williams, GP TI Jovian dynamics. Part II: The genesis and equilibration of vortex sets SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GREAT RED-SPOT; GEOSTROPHIC REGIMES; WHITE OVALS; VORTICES; STABILITY; EDDIES; OCEAN AB To extend studies of the dynamics of thin atmospheric layers, the generation and equilibration of multiple anticyclonic vortex sets associated with long solitary baroclinic Rossby waves are examined numerically using a primitive equation model with Jovian parameters subject to a simple heating function. The authors seek primarily to model the three main groups of anticyclones seen on Jupiter, namely, the Great Red Spot, the three White Ovals, and the dozen or so Small Ovals that occur at latitudes of -21degrees, -33degrees, and -41degrees, respectively. The motions are confined to thin upper layers by exponential vertical structures that favor absolute vortex stability. Calculations are also made to examine the regeneration, intrazonal and interscale interactions, and propagation rates of vortices. Vortex sets resembling the three main Jovian groups in scale, form, and number can be simultaneously generated and maintained in a steady configuration by a heating that produces stable westerly and weakly unstable easterly jets. The steady configuration occurs when an optimal number of vortices exists in a balance between a weak heating and a weak dissipation. Vortex behavior can be more complex in the heated system because the generation of new storms offsets the tendency to merge into fewer vortices. The solutions also show that intrazonal vortex interactions can lead, in some situations, to the destruction of anticyclones modeling the Great Red Spot. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Williams, GP (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 59 IS 8 BP 1356 EP 1370 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1356:JDPITG>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 535BN UT WOS:000174625500004 ER PT J AU Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM AF Li, XF Sui, CH Lau, KM TI Precipitation efficiency in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID DIURNAL-VARIATIONS; WATER-BUDGET; SQUALL LINE; TOGA COARE; MESOSCALE AB Precipitation efficiency in the tropical deep convective regime is analyzed based on the hourly data from a 2-D cloud resolving simulation. The cloud resolving model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and large-scale horizontal advections derived from TOGA COARE for a 20-day period. Large-scale precipitation efficiency (LSPE) is defined as a ratio of surface rain rate to the sum of surface evaporation and moisture convergence, and cloud-microphysics precipitation efficiency (CMPE) is defined as a ratio of surface rain rate to the sum of condensation and deposition rates of supersaturated vapor. Moisture budget shows that the local atmospheric moisture gains (loses) when the LSPE is less (more) than 100%. The LSPE could be larger than 100% for strong convection. This suggests that in order to avoid moisture bias, the cumulus parameterization schemes used in general circulation models should allow the precipitation rate to be larger than the sum of surface evaporation and moisture convergence in strong convective region. Statistical analysis shows that the LSPE is about 80% of the CMPE when it is less than 60%, and the CMPE is a constant of about 70% when the LSPE is more than 60%. The CMPE increases with increasing mass-weighted mean temperature and increasing surface rain rate. This suggests that precipitation is more efficient for warm environment and strong convection. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Xiaofan.Li@noaa.gov RI Li, Xiaofan/F-5605-2010; Li, Xiaofan/G-2094-2014; Lau, William /E-1510-2012; OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 26 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA C/O JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, 100-0004, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 EI 2186-9057 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD APR PY 2002 VL 80 IS 2 BP 205 EP 212 DI 10.2151/jmsj.80.205 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 563PB UT WOS:000176263800005 ER PT J AU McGuiggan, PM Hsu, SM Fong, W Bogy, D Bhatia, CS AF McGuiggan, PM Hsu, SM Fong, W Bogy, D Bhatia, CS TI Friction measurements of ultra-thin carbon overcoats in air SO JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON; AMORPHOUS-CARBON; TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS; FILMS; FORCES; CONTACT; LAYERS; WATER; MEDIA; WEAR AB The friction force as a function of humidity was measured between thin carbon films coated onto mica surfaces. The friction force was found to be proportional to the area of contact. The shear stress at 0 percent, 33 percent, and 100 percent relative humidity was measured to be 26 MPa +/- 5 MPa, 12 MPa +/- 2 MPa, and 5 MPa +/- 0.5 MPa, respectively and was independent of the applied pressure for pressures less than 20 MPa. Mater acts as a lubricant decreasing the friction between the carbon surfaces. The shear stress at 0 percent relative humidity corresponds to the shear stress of a solid paraffin film, and suggests that the shear may be dominated by a thin organic film adsorbed from ab; at least at the pressures less than 20 MPa and a velocity of 1 mum/s. At 100 percent relative humidity, the shear stress for carbon coated surfaces was about double that for mica surfaces, indicating a stronger influence of the water for the more hydrophilic mica surface than the more hydrophobic carbon surface. The friction between one uncoated mica and one carbon coated mica surface resulted in immediate damage and generation of wear debris. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Comp Mech Lab, Berkeley, CA 94702 USA. IBM Corp, Storage Syst Div, San Jose, CA 95193 USA. RP McGuiggan, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0742-4787 J9 J TRIBOL-T ASME JI J. Tribol.-Trans. ASME PD APR PY 2002 VL 124 IS 2 BP 239 EP 244 DI 10.1115/1.1387035 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 547MF UT WOS:000175335600002 ER PT J AU Ewing, R Zaias, J Stamper, MA Bossart, GD Dubey, JP AF Ewing, R Zaias, J Stamper, MA Bossart, GD Dubey, JP TI Prevalence of Sarcocystis sp in stranded Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Atlantic white-sided dolphin; epidemiology; Lagenorhynchus acutus; protozoan; Sarcocystis ID SEA OTTER; NEURONA AB In janualy 1998 and 1999, two mass strandings of dolphins occurred in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. The strandings were composed of 97 and 53 animals, respectively,. Tissues from 35 Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from the 1998 stranding and 52 from the 1999 stranding were examined histologically. In the 1998 stranding, unidentified protozoal tissue cysts were soon in skeletal muscle from 11 of 28 (39%) dolphins. In addition, two dolphins had a protozoal tissue cyst in cardiac muscle. in the 1999 stranding, nine of 23 (39%) dolphins had the same protozoal tissue cysts in skeletal muscle. The identification of these protozoal tissue cysts as Sarcocystis sp. was confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The high provalence of sarcocysts in these dolphins suggests that they are likely intermediate hosts for previously undescribed Sarcocystis spp. The ultrastructure of the sarcocyst walls suggests that more than one species of Sarcocystis are present in dolphins. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div Comparat Pathol, Miami, FL 33136 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110 USA. Miami Seaquarium, Miami, FL 33149 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ewing, R (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div Comparat Pathol, 1600 NW 10th Ave,Room 7101A, Miami, FL 33136 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [T32 RR07057] NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 2002 VL 38 IS 2 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 547YR UT WOS:000175361100008 PM 12038128 ER PT J AU Coluccy, JM Drobney, RD Pace, RM Graber, DA AF Coluccy, JM Drobney, RD Pace, RM Graber, DA TI Consequences of neckband and legband loss from giant Canada geese SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE band loss; banding; Branta canadensis maxima; giant Canada goose; neckband; survival ID LESSER SNOW GEESE; COLLAR RETENTION; SURVIVAL RATES; BAND LOSS; FLYWAY; MODELS; MARK AB Researchers often assume band loss is negligible when resightings (i.e., any observations subsequent to banding) of neckbanded birds and recoveries of legbanded birds are used to estimate population parameters. We used recapture, harvest, and observation data from giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) banded in central Missouri, USA, 1989-1999, to estimate neckband and legband retention. We used accelerated failure time models to estimate neckband and legband retention rates and to evaluate sources of variation in neckband and legband loss. We observed considerable neckband and legband loss that varied by sex, year of banding (for, neck-bands only), and band age. We estimated that 34% of male and 16% of female giant Canada geese had lost their neckbands, and 15% of male and 8% of female giant Canada geese had lost their legbands within 6 years of banding. Neckband-loss rates in our study were lower than those reported for other geese. Conversely, legband-loss rates in our study were higher than those reported for other geese. Neckband and legband loss should be accounted for when estimating population parameters from these types of data. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, US Geol Survey, Missouri Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Missouri Dept Conservat, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RP Coluccy, JM (reprint author), Ducks Unltd Inc, 1 Waterfowl Way, Memphis, TN 38120 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD APR PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 353 EP 360 DI 10.2307/3803168 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 548XC UT WOS:000175414300011 ER PT J AU Lynn, GW Dadmun, MD Wu, WL Lin, EK Wallace, WE AF Lynn, GW Dadmun, MD Wu, WL Lin, EK Wallace, WE TI Neutron reflectivity studies of the interface between a small molecule liquid crystal and a polymer SO LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-BEHAVIOR; SILICA AEROGEL; POROUS-MEDIA; 8CB; DIAGRAM AB In this report, we elucidate the structure of a small molecule liquid crystal/polymer interface using specular neutron reflectivity. More specifically, we have examined the interfacial transition zone width of a small molecule liquid crystal/polymer sample as a function of increasing temperature. The interface between a thin film (approximate to1000 Angstrom thick) of the liquid crystal 4'-n-octyl-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) and a thin film (approximate to 800 Angstrom thick) of deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) (d-PMMA) is broad and broadens with increasing temperature; it was also observed that the thin film geometry influences the mixing behaviour of the 8CB/d-PMMA system. These results may have implications for current theories of liquid crystal display devices formed by the phase separation of liquid crystal polymer mixtures. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dadmun, MD (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0267-8292 J9 LIQ CRYST JI Liq. Cryst. PD APR PY 2002 VL 29 IS 4 BP 551 EP 557 DI 10.1080/02678290110120867 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Crystallography; Materials Science GA 531HT UT WOS:000174410500009 ER PT J AU Baker, JD Johanos, TC AF Baker, JD Johanos, TC TI Effects of research handling on the endangered Hawaiian monk seal SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus scbauinslandi; handling effects; endangered species ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; MONACHUS-SCHAUINSLANDI; BEHAVIOR AB We examined the effects of research handling on free-ranging endangered Hawaiian monk seals, Monachus schauinslandi. by analyzing differences in subsequent year survival, migration, and condition between handled seals and controls during 1983-1998. Each of 549 handled seals was matched to a control seal of the same age, sex, location, and year. Handling included instrumentation with telemetry devices (n = 93), blood sampling (n = 19), and tagging (n = 437). No significant differences were found between handled seals and their controls in one-year resighting rates, observed migration rates, or condition. Resighting rates of handled and control seals were high (80%-100%). Available sample sizes were sufficient to detect reasonably small (9%-20%) differences in resighting rates had they existed among instrumented or tagged seals and controls (alpha = 0.05, power = 0.90). Too few seals were captured for blood sampling to detect even large differences in their resighting rates. However, blood samples were drawn from most instrumented seals, and there was no indication that this larger group suffered harmful effects. Duration of restraint during flipper tagging had no effect on subsequent probability of resighting. Our analysis suggests that conservative selection procedures and careful handling techniques have no deleterious effects on Hawaiian monk seals. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Baker, JD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD APR PY 2002 VL 18 IS 2 BP 500 EP 512 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01051.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 544MK UT WOS:000175164000012 ER PT J AU Meitzner, GD Fischer, DA AF Meitzner, GD Fischer, DA TI Distortions of fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectra due to sample thickness SO MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE spectroscopy; fluorescence; instrumental methods; analytical chemistry ID BEER-LAMBERT LAW; FINE-STRUCTURE; SELF-ABSORPTION; EXAFS; EDGE AB Absorption spectra measured by detection of fluorescence yield are subject to distortion, i.e. deviation from the Beer-Lambert Law, if the absorbing samples are not thin compared to the absorption length of the species of interest. The nature of this distortion is discussed here in detail, as exemplified by X-ray absorption spectra. The measurement of this type of spectrum requires the determination of multiple values of the absorption coefficient, and the amplitudes as well as positions of features must be reported accurately. An analytical expression for fluorescence yield is fully derived from the Beer-Lambert Law for samples of arbitrary thickness and composition. A simple graphical method is used to highlight the distortion effect on X-ray absorption spectra. 'Self absorption' is not a factor in these spectra since fluorescence occurs at a fixed energy below the absorption edge, in a region where samples are generally transparent to their own fluorescence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Mat Res Inst, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Edge Analyt Inc, El Paso, TX 79912 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meitzner, GD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Mat Res Inst, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0026-265X J9 MICROCHEM J JI Microchem J. PD APR PY 2002 VL 71 IS 2-3 SI SI BP 281 EP 286 AR PII S0026-265X(02)00020-6 DI 10.1016/S0026-265X(02)00020-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 580KW UT WOS:000177234600019 ER PT J AU Li, ZG Harlow, RL Foris, CM Li, H Ma, P Vickery, RD Maurin, MB Toby, BH AF Li, ZG Harlow, RL Foris, CM Li, H Ma, P Vickery, RD Maurin, MB Toby, BH TI New applications of electron diffraction in the pharmaceutical industry: Polymorph determination by using a combination of electron diffraction and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction techniques SO MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE electron diffraction; synchrotron powder diffraction; polymorph determination; pharmaceuticals AB Electron diffraction has been recently used in the pharmaceutical industry to study the polymorphism in crystalline drug substances. While conventional X-ray diffraction patterns could not be used to determine the cell parameters of two forms of the microcrystalline GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist roxifiban, a combination of electron single-crystal and synchrotron powder diffraction techniques were able to clearly distinguish the two polymorphs. The unit-cell parameters of the two polymorphs were ultimately determined using new software routines designed to take advantage of each technique's unique capabilities. The combined use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron patterns appears to be a good general approach for characterizing complex (low-symmetry, large-unit- cell, micron-sized) polymorphic pharmaceutical compounds. C1 DuPont Co Inc, Cent Res & Dev, Expt Stn, Sci & Engn Lab, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Dupont Pharmaceut Co, Chem Proc R&D, Deepwater, NJ 08023 USA. Dupont Pharmaceut Co, Pharm R&D, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res E151 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Li, ZG (reprint author), DuPont Co Inc, Cent Res & Dev, Expt Stn, Sci & Engn Lab, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 1431-9276 J9 MICROSC MICROANAL JI Microsc. microanal. PD APR PY 2002 VL 8 IS 2 BP 134 EP 138 DI 10.1017/S1431927601020050 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA 602WC UT WOS:000178526600005 PM 12533242 ER PT J AU Eastin, MD Black, PG Gray, WM AF Eastin, MD Black, PG Gray, WM TI Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part I: Observations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; SECONDARY WIND MAXIMA; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OCEANIC CONVECTION; MATURE HURRICANES; VERTICAL VELOCITY; TROPICAL CYCLONE; MESOSCALE; CLOUD; TEMPERATURE AB Flight-level thermodynamic errors caused by the wetting of temperature and moisture sensors immersed within the airstream are studied using data from 666 radial legs collected in 31 hurricanes at pressure levels ranging from 850 to 500 mb. Concurrent measurements from a modified Barnes radiometer and a Rosemount 102 immersion thermometer are compared to identify regions, called instrument wetting events (IWE), in which Rosemount temperatures are significantly cooler than radiometer-derived temperatures by a specified amount. A total of 420 IWE are identified in the dataset. Roughly 50% of the radial legs contain at least one instrument wetting event. More than 90% of IWE are associated with updrafts containing cloud water and are confined to scales less than 10 km. IWE are also found to be more frequent in eyewalls and intense hurricanes. Thermodynamic errors within IWE and convective updrafts and downdrafts are summarized as distributions of average temperature, specific humidity, virtual potential temperature, and equivalent potential temperature error. Distributions are skewed toward larger error values at all levels. Median average errors within IWE indicate that the thermodynamic quantities are typically too low by similar to1degreesC, similar to1 g kg(-1), similar to1.5 K, and similar to5 K, respectively. The largest errors (>90% of the distribution) are nearly twice the median values. Error magnitudes tend to increase with height, but rarely achieve theoretical predictions. In addition, more than 65% of updrafts and 35% of downdrafts are found to contain significant thermodynamic errors. A correction method used in earlier studies was found to be inadequate at removing the majority of errors, but reduced the errors by similar to30%-50% on average. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Eastin, MD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 58 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 825 EP 841 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0825:FLTIWE>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WQ UT WOS:000174211300004 ER PT J AU Eastin, MD Black, PG Gray, WM AF Eastin, MD Black, PG Gray, WM TI Flight-level thermodynamic instrument wetting errors in hurricanes. Part II: Implications SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS; TROPICAL CYCLONE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OCEANIC CONVECTION; MATURE HURRICANES; VERTICAL VELOCITY; TOGA COARE; MESOSCALE; CORE; TEMPERATURE AB The implications of flight-level instrument wetting error removal upon the mean thermodynamic structure across the eyewall, buoyancy of rainband vertical motions, and vertical energy fluxes near the top of the inflow layer are studied. Thermodynamic quantities across the mean eyewall are found to increase at all levels. As a result, maximum radial gradients of each quantity are shifted from the center of the eyewall cloud toward the outer edge. The increase in equivalent potential temperature lifts eyewall values to comparable magnitudes observed in the eye. The mean virtual potential temperature deviation of rainband updrafts increases from slightly negative to slightly positive. This increase and shift in sign are more pronounced in stronger updrafts. The mean deviation in rainband downdrafts decreases slightly toward neutral conditions. Vertical sensible heat fluxes near the top of the inflow layer are found to shift from downward to upward. Upward latent heat fluxes increase. Implications of these results upon hurricane structure and evolution are discussed. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Eastin, MD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 842 EP 851 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0842:FLTIWE>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WQ UT WOS:000174211300005 ER PT J AU Hane, CE Rabin, RM Crawford, TM Bluestein, HB Baldwin, ME AF Hane, CE Rabin, RM Crawford, TM Bluestein, HB Baldwin, ME TI A case study of severe storm development along a dryline within a synoptically active environment. Part II: Multiple boundaries and convective initiation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MOBILE SOUNDING OBSERVATIONS; LAYER CONVERGENCE LINES; SEA-BREEZE FRONT; FINESCALE STRUCTURE; TEXAS STORM; RADAR; THUNDERSTORM; DOPPLER; CLOUDS; ROLLS AB A dryline that occurred on 16 May 1991 within a synoptically active environment is examined in detail using research aircraft, radar, surface, satellite, and upper air observations. The work focuses on multiple boundaries in the dryline environment and initiation of tornadic storms in two along-line areas. Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer reveal that both the east-west extent of moisture gradients and the number of regions containing large moisture gradients vary in the along-dryline direction. Aircraft penetrations of thinlines observed in clear air return from radar reveal that all thinlines are associated with convergence and a moisture gradient, and that more distinct thinlines are associated with stronger convergence. However, significant moisture gradients are not always associated with either thinlines or convergent signatures. Convective clouds on this day formed at the dryline rather than significantly east of the dryline. The three thunderstorm cells that occurred in east-central Oklahoma developed along a 20-km section of the dryline south of a dryline bulge and within a 30-min period. The storms appear to have developed in this location owing to enhanced convergence resulting from backed winds in the moist air in response to lowered pressure in the warm air to the northwest. Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer and satellite-sensed surface temperature both indicate localized warming in this area to the northwest. Farther north there was a 70-100-km segment along the dryline where few convective clouds formed during the afternoon. This coincided with a swath of cooler boundary layer air that resulted from reduced surface heating over an area that received significant thunderstorm rainfall during the previous night. A severe thunderstorm complex that developed along the Kansas-Oklahoma border was initiated at the intersection of the dryline and a cloud line that extended into the dry air. An aircraft penetration of the cloud line about 12 km from its intersection with the dryline shows convergence and deepened low-level moisture at the cloud line. The cloud field that evolved into the cloud line over a period of several hours developed over the area that had received the heaviest rainfall during the previous night. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK USA. NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Hane, CE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 40 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 900 EP 920 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0900:ACSOSS>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WQ UT WOS:000174211300008 ER PT J AU Langland, RH Shapiro, MA Gelaro, R AF Langland, RH Shapiro, MA Gelaro, R TI Initial condition sensitivity and error growth in forecasts of the 25 January 2000 east coast snowstorm SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ADAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS; SINGULAR VECTORS; FASTEX AB Short- and medium-range (24-96-h) forecasts of the January 2000 U. S. east coast cyclone and associated snowstorm are examined using the U. S. Navy global forecast model and adjoint system. Attention is given to errors on the synoptic scale, including forecast position and central pressure of the cyclone at the verification time of 1200 UTC 25 January 2000. There is a substantial loss of predictive skill in the 72- and 96-h forecasts, while the 24- and 48-h forecasts capture the synoptic-scale features of the cyclone development with moderate errors. Sensitivity information from the adjoint model suggests that the initial conditions for the 72- h forecast starting at 1200 UTC 22 January 2000 contained relatively small, but critical, errors in upper-air wind and temperature over a large upstream area, including part of the eastern Pacific and "well observed'' areas of western and central North America. The rapid growth of these initial errors in a highly unstable flow regime (large singular-vector growth factors) is the most likely cause of the large errors that developed in operational short- and medium-range forecasts of the snowstorm. The large extent of the upstream sensitive area in this case would appear to make "targeting'' a small set of new observations an impractical method to improve forecast skill. A diagnostic correction (derived from adjoint sensitivity information) of a part of the initial condition error in the 72- h forecast reduces the forecast error norm by 75% and improves a 1860-km error in cyclone position to a 105-km error. This demonstrates that the model is capable of making a skillful forecast starting from an initial state that is plausible and not far from the original initial conditions. It is also shown that forecast errors in this case propagate at speeds that are greater than those of the synoptic-scale trough and ridge features of the cyclone. C1 USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. RP Langland, RH (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. NR 23 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 957 EP 974 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0957:ICSAEG>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WQ UT WOS:000174211300011 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Wei, L AF Xu, Q Wei, L TI Estimation of three-dimensional error covariances. Part III: Height-wind forecast error correlation and related geostrophy SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID STATISTICAL-INTERPOLATION; DATA ASSIMILATION; RADIOSONDE DATA; SYSTEM; MODEL AB The method of statistical analysis of wind innovation (observation minus forecast) vectors is extended and applied to the innovation data collected over North America for a 3-month period from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System to estimate the height-wind forecast error correlation and to evaluate the related geostrophy. Both single-level and multilevel analyses are performed. The single-level analysis shows that the geostrophy is well satisfied in the middle troposphere but is not well satisfied in the boundary layer and around the tropopause. The multilevel analysis indicates that the cross correlation between height and tangential wind forecast errors at different vertical levels is not small and thus should not be neglected. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD APR PY 2002 VL 130 IS 4 BP 1052 EP 1062 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1052:EOTDEC>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 527WQ UT WOS:000174211300017 ER PT J AU Amis, EJ Xiang, XD Zhao, JC AF Amis, EJ Xiang, XD Zhao, JC TI Combinatorial materials science: What's new since Edison? SO MRS BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE alloys; biomedical materials; ceramics; combinatorial methods; diffusion; electron microprobe; electronic materials; electronic properties; evanescent microwave probe; mechanical properties; nanoindentation; optical materials; phase equilibria; photoluminescence; polymers; structural materials; thin films ID DISCOVERY AB Combinatorial methods are high-efficiency methods to create large composition "libraries" of materials, for example, continuous composition variations, and test those compositions systematically in parallel for specific properties of interest, in contrast to the time-consuming one-composition-at-a-time approach. These methods have captured the attention of the materials industry with the promise of providing new discoveries "faster, better, and cheaper." However, in the academic community, combinatorial methods often meet with less enthusiasm, perhaps due to the perception of combinatorial methodology as an Edisonian approach to science. The facts are quite to the contrary. in addition to impressive successes arising from the application of combinatorial methods to materials discovery, results coming out of systematic high-throughput investigations of complex materials phenomena (which would be too time-consuming or expensive to undertake) provide data leading to improvement in theories and models of materials chemistry and physics. Indeed, combinatorial methods provide a new paradigm for advancing a central scientific goal-the fundamental understanding of structure-property relationships of materials behavior. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SRI Int, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. GE Co, Global Res Ctr, Niskayuna, NY USA. RP Amis, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Xiang, Xiaodong/A-9445-2012; Zhao, Ji-Cheng (JC)/H-4387-2012; Xiang, Xiaodong/A-5936-2017 OI Zhao, Ji-Cheng (JC)/0000-0002-4426-1080; NR 24 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 21 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0883-7694 J9 MRS BULL JI MRS Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 4 BP 295 EP 297 DI 10.1557/mrs2002.96 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 542MW UT WOS:000175048500017 ER PT J AU Meredith, JC Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Meredith, JC Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial methods for investigations in polymer materials science SO MRS BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE combinatorial libraries; high-throughput combinatorial methods; microstructure; polymers ID LIGHT-EMITTING-DIODES; LIBRARIES; PHOSPHOR; PARALLEL; SURFACE; LAYER AB We review recent advances in the development of combinatorial methods for polymer characterization. Applied to materials research, combinatorial methodologies allow efficient testing of structure-property hypotheses (fundamental characterization) as well as accelerated development of new materials (materials discovery). Recent advances in library preparation and high-throughput screening have extended combinatorial methods to a wide variety of phenomena encountered in polymer processing. We first present techniques for preparing continuous-gradient polymer "libraries" with controlled variations in temperature, composition, thickness, and substrate surface energy. These libraries are then used to characterize fundamental properties such as polymer-blend phase behavior, thin-film dewetting, block-copolymer order-disorder transitions, and cell interactions with surfaces of biocompatible polymers. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Multivariant Measurement Methods Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Combinatorial Methods Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Meredith, JC (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Meredith, Carson/B-3323-2009 OI Meredith, Carson/0000-0003-2519-5003 NR 31 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 17 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0883-7694 J9 MRS BULL JI MRS Bull. PD APR PY 2002 VL 27 IS 4 BP 330 EP 335 DI 10.1557/mrs2002.101 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 542MW UT WOS:000175048500023 ER PT J AU Abbadi, Z Simiu, E AF Abbadi, Z Simiu, E TI Taming chaotic dynamics with weak periodic perturbations: an elucidation and critique SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; ESCAPE AB It has been pointed out that a chaos control technique wherein a weak excitation is added to the system could be useful for the control of friction at the nanoscale. We examine the claim that this technique can achieve chaos control even though the added excitation is weak. We show that this claim is only valid for the particular case of systems with very shallow potential wells. However, the applicability of the technique is more general provided that the added periodic force is not restricted to being weak. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ecole Polytech Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. RP Abbadi, Z (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD APR PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 153 EP 156 AR PII S0957-4484(02)30910-3 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/13/2/305 PG 4 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 550JA UT WOS:000175498800007 ER PT J AU Wertheimer, AC Thedinga, JF Heintz, RA Bradshaw, RF Celewycz, AG AF Wertheimer, AC Thedinga, JF Heintz, RA Bradshaw, RF Celewycz, AG TI Comparative effects of half-length coded wire tagging and ventral fin removal on survival and size of pink salmon fry SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID ALASKA AB The survival and adult size of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha marked as recently emigrating fry with coded ire tags (CWTs) were compared with those of Sibling groups that were either unmarked or marked by removing a ventral (pelvic) fin. Prerelease mortality was significantly higher for coded-wire-tagged fish. Survival from fry release to adult return was equal to or less than that of fish with central fin clips. Pink salmon marked with CWTs were similar in size at return to pink salmon Both ventral fin clips but significantly smaller than unmarked fish. These results indicate that reduced growth after marking contributes to the loader survival reported in other Studies of pink salmon marked with CWTs or fin clips. Marking pink salmon as recently emigrating fry with CWTs provides a powerful tool for differentiating between a large number of treatment groups and categories, but doing so will affect survival and size at return and is more detrimental to survival than central tin removal. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Wertheimer, AC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD APR PY 2002 VL 64 IS 2 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0150:CEOHLC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 541FR UT WOS:000174975000009 ER EF