FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Rosel, PE Frantzis, A Lockyer, C Komnenou, A AF Rosel, PE Frantzis, A Lockyer, C Komnenou, A TI Source of Aegean Sea harbour porpoises SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Phocoena; genetic identification; Mediterranean; mitochondrial DNA ID MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; VARIABILITY; POPULATIONS; DNA AB Documented sightings of harbour porpoises in the Mediterranean are rare, although the species is common in the neighbouring North Atlantic and Black Sea. However, in the past 2 decades, 4 harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena have been recorded in the northern Aegean Sea in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Samples were taken from 2 of these. Both have a genetic signature indicative of the Black Sea and their age and small size further suggest they originated from the Black Sea rather than the Atlantic population. These results are the first to indicate probable movement of porpoises out of the Black Sea and into the Mediterranean Sea. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Pelagos Cetacean Res Inst, Vouliagmeni 16671, Greece. Natl Ctr Marine Res, Agios Kosmas 16604, Hellenikon, Greece. Danish Inst Fisheries Res, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Fac Med Vet, Surg Clin, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece. RP Rosel, PE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM patricia.rosel@noaa.gov OI Frantzis, Alexandros/0000-0001-7117-062X NR 22 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 247 BP 257 EP 261 DI 10.3354/meps247257 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 651KH UT WOS:000181318700023 ER PT J AU Gillanders, BM Able, KW Brown, JA Eggleston, DB Sheridan, PF AF Gillanders, BM Able, KW Brown, JA Eggleston, DB Sheridan, PF TI Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE nursery habitat; adult habitat; movement; spatial scale; temporal scale; estuary; open coast; review; connectivity ID TEMPERATE REEF FISH; LATES-CALCARIFER BLOCH; SOLE SOLEA-SOLEA; PRAWNS PENAEUS-MERGUIENSIS; ACHOERODUS-VIRIDIS PISCES; PACKHORSE ROCK LOBSTER; TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS; BASS MORONE-SAXATILIS; SUPPLY-SIDE ECOLOGY; YELLOW-EYE MULLET AB A critical link missing from our understanding of the nursery role of specific marine habitats is the evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats. This paper reviews and evaluates evidence of, and spatial scales for, movements from juvenile to adult habitats and it summarises the methods used to study movements. Examples include many fish families but few invertebrate taxa, and most are species of economic importance for USA and Australia. The types of juvenile habitat range from the entire estuary or shallow open coastal waters to specific habitats within estuaries or coastal waters; in some cases juvenile habitats include habitats not traditionally regarded as nursery areas (e.g. the surf zone). The duration of time spent in juvenile habitats averages 13 mo (range 8 d to 5 yr). The majority of organisms move distances of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres from juvenile to adult habitats, although the scale of movements ranged from metres to thousands of kilometres. Changes in abundance among separate habitats and the progression of size classes among separate habitats are the main methods used to infer movement and habitat connectivity. Spatial partitioning of stages of maturity, natural parasites, and a variety of artificial tagging methods have also been used. The latter will become more useful with continued developments in the miniaturisation of artificial tags. More recent studies have used natural tags (e.g. trace elements and stable isotopes) and these methods show great promise for determining movements from juvenile to adult habitats. Few studies provide good evidence for movement from specific juvenile habitats to adult habitats. Future studies need to focus on this movement to supplement data on density, growth and survival of organisms in putative nursery habitats. Such information will allow management and conservation efforts to focus on those habitats that make the greatest contribution to adult populations. C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Environm Biol, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Gillanders, BM (reprint author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Environm Biol, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. EM bronwyn.gillanders@adelaide.edu.au RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012; Gillanders, Bronwyn/B-4218-2013 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833; Gillanders, Bronwyn/0000-0002-7680-2240 NR 138 TC 280 Z9 288 U1 8 U2 107 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 247 BP 281 EP 295 DI 10.3354/meps247281 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 651KH UT WOS:000181318700025 ER PT J AU Minello, TJ Able, KW Weinstein, MP Hays, CG AF Minello, TJ Able, KW Weinstein, MP Hays, CG TI Salt marshes as nurseries for nekton: testing hypotheses on density, growth and survival through meta-analysis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE salt marshes; nekton; meta-analysis; decapod crustaceans; habitat; seagrass ID CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; SHRIMP PENAEUS-AZTECUS; JUVENILE BROWN SHRIMP; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION; NORTHEASTERN US ESTUARIES; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY; CAPE FEAR RIVER; BLUE CRABS AB We examined the nursery role of salt marshes for transient nekton by searching the literature for data on density, growth, and survival of juvenile fishes and decapod crustaceans in marshes and using meta-analyses to test hypotheses. We analyzed density data from 32 studies conducted throughout the world, Based on fish density, habitat types could be ranked from highest to lowest as: seagrass > vegetated marsh edge, nonvegetated marsh, open water, macroalgae, oyster reefs > vegetated inner marsh. However, patterns of habitat use varied among the 29 fish species represented. For decapod crustaceans (seven species), habitat types were ranked: seagrass > vegetated marsh edge > nonvegetated marsh, vegetated inner marsh, open water, macroalgae > oyster reef. We identified only 5 comparative studies on transient nekton growth in salt marshes. Fish growth in nonvegetated salt marsh was not significantly different from growth in open water or in macroalgae beds but was significantly lower than in seagrass. Growth of decapod crustaceans was higher in vegetated marsh than in nonvegetated marsh. Nekton survival in salt marsh (11 studies analyzed) was higher than in open water, lower than in oyster reef/cobble and not significantly different from survival in seagrass. When density, growth and survival are all considered, the relative nursery value of salt marshes for nekton appears higher than open water but lower than seagrass. Vegetated marsh appears to have a higher nursery value than nonvegetated marsh; however, tidal dynamics and nekton movement among marsh components complicates these comparisons. The available data have a strong geographical bias; most studies originated in the northern Gulf of Mexico or on the Atlantic coast of the United States. This bias may be significant because there is some evidence that salt marsh nursery value is dependent on geography, salinity regimes and tidal amplitude. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Sandy Hook Field Stn, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Minello, TJ (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston Lab, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM tom.minello@noaa.gov NR 155 TC 172 Z9 178 U1 6 U2 42 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2003 VL 246 BP 39 EP 59 DI 10.3354/meps246039 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 647GM UT WOS:000181085100003 ER PT J AU Haines, BJ Dong, DA Born, GH Gill, SK AF Haines, Bruce J. Dong, Danan Born, George H. Gill, Stephen K. TI The Harvest Experiment: Monitoring Jason-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON from a California Offshore Platform SO MARINE GEODESY LA English DT Article DE calibration; GPS; Jason-1; satellite altimetry; sea level; TOPEX/POSEIDON; validation AB We present calibration results from Jason-1 (2001-) and TOPEX/POSEIDON (1992-) overflights of a California offshore oil platform (Harvest). Data from Harvest indicate that current Jason-1 sea-surface height (SSH) measurements are high by 138 +/- 18 mm. Excepting the bias, the high accuracy of the Jason-1 measurements is in evidence from the overflights. In orbit for over 10 years, the T/P measurement system is well calibrated, and the SSH bias is statistically indistinguishable from zero. Also reviewed are over 10 years of geodetic results from the Harvest experiment. C1 [Haines, Bruce J.; Dong, Danan] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Born, George H.] Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. [Gill, Stephen K.] Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Haines, BJ (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bruce.j.haines@jpl.nasa.gov FU NASA FX This article is dedicated to Edward "Chris" Christensen, whose Harvest Platform experiment continues to return useful scientific data 10 years beyond the end of the T/P verification phase for which is was designed. We are indebted to Plains Resources, and their subsidiary Arguello Inc., for hosting our experiment on platform Harvest. We also thank the Torch Operating Company, especially John Turner, Jim Chapman, Bob Ryan, and Geary Olivera for accommodating our trips to the facility and assisting with the experiments whenever possible. The Harvest experiment is a multiagency effort, and we are indebted to numerous individuals for engaging in design, installation, operation, and maintenance of the sensors, as well as interpretation of the data. They include: Dan Kubitschek, Dave Stowers, Kevin Miller, Steve Dinardo, and Charles Morris (JPL); Razmik Khachikyan (Raytheon); Joel Nyquist and Keith Morris (CU); Mickey Moss, Eddie Shih, Jim Russell, Clyde Kakazu, and Mark Bailey (NOAA); K.C. Rockwell (Arguello). The Harvest research activities of authors B.H. and D.D. are funded by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program. We are grateful to Eric Lindstrom and Lee Fu for advancing the Harvest experiment and for assisting with the renewal of interagency cooperations needed for experiment upgrades prior to Jason-1 launch. A portion of this work was conducted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with NASA. NR 40 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0419 J9 MAR GEOD JI Mar. Geod. PY 2003 VL 26 IS 3-4 SI SI BP 239 EP 259 DI 10.1080/01490410390256763 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA V23QD UT WOS:000208356400008 ER PT J AU Dolar, MLL Walker, WA Kooyman, GL Perrin, WF AF Dolar, MLL Walker, WA Kooyman, GL Perrin, WF TI Comparative feeding ecology of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and Fraser's dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei) in the Sulu Sea SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Philippines; diet; myctophids; cetaceans; spinner dolphin; Stenella longirostris; Fraser's dolphin; Lagenodelphis hosei; squids ID STOMACH CONTENTS; MIDWATER FISHES; MYCTOPHIDAE; PACIFIC; PISCES; LANTERNFISHES; CETACEANS; COAST; PREY AB Fraser's and spinner dolphins are known to feed on mesopelagic prey, but their diets and feeding ecologies have not been compared in areas where they are observed together. In this study we examined the stomach contents of both species caught incidentally in a driftnet fishery for tuna in the eastern Sulu Sea. Importance of prey items was determined using the percent occurrence, percent number, and volumetric methods. Mesopelagic fishes, particularly myctophids (mainly Ceratoscopelus warmingi, Diapbus spp. and Myctophum asperum), were the most important component in the diet of spinner dolphins, whereas in Fraser's dolphins, mesopelagic cephalopods (Abrahopsis, Onychoteuthis, Histioteuthis, and Chiroteuthis), and crustaceans (Notostomos elegans, Acanthephyra quadrispinosa, and Acanthephyra carinata) appeared to be equally important as the myctophid species. Fraser's dolphins appeared to feed preferentially on larger prey and had more diversified prey (Shannon's diversity index = 1.2) than spinner dolphins (diversity index = 0.9). Vertical distributions of the prey items summarized from published literature indicate that spinner dolphins forage in the upper 200 m and probably occasionally to as deep as 400 m, whereas Fraser's dolphins have a wider vertical foraging range, from near the surface to probably as deep as 600 m. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Dolar, MLL (reprint author), 6363 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122 USA. NR 60 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01089.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 631ZQ UT WOS:000180198700001 ER PT J AU Oswald, JN Barlow, J Norris, TF AF Oswald, JN Barlow, J Norris, TF TI Acoustic identification of nine delphinid species in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE species identification; towed hydrophone array; sonobuoy; discriminant function analysis; decision tree; dolphin; whistle; acoustic; Stenella longirostris; Stenella attenuata; Stenella coeruleoalba; Delphinus delphis; Delphinus capensis; Tursiops truncatus; Steno bredanensis; Globicephala macrorbynchus; Pseudorca crassidens ID WHALE; WHISTLES; ARRAY AB Acoustic methods may improve the ability to identify cetacean species during shipboard surveys. Whistles were recorded from nine odontocete species in the eastern tropical Pacific to determine how reliably these vocalizations can be classified to species based on simple spectrographic measurements. Twelve variables were measured from each whistle (n = 908). Parametric multivariate discriminant function analysis (DFA) correctly classified 41.1% of whistles to species. Non-parametric classification and regression tree (CART) analysis resulted in 51.4% correct classification. Striped dolphin whistles were most difficult to classify. Whistles of bottlenose dolphins, false killer whales, and pilot whales were most distinctive. Correct classification scores may be improved by adding prior probabilities that reflect species distribution to classification models, by measuring alternative whistle variables, using alternative classification techniques, and by localizing vocalizing dolphins when collecting data for classification models. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. SAIC, Maritime Div, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. RP Oswald, JN (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 23 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 20 EP 37 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01090.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 631ZQ UT WOS:000180198700002 ER PT J AU Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL Withrow, DE Cesarone, JC Simpkins, MA Frost, KJ Burns, JJ AF Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL Withrow, DE Cesarone, JC Simpkins, MA Frost, KJ Burns, JJ TI The abundance of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; aerial survey; abundance; Gulf of Alaska; generalized additive model; negative-binomial regression ID PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SAN-MIGUEL-ISLAND; VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; HAUL-OUT; TUGIDAK ISLAND; COMMON SEALS; GLACIER BAY; PATTERNS; CALIFORNIA AB The abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) has declined in recent decades at several Alaska locations. The causes of these declines are unknown, but there is concern about the status of the populations, especially in the Gulf of Alaska. To assess the status of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska, we conducted aerial surveys of seals on their haul-out sites in August-September 1996. Many factors influence the propensity of seals to haul out, including tides, weather, time of day, and time of year. Because these "covariates" cannot simultaneously be controlled through survey design, we used a regression model to adjust the counts to an estimate of the number of seals that would have been ashore during a hypothetical survey conducted under ideal conditions for hauling out. The regression, a generalized additive model, not only provided an adjustment for the covariates, but also confirmed the nature and shape of the covariate effects on haul-out behavior. The number of seals hauled out was greatest at the beginning of the surveys (mid-August). There was a broad daily peak from about 1100-1400 local solar time. The greatest numbers were hauled out at low tide on terrestrial sites. Tidal state made little difference in the numbers hauled out on glacial ice, where the area available to seals did not fluctuate with the tide. Adjusting the survey counts to the ideal state for each covariate produced an estimate of 30,035 seals, about 1.8 times the total of the unadjusted counts (16,355 seals). To the adjusted count, we applied a correction factor of 1.198 from a separate study of two haul-out sites elsewhere in Alaska, to produce a total abundance estimate of 35,981 (SE 1,833). This estimate accounts both for the effect of covariates on survey counts and for the proportion of seals that remained in the water even under ideal conditions for hauling out. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA. Living Resources Inc, Fairbanks, AK 99708 USA. RP Boveng, PL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 39 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 111 EP 127 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01096.x PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 631ZQ UT WOS:000180198700008 ER PT J AU Trippel, EA Holy, NL Palka, DL Shepherd, TD Melvin, GD Terhune, JM AF Trippel, EA Holy, NL Palka, DL Shepherd, TD Melvin, GD Terhune, JM TI Nylon barium sulphate gillnet reduces porpoise and seabird mortality SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; ACOUSTIC ALARMS; LOWER BAY; DOLPHINS; FISHERY; FUNDY C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St Andrews Biol Stn, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada. Atlantic Gillnet Supply, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ New Brunswick, Ctr Coastal Studies & Aquaculture, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. RP Trippel, EA (reprint author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, St Andrews Biol Stn, St Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada. EM trippele@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca OI Terhune, John/0000-0002-2661-7389 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 19 IS 1 BP 240 EP 243 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01106.x PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 631ZQ UT WOS:000180198700018 ER PT B AU Bruckner, AW AF Bruckner, AW BE Cato, JC Brown, CL TI Sustainable management guidelines for stony coral fisheries SO MARINE ORNAMENTAL SPECIES: COLLECTION, CULTURE & CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine Ornamental 2001 Meeting CY NOV, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL ID REEFS C1 NOAA Fisheries, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bruckner, AW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Off Protected Resources, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM andy.bruckner@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU IOWA STATE UNIV PRESS PI AMES PA 2121 STATE AVE, AMES, IA 50014-8300 USA BN 0-8138-2987-9 PY 2003 BP 167 EP 182 DI 10.1002/9780470752722.ch12 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BX78U UT WOS:000186430700012 ER PT B AU Causey, BD AF Causey, BD BE Cato, JC Brown, CL TI Balancing collection and conservation of marine ornamental species in the Florida Keys national marine sanctuary SO MARINE ORNAMENTAL SPECIES: COLLECTION, CULTURE & CONSERVATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine Ornamental 2001 Meeting CY NOV, 2001 CL ORLANDO, FL C1 Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. RP Causey, BD (reprint author), Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, POB 500368, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOWA STATE UNIV PRESS PI AMES PA 2121 STATE AVE, AMES, IA 50014-8300 USA BN 0-8138-2987-9 PY 2003 BP 353 EP + PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BX78U UT WOS:000186430700026 ER PT J AU Paulson, AJ Sharack, B Zdanowicz, V AF Paulson, AJ Sharack, B Zdanowicz, V TI Trace metals in ribbed mussels from Arthur Kill, New York/New jersey, USA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE mussels; trace metals; Geukensia demissa; Arthur Kill; New Jersey; New York C1 USGS Water Resources Div, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NOAA Fisheries, James J Howard Lab, Highlands, NJ 07716 USA. US Customs Serv, Res Lab, Springfield, VA 22153 USA. RP USGS Water Resources Div, 1201 Pacific Ave,Suite 600, Tacoma, WA 98402 USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 46 IS 1 BP 139 EP 145 AR PII S0025-326X(02)00312-0 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00312-0 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 646BH UT WOS:000181014600029 PM 12535980 ER PT S AU Weirich, J AF Weirich, J BE Brebbia, CA Gambin, T TI Boston Harbor drained: a case study using hydrographic systems to assess potential cultural resource sites SO MARITIME HERITAGE SE ADVANCES IN ARCHITECTURE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Maritime Heritage CY MAR 24, 2002-MAR 26, 2003 CL MALTA SP Wessex Inst Technol, Univ Malta AB A recent navigation project in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts illustrated the use of different hydrographic techniques in assessing cultural resources. The NOAA Ship WHITING, a hydrographic research vessel for the U.S. Department of Commerce's, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, surveyed the entire harbor and its approaches. The main goal of the project was to update the nautical charts for safe navigation. However, the hydrographic team also addressed areas of cultural significance, with particular attention paid to the inner harbor waterfront, the harbor's islands, and shipwrecks located in the waterways. Several remote sensing techniques were used; tools and expertise that are currently being under utilized by the submerged cultural resource community. This paper does not highlight the history of Boston Harbor, but rather use it as a backdrop for how best to survey an historical harbor given the appropriate tools and proper planning. It also stresses the need for archaeological expertise in hydrographic surveying. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean Explorat, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Weirich, J (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean Explorat, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1368-1435 BN 1-85312-964-X J9 ADV ARC SER PY 2003 VL 15 BP 39 EP 49 PG 11 WC Archaeology; History; Oceanography SC Archaeology; History; Oceanography GA BW52Q UT WOS:000182316600004 ER PT S AU Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Lee, HJ AF Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Lee, HJ BE McKerrow, AJ Leu, J Kraft, O Kikkawa, T TI Characterization of nanoporous low-k thin films by contrast match SANS SO MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY AND RELIABILITY FOR ADVANCED INTERCONNECTS AND LOW-K DIELECTRICS-2003 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Technology and Reliability for Advanced Interconnects and Low-k Dielectrics held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Mat Inc, ATMI, Dow Chem Co, Honeywell Elect Mat, Intel Corp, Texas Instruments Inc, Thomas West Inc, Tokyo Electron Amer Inc ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) contrast variation is used to characterize matrix properties and pore size in nanoporous low-dielectric constant (low-k) thin films. Using a vapor adsorption technique, SANS measurements are used to identify a "contrast match" solvent mixture containing the hydrogen- and deuterium-containing versions of a probe solvent. The contrast match solvent is subsequently used to conduct SANS porosimetry experiments. With information from specular X-ray reflectivity and ion scattering, the technique is useful for estimating the mass density of the matrix (wall) material and the pore size distribution. To illustrate the technique, a porous methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) spin-on dielectric is characterized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hedden, RC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-703-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 766 BP 197 EP 202 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BY09P UT WOS:000187620400027 ER PT S AU Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW AF Bauer, BJ Hedden, RC Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW BE McKerrow, AJ Leu, J Kraft, O Kikkawa, T TI Determination of pore size distributions in nano-porous thin films from small angle scattering SO MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGY AND RELIABILITY FOR ADVANCED INTERCONNECTS AND LOW-K DIELECTRICS-2003 SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials, Technology and Reliability for Advanced Interconnects and Low-k Dielectrics held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Appl Mat Inc, ATMI, Dow Chem Co, Honeywell Elect Mat, Intel Corp, Texas Instruments Inc, Thomas West Inc, Tokyo Electron Amer Inc AB Small angle neutron and x-ray scattering (SANS, SAXS) are powerful tools in determination of the pore size and content of nano-porous materials with low dielectric constants (low-k) that are being developed as interlevel dielectrics. Several models have been previously applied to fit the scattering data in order to extract information on the average pore and/or matrix size. A new method has been developed to provide information on the size distributions of the pore and matrix phases based on the "chord length distribution" introduced by Tchoubar and Mering. Examples are given of scattering from samples that have size distributions that are narrower and broader than the random distribution typical of scattering described by Debye, Anderson, and Brumberger. An example of fitting SANS data to a phase size distribution is given. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-703-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 766 BP 203 EP 208 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BY09P UT WOS:000187620400028 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Chowdhuri, Z Snow, WM Richardson, JM Dewey, MS AF Coakley, KJ Chowdhuri, Z Snow, WM Richardson, JM Dewey, MS TI Estimation of neutron mean wavelength from rocking curve data SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bragg scattering; importance sampling; Laue scattering; Monte Carlo; neutron flux detector; neutron monochromator; neutron scattering; rocking curve; pyrolytic graphite mosaic crystal AB At NIST, an in-beam neutron lifetime experiment is underway. In part of the experiment, a neutron detector is calibrated. The accuracy of the detector calibration depends, in part, on how accurately the mean wavelength of a neutron beam can be estimated from rocking curve data. Based on a stochastic model for neutron scattering, we simulate rocking curve data. TO speed up the simulation, an importance sampling method is used. For the cases studied, importance sampling reduces the execution time of the simulation code by over a factor of 500. For simulated data, the statistical bias of the mean wavelength estimate is found to be 0.004%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Sci Res Lab Inc, Somerville, MA 02143 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 14 IS 1 BP 131 EP 139 AR PII S0957-0233(03)39651-1 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/1/319 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 645YZ UT WOS:000181009200020 ER PT S AU Read, D Geiss, R Ramsey, J Scherban, T Xu, G Blaine, J Miner, B Emery, RD AF Read, D Geiss, R Ramsey, J Scherban, T Xu, G Blaine, J Miner, B Emery, RD BE Bahr, DF Kung, H Moody, NR Wahl, KJ TI Nanoindentation and tensile behavior of copper films SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanical Properties Derived from Nanostructuring Materials held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID FREESTANDING GOLD-FILMS; THIN-FILMS; GRAINED FILMS; PART AB The mechanical properties of similar to 10 mum thick electroplated copper films were investigated by both nanoindentation of supported films and microtensile testing of free-standing films. By utilizing both techniques to examine the same films, the results could be directly compared to one another. Nanoindentation yield strength was found to be 5 - 15 % lower than in the microtensile case. Differences were attributed to grain size differences and, for annealed films, the presence of internal stresses in supported films only. Data from both techniques generally followed the Hall-Petch trend. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Scherban, T (reprint author), Intel Corp, Log Technol Dev Qual & Reliabil, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-715-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 778 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BX85K UT WOS:000186634400015 ER PT S AU Tewary, VK Yang, B AF Tewary, VK Yang, B BE Bahr, DF Kung, H Moody, NR Wahl, KJ TI Multiscale modeling of mechanical response of quantum nanostructures SO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DERIVED FROM NANOSTRUCTURING MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanical Properties Derived from Nanostructuring Materials held at the 2003 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 22-25, 2003 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID SIMULATIONS; DEFECTS; SOLIDS AB A multiscale Green's function method is described for modeling the mechanical response of quantum nanostructures in semiconductors. The method accounts for the discreteness of the lattice in and around the nanostructure, and uses the continuum Green's function to model extended defects such as free surfaces in the host solid. The method is applied to calculate the displacement field due to a Ge quantum dot in a semi-infinite Si lattice. Corresponding continuum values of the displacement field are also reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-715-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 778 BP 297 EP 302 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BX85K UT WOS:000186634400046 ER PT J AU Hunston, D Miyagi, Z Schultheisz, C Zaghi, S AF Hunston, D Miyagi, Z Schultheisz, C Zaghi, S TI The sandwich bending specimen for characterizing adhesive properties SO MECHANICS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE adhesives; bending; epoxy; shear modulus; superposition; viscoelasticity AB Techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of adhesives in a bonded geometry are important because the behavior can differ from that of bulk adhesive samples. Although there are a number of such tests, the simplicity of the sandwich beam specimen makes it attractive. This test involves three-point bending of a beam made by bonding together two metal strips with the adhesive. For linear elastic materials, the shear modulus of the adhesive can be calculated from the bending stiffness of the beam with a number of published analyses. This paper conducts experiments to examine the sandwich test and the potential to extend it to viscoelastic adhesives since standard viscoelastic test equipment can easily measure three-point bending. The results show that the stiffness of the sandwich beam is sensitive to the presence of the adhesive throughout most of the interesting range for adhesive properties. Second, when tested as a function temperature and time ( or frequency), the stiffness of the beam behaves like a classic viscoelastic property. Finally, in the rubbery, elastic range, the shear moduli calculated from beam tests with thick bonds agreed with those obtained from tests on bulk samples for adhesives. In the temperature range where the adhesive is hard ( glassy behavior), however, problems were observed for the geometries tested here. Some of these problems may be attributable to assumptions made in the analyses used, and this suggests the need for a new analysis that addresses these limiting assumptions and extends the test to viscoelastic materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hunston, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat & Construct Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-2000 J9 MECH TIME-DEPEND MAT JI Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. PY 2003 VL 7 IS 1 BP 71 EP 88 DI 10.1023/A:1024091302445 PG 18 WC Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mechanics; Materials Science GA 686MU UT WOS:000183326200004 ER PT S AU Beyerlein, RA Ceasar, GP AF Beyerlein, RA Ceasar, GP BE Burganos, VN Noble, RD Asaeda, M Ayral, A LeRoux, JD TI NIST's advanced technology program: New developments in membrane technology R&D SO MEMBRANES-PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Membranes-Preparation, Properties and Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beyerlein, RA (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-689-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 752 BP 329 EP 329 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BW79V UT WOS:000183202200050 ER PT J AU Tao, WK Simpson, J Baker, D Braun, S Chou, MD Ferrier, B Johnson, D Khain, A Lang, S Lynn, B Shie, CL Starr, D Sui, CH Wang, Y Wetzel, P AF Tao, WK Simpson, J Baker, D Braun, S Chou, MD Ferrier, B Johnson, D Khain, A Lang, S Lynn, B Shie, CL Starr, D Sui, CH Wang, Y Wetzel, P TI Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID LATENT-HEAT RELEASE; ADVECTION TRANSPORT ALGORITHM; TROPICAL OCEANIC CONVECTION; GENERATED MOIST CONVECTION; SMALL IMPLICIT DIFFUSION; MEASURING MISSION TRMM; PACIFIC WARM POOL; BULK ICE SCHEME; TOGA-COARE; LAND-SURFACE AB The response of cloud systems to their environment is an important link in a chain of processes responsible for monsoons, frontal depression, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes and other climate variations (e.g., 30-60 day intra-seasonal oscillations). Numerical models of cloud properties provide essential insights into the interactions of clouds with each other, with their surroundings, and with land and ocean surfaces. Significant advances are currently being made in the modeling of rainfall and rain-related cloud processes, ranging in scales from the very small up to the simulation of an extensive population of raining cumulus clouds in a tropical- or midlatitude-storm environment. The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model is a multidimensional non-hydrostatic dynamic/microphysical cloud resolving model. It has been used to simulate many different mesoscale convective systems that occurred in various geographic locations. In this paper, recent GCE model improvements (microphysics, radiation and surface processes) will be described as well as their impact on the development of precipitation events from various geographic locations. The performance of these new physical processes will be examined by comparing the model results with observations. Specifically, the impact of different ice schemes (i.e., three-class ice scheme, four-class two-moment ice scheme) on precipitation processes are examined and compared. Spectral bin microphysics are used to investigate precipitation processes under clean and dirty environments. The coupled GCE-radiation model shows that the modulation of relative humidity by radiative processes is the main reason for the diurnal variation of precipitation in the tropics. The coupled GCE-land surface model is used to examine the impact of heterogeneous land surface characteristics (soil-vegetation) on precipitation processes. The effect of ocean flux algorithms (e.g., the TOGA COARE flux algorithm and a simple bulk aerodynamic method) on surface fluxes, environmental convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitation processes are compared. In addition, the coupled GCE-ocean mixed layer (OML) model is used to investigate the physical processes that affect the variation of sea surface temperature, mixed layer depth and salinity. C1 NASA GSFC, Mesoscale Atmosper Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA GSFC, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Austin Coll, Dept Phys, Sherman, TX USA. NCEP Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Atmospher Sci, Jerusalem, Israel. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Tao, WK (reprint author), NASA GSFC, Mesoscale Atmosper Proc Branch, Code 912, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov OI SUI, CHUNG-HSIUNG/0000-0003-2842-5660 NR 148 TC 196 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 16 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 EI 1436-5065 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 97 EP 137 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0594-7 PG 41 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100006 ER PT J AU Purser, RJ Parrish, DE AF Purser, RJ Parrish, DE TI A Bayesian technique for estimating continuously varying statistical parameters of a variational assimilation SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID ERROR COVARIANCE PARAMETERS; WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS; CROSS-VALIDATION; NOISY DATA; FORECAST; DENSITY; GCV AB Nonhydrostatic models with horizontal grid resolutions of around 10 km are becoming operational at several forecasting centers. At these scales it is particularly desirable that the covariances employed in variational or statistical analysis schemes be defined in a more general way than the spatially homogeneous and isotropic covariance models that have been typical in the analysis schemes adopted at larger scales. But allowing covariances to be defined in a more adaptive way leads to a much larger parameter space required to specify them. This note addresses the challenging problem of inferring, from observed meteorological data, a set of continuous parameters defining the error covariances used to analyze data in a variational assimilation scheme. The method we propose is a Bayesian extension of the "maximum-likelihood" technique, which means that prior information about the parameters is brought into play. The method uses a stochastic approximation in the computation of some of the required terms, which are difficult and costly to evaluate by other, more standard methods. One important advantage of the proposed Bayesian approach is that it makes it possible to estimate objectively a spatially dependent but smoothly varying set of parameters in a consistent manner, provided the scale over which the variations occur is sufficiently large. This ability is illustrated in the idealized tests presented here. C1 NOAA NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Purser, RJ (reprint author), NOAA NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, W-NP2 Rm 207 WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 209 EP 226 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0583-x PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100009 ER PT J AU Devenyi, D Benjamin, SG AF Devenyi, D Benjamin, SG TI A variational assimilation technique in a hybrid isentropic-sigma coordinate SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID ANALYSIS SYSTEM; AIRCRAFT AB A three-dimensional variational (3dVAR) analysis set in a generalized vertical coordinate is described. This analysis technique has been applied to the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC), a mesoscale analysis/model system in the United States providing high-frequency, short-range forecasts. The RUC 3dVAR analysis is, in fact, set in a hybrid isentropic-sigma coordinate, but without loss of generality or applicability to other coordinate systems. The use of this coordinate provides an adaptive analysis space, with sloping of background error covariances in the proximity of baroclinic systems, and a stability-dependence for vertical error covariances. The basic characteristics of the RUC are described briefly, with special attention to its vertical coordinate. A detailed description of observation operators is provided. The WAR algorithm, including stream function and velocity potential as control variables for the multivariate aspect, is described in detail. A few examples of analysis results are provided. The RUC 3dVAR in hybrid-isentropic-sigma coordinates is being implemented at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) in 2001. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RP Devenyi, D (reprint author), NOAA Res Forecase Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RI Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015 OI Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236 NR 13 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 245 EP 257 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0590-y PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100011 ER PT J AU Janjic, ZI AF Janjic, ZI TI A nonhydrostatic model based on a new approach SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th SRNWP Workshop on Nonhydrostatic Modelling CY SEP, 2001 CL BAD ORB, GERMANY ID STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; SEMI-STAGGERED GRIDS; OROGRAPHY; SCHEMES; CONVECTION; ENERGY; FLOW AB The nonhydrostatic Meso model developed at NCEP (Janjic et al, 2001) is based on a new approach. Namely, a hydrostatic NWP model using mass based vertical coordinate has been extended to include the nonhydrostatic motions. In this way favorable features of the hydrostatic formulation have been preserved. This procedure did not require any linearization or approximation. The nonhydrostatic dynamics has been introduced through an add-on module. The nonhydrostatic module can be turned on and off, so that easy comparison can be made of hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic solutions. Here, the basic philosophy behind the discretization methods applied in the model, and not covered by Janjic et al (2001), is discussed, and the latest developments are reviewed. The forecast examples shown indicate that significant differences between hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic forecasts may develop even at relatively coarse resolution of 8 km. Possible future developments are considered. C1 NCEP EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Janjic, ZI (reprint author), NCEP EMC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 33 TC 180 Z9 182 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 271 EP 285 DI 10.1007/s00703-001-0587-6 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 644MD UT WOS:000180921100013 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Drapela, TJ AF Wang, CM Drapela, TJ TI A statistical model for cladding diameter of optical fibres SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed a contact micrometer for accurate measurement of the outer diameter of optical fibres. The contact micrometer is used to measure reference fibres that are artefacts used by the telecommunications industry for calibrating their own measurement systems. We present a model for diameters measured by the contact micrometer. Based on this model, the probability distribution of the diameters is derived and two diameter estimates are presented. We illustrate and compare the diameter estimates using simulated data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 2 BP 57 EP 61 AR PII S0026-1394(03)59631-1 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/2/309 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DW UT WOS:000183983200010 ER PT J AU Pavlis, NK Weiss, MA AF Pavlis, NK Weiss, MA TI The relativistic redshift with 3 x 10(-17) uncertainty at NIST, Boulder, Colorado, USA SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PRIMARY FREQUENCY STANDARDS; COEFFICIENT MODELS; UNITED-STATES; TIME AB We have estimated the relativistic redshift correction due to gravity, necessary to reference to the geoid the measurements of the new frequency standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA, using a new local survey and various methods and models. We referenced the frequency offsets computed from different methods to the same geoid surface, one defined with respect to the current best estimate of an ideal mean-Earth ellipsoid. The new fractional frequency results are (1) - 1797.61 x 10(-16), based on the global gravitational model EGM96; (2a) - 1798.72 x 10(-16), based on the regional, high-resolution geoid model G96SSS; (2b) - 1798.49 x 10(-16), based on the regional, high-resolution geoid model G99SSS; and (3) -1798.91 x 10(-16), based on the value for the geopotential number provided in the National Geodetic Survey's data sheet for the NIST reference marker. The minus sign implies that clocks run faster in the laboratory in Boulder than a standard clock located on the geoid. The values from (2b) and (3) are expected to be the most accurate and are also independent. Based on these results, we estimate the frequency shift at the reference point at NIST to be - 1798.7 x 10(-16), with an estimated standard uncertainty of +/-0.3 x 10(-16). C1 Raytheon ITSS Corp, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Pavlis, NK (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS Corp, 4400 Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. EM npavlis@terra.stx.com; mweiss@boulder.nist.gov NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 2 BP 66 EP 73 AR PII S0026-1394(03)59636-0 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/2/311 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DW UT WOS:000183983200012 ER PT J AU Berg, RF Cignolo, G AF Berg, RF Cignolo, G TI NIST-IMGC comparison of gas flows below one litre per minute SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB We compared the IMGC and NIST standards for small gas flows at the IMGC. The IMGC standard is a recently developed primary flow meter that extracts a large piston out of a temperature-controlled chamber. Controlling the piston's speed holds the pressure in the chamber constant. The NIST standard is a recently developed transfer standard that was calibrated against two primary standards at NIST. The first NIST primary extracts a large piston out of an oil-filled chamber in which a metal bellows is suspended. Controlling the piston's speed holds the pressure in the bellows constant. The second NIST primary is a static gravimetry method. The results include 49 nitrogen flow rates from 0.22 mumol s(-1) to 770 mumol s(-1) (1 mumol s(-1) = 1.3448 cm(3) min(-1) of an ideal gas at the 'standard' conditions of 0 degreesC and 101 325 Pa). For all but one of the comparisons, the agreement between IMGC and NIST is better than 0.06%. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNR, IMGC, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Berg, RF (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 154 EP 158 AR PII S0026-1394(03)61975-4 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/4/303 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 710NJ UT WOS:000184686000005 ER PT J AU Hannig, J Wang, CM Iyer, HK AF Hannig, J Wang, CM Iyer, HK TI Uncertainty calculation for the ratio of dependent measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID LINEAR-MODEL AB A measurand theta of interest is the ratio of two other quantities, mu(p) and mu(q). measurement experiment is conducted and results P and Q are obtained as estimates of mu(p) and mu(q). The ratio Y = P/Q is generally reported as the result for the measurand theta. In this paper we consider the problem of computing an uncertainty interval for theta having a prescribed confidence level of 1 - alpha. Although an exact procedure, based on an approach due to Fieller, is available for this problem, it is well known that this procedure can lead to unbounded confidence regions in certain situations. As a result, practitioners often use various non-exact methods. One such non-exact method is based on the propagation-of-errors approach described in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement to calculate a standard uncertainty u(y) for Y. A confidence interval for theta with a presumed confidence level of 95% is obtained as [Y - 2u(y), Y + 2u(y)]. In this paper we develop a highly accurate approximation for the coverage probability associated with the interval [Y - ku(y), Y + ku(y)]. In particular, we demonstrate that, using n - 1 degrees of freedom for uy, and the corresponding Student's t coverage factor k = t(1-alpha/2:n-1) rather than k = 2, leads to uncertainty intervals [Y - t(1-alpha/2:n-1)u(y), Y + t(1-alpha/2:n-1)u(y)], that are nearly identical to Fieller's exact intervals whenever the measurement relative uncertainties are small, as is the case in most metrological applications. In addition, they are easy to compute and may be recommended for routine use in metrological applications. Improved coverage factors k can be derived based on the results of this paper for those exceptional situations where the t-interval may not have coverage probability sufficiently close to the desired value. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hannig, J (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 4 BP 177 EP 183 AR PII S0026-1394(03)62330-3 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/4/306 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 710NJ UT WOS:000184686000008 ER PT J AU Johnson, AN Wright, JD Moldover, MR Espina, PI AF Johnson, AN Wright, JD Moldover, MR Espina, PI TI Temperature characterization in the collection tank of the NIST 26 m(3) PVTt gas flow standard SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Gas temperature gradients created during the filling stage of a pressure-volume-temperature-time (PVTt) calibration cycle, and those imposed by inhomogeneous room conditions, lead to uncertainties in the average gas temperature in the collection tank. Because these temperature uncertainties dominate the overall flow uncertainty, NIST upgraded the temperature-averaging scheme used in its 26 m(3) PVTt system. Instead of arithmetically averaging 10 thermistors to obtain the mean gas temperature, we now calculate this value via a volume-weighted trapezoidal integration procedure using 35 thermistors. Applying the new temperature-averaging scheme, the mean gas temperature can be determined with a standard uncertainty of 89 mK after only 2700 s of fan mixing. As a result, the flow uncertainty in the NIST 26 m(3) PVTt system has decreased from 0.22% to 0.13% (with a coverage factor of 2). This paper highlights the temperature improvements and presents a detailed analysis for estimating the lower temperature uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Johnson, AN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 7 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 5 BP 211 EP 216 AR PII S0026-1394(03)65584-2 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/5/301 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 738GL UT WOS:000186278300003 ER PT J AU Kaeker, R Jones, A AF Kaeker, R Jones, A TI On use of Bayesian statistics to make the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement consistent SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement is being increasingly recognized as a de facto international standard. The ISO Guide recommends a standardized way of expressing uncertainty in all kinds of measurements and provides a comprehensive approach for combining information to evaluate that uncertainty. The ISO Guide supports uncertainties evaluated from statistical methods, Type A, and uncertainties determined by other means, Type B. The ISO Guide recommends classical (frequentist) statistics for evaluating the Type A components of uncertainty; but it interprets the combined uncertainty from a Bayesian viewpoint. This is inconsistent. In order to overcome this inconsistency, we suggest that all Type A uncertainties should be evaluated through a Bayesian approach. It turns out that the estimates from a classical statistical analysis are either equal or approximately equal to the corresponding estimates from a Bayesian analysis with non-informative prior probability distributions. So the classical (frequentist) estimates may be used provided they are interpreted from the Bayesian viewpoint. The procedure of the ISO Guide for evaluating the combined uncertainty is to propagate the uncertainties associated with the input quantities. This procedure does not yield a complete specification of the distribution represented by the result of measurement and its associated combined standard uncertainty. So the correct coverage factor for a desired coverage probability of an expanded uncertainty interval cannot always be determined. Nonetheless, the ISO Guide suggests that the coverage factor may be computed by assuming that the distribution represented by the result of measurement and its associated standard uncertainty is a normal distribution or a scaled-and-shifted t-distribution with degrees of freedom determined from the Welch-Satterthwaite formula. This assumption may be unjustified and the coverage factor so determined may be incorrect. A popular convention is to set the coverage factor as 2. When the distribution represented by the result of measurement and its associated standard uncertainty is not completely determined, the 2-standard-uncertainty interval may be interpreted in terms of its minimum coverage probability for an applicable class of probability distributions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaeker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 9 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 5 BP 235 EP 248 AR PII S0026-1394(03)66815-5 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/5/305 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 738GL UT WOS:000186278300007 ER PT J AU Moldover, MR Ripple, DC AF Moldover, MR Ripple, DC TI Comment on 'General principles for the definition of the base units in the SI' SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Letter ID VALUES AB Recently, Kose et al (2003 Metrologia 40 146-53) proposed 'general principles that should Guide any future discussions regarding the redefinition of the SI base units' and they illustrated their principles with an example of a revised SI. Part of their example (redefinition of the kelvin in terms of the triple point of hydrogen) is not consistent with their objective that all base units comply with '... the needs of economy, science and society'. An alternative revision of the SI might not define the kelvin as an independent unit. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moldover, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 5 BP L9 EP L10 AR PII S0026-1394(03)68624-X DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/5/L01 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 738GL UT WOS:000186278300001 ER PT J AU Boivin, LP Bruce, SS AF Boivin, LP Bruce, SS TI A bilateral comparison of spectral responsivity measurements in the spectral range 250 nm to 1800 nm between the NIST (USA) and the NRC (Canada) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID ACCURACY CRYOGENIC-RADIOMETER; SCALE; CALIBRATIONS; STANDARDS; FACILITY AB This intercomparison of spectral responsivity between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada was carried out to test the level of agreement between the two laboratories for routine detector calibrations and also to support the uncertainties quoted by NIST and NRC in appendix C of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) drawn up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM). The comparison was carried out in two stages: 250 nm to 1100 nm using three silicon (Si) photodiodes, then 700 nm to 1800 nm using two germanium (Ge) and two indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detectors. This paper describes briefly the derivation of the spectral responsivity scales, measurement procedures and apparatus used for each laboratory. The results of the intercomparison are presented. In the spectral ranges from 250 nm to 1000 nm for silicon and 750 nm to 1700 nm for germanium and InGaAs, the agreement between the two laboratories is well within the combined uncertainties. In particular, in the 450 nm to 1000 nm spectral range, the agreement is better than +/-0.2%. In the 900 nm to 1600 nm spectral range, the agreement is typically +/-0.5%. Consequently, the results of this intercomparison are shown to support the uncertainties claimed by NIST and NRC in their routine calibrations, and in their appendix C entries of the MRA. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boivin, LP (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. EM phil.boivin@nrc.ca; sbruce@nist.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S45 EP S49 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56069-8 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/311 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000013 ER PT J AU Brown, SW Johnson, BC Feinholz, ME Yarbrough, MA Flora, SJ Lykke, KR Clark, DK AF Brown, SW Johnson, BC Feinholz, ME Yarbrough, MA Flora, SJ Lykke, KR Clark, DK TI Stray-light correction algorithm for spectrographs SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB In this paper, we describe an algorithm to correct a spectrograph's response for stray light. Two recursion relations are developed: one to correct the system response when measuring broad-band calibration sources, and a second to correct the response when measuring sources of unknown radiance. The algorithm requires a detailed understanding of the effect of stray light in the spectrograph on the instrument's response. Using tunable laser sources, a dual spectrograph instrument designed to measure the up-welling radiance in the ocean was characterized for stray light. A stray-light correction algorithm was developed, based on the results of these measurements. The instrument's response was corrected for stray light, and the effects on measured up-welling in-water radiance were evaluated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 10 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S81 EP S84 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56067-4 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/318 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000020 ER PT J AU Carter, AC Jung, TM Smith, A Lorentz, SR Datla, R AF Carter, AC Jung, TM Smith, A Lorentz, SR Datla, R TI Improved broadband blackbody calibrations at NIST for low-background infrared applications SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID STANDARDS AB The low-background infrared (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has continued to develop its facilities and knowledge base to meet the needs of the infrared community. Improvements in refrigeration capability at the LBIR facility have made it possible to perform calibrations of infrared sources and detectors in a stable 17 K back-round environment as compared to a relatively unstable 25 K environment available until about two years ago. This, combined with improved power measurement instrumentation, allows measurements of 1 nW with a standard uncertainty of 1 % due to repeatability and reproducibility effects. A brief overview will be given of the changes to the LBIR facility that led to these improvements. The higher sensitivity in power measurement capability and some of the methods being used to Generate low-power beams have highlighted new measurement issues that had previously been relatively unimportant. These issues include aperture quality, background scene temperature stability, beam shuttering, diffraction, and the noise floor of power measurement hardware. Demonstrations of common problems encountered will be shown and guidelines will be given for developing infrared sources that not only meet the needs of the user but can also be well calibrated. C1 Jung Res & Dev Corp, Washington, DC 20009 USA. L1 Stand & Technol Inc, Ijamsville, MD 21754 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carter, AC (reprint author), Jung Res & Dev Corp, 1706 U St NW 204, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S1 EP S4 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56051-0 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/301 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000003 ER PT J AU Chunnilall, CJ Clarke, FJJ Smart, MP Hanssen, LM Kaplan, SG AF Chunnilall, CJ Clarke, FJJ Smart, MP Hanssen, LM Kaplan, SG TI NIST-NPL comparison of mid-infrared regular transmittance and reflectance SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID STANDARDS AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) realize independent scales for regular transmittance and near-normal regular reflectance in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Comparisons of these scales have recently been completed and the results are reported here. The agreement was excellent, lying within the quadrature combined uncertainties for the great majority of values measured and within the simple sum of uncertainties in all cases, demonstrating, the level of equivalence of the NIST and NPL scales. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chunnilall, CJ (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S55 EP S59 AR PII S0026-1394(03)57649-6 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/313 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000015 ER PT J AU Fowler, J Litorja, M AF Fowler, J Litorja, M TI Geometric area measurements of circular apertures for radiometry at NIST SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID HIGH-ACCURACY AB NIST has established a geometric aperture-area measurement facility for circular apertures. The instrument consists of an interferometrically controlled XY translation stage for high-accuracy positioning and a video microscope for detection of the edge of the aperture. Least-squares fitting of the edge points located along the aperture's inner circumference to the equation of a circle is used to determine the geometric area. In this paper we describe the measurement method, based on the work started and described by Fowler et at (1998 Metrologia 35 497-500). Analysis and estimation of various contributions to the overall measurement uncertainty, including the effects of diffraction and partial coherence of light on the edge location, are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fowler, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S9 EP S12 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56063-7 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/303 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000005 ER PT J AU Johnson, BC Brown, SW Lykke, KR Gibson, CE Fargion, G Meister, G Hooker, SB Markham, B Butler, JJ AF Johnson, BC Brown, SW Lykke, KR Gibson, CE Fargion, G Meister, G Hooker, SB Markham, B Butler, JJ TI Comparison of cryogenic radiometry and thermal radiometry calibrations at NIST using multichannel filter radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE AB Comparison of independent measurement results allows an assessment of the accuracy of the underlying methods. In this work, four multichannel filter radiometers were calibrated using tunable laser-illuminated and lamp-illuminated integrating sphere sources (ISSs). The determination of the radiance of the laser-illuminated ISS is based on electrical substitution radiometry at cryogenic temperatures and dimensional metrology of circular apertures. The determination of the spectral radiance of the lamp-illuminated ISS is based on blackbody physics, referenced to the freezing temperature of gold. By calibrating the filter radiometers using both methods, we compare the 'detector-based' to the 'source-based' radiance scale at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, SIMBIOS Project, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Landsat Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, EOS Project Sci Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Johnson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hooker, Stanford/E-2162-2012; Meister, Gerhard/F-7159-2012; Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013; Butler, James/D-4188-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169; NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S216 EP S219 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56860-8 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000052 ER PT J AU Korde, R Prince, C Cunningham, D Vest, RE Gullikson, E AF Korde, R Prince, C Cunningham, D Vest, RE Gullikson, E TI Present status of radiometric quality silicon photodiodes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID RESPONSIVITY; NONLINEARITY AB Evaluation of five types of silicon photodiode was undertaken to verify their suitability for absolute radiometry and also for their use as transfer standards in the spectral region from 1 nm to 1100 nm. Four types of photodiode were fabricated for this study; these were the p-on-n photodiode, n-on-p photodiodes with silicon dioxide front windows and n-on-p photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window. Fabrication of photodiodes with 100% internal quantum efficiency is demonstrated and their necessity for making absolute radiometric measurements with the lowest possible uncertainty is pointed out. The linearity characteristics of these devices, as measured by the ac/dc method, are far superior to those of the p-on-n diodes especially fabricated for this work and also to those exhibited by p-on-n diodes widely used at present by the radiometric community. Results on the stability of the quantum efficiency of the fabricated diodes after exposure to intense radiation of 13 nm, 120 nm, 157 nm, 193 nm and 254 nm radiation will also be presented. Photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window were the only devices stable when exposed to the intense beams of third-generation synchrotrons and UV excimer lasers. C1 Int Radiat Detectors, Torrance, CA 90505 USA. Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester, NY 14653 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Labs, Ctr Xray Opt, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Korde, R (reprint author), Int Radiat Detectors, Torrance, CA 90505 USA. NR 10 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 7 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S145 EP S149 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56924-9 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/333 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000035 ER PT J AU Ray, J Senior, K AF Ray, J Senior, K TI IGS/BIPM pilot project: GPS carrier phase for time/frequency transfer and timescale formation SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Time-Scale Algorithms Symposium CY MAR 18-19, 2002 CL SEVRES, FRANCE ID TIME-TRANSFER AB The development within the International GPS Service (IGS) of a suite of clock products, for both satellites and tracking receivers, offers some experiences which mirror the operations of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in its formation of TAI[UTC but some aspects differ markedly. The IGS relies exclusively on the carrier phase-based geodetic technique whereas BIPM time/frequency transfers use only common-view and two-way satellite (TWSTFT) methods. The carrier-phase approach has the potential of very high precision but suitable instrumental calibration procedures are only in the initial phases of deployment; the current BIPM techniques are more mature and widely used among timing labs, but are either less precise (common-view) or much more expensive (TWSTFT). In serving its geodetic users, the essential requirement for IGS clock products is that they be fully self-consistent in relative terms and also fully consistent with all other IGS products, especially the satellite orbits, in order to permit an isolated user to apply them with accuracy of a few centimetres. While there is no other strong requirement for the IGS timescale except to be reasonably close to broadcast GPS time, it is nonetheless very desirable for the IGS clock products to possess additional properties, such as being highly stable and being accurately relatable to UTC. These qualities enhance the value of IGS clock products for applications other than pure geodesy, especially for timing operations. The jointly sponsored 'IGS/BIPM Pilot Project to Study Accurate Time and Frequency Comparisons using GPS Phase and Code Measurements' is developing operational strategies to exploit geodetic GPS methods for improved global time/frequency comparisons to the mutual benefit of both organizations. While helping the IGS to refine its clock products and link them to UTC, this collaboration will also provide new time transfer results for the BIPM that may eventually improve the formation of TAI and allow meaningful comparisons of new cold atom clocks. Thus far, geodetic receivers have been installed at many timing labs, a new internally realized IGS timescale has been produced using a weighted ensemble algorithm, and instrumental calibration procedures developed. Formulating a robust frequency ensemble from a globally distributed network of clocks presents unique challenges compared with intra-laboratory timescales. We have used these products to make a detailed study of the observed time transfer performance for about 30 IGS stations equipped with H-maser frequency standards. The results reveal a large dispersion in quality which can often be related to differences in local station factors. The main elements of the Project's original plan are now largely completed or in progress. In major ways, the experiences of this joint effort can serve as a useful model for future distributed timing systems, for example, Galileo and other GNSS operations. C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA. RP Ray, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM jimr@ngs.noaa.gov; Ken.Senior@nrl.navy.mil NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 3 SI SI BP S270 EP S288 AR PII S0026-1394(03)61419-2 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/3/307 PG 19 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DX UT WOS:000183983300008 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Arp, U Yoon, HW Saunders, RD Parr, AC Lykke, KR AF Shaw, PS Arp, U Yoon, HW Saunders, RD Parr, AC Lykke, KR TI A SURF beamline for synchrotron source-based absolute radiometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION-FACILITY; ELECTRON STORAGE-RING; BESSY-II; DETECTORS; RANGE AB A new source-based radiometry beamline was recently constructed at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF III). The goal of this beamline is to establish a national source standard with a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the infrared by using the calculability of SURF III. The new beamline is a straight-through white-light beamline with few, if any, optical components involved in delivering the radiation to the user end-station for applications such as source and irradiance intercomparisons. Due to the low tunable operating electron energy of SURF III (from 380 MeV to less than 100 MeV), the beamline is uniquely suited to work in the ultraviolet to infrared spectral range. In this paper we discuss the design of the beamline and present first results on the vertical angular distribution of the radiation determined with filtered radiometers in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8410, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S124 EP S127 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56898-0 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/328 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000030 ER PT J AU Shirley, EL Chang, EK AF Shirley, EL Chang, EK TI Accurate efficient evaluation of Lommel functions for arbitrarily large arguments SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB It can be difficult to evaluate Lommel functions U-n (u, v) and V-n (u, v) when it and v are both large. Here, we present an accurate means to evaluate such functions using contour integration. The approach suggests the potential for developing analogous techniques in diffraction calculations for many optical systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirley, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S5 EP S8 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56062-5 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/302 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000004 ER PT J AU Smith, AW Carter, AC Lorentz, SR Jung, TM Datla, RV AF Smith, AW Carter, AC Lorentz, SR Jung, TM Datla, RV TI Radiometrically deducing aperture sizes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB The desire for high-accuracy infrared sources suitable for low-background seeker/tracker calibrations pushes the limits of absolute cryogenic radiometry and blackbody design. It remains difficult to calibrate a blackbody at irradiance levels below 1 nW cm(-2) using electrical substitution radiometry. Ideally, the blackbody temperature should be chosen so that most of the emitted power lies in the spectral range of interest. This constraint frequently necessitates the use of small apertures (less than I mm diameter) to achieve the required reduction in power. However, the dimensions of small apertures are difficult to determine accurately. Also, the effects of diffraction and systematic problems such as aperture heating and light leaks become amplified. To diagnose these problems and to calculate diffraction effects, aperture dimensions must be known accurately. We describe a technique of radiometrically deducing the diameter of small apertures in the blackbody in situ utilizing the cryogenic blackbody calibration. C1 Jung Res & Dev Corp, Washington, DC 20009 USA. L1 Stand & Technol Inc, Ijamsville, MD 21754 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smith, AW (reprint author), Jung Res & Dev Corp, 1706 U St NW Apt 204, Washington, DC 20009 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S13 EP S16 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56054-6 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/304 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000006 ER PT J AU Tarrio, C Grantham, S Lucatorto, TB AF Tarrio, C Grantham, S Lucatorto, TB TI Facility for extreme ultraviolet reflectometry of lithography optics SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID LIGHT-SOURCE AB One of the most demanding applications of optics and optical coatings is in extreme ultraviolet lithography. Optical substrates must be polished to an accuracy of less than a nanometre, both the substrate and multilayer coatings must be atomically smooth, and the coatings must have a period that is controlled to a few tens of picometres. The metrology must have even greater capabilities to assure that the strict tolerances are met. Our extreme ultraviolet reflectometry facility has recently been furnished with the addition of a sample chamber that is capable of scanning the entire surface of a mirror up to 35 cm in diameter. The capabilities of this chamber will be described, as will the performance of the monochromator. Finally a plan will be presented to increase the stability of our monochromator in order to meet the needs of future generations of lithography tools. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tarrio, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S229 EP S232 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56877-3 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/353 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000055 ER PT J AU Vest, RE Hertog, B Chow, P AF Vest, RE Hertog, B Chow, P TI Quantum efficiency of solar-blind semiconductor photodiodes in the far ultraviolet SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID SILICON PHOTODIODES; GAN AB A difficulty in diverse metrological applications is the measurement of relatively low intensity ultraviolet radiation signals in the presence of an intense visible radiation background. The development of a detector technology that combines the high efficiency and ease of use found in Si photodiodes with the solar-blind characteristics of many photoemissive devices would offer an ideal solution to this problem. Wide bandgap semiconductors (e.g. SiC, GaN and AlGaN) should combine sensitivity comparable to Si photodiodes with solar-blind response. We present ultraviolet quantum efficiency measurements of AlGaN Schottky and GaN p-i-n photodiodes demonstrating responsivity in the far ultraviolet to wavelengths as short as 116 nm (AlGaN Schottky devices) or 180 nm (GaN p-i-n devices) and several orders of magnitude reduction in efficiency for photon energies below the bandgap. The bandgap for GaN corresponds to 365 nm wavelength, and AlGaN devices exhibit cut-off wavelengths as short as 260 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SVT Assoc, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 USA. RP Vest, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8411, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S141 EP S144 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56882-7 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/332 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000034 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Barnes, PY AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Barnes, PY TI The realization of the NIST detector-based spectral irradiance scale SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID STANDARDS-AND-TECHNOLOGY; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE AB The realization of a detector-based spectral irradiance scale at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is described. The new scale is established using filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral power responsivity traceable to the NIST High-Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer unlike the previous NIST spectral irradiance scales based upon the gold freezing-point blackbody. The radiance temperatures of a high-temperature blackbody (HTBB) operating near 3000 K are found using calibrated filter radiometers. The spectral irradiances of a group of 1000 W FEL lamps are assigned using the spectral irradiance of the HTBB determined using the knowledge of the geometric factors and the detector-based radiance temperatures. The detector-based spectral irradiance scale leads to a reduction in the uncertainties from the previous, source-based, spectral irradiance scales by at least a factor of two in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions, and also leads to a reduction in the uncertainties in the short-wave infrared wavelength region by at least a factor of two to ten, depending on the wavelength. Following the establishment of the spectral irradiance scale in the early 1960s, the detector-based spectral irradiance scale represents a fundamental change in the way that the NIST spectral irradiance scale is realized, and beginning in the calendar year 2001, all spectral irradiance sources are issued using the detector-based scale. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S172 EP S176 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56892-X DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/339 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000041 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Butler, JJ Larason, TC Eppeldauer, GP AF Yoon, HW Butler, JJ Larason, TC Eppeldauer, GP TI Linearity of InGaAs photodiodes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB In radiometry or pyrometry, radiometers are often used to assign the spectral radiance or radiance temperatures of sources using ratios of signals which can differ by several decades. For performing ratios between such sources with low uncertainties, the linearity of the detectors used in the transfer radiometers needs to be characterized. The linearity of InGaAs photodiodes has been studied using the flux-addition method using a broadband infrared source with a visible-blocking filter. Using this technique, 18 InGaAs photodiodes from four different vendors were studied without spectral filtering in a broad wavelength region from 900 nm to 1700 nm with the diodes underfilled by the incident flux. The linearity of InGaAs photodiodes was determined within the range of photocurrents from 10(-8) A to 10(-4) A. All the InGaAs photodiodes demonstrated linearity from 10(-7) A to 10(-4) A within the expanded uncertainties of 0.08% (k = 2). The uncertainty in the linearity measurement below 10(-8) A is increased due to the increased noise in the photocurrent arising from the feedback resistance of the transimpedance amplifier being greater than the shunt resistance of the photodiode. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S154 EP S158 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56889-X DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/335 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000037 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Proctor, JE Gibson, CE AF Yoon, HW Proctor, JE Gibson, CE TI FASCAL 2: a new NIST facility for the calibration of the spectral irradiance of sources SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on New Developments in Optical Radiometry (NEWRAD 2002) CY MAY 20-24, 2002 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB The facility for automated spectroradiometric calibrations (FASCAL) is the primary facility for calibration of spectral irradiance and spectral radiance at NIST and has been in continuous use since the early 1970s. Due to the increasing demands for spectroradiometric calibration, especially for supporting the monitoring of global environmental changes, a new facility, FASCAL 2, dedicated to calibrating spectral irradiance has been built. This facility will enable faster responses to calibration requests and, ultimately, result in lower uncertainties in the disseminated spectral irradiances. The FASCAL 2 facility is designed with the objective of achieving a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 1000: 1 from 250 nm to 2500 nm in a bandwidth of 4 nm to 8 nm when measuring a 1000 W FEL lamp at a distance of 50 cm with a receiving aperture of 1 cm(2). The facility will also be capable of calibrating deuterium lamps from 200 nm to 400 rim. The facility has six independent source stations, with four of the stations dedicated to measurements with spectral irradiance lamps and two stations reserved for the realization of spectral irradiance scales and checking the accuracy of automated wavelength. After verifying that the calibrations of spectral irradiance performed in FASCAL and FASCAL 2 agree within their combined uncertainties, FASCAL 2 will become the primary NIST facility for calibration of spectral irradiance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2003 VL 40 IS 1 SI SI BP S30 EP S34 AR PII S0026-1394(03)56059-5 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/40/1/308 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 698DU UT WOS:000183983000010 ER PT S AU Silver, RM Stocker, M Attota, R Bishop, M Jun, J Marx, E Davidson, M Larrabee, R AF Silver, RM Stocker, M Attota, R Bishop, M Jun, J Marx, E Davidson, M Larrabee, R BE Herr, DJ TI Calibration strategies for overlay and registration metrology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH AB Critical dimensions in current and next generation devices are driving the need for tighter overlay registration tolerances and improved overlay metrology tool accuracy and repeatability. Tool matching, performance evaluation, model-based metrology, and a move towards closed-loop image placement control all increase the importance of improved accuracy and calibration methodology. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is introducing a calibrated overlay wafer standard. A number of calibration requirements must be addressed when using this standard, including identification of the best methods for evaluating measurement bias and uncertainties, proper data acquisition and analysis, and the best calibration strategy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 103 EP 120 DI 10.1117/12.488486 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300012 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Postek, MT AF Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Postek, MT BE Herr, DJ TI A simulation study of repeatability and bias in the CD-SEM SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE critical dimension (CD) metrology; model-based library; linewidth metrology; precision; repeatability; resolution; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ID METROLOGY AB The ability of a critical dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) to resolve differences in the widths of two lines is determined by measurement repeatability and any sample-dependent biases. In order to ascertain the dependence of these quantities upon eight different parameters specifying the sample geometry, instrument conditions, and noise, the MONSEL Monte Carlo electron simulator has been used to calculate secondary electron images for varying depth of focus, sample edge shape, electron beam spot size, and proximity of neighboring lines. To each of these images was added noise with varying total power (Le., root mean square noise) but with that power distributed across spatial frequencies so as to match the shape of the power spectral density measured in one or the other of two different commercial CD-SEMs in a fabrication facility environment. The edge positions from these. simulated noisy images were then "measured" as would be done in a CD-SEM, employing both commonly used (maximum derivative, regression to baseline, sigmoidal fit) and experimental (model-based library matching) edge location algorithms. Simulations were performed for 14400 different combinations of values for the eight parameters. From many repetitions of noise, the repeatability of such edge measurements was ascertained for each of these. Since in a simulation the true edge positions are known, the biases (i.e., average, or "systematic," errors) of these edge determinations were also determined. The noise amplitude, choice of edge detection algorithm, and beam size are significant factors in measurement repeatability. The CD-SEM's measurement repeatability may be an order of magnitude better than its spatial resolution. For some edge detection methods the bias is a. function of edge shape. This means that in a manufacturing environment in which the shape varies, there will be a random component of error that is not captured in the usual same-sample tests of instrument precision. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 138 EP 149 DI 10.1117/12.485012 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300015 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Guerry, A Bennett, M Vorburger, T Bunday, B AF Dixson, R Guerry, A Bennett, M Vorburger, T Bunday, B BE Herr, DJ TI Implementation of a reference measurement system using CD-AFM SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE AFM; metrology; CD; linewidth; reference measurement system; standards; calibration; traceability ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; EDGE ROUGHNESS CHARACTERIZATION; DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY; MAGNIFICATION STANDARD; LINEWIDTH METROLOGY; CALIBRATION; PROTOTYPE; SEM AB International SEMATECH (ISMT) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are working together to improve the traceability of atomic force microscope (AFM) dimensional metrology in semiconductor manufacturing. The rapid pace of technological change in the semiconductor industry makes the timely introduction of relevant standards, challenging. As a result, the link between the realization of the SI (Systeme Intemational d'Unites, or International System of Units) unit of length - the meter - and measurements on the fab line is not always maintained. To improve this situation, we are using an at-line critical dimension-AFM (CD-AFM) at ISMT as a developmental platform. This tool has been implemented as a Reference Measurement System (RMS) in the facilities at ISMT. However, it is currently being replaced by a next-generation CD-AFM tool. Using the current tool, we have performed, measurements, needed to establish the traceability chain and developed uncertainty budgets. Specifically" we have developed uncertainty budgets for pitch, height, and critical dimension (CD) measurements. Some evaluations were performed using samples for which a full traceability chain is not available. We expect to improve the uncertainties further for such samples. At present, the standard uncertainties are estimated to be. approximately 0.2 % for pitch measurements, 0.4 % for step height measurements, and 5 nm for CD measurements in the sub-micrometer range. Similar budgets will be developed for the new tool once it is installed. We will describe: our methodology for RMS implementation and the major applications for which it has been used. These include measurements on new NIST/ISMT linewidth standards, a reference tool for CD-scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), metrology on photo-masks, CD-SEM benchmarking, and 193 nm resist shrinkage measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 150 EP 165 DI 10.1117/12.483667 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300016 ER PT S AU Jones, RL Hu, TJ Lin, EK Wu, WL Casa, DM Orji, NG Vorburger, TV Bolton, PJ Barclay, G AF Jones, RL Hu, TJ Lin, EK Wu, WL Casa, DM Orji, NG Vorburger, TV Bolton, PJ Barclay, G BE Herr, DJ TI Sub-nanometer wavelength metrology of lithographically prepared structures: A comparison of neutron and x-ray scattering SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE CD Metrology; X-ray scattering; sub-100 nm lithography ID SURFACE GRATINGS; DIFFRACTION; SCATTEROMETRY; REFLECTION; AFM AB The challenges facing current dimensional metrologies based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and light scatterometry for technology nodes of 157 nm imaging and beyond may require the development of new metrologies. We provide results of initial tests of a measurement technique based on Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) capable of rapid measurements of test samples produced using conventional test masks without significant sample preparation. Using a sample photoresist grating, the technique is shown to apply to both organic, including photoresist, and inorganic patterns, including metal and oxide. The sub-Angstrom wavelength provides nanometer level resolution, with significant room for increased resolution. SAXS provides a dramatic improvement over the use of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) in measurement resolution. An additional advantage is the potential of developing a SAXS-based metrology tool on a laboratory scale. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, RL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1117/12.483669 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300020 ER PT S AU Postek, NT Vladar, AE AF Postek, NT Vladar, AE BE Herr, DJ TI Potentials for high-pressure/environmental SEM microscopy for photomask dimensional metrology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE critical dimension; high-pressure; environmental microscopy; metrology; SEM; scanning electron microscopy ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; ENVIRONMENTAL SEM; GAS AB Binary and phase-shifting chromium on quartz optical photomasks have been successfully investigated with high-pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy. The successful application of this methodology to semiconductor photomask metrology is new because of the recent availability. of a high-pressure SEM instrumentation equipped with high-resolution, high-signal, field emission technology in conjunction with. large chamber and sample transfer capabilities. The high-pressure SEM methodology employs a gaseous environment to help diminish the charge build-up that occurs under irradiation with the electron beam. Although very desirable for the charge reduction, this methodology has not been employed much in photomask or wafer metrology until now. This is a new application of this technology to this area, and it shows great promise in the inspection, imaging and metrology of photomasks in a charge-free operational mode. This methodology also holds the potential of similar implications for wafer metrology. For accurate metrology, high-pressure SEM methodology also affords a path that minimizes, if not eliminates, the need for charge modeling. This paper presents some new results in high-pressure SEM metrology of photomasks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, NT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 315 EP 329 DI 10.1117/12.488115 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300033 ER PT S AU Potzick, J Pedulla, JM Stocker, M AF Potzick, J Pedulla, JM Stocker, M BE Herr, DJ TI Updated NIST photomask linewidth standard SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE metrology; linewidth; photomask; traceability; standard AB NIST is preparing to issue the next generation in its line of binary photomask linewidth standards. Called SRM 2059, it was developed for calibrating microscopes used to measure linewidths on photomasks; and consists of antireflecting chrome line and space patterns on a 6 inch quartz substrate( 6 in. x 6 in.,x 0.25 in. for 15.2 cm x 15.2 cm x 0.635 cm). Certified line- and space-widths range from nominal 0.250 gm to 32 mum, and pitches from 0.5 mum to 250 mum, and are traceable to the definition of the meter. NIST's reference value, the definition of the meter, is well defined and unconditionally stable. Any replacement or duplicate NIST linewidth standard will be traceable to this same reference, and thus traceable to any other NIST length standard. Establishing such traceability requires evaluation of the effects of all error sources affecting the calibrations. While the meter (and the mum) are well-defined, the geometrical width of a chrome line with nonrectangular cross section is not, and so the "true value" linewidth must be carefully defined to best meet users' needs. The NIST linewidth measurement system and the optical imaging model used have both been updated for this SRM. Remeasurements of previous NIST SRMs 473 and 475 reveal discrepancies which are difficult to reconcile with previous international comparisons between NIST, NPL, and PTB. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Potzick, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 338 EP 349 DI 10.1117/12.487735 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300035 ER PT S AU Attota, R Silver, RM Stocker, M Marx, E Jun, J Davidson, M Larrabee, R AF Attota, R Silver, RM Stocker, M Marx, E Jun, J Davidson, M Larrabee, R BE Herr, DJ TI A new method to enhance overlay tool performance SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE overlay metrology; optical interactions; TIS; truncation; window size; optimization AB New methods to enhance and improve algorithm performance and data analysis are being developed at NIST for overlay measurement applications. Both experimental data and improved theoretical optical scattering models have been used for the study. We have identified error sources that arise from (i) the optical cross talk between neighboring lines on an overlay target (ii) the selection of the window size used in the auto-correlation and (iii) the portion of the intensity profile that is used in the overlay calculation (defined as a truncated profile). Further, we suggest methods to optimally minimize these error sources. We also present a relationship between tool-induced shift (TIS) and the asymmetry in the intensity profile. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Attota, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 428 EP 436 DI 10.1117/12.488481 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300043 ER PT S AU Vladar, AE Villarrubia, JS Postek, MT AF Vladar, AE Villarrubia, JS Postek, MT BE Herr, DJ TI A new way of handling dimensional measurement results for integrated circuit technology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVII CY FEB 24-27, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE critical dimension; CD; SEM; metrology; measurement; uncertainty; error; accuracy; precision AB The production of state-of-the-art integrated circuits requires better dimensional metrology than is currently available. The reliance on precision alone will not deliver the needed, close to atomic level performance. Without thorough analysis of the accuracy and precision performance of the metrology tools it is impossible to fulfill the requirements dimensional metrology has to meet. With the implementation and use of the existing, internationally accepted and recommended guidelines for evaluating and expressing the results and uncertainty of measurements these problems can be minimized and ultimately overcome. These guidelines spell out the proper way of dealing with measurement results and their use will uncover substantial hidden problems that hold back the performance of current metrology tools. Possibilities for further improvements will also present themselves. This paper describes the present and preferred way of handling dimensional measurement results for integrated circuit technology and gives a detailed list of possible errors and sources measurement inaccuracy and uncertainty found in scanning electron microscopes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vladar, AE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4843-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5038 BP 508 EP 517 DI 10.1117/12.485021 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX07X UT WOS:000184199300052 ER PT B AU Pratt, JR Newell, DB Kramar, JA Whitenton, E AF Pratt, JR Newell, DB Kramar, JA Whitenton, E GP ASME TI Calibration of piezoresistive cantilever force sensors using the NIST electrostatic force balance SO MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) - 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress CY NOV 15-21, 2003 CL Washington, DC SP ASME, Fluid Power Syst & Technol Div, ASME, Micro Elect Mech Syst Div, ASME, Fluids Engn Div, ASME, Bioengn Div, ASME, Appl Mech Div, ASME, Elect & Photon Packaging Div, ASME, Mfg Engn Div, ASME, Adv Energy Syst Div, ASME, Aerosp Div AB The characterization of material properties and mechanical performance of micro-electromechanical devices often hinges on the accurate measurement of small forces. Calibrated load cells of appropriate size and range are used, but are often not calibrated in a fashion traceable to the International System of Units (SI). Recently, we calibrated a piezoresistive cantilever in terms of SI force sensitivity. Here, we employ this device as a secondary force standard to calibrate another, optical lever based sensor in a force probe instrument, demonstrating an unbroken tracability chain to appropriate national standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MMD, MEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MMD, MEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-3721-1 PY 2003 BP 289 EP 292 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BAK30 UT WOS:000222633100046 ER PT J AU Schafft, HA Head, LM Gill, J Sullivan, TD AF Schafft, HA Head, LM Gill, J Sullivan, TD TI Early reliability assessment by using deep censoring SO MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY LA English DT Article AB A method is described for making direct characterizations of the early part of the intrinsic electromigration fail-time distribution of interconnects. The method involves stressing a large number of test lines only long enough for a relatively few lines to fail, enough to characterize the percentile of interest. Groups of test lines are electrically monitored to detect failures without having to measure individually the many lines on test. Two types of deep censoring (DC) are described: DC without removals (where more than one line failure in a group can be detected with confidence) and DC with removals (where, when one failure occurs, the other lines in the group are removed from the test). Sample estimates of sigma and of one or more early percentiles of the distribution are corrected for bias and their confidence limits calculated. DC offers important benefits over the present practice of placing tens of test lines on test to obtain sample estimates of two and a that are used to extrapolate to the early part of the log, (fail-time) distribution. The benefits are reduced testing times, better confidence of the sample estimates of early percentages of the distribution, and the ability to detect extrinsic fail-time populations. A detailed procedure to implement the method is provided in the appendix. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rowan Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA. IBM Micro Elect, Essex Jct, VT 05452 USA. RP Schafft, HA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM harry.schafft@nist.gov NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0026-2714 J9 MICROELECTRON RELIAB JI Microelectron. Reliab. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 AR PII S0026-2714(02)00241-X DI 10.1016/S0026-2714(02)00241-X PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 653XC UT WOS:000181461500001 ER PT S AU Lee, H Miller, MH Bifano, TG AF Lee, H Miller, MH Bifano, TG BE Yasaitis, JA PerezMaher, MA Karam, JM TI Planarization of a CMOS die for an integrated metal MEMS SO MICROMACHINING AND MICROFABRICATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology VIII CY JAN 27-29, 2003 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE chemical mechanical planarization; MEMS mirror array; sputtering; polishing; MEMS integration ID MIRROR ARRAYS; IBM AB This paper describes a planarization procedure to achieve a flat CMOS die surface for the integration of a MEMS metal mirror array. The CMOS die for our device is 4 mm x 4 mm and comes from a commercial foundry. The initial surface topography has 0.9 mum bumps from the aluminum interconnect patterns that are used for addressing the individual micro mirror array elements. To overcome the tendency for tilt error in the planarization of the small CMOS die, our approach is to sputter a thick layer of silicon nitride (2.2 mum) at low temperature and to surround the CMOS die with dummy pieces to define the polishing plane. The dummy pieces are first lapped down to the height of the CMOS die, and then all pieces are polished. This process reduces the 0.9 mum height of the bumps to less than 25 nm. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, H (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8223, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bifano, Thomas/E-6412-2013; OI Bifano, Thomas/0000-0003-4952-2515; Miller, Michele/0000-0001-9573-6966 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4779-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4979 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1117/12.472803 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BW54U UT WOS:000182378500016 ER PT S AU Yan, BH Weng, FZ AF Yan, BH Weng, FZ BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI A ten-year (1993-2002) time-series of microwave land emissivity SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE microwave land emissivity; regression algorithm; time-series ID RETRIEVAL AB A new algorithm is developed to retrieve the land surface emissivity at four SSM/I frequencies. The coefficients used in the algorithm are directly derived from a training data set including land emissivity and SSM/I measured brightness temperatures. The training data set is also derived from SSM/I brightness temperatures by removing the effects of atmospheric emission and surface temperature. In doing so, the upwelling and downwelling brightness temperature as well as atmospheric transmittance are computed directly from the global data assimilation system (GDAS) temperature and moisture profiles, and surface temperature. Global monthly mean emissivity maps are generated from the daily products. The retrievals under rain regions are not used in the averaging. The rainy pixels were screened out using SSM/I precipitation algorithm. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, DSTI, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Yan, BH (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, DSTI, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 278 EP 286 DI 10.1117/12.467792 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000031 ER PT S AU Gage, KS Williams, CR AF Gage, KS Williams, CR BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI Recent developments in the use of Doppler radar profilers for the remote sensing of precipitating clouds SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE profilers; Doppler radar; precipitation; calibration; disdrometers; drop-size distributions ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; MEASURING MISSION TRMM; VERTICAL MOTION; WIND PROFILERS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; RAINFALL; UHF; OCEAN AB During the past decade Doppler radar profilers that operate near 1 GHz and 3 GHz have been developed at the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory for use in dynamics and precipitation research. The profilers have been used extensively in numerous field campaigns during the past decade. In the presence of precipitating clouds, backscattering from hydrometeors is dominant and the Doppler velocity provides a measure of the fall velocity of hydrometeors. Profiler observations yield time height cross-sections of equivalent reflectivity, Doppler velocity and spectral width that illustrate the evolution of precipitating clouds systems. The vertical structure of these parameters has been used to classify the precipitating cloud systems into several different categories. These observations document the prevalence of deep anvil cloud systems over the Pacific warm pool region. They also show the relative abundance of rainfall from stratiform and convective components of precipitating cloud systems and the continuous observations reveal the diurnal evolution of the precipitating clouds over the profiler. The profiler observations provide important information for the calibration and validation of precipitation measurements by other instruments and platforms. For example, direct comparisons of profiler reflectivities with scanning radar reflectivities provide a direct means for calibration of scanning radars. The profilers are calibrated with a collocated disdrometer. An important objective of the profiler observations is to retrieve drop-size distributions and to determine the variability of the drop-size distributions in diverse precipitating cloud systems. Recent developments provide optimism that drop-size distribution retrievals can be made by profilers operating at I GHz or 3 GHz without complementary measurement of vertical air motions. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Gage, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 293 EP 305 DI 10.1117/12.466280 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000033 ER PT S AU Ackley, MH Gage, KS AF Ackley, MH Gage, KS BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI NOAA Profiler Network and other emerging global profiler networks SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE wind profiling; weather forecasting ID DOPPLER RADAR; WIND PROFILERS; CLOUD SYSTEMS; ECMWF AB The U.S. NOAA Profiler Network operated by the Forecast Systems Laboratory for more than a decade represents the culmination of several decades of research and development of wind profiling Doppler radars. The NOAA Profiler Network is comprised of 35 tropospheric wind profilers (404/449 MHz) mostly located in the central United States. The infrastructure, built over the years for the NOAA Profiler Network has the flexibility and capacity to handle many other profilers in addition to the 35 NOAA Profiler Network systems. With recent advances in computers, networking and communication technologies, real-time profiler data can be acquired from almost anywhere on the globe. Data from remote sites are submitted to quality control and placed onto the Global Telecommunication System. Currently the Forecast Systems Laboratory is receiving data from about 80 sites in the continental U.S., Alaska, Canada, and along the equator west from South America. The data are routed to operational forecast centers where the data are used in a variety of numerical weather prediction models and also distributed to the local forecast offices to tailor model guidance to local conditions. The data are also placed on the Forecast Systems Laboratory web site http://www.profiler.noaa.gov. Here the data may be viewed in many graphical forms and are also available for downloading to a user's site in numeric format. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ackley, MH (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway R-FS3, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 352 EP 360 DI 10.1117/12.466548 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000039 ER PT S AU Cline, D Elder, K Davis, B Hardy, J Liston, G Imel, D Yueh, S Gasiewski, A Koh, G Amstrong, R Parsons, M AF Cline, D Elder, K Davis, B Hardy, J Liston, G Imel, D Yueh, S Gasiewski, A Koh, G Amstrong, R Parsons, M BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI An overview of the NASA Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX-2002) SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA ID SYSTEM AB NASA's Earth Science Enterprise has identified the need for improved measurement of snow properties and frozen soils via a space-flight mission within the next decade. Microwave sensors appear ideal to measure these properties. Measurements of the Earth's surface in the microwave spectral regions can be largely insensitive to weather conditions and solar illumination, which is especially important during cold seasons. Both active and passive microwave sensors have demonstrated sensitivity to snow properties and the freeze/thaw status of soils. Microwave signal response is influenced by snow depth, density, wetness, crystal size and shape, ice crusts and layer structure, surface roughness, vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, and soil freeze/thaw status. These characteristics make microwave remote sensing attractive for providing spatially distributed information to improve and update land surface models for cold regions, either through assimilation of state-variable information estimated from microwave remote sensing observations using inversion algorithms, or through direct assimilation of microwave remote sensing data themselves. At the same time, the sensitivity of microwave signal response to several snow, soil, and vegetation characteristics also complicates the interpretation and analysis of these data. To better understand microwave remote sensing for measurement of snow and frozen soil properties, NASA is conducting the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX). The CLPX is a large field experiment being conducted primarily over a two-year period (2002 and 2003) in Colorado, U.S.A. The purpose of the CLPX is to develop the quantitative understanding, models, and measurements necessary to extend our local-scale understanding of water fluxes, storage, and transformations to regional and global scales. Of particular importance is the development of a strong synergism between process-oriented understanding, land surface models and microwave remote sensing. Objectives of the CLPX include evaluation and improvement of algorithms for retrieving snow and frozen soil information from active and passive microwave sensors, evaluating the effects of sensor spatial resolution on retrieval skill, coupling forward microwave radiative transfer schemes to distributed snow/soil models to improve assimilation of microwave remote sensing data, and to develop sensor specifications for a new space-flight mission to measure cold land processes. This paper discusses the data sets collected during the CLPX-2002 to support these objectives. C1 NOAA, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RP Cline, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, 1735 Lake Dr W, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. OI Imel, David/0000-0002-6118-7396 NR 7 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 361 EP 372 DI 10.1117/12.467766 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000040 ER PT S AU Cavalieri, DJ Maslanik, J Markus, T Stroeve, J Sturm, M Heinrichs, J Kim, E Gasiewski, AJ Comiso, JC AF Cavalieri, DJ Maslanik, J Markus, T Stroeve, J Sturm, M Heinrichs, J Kim, E Gasiewski, AJ Comiso, JC BE Kummerow, CD Jiang, J Uratuka, S TI EOS Aqua AMSR-E arctic sea ice validation program SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment III CY OCT 24-25, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar-Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Integrated Program Off, Commun Res Lab, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, CNSA, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, City Gov Hangzhou, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA DE AMSR-E; sea ice; validation; Arctic ID SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER; WEDDELL SEA; SATELLITE; ALGORITHM AB The National Space Development Agency of Japan Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) was successfully launched on NASA's EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002. This new state-of-the-art satellite radiometer will provide a wider range of frequencies and twice the spatial resolution than is currently available with the DMSP SSM/I. New sea ice algorithms have been developed for use with the AMSR-E. The standard sea ice products to be provided include sea ice concentration at spatial resolutions of 12.5 km and 25.0 km, snow depth on sea ice at a spatial resolution of 12.5 km, and sea ice temperature at a spatial resolution of 25 km. This paper provides a summary of our plans to validate the AMSR-E sea ice products in the Arctic. The overall validation program consists of three elements: satellite data comparisons, coordinated satellite/aircraft/surface comparisons, and a modeling and sensitivity analysis component. The first coordinated satellite/aircraft/surface Arctic campaign is planned for March 2003. A second campaign is planned for March 2005. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA CRREL Alaska, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Ft Wainwright, AK 99703 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Dept Geosci, Hays, KS 67601 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cavalieri, DJ (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Code 971, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Stroeve, Julienne/D-1525-2010; Markus, Thorsten/D-5365-2012 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4680-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4894 BP 413 EP 424 DI 10.1117/12.467791 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW83M UT WOS:000183305000045 ER PT S AU Golmie, N Rebala, O Chevrollier, N AF Golmie, N Rebala, O Chevrollier, N GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Bluetooth adaptive frequency hopping and scheduling SO MILCOM 2003 - 2003 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc AB In this paper, we investigate the use of Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) techniques aimed at modifying the Bluetooth frequency hopping sequence in the presence of WLAN direct sequence spread spectrum devices. We examine the conditions such as the applications, topologies, and scenarios under which AFH techniques improve performance that is measured in terms of packet loss, TCP delay, and channel efficiency. We also compare the results obtained with AFH to others obtained using a scheduling technique that consist in delaying the transmission of a Bluetooth packet until the medium is "idle". Our results show that an obvious performance improvement with AFH is in terms of delay and throughput. AFH brings the delay down to the same level than when no interference is present. On the other hand, AFH is rather slow in responding to changes in the environment and the packet loss is more significant than with the scheduling. This is probably due to the limitations imposed by the communication overhead. The main difficulty for AFH is having to dynamically communicate the changes to all slaves in the piconet in order to keep the synchronization. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Golmie, N (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nada.golmie@nist.gov NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8140-8 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2003 BP 1138 EP 1142 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAA49 UT WOS:000221341000198 ER PT S AU Kwak, BJ Song, NO Miller, LE AF Kwak, BJ Song, NO Miller, LE GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A canonical measure of mobility for mobile ad hoc networks SO MILCOM 2003 - 2003 IEEE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2003) CY OCT 13-16, 2003 CL Boston, MA SP IEEE Commun Soc AB For assessing different routing protocols for MANETs, it is important to have some index or quantitative measure Of mobility that is relevant to the performance of the network. In this paper we proposed a mobility measure that is "canonical" in that it is flexible and consistent. It is flexible because one can customize the definition for relevant mobility using a remoteness function. It is consistent because the mobility measure has the same linear relationship to the link change rate for a wide range of mobility scenarios. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kwak, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-8140-8 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2003 BP 1319 EP 1324 PG 6 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BAA49 UT WOS:000221341000228 ER PT B AU Lewis, DJ Boettinger, WJ Warren, JA AF Lewis, DJ Boettinger, WJ Warren, JA BE Stefanescu, DM Warren, JA Jolly, MR Krane, MJM TI Three dimensional phase field modeling of binary eutectics SO MODELING OF CASTING, WELDING AND ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES-X LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes CY MAY 25-30, 2003 CL DESTIN, FL SP Engn Conf Int ID GROWTH; SOLIDIFICATION; ALLOY AB A multi-phase field model is used to study the three-dimensional morphological evolution of binary eutectics. Performing the calculations in three dimensions enables the study of the transition from the inherently three dimensional rod-like structure to a lamellar morphology. The simulations show that rod structures are preferred over lamellar structures when the minor phase volume fraction is less than approximately 0.3. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lewis, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-555-7 PY 2003 BP 5 EP 12 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BX56Z UT WOS:000185703800002 ER PT B AU Warren, JA Loginova, I Granasy, L Borzsonyi, T Pusztai, T AF Warren, JA Loginova, I Granasy, L Borzsonyi, T Pusztai, T BE Stefanescu, DM Warren, JA Jolly, MR Krane, MJM TI Phase field modeling of alloy polycrystals SO MODELING OF CASTING, WELDING AND ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSES-X LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes CY MAY 25-30, 2003 CL DESTIN, FL SP Engn Conf Int ID SOLIDIFICATION; GROWTH; SIMULATION; PATTERNS AB Recent results using a phase field model of polycrystalline alloy dynamics are presented, using two numerical techniques: adaptive grids and parallel grids. The growth of alloy dendrites, and their subsequent impingement to form grain boundaries is demonstrated within the model, and topics for future research are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Warren, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Pusztai, Tamas/A-5718-2012; Warren, James/B-1698-2008 OI Pusztai, Tamas/0000-0002-1281-2933; Warren, James/0000-0001-6887-1206 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-555-7 PY 2003 BP 45 EP 52 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BX56Z UT WOS:000185703800007 ER PT B AU Shao, GD Lee, YT McLean, C AF Shao, GD Lee, YT McLean, C BE DiMartino, B Yang, LT Bobeanu, C TI Manufacturing data validation through simulation SO Modelling and Simulation 2003 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT European Simulation and Modelling Conference (ESM 2003) CY OCT 27-29, 2003 CL Consiglio Reg Campania, Naples, ITALY SP European Simulat Soc, Assessorato Univ Rice Sci, Innovaz Tecnol & Nuova Econ, Ghent Univ, DII, Seconda Univ Studi Napoli, ICT, IBM, E Works, Univ Malta HO Consiglio Reg Campania DE computer aided manufacturing engineering (CAME); data validation; numerical control program; manufacturing simulation AB In order to ensure that the process plan and numerical control (NC) programs are complete and correct before jobs are released to the shop floor, manufacturing industry needs a validation system that has visualization and analysis capabilities. A prototype manufacturing data validation system has been developed by the Manufacturing Simulation and Modeling Group of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The work was carried out as a part of the NIST/NAVY Computer Aided Manufacturing Engineering (CAME) program. The manufacturing data validation system uses simulation and an interactive checklist to validate the manufacturing engineering data package. This paper discusses the manufacturing data validation methodology through a simulation model and presents a prototype of a manufacturing data validation system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shao, GD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROSIS PI GHENT PA GHENT UNIV, COUPURE LINKS 653, GHENT, B-9000, BELGIUM BN 90-77381-04-X PY 2003 BP 56 EP 60 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BCN42 UT WOS:000230167600010 ER PT S AU Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Aray, Y Marquez, M AF Simon-Manso, Y Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Aray, Y Marquez, M BE Reimers, JR Picconatto, CA Ellenbogen, JC Shashidhar, R TI A simple theoretical model to study the voltage dependence of the electronic structure of phenyl ethylene oligomers SO MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS III SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th United Engineering Foundation Conference on Molecular Electronics, Science and Technology CY DEC 15-19, 2002 CL KEY WEST, FLORIDA SP United Engn Fdn Inc, Def Adv Res Projects Lab, Naval Res Lab, MITRE Corp DE molecular electronics; negative differential resistance; DFT; charge rearrangement ID POTENTIAL SPATIAL PROFILE; MOLECULAR WIRES; CONDUCTANCE; JUNCTIONS; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS AB Although very few measurements have appeared in the open literature and there seems to be a controversy about the existence of the NDR phenomenon in molecules, the prospects of building such systems have attracted significant attention. In the work reported in this paper we used a model based on DFT calculations of the electronic structure of the 2'-amino-4,4'-di(ethynylphenyl)-5'-nitro-1-benzenethiolate molecule (previously reported to exhibit NDR behavior) in a capacitor-like electric field that mimics the potential spatial profile of the junction. Our results suggest that in these systems, there seems to be a correlation between a substantial charge density rearrangement of the neutral bridge at a threshold voltage and the NDR behavior observed in previous experiments. Our results highlight the importance of inclusion of the field in the study of electrified interfaces. We applied this model to a fluorine-substituted conjugated diethynylphenyl molecule and found that these calculations predict similar behavior. Results based on extended system calculations, including electrode-molecule interactions, confirm the validity of the model based on the isolated molecule and suggest the use of these simple models to rationally design molecular devices with similar switching characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Escuela Quim, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Quim, Caracas, Venezuela. Kraft Foods R&D, Nanotechnol Lab, Glenview, IL USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Chem, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Gonzalez, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-488-9 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2003 VL 1006 BP 68 EP 81 DI 10.1196/annals.1292.004 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BY31R UT WOS:000188893600005 PM 14976010 ER PT J AU Krauss, M Stevens, WJ AF Krauss, M Stevens, WJ TI Comparative electronic structure of a lanthanide and actinide diatomic oxide: Nd versus U SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EFFECTIVE CORE POTENTIALS; SPIN-ORBIT OPERATORS; AB-INITIO; QUANTUM-CHEMISTRY; INFRARED-SPECTRA; ABINITIO; URANYL; UO22+; IONS; PU AB Using a modified version of the Alchemy electronic structure code and relativistic pseudopotentials, the electronic structure of the ground and low lying excited states of UO, NdO, and NdO+ have been calculated at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) levels of theory. Including results from an earlier study of UO+ this provides the information for a comparative analysis of a lanthanide and an actinide diatomic oxide. UO and NdO are both described formally as M+2O-2 and the cations as M+3 O-2, but the HF and MCSCF calculations show that these systems are considerably less ionic due to large charge back-transfer in the pi orbitals. The electronic states putatively arise from the ligand field ( oxygen anion) perturbed f(4), sf(3), df(3), sdf(2), or s(2) f(2) states of M+2 and f(3), sf(2) or df(2) states of M+3. Molecular orbital results show a substantial stabilization of the sf(3) or s(2) f(2) configurations relative to the f(4) or df(3) configurations that are the even or odd parity ground states in the M+2 free ion. The compact f and d orbitals are more destabilized by the anion field than the diffuse s orbital. The ground states of the neutral species are dominated by orbitals arising from the M+2 sf(3) term, and all the potential energy curves arising from this configuration are similar, which allows an estimate of the vibrational frequencies for UO and NdO of 862 cm 1 and 836 cm(-1), respectively. For NdO+ and UO+ the excitation energies for the Omega states were calculated with a valence configuration interaction method using ab initio effective spin orbit operators to couple the molecular orbital configurations. The results for NdO+ are very comparable with the results for UO+, and show the vibrational and electronic states to be interleaved. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krauss, M (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PY 2003 VL 101 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1080/00268970210159433 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 633QC UT WOS:000180293100016 ER PT J AU Snyder, C Hamill, TM Trier, SB AF Snyder, C Hamill, TM Trier, SB TI Linear evolution of error covariances in a quasigeostrophic model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; KALMAN FILTER; DATA ASSIMILATION; BAROCLINIC WAVES; SINGULAR VECTORS; SHORT-RANGE; FLOW; CYCLOGENESIS; METHODOLOGY; PREDICTION AB The characteristics of forecast-error covariances, which are of central interest in both data assimilation and ensemble forecasting, are poorly known. This paper considers the linear dynamics of these covariances and examines their evolution from (nearly) homogeneous and isotropic initial conditions in a turbulent quasigeostrophic flow qualitatively similar to that of the midlatitude troposphere. The experiments use ensembles of 100 solutions to estimate the error covariances. The error covariances evolve on a timescale of O(1 day), comparable to the advective timescale of the reference flow. This timescale also defines an initial period over which the errors develop characteristic features that are insensitive to the chosen initial statistics. These include 1) scales comparable to those of the reference flow, 2) potential vorticity (PV) concentrated where the gradient of the reference-flow PV is large, particularly at the surface and tropopause, and 3) little structure in the interior of the troposphere. In the error covariances, these characteristics are manifest as a strong spatial correlation between the PV variance and the magnitude of the reference-flow PV gradient and as a pronounced enhancement of the error correlations along reference-flow PV contours. The dynamical processes that result in such structure are also explored; the key is the advection of reference-flow PV by the error velocity, rather than the passive advection of the errors by the reference flow. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM chriss@ucar.edu NR 38 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 131 IS 1 BP 189 EP 205 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0189:LEOECI>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XE UT WOS:000180135400010 ER PT J AU Avila, LA Pasch, RJ Beven, JL Franklin, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR Jiing, JG AF Avila, LA Pasch, RJ Beven, JL Franklin, JL Lawrence, MB Stewart, SR Jiing, JG TI Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 2001 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article AB The 2001 eastern North Pacific hurricane season is reviewed. It was a near-average season in terms of the number of systems, with 15 named tropical cyclones of which 8 became hurricanes. One tropical cyclone made landfall in Mexico and two reached category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. A description of each named cyclone is provided, and track and intensity forecasts for the season are evaluated. C1 NOAA, Nat Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, NWS, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Avila, LA (reprint author), NOAA, Nat Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, NWS, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 131 IS 1 BP 249 EP 262 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0249:ASNPHS>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 630XE UT WOS:000180135400014 ER PT S AU Geyer, RG Chai, L Shaikh, A Stygar, V AF Geyer, RG Chai, L Shaikh, A Stygar, V BE Guo, R Nair, KM WongNg, W Bhalla, A Viehland, D Suvorov, D Wu, C Hirano, SI TI Microwave properties of low-temperature co-fired ceramic systems SO MORPHOTROPIC PHASE BOUNDARY PEROVSKITES, HIGH STRAIN PIEZOELECTRICS, AND DIELECTRIC CERAMICS SE Ceramic Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices/Symposium on Morphotropic Phase Boundary Phenomena and Peroviskite Materials CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID CONDUCTOR LOSS; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY; LINE; EXPRESSIONS; RADIATION; STRIP; PLANE AB Co-fired, patterned multi-layer ceramic structures permit the design of compact, dense microwave circuits, components and devices spanning the frequency range from 800 MHz to 77 GHz. Critical parameters affecting the performance of these low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) systems, are the dielectric properties of the co-fired ceramic and the metal loss occurring-in the patterned circuit. These parameters have different frequency and temperature dependence, and therefore their contributions to total insertion loss change as a function of application frequency and temperature. The contributions to microstrip attenuation loss of each of these critical parameters are analyzed at 10 GHz. Various dielectric resonator methods are used for accurate determinations of the substrate intrinsic dielectric, properties and the metal surface resistance. These data were used to evaluate individual contributing factors of attenuation loss. The total computed attenuation loss compared well with that measured with a microstrip ring resonator. This characterization aids the optimal development of multi-layer electronic circuits for the application frequency. It also provides the material scientist with the necessary focus on important dielectric, metallization, and fabrication processing issues encountered in the development of high-performance LTCC high-frequency application packages.. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geyer, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, MS 813-01, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-151-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 136 BP 263 EP 285 PG 23 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BX24A UT WOS:000184717900025 ER PT S AU Sung, LP Scierka, S Baghai-Anaraki, M Ho, DL AF Sung, LP Scierka, S Baghai-Anaraki, M Ho, DL BE Berndt, CC Fischer, TE Ovidko, I Skandan, G Tsakalakos, T TI Characterization of metal-oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis and dispersion in polymeric coatings SO NANOMATERIALS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanomaterials for Structural Applications held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-06, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB Metal-oxide nanoparticles can be used to optimize UV absorption and to enhance the stiffness, toughness, and probably the service life of polymeric materials. Characterization of the nano- and microstructure dispersion of particles is necessary to optimize the structure-property relationships. Characterizations of both TiO2 particles dispersed in an acrylic-urethane matrix and TiO2 nanostructured films obtained through sol-gel synthesis are discussed. Experimental methods include microscopy (confocal, AFM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Results from SANS experiments, which yield information about the cluster size of the nano-TiO2 particles and the spatial dispersion in various nanoparticle/polymer samples are presented and compared to the results of microscopy studies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sung, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-677-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 740 BP 147 EP 152 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW62S UT WOS:000182613300022 ER PT B AU Chiang, MYM Song, R Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Chiang, MYM Song, R Karim, A Amis, EJ BE Laudon, M Romanowicz, B TI Multivariant measurement for thin film adhesion as a function of temperature and thin film thickness SO NANOTECH 2003, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2003) CY FEB 23-27, 2003 CL San Francisco, CA SP Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Ardesta, LLC, Swiss Nanotechnol Initiat, Belgian Nanotechnol Initiat, Oppenheimer wolff & Donnelly LLP, Accelrys Inc, Ciphergen Biosyst Inc, Motorola Inc, ANSYS Inc, COMSOL, Thomson, Derwent, M&W Zander US Operat Inc, Small Times Media AB The next generation of electronic components will require new low-k dielectrics or other novel thin films in the submicron level to be integrated into their construction. In developing these new materials, it is important to assess the adhesion reliability between film and substrate in a fast, practical and reproducible fashion. This study is to develop a high-throughput multivariant (combinatorial) approach to the edge delamination test to map the interfacial failure of the film as a function of both temperature and film thickness in a single step to provide the information of adhesion reliability. A simulation result and an initial experimental observation are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. This approach provides a vehicle for combinatorial assessment of adhesion that can speed the pace of material innovations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chiang, MYM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL PUBLICATIONS PI CAMBRIDGE PA PUBISHING OFFICE, 308 ONE KENDALL SQ BLDG 600, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-9728422-2-5 PY 2003 BP 254 EP 257 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BAN98 UT WOS:000223047000069 ER PT B AU Amatucci, E Dagalakis, N Damazo, B Davies, M Evans, J Song, J Teague, C Vorburger, T AF Amatucci, E Dagalakis, N Damazo, B Davies, M Evans, J Song, J Teague, C Vorburger, T BE Hsu, SM Ying, ZC TI An overview of nano-micro-meso scale manufacturing at the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) SO NANOTRIBOLOGY: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Nanotribology CY MAR 13-15, 2000 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Sci Fdn, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Univ Maryland, Sandia Natl Lab HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL AB The future of nano-, micro- and meso-scale manufacturing operations will be strongly influenced by a new breed of assembly and manufacturing tools that will be intelligent, flexible, more precise, include in-process production technologies and make use of advanced part design, assembly and process data. To prioritized NIST efforts in nano, micro and meso manufacturing, several visits to industrial and government research laboratories and two workshops were organized. The identified needs at the meso and micro Scale include: dimensional and mechanical metrology, assembly and packaging technology and standards, and providing a science base for materials and processes emphasizing materials testing methods and properties data. Nanocharacterization, nanomanipulation, nanodevices and magnetics industry support have been identified at the nanoscale. Nanometrology and nanomanipulation have a substantial base from which to expand within the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL). Therefore, MEL is initiating a new long-term Strategic Program in nanomanufacturing to conduct research and development, to provide the measurements and standards needed by industry to measure, manipulate and manufacture nanoscale discrete part products. The program will address the measurement and standards issues associated with the manufacture of both nanoscale products themselves, as well as with the development of the production systems required for their manufacture. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amatucci, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 1-4020-7298-8 PY 2003 BP 259 EP 269 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BW03D UT WOS:000180672700020 ER PT B AU Hsu, SM AF Hsu, SM BE Hsu, SM Ying, ZC TI Nanolubrication: Concept and design SO NANOTRIBOLOGY: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Nanotribology CY MAR 13-15, 2000 CL NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Sci Fdn, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Univ Maryland, Sandia Natl Lab HO NATL INST STANDARDS & TECHNOL ID NITRIDE BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; SILICON-NITRIDE; CARBON; FILMS; SURFACES; ALCOHOLS AB The advent of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, sensors, actuators, microsystems, and nanotechnology have called to attention the effect of friction on moving parts in nano/micro devices. To take full advantage of the opportunity to sense, compute, and actuate in real time, fast-moving parts are often necessary or desirable. As the scales of the components shrink, adhesion, stiction, friction, and wear become a significant technological barrier for the successful deployment of durable devices. Most current devices in production avoid such contacts. Surface forces that normally are dwarfed by mechanical loading, as component scale moves from macro to micro to nano, dominate the nature of the surface contacts. Therefore nanolubrication needs to take into account different factors than conventional lubrication concepts. This paper compares traditional lubrication concepts and those necessary for nanolubrication and proposes various nanometer scale thick lubricating film designs as a means to control the surface properties of surfaces at nano/micro scales. Many of the concepts derive their origin from studies and observations from the magnetic hard disk technology where a monolayer of lubricant protects the system and has proven to be robust and safe. Examples from magnetic hard disks will be used to illustrate some of the concepts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 1-4020-7298-8 PY 2003 BP 327 EP 346 PG 20 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BW03D UT WOS:000180672700023 ER PT S AU Jensen, MJ Hasegawa, T Bollinger, JJ AF Jensen, MJ Hasegawa, T Bollinger, JJ BE Schauer, M Mitchell, T Nebel, R TI Temperature measurements of laser-cooled ions in a penning trap SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS V SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasma Physics CY JUL 08-11, 2003 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Los Alamos Natl Lab, US DOE, USN Res Lab ID PLASMAS; STATES AB Between 10(4) and 10(6) Be-9(+) ions are trapped in a Penning trap. The ions are laser-cooled to similar tomillikelvin temperatures, where they form ion crystals. This system is an example of a strongly coupled one-component plasma. By means of Doppler laser spectroscopy we have measured the temperature and heating rate of the plasma. Initially the heating rate is low, 60 +/- 40 mK/s, but after about 100 ms the plasma heats up rapidly to a few kelvin. The onset of the rapid heating coincides with the solid-liquid phase transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jensen, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0165-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 692 BP 193 EP 202 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BY21Y UT WOS:000188281700025 ER PT B AU Ledbetter, H AF Ledbetter, H BE Green, RE Djordjevic, BB Hentschel, MP TI Acoustic studies of composite-material interfaces SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS XI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 24-28, 2002 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Nondestruct Evaluat, Deutsch Gesell Zerstor Freie Pruf e V ID ELASTIC PROPERTIES; CONSTANTS AB We review six recent acoustic studies of composite-material interfaces. Measured physical properties are either elastic constants (sound velocities, resonance frequencies) or internal frictions. The materials considered include (1) glass fiber/epoxy, (2) silicon-carbide fiber/titanium, (3) graphite fiber/aluminum, (4) diamond particle/copper, (5) alumina platelet/mullite, (6) graphite epoxy/aluminum laminate. We emphasize the need to combine measurements with solid-mechanics modeling. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ledbetter, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-40154-7 PY 2003 BP 689 EP 696 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science GA BX54E UT WOS:000185641800087 ER PT S AU Wu, HF AF Wu, HF BE Doctor, SR BarCohen, Y Aktan, AE TI New challenges in homeland security: Smart Advanced Materials and Structural Systems SO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT FOR HOMELAND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Detection and Measurement for Homeland Security CY MAR 04-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE homeland security; smart materials and structures; nondestructive evaluation; composites; civil infrastructure; structural health monitoring AB September 11(th) awakened us to the massive damage terrorists can cause with airplanes by bringing down the twin towers of World Trade Center and damaging Wedge-1 of the Pentagon. These incidents represent the worst disaster and loss of lives ever involving a single building structure. ne South tower collapsed 56 minutes after the impact, and the North tower collapsed 1 hour and 43 minutes after the impact. Stronger and more durable building materials, as well as fully equipped sensor network monitoring systems may be able to limit structural damages and save lives in the future. America is now facing a great challenge in homeland security, we must build the national measurement infrastructure and develop new technologies that will protect our national infrastructure, strengthen homeland security, and help combat terrorism. The development of Smart Advanced Materials and Structural Systems technologies is one of the key challenges to meeting our national needs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Off Chem & Life Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, HF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Off Chem & Life Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4853-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5048 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1117/12.507935 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BX45F UT WOS:000185330900002 ER PT J AU Moore, JA Hartel, KE Craddock, JE Galbraith, JK AF Moore, JA Hartel, KE Craddock, JE Galbraith, JK TI An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Review ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; RESEARCH CRUISES; SOUTH-AMERICA; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; CERATIOID ANGLERFISH; NOVA-SCOTIA; SEA FISH; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; FAMILY ONEIRODIDAE; FRV HERWIG,WALTHER AB A review of literature, museum specimens, and records from four recent National Marine Fisheries Service deepwater surveys allows us to present an annotated list of 591 species in 132 families that live below 200 meters in the area between the Scotian Shelf and the southern New England Shelf south to about 38degreesN. Three orders (Stomiiformes, Perciformes, and Myctophiformes) of the 24 in the area account for 41% of the species. New area records for 111 species are included; the majority (83%) represent extensions from the south, with only 17% from the north and east. Although the deep-sea ichthyofauna off eastern North America is quite well known, it is noted that 96 new species have been described since 1950 and 34 since 1975. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Honors Coll, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA. Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Moore, JA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jmoore@fau.edu; khartel@oeb.harvard.edu RI Moore, Jon/A-5959-2008; OI Moore, Jon/0000-0002-0053-3347 NR 312 TC 57 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 10 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2003 VL 10 IS 2 BP 159 EP 248 DI 10.2307/3858285 PG 90 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 706AA UT WOS:000184428400006 ER PT J AU Ehler, CN AF Ehler, CN TI Indicators to measure governance performance in integrated coastal management SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB This paper discusses the potential contribution of indicators to assess the performance of the governance processes involved in integrated coastal management, focusing on the evaluation phase and the need to complement process-oriented indicators with outcome-oriented indicators to improve adaptive management and accountability. The example of integrated management of marine protected areas is used to propose a menu of indicators of global applicability. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA NOS, Int Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ehler, CN (reprint author), NOAA NOS, Int Program Off, 1315 EW Highway,Rm 5652, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3-4 BP 335 EP 345 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00020-6 PG 11 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 677HA UT WOS:000182799800009 ER PT J AU Carter, DW AF Carter, DW TI Protected areas in marine resource management: another look at the economics and research issues SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID BIOECONOMIC MODEL; CORAL-REEFS; RESERVES AB This paper reviews the research to date that relates to the economics of marine protected areas (MPAs). A special effort is made to examine the evidence on the benefits and costs of MPAs in terms of consumptive and nonconsumptive marine resource interests. General observations are made regarding the net effects of MPAs on these two stakeholder categories and the potential institutional costs of MPA implementation are highlighted. In general, the review finds that the empirical research on the economics of MPAs is limited and that there are several issues that might merit further investigation. The researchable topics are suggested as a way to better understand the socioeconomic impacts of MPAs and the potential response of stakeholders to proposed protected areas. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Carter, DW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Carter, David/G-7472-2016 OI Carter, David/0000-0001-8960-7236 NR 60 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2003 VL 46 IS 5 BP 439 EP 456 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00017-6 PG 18 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 685ZC UT WOS:000183294000004 ER PT J AU Mellor, G AF Mellor, G TI Comments on "Stability of algebraic non-equilibrium second-order closure models" by H. Burchard and E. Deleersnjder [Ocean Modelling 3 (2001) 33-50] SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Mellor, G (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, 216A Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 2 BP 193 EP 194 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00018-5 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00018-5 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 709LW UT WOS:000184627500005 ER PT J AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, HL TI Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE wind waves; islands; sea ice; obstructions; sub-grid numerical modeling ID OCEAN; FIELD AB In ocean wave prediction models, unresolved islands are a major source of (local) errors. This paper presents a method based on a technique used in the SWAN model to deal with such islands. The method is tested in the operational global WAVEWATCH III model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction with a one year hindcast, and the results show a local but dramatic impact on model errors. An added benefit of this methodology is the possibility to model the effects of polar ice coverage on waves continuously. A simple model to continuously model ice coverage is suggested. This new ice model shows mixed results in the tests. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SAIC GSO, NOAA NCEP EMC Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), SAIC GSO, NOAA NCEP EMC Marine Modeling & Anal Branch, 5200 Auth Rd Rm 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 19 TC 62 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 3 BP 219 EP 231 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00040-9 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00040-9 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 709LX UT WOS:000184627600002 ER PT J AU Thacker, WC AF Thacker, WC TI Data-model-error compatibility SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; estimation theory; error statistics ID DATA ASSIMILATION; QUALITY-CONTROL; PART I AB During data assimilation, differences between observations and their model counterparts should be consistent with the error statistics that govern how the model is to be corrected. The concept of incompatibility distance between observations and their model counterparts is introduced as a way of detecting inconsistencies, and formulae are presented for estimating the probability of encountering greater incompatibility. Observations can be examined one-by-one to insure that their confidence intervals are not widely separated from those of the model counterparts. They can be further examined in pairs to detect whether contrasts across fronts are consistent with assumptions about error correlations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Thacker, WC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Thacker, Carlisle/I-3813-2013 OI Thacker, Carlisle/0000-0002-9285-8826 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 3 BP 233 EP 247 AR PII S1463-5003(02)00043-4 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00043-4 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 709LX UT WOS:000184627600003 ER PT J AU Papadakis, MP Chassignet, EP Hallberg, RW AF Papadakis, MP Chassignet, EP Hallberg, RW TI Numerical simulations of the Mediterranean sea outflow: impact of the entrainment parameterization in an isopycnic coordinate ocean model SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Mediterranean sea outflow; meddies; entrainment; isopycnic coordinate; ocean modelling ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; AZORES CURRENT; CURRENTS; STRAIT; GIBRALTAR; TRANSPORT; MECHANISM; OVERFLOW; MEDDIES AB Gravity current entrainment is essential in determining the properties of the interior ocean water masses that result from marginal sea overflows. Although the individual entraining billows will be unresolvable in large-scale ocean models for the foreseeable future, some large-scale simulations are now being carried out that do resolve the intermediate scale environment which may control the rate of entrainment. Hallberg [Mon. Wea. Rev. 128 (2000) 1402] has recently developed an implicit diapycnal mixing scheme for isopycnic coordinate ocean models that includes the Richardson number dependent entrainment parameterization of Turner [J. Fluid Mech. 173 (1986) 431], and which may be capable of representing the gravity current evolution in large-scale ocean models. The present work uses realistic regional simulations with the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) to evaluate ability of this scheme to simulate the entrainment that is observed to occur in the bottom boundary currents downstream of the Mediterranean outflow. These simulations are strikingly similar to the observations, indicating that this scheme does produce realistic mixing between the Mediterranean outflow and the North Atlantic Central Water. Sensitivity studies identify the critical Richardson number below which vigorous entrainment occurs as a particularly important parameter. Some of these experiments also show meddies detaching from the Mediterranean undercurrent at locations that appear to be highly influenced by topographic features. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Chassignet, EP (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, MPO, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 34 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 4 BP 325 EP 356 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00042-2 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 710ZX UT WOS:000184713600002 ER PT J AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, HL TI Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models (vol 3, pg 219, 2003) SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Correction C1 NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Marine Modeling & Anal Branch,SAIC,GSO, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, EMC, Marine Modeling & Anal Branch,SAIC,GSO, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 4 BP 381 EP 384 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00012-X PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 710ZX UT WOS:000184713600004 ER PT S AU Souaidia, N Pietras, C Fargion, G Barnes, RA Frouin, R Lykke, KR Johnson, BC Brown, SW AF Souaidia, N Pietras, C Fargion, G Barnes, RA Frouin, R Lykke, KR Johnson, BC Brown, SW BE Frouin, RJ Gilbert, GD Pan, D TI Comparison of laser-based and conventional calibrations of sun photometers SO OCEAN REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ocean Remote Sensing and Imaging II CY AUG 05-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE calibration; irradiance; radiance; responsivity; solar irradiance; sun photometer ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE; FILTER RADIOMETERS; OPTICAL DEPTH; AERONET; SOLAR; NIST; NETWORK; NM AB Sun photometers are used to characterize the radiative properties of the atmosphere. They measure both the incident solar irradiance as well as the sky radiance (from scattered incident flux). Global networks of sun photometers provide data products such as aerosol optical thickness derived from these measurements. Instruments are typically calibrated for irradiance responsivity by cross-calibration against a primary reference sun photometer and for radiance responsivity using a lamp-illuminated integrating sphere source. A laser-based facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Sensors can be calibrated in this facility for absolute spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity with combined expanded (k = 2) uncertainties ranging from 0.15 % to 0.25 %. Two multi-channel filter radiometers used in the Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) were calibrated for radiance and irradiance responsivity using conventional approaches and using laser-illuminated integrating spheres on SIRCUS. The different calibration methods are compared, the uncertainties are evaluated, and the impact on remote sensing applications is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Souaidia, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5028-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5155 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1117/12.508197 PG 12 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX98G UT WOS:000187120200007 ER PT B AU Evans, M French, G AF Evans, M French, G GP IEEE IEEE TI The use of integrated communications methods and mediums in the operation of the NOAA's National Ocean Services PORTS (R) SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Informat Syst Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Evans, M (reprint author), NOAA, Informat Syst Div, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 99 EP 99 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300019 ER PT B AU Bethem, T Burton, J AF Bethem, T Burton, J GP IEEE IEEE TI The development of automated real-time narrative summaries (ARNS) using natural language generation software for PORTS (R) SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB Since the 1960's, the Center for Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS), the organization responsible for producing operational quality controlled current and water level products, has primarily focused on disseminating their products in numeric and graphical formats using the web and interactive voice as mediums. The CO-OPS is now developing a real-time textual summary product using natural language generation (NLG) software. When completed, this product will generate a "worded" representation of the observations and predictions now displayed and spoken in digital form. Its primary purpose will be to provide a set of synoptic phrases that reflect the latest set of observations within a PORTS location that are easy to read and comprehend, thus relieving the user of viewing and interpreting many discrete digital observations. C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bethem, T (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 145 EP 148 PG 4 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300027 ER PT B AU Manley, JE AF Manley, JE GP IEEE IEEE TI Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for ocean exploration SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have evolved rapidly and now serve many applications in commercial, military, and scientific sectors. The NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration (OE) recognizes AUVs as an important component of its research and operational programs. From large survey vehicles to small hand deployed systems, the entire spectrum of AUVs has a role to play in OE programs. This paper discusses aspects of AUV research and development supported by, and of interest to, OE. Current and envisioned operational use of AUVs in exploration will be described and examples of exploration missions that would benefit from both current and near-future AUV capabilities are presented. C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Manley, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 327 EP 331 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300069 ER PT B AU Mearns, A Stekoll, M Hall, K Krause, CJB Watson, M Atkinson, M AF Mearns, A Stekoll, M Hall, K Krause, CJB Watson, M Atkinson, M GP IEEE IEEE TI Biological and ecological effects of wastewater discharges SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog ID SEA-SURFACE MICROLAYER; CONTAMINANTS; TOXICITY AB A Science Advisory Panel of the Alaska Cruise Ship Initiative investigated possible effects of commercial passenger vessel wastewater discharges on marine life in coastal waters of the Gulf of Alaska. The Panel concluded that due to the high dilution rates of moving cruise ships there is little likelihood of contaminant impacts to marine life in the water column, at the sea surface, in subsurface sediments or on the shoreline. However, stationary discharge in a low tidal exchange area could lead to water quality issues and should be minimized. C1 NOAA, Mazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mearns, A (reprint author), NOAA, Mazardous Mat Response Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 737 EP 747 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178404 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300167 ER PT B AU Parker, B Milbert, D Hess, K Gill, S AF Parker, B Milbert, D Hess, K Gill, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Integrating bathymetry, topography, and shoreline, and the importance of vertical datums SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB NOS/NOAA has developed a vertical datum transformation tool, VDatum, which allows transformation of bathymetric and topographic elevation among 28 different orthometric, ellipsoid/3-D, and tidal datums. This tool is based on the latest geoid, ellipsoid, and tidal hydrodynamic models. A national vertical datum transformation database ("National VDatum") is being developed and populated by NOS, and a major effort remaining is the tidal modeling of every bay and estuary in the U.S, plus some refinements of the geoid model in Alaska. The use of VDatum will be a cornerstone of the new way that NOS will acquire, handle and process bathymetric and shoreline data and efficiently use these data to produce NOAA nautical chart and electronic vector products and to support coastal resource managers. Some applications for which National VDatum is critical include: (1) the sharing of geospatial data among NOAA, USGS, FEMA, NI MA, and other federal and state agencies, which datum incompatibilities have limited in the past; (2) the implementation of a full National Bathy/Topo Program with the U.S. Geological Survey, VDatum being required for the blending of NOAA's bathymetric data with USGS's topographic data; (3) the measurement of consistently defined MHW shoreline from RTK-GPS-referenced Lidar elevation data from the intertidal zone, transformed with VDatum to the MHW datum, with the zero line then being the shoreline; (4) meeting local coastal user needs for being able to blend their bathymetric and topographic data with that obtained by other groups; local users are requesting a National VDatum for this reason; (5) the implementation of a seamless National Bathymetric Database, using VDatum to transform all historical data sets to a common datum (MLLW); (6) improving the efficiency and accuracy of RTK-GPS-referenced hydrographic surveys by eliminating the need for simultaneous tide installations, settlement/squat corrections, and time-consuming post processing; (7) the ability to use high-quality 3(rd)-party bathymetric data in NOAA nautical chart products, with VDatum solving the datum incompatibility problems that have prevented this; (8) marine boundary applications; and (9) the ability to link with creation of GIS layers and digital elevation models required for habitat restoration projects. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Parker, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 758 EP 764 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178410 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300173 ER PT B AU Evans, BK Hill, D Miller, JE Smith, JR Weirich, JB AF Evans, BK Hill, D Miller, JE Smith, JR Weirich, JB GP IEEE IEEE TI Collaborative nautical charting and scientific seabed mapping missions: A case study in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB New positioning, depth sounding, and seabed imaging technology has revolutionized hydrography in the past 15 years. Unfortunately, many government hydrographic offices will probably never be able to apply this technology to their entire area of responsibility, because of limited resources and pressing need for modem surveys in the regions of highest traffic volume. However, high resolution mapping equipment and techniques are now in widespread use throughout the academic research fleet, and many groups now have the ability to acquire high quality bathymetric data. This presents an opportunity for hydrographic offices to assist these "non-traditional" users of seabed mapping technology by providing expertise in the application of procedures and corrections while gathering modem data for updating nautical charts in areas where they will possibly never be able to dedicate their own resources. This paper describes a recent cooperative mapping project undertaken by several NOAA offices and the University of Hawaii's Undersea Research Laboratory in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. NOAA's Office of Coast Survey was asked to assist with this effort to ensure that the data acquired met the appropriate International Hydrographic Organization quality standards. The resulting high quality data will support generation of boundaries for newly established reserve protected areas, ecosystem mapping, and the first new hydrographic data on nautical charts of this region in over 70 years. We plan to use this project as a model for future collaboration between scientific and government ocean mapping organizations. C1 NOAA, Oceans & Coasts, Off Coast Survey, HSTP Field Support Liason, Washington, DC USA. RP Evans, BK (reprint author), NOAA, Oceans & Coasts, Off Coast Survey, HSTP Field Support Liason, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 986 EP 986 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300227 ER PT B AU Burgess, JP AF Burgess, JP GP IEEE IEEE TI Ecosystem-based management - A new goal under NOAA's strategic plan SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Budget Formulat & Appropriat, Washington, DC USA. RP Burgess, JP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Budget Formulat & Appropriat, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1011 EP 1014 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178473 PG 4 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300236 ER PT B AU Gittings, SR AF Gittings, SR GP IEEE IEEE TI SWiM in marine sanctuaries: The challenge of monitoring a system of protected areas SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Marine Sanctuaries Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gittings, SR (reprint author), NOAA, Marine Sanctuaries Div, 1305 East West Hwy,N-ORM62, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1232 EP 1234 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178026 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300283 ER PT B AU Lindholm, J Auster, P Kaufman, L Miller, S Stone, G AF Lindholm, J Auster, P Kaufman, L Miller, S Stone, G GP IEEE IEEE TI Movement patterns and site utilization of fishes as determined by acoustic telemetry: implications for the design of marine reserves SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctuary, Scituate, MA 02139 USA. RP Lindholm, J (reprint author), NOAA, Stellwagen Bank Natl Marine Sanctuary, 175 Edward Foster Rd, Scituate, MA 02139 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1235 EP 1237 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178027 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300284 ER PT B AU Yoklavich, MM Grimes, CB Wakefield, WW AF Yoklavich, MM Grimes, CB Wakefield, WW GP IEEE IEEE TI Using laser line scan imaging technology to assess deepwater seafloor habitats in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA USA. RP Yoklavich, MM (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1238 EP 1238 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300285 ER PT B AU Embley, RW Baker, ET AF Embley, RW Baker, ET GP IEEE IEEE TI Explorations of active volcanic sites in the Pacific Ocean - Preliminary results from the Submarine Ring of Fire Ocean Exploration Program SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The Submarine Ring of Fire project is a three-phase program funded by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration. The goal of the program is to compare and contrast the volcanic and hydrothermal systems at the two "end-members" of the Pacific plate boundaries, a segment of the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the NE Pacific and the submarine portion of the Mariana Island Arc in the western Pacific. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. RP Embley, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1285 EP 1285 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300298 ER PT B AU Anderson, D Cumberpatch, ML Beattie, JA Fiolek, A AF Anderson, D Cumberpatch, ML Beattie, JA Fiolek, A GP IEEE IEEE TI Digital video needs for oceanographic atmospheric images for the National Oceanic and on (NOAA): Phase 2 SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB Existing programs within The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for data archiving and access do not address the increasing requirements for managing digital video, imagery, and audio resources. In particular, NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration (OE) has a need for an organized digital management system to handle increasing amounts of video, still imagery, and audio resources generated by OE programs and grants. The NOAA Central Library (NCL), in collaboration with NOAA's Office of OE, embarked on a pilot project in 2002 to explore the possibilities of providing such data for the exploration research community, as well as educators and the general public. The NCL plans to develop a standardized capability for public access to video, image, and audio information from NOAA's efforts in uncovering and documenting undersea habitats and marine species. Eventually, the goal is to set up a portal from which all OE video/image/audio will be accessible. This paper will discuss the progress of the pilot project during its first year, and present the goals for the next year. It will discuss the research, standardization process (metadata), and implementation phases. It will assess user needs and requirements, developed policies and procedures, and explored various options for a retrieval system for the video/image/audio. It will discuss many of the questions faced in the first phase of the project including: Would the library be the central repository for all of NOAA? How would the video/images/audio material be collected? How would it be accessed? How would it be archived? The ultimate goal of the project is to provide easy access to the rich and varied digital video, images and audio material generated by NOAA's Office of OE. C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Anderson, D (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, 1315 E West Highway,SSMC 3 2nd Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Fiolek, Anna/H-3658-2016 OI Fiolek, Anna/0000-0001-8481-3639 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1292 EP 1296 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178044 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300301 ER PT B AU Monaco, ME Kendall, MS Higgins, JL Alexander, CE Tartt, MS AF Monaco, ME Kendall, MS Higgins, JL Alexander, CE Tartt, MS GP IEEE IEEE TI Biogeographic assessments of NOAA national marine sanctuaries: The integration of ecology and GIS technology SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The mission of NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) is to serve as the trustee for a system of marine protected areas, to conserve, protect, and enhance biodiversity. To assist in accomplishing this mission, the NMSP has developed a partnership with NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) to conduct biogeographic assessments of marine resources within and adjacent to the marine waters of all National Marine Sanctuaries over the next five years. NCCOS's Biogeography Program is leading the joint effort to define species distribution patterns and map associated habitats. Biogeography provides a framework to integrate species distributions and life history data with information on the habitats of the region to characterize marine resources in a sanctuary. The biogeographical data are integrated in a GIS to enable visualization of species' spatial and temporal patterns, and to predict changes in abundance that may result from a variety of natural and anthropogenic perturbations or management strategies. For example, the biogeographic assessment of three central/northern California sanctuaries was used to delineate "hot spots" based on community metrics (e.g., biodiversity). In addition, accurate and highly resolved digital benthic habitat maps have been developed for Gray's Reef NMS to define species habitat utilization patterns to identify areas for special protection. Plans are to conduct assessments in all National Marine Sanctuaries over the next several years through utilization of the biogeographic process. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment,Biogeog Progr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Monaco, ME (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment,Biogeog Progr, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1489 EP 1498 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178086 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300344 ER PT B AU Keener-Chavis, P AF Keener-Chavis, P GP IEEE IEEE TI Ocean exploration through NOAA: Collaborations for excellence in exploration and education SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Keener-Chavis, P (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean Explorat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1561 EP 1561 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300358 ER PT B AU Johnson, B AF Johnson, B GP IEEE IEEE TI NOAA Ocean Explorer Web site SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB NOAA Ocean Explorer is NOAA's official Web site for ocean exploration. It is an educational Internet offering for all who wish to learn about, discover, and virtually explore the ocean realm. Debuting in April 2001, it provides public access to current information on many NOAA scientific and educational explorations and activities in the marine environment. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Johnson, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1562 EP 1562 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300359 ER PT B AU Miller, EJ Madden, M Reining, R Linn, J O'Connor, L AF Miller, EJ Madden, M Reining, R Linn, J O'Connor, L GP IEEE IEEE TI NOAA's GOES R - Next generation satellite SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB NOAA's next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) beginning with GOES R is the follow-on to the GOES N-P series. GOES R is being developed for launch in the 2012 time frame to meet new requirements validated through a rigorous screening and verification process. It presents an opportunity to explore new instruments, satellite designs, and system architectures. NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) will explore if an alternative distributed architecture might be more cost-effective than continuing the current philosophy of combining all instruments onto one big spacecraft. GOES R improvements in environmental sensing instruments include an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI); a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), capable of providing soundings and imagery; an Enhanced Solar X-ray Imager (ESXI); a Space Environment Monitor (SEM); and a Lightning Mapper (LM). NOAA is also investigating other possible operational instruments, such as a coronagraph solar Imager, and microwave sounder. NOAA will analyze the different architectures (distributed vs. consolidated), instruments (ABI, HES, SEM, SXI, LM) and orbits (GEO vs. MEO) to determine the optimal constellation coverage and communication configuration. ABI and HES sensors will support CONUS Coastal Waters (CW) and estuaries with timely imaging and sounding. The CW zone is defined as the ocean waters 400 miles adjacent to CONUS as well as all estuaries. HES will support coastal water ocean color and ocean optical properties at a resolution of 300 meters. ABI will support long wave IR measurements of sea surface temperatures (SST). Currently, ABI formulation studies are underway with three contractors. Overall systems concepts are under study following a Request for Information (RFI) from contract sources and meetings with industry regarding the overall approach. In the summer of 2003, procurement activities for concept studies for the HES were initiated with several contractors. Similar activities will be inaugurated for other instruments, ground systems and spacecraft concepts. This paper provides the latest status of these activities as well as an update on its Concept of Operations (CONOPS). C1 NOAA, NESDIS, SSMC1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Miller, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, SSMC1, 1315 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1573 EP 1579 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178105 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300363 ER PT B AU Michelena, ED Moore, RL AF Michelena, ED Moore, RL GP IEEE IEEE TI The use and testing of compasses and magnetometers at the National Data Buoy Center SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The buoys deployed by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) measure many environmental variables, both oceanographical and meteorological. Three of these measurements in particular-atmospheric winds, ocean currents, and surface water waves-require that a horizontal direction reference be used. Although there are several types of instruments and methods that can provide this direction reference, NDBC has found compasses and magnetometers to be the best choice for the application. The characteristics of the Earth's magnetic field at the location where a buoy is deployed are usually well known. For most of the cases, a computer model of the Earth's magnetic-field vector produces its magnitude values in the three-dimensional directions (components) at the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the buoy station. At other times a direct in-situ measurement of the Earth's magnetic-field vector is obtained. A magnetic compass or a triaxial magnetometer (and sometimes both) installed on the buoy provides the values of the magnetic heading of the buoy's hull and superstructure. This is the direction reference that the buoy's other instrumentation needs in order to provide the angular orientation relative to Earth for the other measured variables. The propeller-vane anemometers deployed by NDBC measure wind direction relative to the buoy's hull. The magnetic heading of the hull, as determined by a magnetic compass, and appropriate calculations by the buoy's data processor permit reporting wind-direction values referenced to Magnetic North. When the local magnetic variation is known, one further calculation relates wind direction to Geographic North. Similarly, the sensors that measure water currents and surface-water waves need the buoy-hull magnetic heading values for referencing their measurements to an Earth-fixed angular orientation. In the case of sea surface waves, a magnetometer is used to measure the buoy's pitch and roll motion as well as buoy azimuth. The measurement of the buoy's heave, along with the pitch and roll angles determined from the measurement of magnetic field components provide all the information necessary to estimate wave directionality. Many different designs of electronic remote-reading magnetic compasses and magnetometers have been used at NDBC. Flux-gate, Hall-effect, magnetoresistive, and magnet/rotating coded card designs, to name a few, have been deployed. The testing of these magnetic instruments is routinely done at NDBC's "compass-rose" test stand. More recently a triaxial Helmholtz coil test fixture installed inside a walk-in environmental temperature chamber has been placed into operation. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Michelena, ED (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Bldg 1100, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1606 EP 1611 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178112 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300370 ER PT B AU Jech, JM Chu, DZ Foote, KG Hammar, TR Hufnagle, LC AF Jech, JM Chu, DZ Foote, KG Hammar, TR Hufnagle, LC GP IEEE IEEE TI Calibrating two scientific echo sounders SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog ID COPPER SPHERES; PRECISION AB The Simrad EK500 has been the state-of-the-art scientific echo sounder for surveying marine fish stocks; the EK60 is its successor. Both echo sounders have been calibrated with the same 38-kHz, 12-deg-beamwidth, split-beam transducer by the standard-target method at the acoustic calibration facility on Iselin Dock at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The principal measurements were on-axis target strengths and the two-way directivity patterns of the main lobe, measured with a 60-mm-diameter copper sphere. For each echo sounder, the respective split-beam-determined and directly measured angles of the standard target are compared. The directivity pattern as approximated by Simrad firmware is fit to the experimental data, and both the split-beam-determined and newly compensated values of target strength are expressed through histograms. Target strength distributions are compared for two spheres: a 60-mm-diameter aluminum and 38.1-mm-diameter tungsten carbide with 6% cobalt binder spheres. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jech, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1625 EP 1629 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178117 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300375 ER PT B AU Jech, JM Foote, KG Chu, DZ Liberatore, SP AF Jech, JM Foote, KG Chu, DZ Liberatore, SP GP IEEE IEEE TI Comparing two scientific echo sounders SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog ID COPPER SPHERES AB The Simrad EK500 and EK60 scientific echo sounders have been operated with the same 38-kHz, 12-deg-beamwidth, split-beam transducer, with alternate pinging by means of an external triggering-and-switching system. The respective performances of the two systems are compared by means of standard-target calibrations conducted at the acoustic calibration facility on Iselin Dock at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with a 60-mm-diameter copper sphere. Principal comparisons include those of time series of echo strength and target strength, split-beam-determined angles, and derived measures of directivity. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jech, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1630 EP 1632 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178118 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300376 ER PT B AU Tronvig, KA AF Tronvig, KA GP IEEE IEEE TI NOAA's coastal oceanographic applications and services of tides and lakes (COASTAL) program SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Ocean Service (NOS) operates and maintains the National Water Level Program (NWLP) whose backbone is a network of 175 long-term, continuously operating water level stations. Tidal datums derived from these stations have traditionally been important for navigation and shoreline boundary purposes, however there are other beneficial applications and services that water level and datum information can provide. The NOS created its Coastal Oceanographic Applications and Services of Tides And Lakes (COASTAL) Program to focus on such applications. For example, real-time water level information is not only essential for programs supporting safe navigation, such as the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS(R)), but is also critical for storm surge monitoring for effective evacuation route decision-making efforts. Water level information is also required for successful wetlands restoration projects and for assessing long-term sea level trends. This paper discusses some applications of water level and datum information. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, CO OPS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Tronvig, KA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, CO OPS, 1305 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1948 EP 1953 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178187 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300443 ER PT B AU Lessing, PA AF Lessing, PA GP IEEE IEEE TI A hybrid photovoltaic-wind power system for the National Data Buoy Center's Coastal Marine Automated Network SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) operates the Marine Observation Network (MON) for NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS). The MON is a network of land and buoy-based automated platforms that collect and report meteorological and oceanographic measurements and transmit these data in near real-time through the NOAA Geostationary Operating Environmental Satellite (GOES) system. These platforms are traditionally powered by rechargeable batteries that are recharged by photovoltaic panels. The NDBC MON has platforms throughout the coastal United States including Alaska and Hawaii, and some deep ocean areas of the United States. Because of the variety of environments to which these platforms are subjected, traditional photovoltaic power systems have been inadequate in some locations, particularly extreme northern latitudes, where little or no sunlight may be available for charging a photovoltaic power system in winter months. Locations which typically have poor solar charging in winter months often have relatively high prevailing winds. This paper describes the design and testing of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind rechargeable battery power system that employs small, inexpensive wind generators to supplement battery charging on platforms in those locations. C1 NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Lessing, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 1997 EP 2001 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178205 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300461 ER PT B AU Woody, C Riley, R Fedoroff, N Rutledge, T Morrison, G Zika, R AF Woody, C Riley, R Fedoroff, N Rutledge, T Morrison, G Zika, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Test results of the SeaKeepers ocean sensor module on remote platforms SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) and the nonprofit International SeaKeepers Society have adapted the SeaKeepers Ocean Sensor Module (OSM) to NDBC platforms and data collection systems. The reason for this effort was to develop a low maintenance system for oceanographic data collection and transmission from remote platforms. The OSM has been integrated into a 3-meter buoy and underwent nine months of dockside testing for performance and durability of the electronics and antifoulant system and to verify the quality of the data. It was deployed in the Gulf of Mexico near buoy station 42007 for verification of that station's meteorological data. Test results have shown that the OSM and antifoulant system performed well in remote, harsh conditions. The results are presented in this paper. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Woody, C (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, 1100 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 2211 EP 2213 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178244 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300500 ER PT B AU Henderson, D AF Henderson, D GP IEEE IEEE TI The National Weather Service (NWS) United States integrated sustained Ocean Observing System and the federal backbone - The next steps, what can the federal backbone do for you? SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The U. S. Commission on Ocean Policy will make its recommendations during the summer of 2003. These recommendations are expected to fully endorse the development of a U. S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). The form of the U.S. IOOS is emerging. Requirements have been identified, and a blueprint for the U.S. IOOS has been developed. The system would address national coastal issues as well as make a significant contribution to the larger Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The federal backbone components are central to the IOOS blueprint. The observing system foundation formed by the federal backbone and the services the backbone provides are critical to developing and sustaining the IOOS. The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), a part the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA), National Weather Service (NWS), manages the Marine Observation Program (MOP) and operates the NWS Marine Observation Network (MON). The MON is a core element of the U.S. IOOS federal backbone. The NWS MON is an integrated, sustained ocean observation, information and product delivery system that operates in all U. S. coastal waters, as well as the off-shore waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. The system consists of headland and moored buoy data acquisition platforms and real-time processing and information delivery systems, as well as drifters, floats, and voluntary observing ships. The MON produces quality controlled real-time data and products that serve the NOAA storm warning and forecast mission and support research and operational requirements of other federal, state, regional, local, academic and private sponsors. Within the context of the IOOS blueprint, NOAA's NDBC has established strategic alliances with several Regional Observation Networks. This paper presents an overview of these alliances and discusses how they are evolving into full-fledged partnerships. Partnerships that will realize the goals of the U.S. IOOS. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Henderson, D (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 2514 EP 2520 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178307 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300569 ER PT B AU Taft, B Meinig, C Bernard, L Teng, C Stalin, S O'Neil, K Eble, M Demers, C AF Taft, B Meinig, C Bernard, L Teng, C Stalin, S O'Neil, K Eble, M Demers, C GP IEEE IEEE TI Transition of the deep-ocean assessment and reporting of Tsunamis network - A technology transfer from NOAA research to NOAA operations SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) network was established for the early detection and real time reporting of tsunamis in support of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). Each DART station is occupied by a surface buoy and a bottom pressure recorder (BPR) anchored on the seafloor that monitors and reports water column height. An acoustic modem transfers BPR measured heights to the surface buoy which in turn relays the data to ground receivers via a NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Data are then disseminated to NDBC for processing, quality control, and data display, to PMEL for diagnostics and research applications, and to the National Weather Services (NWS) two Tsunami Warning Centers in Alaska and Hawaii for providing warning guidance to coastal communities. Data are displayed and made available for download from the NDBC web site URL: www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml. Operational responsibility for the DART system is being transferred from a research lab (PMEL) to the appropriate operational center (NDBC). This paper gives a brief overview of the DART system followed by details of the transition process. C1 NOAA, NDBC, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39426 USA. RP Taft, B (reprint author), NOAA, NDBC, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39426 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 2582 EP 2588 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178316 PG 7 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300582 ER PT B AU Liu, G Skirving, W Strong, AE AF Liu, G Skirving, W Strong, AE GP IEEE IEEE TI Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog C1 NOAA, Decis Syst Technol Inc, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Decis Syst Technol Inc, E-RA31,SSMC1,1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM Gang.Liu@noaa.gov; William.Skirving@noaa.gov; Alan.E.Strong@noaa.gov RI Liu, Gang/E-7921-2011; Strong, Alan/E-7924-2011; Skirving, William/E-7927-2011 OI Liu, Gang/0000-0001-8369-6805; Skirving, William/0000-0003-0167-6427 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 2745 EP 2747 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178342 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300615 ER PT B AU Friedman, KS Wackerman, C Funk, F Schwenzfeier, M Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, XF AF Friedman, KS Wackerman, C Funk, F Schwenzfeier, M Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, XF GP IEEE IEEE TI Analyzing the dependence between RADARSAT-1 vessel detection and vessel heading using a CFAR algorithm for use in fishery management SO OCEANS 2003 MTS/IEEE: CELEBRATING THE PAST...TEAMING TOWARD THE FUTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Celebrating the Past - Teaming Toward the Future CY SEP 22-26, 2003 CL San Diego, CA SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES, Scripps Inst Oceanog AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) derived products under a demonstration project named the Alaska SAR Demonstration (AKDEMO) to the US government community. The AKDEMO near real-time data and products include SAR wind images and vectors, hard target locations, and ancillary data. The hard target locations are available for use in fishery management by agencies such as the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG). Vessel positions are obtained from hard target signatures through the use of a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) vessel detection algorithm developed by Veridian Systems Division. This algorithm has gone through testing and validation, using fleet information and vessel observer reports, during Red King Crab fisheries in Alaska in 1999 and 2000. The goal was to maximize the number of ships found while minimizing the number or false alarms. Using general fleet location information, it was found that the minimum vessel size detected by the CFAR algorithm was 36 m using RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR Wide mode data with a nominal spatial resolution of 100 m. Still, when comparing the CFAR results with the actual positions reported by the ship observers, vessels over 36 m were not always detected. This led to the hypothesis that the heading and perhaps wind conditions may have affected the ability of SAR to detect the vessels. In 2001, vessel observers again reported their positions during SAR overpasses, this time also reporting heading and wind conditions. Unfortunately, due to high winds and waves, SAR was not able to detect the fishing fleet. In 2002, this was repeated, resulting in 3 days during the fishery opening when RADARSAT-1 was able to image the fishing fleet in the ScanSAR wide B mode. Approximately twenty ships each day in the area covered by RADARSAT-1 data reported their position and heading. Results showing the dependence between RADARSAT-1 vessel detection and vessel heading will be presented using a GIS platform. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Friedman, KS (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, WWBG E-RA3 Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-30-0 PY 2003 BP 2819 EP 2823 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BAB11 UT WOS:000221420300632 ER PT S AU Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, AV Mekhontsev, SN Hanssen, LM BE Hanssen, LM TI Analytical evaluation and correction of port loss error in integrating sphere reflectometers SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials III CY AUG 06-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE integrating sphere; reflectance; BRDF; uncertainty ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; HEMISPHERICAL REFLECTANCE AB Incomplete hemispherical irradiation of the sample (or collection of radiation, in the reverse geometry) in an integrating sphere reflectometer is unavoidable due to sample viewing (or illumination) requirements. This means that one measures with nearly hemispherical irradiation and obtains a quantity that is not identical to the hemispherical/directional (or directional/hemispherical) reflectance factor (HDR) of the sample. The assumption that this quantity is identical to the HDR can lead to error in the measurement result, which is not generally corrected for. The error, a.k.a. "port loss error", is minimal for comparative measurements of samples with similar reflective properties, but can easily amount to several percent for a diffuse vs. specular comparison and could be even higher for samples that exhibit strong forward scattering. Only a few papers in the literature have dealt with this issue, perhaps due to the existence of other larger sources of error. Our approach to this problem has three elements: (1) establish a definition and set of equations that quantify the error due to incomplete irradiation of the sample due to the presence of the viewing port ("port loss" uncertainty); (2) develop algorithms and computer models to predict port loss effects for a specular-diffuse sphere coating and speculardiffuse (or more general bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)) sample; (3) design a technique and instrumentation to allow routine direct measurements of port loss to correct the error; using reference standards such as an Al mirror and a polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE). C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Prokhorov, AV (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5065-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5192 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1117/12.508326 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BY03M UT WOS:000187317800009 ER PT S AU Hanssen, LM Prokhorov, AV Khromchenko, V AF Hanssen, LM Prokhorov, AV Khromchenko, V BE Hanssen, LM TI Specular baffle for improved infrared integrating sphere performance. SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials III CY AUG 06-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE integrating sphere; reflectance; baffle; specular; diffuse; hemispherical ID REFLECTANCE; THROUGHPUT AB Baffles are often placed in integrating spheres to accommodate the non-ideal aspects of other sphere components. These include detectors, sources, sphere wall surface shape and coatings. Baffles intentionally prevent light interchange between these and other important sphere components and regions such as entrance/exit ports, sample, reference and detector field-of-view. The challenge for an integrating sphere designer is to position and construct baffles that achieve the primary goal of shadowing specific elements from each other, while at the same time minimizing all other "side,, effects that the baffles may have. Perhaps the most important side effect is the additional signal loss for light arriving at or leaving the sample from or to the baffle due to its absorptance. This is especially true for coatings and spectral ranges where the wall reflectance is relatively low such as for BaSO4 above 1.5 mum and diffuse gold. A potential improvement that we have investigated in an infrared reflectometer sphere is the use of a specular coating that has significantly higher reflectance than any other available diffuse coating. In our case we have used specular gold versus the diffuse gold-coated plasma-sprayed metal coating that is on the sphere wall. Although this provides for lower loss of light reflected from the sample onto the baffle, the side effects must also be considered and reduced in the design. Specifically one needs to consider the mirroring that will take place in the sphere. In this paper we discuss the important design issues along with some integrating sphere characterization results that demonstrate improved sphere performance by use of specular baffles. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, LM (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5065-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5192 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1117/12.508299 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BY03M UT WOS:000187317800012 ER PT S AU Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM BE Hanssen, LM TI Algorithmic model of microfacet BRDF for Monte Carlo calculation of optical radiation transfer SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials III CY AUG 06-07, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE Monte Carlo method; optical radiation; BRDF; microfacet model; ray tracing; reciprocity principle ID ROUGH-SURFACE; REFLECTION AB An algorithmic model of bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) based on the ray optics approximation and microfacet model of randomly rough surface is proposed. Its central idea is that for every incident ray, the normal vector to the surface undergoes a random perturbation, and the direction of specular reflection is calculated using this perturbed normal. Such behavior of the normal can be treated within the framework of a microfacet model of randomly rough surfaces. The algorithm allows one to model reflection from both isotropic and anisotropic surfaces, with two-dimensional Gaussian and other probability density functions for the normal vector perturbations, and various geometrical attenuation functions. The proposed "perturbed normal microfacet (PNMF) model" exhibits experimentally observed effects such as increased reflectance near grazing incidence and off-specular peaks, and allows fast importance sampling. A weighted sum of Lambertian and PNMF BRDFs can be fitted to experimental data by varying the appropriate parameters. Adherence to the reciprocity principle and energy conservation law is demonstrated via results of forward and backward ray tracing. The PNMF model can be used in Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat exchange among rough surfaces, in realistic image synthesis, lighting engineering, for modeling of such radiometric devices as blackbody radiation sources, integrating spheres in the infrared spectral range, cavity detectors of radiation, diffusely reflected panels, etc. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Prokhorov, AV (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5065-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5192 BP 141 EP 157 DI 10.1117/12.508577 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BY03M UT WOS:000187317800016 ER PT S AU Yang, S Keenan, D Laabs, H Dowell, M AF Yang, S Keenan, D Laabs, H Dowell, M BE Yen, A TI A 193 nm detector nonlinearity measurement system at NIST SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE detector nonlinearity; ultraviolet laser detector calibration; ultraviolet laser metrology AB To meet the semiconductor industry's demands for accurate measurements on excimer lasers, we have developed a system using the correlation method to measure the nonlinear response of pulse energy detectors of excimer laser at 193 nm. The response of the detector under test to incident laser pulse energy is compared to the corresponding response of a linear monitor detector. This method solves the difficulties caused by large pulse-to-pulse instability of the excimer laser and delivers measurement results with an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 0.8%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway,M-S 815-01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 1651 EP 1656 DI 10.1117/12.485343 PN 1-3 PG 6 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600164 ER PT S AU Burnett, JH Kaplan, S AF Burnett, JH Kaplan, S BE Yen, A TI Measurement of the refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of water near 193 nm SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XVI CY FEB 25-28, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE index of refraction; refractive index; thermo-optic coefficient; 193 nm immersion lithography ID THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; RADIOMETRY AB We discuss our approaches for measuring the absolute index (n), and its dependencies on wavelength (dn/dlambda) and temperature (dn/dT), of high-purity Water for wavelengths near 193 nm, using the minimum deviation prism method and an interferometric technique. We present preliminary results for these quantities measured by the minimum deviation method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4845-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5040 BP 1742 EP 1749 DI 10.1117/12.504601 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX11M UT WOS:000184322600173 ER PT S AU Watson, C Casasent, D AF Watson, C Casasent, D BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Correlation filters for recognition of live-scan fingerprints with elastic distortions SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XIV CY APR 24-25, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE biometric recognition; distortion-invariant filters; elastic distortions; fingerprint recognition; pattern recognition ID MINIMUM NOISE; SYSTEM AB A special NIST database of live-scan fingerprint with elastic distortion was prepared. It is used to evaluate the effect of elastic and other distortions on correlation filters. The need for normalized and fine vs. coarse rotationally-aligned data are addressed with performance gains for various cases noted. Procedures to test and evaluate fingerprint recognition algorithms for verification and identification are defined for the first time and initial results are presented. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Watson, C (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4966-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5106 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1117/12.501397 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX46C UT WOS:000185350600001 ER PT S AU Weng, FH AF Weng, FH BE Huang, HL Lu, D Sasano, Y TI Operational AMSU products and their applications SO OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III CY OCT 25-27, 2002 CL HANGZHOU, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Soc Oceanog, SPIE, NASA Earth Sci Technol Off, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, NOAA, Minist Sci & Technol, China Assoc Sci & Technol, SOA, CNSA, Chinese Meteorol Adm, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, China Aerosp Cooperat Sci & Technol, Michigan Aerosp Corp, NASDA, City Govt Hangzhou DE remote sensing; microwave radiometry; AMSU; cloud water; precipitation; sea ice; snow ID SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE/IMAGER; RETRIEVAL AB This report presents the atmospheric and surface products, derived from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and the physical bases associated with all algorithms. An example of AMSU derived temperature structure in hurricane Bonnie is used to illustrate how cloud contamination on the AMSU measurements is corrected in temperature retrieval. NOAA and other agencies are routinely utilizing the AMSU products to monitor various high-impact weather events, storm-related flooding and hurricane wind-related damages. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weng, FH (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4677-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 4891 BP 36 EP 44 DI 10.1117/12.466127 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BW64V UT WOS:000182689500004 ER PT S AU Sriram, K Griffith, DW Lee, S Golmie, NT AF Sriram, K Griffith, DW Lee, S Golmie, NT BE Somani, AK Zhang, Z TI Backup resource pooling in (M : N)(n) fault recovery schemes in GMPLS optical networks SO OPTICOMM 2003: OPTICAL NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Optical Networking and Communications CY OCT 13-17, 2003 CL DALLAS, TX SP SPIE, IEEE Dallas Sect, Natl Sci Fdn DE performance; protection; restoration; (M : N)(n); GMPLS; CCAMP AB In resilient optical networks, there is a tradeoff between the amount of resources allocated for protection versus the probability that a failed working path can not be recovered, known as protection blocking probability. Often the network topology permits multiple protected groups of working paths (WPs) to share protection bandwidth and other network resources. The Common Control and Measurement Plane (CCAMP) working group in the IETF has defined an (M : N)(n) shared recovery scheme, in which defined n WP groups each consisting of N WPs and M backup paths (BPs) share some or all of the BP resources. In this paper, we present an analytical model that predicts protection blocking probability as a function of BP resource sharing for this shared recovery scheme. We also propose an algorithm that efficiently manages BP resources while doing protection assignments. We. provide numerical results that highlight the benefits and tradeoffs involved. Our analytical model can assist in providing engineering guidelines to service providers so that they can effectively allocate resources and manage protection and restoration in their networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sriram, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5180-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5285 BP 185 EP 196 DI 10.1117/12.533330 PG 12 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BX87V UT WOS:000186709000017 ER PT S AU Griffith, D Rouil, R Klink, S Sriram, K AF Griffith, D Rouil, R Klink, S Sriram, K BE Somani, AK Zhang, Z TI An analysis of path recovery schemes in GMPLS optical networks with various levels of pre-provisioning SO OPTICOMM 2003: OPTICAL NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Optical Networking and Communications CY OCT 13-17, 2003 CL DALLAS, TX SP SPIE, IEEE Dallas Sect, Natl Sci Fdn AB The amount of resource provisioning prior to failure events to support optical path recovery has a significant impact on network performance, and so designing recovery mechanisms for any large network necessitates balancing multiple (in some cases, competing) requirements. The Common Control and Measurement Plane (CCAMP) working group's Protection and Restoration Design Team conducted a qualitative analysis of path protection schemes using different degrees of backup resource pre-provisioning. The resulting analysis grid highlights some of the trade-offs between the different approaches. In this paper, we describe the results of a simulation study that we conducted using the NIST GMPLS/Lightwave Agile Switching Simulator (GLASS) simulation tool. By measuring network performance with respect to the metrics used by the design team, we were able to produce quantitative results that confirm the design team's qualitative analysis and provide additional information for carriers and service providers who are designing optical networks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.griffith@nist.gov NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5180-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5285 BP 197 EP 208 DI 10.1117/12.533334 PG 12 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BX87V UT WOS:000186709000018 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Lewis, EJ Santin, M Zhou, L Lal, AA Xiao, L AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Lewis, EJ Santin, M Zhou, L Lal, AA Xiao, L TI Contamination of Atlantic coast commercial shellfish with Cryptosporidium SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PARVUM OOCYSTS; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; MELEAGRIDIS; GENOTYPE-1; OYSTERS; ISOLATE; HUMANS AB Shellfish (oysters and/or clams) were obtained from 37 commercial harvesting sites in 13 Atlantic coast states from Maine to Florida and one site in New Brunswick, Canada. Gill washings from each of 25 shellfish at each site were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFA) for oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Gill washings from another 25 shellfish at each site were grouped into five pools of five shellfish each. DNA from each pool was utilized for PCR and genotyping. Oocysts were found in 3.7% of 925 oysters and clams examined by IFA in shellfish from New Brunswick and 11 of 13 states. Cryptosporidium DNA was detected by PCR in 35.2% of 185 pools. Cryptosporidium parvum genotypes 1 and 2, and Cryptosporidium meleagridis, all of which have been identified in infected humans, were identified at 37.8% of the sites. Gill washings from every site were tested for the presence of infectious oocysts by biological assay in neonatal BALB/c mice but no mice were found infected, suggesting that either the oocysts were no longer infectious or infections in mice were below the level of detection. Collectively, these findings indicate that Cryptosporidium species, indicative of pollution from human and animal feces and potentially infectious for humans, were found in commercial shellfish from 64.9% of sites examined along the Atlantic coast by either microscopy or molecular testing. Previous reports link periods of high rainfall with the elevated numbers of pathogen contaminated shellfish. Because shellfish in the present study were examined during a period of exceptionally low precipitation, the data are thought to underestimate the number of Cryptosporidium contaminated shellfish likely to be found during periods of normal or above normal precipitation. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Prevent Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 24 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 89 IS 2 BP 141 EP 145 DI 10.1007/s00436-002-0734-0 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 642TF UT WOS:000180820000011 PM 12489014 ER PT S AU Grossman, EN Miller, AJ AF Grossman, EN Miller, AJ BE Appleby, R Wikner, A Trebits, R Kurtz, JL TI Active millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapons detection SO PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY VI AND RADAR SENSOR TECHNOLOGY VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology VI and Radar Sensor Technology VII CY APR 23-24, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE bolometer; array; millimeter-wave; concealed weapons; imaging ID SYSTEM; BOLOMETERS; ARRAYS AB Actively illuminated mm-wave imaging systems for concealed weapons detection offer the possibility of much higher sensitivity than with passive systems. We discuss several issues specific to mm-wave imaging systems that are actively illuminated and describe our implementation of such a system. We show that the illumination geometry is critical to the appearance and detectability of targets, and present measurements of the bi-directional reflectance distribution of a small handgun, as a prototypical target. We demonstrate suppression of standing waves using frequency modulated (FMCW) illumination and directly compare images taken with CW, FMCW, and pulsed illumination. Our implementation of an active imaging system is based on a 120-element focal-plane array (FPA) of uncooled antenna-coupled microbolometers. We describe the fabrication process and yield for these FPA's, as well as tests that show the performance of individual pixels on the 120-element array to be equivalent to that of isolated devices. These results demonstrate that wiring for readout of an antenna-coupled FPA can be made "transparent" to the antennas. Therefore, a mm-wave FPA that is read out through wiring to the perimeter of the array constitutes a simple and feasible architecture, in contrast to the infrared, where space limitations require vertical (3D) integration of readout and FPA. The electrical readout system for the FPA is also described. Finally, we present a result obtained with the full FPA system, showing that 3-way illumination is much more effective for detection of a complex target than a single directional illuminator. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Grossman, EN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4936-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5077 BP 62 EP 70 DI 10.1117/12.488198 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX48J UT WOS:000185394700008 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Wu, CG AF Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Wu, CG TI Magnetic ordering of Fe in NCH5-intercalated iron phosphate Fe(OH)PO4 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article DE organic compound; neutron diffraction; crystal and magnetic structures; Fe(OH)PO4 ID OPEN-FRAMEWORK; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; OXALATE AB The magnetic properties of a novel organic templated layered material FeOHPO4(NCH5) have been studied via AC magnetic susceptibility, DC magnetization, and neutron diffraction measurements. Temperature dependencies of both the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the AC magnetic susceptibility display a sharp peak at 30 K, signifying the antiferromagnetic ordering of the Fe spins. Weak but definitive magnetic hysteresis was seen at temperatures below 30 K, suggesting the existence of a weak ferromagnetic component. Neutron magnetic diffraction measurements reveal a canted antiferromagnetic structure, that gives rise to a weak net ferromagnetic moment, with T-N approximate to 30 K and a saturated moment [mu(Z)] = 3.35(5)mu(B) for the Fe ions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Chem, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN PY 2003 VL 325 IS 1-4 BP 240 EP 245 AR PII S0921-4526(02)01531-4 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01531-4 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 634RN UT WOS:000180354600032 ER PT J AU Wiese, WL AF Wiese, WL TI The expanding NIST Atomic Spectra Database SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th International Conference of the European-Group-for-Atomic-Spectroscopy CY JUL 09-12, 2002 CL SOFIA, BULGARIA SP Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Sofia Univ, Fac Phys, European Grp Atomic Spect ID TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; BRANCHING FRACTIONS; OXYGEN; NEII; MULTIPLETS AB The NIST Atomic Spectra Database is reviewed, and the additions planned for the near-term and longer range future are discussed. Two examples are presented. illustrating the often still unsatisfactory state of transition probability data. which shows the need for updates of the database when significant amounts of improved data become available. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8420, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wolfgang.wiese@nist.gov NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0031-8949 EI 1402-4896 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2003 VL T105 BP 85 EP 89 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.105a00085 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 704NC UT WOS:000184344900013 ER PT J AU Keske, JC Rees, FS Suenram, RD Pate, BH AF Keske, JC Rees, FS Suenram, RD Pate, BH TI Structure and vibrational dynamics of the halogen-substituted butynes HC equivalent to CCH2CH2X (X = F,Cl,Br) from molecular-beam high-resolution microwave and infrared spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; =CH2 HYDRIDE STRETCH; MIXED QUANTUM STATES; ENERGY REDISTRIBUTION; CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERIZATION; ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; INTERNAL-ROTATION; 2980 CM(-1); C-H AB The pure rotational and high-resolution acetylenic C-H stretch rovibrational spectra of a series of substituted butynes, HC = CCH2CH2X (X = F, Cl, Br), are reported. For each of the molecules the pure rotational spectrum of two conformational isomers (trans and gauche) has been assigned. For the Cl and Br substituted compounds the pure rotational spectrum of two isotopic species has been assigned (Cl-35, Cl-37 and Br-79, Br-81) for each conformer. An analysis of the nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure in the pure rotational spectrum shows good agreement with structural parameters obtained through electronic structure calculations. The rotational transitions are used to obtain full rotational assignment of the acetylenic C-H stretch vibrational band of the more stable trans conformers through infrared-microwave double-resonance spectroscopy. The rotational band contours are predominantly a-type for all three halobutynes. The rotational structure of the band displays separations characteristic of the trans conformer. This result reflects the fact that the bright state for the vibrational spectrum retains the ground state conformation. From the eigenstate-resolved spectra we determine the timescale for intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). The IVR rate obtained from the high-resolution spectrum provides an upper limit to the isomerization rate following coherent vibrational excitation. The IVR lifetimes of the acetylenic C-H stretch have been determined to be 1.5 ns for trans-4-fluorobut-1-yne, 3.5 ns for trans-4-chlorobut-1-yne, and 2.0 ns for trans-4-bromobut-1-yne. In all cases, the upper limit isomerization rate inferred from the vibrational spectrum is three orders-of-magnitude slower than the RRKM rate calculated using the ab initio barrier heights. Although direct dynamical information about the isomerization rate cannot be obtained from the spectrum, evidence is found for conformational isomerization occurring through the J-dependent growth of the measured rovibrational state density. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. EM bp2k@virginia.edu NR 58 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 EI 1463-9084 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 8 BP 1599 EP 1609 DI 10.1039/b211597b PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 661YY UT WOS:000181919000018 ER PT J AU Roy, K Awan, IA Manion, JA Tsang, W AF Roy, K Awan, IA Manion, JA Tsang, W TI Thermal decomposition of 2-bromopropene, and 2-chloropropene SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID UNIMOLECULAR DISSOCIATION AB 2-Chloropropene and 2-bromopropene have been decomposed in single pulse shock tube experiments. The only products under all conditions are propyne and allene. The high pressure rate expressions are k(2-BrC3H5 double right arrow propyne/allene + HBr) = 10(14.9) exp(-32 830/RT)s(-1) k(2-ClC3H5 double right arrow propyne/allene + HCl) = 10(14.8) exp(-34 200/RT)s(-1) in the temperature range 1100 to 1250 K and pressures of 150 to 800 kPa. The propyne to allene ratios are 1.8 and 1.6 for the brominated and chlorinated compounds respectively with minimal temperature dependence. Results are compared with those for the alkyl compounds and ab-initio calculations on 2-chloropropene. Differences in energy transfer efficiencies for 2-chloropropene and 4-methylcyclohexene decompositions are explored. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2003 VL 5 IS 9 BP 1806 EP 1810 DI 10.1039/b212670b PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 668JE UT WOS:000182285900011 ER PT J AU DeGraffenreid, W Sansonetti, CJ AF DeGraffenreid, W Sansonetti, CJ TI 2 S-2(1/2)-4 S-2(1/2) transition of atomic lithium by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE LINES; LI-I; ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; ISOTOPE SHIFTS; S-2 STATES; LASER; MEMBERS; SERIES; IODINE AB We have investigated the 2 S-2(1/2)-4 S-2(1/2) two-photon transition in atomic lithium by high resolution laser spectroscopy. The frequencies of the two-photon resonances have been measured with an accuracy of better than 1 MHz using a Fabry-Perot wavemeter. The centers of gravity of the 4 S-2(1/2) levels are 35 012.033 582 (26) cm(-1) for Li-7 and 35 011.544 497 (30) cm(-1) for Li-6. The transition isotope shift is 14 662.4 (10) MHz. We have also determined the magnetic hyperfine splitting constant for the 4 S-2(1/2) state for both isotopes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeGraffenreid, W (reprint author), Calif State Univ Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 1 AR 012509 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.012509 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 642KY UT WOS:000180804600062 ER PT J AU Campbell, BJ Sinha, SK Osborn, R Rosenkranz, S Mitchell, JF Argyriou, DN Vasiliu-Doloc, L Seeck, OH Lynn, JW AF Campbell, BJ Sinha, SK Osborn, R Rosenkranz, S Mitchell, JF Argyriou, DN Vasiliu-Doloc, L Seeck, OH Lynn, JW TI Polaronic orbital polarization in a layered colossal magnetoresistive manganite SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID T-C; CHARGE; LA1.2SR1.8MN2O7; LA1-XCAXMNO3; LASR2MN2O7; LA2-2XSR1+2XMN2O7; DISTORTIONS; MAGNETISM; ORDER AB The striking anisotropy observed in Huang scattering distributions near the intense Bragg reflections of La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 is shown to be the result of orbitally polarized polarons in the paramagnetic insulating state above T-C. X-ray single-crystal diffuse scattering patterns from this bilayered colossal magnetoresistive manganite are calculated in terms of the polaronic local structure and compared with experimental measurements. At 300 K, the polaronic e(g) electrons occupy "out-of-plane" (i.e., 3z(2)-r(2)) orbitals, leading to MnO6 octahedra that are Jahn-Teller elongated along the c axis, perpendicular to the perovskite layers. Between 300 K and T-C, however, the "orbital polarization" is shown to shift into the a-b plane (i.e., 3x(2)-r(2) and 3y(2)-r(2) orbitals), allowing the formation of nanoscale polaron correlations above T-C. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos Neutron Sci Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Campbell, Branton/A-3990-2008; Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Rosenkranz, Stephan/E-4672-2011 OI Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; Rosenkranz, Stephan/0000-0002-5659-0383 NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2003 VL 67 IS 2 AR 020409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.020409 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 644LH UT WOS:000180918900011 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC TI The influence of liquid pool temperature on the critical impact Weber number for splashing SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article AB An experimental study is presented to determine the influence of liquid pool temperature on splashing behavior. Water droplets with initial diameter of 3.1 mm+/-0.1 mm impacted a water pool 40 mm in depth. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames/s. The impinging droplet was fixed at room temperature and the liquid surface was heated using a hotplate. To determine the critical Weber number for splashing, the impact velocity was varied. The critical impact Weber number for splashing was found to be dependent on liquid pool temperature, decreasing with an increase in liquid temperature. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD JAN PY 2003 VL 15 IS 1 BP 257 EP 260 DI 10.1063/1.1526696 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 624RF UT WOS:000179774200026 ER PT J AU Stern, HL Heide-Jorgensen, MP AF Stern, HL Heide-Jorgensen, MP TI Trends and variability of sea ice in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, 1953-2001 SO POLAR RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Sea Ice Extent and the Global Climate System CY APR 15-17, 2002 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP World Climate Res Programme, Arctic Climate Syst Study, Climate & Cryosphere Projects ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; CIRCULATION AB The extent and duration of sea ice in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait has a major impact on the timing and strength of the marine production along West Greenland. The advance and retreat of the sea ice follows a predictable pattern, with maximum extent typically in March. We examine the area of sea ice in March in three overlapping study regions centred on Disko Bay on the west coast of Greenland. Sea ice concentration estimates derived from satellite passive microwave data are available for the years 1979-2001. We extend the record back in time by digitizing ice charts from the Danish Meteorological Institute, 1953-1981. There is reasonable agreement between the chart data and the satellite data during the three years of overlap: 1979-1981. We find a significant increasing trend in sea ice for the 49-year period (1953-2001) for the study regions that extend into Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. The cyclical nature of the wintertime ice area is also evident, with a period of about 8 to 9 years. Correlation of the winter sea ice concentration with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index shows moderately high values in Baffin Bay. The correlation of ice concentration with the previous winter's NAO is high in Davis Strait and suggests that next winter's ice conditions can be predicted to some extent by this winter's NAO index. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Greenland Inst Nat Resources, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stern, HL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 11 PU NORWEGIAN POLAR INST PI TROMSO PA POLAR ENVIRONMENTAL CENTRE, N-9296 TROMSO, NORWAY SN 0800-0395 J9 POLAR RES JI Polar Res. PY 2003 VL 22 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00090.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Oceanography GA 696WB UT WOS:000183909600003 ER PT S AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA BE Shaw, JA Tyo, JS TI Polarized light diffusely scattered under smooth and rough interfaces SO POLARIZATION SCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization Science and Remote Sensing CY AUG 03-05, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID OUT-OF-PLANE; SUBSURFACE DEFECTS; SURFACE; SPHERES; SILICON; MICROROUGHNESS; ELLIPSOMETRY; INSTRUMENT AB We develop models for light scattering appropriate for glossy and matte paints. Volume scattering is treated in the single scattering regime and the diffusive scattering regime. In the single scattering regime, scattering is treated in the Rayleigh-Gans approximation, using a Henyey-Greenstein phase function. Interaction of the light with the smooth or rough interface is treated in the facet approximation. The theory for transmissive light scattering by a rough interface in the facet approximation is presented. To treat volume scattering under a rough interface, a Monte Carlo approach is used, where light is allowed to interact with the surface twice, once upon entering the material and once upon exiting. We compare the polarization and intensity predicted by the models with experimental data from glossy and matte paint samples. The results indicate that the new models are an improvement over the Maxwell-Beard model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5031-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5158 BP 193 EP 204 DI 10.1117/12.505979 PG 12 WC Remote Sensing; Optics SC Remote Sensing; Optics GA BY23L UT WOS:000188361700021 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Benner, BA Schantz, MM Sander, LC Wise, SA Vangel, MG AF Poster, DL Benner, BA Schantz, MM Sander, LC Wise, SA Vangel, MG TI Determination of methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate-related standard reference materials SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE diesel particles; methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) ID CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; COASTAL SEDIMENTS; SHALE OIL; COAL-TAR; EMISSIONS; LIQUID; ENGINE; PAHS; CERTIFICATION; COMBUSTION AB The concentrations of methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three diesel particulate-related Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) have been determined using multiple methods of analysis. These three SRMs-SRM 1650a, Diesel Particulate Matter; SRM 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift); and SRM 1975, Diesel Particulate Extract-were recently issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Each material has certified and reference concentrations for PAHs including many methyl-substituted compounds. Reference concentrations are available for 21 compounds in SRM 1650a, 20 compounds in SRM 2975, and 20 compounds in SRM 1975. The characterization of the methyl-substituted PAHs is described in this article in conjunction with a description of the relative distribution of the methyl-substituted PAHs in each material. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 113 EP 139 DI 10.1080/10406630308059 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 683GK UT WOS:000183139900001 ER PT J AU Poster, DL de Alda, MJL Schantz, MM Sander, LC Wise, SA Vangel, MG AF Poster, DL de Alda, MJL Schantz, MM Sander, LC Wise, SA Vangel, MG TI Development and analysis of three diesel particulate-related standard reference materials for the determination of chemical, physical, and biological characteristics SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE bioassay; diesel particles; particle size; polycyclic aromatic; hydrocarbons; Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; TYPHIMURIUM MUTAGENICITY ASSAY; SALMONELLA MICROSOME ASSAY; COMPLEX-MIXTURES; BACTERIAL MUTAGENICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; EXOGENOUS ACTIVATION; EXHAUST PARTICLES; ORGANIC EXTRACTS AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently issued three Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) related to diesel particulate matter: SRM 7650a, Diesel Particulate Matter; SRM 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift); and SRM 1975, Diesel Particulate Extract. These three materials have certified and reference concentrations for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including many alkyl-substituted compounds. SRM 1650a is the reissue of an existing material and SRMs 2975 and 1975 represent new materials. The characterization of the PAH content of these three diesel particulate-related SRMs is presented with a discussion of the approach for the certification of PAH concentrations. In addition, the physical and biological characterization of these materials is discussed. A review of customer reported uses of these SRMs in the chemical, physical, and biological sciences is also provided. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM poster@nist.gov RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 96 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2003 VL 23 IS 2 BP 141 EP 191 DI 10.1080/10406630308056 PG 51 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 683GK UT WOS:000183139900002 ER PT J AU Davis, RD Gilman, JW VanderHart, DL AF Davis, RD Gilman, JW VanderHart, DL TI Processing degradation of polyamide 6/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites and clay organic modifier SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE polyamide 6; nanocomposite; montmorillonite clay; thermal degradation; processing stability; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; FIRE-RETARDANT; NYLON-6; HYBRID AB Under injection molding conditions, typical of industrial processing, in situ polymerized montmorillonite/polyamide 6 nanocomposites significantly degraded, producing a four-fold increase in epsilon-caprolactam (monomer) content and a significant reduction in number average molecular mass, as compared to the as-received nanocomposite. Degradation was believed to occur via peptide bond scission following attack by water that is most likely released from the polymer and the montmorillonite clay surface at the 300 degreesC (12.5 min) processing conditions. Under identical injection molding conditions, virgin polyamide 6 number average molecular mass did not decrease (within experimental uncertainty); however, a small increase in monomer content was observed. Characterization methods included solution C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel-permeation chromatography, and thermal gravimetric analysis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 128 Z9 134 U1 0 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PY 2003 VL 79 IS 1 BP 111 EP 121 AR PII S0141-3910(02)00263-Z DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00263-X PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 617NQ UT WOS:000179368100014 ER PT B AU Mates, SP Biancaniello, FS Ridder, SD AF Mates, SP Biancaniello, FS Ridder, SD BE Marquis, FDS TI The effect of swirl on gas velocity decay in a generic annular close-coupled nozzle SO POWDER MATERIALS: CURRENT RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Powder Materials - Current Research and Industrial Practices III held at the Materials Science and Technology Meeting CY NOV 09-12, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TMS Powder Mat Comm DE gas atomization; swirl; atomization efficiency; atomization mechanisms ID ATOMIZATION; JETS AB Introducing swirl into the gas flow generated by close-coupled nozzles has long been suggested as a means to improve melt disintegration near the nozzle tip. However, adding swirl may have unintended negative consequences on atomization performance by causing gas velocity to decay more quickly with distance from the nozzle exit. More rapid velocity decay can result in less effective secondary atomization far from the nozzle tip, potentially leading to coarser particles. Pilot pressure surveys were used to study the effect of swirl strength on the gas velocity decay rate of a generic annular close-coupled nozzle. Increasing swirl strength steadily reduced supersonic gas jet length compared to the no-swirl case, up to a maximum of 34% at the largest swirl strength tested (0.365). Swirl also displaces the peak gas velocity farther away from centerline compared to the no-swirl case. The potential particle size coarsening due to the more rapid velocity decay caused by swirl may counteract the benefits swirl may provide near the nozzle exit. These counterbalancing effects must be accounted for in order to utilize swirl most effectively in the production of fine metal powders by gas atomization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Mates, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-563-8 PY 2003 BP 21 EP 28 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY44V UT WOS:000189295600002 ER PT B AU Biancaniello, FS Mates, SP Ridder, SD AF Biancaniello, FS Mates, SP Ridder, SD BE Marquis, FDS TI Reduced-scale gas atomizer facility for rapid solidification studies SO POWDER MATERIALS: CURRENT RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Powder Materials - Current Research and Industrial Practices III held at the Materials Science and Technology Meeting CY NOV 09-12, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TMS Powder Mat Comm C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biancaniello, FS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-563-8 PY 2003 BP 29 EP 29 PG 1 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY44V UT WOS:000189295600003 ER PT B AU Biancaniello, FS Zahrah, TF Jiggetts, RD Rowland, R Mates, SP Ridder, SD AF Biancaniello, FS Zahrah, TF Jiggetts, RD Rowland, R Mates, SP Ridder, SD BE Marquis, FDS TI Structure and properties of consolidated amorphous metal powder SO POWDER MATERIALS: CURRENT RESEARCH AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES III LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Powder Materials - Current Research and Industrial Practices III held at the Materials Science and Technology Meeting CY NOV 09-12, 2003 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TMS Powder Mat Comm DE amorphous metal powder; HIP consolidation; material properties ID GLASS-FORMING ABILITY; CU47TI34ZR11NI8; THERMODYNAMICS; ALLOYS AB Amorphous metal alloys have been developed with sufficiently slow crystallization kinetics to allow the casting of bulk amorphous metal (BAM) components up to several centimeters in cross section. Mechanical characterization of these castings has shown that these new BAM alloys have high modulus, high elastic limits and high hardness, as compared to crystalline metal alloys. The extension of this technology to the production of large structural amorphous metal components will require the consolidation of amorphous particles. NIST and MATSYS are studying the response of several amorphous metal alloys to HIP consolidation. This paper will present the results of these studies on consolidated BAM alloys, as well as recent results on the mechanical properties and microstructures of BAM powder subjected to high strain rates using a Kolsky Bar. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biancaniello, FS (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,STOP 8556, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-563-8 PY 2003 BP 265 EP 272 PG 8 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BY44V UT WOS:000189295600033 ER PT S AU Gorman, JJ Jablokow, KW Cannon, DJ AF Gorman, JJ Jablokow, KW Cannon, DJ GP AAC AAC TI A simplified adaptive robust backstepping approach using sliding modes and a z-swapping identifier SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-6 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual American Control Conference (ACC 2003) CY JUN 04, 2003-JUN 06, 2006 CL DENVER, CO SP Amer Automat Control Council, IFAC ID NONLINEAR-SYSTEMS; DESIGN; UNCERTAINTIES; TRACKING AB An adaptive robust backstepping approach using sliding modes and a z-swapping identifier is presented for a class of nonlinear parameter-varying systems. Each of the first n-1 virtual control inputs is designed using a zero-order sliding mode controller. Then, in the final step, a general sliding mode controller is used to stabilize the entire closed loop system. The parameter update law is designed using a gain adjusted exponential forgetting least-squares algorithm and a projection operator. The benefits of the approach include a reduction in the overcompensation Of uncertainty, a simplification of the control law, and the ability to use linear design techniques to determine the system's transient performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gorman, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 0-7803-7896-2 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2003 BP 5116 EP 5122 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BX87J UT WOS:000186706200874 ER PT B AU Hunt, FY Kearsley, AJ O'Gallagher, A AF Hunt, FY Kearsley, AJ O'Gallagher, A GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI A linear programming based algorithm for multiple sequence alignments SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE BIOINFORMATICS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference CY AUG 11-14, 2003 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc TC Bioinformat, ACM HO STANFORD UNIV AB In this brief paper we discuss an approach to multiple sequence alignment based on treating the alignmenet process as a stochastic control problem. The use of a model based on a Markov decision process leads to a linear programming problem whose solution is linked to a suggested alignment. Our goal is to avoid the expense in time and computation encountered when dynamic programming based algorithms are used to align a large number of sequences. The dual linear programming problem can also be defined. We implemented the method on a set of cytochrome p450 sequences and compared our suggested alignments of 3 sequences with that obtained by CLUSTALW. Further details can be found in the reference [1]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hunt, FY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2000-6 PY 2003 BP 532 EP 533 DI 10.1109/CSB.2003.1227398 PG 2 WC Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science GA BY34W UT WOS:000188997700111 ER PT S AU Knappe, S Velichansky, V Robinson, HG Liew, L Moreland, J Kitching, J Hollberg, L AF Knappe, S Velichansky, V Robinson, HG Liew, L Moreland, J Kitching, J Hollberg, L GP IEEE IEEE TI Atomic vapor cells for miniature frequency references SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE frequency reference; atomic vapor cell; miniaturization AB We report on the fabrication of millimeter-sized vapor cells and their performance in atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping (CPT). We discuss two fabrication techniques. The first one is based on hollow-core pyrex fibers, fused with a CO2 laser or micro-torch, and the second one involves anodic bonding of micro-machined silicon wafers to pyrex. Key aspects of the discussion are the performance of the cell in frequency references, the potential for further miniaturization of the cells and the ability to manufacture them on a large scale with reproducible performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Knappe, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Velichansky, Vladimir/M-4861-2015 NR 4 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 31 EP 32 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900005 ER PT S AU Wineland, DJ Bergquist, JC Rosenband, T Schmidt, PO Itano, WM Bollinger, JJ Leibfried, D Oskay, WH AF Wineland, DJ Bergquist, JC Rosenband, T Schmidt, PO Itano, WM Bollinger, JJ Leibfried, D Oskay, WH GP IEEE IEEE TI Ion optical clocks and quantum information processing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE atomic clocks; optical clocks; quantum information; trapped-ion frequency standards ID FREQUENCY STANDARD; PROJECTION NOISE; TRAPPED IONS; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES; ENTANGLEMENT; TRANSITION; ENSEMBLE; PLASMAS; ATOMS AB Techniques developed for quantum-information processing using trapped ions may be useful in future atomic clocks. Here, we summarize experiments at NIST that (1) use quantum gates to entangle ions and thereby improve the measurement signal-to-noise ratio in spectroscopy and (2) implement sympathetic cooling and quantum state transfer techniques, which might be used to increase the number of choices of ions used for clocks. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Schmidt, Piet/F-6384-2011 OI Schmidt, Piet/0000-0003-0773-5889 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 68 EP 71 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900011 ER PT S AU Oskay, WH Bize, S Diddams, SA Drullinger, RE Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Itano, WM Jefferts, SR Parker, TE Tanaka, U Tanner, CE Bergquist, JC AF Oskay, WH Bize, S Diddams, SA Drullinger, RE Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Itano, WM Jefferts, SR Parker, TE Tanaka, U Tanner, CE Bergquist, JC GP IEEE IEEE TI The mercury-ion optical clock and the search for temporal variation of fundamental constants SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; FEMTOSECOND-LASER; TIME-VARIATION; FREQUENCY; SPECTROSCOPY; HG-199(+); ABSORPTION AB The repeated comparison of atomic frequency standards based upon different transitions enables the search for time variation of the fundamental constants that determine the transition frequencies. Over the course of two years we compared the frequency of the Hg-199(+) 5d(10) 6S (2) S-1/2 (F = 0) <----> 5d(9)6S(2) D-2(1/2)(F = 2) electric-quadrupole transition at 282 nm with the frequency of the ground-state hyperfine splitting in neutral Cs-133 that defines the SI second. These measurements constrain any fractional time variation of the ratio VCs/VHg between the two frequencies to be less than +/- 7x10(-15)yr(-1) (1sigma uncertainty). According to recent atomic structure calculations, this sets an upper limit to a possible fractional time variation of the product gCs(rn(e)/m(p))alpha-(6.0) at the same level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Oskay, WH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM oskay@boulder.nist.gov; berky@boulder.nist.gov RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 78 EP 81 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900014 ER PT S AU Donley, EA Crowley, TP Heavner, TP Riddle, BF AF Donley, EA Crowley, TP Heavner, TP Riddle, BF GP IEEE IEEE TI A quantum-based microwave power measurement performed with a miniature atomic fountain SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB A microwave power standard directly traceable to a fundamental atomic process could potentially reduce the uncertainties associated with microwave power measurement. We report on a proof-of-principle experiment to measure microwave power by observing Rabi oscillations in the clock transition of Cs-133 atoms. The measurements were performed using a miniature atomic fountain. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Donley, EA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 135 EP 137 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900028 ER PT S AU Ramond, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Kurz, H AF Ramond, TM Bartels, A Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Kurz, H GP IEEE IEEE TI Low instability, low phase-noise femtosecond optical frequency comb microwave synthesizer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE Allan deviation; femtosecond comb; microwave synthesizer; optical clocks; phase-noise ID BROAD-BAND CONTINUUM; OSCILLATOR; LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; GENERATION; HG-199(+); STANDARD; NM AB The ability of a frequency comb from a femtosecond mode-locked laser to faithfully reproduce the properties of optical oscillators at microwave frequencies is examined. The fractional frequency instability of the femtosecond comb microwave synthesizer is 2 x 10(-14)/tau, and could improve by at least a factor of 10 upon elimination of excess photodetection noise. Phase-noise levels are also examined. The femtosecond comb frequency synthesizer is compared to other high-performance microwave oscillators and synthesizers and is found to be among the best available. With the realization of predicted improvements in phase-noise and stability for the femtosecond combs and optical frequency standards, the femtosecond comb could eventually synthesize the highest quality microwaves. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ramond, TM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 168 EP 171 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900036 ER PT S AU Howe, DA Peppler, TK AF Howe, DA Peppler, TK GP IEEE IEEE TI Very long-term frequency stability: Estimation using a special-purpose statistic SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID ALLAN VARIANCE AB difficult measurement problem, namely, determining frequency stability for frequency standards and oscillators for averaging times longer than those the traditional Allan deviation can estimate. Theoretical variance #1 ("Theol") has statistical properties that are like "Avar" (Allan variance), with two significant enhancements: (1) it can evaluate frequency stability at longer averaging times than given by the definition of Avar, and (2) it has the highest number of equivalent degrees of freedom (edf) of any estimator of frequency stability. Theol is unbiased relative to Avar for white FM noise, and only moderately biased for the other noises. Given measurements of the time-error function x(t) between two clocks, we have a sequence of time-error samples {x(n) : n = 1,..., N-x} with a sampling period between adjacent observations given by tau(0). In integer multiples of tau(0), we can obtain an average of fractional-frequency deviates over time tau = mtau(0), 1 less than or equal to m less than or equal to N-x - 1. Theol is given by Theol (m, tau(0), N-x) = 1/(0.75(N-x - m)(mtau(0))(2)Sigma(i=1)(Nx-m) Sigma(delta=0)(m/2-1)1/(m/2-delta[(x(i)-x(i-delta)+(m/2)) + )x(i+m)=x(i+delta+m/2))](2), for m even, 10 less than or equal to m less than or equal to N, - 1, where frequency stability is evaluated at span or stride tau(s) = 0.75mtau(0). This means that the last tau(s) = 0.75(N-x - 1)tau(0), or an averaging time corresponding to 3/4 of the duration of a data run, or 50 % longer than the longest tau-value of Avar. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 233 EP 238 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900047 ER PT S AU Howe, DA Ostrick, JR AF Howe, DA Ostrick, JR GP IEEE IEEE TI Residual PM and AM noise measurements, noise figure and jitter calculations of 100 GHz amplifiers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID EFFECT TRANSISTOR-AMPLIFIERS; PHASE NOISE; AMPLITUDE AB We report the first definitive PM and AM noise measurements at 100 GHz of indium phosphide (InP) amplifiers operating at 5 K, 77 K, and room temperature. Amplifier gain ranged from +7 dB to +30 dB, depending on input RF power levels and operating bias current and gate voltages. The measurement system, calibration procedure, and amplifier configuration are described along with strategies for reducing the measurement system noise floor in order to accurately make these measurements. We compute amplifier noise figure with an ideal oscillator signal applied and, based on the PM noise measurements, obtain NF = 0.8 dB, or a noise temperature of 59 K. Measurement uncertainty is estimated at +/-0.3 dB. Results show that the use of the amplifier with an ideal 100 GHz reference oscillator would set a lower limit on rms clock jitter of 44.2 fs in a 20 ps sampling interval, if the power into the amplifier were -31.6 dBm. For comparison, clock jitter is 16 fs with a commercial room-temperature amplifier operating in saturation with an input power of -6.4 dBm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 503 EP 515 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900095 ER PT S AU Hati, A Howe, DA Walls, FL Walker, D AF Hati, A Howe, DA Walls, FL Walker, D GP IEEE IEEE TI Noise figure vs. PM noise measurements: A study at microwave frequencies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID AMPLIFIERS; AM AB This paper addresses two issues: (i) it compares the usefulness of phase-modulation (PM) noise measurements vs. noise figure (NF) measurements in characterizing the merit of an amplifier, and (ii) it reconciles a general misunderstanding in using -174 dBc/Hz (relative to carrier input power of 0 dBm) as thermal noise level. The residual broadband (white PM) noise is used as the basis for estimating the noise figure (NF) of an amplifier. We have observed experimentally that many amplifiers show an increase in the broadband noise of 1 to 5 dB as the signal level through the amplifier increases. This effect is linked to input power through the amplifier's nonlinear intermodulation distortion. Consequently, this effect is reduced as linearity is increased. It is important to note that NF is sometimes used as a selection criteria for an amplifier but yields no information about potentially important close-to-carrier 1/f noise of an amplifier, whereas PM and amplitude modulation (AM) noise measurements do. We have verified theoretically and experimentally that the single-sideband PM (and AM) noise floor due to thermal noise is -177 dBc/Hz, relative to a carrier input power of 0 dBm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hati, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 516 EP 520 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900096 ER PT S AU Howe, DA Tasset, TN AF Howe, DA Tasset, TN GP IEEE IEEE TI Clock jitter estimation based on PM noise measurements SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID FREQUENCY STABILITY; PHASE NOISE; OSCILLATORS AB "Jitter" is the noise modulation due to random time shifts on an otherwise ideal, or perfectly on-time, signal transition. In the absence of ultra-high-speed jitter analyzers, spectrum analysis is an alternate noise measurement for timing jitter. Conventionally, jitter has been defined as a the integral of the phase noise. This paper presents a modified way of calculating timing jitter using phase-modulation (PM) noise measurements of high-speed digital clocks, which considers the frequency response of the jitter analyzer, providing a more accurate map. Measurements of phase noise are typically much more sensitive to phase (or time) fluctuations than a jitter analyzer. A summary table is provided for mapping the results of these measurements in the Fourier frequency domain to jitter in the tau domain for various random (specifically, power-law) noise types, spurs, vibration, and power-supply ripple. In general, one cannot unambiguously map back, that is, translate from jitter measurements to phase noise. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 541 EP 546 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900101 ER PT S AU Johnson, WL Kim, SA Uda, S AF Johnson, WL Kim, SA Uda, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Acoustic loss in langasite and langanite SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE acoustic loss; anelasticity; langasite; langanite; langatate; Q; resonance; ultrasonic ID CUT RESONATORS; LANGATATE AB Resonant ultrasonic loss Q(-1) in piano-convex unplated Y-cut disks of langasite and langanite was measured as a function of frequency and temperature with the aim of identifying dominant internal mechanisms that will degrade the performance of electronic oscillators. In both materials, the dependence on temperature is similar to that previously reported for langatate. An anelastic peak appears with maxima in the 150-280 K range at frequencies between 2 MHz and 14 MHz. The dependencies of this peak on temperature and frequency is consistent with a point-defect relaxation. The width of the peak is greater than that of a Debye peak, which indicates that the relaxation has a distribution of activation energies. The peak appears at higher temperatures in langasite than in langatate, and this may explain the lower room-temperature Q(-1) reported thus far in langatate. Additional anelastic peaks appear at elevated temperatures. The peaks are superimposed on a component of the loss that increases monotonically with temperature according to an approximate Arrhenius expression. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Johnson, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 646 EP 649 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900119 ER PT S AU Shirley, JH Jefferts, SR AF Shirley, JH Jefferts, SR GP IEEE IEEE TI PARCS magnetic field measurement: Low frequency majorana transitions and magnetic field inhomogeneity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE magnetic field inhomogeneity; Majorana transitions; PARCS ID ACCURACY EVALUATION AB Knowledge of the magnetic field is required to determine the quadratic Zeeman bias of a cesium frequency standard. The small magnetic fields (C-field) used in PARCS (PARCS is the primary atomic reference clock in space project), may have sufficient inhomogeneity that it is not practical to measure the field by observing Ramsey fringes on a field-sensitive hyperfine line at low launch velocities. An alternative method is to observe low-frequency (Majorana) transitions among the Zeeman sublevels. However, this method does not average the C-field in the same way as Ramsey excitation. We have computed the error incurred in using this method for some simple models of inhomogeneity. We have then estimated the field homogeneity requirements needed for this method to produce adequate results. Experiments with the NIST cesium fountain are in qualitative agreement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 1072 EP 1075 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900191 ER PT S AU Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA Shirley, JH Parker, TE AF Jefferts, SR Heavner, TP Donley, EA Shirley, JH Parker, TE GP IEEE IEEE TI Second generation cesium fountain primary frequency. standards at NIST SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION JOINTLY WITH 17TH EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition/17th European Frequency and Time Forum CY MAY 04-08, 2003 CL TAMPA, FL SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID ACCURACY EVALUATION; SHIFT; PERFORMANCE; COLLISIONS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7688-9 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2003 BP 1084 EP 1088 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BY39D UT WOS:000189158900193 ER PT B AU Feng, SC Lee, YG Lyons, KW AF Feng, SC Lee, YG Lyons, KW GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Open framework for the assembly of micro- and nano-scale artifacts SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ASSEMBLY AND TASK PLANNING (ISATP2003) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Task Planning (ISATP2003) CY JUL 10-11, 2003 CL BESANCON, FRANCE SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, Assembly Net ID MANIPULATION AB The design and manufacture of miniature devices have been increasing in both research laboratories and industry. The sizes of the devices continue to decrease to the nanometer scale. At the same time, the complexity of those devices has increased To achieve the desired functionality, different materials are required for making different components. Consequently, micro- and nano-assembly has to be performed A micro- and nano-assembly system using optical tweezers has been developed This paper describes an information framework for a nano-assembly system. The framework contains the following components: a use case model, component model, activity model, class diagram, and interaction model. These components are all described using the Unified Modeling Language. An initial implementation based on this framework is presented and discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7770-2 PY 2003 BP 72 EP 78 DI 10.1109/ISATP.2003.1217190 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA BX16J UT WOS:000184467400014 ER PT B AU Rachuri, S Han, YH Feng, SC Wang, FJ Sriram, RD Lyons, KW Roy, U AF Rachuri, S Han, YH Feng, SC Wang, FJ Sriram, RD Lyons, KW Roy, U GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Object-oriented representation of electro-mechanical assemblies using UML SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ASSEMBLY AND TASK PLANNING (ISATP2003) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE International Symposium on Assembly and Task Planning (ISATP2003) CY JUL 10-11, 2003 CL BESANCON, FRANCE SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, Assembly Net AB The important issue of representing mechanical assemblies has been a subject of intense research over the past several years. Most electromechanical products are assemblies of several components. This paper presents an object-oriented definition of an assembly model called Open Assembly Model (OAM). The assembly model has function, form, and behavior It defines both a system level conceptual model and the associated hierarchical relationships. The model provides a way for representing tolerance representation and propagation, kinematics representation, and engineering analysis at the system level. The assembly model is open so as to enable plug-and-play with various analysis and applications modules. A case study example is discussed to explain the Usecase analysis of the assembly model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MEL, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rachuri, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MEL, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7770-2 PY 2003 BP 228 EP 234 DI 10.1109/ISATP.2003.1217216 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA BX16J UT WOS:000184467400040 ER PT B AU Stein, SE Heller, SR Tchekhovski, D AF Stein, SE Heller, SR Tchekhovski, D BE Collier, H TI An open standard for chemical structure representation: The IUPAC Chemical Identifier SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL INFORMATION CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Chemical Information Conference CY OCT 19-22, 2003 CL NIMES, FRANCE AB IUPAC has long been involved in the development of systematic and standard procedures for naming chemical substances on the basis of their structure. The resulting rules of nomenclature, while covering almost all compounds, were designed for text-based media. IUPAC is now developing a means of representing chemical substances in a format more suitable for digital processing, involving the computer processing of chemical structural information (connection tables). This is being implemented in the IUPAC Chemical Identifier project, details of which will be discussed in this presentation. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFONORTICS LTD PI GLOS PA 15 MARKET PLACE, TETBURY, GLOS GL8 8DD, ENGLAND BN 1-873699-93-X PY 2003 BP 131 EP 143 PG 13 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA BY44Q UT WOS:000189295000012 ER PT B AU Qiao, GX Riddick, F McLean, C AF Qiao, GX Riddick, F McLean, C BE Chick, SE Sanchez, PJ Ferrin, D Morrice, DJ TI Data driven design and simimation system based on XML SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE SMC, Inst Ind Engineers, INFORMS, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB Implementing a highly flexible manufacturing approach, like mass customization manufacturing, demands an integrated design and simulation system. This system must be able to cope with difficult issues such as a high level of product variety, uncertainty in the product demand forecast, and the reconfiguration of manufacturing resources to support the introduction and integration of new manufacturing capabilities. In this paper, a data-driven design and simulation system to support flexible manufacturing is presented. A neutral model of shop information, based on the eXtensible Markup Language, is used to describe the important information about the manufacturing facilities and processes, to configure simulation models and to exchange data between simulation and other manufacturing applications. When demand changes, the simulation model can be quickly modified to perform analysis according to the new demand. Manufacturing capabilities and production processes can be adjusted, layout reconfigured, and resources reassigned according to the analysis results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qiao, GX (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8131-9 PY 2003 BP 1143 EP 1148 DI 10.1109/WSC.2003.1261543 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BY24E UT WOS:000188415500141 ER PT B AU McLean, C Shao, GD AF McLean, C Shao, GD BE Chick, SE Sanchez, PJ Ferrin, D Morrice, DJ TI Generic case studies for manufacturing simulation applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE SMC, Inst Ind Engineers, INFORMS, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB Manufacturing managers typically commission simulation case studies to support their decision-making processes. These studies are used to evaluate alternative solutions to manufacturing problems in areas such as plant layout, scheduling, capacity planning, capital equipment acquisition, inventory management, and supply chain planning. Procedures for performing case studies vary from organization to organization, and situation to situation. It is possible that two different simulation analysts faced with the same manufacturing problem would perform their case studies differently, obtain different results, and reach different conclusions. The authors contend that standardization of the case study methodology and development of generic case studies would increase the likelihood that the simulation process will be deterministic, i.e., produce repeatable results. This paper presents background on case studies and makes recommendations concerning the advancement of manufacturing simulation case study methods and practices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLean, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8131-9 PY 2003 BP 1217 EP 1224 DI 10.1109/WSC.2003.1261553 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BY24E UT WOS:000188415500151 ER PT B AU Lee, YT McLean, C Shao, GD AF Lee, YT McLean, C Shao, GD BE Chick, SE Sanchez, PJ Ferrin, D Morrice, DJ TI A neutral information model for simulating machine shop operations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE SMC, Inst Ind Engineers, INFORMS, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB Small machine shops typically do not have the resources to develop custom simulations of their operations or data translators to import their data from other manufacturing software applications. This paper presents an overview of an information model currently under development at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to address this problem. The model provides neutral data interfaces for integrating machine shop software applications with simulation. The information model provides mechanisms for describing data about organizations, calendars, work, resources, schedules, parts, process plans, and layouts within a machine shop environment. The model has been developed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the Extensible Markup Language (XML). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, YT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8131-9 PY 2003 BP 1296 EP 1304 DI 10.1109/WSC.2003.1261565 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BY24E UT WOS:000188415500162 ER PT B AU McLean, C Leong, S Harrell, C Zimmerman, PM Lu, RF AF McLean, C Leong, S Harrell, C Zimmerman, PM Lu, RF BE Chick, SE Sanchez, PJ Ferrin, D Morrice, DJ TI Simulation standards: Current status, needs, and future directions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2003 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 07-10, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE SMC, Inst Ind Engineers, INFORMS, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Modeling & Simulat Int AB How could the manufacturing modeling and simulation process be improved? Today simulation analysts typically code their models from scratch and build custom data translators to import required data. Manufacturing simulations often are built as single monolithic software systems. The development of neutral, vendor-independent data formats for storing simulation models and transferring data could greatly improve the accessibility of simulation technology to industry. Simulation standards for these models and data could help to accelerate the modeling process and reduce modeling costs. How can we determine what simulation standards need to be developed? This panel will discuss simulation standards needs from the perspective of users, vendors, academia, and government. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS8260,Bldg 220,Room A127, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mclean@cme.nist.gov; leong@nist.gov; CharlesH@promode1.com; pzimmerm@ait.nrl.navy.mil; roberto.f.1u@boeing.com NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-8131-9 PY 2003 BP 2019 EP 2026 DI 10.1109/WSC.2003.1261666 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BY24E UT WOS:000188415500261 ER PT B AU Schaetz, T Barrett, MD Ben Kish, A Britton, J Chiaverini, J Demarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Leibfried, D Lucas, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Rowe, MA Wineland, DJ AF Schaetz, T Barrett, MD Ben Kish, A Britton, J Chiaverini, J Demarco, B Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Leibfried, D Lucas, D Meyer, V Rosenband, T Rowe, MA Wineland, DJ BE MoyaCessa, H Jauregui, R Hacyan, S Castanos, O TI Building blocks for a scalable quantum information processor based on trapped ions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SQUEEZED STATES AND UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations CY JUN 09-13, 2003 CL Puebla, MEXICO SP Int Union Pure Appl Phys, Ctr Latinoamericano Fis ID COMPUTATION; COMPUTER AB We describe the underlying concept and experimental demonstration of the basic building blocks of a scalable quantum information processor architecture using trapped ion-qubits. The trap structure is divided into many subregions. In each several ion-qubits can be trapped in complete isolation from all the other ion-qubits in the system. In a particular subregion, ion-qubits can either be stored as memory or subjected to individual rotations or multi-qubit gates. The ion-qubits are guided through the array by appropriately switching control electrode potentials. Excess energy that is gained through the motion of ion-qubits in the array or other heating mechanisms can be removed by sympathetic cooling of the ion-qubits with another ion species. The proposed architecture can be used in a highly parallel fashion, an important prerequisite for fault-tolerant quantum computation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Schaetz, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-040-1 PY 2003 BP 379 EP 386 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Optics; Physics GA BAX33 UT WOS:000224075600055 ER PT B AU Sheridan, P Hill, R Matthews, G Appeldoorn, R AF Sheridan, P Hill, R Matthews, G Appeldoorn, R BE Creswell, RL TI The effects of trap fishing in coralline habitats: What do we know? How do we learn more? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 12-17, 2001 CL TURKS & CAICOS ISL, W IND ASSOC ST SP Govt Turks & Caicos Isl, Govt Bermuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, US EPA, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Florida Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nature Conservancy, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE coral reef ecosystem; gear impacts; traps AB Trap fishing in United States waters occurs in coral habitats in the Florida Keys, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Although the numbers of traps fished and the general placement areas of traps are known, there is little information on the exact placement of traps by habitat type, seasonal movement of traps among habitats, and potential for gear impacts to various habitats such as seagrasses, macroalgae, sponges, and hard and soft corals. We are beginning to examine the placement of traps in relation to habitat types and, in the future, will be conducting underwater surveys of traps and fishing techniques in all three locales to determine potential for habitat damage and for gear or method modifications, if necessary. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Sheridan, P (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2003 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BW60H UT WOS:000182548000001 ER PT B AU Serafy, JE Prince, ED Venizelos, A Cowen, RK Graves, JE Luckhurst, BE AF Serafy, JE Prince, ED Venizelos, A Cowen, RK Graves, JE Luckhurst, BE BE Creswell, RL TI Spawning and nursery habitat of blue marlin, makaira nigricans: Cooperative research in the vicinity of Ezuma Sound, Bahamas SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 12-17, 2001 CL TURKS & CAICOS ISL, W IND ASSOC ST SP Govt Turks & Caicos Isl, Govt Bermuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, US EPA, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Florida Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nature Conservancy, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE blue marlin; essential fish habitat ID GROWTH AB We describe a two-phased project that examines "essential fish habitat" for blue marlin, Makaira nigricans. It builds on previous work and constitutes an international cooperative research effort involving government and university scientists and recreational and commercial fishers. Neuston sampling during July 2000 and July 2001 in the vicinity of Exuma Sound, Bahamas, yielded some of the highest densities of circa 2 - 17 day old blue marlin larvae ever reported. This indicates that the waters directly upstream of the Sound served. as blue marlin spawning grounds and that the Sound itself may be an important nursery area, at least during the summer. These results have prompted implementation of the second phase of the project: "pop-up" satellite tagging of adults at locations both upstream and downstream of the Sound during the peak of the next spawning season (i.e., June, 2002) followed by additional, larval sampling in the vicinity of the Sound during July, 2002. This work may provide valuable insight into the nursery role of Exuma Sound relative to open-ocean environments as well as into the extent of adult movement during the peak l of their spawning period. Concurrent with our work are three other studies that will complement our research: i) An effort to combine genetic and traditional methods for identifying even badly damaged billfish larvae to species; ii) An effort to age larval blue marlin from their otoliths; and iii) An effort to determine the sex and reproductive status of tagged adults from a small sample of muscle tissue. Collectively, these ongoing investigations may provide critical information for the protection of spawning and nursery habitats for Atlantic blue marlin and possibly other billfishes in the region. A future application for this work, if the study is expanded spatially and a time series is developed, is to assess whether abundances of larval blue marlin can be used as a fishery-independent index of spawning stock biomass. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Serafy, JE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2003 BP 330 EP 337 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BW60H UT WOS:000182548000027 ER PT B AU Fitzhugh, GR Lombardi-Carlson, LA Evou, NM AF Fitzhugh, GR Lombardi-Carlson, LA Evou, NM BE Creswell, RL TI Age structure of gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico by year, fishing mode, and region SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 12-17, 2001 CL TURKS & CAICOS ISL, W IND ASSOC ST SP Govt Turks & Caicos Isl, Govt Bermuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, US EPA, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Florida Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nature Conservancy, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE age structure; gear selectivity; Mycteroperca microlepis ID OF-MEXICO; SERRANIDAE; PISCES; GROWTH AB Based on estimation of age structure from catches derived from the west Florida shelf, gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) stocks exhibit alternating strong and weak year classes. Four year classes (1985,1989,1993,1996) were observed to exceed 40% of the total annual age structure by ages 4 - 6, the ages at full recruitment to the fishery. When sample locations were more precisely reported during 1998 - 1999, there was a slight trend towards older ages and increased ratio of males from the southwest Florida coast versus north of Tampa, the area where the fishery has historically been concentrated. The influence of gear on age-structure was quite apparent. In general, recreational hook-and-line gear captured the youngest fish, with increasing proportions of older ages occurring in commercial hook-and-line and long-line gears. Because of the catch patterns resulting from a strong 1993 year class, we suggest that gear selectivity by age is determined more by location and depths fished relative to the population distribution and less due to direct attributes of the gear, such as hook size or differences in fish behavior and susceptibility by size. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Fitzhugh, GR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2003 BP 538 EP 549 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BW60H UT WOS:000182548000046 ER PT B AU Collins, LA Walling, WT Brusher, JH Remy, MG Mikulas, JJ Chandler, GM La Fond, DM AF Collins, LA Walling, WT Brusher, JH Remy, MG Mikulas, JJ Chandler, GM La Fond, DM BE Creswell, RL TI Preliminary results from a study of reproduction in the vermilion snapper (Lutjanidae : Rhomboplites aurorubens) from the Eastern US Gulf of Mexico, 1991-2001 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 12-17, 2001 CL TURKS & CAICOS ISL, W IND ASSOC ST SP Govt Turks & Caicos Isl, Govt Bermuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, US EPA, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Florida Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nature Conservancy, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE fecundity; snapper; spawning ID SPAWNING FREQUENCY; OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT; FECUNDITY; SEASONALITY; MATURATION AB Analysis of vermilion snapper (Lutjanidae: Rhomboplites aurorubens) spawning and fecundity from the U.S. Gulf of Mexico provided accurate length-specific estimates of fecundity (batch fecundity, frequency of spawning, and annual fecundity) for mature vermilion snapper in order to enhance stock assessment of this species. Fisheries-dependent sampling began off Panama City in northwest Florida (FL) in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in 1991 and continues with greatly expanded sampling-coverage from off southwest FL to south Texas. Our main fisheries independent sampling began in 2000 and continues with day/night hook and line fishing as a necessity to determine length at first spawning, time of oocyte-hydration, spawning time, and location/depth/temperature of spawning. Maximum oocyte diameter, gonadosomatic index and histology indicate that vermilion snapper mainly spawn from April through September. We found at least 10 probable-spawning sites off west Florida in depths of 30 to 114 m. The smallest female with hydrated oocytes found thus far is 159 mm total length (TL). Most vermilion snapper spawned at approximately 2230 hours: most (90%) hydrated oocytes occurred from 1300 to 2230, with none occurring between 2230 and 0905. Most (91%) new postovulatory follicles occurred from 2230 to 0815, with none occurring between 0815 and 1320. Batch fecundity estimates for 1993-1994 ranged from 27,000 to 415,000 for 44 fish from 215 to 375 mm TL, for 2000 were 15,032 to 88,471 for 59 fish from 189 to 288 mm TL, and for 2001 were 7,385 to 377,226 for 20 fish from 159 to 510 mm TL. Average frequency of spawning for 2000 was 93 using the hydrated oocyte method. Average spawning periodicity for 2000 was 1.6 days. Annual fecundity estimates ranged from 1.4 to 8.2 million for 2000 (n = 59) and from 0.7 to 35 million including a few smaller and larger females for 2001 (n = 20), if the same spawning frequency estimate is used for both years. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Collins, LA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2003 BP 580 EP 591 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BW60H UT WOS:000182548000049 ER PT B AU Keller, BD Delaney, J Causey, B AF Keller, BD Delaney, J Causey, B BE Creswell, RL TI Monitoring changes in the fully protected zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 12-17, 2001 CL TURKS & CAICOS ISL, W IND ASSOC ST SP Govt Turks & Caicos Isl, Govt Bermuda, Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, US EPA, Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Florida Sea Grant Program, Environm Def, Soc Conservat Reef Fish Aggregat, Nature Conservancy, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv DE Florida Keys; marine protected areas; monitoring AB The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is a 9,850 km(2) marine protected area managed by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the State of Florida. A comprehensive management plan was implemented in 1997 to protect and conserve marine resources of the Florida Keys, which include mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef habitats and their associated communities. One innovative aspect of the management plan is the creation of a network of 23 fully protected zones (marine reserves; 24 as of July 2001) that are designed to protect biodiversity and sensitive habitats, reduce user conflicts, and lessen concentrated impacts to marine organisms at heavily used reefs. An ongoing monitoring program is designed to determine effects of no-take protection on heavily exploited. fishes and invertebrates, benthic communities, and human activities. Data on the abundance and size of fish, spiny lobster, and queen conch; algal cover; coral cover, diversity, and recruitment; and zone usage are collected from fully protected zones and adjacent reference sites. Preliminary reports indicate increases in the number and size of certain heavily exploited species such as spiny lobster within the fully protected zones. Slower-growing benthic species such as corals and sponges have not shown significant changes within protected areas, possibly because of the short period since implementation of the zoning plan (four years). C1 Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. RP Keller, BD (reprint author), Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, POB 500368, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 6 U2 15 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2003 BP 694 EP 701 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BW60H UT WOS:000182548000059 ER PT B AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Lin, EK Wu, WL AF Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Lin, EK Wu, WL GP IEEE IEEE TI Structural characterization of methylsilsesquioxane-based porous low-k thin films using x-ray porosimetry SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2003 INTERNATIONAL INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual International Interconnect Technology Conference CY JUN 02-04, 2003 CL BURLINGAME, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc ID PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AB Methylsilsesquioxane based porous low-k dielectric films with different porogen loading have been characterized using X-ray porosimetry to determine their pore size distribution, average density, wall density and porosity. By varying the porogen content from 1% to 30%, the porosity and the average pore size changed from 12% to 34% and from 10 Angstrom to 15 Angstrom in radius, respectively. The wall density was found to be independent of the porogen content and it appeared that the porogen is not 100% effective in generating pores. Pore size of these samples was also obtained from small angle neutron scattering measurements and the results were found to be consistent with that from XRP. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7797-4 PY 2003 BP 103 EP 105 DI 10.1109/IITC.2003.1219725 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Computer Science; Engineering; Physics GA BX16F UT WOS:000184465800031 ER PT B AU Freitag, P McPhaden, M Meinig, C Plimpton, P AF Freitag, P McPhaden, M Meinig, C Plimpton, P BE Rizoli, JA TI Mooring motion bias of point-Doppler current meter measurements SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE/OES SEVENTH WORKING CONFERENCE ON CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE/OES Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology CY MAR 13-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Ocean Engn Soc, Current Measurement Technol Comm, IEEE, Current Measurement Technol Comm AB Upper-ocean current measurements have been made for more than 20 years from taut-line surface moorings deployed in the equatorial Pacific by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). Until 1998 the moorings were instrumented with mechanical current meters (MCMs, either Vector Averaging Current Meters (VACM) or Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM)). Comparison with nearby subsurface 150 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) indicated that differences between the two measurement systems were generally small (i.e., mean differences of 5 cm s(-1) or less). By the early-1990's, maintenance of the aging MCMs (designed in the 1960s and 1970s) was difficult, time consuming and expensive. Early tests of the Sontek Argonaut-MD current meters by PMEL indicated that it was a good candidate for replacement of the MCMs. Subsequent comparisons between Argonaut-MD data and nearby ADCPs revealed significant bias between the two, with the Argonaut-MD reporting lower horizontal current speed. Further investigation, including the analysis of high-frequency output from the Argonaut-MD compass/tilt-sensor (Precision Navigation model TCM2), found that the source of the bias was the inability of the compass/tiltsensor to function properly in response to extreme lateral and rotational accelerations experienced by the instruments in high current speed regimes. A solution to this problem was to reduce the acceleration of the current meters by attaching vanes to each instrument. Since PMEL introduced this modification, differences between Argonaut-MD and ADCP data are comparable to those found previously between MCM and ADCP. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Freitag, P (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7813-X PY 2003 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1109/CCM.2003.1194304 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BW46A UT WOS:000182080500031 ER PT B AU Shih, HH Bushnell, M Tronvig, K Mero, T AF Shih, HH Bushnell, M Tronvig, K Mero, T BE Rizoli, JA TI Wave and current measurements in the Chesapeake Bay SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE/OES SEVENTH WORKING CONFERENCE ON CURRENT MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE/OES Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology CY MAR 13-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Ocean Engn Soc, Current Measurement Technol Comm, IEEE, Current Measurement Technol Comm AB The National Ocean Service of NOAA maintains and operates a Physical Oceanography Real Time System (PORTS(R)) in the Nation's major ports, harbors and bays. Environmental parameters such as water levels, currents and a host of other hydrological and meteorological variables are monitored in real time. Wave is another variable that is of increasing interest to the PORTS(R) users, but has not been included in the routine observation. Improvements in the measurement method and technology are continuously evolving in the PORTS(R) program. This paper describes a partnership project for wave and current measurements in the Chesapeake Bay. The goals are twofold: to obtain current and wave data to support NOS wave and oil spill trajectory modeling and marsh restoration efforts; and to test new measurement methods and data telemetry technologies. Instruments used include a Triaxys directional wave buoy, and a 1200 and a 600 KHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers which measures both currents and waves. Both wave measuring instruments have been validated through laboratory and field tests. The ADCP data are recorded internally and telemetered via underwater modems and line-of-sight radio on a surface buoy. The Triaxys wave buoy wave data are recorded internally and telemetered in real-time via line-of-sight radio and Argos. This paper describes the measurement systems and pre-deployment tests, the first field deployment, and sample result from these activities. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Shih, HH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Oceanog Prod & Serv, 1305 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7813-X PY 2003 BP 264 EP 270 DI 10.1109/CCM.2003.1194326 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Acoustics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BW46A UT WOS:000182080500053 ER PT S AU Boger, Z Meier, DC Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S AF Boger, Z Meier, DC Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Artificial neural networks methods applied to conductometric microhotplate data for the identification of the type and relative concentration of chemical warfare agents SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS 2003, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on Neural Networks CY JUL 20-24, 2003 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Int Neural Network Soc, IEEE Neural Networks Soc AB Response data from microhotplate (MHP) sensor arrays were measured for various chemical warfare (CW) agents in several concentrations in dry air. Efficient large-scale artificial neural networks (ANN) modeling has been evaluated as a method for the classification and concentration prediction of the CW agents based on the MHP data. Four MHP sensor elements, two pairs of SnO2 and two pairs TiO2 were operated in a pulsed, ramped temperature mode to generate the data used. The CW agents and related compounds tested were tabun (GA), sarin (GB), sulfur mustard (HD), and chloroethyl-ethyl-sulfide (CES), in four concentration levels in dry air, between several nmole/mole (ppb) to several pmole/mole (ppm). Recursive ANN pruning and re-training techniques were used to identify the more relevant inputs, among the original 80 inputs (different sensor elements and temperatures). ANN models with 6-15 inputs produced good classification between the different CW agents. Other ANN models, trained for each agent, gave good prediction values for the concentrations of the CW agents. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zboger@bgumail.bgu.ac.il; dmeier@nist.gov; dcav@nist.gov; steves@nist.gov NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-4393 BN 0-7803-7898-9 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2003 BP 1065 EP 1070 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BX30P UT WOS:000184903300192 ER PT S AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Clickner, CC Feenstra, R Goyal, A Paranthaman, M Rutter, N AF Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Clickner, CC Feenstra, R Goyal, A Paranthaman, M Rutter, N BE Goyal, A WongNg, W Murakami, M Driscoll, J TI Effect of transverse compressive stress on transport critical current density of Y-Ba-Cu-O coated Ni and Ni-W rabits tapes SO PROCESSING OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Processing of High Temperature Superconductors held at the 104th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID YBA2CU3O7-X THIN-FILMS; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; CONDUCTORS; FIELD; DEPENDENCE; BICRYSTALS AB Transport properties of yttrium-barium-copper-oxide (YBCO) coatings on both pure-nickel and nickel-3at% tungsten rolling-assisted-biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) were tested under transverse compressive stress up to 180 MPa. Transport critical-current densities (J(c)) were measured on samples having an initial J(c) in the range of 1 MA/cm(2) at 76 K and self magnetic field. Transverse compressive stress can cause significant degradation of J(c) in YBCO deposited on pure-nickel RABiTS unless appropriate work-hardening treatment or a sufficient frictional support are provided to the sample. Preliminary results obtained for YBCO on nickel-3-at% tungsten alloy RABiTS suggest that the electromechanical properties of these conductors may be improved if such material is used for the substrate. Stress-strain characteristics were measured on nickel and nickel-3at% tungsten RABiTS substrate materials at 76 K. The tensile yield strength, Young's modulus, and proportional limit of elasticity of both materials were determined. Scanning electron microscopy was used to also investigate the microstructure of the coated-conductor samples after electromechanical testing. Mechanical cracks with multi-patterned orientations were observed in the ceramic layers. The data indicate that the formation of cracks in the ceramic layers. initiated by the yielding of the substrate material, is the primary cause for the degradation of J(c) in the samples investigated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012; Paranthaman, Mariappan/N-3866-2015 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065; Paranthaman, Mariappan/0000-0003-3009-8531 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-155-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 140 BP 157 EP 170 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science; Physics GA BX25E UT WOS:000184739400015 ER PT S AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J BE Goyal, A WongNg, W Murakami, M Driscoll, J TI Melting equilibria of the BaF2-CuOx system SO PROCESSING OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Processing of High Temperature Superconductors held at the 104th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2002 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID THIN-FILMS; TRIFLUOROACETATE PRECURSORS; SRTIO3; DEPOSITION; GROWTH; BA2YCU3O7-X; NUCLEATION AB Since the BaF2-CuOx system is a limiting binary of the overall quaternary reciprocal BaY,Cu//F,O phase diagram, it provides an important frame of reference for studying the more complicated multi-component system. The phase diagrams of the BaF2-CuOx system were determined under 0.1 MPa O-2 (BaF2-CuO) and under 0.1 MPa Ar (BaF2-Cu2O). The phase diagrams of these two systems are similar. No intermediate binary compound was found in either system. There is experimental evidence that supports a possible small two-liquid immiscibility field in the BaF2-CuO system. A series of schematic ternary diagrams showing the oxidation/reduction aspects of the melting equilibria with increasing temperature is presented. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-155-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2003 VL 140 BP 385 EP 397 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science; Physics GA BX25E UT WOS:000184739400034 ER PT S AU Butler, JM Schoske, R Vallone, PM AF Butler, JM Schoske, R Vallone, PM BE Brinkman, B Carracedo, A TI Highly multiplexed assays for measuring polymorphisms on the Y-chromosome SO PROGRESS IN FORENSIC GENETICS 9 SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Congress of the International-Society-Forensic-Genetics CY AUG 28-SEP 01, 2001 CL MUNSTER, GERMANY SP Int Soc Forens Genet DE DNA typing; y-chromosome; short tandem repeat; multiplex PCR; single nucleotide polymorphism ID MICROSATELLITE; OPTIMIZATION; STRS AB A multiplex PCR assay capable of amplifying 20 Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers simultaneously has been developed. These markers include all of the Y STRs that make up the "extended haplotype" used in Europe (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, and YCAII) plus additional polymorphic Y STRs (DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS447, DYS448, DYS388, DYS426, GATA A7.1, and GATA H4). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays that may be rapidly analyzed with time-of-flight mass spectrometry have also been developed using Y-chromosome bi-allelic markers. With improved multiplexes and techniques for more rapid data collection such as mass spectrometry, Y-chromosome haplotypes may be more quickly generated for DNA databases and population studies and forensic cases may be solved more efficiently. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-50717-5 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2003 VL 1239 BP 301 EP 305 AR PII S0531-5131(02)00221-2 DI 10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00221-2 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA BW48Y UT WOS:000182158600071 ER PT J AU Greene, CH Pershing, AJ Conversi, A Planque, B Hannah, C Sameoto, D Head, E Smith, PC Reid, PC Jossi, J Mountain, D Benfield, MC Wiebe, PH Durbin, E AF Greene, CH Pershing, AJ Conversi, A Planque, B Hannah, C Sameoto, D Head, E Smith, PC Reid, PC Jossi, J Mountain, D Benfield, MC Wiebe, PH Durbin, E TI Trans-Atlantic responses of Calanus finmarchicus populations to basin-scale forcing associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 70th Symposium of the CPR Survey CY AUG 07, 2001 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND DE Calanus finmarchicus; climate variability; Gulf of Maine; North Atlantic Oscillation; North Sea ID GULF-OF-MAINE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; LABRADOR SEA; SHELF; ZOOPLANKTON; WATER; CIRCULATION; ABUNDANCE; ECOSYSTEM AB Populations of the copepod species Calanus finmarchicus often dominate the springtime biomass and secondary production of shelf ecosystems throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. Recently, it has been hypothesised that interannual to interdecadal fluctuations observed in such populations are driven primarily by climate-associated changes in ocean circulation. Here, we compare evidence from the North Sea and Gulf of Maine/Western Scotian Shelf (GoM/WSS) linking fluctuations in C finmarchicus abundance to changes in ocean circulation associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). A particularly striking contrast emerges from this Trans-Atlantic comparison: whereas the North Sea C finmarchicus population exhibits a negative correlation with the NAO index, the GoM/WSS population exhibits a more complex, positive association with the index. The physical processes underlying these contrasting population responses are discussed in the context of regional- to basin-scale circulation changes associated with the NAO. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. CNR, Inst Marine Sci, Lesina, Italy. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. IFREMER, Nantes, France. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Dartmouth, NS, Canada. Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Plymouth, Devon, England. NE Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI USA. NMFS, Woods Hole, MA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Cornell Univ, Ocean Resources & Ecosyst Program, 2130 Snee Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM chg2@cornell.edu RI Planque, Benjamin/D-2729-2013; Conversi, Alessandra/G-3899-2011; OI Planque, Benjamin/0000-0002-0557-7410; Conversi, Alessandra/0000-0002-8566-8282; Wiebe, Peter/0000-0002-6059-4651 NR 42 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 58 IS 2-4 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.009 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 745FH UT WOS:000186678300009 ER PT J AU Jossi, JW John, AWG Sameoto, D AF Jossi, JW John, AWG Sameoto, D TI Continuous Plankton Recorder sampling off the east coast of North America: history and status SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 70th Symposium of the CPR Survey CY AUG 07, 2001 CL EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND ID ATLANTIC; SHELF; GULF AB The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey has sampled plankton on 14 routes off the coasts of the northeast United States and Canada between 1959 and 2000. Six of these routes are still operating and are sampled on a monthly basis. Some 2047 CPR tows have been made to the end of 2000 and the resulting database represents the most extensive time series of marine plankton available anywhere in the northwest Atlantic. The location and time span of coverage of each route is presented. In addition selected information is presented on: 1. zooplankton abundance as departures from baselines for the northeast US continental shelf; 2. interannual variation in seasonality of Gulf of Maine phytoplankton; 3. zooplankton relationships to local hydrography of the Gulf of Maine and to the North Atlantic Oscillation; 4. time-space matrices of zooplankton abundance and anomalies southeast of New York City; 5. time series of phyto- and zooplankton on the Scotian Shelf; 6. seasonal cycles of Phytoplankton Colour and of zooplankton on the Scotian Shelf and Georges Bank, and in the Gulf of Maine; and 7. monthly abundance of zooplankton in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Ocean Sci Div, Biol Oceanog Sect, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Jossi, JW (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 58 IS 2-4 BP 313 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.pocean.2003.08.010 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 745FH UT WOS:000186678300010 ER PT J AU Chelton, DB Schlax, MG Lyman, JM Johnson, GC AF Chelton, DB Schlax, MG Lyman, JM Johnson, GC TI Equatorially trapped Rossby waves in the presence of meridionally sheared baroclinic flow in the Pacific Ocean SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID TAHITI SHUTTLE EXPERIMENT; SEA-SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; PLANETARY-WAVES; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; EL-NINO; LEVEL; CURRENTS; PROPAGATION AB TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data are analyzed for the 8.5-year period November 1992 to May 2001 to investigate the sea surface height (SSH) and geostrophic velocity signatures of quasi-annual equatorially trapped Rossby waves in the Pacific. The latitudinal structures of SSH and both components of geostrophic velocity are found to be asymmetric about the equator across the entire Pacific with larger amplitude north of the equator. The westward phase speeds are estimated by several different methods to be in the range 0.5-0.6 m s(-1). These observed characteristics are inconsistent with the classical theory for first vertical, first meridional mode equatorially trapped Rossby waves, which predicts a phase speed of about 0.9 m s(-1) with latitudinally symmetric structures of SSH and zonal velocity and antisymmetric structure of meridional velocity. The observations are even less consistent with the latitudinal structures of SSH and geostrophic velocity components for other modes of the classical theory. The latitudinal asymmetries deduced here have also been consistently observed in past analyses of subsurface thermal data and altimeter data and have been variously attributed to sampling errors in the observational data, a superposition of multiple meridional Rossby wave modes, asymmetric forcing by the wind, and forcing by cross-equatorial southerly winds in the eastern Pacific. We propose a different mechanism to account for the observed asymmetric latitudinal structure of low-frequency equatorial Rossby waves. From the free-wave solutions of a simple 1.5-layer model, it is shown that meridional shears in the mean equatorial current system significantly alter the potential vorticity gradient in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. The observed asymmetric structures of sea surface height and geostrophic velocity components are found to be a natural consequence of the shear modification of the potential vorticity gradient. The mean currents also reduce the predicted westward phase speed of first meridional mode Rossby waves, improving consistency with the observations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Chelton, DB (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Oceanog Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 68 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2003 VL 56 IS 2 BP 323 EP 380 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00008-9 PG 58 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 676PA UT WOS:000182759900005 ER PT S AU Lehman, SY Bertness, KA Hodges, JT AF Lehman, SY Bertness, KA Hodges, JT BE Weaver, BD Manasreh, OM Jagadish, C Zollner, S TI Trace water detection in phosphine by cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO PROGRESS IN SEMICONDUCTORS II- ELECTRONIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Progress in Semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications CY DEC 02-05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP AF Off Sci Res, AF Res Lab Space Sensing & Vehicle Control Branch ID SPECTRAL-LINE DATABASE; VAPOR SPECTRUM; CM(-1); PHASE AB We are using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to measure concentrations of water in nitrogen and, for the first time to our knowledge, in phosphine. Water vapor concentrations have been measured in purified and unpurified phosphine, indicating a water mole fraction of (22.0 +/- 1.0) X 10(-6) in unpurified phosphine. After purification with an in-line, chemically-reactive purifier, the mole fraction of water in phosphine was less than 0.1 X 10(-6). Mole fractions as high as (730 60) x 10(-6) have been measured in unpurified phosphine, suggesting that the H2O Vapor concentration increases substantially with time as the gas is stored in a cylinder. The materials properties of AlInP grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with CRDS-characterized PH3 were found to be relatively insensitive to water contamination at the 22 mumol/mol level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lehman, SY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-681-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 744 BP 419 EP 424 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BW75R UT WOS:000183071200063 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Comstock, T AF Roberts, JW Comstock, T BE Wu, MH TI Temporal capture and sequence reconstruction for evaluation of display systems and video content SO PROJECTION DISPLAYS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Projection Displays IX CY JAN 22-23, 2003 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE display measurement; metrology; projection; temporal; moving images; video; DMD; micromirror; plasma AB It is being increasingly recognized that temporal measures are an extremely important addition to conventional measures such as brightness, color, and contrast. In addition to flicker, color breakup, and visible flashes, inaccuracies in the portrayal of motion can greatly affect user acceptance of a system. The project team has previously reported on the use of image capture systems that can capture many images of the display for analysis to determine image characteristics and to reconstruct the temporal behavior of the display. This paper will describe how this technique can be extended to produce useful observation of multi-frame sequences. Issues for proper use of this technique include: 1) frame identification by cues in the frame image or other means, 2) externally generated image timestamps for both intra-frame and inter-frame timing, 3) tying image capture to the display's pixel transition timing to avoid erroneous measures taken during pixel transitions, 4) formatting test material to ensure repeatable display performance, and 5) proper sequence reconstruction and analysis to ensure that the reconstructed sequence is accurately representative of system behavior. Finally, the paper will discuss ways in which measurements taken using these techniques can be calibrated by comparison using human subjects and conventional measures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4802-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5002 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1117/12.477343 PG 8 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW64Y UT WOS:000182690700006 ER PT B AU Marbukh, V AF Marbukh, V BE Charzinski, J Lehnert, R TranGia, P TI A scenario based framework for robust network provisioning SO PROVIDING QUALITY OF SERVICE IN HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS, VOLS 5A AND 5B SE TELETRAFFIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Teletraffic Congress CY AUG 31-SEP 05, 2003 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Arcor, Deutsch Telekom, Marconi, Nortel Networks, Siemens, Vodafone AB Traditional approaches to network provisioning assume availability of the reliable estimates for the expected demands. This assumption, however, oversimplifies many practical situations when some incomplete information on the expected demands is available, and proper utilization of this information may improve the network performance. In a case of traffic engineering the uncertainty in the expected demands may be a result of unexpected and sudden changes in the demand pattern when difficulty of determining the varying demand pattern and possible undesirable transient effects make continuous adjustment of the routing algorithm to varying demands difficult. Assuming that some incomplete information on the future demand is available, this paper proposes a framework for network provisioning by balancing risks of under and over provisioning of the network. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marbukh, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-444-51455-4 J9 TELETRAF SCI ENG PY 2003 VL 5A-B BP 691 EP 700 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX72E UT WOS:000186212700070 ER PT J AU Hicks, BB AF Hicks, BB TI Planning for air quality concerns of the future SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Air Quality Management CY NOV, 1999 CL BRUNEI DE air quality; forecasting; prediction; deposition; eutrophication AB In recognition of growing needs for forecasts of air quality and atmospheric deposition to accompany classical weather forecasts, a new generation of atmospheric prediction models is slowly evolving. These share the common feature that atmospheric chemistry will be directly incorporated into advanced forecast schemes. It is argued that in most practical applications, the over-riding need is not for accurate prediction of some quantifiable air quality component, but rather a forecast of the probability of harmful consequences to exposure. In this event, it is not concentrations that need to be forecast, but the probability that concentrations will exceed some predetermined level at which consequences could be harmful. This argument extends from emergency response applications to ecosystem decline. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hicks, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM bruce.hicks@noaa.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 160 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s00024-003-8765-8 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 623PD UT WOS:000179711300005 ER PT J AU Civerolo, KL Mao, HT Rao, ST AF Civerolo, KL Mao, HT Rao, ST TI The airshed for ozone and fine particulate pollution in the eastern United States SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Air Quality Management CY NOV, 1999 CL BRUNEI DE ozone; fine particulate matter; trajectory analysis; space and time scales; photochemical modeling ID AIR-QUALITY; TIME-SERIES; TRAJECTORIES; TRANSPORT; EPISODE; SCALES AB To examine the spatial scales associated with atmospheric pollutants Such as ozone (O-3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), we employ the following five techniques: (1) Analysis of the persistence of high O-3 concentrations aloft; (2) spatial and lag correlations between the short-term components (i.e., weather-induced variations) in the time series of O-3 and PM2.5 throughout the eastern United States; (3) analysis of mixed-layer forward trajectories compiled at different locations on a climatological basis to identify the potential region covered in 1-day of atmospheric transport; (4) analysis of three-dimensional Lagrangian trajectories of tracer particles for three high-O-3 episode events in the summer of 1995; and (5) analysis of the spatial extent over which emissions have an impact through photochemical model simulations. Regardless of the method chosen, the results demonstrate that pollutants such as O-3 and PM2.5 have the potential to affect regions having spatial scales of several hundred kilometers. This finding has implications to regulatory policies for addressing the pollution problem, and for optimally designing monitoring networks for such pollutants. C1 New York State Dept Environm Conservat, Div Air Resources, Bur Air Res, Albany, NY 12233 USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Rao, ST (reprint author), US EPA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. OI Civerolo, Kevin/0000-0003-1536-2664 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 160 IS 1-2 BP 81 EP 105 DI 10.1007/s00024-003-8767-6 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 623PD UT WOS:000179711300007 ER PT J AU Rhome, JR Niyogi, DDS Raman, S AF Rhome, JR Niyogi, DDS Raman, S TI Assessing seasonal transport and deposition of agricultural emissions in eastern North Carolina, USA SO PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Air Quality Management CY NOV, 1999 CL BRUNEI DE air pollution; atmospheric deposition; North Carolina; trajectory analysis; nitrogen compounds ID DRY DEPOSITION AB There is an increasing interest regarding the fate of nitrogenous compounds emitted from agricultural activities in the southeastern United States. Varying climate, topography and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean particularly complicates the problem. An increased understanding of the interaction of synoptic scale flow with mesoscale circulations would constitute a significant improvement in the assessment of regional scale transport and deposition potential. This knowledge is necessary to facilitate current and future modeling attempts in the region as well as for planning future monitoring sites to develop a cohesive regional policy for the abatement strategies. The eastern portion of North Carolina is used as a case example due to its high, localized emission of nitrogen compounds from agricultural waste. Three periods: July 2-7, 1998, October 5-11, 1998, and December 12-19, 1998, corresponding to three different seasons were studied. Surface wind and thermodynamic patterns were analyzed using surface observing stations and archived-model analysis results centered over eastern North Carolina. Diurnal and seasonal patterns were identified for dispersion and concentration values obtained using an air pollution transport and dispersion model. This mesoscale information was used to draw qualitative conclusions regarding the possible trends and deviations in the dynamic trajectories as well as the resulting near-surface concentrations and deposition potential in eastern North Carolina. Results show that highly variable seasonal and diurnal atmospheric circulations characterize the study domain. These variations can significantly impact the transport and fate of pollutants released in this region. Generally, summer provides the highest potential for localized deposition, while fall can provide opportunity for long-range transport. The results also suggest that mean climatological or seasonally averaged flow patterns may not be sufficient for analyzing the fate of the agricultural releases in this region. At the very least, mean and variance based analysis is required to capture the climatology of the dispersion and deposition patterns. These patterns in eastern North Carolina appear to be sensitive to the strength and location of air mass boundaries along the coastal plain, indicating diverse scale interactions affecting the variability and uncertainty in the regional pollutant transport. C1 N Carolina State Univ, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Rhome, JR (reprint author), Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Anal & Forecast Branch, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0033-4553 J9 PURE APPL GEOPHYS JI Pure Appl. Geophys. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 160 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s00024-003-8769-4 PG 25 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 623PD UT WOS:000179711300009 ER PT B AU Brennen, GK Song, D Williams, CJ AF Brennen, GK Song, D Williams, CJ BE Shapiro, JH Hirota, O TI A scalable quantum architecture using efficient nonlocal interactions SO QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (QCMC 02) CY JUL 22-26, 2002 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA HO MIT ID ENTANGLEMENT; PURIFICATION AB Many protocols for quantum information processing use a control sequence or circuit of interactions between qubits and control fields wherein arbitrary qubits can be made to interact with one another. The primary problem with many "physically scalable" architectures is that the qubits are restricted to nearest neighbor interactions and quantum wires between distant qubits do not exist. Because of errors, nearest neighbor interactions often present difficulty with scalability. In this paper we describe a generalized quantum architecture that provides efficient nonlocal operations for such a system. We describe a protocol that efficiently performs nonlocal gates between elements of separated static logical qubits using a bus of dynamic qubits that can be used as a refreshable entanglement resource. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brennen, GK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gavin.brennen@nist.gov RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-030-4 PY 2003 BP 201 EP 204 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BW77P UT WOS:000183135800043 ER PT B AU Migdall, A Branning, D Castelletto, S Ware, M AF Migdall, A Branning, D Castelletto, S Ware, M BE Shapiro, JH Hirota, O TI A single-photon on-demand source with decoupled single and multiphoton probabilities: Initial results SO QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing (QCMC 02) CY JUL 22-26, 2002 CL MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MA HO MIT ID QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; BELL THEOREM AB We present an analysis of a multiplexed downconversion system designed to produce a single-photon on-demand source, by a multiple delay line trigger, yielding a single-photon certification of the produced photons. We discuss theoretically a simple implementation of the system together with initial experimental results. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migdall, A (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PRINCETON, NJ 07652 USA BN 1-58949-030-4 PY 2003 BP 528 EP 531 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Computer Science; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BW77P UT WOS:000183135800113 ER PT S AU Bryant, GW Aizpurua, J Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M AF Bryant, GW Aizpurua, J Jaskolski, W Zielinski, M BE Kilmov, VI Buriak, JM Wayner, DDM Priolo, F White, B Tsybeskov, L TI Tunnel-coupled quantum dots: Atomistic theory of quantum dot molecules and arrays SO QUANTUM CONFINED SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Quantum Confined Semiconductor Nanostructures held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02, 2001-DEC 05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Evident Technol Inc, IBM TJ Watson Res Ctr, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Motorola Inc, Texas A&M Univ ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; SOLIDS; STATES AB An understanding of how dots couple in quantum dot molecules and arrays is needed so that the possibilities for tailored nanooptics in these systems can be explored. The properties of tunnel-coupled dots will be determined by how the dots couple through atomic-scale junctions. We present an atomistic empirical tight-binding theory of coupled, CdS nanocrystal artificial-molecules, vertically and laterally coupled InAs/GaAs self-assembled dots, and arrays of InAs/GaAs self-assembled dots. Electron states follow the artificial molecule analogy. The coupling of hole states is much more complex. There are significant departures from the artificial molecule analogy because the interdot hole coupling is determined by the hole envelope functions, as for the electron states, and by the hole atomic state near interdot interfaces. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014; Zielinski, Michal/C-2587-2013 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589; Zielinski, Michal/0000-0002-7239-2504 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-674-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 737 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BW77S UT WOS:000183136600001 ER PT S AU Lehman, SY Roshko, A Mirin, RP Bonevich, JE AF Lehman, SY Roshko, A Mirin, RP Bonevich, JE BE Kilmov, VI Buriak, JM Wayner, DDM Priolo, F White, B Tsybeskov, L TI Investigation of the shape of InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots SO QUANTUM CONFINED SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Quantum Confined Semiconductor Nanostructures held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02, 2001-DEC 05, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Evident Technol Inc, IBM TJ Watson Res Ctr, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Motorola Inc, Texas A&M Univ ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWTH; GAAS(001) AB Three samples of self-assembled In0.44Ga0.56As quantum dots (QDs) grown on (001) GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to characterize the height, faceting, and densities of the QDs. The cross-sectional TEM images show both pyramidal dots and dots with multiple side facets. Multiple faceting has been observed only in dots more than 8.5 nm in height and allows increased dot volume without a substantial increase in base area. Addition of a GaAs capping layer is found to increase the diameter of the QDs from roughly 40 nm to as much as 200 run. The areal QD density is found to vary up to 50 % over the central 2 cm x 2 cm section of wafer and by as much as 23 % on a length scale of micrometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lehman, SY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Lehman, Susan/0000-0003-4735-1417; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-674-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 737 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BW77S UT WOS:000183136600027 ER PT S AU Migdall, AL Castelletto, S Ware, M AF Migdall, AL Castelletto, S Ware, M BE Donkor, E Pirich, AR Brandt, HE TI Status of a multiplexed single photon on-demand source SO QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Information and Computation CY APR 21-22, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE single photon; quantum cryptography; parametric downconversion; heralded photon ID QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY; ENTANGLED PHOTONS; BELL THEOREM AB We present the status of our work implementing a single photon on-demand source based on a multiplexed arrangement of parametric downconverters. An array of downconverters with multiplexed outputs makes it possible to create light pulses with increased probability of containing a single photon, while suppressing the probability of producing more than one photon. This is crucial for quantum cryptographic applications. Our current setup implements the scheme in a greatly simplified manner that produces photons along with a measure of the likelihood that the light pulse emitted is just a single photon. This implementation uses a virtual array of downconverters and an array of staggered length optical fibers allowing a single detector to measure a herald photon output by a series of downconverters. This single detector arrangement is a great savings considering the cost of such detectors. The timing of the herald tells us which path the herald took, which in turn, provides information on the single vs. multiphoton probabilities. So far, our work shows that the individual correlated photon peaks are clearly resolvable with our 2.4 ns delay line steps and the 1 ns full width half maximum (FWHM) of the correlated photon peaks, and that we can observe four correlated photon peaks simultaneously, a requirement to fully implement our scheme. Our current efforts are to increase the brightness and utility of the system for incorporation into a quantum communication testbed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migdall, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM amigdall@nist.gov RI Castelletto, Stefania/C-7177-2011; castelletto, stefania/G-1516-2011; OI Castelletto, Stefania/0000-0002-8675-2291 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4965-2 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2003 VL 5105 BP 294 EP 302 DI 10.1117/12.487898 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX48L UT WOS:000185395800031 ER PT J AU Bousquet, O Smull, BF AF Bousquet, O Smull, BF TI Observations and impacts of upstream blocking during a widespread orographic precipitation event SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Alps; barrier jet; Doppler radar; Mesoscale Alpine Programme; valley flow ID NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; PIEDMONT FLOOD; MUSCAT AB A unique combination of airborne and ground-based Doppler radar observations, stretching continuously from the Alps south to the Mediterranean Sea, is assembled to document profoundly blocked airflow and associated modification of precipitation processes upstream of the Alps during Intensive Observing Period 8 of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. This diversion of incident southerly low-level winds in advance of a deep baroclinic trough served to reduce markedly the transport of warm, moist Mediterranean air toward the steep Alpine slopes. Heavy rains forecast in this flood-prone region thus failed to materialize, with lighter (though protracted) stratiform precipitation extending over the comparatively flat reaches of the adjacent Po Valley. Release of convective instability did occur, but was displaced well south of the Alps over the coastal Apennine mountain chain and adjacent waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Influences on a variety of scales that evidently led to development of this blocked flow are examined, and multiple expressions of upstream blocking are identified. These range from pervasive down-valley flows observed within multiple deep Alpine river drainages to a larger-scale cool easterly low-level flow channelled alongside the curving south face of the Alps, which was ultimately extruded southward over the Mediterranean. Observed thermodynamic profiles in these contrasting regimes are presented and related to the observed precipitation structure. C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Bousquet, O (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 805 W Sherbrooke W, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. EM bousquet@zephyr.meteo.mcgill.ca NR 22 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 588 BP 391 EP 409 DI 10.1256/qj.02.49 PN B PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 658RK UT WOS:000181734100004 ER PT J AU Steiner, M Bousquet, O Houze, RA Smull, BF Mancin, M AF Steiner, M Bousquet, O Houze, RA Smull, BF Mancin, M TI Airflow within major Alpine river valleys under heavy rainfall SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Doppler radar; drainage flow; evaporation; melting; Mesoscale Alpine Programme; orographic precipitation; subsidence ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; SQUALL-LINE; DOPPLER RADAR; FLOW REVERSAL; AIR MOTIONS; PART II; PRECIPITATION; WINDS; MOUNTAIN; SIMULATIONS AB This study documents the airflow within major Alpine river valleys in the presence of precipitation. The analysis seeks a conceptual understanding of the effect of rain on the valley flow. Ground-based and airborne Doppler radar and surface data from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme show that during persistent rainy periods the subsidence caused by melting and evaporation of precipitation particles contributes to the formation of a down-valley flow. This down-valley flow opposes moist southerly flow aloft, which is lifted over the topographic barrier and in which precipitation particles are formed. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Politecn Milan, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Steiner, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM msteiner@princeton.edu RI Steiner, Matthias/K-5013-2013 OI Steiner, Matthias/0000-0002-3973-375X NR 76 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 588 BP 411 EP 431 DI 10.1256/qj.02.08 PN B PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 658RK UT WOS:000181734100005 ER PT J AU Durran, DR Maric, T Banta, RM Darby, LS Hardesty, RM AF Durran, DR Maric, T Banta, RM Darby, LS Hardesty, RM TI A comparison of ground-based Doppler lidar and airborne in situ wind observations above complex terrain SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE gap flow; mesoscale alpine programme; wind measurement ID RADAR; FLOW AB Airborne wind observations collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) WP-3D aircraft are compared with the winds retrieved by the NOAA/Environmentai Technology Laboratory's ground-based scanning Doppler lidar within the Wipp Valley during the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Comparisons are performed along individual flight tracks and over an aggregated dataset consisting of all pairs of WP-3D and lidar observations that were approximately coincident in time and space. The impact of several different quality-control thresholds on the root mean square (r.m.s.) difference between the two observations is explored. The overall quality-controlled r.m.s. difference between radial wind speeds measured by each platform was 3.0 m s(-1), with larger r.m.s. errors in the region up valley from the lidar than in the region down valley. A bias was also evident, in which the wind speeds from the WP-3D exceeded those from the lidar; this bias was small down valley (0.4 m s(-1)) and much larger up valley (2.4 m s(-1)). C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Durran, DR (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM durrand@atmos.washington.edu RI Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Durran, Dale/G-3677-2015 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; Durran, Dale/0000-0002-6390-2584 NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 588 BP 693 EP 713 DI 10.1256/qj.02.39 PN B PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 658RK UT WOS:000181734100018 ER PT J AU Lee, JL Kuo, YH Macdonald, AE AF Lee, JL Kuo, YH Macdonald, AE TI The vorticity method: Extension to mesoscale vertical velocity and validation for tropical storms SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE characteristics; numerical methods; tilting term; vorticity tendency ID CHI-PROBLEM; WIND; DIVERGENCE; MODEL AB The vorticity method infers vertical velocity from vorticity variations in space and in time based on the vorticity equation. The viability of the large-scale vorticity method has been demonstrated in previous studies based on the quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation. However, the extension of the vorticity method to the mesoscale vorticity equation, including the vertical stretching and tilting terms, is hindered by inseparable variables when formulated in Cartesian coordinates. In this study, the separation of variables for the mesoscale vorticity method is achieved by formulating the mesoscale vorticity equation in Lagrangian coordinates in terms of the characteristic line composed of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A numerical method based on backward integration is also presented to solve the vertical velocity along the characteristic of the mesoscale vorticity equation. Observing-system simulation experiments were undertaken to quantify both the numerical accuracy of the vorticity method, and the sensitivities of the kinematic and vorticity methods to errors present in horizontal wind fields. With perfect horizontal winds, the vertical velocities derived from the kinematic and vorticity methods are identical to the degree of accuracy governed by the truncational errors. When error perturbations are included, the vertical motions derived from the vorticity method are less susceptible to errors in horizontal winds than the kinematic method. This conclusion is consistent with the analytical analysis and numerical results with the large-scale vorticity method shown in previous studies. The mesoscale vorticity method with the tilting term is shown to be more accurate than the large-scale vorticity method in deriving vertical velocities in tropical storms. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the mescoscale vorticity method can benefit from high-temporal-resolution data observed by Doppler radars to infer the vertical velocity in tropical storms, where the inner circulation is dominated by the rotational winds. C1 NOAA, OAR Forecast Syst Lab R FSL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Lee, JL (reprint author), NOAA, OAR Forecast Syst Lab R FSL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Lee, JIN-LUEN/G-5364-2015 NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 129 IS 589 BP 1029 EP 1050 DI 10.1256/qj.01.219 PN C PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 661XW UT WOS:000181916000006 ER PT J AU Schwartz, RB McDonald, JC AF Schwartz, RB McDonald, JC TI On the interpretation and use of neutron calibration coefficients SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article AB Calibration laboratories provide measurement services that include determining the calibration coefficients for neutron survey meters and personal dosemeters. While there are numerous documents dealing with the procedures for calibration of neutron measuring devices. the purpose of this paper is to clarify the use of the particular dose equivalent conversion coefficients used at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for these calibrations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Schwartz, RB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joe.mcdonald@pnl.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2003 VL 107 IS 4 BP 277 EP 279 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 764BA UT WOS:000188169100010 PM 14756185 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, RM Allison, CE Studley, SA Leckrone, KJ AF Verkouteren, RM Allison, CE Studley, SA Leckrone, KJ TI Isotopic metrology of carbon dioxide. I. Interlaboratory comparison and empirical modeling of inlet equilibration time, inlet pressure, and ion source conductance SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article AB We report a pilot study of high-precision differential isotope ratio measurements made on replicate samples of pure carbon dioxide using three instruments of identical manufacture. Measurement protocols were designed to explore the effects of sample size, ion source conductance, and inlet changeover equilibration time on the raw measurements. Our goal was better understanding of factors that influence these measurements in order to establish procedures for highly reproducible and accurate determinations of Reference Material (RM) isotopic compositions. Evaluation and modeling of reported data illuminated effects consistent with two instrumental memory sources-one short-lived (t(1/2) similar to 10 s) and the other long-lived (t(1/2) similar to 6-10 min), uncompensated by normal background measurements-that can significantly influence measurements made by the dual inlet method. These biases, proportional to the difference in isotopic compositions between the measured sample and reference gases, decrease in magnitude with increasing sample size, source conductance, and equilibration time. We observed biases as high as 0.1parts per thousand per 10parts per thousand difference between sample and reference gases. These memory sources may be responsible for measured delta(13)C values of RMs generally being highly reproducible within any single laboratory but less reproducible among independent laboratories. The magnitude of the bias is consistent with the ranges of delta(13)C values reported in prior laboratory intercomparisons. Uncertainties are most likely due to high and variable long-lived memory among the instruments tested. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CSIRO, Div Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Indiana Univ, Biogeochem Lab, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Roosevelt Univ, Sch Sci & Math, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Verkouteren, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 17 IS 8 BP 771 EP 776 DI 10.1002/rcm.905 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 664GT UT WOS:000182053900003 PM 12672129 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, RM Assonov, S Klinedinst, DB Brand, WA AF Verkouteren, RM Assonov, S Klinedinst, DB Brand, WA TI Isotopic metrology of carbon dioxide. II. Effects of ion source materials, conductance, emission, and accelerating voltage on dual-inlet cross contamination SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IMPLANTATION; BOMBARDMENT; BERYLLIUM; C+ AB We report high-precision isotopic carbon dioxide measurements, made before and after ion source modification to gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) instruments. Measurement protocols were designed to explore the effects of ion source material substitution, source conductance, inlet pressure, electron emission, acceleration potential, and inlet changeover equilibration time. After modification of the IRMS instruments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry (MPI-Mainz), immediate changes were observed. At NIST, measurements were no longer sensitive to inlet equilibration times greater than 15s, and different settings of ion source conductance resulted in delta(13)C shifts of about 0.04parts per thousand per 10parts per thousand measurement difference between sample and reference, a five-fold improvement. No significant changes in machine performance were observed after a month of use. After a year, performance had degraded slightly, but was controlled by ion source cleaning and the use of low-energy ion acceleration to minimize sputtering. At MPI-Mainz, results were very similar. We report cross-contamination coefficients measured since 1996, and discuss the role of adsorption, ion implantation, and sputtering on cross contamination in mass spectrometry systems. We recommend that users of high-precision IRMS instruments test for and minimize the effects described. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Stable Isotope Lab, Jena, Germany. RP Verkouteren, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rmv@nist.gov RI Brand, Willi/D-2043-2009 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 17 IS 8 BP 777 EP 782 DI 10.1002/rcm.906 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 664GT UT WOS:000182053900004 PM 12672130 ER PT J AU Pettus, BJ Bielawska, A Kroesen, BJ Moeller, PDR Szulc, ZM Hannun, YA Busman, M AF Pettus, BJ Bielawska, A Kroesen, BJ Moeller, PDR Szulc, ZM Hannun, YA Busman, M TI Observation of different ceramide species from crude cellular extracts by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID QUADRUPOLE ION-TRAP; QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; MEDIATED BIOLOGY; CELLS; SPHINGOMYELIN; ELECTROSPRAY; GENERATION; IDENTIFICATION; GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE AB Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) allows qualitative analysis of endogenous ceramide and dihydroceramide species from crude lipid extracts utilizing chromatographic methods readily adaptable from commonly used thin layer chromatography (TLC) conditions. Qualitative information for the species comes from observation of differences in chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior between species. Application to the analysis of ceramide and dihydroceramide from various cell lines is demonstrated. The results show the species profile in each cell line to be unique despite growth under identical conditions. The results from APCI-MS analysis corroborate and enhance information acquired from use of the diacylglycerol kinase assay for total ceramide measurement. This technique readily allows the previously difficult distinction between ceramide and dihydroceramide species. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ Groningen Hosp, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Groningen, Netherlands. Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston Lab, Marine Biotoxins Program, Mass Spectrometry Facil, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Busman, M (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA87584]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM08716, GM43825] NR 42 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2003 VL 17 IS 11 BP 1203 EP 1211 DI 10.1002/rcm.1043 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 685YF UT WOS:000183291600014 PM 12772277 ER PT B AU Carlson, AA AF Carlson, AA BE Wagemans, J Abderrahim, HA DHondt, P DeRaedt, C TI Database studies for the new international evaluation of the neutron cross section standards SO REACTOR DOSIMETRY IN THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry CY AUG 18-23, 2002 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Belgian Nucl Res Ctr, Amer Soc Testing Mat, Atom Energy Soc Japan, US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Nucl Soc ID SCATTERING AB International evaluations are planned for the H(n,n), He-3(n,p), Li-6(n,t), B-10(n,I), B-10(n,alpha(1)gamma), Au(n,gamma), and U-235(n,f) cross section standards. Some additional important cross sections, including those for U-238(n,f), U-238(n,gamma) and Pu-239(n,f) will also be evaluated. Most of these cross sections are actively used in neutron dosimetry for fluence determination. Work on the standards evaluation has begun with an investigation of the experiments to be used in the evaluation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carlson, AA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-448-0 PY 2003 BP 638 EP 645 DI 10.1142/9789812705563_0080 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BX50P UT WOS:000185511900080 ER PT B AU Adams, JM Gilliam, DM AF Adams, JM Gilliam, DM BE Wagemans, J Abderrahim, HA DHondt, P DeRaedt, C TI Improving neutron source calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology SO REACTOR DOSIMETRY IN THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry CY AUG 18-23, 2002 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Belgian Nucl Res Ctr, Amer Soc Testing Mat, Atom Energy Soc Japan, US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Nucl Soc AB The US National Institute of Standards and Technology operates a premier calibration laboratory for certifying the neutron emission rate of radioisotopic neutron sources with rigorous quality assurance over a wide range of emission rates. Calibrations are performed using the manganous sulfate bath technique, and are performed with a relative expanded uncertainty of approximately 3.5 % (2sigma). Recently, an improvement to the calibration procedure has been implemented whereby, in addition to the national standard neutron source, sources are regularly calibrated against one of three (international) standard sources formerly maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. This procedure helps ensure that the fidelity of NIST neutron source calibrations is maintained at the highest level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Adams, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-448-0 PY 2003 BP 682 EP 688 DI 10.1142/9789812705563_0085 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BX50P UT WOS:000185511900085 ER PT B AU Schaffer, D Middlecoff, J Govett, M Henderson, T AF Schaffer, D Middlecoff, J Govett, M Henderson, T CA CIRA BE Zwieflhofer, W Kreitz, N TI Performance analysis of the scalable modeling system SO REALIZING TERACOMPUTING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Workshop on Use of High Performance Computing in Meteorology CY NOV 04-08, 2002 CL Reading, ENGLAND AB The Scalable Modeling System (SMS) is a directive-based parallelization tool. The user inserts directives in the form of comments into existing Fortran code. SMS translates the code and directives into a parallel version that runs on shared and distributed memory high-performance computing platforms. Directives are available to support array re-sizing, interprocess communications, loop translations, and parallel output. SMS also provides debugging tools that significantly reduce code parallelization time. SMS is intended for applications using regular structured grids that are solved using explicit finite difference approximation (FDA) or spectral methods. It has been used to parallelize ten atmospheric and oceanic models but the tool is sufficiently general that it can be applied to other structured grids codes. The performance of SMS parallel versions of the Eta atmospheric and Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) oceanic models is analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that SMS adds insignificant overhead compared to hand-coded Message Passing Interface (MPI) solutions in these cases. This research shows that, for the ROMS model, using a distributed memory parallel approach on a cache-based shared memory machine yields better performance than an equivalent shared-memory solution due to false sharing. We also find that the ability of compilers/machines to efficiently handle dynamically allocated arrays is highly variable. Finally, we show that SMS demonstrates the performance benefit gained by allowing the user to explicitly place communications. We call for extensions of the High Performance Fortran (HPF) standard to support this capability. C1 NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schaffer, D (reprint author), NOAA, Res Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Govett, Mark/H-2363-2015; Middlecoff, Jacques/L-7549-2015 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-376-X PY 2003 BP 235 EP 256 DI 10.1142/9789812704832_0018 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BCN73 UT WOS:000230326500018 ER PT S AU Stone, JA Amer, M Faust, B Zimmerman, J AF Stone, JA Amer, M Faust, B Zimmerman, J BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI Angle metrology using AAMACS and two small-angle measurement systems SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRACEABLE DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Recent Developments in Traceable Dimensional Measurements II CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE angle; autocollimator; Fizeau interferometer; metrology ID DEVIATIONS AB The hi-hest accuracy method for angle measurement employed at NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) makes use of an automated stack of three indexing tables- our Advanced Automated Master Angle Calibration System (AAMACS)-- in conjunction with one of two possible instruments for small-angle measurement. The small-angle measurement system is usually an autocollimator, but we have also used a Fizeau phase-stepping interferometer in this role. We have performed numerous experiments to characterize the performance of the Fizeau interferometer for an-le measurement. The two small-anale measurement systems are subject to a variety of potential errors when measuring imperfectly flat surfaces or imperfectly mounted artifacts, and we have quantified many of these sources of error. Potential errors of the Fizeau system, such as diffraction and various aberration effects, are small relative to potential errors associated with the measurement of non-flat artifact faces. Furthermore, when measuring the angle between imperfect surfaces, our two instruments implement slightly different definitions of the "average angle", and we might expect to see a significant difference in results from the two instruments. In actuality we have seen only very small differences when measuring typical artifacts. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, JA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5063-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5190 BP 146 EP 155 DI 10.1117/12.506481 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY14C UT WOS:000187881400015 ER PT S AU Stoup, J Doiron, T AF Stoup, J Doiron, T BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI Measurements of large silicon spheres using the NIST M48 coordinate measuring machine SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRACEABLE DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Recent Developments in Traceable Dimensional Measurements II CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE accuracy; CMM; comparison; silicon sphere; uncertainty AB The NIST M48 coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to measure the average diameter of two precision, silicon spheres of nominal. diameter near 93.6mm. A measurement technique was devised that took advantage of the specific strengths of the machine and the artifacts while restricting the influences derived from the machine's few weaknesses. This effort resulted in measurements with unprecedented uncertainty levels for CMM style instruments. The results were confirmed through a blind comparison with another national measurement institute (NMI) that used special apparatus specifically designed for the measurement of these silicon spheres and employed very different measurement techniques. The standard uncertainty of the average diameter measurements was less than 20 nanometers. This paper will describe the measurement techniques along with the decision-making processes used to develop these specific methods. The measurement uncertainty of the measurements will also be rigorously examined. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoup, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5063-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5190 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1117/12.506317 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY14C UT WOS:000187881400029 ER PT S AU Stone, JA Stejskal, A AF Stone, JA Stejskal, A BE Decker, JE Brown, N TI Wavelength-tracking capabilities of a Fabry-Perot cavity SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRACEABLE DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Recent Developments in Traceable Dimensional Measurements II CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE index of refraction; refractive index; refractometer; wavelength tracker; interferometry; helium ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; AIR; REFRACTOMETER; HELIUM; INTERFEROMETRY; STANDARD; VALUES; LASER AB We have characterized the accuracy of atmospheric wavelength tracking based on a laser servolocked to a simple Fabry-Perot cavity. The motivations are (1) to explore a method for air refractive index measurement and (2) to determine the stability and accuracy of these cavities when employed as a length reference, with potential application to absolute distance interferometry, air-wavelength stabilized lasers, or similar applications. The Fabry-Perot cavity consists of mirrors optically contacted to an ultra-low-expansion spacer with the interior of the cavity open along its length to the surrounding air. Changes in laser frequency are monitored to determine changes in the refractive index of the gas in the cavity. We have studied limitations of this technique that arise from humidity effects, thermal distortion, and (for absolute refractive index measurements where the cavity must be evacuated) pressure-induced distortions. Comparing results from two cavities with very different lengths gives us a very sensitive probe of errors associated with end effects, and pressure-induced distortions can be measured by filling the cavity with helium, whose index of refraction is believed to be well known from ab initio calculations. The uncertainty of refractive index measurements can be greatly reduced when these sources of error are measured and corrected. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5063-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5190 BP 327 EP 338 DI 10.1117/12.506313 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation SC Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY14C UT WOS:000187881400034 ER PT B AU Sissenwine, MP Mace, PM AF Sissenwine, MP Mace, PM BE Sinclair, M Valdimarsson, G TI Governance for responsible fisheries: an ecosystem approach SO RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES IN THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem CY OCT, 2001 CL Reykjavik, ICELAND SP United Nat, Food & Agr Org ID LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; COMANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; PERSPECTIVE; BARRIERS; IMPACTS; AREAS AB The term, 'responsible' can be interpreted in many ways. For fisheries, we believe responsible means sustainable production of human benefits, which are distributed 'fairly', without causing unacceptable changes in marine ecosystems. Governance is broader than fisheries management. It consists of formal and informal rules, and understandings or norms that influence behaviour. Responsible fisheries requires self-governance by the scientific community, the fishing industry and the public (including politicians), as well as responsible fisheries management. An ecosystem approach to fisheries management, also known as ecosystem-based fisheries management, is geographically specified fisheries management that takes account of knowledge and uncertainties about, and among, biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems, and strives to balance diverse societal objectives. Much has been written about the principles that should underlie an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. The key elements of the approach should be: (i) goals and constraints that characterize the desired state of fisheries and undesirable ecosystem changes; (ii) conservation measures that are precautionary, take account of species interactions and are adaptive; (iii) allocation of rights to provide incentives for conservation; (iv) decision making that is participatory and transparent; (v) ecosystem protection for habitat and species of special concern; and (vi) management support, including scientific information, enforcement and performance evaluation. Fisheries ecosystem plans are a useful vehicle for designing and implementing fisheries management systems that capture these six elements. Such plans should highlight a hierarchy of management entities, from an ecosystem scale to the local scale of communities; ocean zoning, including marine protected areas (MPAs) and other geographically defined management measures; and specification of authorized fishing activities, with protocols required for future authorizations. The scientific community needs to govern itself so that it produces scientific information that is relevant, responsive, respected and right. A multi-faceted approach is needed, including monitoring of fisheries and ecosystems, assessments and scientific advice tailored to management needs, and strategic research investments to improve monitoring and assessments in the future. One serious problem facing scientists is the controversial nature of assessments and scientific advice. This problem needs to be addressed with a three-pronged strategy that calls for: separation of scientific institutions from management; collaborative research with the fishing industry; and transparent quality assurance of scientific advice. The last-named requires peer review, which either can be integrated into the process of preparing the advice (referred to as integrated peer review) or can be conducted following the preparation of the advice (referred to as sequential peer review). The appearance of potential conflict of interest by peer reviewers is a factor in the credibility of the peer review process. For an ecosystem approach for responsible fisheries, the fishing industry should govern itself to accept responsibility for providing fisheries information, embrace collaborative research, participate in the fishery management process and live with the outcome, comply with regulations, avoid waste and develop training to instil a responsible fishing ethic. Environmentalists and the public in general should also participate in the fisheries management process and live with the outcome. Politicians should produce legislation that is clear in intent and achievable within realistic funding levels. No one should make or condone 'end runs', which undermine fishery management decisions. All stakeholders should be respectful of other stakeholders. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Sissenwine, MP (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 61 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 25 PU FOOD & AGRICUL ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS PI ROME PA VIA DELLE TERME DI CARACALLA, 00100 ROME, ITALY BN 0-85199-633-7 PY 2003 BP 363 EP 391 DI 10.1079/9780851996332.0363 PG 29 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BBQ18 UT WOS:000227034800021 ER PT J AU Deslattes, RD Kessler, EG Indelicato, P de Billy, L Lindroth, E Anton, J AF Deslattes, RD Kessler, EG Indelicato, P de Billy, L Lindroth, E Anton, J TI X-ray transition energies: new approach to a comprehensive evaluation SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LEVEL BINDING-ENERGIES; STRONG COULOMB FIELD; FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; ELECTRON SELF-ENERGY; TOTAL PHOTOION YIELD; HELIUM-LIKE IONS; CU-LIKE IONS; 2-PHOTON-EXCHANGE GRAPHS; 2P(1/2)-2S TRANSITION; DIRAC-FOCK AB The authors combine modern theoretical calculations with evaluated selected experimental data to produce a comprehensive data resource of K- and L-x-ray transition and absorption edge energies for all of the elements from neon to fermium. The theoretical and experimental components of this work are the result of programs of parallel development extending over more than 20 years. At each of several progressively more refined comparisons, it was possible to identify theoretical components whose systematic improvement then led to the next level of refinement in comparisons with an increasingly robust experimental reference data set. We have now reached a certain practical limit in what can be undertaken with reasonable levels of theoretical effort. This limit is not very different from the practical level of accuracy that can be meaningfully associated with the experimental data. For the more prominent diagram lines, experiment and theory are concordant with a zero-centered distribution of residuals whose statistical metrics allow the uncertainties to be estimated. For the light elements (Z<20) and the very heavy elements (Z>90) there are significant difficulties, as is also the case for a few isolated elements and transitions for 20 0.723), and along the BaO-Ta2O5 binary (from 43 to 26 mol% BaO), which in turn dissolves up to similar to12 mol% TiO2 to form extensive single-phase fields with different TTB superstructures. X-ray powder diffraction data are given for three binary BaO:Ta2O5 compounds exhibiting the TTB structure and two superstructures. The large compositional ranges of the TTB-type phases are accompanied by only small changes in specific volume. The TTB-type regions within the ternary and those emanating from the BaO-Ta2O5 binary do not co-exist in equilibrium, which likely reflects fundamental differences in the structural mechanisms that accommodate the variable stoichiometries. The similarities and differences between the BaO:TiO2:Ta2O5 and BaO:TiO2:Nb2O5 systems are described. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Vanderah, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 54 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 13 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1293-2558 J9 SOLID STATE SCI JI Solid State Sci. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 5 IS 1 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.1016/S1293-2558(02)00089-4 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 673BC UT WOS:000182558200015 ER PT S AU O'Brien, K Sauer, HH AF O'Brien, K Sauer, HH BE Smart, DF TI The atmospheric radiation response to solar-particle-events SO SPACE LIFE SCIENCES: STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE GLOBAL SPACE RADIATION FIELD AT AIRCRAFT ALTITIUDES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Space Congress/34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY OCT 10-19, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS SP Comm Space Res AB High-energy solar particles, produced in association with solar flares and coronal mass ejections, occasionally bombard the earth's atmosphere,. resulting in radiation intensities additional to the background cosmic radiation. Access of these particles to the earth's vicinity during times of geomagnetic disturbances are not adequately described by using static geomagnetic field models. These solar fluxes are also often distributed non uniformly in space, so that fluxes measured by satellites obtained at great distances from the earth and which sample large volumes of space around the earth cannot be used to predict fluxes locally at the earth's surface. We present here a method which uses the ground-level neutron monitor counting rates as adjoint sources of the flux in the atmosphere immediately above them to obtain solar-particle effective dose rates as a function of position over the earth's surface. We have applied this approach to the large September 29-30, 1989 ground-level event (designated GLE 42) to obtain the magnitude and distribution of the solar-particle effective dose rate from an atypically large event. The results of these calculations clearly show the effect of the softer particle spectra associated with solar particle events, as compared with galactic cosmic rays, results in a greater sensitivity to the geomagnetic field, and, unlike cosmic rays, the near-absence of a "knee" near 60degrees geomagnetic latitude. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP O'Brien, K (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, POB 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2003 VL 32 IS 1 BP 73 EP 80 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00502-7 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BX64R UT WOS:000185946800010 PM 14727666 ER PT J AU Bender, PL Hall, JL Ye, J Klipstein, WM AF Bender, PL Hall, JL Ye, J Klipstein, WM TI Satellite-satellite laser links for future gravity missions SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LISA; NM AB A strong candidate for use in future missions to map time variations in the Earth's gravity field is laser heterodyne measurements between separate spacecraft. At the shortest wavelengths that can be measured in space, the main accuracy limitation for variations in the potential with latitude is expected to be the frequency stability of the laser. Thus the development of simple and reliable space-qualified lasers with high frequency stability appears to be an important goal for the near future. In the last few years, quite high stability has been achieved by locking the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser to a resonant absorption line of iodine molecules in an absorption cell. Such a laser system can be made quite robust, and temperature related frequency shifts can be controlled at a low value. Recent results from laboratory systems are described. The Allan standard deviation for the beat between two such lasers was 2 x 10(-14) at 10 s, and reached 7 x 10(-15) at 600 s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pbender@jila.colorado.edu; jhall@jila.colorado.edu; ye@jila.colorado.edu; klipstein@jpl.nasa.gov RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 12 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 2003 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 377 EP 384 DI 10.1023/A:1026195913558 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 732AM UT WOS:000185918700033 ER PT J AU Bender, PL Nerem, RS Wahr, JM AF Bender, PL Nerem, RS Wahr, JM TI Possible future use of laser gravity gradiometers SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SPHERICAL PROOF MASSES; DRAG-FREE SATELLITES; LISA AB With the GRACE mission under way and the GOCE mission well along in the design process, detailed questions concerning the type of future mission that may follow them have arisen. It is generally agreed that determining the time variations in the Earth's gravity field with as high spatial and temporal resolution as is feasible will be the main driver for such a mission. The possible use of laser heterodyne measurements between separate satellites in such a mission has been discussed by a number of people. The first suggestion of emphasizing time variation measurements in a laser mission was the TIDES concept presented in 1992 by Colombo and Chao. Then, in 2000, a GRACE Follow-On mission using laser measurements between two drag-free satellites was discussed by Watkins et al. (2000). More recently, the possibility of utilizing laser measurements between more than two satellites in order to determine two or more components of the gravity gradient tensor simultaneously has been proposed by Balmino. This approach may be desirable in order to reduce the aliasing of time variations between geopotential terms of different degree and order, as well as to improve the resolution in longitude, despite the cost of the additional satellites. In this paper, we discuss specific possible mission geometries for measuring the two diagonal in-plane components of the gravity gradient tensor simultaneously. This could be done, for example, by laser heterodyne measurements between two pairs of satellites in coplanar and nearly polar orbits. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM pbender@jila.colorado.edu; nerem@colorado.edu; wahr@longo.colorado.edu NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 2003 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 385 EP 392 DI 10.1023/A:1026100130397 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 732AM UT WOS:000185918700034 ER PT J AU Kamide, Y Kihn, EA Ridley, AJ Cliver, EW Kadowaki, Y AF Kamide, Y Kihn, EA Ridley, AJ Cliver, EW Kadowaki, Y TI Real-time specifications of the geospace environment SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE geomagnetic storm; ionosphere; magnetosphere; solar wind; space weather; substorm ID INTERPLANETARY SCINTILLATION OBSERVATIONS; IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MAGNETIC-FIELD; LATITUDE; CURRENTS; MODEL; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS AB We report the recent progress in our joint program of real-time mapping of ionospheric electric fields and currents and field-aligned currents through the Geospace Environment Data Analysis System (GEDAS) at the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory and similar computer systems in the world. Data from individual ground magnetometers as well as from the solar wind are collected by these systems and are used as input for the KRM and AMIE magnetogram-inversion algorithms, which calculate the two-dimensional distribution of the ionospheric parameters. One of the goals of this program is to specify the solar-terrestrial environment in terms of ionospheric processes, providing the scientific community with more than what geomagnetic activity indices and statistical models provide. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Michigan, Space Phys Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. RI Kihn, Eric/A-8204-2009; Ridley, Aaron/F-3943-2011 OI Ridley, Aaron/0000-0001-6933-8534 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 2003 VL 107 IS 1-2 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1023/A:1025521100295 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 717PR UT WOS:000185099000029 ER PT J AU Linsky, JL AF Linsky, JL TI Atomic deuterium/hydrogen in the Galaxy SO SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; ABSORPTION PROFILE SPECTROGRAPH; MASS-LOSS RATES; LINE-OF-SIGHT; FUSE MISSION; D/H RATIO; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; ALPHA CENTAURI; ORION-NEBULA AB An accurate value of the D/H ratio in the local interstellar medium (LISM) and a better understanding of the D/H variations with position in the Galactic disk and halo are vitally important questions as they provide information on the primordial D/H ratio in the Galaxy at the time of the protosolar nebula, and the amount of astration and mixing in the Galaxy over time. Recent measurements have been obtained with UV spectrographs on FUSE, HST, and IMAPS using hot white dwarfs, OB stars, and late-type stars as background light sources against which to measure absorption by D and H in the interstellar medium along the lines of sight. Recent analyses of FUSE observations of seven white dwarfs and subdwarfs provide a weighted mean value of D/H = (1.52 +/- 0.08) x 10(-5) (15.2 +/- 0.8 ppm), consistent with the value of (1.50 +/- 0.10) x 10(-5) (15.0 +/- 1.0 ppm) obtained from analysis of lines of sight toward nearby late-type stars. Both numbers refer to the ISM within about 100 pc of the Sun, which samples warm clouds located within the Local Bubble. Outside of the Local Bubble at distances of 200 to 500 pc, analyses of far-UV spectra obtained with the IMAPS instrument indicate a much wider range of D/H ratios between 0.8 to 2.2 ppm. This portion of the Galactic disk provides information on inhomogeneous astration in the Galaxy. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu NR 36 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-6308 EI 1572-9672 J9 SPACE SCI REV JI Space Sci. Rev. PY 2003 VL 106 IS 1-4 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1023/A:1024673217736 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 699RP UT WOS:000184070000005 ER PT S AU Ikehara, ME AF Ikehara, ME BE Singhroy, V Hansen, DT Pierce, RR Johnson, AI TI Application of GPS for expansion of the vertical datum California SO SPATIAL METHODS FOR SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDROLOGIC PROBLEMS-SCIENCE, POLICY, AND STANDARDIZATION SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Spatial Methods for the Solution of Environmental and Hydrologic Problems CY JAN 25, 2001 CL RENO, NV DE geodetic surveying; vertical control; Global Positioning System AB Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying is helping to expand the sparse coverage of geodetic stations referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) in California. Accurate and precise vertical control is an important aspect of solutions to various hydrologic problems such as floodplain mapping and aqueduct gradient determinations. The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has developed guidelines for GPS procedures that will result in local accuracies for ellipsoid heights of 2 cm at 95% confidence. The NAVD 88 datum in California is being expanded in segments of GPS networks that are observed by multiple-agency partnerships. Networks between San Francisco and Sacramento have been completed, and expansion in the Central Valley is being pursued. Determination and maintenance of accurate vertical heights in the Central Valley is particularly difficult because of large historical and unknown current effects of land subsidence resulting from massive quantities of groundwater withdrawal for several decades prior to the 1980's. Other NGS goals are to establish more geodetic and tidal datum connections, and to provide real-time water level information to harbor pilots for safer and more efficient vessel loading and navigation. C1 Natl Geodet Survey, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. RP Ikehara, ME (reprint author), Natl Geodet Survey, 1727 30th St,MS-35, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3455-X J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1420 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1520/STP10919S PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BW30Q UT WOS:000181492100010 ER PT J AU Lehr, WJ AF Lehr, WJ TI A mid-summer's nightmare SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lehr, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 2 BP 109 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00047-1 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 705GM UT WOS:000184387400001 ER PT J AU Rainey, G Lehr, W Johnson, W AF Rainey, G Lehr, W Johnson, W TI Longer term weathering workshop: An overview SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 US Minerals Management Serv, Herndon, VA USA. NOAA, Mazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), US Minerals Management Serv, 381 Elden St, Herndon, VA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 2 BP 115 EP 116 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00018-5 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 705GM UT WOS:000184387400002 ER PT J AU Mearns, AJ Simecek-Beatty, D AF Mearns, AJ Simecek-Beatty, D TI Longer-term weathering - Research needs in perspective SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oil weathering; oil spill models; oil spill response; research strategy; ecological models; tar balls AB The multiple agencies who sponsored The Long-Term Fate Workshop provided an opportunity to identify and prioritize research opportunities as they relate to the long-term weathering of oil. Workshop participants identified 15 areas needing research and ranked these areas by priority and level of effort. A short description of the research needs is presented here in the context of the "life history" of an oil spill. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response Div, HAZMAT, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response Div, HAZMAT, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 2 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00049-5 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 705GM UT WOS:000184387400012 ER PT J AU Martin, RD Clark, P Byron, I Steel, T Ducote, G Henry, C Michel, J AF Martin, RD Clark, P Byron, I Steel, T Ducote, G Henry, C Michel, J TI Regional response team VI guidelines for inshore/nearshore in situ burning of spilled oil SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article C1 Texas Gen Land Off, Oil Spill Prevent & Response, Austin, TX 78711 USA. Skaugen PetroTrans, Houston, TX 77057 USA. NOAA, Sci Support Coordinators Off, New Orleans, LA 70130 USA. Dept Nat Resources, Coastal Management Div, Interagcy Affairs Program, Baton Rouge, LA 70804 USA. Res Planning Inc, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. RP Martin, RD (reprint author), Texas Gen Land Off, Oil Spill Prevent & Response, POB 12873, Austin, TX 78711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 4 BP 337 EP 340 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00043-4 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 717TZ UT WOS:000185107800006 ER PT J AU Walton, WD AF Walton, WD TI Status of fire boom performance testing SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE diesel fuel fires; fire booms; fire tests; oil spills; pool fires; propane fires AB Most response plans for in situ burning of oil at sea call for the use of a fire-resistant boom to contain the oil during a burn. Presently, there is no standard method for the user of a fire-resistant boom to evaluate the anticipated performance of different booms. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-20 Committee has developed a draft Standard Guide for In Situ Burning of Oil Spills On Water: Fire-Resistant Containment Boom; however, the draft provides only general guidelines and does not specify the details of the test procedure. Significant advances have been made in the past three years in implementing the guidelines in the draft standard. Two series of tests, one using diesel fuel and one using propane, have been conducted to evaluate the protocol for testing the ability of fire-resistant booms to withstand both fire and waves. A brief description and comparison of these tests is presented along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the use of each fuel and some issues identified in the tests. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walton, WD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Bldg 224,Room A345, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 4 BP 361 EP 365 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00065-3 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 717TZ UT WOS:000185107800009 ER PT J AU McGrattan, KB AF McGrattan, KB TI Smoke plume trajectory modeling SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE smoke; plume; trajectory modeling; computational fluid dynamics; oil fires; in situ burning; atmospheric dispersion modeling AB A combination of numerical modeling and large-scale experimentation has yielded a tremendous amount of information about the structure, trajectory and composition of smoke plumes from large crude oil fires. A numerical model, a large outdoor fire plume trajectory (ALOFT), has been developed at NIST to predict the downwind concentration of smoke and other combustion products. The model is based on the fundamental conservation equations that govern the introduction of hot gases and particulate matter from a large fire into the atmosphere. The model has been used to estimate distances from fires under of variety of meteorological and topographic conditions where ground level concentrations of smoke and combustion products fall below regulatory threshold levels. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McGrattan, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 8663, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 4 BP 367 EP 372 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00053-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 717TZ UT WOS:000185107800010 ER PT J AU Walton, WD Mullin, JV AF Walton, WD Mullin, JV TI NIST SP 995 in situ burning of oil spills: Resource collection 2 CD ROM set SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE crude oil; environmental effects; fire research; in situ burning; oil spills AB Significant advances have been made in the past two decades in the use of In Situ Burning (ISB) as an oil spill response tool. This collection reflects a substantial portion of the research, development, planning and implementation undertaken by hundreds of individuals and dozens of organizations. In situ burning is not necessarily the preferred oil spill response tool for all incidents, but one of a number that may be considered. This collection was developed primarily to aid oil spill response professionals with knowledge and training in the use of in situ burning as a response tool. Individuals or organizations should not attempt in situ burning of an oil spill solely based on the information in this collection. The collection provides a wealth of information in a convenient format that can be used in the planning, response or research environment. It contains more than 350 documents with over 13,000 pages and nearly one hour of video. C1 US Minerals Management Serv, Technol Assessment & Res Program, Herndon, VA 20170 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walton, WD (reprint author), US Minerals Management Serv, Technol Assessment & Res Program, Herndon, VA 20170 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2003 VL 8 IS 4 BP 405 EP 406 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00066-5 PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 717TZ UT WOS:000185107800016 ER PT J AU Russek, SE McMichael, RD Donahue, MJ Kaka, S AF Russek, SE McMichael, RD Donahue, MJ Kaka, S TI High speed switching and rotational dynamics in small magnetic thin film devices SO SPIN DYNAMICS IN CONFINED MAGNETIC STRUCTURES II SE TOPICS IN APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY; SPIN-VALVE DEVICES; FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE LINEWIDTH; GIANT MAGNETORESISTIVE DEVICES; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; STANDARD PROBLEM; REVERSAL; FIELD; PERMALLOY; EXCHANGE AB The intent of this chapter is to review high-frequency magnetic device measurements and modeling work at NIST which is being conducted to support the development of high-speed read sensors, magnetic random access memory, and magnetoelectronic applications (such as isolators and microwaves components). The chapter will concentrate on magnetoresistive devices, those devices whose resistance is a function of the magnetic state of the device, which can in turn be controlled by a magnetic field. The low-frequency characteristics of magnetoresistive devices will be reviewed. Simulated high-frequency device dynamics, using single-domain and micromagnetic models, will be discussed. Next, high-speed measurements of magnetization rotation and switching in micrometer-size devices will be presented. The effects of thermal fluctuations and disorder on device dynamics will be examined, and high-frequency magnetic noise data will be presented. Finally, the need to understand and control high-frequency magnetic damping will be discussed, and a method for engineering high-frequency magnetization damping using rare-earth doping will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Russek, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012 NR 86 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0303-4216 J9 TOP APPL PHYS PY 2003 VL 87 BP 93 EP 154 PG 62 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BW69M UT WOS:000182837900004 ER PT S AU Siewert, TA McCowan, CN Bushey, RA Doherty, J Christ, T Kotecki, DJ Olson, DL Myers, LW Hinshaw, E Kiser, S AF Siewert, TA McCowan, CN Bushey, RA Doherty, J Christ, T Kotecki, DJ Olson, DL Myers, LW Hinshaw, E Kiser, S BE Brebbia, CA TI Weld repair of the US Capitol dome SO STRUCTURAL STUDIES, REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE VIII SE ADVANCES IN ARCHITECTURE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture CY MAY 07-09, 2003 CL HALKIDIKI, GREECE SP Wessex Inst Technol AB This report describes some options for weld repairs to the outer shell of the dome on the U.S. Capitol. During the past 140 years, corrosion products have built up within many of the joints, leading to cracking of some of the iron castings that form the shell. Since the dome is a national landmark, the goal is to restore the structural integrity of the original castings, replacing as few of the components as is absolutely necessary. while mechanical joining of the fractures or filling of the gaps with epoxy are alternative procedures, a fused (leak-tight) and ductile joint is preferred. A major challenge is that the castings were produced with 1850s' technology, so the composition is far different from current castings that are designed for weld repair. Therefore, we chose to develop some alternative approaches, designed specifically for the dome castings. Of the various options, oxyacetylene braze welding (a flame repair process where the filler metal melts at a temperature below that of the casting) with low-fuming bronze (about 60Cu-40Zn) worked best. The bronze forms joints that are very similar in strength to the castings. A joining trial in July 2002 demonstrated the utility of this technique in the flat and vertical positions at four corner cracks on the dome. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Siewert, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1368-1435 BN 1-85312-968-2 J9 ADV ARC SER PY 2003 VL 16 BP 637 EP 646 PG 10 WC Architecture; Engineering, Civil SC Architecture; Engineering GA BX14Z UT WOS:000184435100062 ER PT S AU Lu, CJ Bendersky, LA Chang, K Takcuchi, I AF Lu, CJ Bendersky, LA Chang, K Takcuchi, I BE Alexander, KB Carter, CB Grimes, RW Pan, XQ Wood, TE TI HRTEM study of the extended defect structure in epitaxial Ba0.3Sr0.7TiO3 thin films grown on (001) LaAlO3 SO STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF OXIDE SURFACES AND INTERFACES II SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Structure-Property Relationships of Oxide Surfaces and Interfaces II held at the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-03, 2002 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID MISFIT DISLOCATIONS; BATIO3 CERAMICS; BARIUM-TITANATE; STACKING-FAULTS; PLANAR FAULTS; SRTIO3; NONSTOICHIOMETRY; OXIDES AB The defect structure of a 350-nm-thick epitaxial Ba0.3Sr0.7TiO3 thin film grown on (001) LaAlO3 has been investigated using conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The predominant defects in the film are threading dislocations (TDs) with Burgers vectors b = <100> and <110>. A high density of extended stacking faults (SFs) with displacement vectors R = (1/2)<110> were also observed in the near-interface region of the film. The faults are associated with dissociated dislocations and partial halfloops. Some findings about dislocation dissociation and the atomic structure of the (1/2)<110> faults are observed for the first time in perovskites to our knowledge. The mechanisms for the generation, dissociation and evolution of the TDs as well as for the formation mechanism of the SFs are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lu, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-688-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2003 VL 751 BP 37 EP 42 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA BW87P UT WOS:000183444800006 ER PT B AU Terrell, BG AF Terrell, BG BE Spirek, JD ScottIreton, DA TI Florida keys national marine sanctuary shipwreck trail: A model for multiple-use resource management SO SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: PRESERVING AND INTERPRETING OUR SUNKEN MARITIME HERITAGE SE PLENUM SERIES IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology CY JAN 04-09, 2000 CL Quebec City, CANADA SP Soc Hist Archaeol C1 NOAA, Marine Sanctuary Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47779-3 J9 PL S UNDERWATER PY 2003 BP 151 EP 163 PG 13 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA BAA87 UT WOS:000221381600012 ER PT S AU Semerjian, HG Beary, ES AF Semerjian, HG Beary, ES BE Ripple, DC TI Temperature metrology and its impact on industry SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB On the occasion of the 8(th) International Temperature Symposium, we present a brief overview of the impact on industry of temperature metrology conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), other national metrology institutes (NMIs), and industrial laboratories. A number of historical examples from the past hundred years illustrate the process of research, development, and commercialization of new technologies for temperature measurement and control. Several promising directions of future research are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Semerjian, HG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300001 ER PT S AU Ripple, DC Defibaugh, DR Moldover, MR Strouse, GF AF Ripple, DC Defibaugh, DR Moldover, MR Strouse, GF BE Ripple, DC TI Techniques for Primary Acoustic Thermometry to 800 K SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB The NIST Primary Acoustic Thermometer will measure the difference between the International Temperature Scale of 1990 and the Kelvin Thermodynamic Scale throughout the range 273 K to 800 K with uncertainties of only a few millikelvins. The acoustic thermometer determines the frequencies of the acoustic resonances of pure argon gas contained within a spherical cavity with uncertainties approaching one part in 10(6). To achieve this small uncertainty at these elevated temperatures we developed new acoustic transducers and new techniques for the maintenance of gas purity and for temperature control. The new electro-acoustic transducers are based on the capacitance between a flexible silicon wafer and a rigid backing plate. Without the damping usually provided by polymers, mechanical vibrations caused unstable, spurious acoustic signals. We describe our techniques for suppression of these vibrations. Our acoustic thermometer allows the argon to be continuously flushed through the resonator, thereby preventing the build up of hydrogen that evolves from the stainless-steel resonator. We describe how the argon pressure is stabilized while flushing. The argon exiting from the resonator is analyzed with a customized gas chromatograph. Because the acoustic resonator was so large-it has an outer diameter of 20 cm-a sophisticated furnace, based on surrounding the resonator with three concentric aluminum shells, was designed to maintain thermal uniformity and stability of the resonator at a level of 1 mK. We describe the design, modeling, and operational characteristics of the furnace. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ripple, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300005 ER PT S AU Strouse, GF Defibaugh, DR Moldover, MR Ripple, DC AF Strouse, GF Defibaugh, DR Moldover, MR Ripple, DC BE Ripple, DC TI Progress in primary Acoustic Thermometry at NIST: 273 K to 505 K SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURES; POINTS AB The NIST Acoustic Thermometer determines the thermodynamic temperature by measuring the speed of sound of argon in a spherical cavity. We obtained the thermodynamic temperature of three fixed points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990: the melting point of gallium [T(Ga) = 302.9146 K] and the freezing points of indium [T(In) = 429.7485 K] and tin [T(Sn) = 505.078 K]. The deviations of thermodynamic temperature from the ITS-90 defined temperatures are T - T-90 = (4.7 +/- 0.6) mK at T(Ga), T - T-90 = (8.8 +/- 1.5) mK at T(In), and T - T-90 = (10.7 +/- 3.0) mK at T(Sn), where the uncertainties are for a coverage factor of k = 1. Our results at T(In) and T(Sn) reduce the uncertainty of T - T-90 by a factor of two in this range. Both T - T-90 at T(Ga) and the measured thermal expansion of the resonator between the triple point of water and T(Ga) are in excellent agreement with the 1992 determination at NIST. The dominant uncertainties in the present data come from frequency-dependent and time-dependent crosstalk between the electroacoustic transducers. We plan to reduce these uncertainties and extend this work to 800 K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 31 EP 36 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300006 ER PT S AU Nam, SW Benz, SP Martinis, JM Dresselhaus, P Tew, WL White, DR AF Nam, SW Benz, SP Martinis, JM Dresselhaus, P Tew, WL White, DR BE Ripple, DC TI A ratiometric method for Johnson Noise Thermometry using a Quantized Voltage Noise Source SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID ACCURACY AB Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) involves the measurement of the statistical variance of a fluctuating voltage across a resistor in thermal equilibrium. Modem digital techniques make it now possible to perform many functions required for JNT in highly efficient and predictable ways. We describe the operational characteristics of a prototype JNT system which uses digital signal processing for filtering, real-time spectral cross-correlation for noise power measurement, and a digitally synthesized Quantized Voltage Noise Source (QVNS) as an AC voltage reference. The QVNS emulates noise with a constant spectral density that is stable, programmable, and calculable in terms of known parameters using digital synthesis techniques. Changes in analog gain are accounted for by alternating the inputs between the Johnson noise sensor and the QVNS. The Johnson noise power at a known temperature is first balanced with a synthesized noise power from the QVNS. The process is then repeated by balancing the noise power from the same resistor at an unknown temperature. When the two noise power ratios are combined, a thermodynamic temperature is derived using the ratio of the two QVNS spectral densities. We present preliminary results where the ratio between the gallium triple point and the water triple point is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the measurement system with a standard uncertainty of 0.04 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Nam, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 37 EP 42 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300007 ER PT S AU Meyer, CW Tew, WL AF Meyer, CW Tew, WL BE Ripple, DC TI The NIST low temperature ITS-90 realization and calibration facilities SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID SCALE AB Two facilities have been constructed at NIST for realizing and maintaining the ITS-90 below 84 K. The first facility is an integrated low temperature realization system that realizes the ITS-90 below 84 K in its entirety and which we refer to as the Low Temperature ITS-90 Realization Facility (LTRF). The second facility, known as the Low Temperature Calibration Facility (LTCF) is a multi-purpose low temperature facility for scale dissemination and maintenance and for realization of certain ITS-90 triple points in sealed cells. We present a description of the refrigeration, temperature-control, and resistance-measurement systems of the NIST LTRF and LTCF. For the LTRF, we also describe the realization cells and the copper block which contains them, the gas control system, and the pressure measurement system. The comparison and triple-point realization systems of the LTCF are likewise described. The design parameters of NIST fixed point cells as used in both facilities are given. The origin and purity of the NIST fixed-point materials as used in both facilities are given along with the isotopic content in the case of hydrogen. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meyer, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 137 EP 142 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300024 ER PT S AU Tew, WL Meyer, CW AF Tew, WL Meyer, CW BE Ripple, DC TI Recent results of NIST realizations of the ITS-90 below 84 K SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB The results at NIST of realizations and comparisons of the ITS-90 below 84 K are presented. The He-3 and He-4 vapor pressure scales (0.65 K to 5.0 K), and the interpolating constant volume gas thermometer (ICVGT) scale (5.0 K to 24.556 K) as realized from 1994 to 1996 are carried on a series of five check rhodium-iron resistance thermometers (RIRTs) which are periodically compared. The triple points of e-H-2, Ne, O-2, and Ar have been realized using a variety of cells and gas sources over the last six years. The resistance ratios of seven check capsule-type Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRTs) at these triple points as well as the e-H-2 vapor pressure points realized since 1994 are summarized. These check SPRTs are periodically compared with each other and with the check RIRTs. Comparisons of the NIST realizations as recorded on these RIRTs and SPRTs are presented. Comparison results compiled since 1997 are presented relative to those RIRT resistances and SPRT resistance ratios that were submitted by NIST for the Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) Key Comparisons (KC-1 and KC-2). Data from some NIST triple-point realizations are compared to those from sealed triple-point cells (STPCs) which were submitted by NIST to the PTB International Comparison of STPCs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tew, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300025 ER PT S AU Strouse, GF Hill, KD AF Strouse, GF Hill, KD BE Ripple, DC TI Performance assessment of resistance ratio bridges used for the calibration of SPRTs SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Automatic balancing dc and ac resistance ratio bridges are the primary measurement devices used by National Measurement Institutes for the calibration of standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs) on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Performance assessment of these resistance ratio bridges is critical to the determination of both the uncertainties of the measurements and for identifying if a resistance bridge is exhibiting noncompliant behavior. NIST and NRC investigated the performance of 18 resistance ratio bridges consisting of 14 ASL F18s, 2 ASL F900s, and 2 MI 6010Bs. The assessment techniques included the use of an AEONZ resistance bridge calibrator, an ASL ratio test unit, and complements checks. Additionally, the possible effects from using different ac frequencies were investigated. This paper presents the methods of assessment employed, indicates the performance results obtained for the 18 resistance ratio bridges, describes the determination of measurement uncertainties, and assesses the contribution to the calibration uncertainty of SPRT measurements at ITS-90 fixed points. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 327 EP 332 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300056 ER PT S AU Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP AF Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP BE Ripple, DC TI Characterization and calibration of lightpipe radiation thermometers for use in rapid thermal processing SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs) are the sensor of choice for temperature measurements in Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) applications. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we have developed protocols for calibrating and characterizing LPRTs for use in RTP and other applications. In this paper, the LPRTs and the sodium heat pipe blackbody (Na-HPBB) used in the calibration process at NIST will be introduced. The calibration and characterization methods (spatial response, spectral response, temporal response, and optical inspection) of the LPRTs will be described also. Finally, a discussion of the application of LPRTs in an environment outside of the calibration laboratory, along with a list of recommendations for proper use of LPRTs, will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 441 EP 446 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300075 ER PT S AU Vaughn, CD Strouse, GF AF Vaughn, CD Strouse, GF BE Ripple, DC TI NIST calibration uncertainties of liquid-in-glass thermometers over the range from -20 degrees C to 400 degrees C SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Industrial Thermometer Calibration Laboratory (ITCL) is responsible for calibrating several different types of industrial thermometers. One of those types is the liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometer, which includes both mercury (partial and total immersion) and organic (total immersion) filled models. Over the past two years, improvements in both calibration equipment and software used in the ITCL has led to a new assessment of the uncertainties assigned to the calibration of LiG thermometers covering the temperature range from -20 degreesC to 400 degreesC. In total, eighteen thermometers from three different manufacturers, six of which are mercury-filled partial immersion, twelve of which are mercury-filled total immersion, and two of which are organic-filled total immersion models, were used for the determination of LiG thermometer calibration uncertainties over the range from -20 degreesC to 400 degreesC in the NIST ITCL. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vaughn, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 447 EP 452 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300076 ER PT S AU Allen, DW Saunders, RD Johnson, BC Gibson, CE Yoon, HW AF Allen, DW Saunders, RD Johnson, BC Gibson, CE Yoon, HW BE Ripple, DC TI The development and characterization of an absolute pyrometer calibrated for radiance responsivity SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURES; RADIOMETRIC DETERMINATION; POINTS; GOLD AB For temperatures above the freezing temperature of silver, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined in terms of spectral radiance ratios to one of the silver, gold or copper freezing-temperature blackbodies using the Planck radiance law. However, due to the use of spectral radiance ratios, the uncertainties in the realization of thermodynamic temperatures using ITS-90 increase as the square of the temperature ratios. Such increases in the temperature uncertainties can be reduced by using absolute radiometry with pyrometers traceable to cryogenic radiometers, and the resulting temperature uncertainties can be smaller than those measured using the ratio pyrometry as prescribed in ITS-90. We describe the development and the characterization of an absolute pyrometer (AP1) constructed at NIST and calibrated for absolute radiance responsivity. The calibrations are performed with the pyrometer as a single unit; thus separate measurements of the lens transmittance and the spectral responsivities of the filters and detector are not required. The temperature measurement capabilities of the AP1 are shown using the melt and freeze cycle of the gold-point blackbody. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, DW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 577 EP 582 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300099 ER PT S AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Gardner, JL AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Gardner, JL BE Ripple, DC TI Spectral radiance comparisons of two blackbodies with temperatures determined using absolute detectors and ITS-90 techniques SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID SCALE; NIST AB For calibrations of spectral irradiance standards, a high-temperature blackbody (HTBB) is used as a source of spectral radiance or irradiance as derived from Planck's radiance law. The temperature of such a blackbody can be determined using radiance ratios to the gold freezing-temperature blackbody based on the technique described in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), or by using a primary thermometer, which is an absolute detector referenced to a cryogenic radiometer. One of the primary motivations of using the detector-based method is that the uncertainties in the temperature determination of a HTBB can be lower than those assigned using ITS-90. Previous comparisons of temperatures measured using the two techniques have been at a few, selected wavelengths due to the limited measurement wavelengths of the comparison pyrometer. In this study, the spectral radiances of a HTBB from 250 nm to 2400 nm are assigned using a spectroradiometer from the known spectral radiances of a variable-temperature blackbody (VTBB) with a 0.999 emissivity, and its temperature is found using ITS-90 techniques. The spectral radiances of the HTBB are also assigned using a primary thermometer. These measurements are performed on four separate occasions over a period of one month. The uncertainties in the detector-based radiance temperature measurements are propagated directly from the spectral responsivity determinations, and propagating the correlations in the calculation of the uncertainties results in the detector-based temperature uncertainty of 0.21 K (k = 2) at 3000 K, which is more than a factor of 6 lower than the uncertainties in the temperatures determined using ITS-90. The agreement in radiance temperatures between the two methods is within the total combined expanded uncertainty of the temperature determination of the HTBB at 3000 K of 1.2 K (k = 2). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 601 EP 606 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300103 ER PT S AU Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L AF Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L BE Ripple, DC TI Low scatter optical system for emittance and temperature measurements SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID POINT AB The development and evaluation of an optical system for a new spectral directional emittance facility at NIST is reported. The imaging quality and signal contributions due to out-of-field-of-view scattering, commonly characterized by the "size-of-source effect" (SSE) parameter, have been measured across the spectral range of 0.65 mum to 4 mum by three independent methods. The SSE measurement results of scatter levels not exceeding 2 to 3 parts in 10(4) are consistent and exceed the design targets. The potential application of the optical system to construction of a portable instrument with low scatter/emission and an operating spectral range of 0.65 mum to 20 mum are discussed. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mekhontsev, S (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 693 EP 698 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300118 ER PT S AU Prokhorov, A Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L AF Prokhorov, A Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L BE Ripple, DC TI Reciprocity principle and choice of the reflectance model for physically correct modeling of effective emissivity SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID MONTE-CARLO METHOD; CAVITIES AB In the last two decades considerable progress has been made in numerical modeling of isothermal and non-isothermal cavities by the Monte Carlo method, in particular, by the use of the uniform specular-diffuse reflection model and backward ray tracing techniques. However, this technique has no essential theoretical foundation. In the present paper a comparative numerical analysis of forward and backward ray tracing algorithms shows agreement with earlier analytical results. Numerical experiments show that the use of uniform specular-diffuse reflection model, which obeys the reciprocity principle, leads to excellent agreement between effective emissivities, computed by forward and backward ray tracing. At the same time, results obtained for the non-reciprocal Phong's model demonstrate substantial discrepancies. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 729 EP 734 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300124 ER PT S AU Chen, DH DeWitt, DP Tsai, BK Kreider, KG Kimes, WA AF Chen, DH DeWitt, DP Tsai, BK Kreider, KG Kimes, WA BE Ripple, DC TI Effects of wafer emissivity on rapid thermal processing temperature measurement SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs) are widely used to measure wafer temperatures in rapid thermal processing (RTP) tools. To use blackbody-calibrated LPRTs to infer the wafer temperature, it is necessary to build a model to predict the effective emissivity accounting for the wafer and chamber radiative properties as well as geometrical features of the chamber. The uncertainty associated with model-corrected temperatures can be investigated using test wafers instrumented with thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) on which the LPRT target spot has been coated with films of different emissivity. A finite-element model of the wafer-chamber arrangement was used to investigate the effects of Pt spot (epsilon(s) = 0.25) and Au spot (epsilon(s) = 0.05) on the temperature distribution of test wafers with spectral emissivities of 0.65 and 0.84. The effects of the shield reflectivity and the cool lightpipe (LP) tip on the wafer temperature were evaluated. A radiance analysis method was developed, and a comparison of model-based predictions with experimental observations was made on a 200 mm diameter wafer in the NIST RTP test bed. The temperature rises caused by the low-emissivity spot were predicted and the cooling effect of the LP tip was determined. The results of the study are important for developing the model-based corrections for temperature measurements and related uncertainties using LPRTs in semiconductor thermal processes. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, DH (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 735 EP 740 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300125 ER PT S AU Basak, D Yoon, HW Rhorer, R Burns, T AF Basak, D Yoon, HW Rhorer, R Burns, T BE Ripple, DC TI Microsecond time-resolved pyrometry during rapid resistive heating of samples in a Kolsky bar apparatus SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Analysis of machining processes is important in the understanding and improving of manufacturing methods. The modeling of machining processes relies on high-strain rate, high-temperature material properties. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar (or Kolsky bar) is being installed in a NIST high-current pulse-heating facility. By heating the material sample rapidly with a controlled current pulse immediately before the mechanical impact in the bar, structural changes in the sample are inhibited, thus better simulating conditions during machining. A stress-strain relationship can be determined at various temperatures for test materials. We describe the design and the development of a millisecond-resolution split-Hopkinson apparatus, where the sample is resistively heated by the passage of a sub-second-duration electric current pulse. The impact bar is constructed out of maraging steel and the sample is a cylinder of AISI 1045 steel. The current is transmitted through the oiled-bronze sleeve bushing of the impact bar. The temperature measurements are performed using a near-infrared micro-pyrometer (NIMPY). The NIMPY consists of a refractive 5x microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 0.14 attached to a traditional microscope body. The thermal measurement is performed with an InGaAs detector with similar to1 mus response time. The procedure used to calibrate the pyrometer with a variable temperature blackbody is described. A brief description of a model of the pulse heating process is given and the predicted sample temperature history is compared with measured temperature data. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Basak, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 753 EP 757 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300128 ER PT S AU Strouse, GF AF Strouse, GF BE Ripple, DC TI Internal measurement assurance for the NIST realization of the ITS-90 from 83.8 K to 1234.93 K SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is responsible for realizing, maintaining, and disseminating the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) to the United States of America. The ITS-90 fixed-point cells necessary to calibrate standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs) require an extensive internal measurement assurance program to insure that the assigned fixed-point cell uncertainties are achieved. There are six interactive elements for the realization of an ITS-90 fixed-point cell that contribute to the uncertainty of an SPRT calibration. These six elements are the fixed-point cells, furnace/maintenance systems, SPRT, measurement system, realization techniques, and measurement assurance. Within these six elements, there are twenty-eight parameters that are used to quantify and maintain the NIST-assigned fixed-point cell and SPRT calibration uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 879 EP 884 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300149 ER PT S AU Ripple, DC Garrity, KM Meyer, CW AF Ripple, DC Garrity, KM Meyer, CW BE Ripple, DC TI A four-zone furnace for realization of silver and gold freezing points SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Recently, the Thermocouple Calibration Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has used sodium heat-pipe furnaces for the realization of ITS-90 freezing points of aluminum, silver, and gold. When using a fixed-point cell mounted in a long silica-glass tube that extends to ambient temperature at the top of the furnace, we have observed significant thermal gradients along the well of the fixed-point cell, with the top of the well up to 0.1 K colder than the bottom. Furthermore, the heat-pipe lifetime is limited when used at the gold point (1064.18 degreesC) for more than a few hundred hours. To address these problems, we have designed and built a four-zone furnace based on a temperature-controlled, graphite isothermal block, suspended inside a three-zone tube furnace. The three-zone furnace is of a commercial design. The graphite block is enclosed in an alloy 600 (Inconel) can, allowing the graphite to be maintained in an argon atmosphere. The argon pressure is maintained at one atmosphere at all temperatures, thereby greatly reducing the stress on the can. Heaters in intimate contact with the can allow temperature control of the fourth inner zone to high accuracy. In this paper, the measured thermal stability and uniformity achieved with this furnace are presented. We also give results of test freezes of a silver freezing-point cell. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ripple, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 979 EP 984 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300166 ER PT S AU Ross, D Locascio, LE AF Ross, D Locascio, LE BE Ripple, DC TI Fluorescence thermometry in microfluidics SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE; TEMPERATURE; ELECTROPHORESIS; MICROCHIP AB Two techniques are described for the measurement of fluid temperatures in microfluidic systems based on temperature-dependent fluorescence. In the first technique, a single, strongly temperature-dependent fluorophore, rhodamine B, is used as the basis for fluorescence intensity-based thermometry. For the second technique, two different fluorophores are used with different emission wavelengths, and the ratio of the signals at the two different colors is used to calculate the temperature. Both techniques are easy to implement with a standard fluorescence microscope and CCD camera. In addition, the methods can be used to measure fluid temperatures with micrometer spatial resolution and millisecond time resolution. The methods are demonstrated by measuring temperature distributions within a variety of microfluidic devices resulting from either direct contact heating or Joule heating as fluid is electrokinetically pumped though the systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ross, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 1051 EP 1055 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300178 ER PT S AU Kreider, KG Kimes, WA Meyer, CW Ripple, DC Tsai, BK Chen, DH DeWitt, DP AF Kreider, KG Kimes, WA Meyer, CW Ripple, DC Tsai, BK Chen, DH DeWitt, DP BE Ripple, DC TI Calibration of radiation thermometers in rapid thermal processing tools using Si wafers with thin-film thermocouples SO TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOL 7, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Temperature Symposium CY OCT 21-24, 2002 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Instrumentat, Syst & Automat Soc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB Rapid thermal processing (RTP) tools are currently monitored and controlled with lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs) which have been calibrated with thermocouple instrumented wafers. We have developed a thin-film thermocouple wafer that enables more accurate calibration of the LPRTs. The NIST thin-film thermocouple calibration wafer uses Pt/Pd wire thermocouples welded to thin-film Rh/Pt thermocouples to reduce the uncertainty of the wafer temperature measurement in situ. We present the results of testing these thin-film thermocouple calibration wafers in the NIST RTP test bed at temperatures ranging from 650 degreesC to 830 degreesC together with a discussion of the materials limitations and capabilities. The difference between the thermocouple junction temperatures and the radiance temperatures indicated by the blackbody-calibrated LPRT can be attributed to the effective emissivity of the wafer, the parameter that accounts for the geometry and radiative properties of the wafer-chamber configuration. An analysis of the uncertainty, u = 1.3 K (k = 1), of the wafer surface temperature measurements in the NIST RTP test bed is presented. Confirmation of this value was partially hampered by thermal gradients in the chamber and some problems with the weld pads at high temperature. In addition, we discuss the determination of the Seebeck coefficient of the thin-film thermocouples used on the wafers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Process Measurments Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kreider, KG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Process Measurments Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0153-5 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2003 VL 684 BP 1087 EP 1092 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY36F UT WOS:000189046300184 ER PT S AU Ranganathan, M Deruelle, O Montgomery, D AF Ranganathan, M Deruelle, O Montgomery, D BE Hogrefe, D Wiles, A TI Testing SIP Call Flows using XML Protocol Templates SO TESTING OF COMMUNICATING SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Testing of Communicating Systems (TestCom2003) CY MAY 26-28, 2003 CL SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS, FRANCE SP IFIP TC 6, WG 6 1, Georg-August Univ, ETSI, Janet DaVinci Communicat, ERICSSON, France Telecom, MOTOROLA, NOKIA, Testing Tech, TELELOGIC AB A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Call Flow is a causal sequence of messages that is exchanged between interacting SIP entities. We present a novel test system for SIP based on the notion of XML Protocol Templates, of SIP, call flows. These templates,can be pattern matched against incoming messages and augmented with general purpose code to implement specific protocol responses. This architecture allows test- systems to be'easily scripted, rnodified and composed. We describe these techniques in the construction of a SIP web-based interoperability tester (SIP-WIT) and comment on their potential more general use for scripting SIP services. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ranganathan, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Networking Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40123-7 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2644 BP 33 EP 48 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BX11T UT WOS:000184325700004 ER PT S AU Pitts, WM Braun, E Peacock, PD Mitler, HE Johnsson, EL Reneke, PA Blevins, LG AF Pitts, WM Braun, E Peacock, PD Mitler, HE Johnsson, EL Reneke, PA Blevins, LG BE Gritzo, LA Alvares, N TI Temperature uncertainties for bare-bead and aspirated thermocouple measurements in fire environments SO THERMAL MEASUREMENTS: THE FOUNDATION OF FIRE STANDARDS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thermal Measurements - The Foundation of Fire Standards CY DEC 03, 2001 CL DALLAS, TX SP ASTM Int Comm E05 Fire Stand DE aspirated thermocouple; enclosure; fire tests; measurement uncertainties; temperature measurement; thermocouple ID COMBUSTION AB Two common approaches for correcting thermocouple readings for radiative heat transfer are aspirated thermocouples and the use of multiple bare-bead thermocouples with varying diameters. In order to characterize the effectiveness of these approaches, two types of aspirated thermocouples and combinations of bare-bead thermocouples with different diameters were used to record temperatures at multiple locations during idealized enclosure fires, and the results were compared with measurements using typical bare-bead thermocouples. The largest uncertainties were found for thermocouples located in relatively cool regions subject to high radiative fluxes. The aspirated thermocouples measured significantly lower temperatures in the cool regions than the bare-bead thermocouples, but the errors were only reduced by 80-90 %. A simple model for heat transfer processes in bare-bead and aspirated thermocouples successfully predicts the experimental trends. The multiple bare-bead thermocouples could not be used for temperature correction because significant temperature fluctuations were present with time scales comparable to the response times of the thermocouples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pitts, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, MS 8662, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3451-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1427 BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1520/STP10945S PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BV87K UT WOS:000180267000001 ER PT S AU Lawson, JR Vettori, RL AF Lawson, JR Vettori, RL BE Gritzo, LA Alvares, N TI Thermal measurements for fire fighters' protective clothing SO THERMAL MEASUREMENTS: THE FOUNDATION OF FIRE STANDARDS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thermal Measurements - The Foundation of Fire Standards CY DEC 03, 2001 CL DALLAS, TX SP ASTM Int Comm E05 Fire Stand DE burns; fire fighters; heat flux; predictive models; protective clothing; sensors; temperature measurements; test methods; thermal properties AB Current test methods used for quantifying the thermal performance of fire fighters' protective clothing are not providing information needed to understand why fire fighters are being burned. Many of the thermal exposures where fire fighters receive serious burn injuries are much lower than those specified in current test methods. In addition, current test methods do not provide a means to measure performance changes associated with wet garment systems. New test apparatus have been developed for measuring thermal performance of protective clothing systems. A wide range of thermal exposures can be replicated. These test apparatus can measure the thermal performance of protective clothing systems that are dry or wet and also measure performance changes associated with garment compression. This is an overview of measurement issues critical to the development of standards for fire fighters' protective clothing and the safety of fire service personnel. Research efforts addressed in this document have been supported in part by the United States Fire Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawson, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-3451-7 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2003 VL 1427 BP 163 EP 177 DI 10.1520/STP10954S PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Thermodynamics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BV87K UT WOS:000180267000010 ER PT S AU Yoon, HW Basak, D Rhorer, R Whitenton, E Burns, T Fields, R Levine, L AF Yoon, HW Basak, D Rhorer, R Whitenton, E Burns, T Fields, R Levine, L BE Cramer, KE Maldague, XP TI Thermal imaging of metals in a Kolsky-bar apparatus SO THERMOSENSE XXV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Thermosense XXV CY APR 22-24, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE materials testing; thermal imaging; thermodynamic temperatures; stress; strain; Kolsky; split-Hopkinson AB For materials testing at elevated temperatures, we describe the design and the development of a resistively heated Kolsky-bar apparatus. The temperature of the sample is determined by non-contact thermometry and the spatial temperature gradients in the sample are measured using a thermal camera. The incident and the transmitted bars are constructed of 1.5 m long, 15 nun diameter maraging steel, and a typical sample is a 4 mm-diameter, 2 nun-long cylinder of 1045 AISI steel or 303 stainless steel. The sample is placed between the bars and held by friction. The current is transmitted through the graphite-sleeve bushings of the two bars. The non-contact temperatures are measured using an InGaAs near-infrared micro-pyrometer (NIMPY) and an InSb focal-plane (320 by 256) array (thermal camera). The NIMPY and the thermal camera are both calibrated using variable-temperature blackbodies, and the thermodynamic temperature of the metal is determined using the emissivity determined from the measured infrared spectral reflectance of the metal. Thermal videos of the sample which has been electrically heated prior to the impact and the room-temperature impacts will be shown with 3 kHz frame rates, and the changes in the stress-strain curves with the temperature of the samples will be discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4932-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5073 BP 284 EP 294 DI 10.1117/12.488111 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BW84B UT WOS:000183318500031 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, H Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Barker, PE O'Connell, C Dizdaroglu, M AF Rodriguez, H Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Barker, PE O'Connell, C Dizdaroglu, M BE Elcin, YM TI Oxidative DNA damage biomarkers used in tissue engineered skin SO TISSUE ENGINEERING, STEM CELLS AND GENE THERAPIES SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Biomedical Science and Technology CY SEP 19-22, 2002 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY ID VENOUS ULCERS C1 NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rodriguez, H (reprint author), NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 831, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-47788-2 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2003 VL 534 BP 129 EP 135 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BX26H UT WOS:000184778800010 PM 12903716 ER PT S AU O'Connell, C Barker, PE Marino, M McAndrew, P Atha, DH Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Dizdaroglu, M Rodriguez, H AF O'Connell, C Barker, PE Marino, M McAndrew, P Atha, DH Jaruga, P Birincioglu, M Dizdaroglu, M Rodriguez, H BE Elcin, YM TI Biomarkers used to detect genetic damage in tissue engineered skin SO TISSUE ENGINEERING, STEM CELLS AND GENE THERAPIES SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Biomedical Science and Technology CY SEP 19-22, 2002 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY ID STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; P53 MUTATIONS C1 NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Connell, C (reprint author), NIST, DNA Technol Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 831, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-47788-2 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2003 VL 534 BP 137 EP 145 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BX26H UT WOS:000184778800011 PM 12903717 ER PT J AU Smith, TR Buckley, LJ AF Smith, TR Buckley, LJ TI RNA-DNA ratio in scales from juvenile cod provides a nonlethal measure of feeding condition SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; RNA/DNA RATIOS; LARVAL FISH; GROWTH; INDICATORS AB We removed scales from juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, extracted RNA and DNA from tissue associated with the scales, and found that the ratio of RNA to DNA (R/D) reflects the feeding condition and growth of the fish. Moreover, R/D was found to be a more sensitive indicator of feeding condition than either weight or length. We performed a series of experiments in which the diets of juvenile cod (mean total lengths, 10.4-18.8 cm) were manipulated. At regular intervals, the fish were weighed and measured, and scales were removed from each individually marked fish. In fish that were either fed or starved for 49 d, R/D was significantly correlated with growth in length for individual fish (r(2) = 0.27, P < 0.0001) and tank means (r(2) = 0.59, P < 0.0001). The ratio of RNA to DNA was also sensitive to changes in feeding condition. Fish that were initially starved had significantly (P < 0.05) higher R/D after 2 d of feeding, and fish that were initially fed, had significantly (P < 0.05) lower R/D after 7 d of no food. Finally, we found that the R/D of epidermal scrapings reflected the feeding condition of small fish (mean [+/-SD] total length, 2.76 +/- 0.18 cm) that had not yet developed identifiable scales. This technique of measuring RNA and DNA in extracts of scale-associated tissue provided a sensitive, nonlethal means of estimating feeding condition and growth. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Cooperat Marine Educ & Res Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Smith, TR (reprint author), Marlboro Coll, S Rd, Marlboro, VT 05344 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0009:RDRISF>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 634VJ UT WOS:000180362000002 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Hay, ME AF Levin, PS Hay, ME TI Selection of estuarine habitats by juvenile gags in experimental mesocosms SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MYCTEROPERCA-MICROLEPIS PISCES; NORTH-CAROLINA; REEF FISH; COMMUNITIES; RECRUITMENT; SERRANIDAE; PREDATION; ABUNDANCE; MOVEMENT; ECOLOGY AB The degradation and destruction of estuarine habitats threaten the organisms that depend on these habitats for food and shelter. Gags Mycteroperca microlepis reside on rocky reefs for most of their lives but initially settle and rear in estuarine habitats before moving to offshore reefs. Gag populations have declined to the point where some consider them vulnerable to extinction, and the recovery of the species requires an understanding of what habitats these fish use and why they use them. We examined the habitat selection of juvenile gags in North Carolina using experimental mesocosms. We manipulated the shelter characteristics of habitats and compared the foraging rates of gags to determine the specific attributes of habitats that influence habitat selection. Gags selected structured seagrass or oyster reefs over sand and shell hash habitats. While gags did not show a preference between eelgrass Zostera marina and oyster reefs, they did choose oyster reefs over shoal grass Halodule wrightii and selected seagrass habitats with high shoot densities over those with lower densities. The addition of a small shelter to the habitat that the gags did not choose dramatically increased their use of that habitat. Finally, when we provided pinfish Lagodon rhomboides as prey, gag foraging rate did not vary among seagrass habitats with different shoot densities. However, gags consumed penaeid shrimp at much lower rates in seagrass habitats of high shoot density. Our results agree with those of other studies suggesting that seagrass habitats are important to gags. However, our results also emphasize that gags select specific attributes within seagrass landscapes and suggest that oyster reefs may be important habitats for them. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Hay, Mark/D-9752-2011 OI Hay, Mark/0000-0002-6130-9349 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 132 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0076:SOEHBJ>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 634VJ UT WOS:000180362000008 ER PT S AU Dunnigan, JH AF Dunnigan, JH BE Rahm, J TI Interjurisdictional fisheries management: Better data-better decisions SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-EIGHTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 68th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY MAR 26-29, 2003 CL Winston Salem, NC SP Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, US Bureau Reclamat, US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Bureau Land Management, US Corperat State Res, Educ & Extens Serv, US Forest Serv, Congressional Sportsmens Fdn, Conservat Fund, Defenders Catridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer Sierra Club, Soc Range Management, Wilderness Soc, Wildlife Soc C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2003 BP 119 EP 126 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Studies SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BAD76 UT WOS:000221707200015 ER PT B AU Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Luzin, V Fisher, JW Cheng, X Roy, S AF Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Luzin, V Fisher, JW Cheng, X Roy, S BE David, SA DebRoy, T Lippold, JC Smartt, HB Vitek, JM TI Residual stress modification and fatigue life enhancement SO TRENDS IN WELDING RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research CY APR 15-19, 2002 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP ASM Int AB The present paper represents a part of a collaborative effort of the ATLSS Center at Lehigh and the NIST Center for Neutron Research to characterize the residual tensile stresses that result from welds in large structures and the effect of these stresses on fatigue life. Fatigue test results have been obtained on the ameliorating effect of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT) on the residual stress distribution around the toe of a cover plate fillet on a large carbon steel base plate. Residual stress levels, obtained by neutron diffraction, have been determined for UIT-treated and untreated specimens. Most recently, neutron diffraction has been used to characterize residual stresses produced by UIT on unwelded plates of carbon steel and AL6XN nonmagnetic stainless steel. Results for each sample type Will be presented. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prask, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA 9503 KINSMAN RD, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073 USA BN 0-87170-780-2 PY 2003 BP 897 EP 901 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BW54Q UT WOS:000182376700155 ER PT B AU Ware, M Glasgow, SA Peatross, J AF Ware, M Glasgow, SA Peatross, J BE Mokole, EL Kragalott, M Gerlach, KR TI Group delay description for broadband pulses SO ULTRA-WIDEBAND, SHORT-PULSE ELECTROMAGNETICS 6 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics (UWBSP6) CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL USNA, Annapolis, MD SP Naval Res Lab HO USNA ID PROPAGATION; VELOCITIES; FAILURE; LIGHT C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ware, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-47481-6 PY 2003 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BY90L UT WOS:000189491600001 ER PT S AU Hollberg, L Diddams, S Oates, C Curtis, A Bize, S Bergquist, J AF Hollberg, L Diddams, S Oates, C Curtis, A Bize, S Bergquist, J BE Miller, DR Murnane, MM Scherer, NF Weiner, AM TI Atomic clocks of the future: using the ultrafast and ultrastable SO ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA XIII SE SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Opt Soc Amer AB The application of ultrafast mode-locked lasers and nonlinear optics to optical frequency metrology is revolutionizing the field of atomic clocks. The basic concepts and applications are reviewed using our recent results with two optical atomic frequency standards based on laser cooled and trapped atoms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hollberg, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0172-6218 BN 3-540-00089-5 J9 SPRINGER SERIES CHEM PY 2003 VL 71 BP 170 EP 174 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BW56Z UT WOS:000182432900053 ER PT S AU Long, CS Miller, AJ AF Long, CS Miller, AJ BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI UV index forecastability issues SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS AND EFFECTS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models and Effects III CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID SURFACE ALBEDO; IRRADIANCE; RADIATION AB As the art of forecasting the UV Index moves into its second decade, some issues affecting the creation of a valid UV Index forecast have been solved, yet others remain. The forecast of the UV Index is really the combination of multiple forecasts of ozone, clouds, and (in the future) aerosols. Ozone forecasts have improved significantly due to the assimilation of ozone into global numerical weather prediction models. The affects of aerosols on UV radiation are increasingly better understood. Parameterization of other factors affecting the UV radiation reaching the surface (albedo and elevation) have been increasingly studied and their affects better known. Clouds remain to be the primary source of error in UV Index forecasts. Each of these topics will be discussed with their impacts on the resulting UV Index forecast. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Long, CS (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5029-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5156 BP 48 EP 53 DI 10.1117/12.503832 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY13B UT WOS:000187838400005 ER PT S AU Michalsky, JJ Kiedron, PW Min, QL Harrison, LC AF Michalsky, JJ Kiedron, PW Min, QL Harrison, LC BE Slusser, JR Herman, JR Gao, W TI Shortwave clear-sky diffuse irradiance in the 300- to 1100-nm range: comparison of models with UV-VIS-NIR and broadband radiometer measurements at the Southern Great Plains ARM site in September/October 2001 SO ULTRAVIOLET GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED MEASUREMENTS, MODELS AND EFFECTS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models and Effects III CY AUG 04-06, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE ID RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; SURFACE; CLOUD; SGP AB Broadband shortwave diffuse horizontal irradiance models overestimate measurements by between 7 and 14% using the most reliable input data for the models and the best available broadband measurements of diffuse irradiance. This paper uses spectral irradiance measurements and models as opposed to broadband measurements and models to investigate the contributions to this difference from various regions of the spectrum. The data are from the first Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) diffuse irradiance intensive observation period (IOP) held in September and October of 2001 at the Oklahoma ARM site near Ponca City. Visible and ultraviolet (UV) rotating shadowband spectroradiometers (RSS) acquired data during the IOP. Diffuse measurements with conventional broadband diffuse pyranometers and direct irradiance measurements using an absolute cavity radiometer are also available for analysis. Integrated spectral measurements are consistent with broadband measurements and, therefore, confirm the earlier results that models over predict diffuse. The wavelength dependent differences in models and measurements are illustrated and discussed. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Michalsky, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-5029-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5156 BP 74 EP 84 DI 10.1117/12.504839 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BY13B UT WOS:000187838400008 ER PT S AU Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C AF Madhavan, R Schlenoff, C BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Moving object prediction for off-road autonomous navigation SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE autonomous navigation; moving object prediction; uncertainty measure; path planning; estimation theory ID TRACKING; MODEL AB The realization of on- and off-road autonomous navigation of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) requires real-time motion planning in the presence of dynamic objects with unknown trajectories. To successfully plan paths and to navigate in an unstructured environment, the UGVs should have the difficult and computationally intensive competency to predict the future locations of moving objects that could interfere with its path. This paper details the development of a combined probabilistic object classification and estimation theoretic framework to predict the future location of moving objects, along with an associated uncertainty measure. The development of a moving object testbed that facilitates the testing of different representations and prediction algorithms in an implementation-independent platform is also outlined. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Madhavan, R (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4942-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5083 BP 134 EP 145 DI 10.1117/12.485771 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BX80V UT WOS:000186496800013 ER PT S AU Shneier, M Chang, T Hong, T Cheok, G Scott, H Legowik, S Lytle, A AF Shneier, M Chang, T Hong, T Cheok, G Scott, H Legowik, S Lytle, A BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI A repository of sensor data for autonomous driving research SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE data collection; registration; calibration; ladar; images; position and orientation; robot vehicle; on-road; off-road AB We describe a project to collect and disseminate sensor data for autonomous mobility research. Our goals are to provide data of known accuracy and precision to researchers and developers to enable algorithms to be developed using realistically difficult sensory data. This enables quantitative comparisons of algorithms by running them on the same data, allows groups that lack equipment to participate in mobility research, and speeds technology transfer by providing industry with metrics for comparing algorithm performance. Data are collected using the NIST High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), an instrumented vehicle that can be driven manually or autonomously both on roads and off. The vehicle can mount multiple sensors and provides highly accurate position and orientation information as data are collected. The sensors on the HMMWV include an imaging ladar, a color camera, color stereo, and inertial navigation (INS) and Global Positioning System (GPS). Also available are a high-resolution scanning ladar, a line-scan ladar, and a multi-camera panoramic sensor. The sensors are characterized by collecting data from calibrated courses containing known objects. For some of the data, ground truth will be collected from site surveys. Access to the data is through a web-based query interface. Additional information stored with the sensor data includes navigation and timing data, sensor to vehicle coordinate transformations for each sensor, and sensor calibration information. Several sets of data have already been collected and the web query interface has been developed. Data collection is an ongoing process, and where appropriate, NIST will work with other groups to collect data for specific applications using third-party sensors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shneier, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4942-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5083 BP 390 EP 395 DI 10.1117/12.485688 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BX80V UT WOS:000186496800037 ER PT S AU Takeuchi, A Shneier, M Hong, T Chang, T Scrapper, C Cheok, G AF Takeuchi, A Shneier, M Hong, T Chang, T Scrapper, C Cheok, G BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Ground truth and benchmarks for performance evaluation SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE performance evaluation; sensory processing; ladar; ground truth; mobile robots AB Progress in algorithm development and transfer of results to practical applications such as military robotics requires the setup of standard tasks, of standard qualitative and quantitative measurements for performance evaluation and validation. Although the evaluation and validation of algorithms have been discussed for over a decade, the research community still faces a lack of well-defined and standardized methodology. The range of fundamental problems include a lack of quantifiable measures of performance, a lack of data from state-of-the-art sensors in calibrated real-world environments, and a lack of facilities for conducting realistic experiments. In this research, we propose three methods for creating ground truth databases and benchmarks using multiple sensors. The databases and benchmarks will provide researchers with high quality data from suites of sensors operating in complex environments representing real problems of great relevance to the development of autonomous driving systems. At NIST, we have prototyped a High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) system with a suite of sensors including a Riegl ladar, GDRS ladar, stereo CCD, several color cameras, Global Position System (GPS), Inertial Navigation System (INS), pan/tilt encoders, and odometry*. All sensors are calibrated with respect to each other in space and time. This allows a database of features and terrain elevation to be built. Ground truth for each sensor can then be extracted from the database. The main goal of this research is to provide ground truth databases for researchers and engineers to evaluate algorithms for effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, and robustness, thus advancing the development of algorithms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Takeuchi, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4942-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5083 BP 408 EP 413 DI 10.1117/12.485914 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BX80V UT WOS:000186496800039 ER PT S AU Scrapper, C Takeuchi, A Chang, T Hong, T Shneier, M AF Scrapper, C Takeuchi, A Chang, T Hong, T Shneier, M BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Using a priori data for prediction and object recognition in an autonomous mobile vehicle SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology V CY APR 22-23, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE robot vehicle; a priori knowledge; prediction; recognition; world model; sensory processing AB A robotic vehicle needs to understand the terrain and features around it if it is to be able to navigate complex environments such as road systems. By taking advantage of the fact that such vehicles also need accurate knowledge of their own location and orientation, we have developed a sensing and object recognition system based on information about the area where the vehicle is expected to operate. The information is collected through aerial surveys, from maps, and by previous traverses of the terrain by the vehicle. It takes the form of terrain elevation information, feature information (roads, road signs, trees, ponds, fences, etc.) and constraint information (e.g., one-way streets). We have implemented such an a priori database using One Semi-Automated Forces (OneSAF), a military simulation environment. Using the Inertial Navigation System and Global Positioning System (GPS) on the NIST High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) to provide indexing into the database, we extract all the elevation and feature information for a region surrounding the vehicle as it moves about the NIST campus. This information has also been mapped into the sensor coordinate systems. For example, processing the information from an imaging Laser Detection And Ranging (LADAR) that scans a region in front of the vehicle has been greatly simplified by generating a prediction image by scanning the corresponding region in the a priori model. This allows the system to focus the search for a particular feature in a small region around where the a priori information predicts it will appear. It also permits immediate identification of features that match the expectations. Results indicate that this processing can be performed in real time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scrapper, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4942-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2003 VL 5083 BP 414 EP 418 DI 10.1117/12.485917 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BX80V UT WOS:000186496800040 ER PT J AU Hetling, LJ Stoddard, A Brosnan, TM Hammerman, DA Norris, TM AF Hetling, LJ Stoddard, A Brosnan, TM Hammerman, DA Norris, TM TI Effect of water quality management efforts on wastewater loadings during the past century SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Hudson River; New York; wastewater; history; loadings; biochemical oxygen demand; suspended solids; phosphorus; nitrogen ID ESTUARY AB The history of wastewater discharges to the Hudson River watershed from Troy, New York, to the New York City Harbor was traced from 1900 to 2000. The parameters studied include population, flow, type of treatment, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. This paper details a methodology for estimating historic loadings where data are lacking. The data show dramatic changes in wastewater loadings. There has been a continued increase in wastewater flow and population over the past century but a decrease in contaminant loading during the last 25 years. The reduction in effluent loads is directly related to state and federal water quality management programs and the substantial public and private investment made in upgrading point source water pollution control infrastructure. A comparison of point with nonpoint source loads shows that although nonpoint sources are now a significant contributor of contaminants to the river, point sources remain as major sources of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. C1 Andrew Stoddard & Associates, Hamilton, VA USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, Corona, NY USA. RP Hetling, LJ (reprint author), 10 Gladwish Rd, Delmar, NY 12054 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2003 VL 75 IS 1 BP 30 EP 38 DI 10.2175/106143003X140809 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 744TN UT WOS:000186649100005 PM 12683461 ER PT B AU Lawford, RG Landwehr, JA Sorooshian, S Whitaker, APL AF Lawford, RG Landwehr, JA Sorooshian, S Whitaker, APL BE Lawford, RG Fort, DD Hartmann, HC Eden, S TI International hydrologic science programs and global water issues SO Water: Science, Policy, and Management - Challenges and Opportunities SE WATER RESOURCES MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Geophys Union C1 NOAA Off Global Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA BN 0-87590-320-7 J9 WATER RES M PY 2003 VL 16 BP 223 EP 246 PG 24 WC Environmental Studies; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BBW72 UT WOS:000228160600011 ER PT S AU Marbukh, V AF Marbukh, V GP IEEE IEEE TI A cognitive framework for performance/resilience optimized multipath routing in networks with unstable topologies SO WCNC 2003: IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP NTT Do Co Mo, Motorola, Nokia, Verizon, Ericsson, IEEE, IEEE Commun Soc AB This paper proposes a framework for optimized multipath routing in a wireless network with frequently changing topology. The topology changes may be due to node. mobility in mobile ad hoc networks, or limited node reliability and power supply in sensor networks. The framework attempts to minimize losses (regrets) resulted from uncertainty in the network state at the point of making the routing decision. This uncertainty results from delays in propagating rapidly changing network state information and high cost of network state updates in terms of the network resources. The framework yields the optimal route mixture in the neighborhood of the "best" route. This is consistent with observation [1] that while a desirable goal is to deliver data along the best available (primary) route, maintaining multiple routes through multipath may have beneficial effect on the network performance due to keeping track of the "best" route. The proposed framework explicitly, accounts for this effect by assuming that the routing affects the level of uncertainty. Resiliency of the routing under uncertainty may be achieved by assuming that the uncertainty is adversarial, given the available information on the network state. This framework naturally allows for the game theoretic interpretation with routing algorithm making a feasible routing decision and adversarial environment selecting a feasible, i.e., consistent with available information, network state. The optimal route mixture is identified with (generally mixed) Nash routing strategy in the corresponding game. Future efforts should be directed towards solving the corresponding games. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marbukh, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1525-3511 BN 0-7803-7700-1 J9 IEEE WCNC PY 2003 BP 1149 EP 1154 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BW67R UT WOS:000182770600205 ER PT S AU Kwak, BJ Song, NO Miller, LE AF Kwak, BJ Song, NO Miller, LE GP IEEE IEEE TI Analysis of the stability and performance of exponential backoff SO WCNC 2003: IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2003 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP NTT Do Co Mo, Motorola, Nokia, Verizon, Ericsson, IEEE, IEEE Commun Soc AB New analytical results are given for the stability and performance of the exponential backoff (EB) algorithm. Previous, studies on the stability of the (binary) EB have produced contradictory results instead of a consensus: some proved instability, others showed stability under certain conditions. In these studies, simplified and/or modified models of the backoff algorithm were often used to make analysis more tractable. In this paper, care is taken to use a model for backoff that reflects the actual behavior of backoff algorithms. We show that EB is stable under a throughput definition of stability; the throughput of the network converges to a non-zero constant as the offered load N goes to infinity. We also obtain the analytical expressions for the saturation throughput and the medium access delay of a packet for a given number of nodes, N. The analysis considers the general case of Ell with backoff factor r, where BEB is the special case with r = 2. The, accuracy of the analysis is checked against simulation results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kwak, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1525-3511 BN 0-7803-7700-1 J9 IEEE WCNC PY 2003 BP 1754 EP 1759 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BW67R UT WOS:000182770600309 ER PT S AU Baranov, YI Fraser, GT Lafferty, WJ Mate, B Vigasin, AA AF Baranov, YI Fraser, GT Lafferty, WJ Mate, B Vigasin, AA BE CamyPeyret, C Vigasin, AA TI Laboratory studies of oxygen continuum absorption SO WEAKLY INTERACTING MOLECULAR PAIRS: UNCONVENTIONAL ABSORBERS OF RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE SE NATO Science Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Weakly Interacting Molecular Pairs - Unconventional Absorbers of Radiation in the Atmospher CY APR 29-MAY 03, 2002 CL Fontevraud, FRANCE SP NATO DE collision-induced absorption; oxygen fundamental; magnetic-dipolar absorption; line-mixing ID COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION; MU-M; O-2; DIMER; VALIDATION; SPECTRUM; DYNAMICS; MIXTURES; SOUNDER AB Laboratory studies of the mid and near infrared collision-induced absorption bands of O-2 are reviewed, with an emphasis on the 6.4 mum and 1.27 mum bands and on Ar, O-2, N-2, and CO2 collision partners. These absorption bands are important in the radiative balance of the atmosphere and contribute to the background absorption in remote-sensing radiometers. Also discussed is the ripple structure observed on the 6.4 mum band, which is absent from the 1.27 mum band. This structure has been attributed to dimers or to line mixing involving the weakly allowed electric-quadrupole absorptions. Finally, the strong enhancement of the collision-induced absorption by CO2 collisions is shown. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Baranov, YI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Mate, Belen/F-1135-2016 OI Mate, Belen/0000-0002-5478-8644 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-1238 BN 1-4020-1595-x J9 NATO SCI S SS IV EAR JI NATO Sci. Series IV Earth Environ. Sciences PY 2003 VL 27 BP 159 EP 168 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BAL94 UT WOS:000222767300013 ER PT S AU Koren, V Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, ZY AF Koren, V Reed, S Smith, M Zhang, ZY BE Tachikawa, Y Vieux, BE Georgakakos, KP Nakakita, E TI Combining physically-based and conceptual approaches in the development and parameterization of a distributed system SO WEATHER RADAR INFORMATION AND DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Weather Radar Information and Distributed Hydrological Modelling held at the 23rd IUGG General Assembly CY JUN 30-JUL 11, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Commiss Surface Water, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE distributed model; kinematic routing; radar rainfall estimates; scaling effects; spatially-variable parameters; water balance AB A grid-based Hydrology Laboratory Research Modelling System (HL-RMS) that combines lumped conceptual and distributed model features has been developed by the US National Weather Service (NWS). HL-RMS consists of a well-tested conceptual water balance model applied on a regular spatial grid and physically-based kinematic routing models. A parameter estimation procedure that combines spatially-distributed and "integrated" at basin outlets properties is discussed. Initial tests using high-resolution radar precipitation estimates show that HL-RMS yields results comparable to well-calibrated lumped model simulations and outperforms a lumped model over basins where rainfall variability effects are significant. Combining outlet information and spatially-variable basin properties provides a reliable procedure to estimate distributed model parameters. While uniform adjustment of water balance model parameters provides reasonable results at basin outlets, the problem of removing scale effects in nested basins is still a challenge. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Koren, V (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-37-6 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2003 IS 282 BP 101 EP 108 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BY86T UT WOS:000189482200014 ER PT S AU Seo, DJ Koren, V Cajina, N AF Seo, DJ Koren, V Cajina, N BE Tachikawa, Y Vieux, BE Georgakakos, KP Nakakita, E TI Real-time assimilation of radar-based precipitation data and streamflow observations into a distributed hydrological model SO WEATHER RADAR INFORMATION AND DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Weather Radar Information and Distributed Hydrological Modelling held at the 23rd IUGG General Assembly CY JUN 30-JUL 11, 2003 CL Sapporo, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Commiss Surface Water, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE data assimilation; distributed hydrological modelling; radar rainfall; real-time forecasting; streamflow AB Along with uncertainty in quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF), uncertainties in quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) and in soil moisture states represent arguably the biggest sources of error in real-time hydrological prediction. To deal with these uncertainties, some form of state updating is employed in practice, that assimilates real-time streamflow observations. The purpose of this work is to explore real-time assimilation of radar-based QPE and streamflow observations into a distributed hydrological model via variational assimilation (VAR). The particular VAR formulation examined in this work deals with the inverse problem of estimating grid cell-specific initial model soil moisture states and spatially-uniform (but time-varying) multiplicative adjustment factors to QPE and potential evaporation (PE) based on real-time observations of streamflow, radar-based QPE and climatological estimates of PE. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Seo, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Lab, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-37-6 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2003 IS 282 BP 138 EP 142 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BY86T UT WOS:000189482200019 ER PT S AU Jung, FW Montgomery, D Cheon, JH Kahng, HK AF Jung, FW Montgomery, D Cheon, JH Kahng, HK BE Chung, CW Kim, W Song, KH Kim, CK Ling, TW TI Mobility agent with SIP registrar for VoIP services SO WEB AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERNET-RELATED SOCIAL ISSUES - HSI 2003 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Human-(dot)-Society-(at)-Internet CY JUN 18-20, 2003 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Human (dot) Soc (at) Internet Steering Comm, Korea Minist Informat Communicat, ACM SIGCOM, ACM SICECOM, ACM SIGWEB, Knowledge Management Soc, Internet Technol Res Comm, Korea Informat Sci Soc, Special Intest Grp Database, Korea Informat Sci Soc, Korea Informat Proc Soc, Korea Inst Communicat Sci, Korea Fuzzy Log & Intelligent Syst Soc, Korea Inst Informat Secuity & Cryotol, Korea Network Informat Ctr, KTF, KT, SK Telecom, LG Telecom, Elect & Telecommunicat Res Inst, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn AB The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is likely to play a key role in the convergence of Internet and the conventional cellular networks. Several issues related to mobility management in SIP enabled networks remain to be resolved. While other work has compared and contrasted mobility management in SIP and Mobile IP (MIP), in this paper we investigate possible integration techniques that combine the mobility management capabilities of both protocols. After illustrating some of the issues with each protocol when used in isolation in various mobile VoIP scenarios, we propose an integrated model (MIP+SIP), that reduces the disruption time during handovers. Our combination of network and application layer mobility management models reduces the global signaling load and provides fast handoff for ongoing conversations. Simulation results show that our proposed mechanisms achieve better performance than isolated SIP and MIP mobility management. Simulation results presented in this paper are based on the ns2 mobility package[6], which we extended with new capabilities to model SIP components (i.e., user agents, redirect servers, proxy servers, registrars) and SIP-based VoIP traffic. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jung, FW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-40456-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2003 VL 2713 BP 454 EP 464 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BX32G UT WOS:000184942800046 ER PT J AU Golmie, N Van Dyck, RE Soltanian, A Tonnerre, A Rebala, O AF Golmie, N Van Dyck, RE Soltanian, A Tonnerre, A Rebala, O TI Interference evaluation of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b systems SO WIRELESS NETWORKS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems CY JUL, 2001 CL ROME, ITALY DE WPANs; Bluetooth; IEEE 802.11b; interference AB The emergence of several radio technologies, such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11, operating in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM frequency band, may lead to signal interference and result in significant performance degradation when devices are colocated in the same environment. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of mutual interference on the performance of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b systems. We develop a simulation framework for modeling interference based on detailed MAC and PHY models. First, we use a simple simulation scenario to highlight the effects of parameters, such as transmission power, offered load, and traffic type. We then turn to more complex scenarios involving multiple Bluetooth piconets and WLAN devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Golmie, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1022-0038 J9 WIREL NETW JI Wirel. Netw. PY 2003 VL 9 IS 3 BP 201 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1022821110023 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 670EJ UT WOS:000182394200003 ER PT J AU Carrier, JC Murru, FL Walsh, MT Pratt, HL AF Carrier, JC Murru, FL Walsh, MT Pratt, HL TI Assessing reproductive potential and gestation in nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) using ultrasonography and endoscopy: An example of bridging the gap between field research and captive studies SO ZOO BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mating; behavior; reproduction; elasmobranchs AB Over a period of 3 years, five reproductively active female nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) from a wild, actively mating population of nurse sharks were captured, confined, and periodically examined through the course of gestation to determine the gestation period and characterize paternity. In the final year of the study, candidate animals were first evaluated in the field by ultrasonography, and the selected animals were then transported from the study site to holding facilities at SeaWorld Adventure Parks in Orlando, Florida. Periodic monitoring of the animals was conducted by ultrasonography, endoscopy, and routine blood analysis. Gestation was determined to be a minimum of 131 days, multiple paternity was shown for two individual litters, and ultrasonography and endoscopy were shown to be useful adjuncts for assessing pregnancy and monitoring gestation in this species. Poor survival of offspring, and small litter size may be a consequence of handling and transporting the animals, and the use of invasive procedures such as endoscopy. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Albion Coll, Dept Biol, Kellogg Ctr 4705, Albion, MI 49224 USA. Discovery Cove, Orlando, FL USA. SeaWorld Adventure Pks, Orlando, FL USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI USA. RP Carrier, JC (reprint author), Albion Coll, Dept Biol, Kellogg Ctr 4705, Albion, MI 49224 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 16 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0733-3188 J9 ZOO BIOL JI Zoo Biol. PY 2003 VL 22 IS 2 BP 179 EP 187 DI 10.1002/zoo.10088 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA 669ZL UT WOS:000182381700006 ER PT J AU Feely, RA Sabine, CL Lee, K Millero, FJ Lamb, MF Greeley, D Bullister, JL Key, RM Peng, TH Kozyr, A Ono, T Wong, CS AF Feely, RA Sabine, CL Lee, K Millero, FJ Lamb, MF Greeley, D Bullister, JL Key, RM Peng, TH Kozyr, A Ono, T Wong, CS TI In situ calcium carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE CaCO(3) dissolution; anthropogenic CO(2); Pacific Ocean; aragonite saturation; calcite saturation; carbonate lysocline ID COCCOLITHOPHORE EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; ARAGONITE SATURATION; NORTH PACIFIC; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; PARTICULATE MATTER; CHEMICAL LYSOCLINE; ORGANIC-MATTER; PANAMA BASIN; INDIAN-OCEAN AB Over the past several years researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS global CO(2) survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean data set has over 35,000 sample locations with at least two carbon parameters, oxygen, nutrients, CFC tracers, and hydrographic parameters. In this paper we estimate the in situ CaCO(3) dissolution rates in the Pacific Ocean water column. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates ranging from 0.01-1.1 mumol kg(-1) yr(-1) are observed in intermediate and deepwater beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. In the North Pacific Intermediate Water between 400 and 800 m, CaCO(3) dissolution rates are more than 7 times faster than observed in middle and deep water depths (average=0.051 m mol kg(-1) yr(-1)). The total amount of CaCO(3) that is dissolved within the Pacific is determined by integrating excess alkalinity throughout the water column. The total inventory of CaCO(3) added by particle dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, north of 40degreesS, is 157 Pg C. This amounts to an average dissolution rate of approximately 0.31 Pg C yr(-1). This estimate is approximately 74% of the export production of CaCO(3) estimated for the Pacific Ocean. These estimates should be considered to be upper limits for in situ carbonate dissolution in the Pacific Ocean, since a portion of the alkalinity increase results from inputs from sediments. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Carbon Dioxide Informat Anal Ctr, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang, South Korea. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro 0850802, Japan. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. RP Feely, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov; Sabine@pmel.noaa.gov; ktl@postech.ar.kr; fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu; Roberts@pmel.noaa.gov; Greeley@pmel.noaa.gov; johnb@pmel.noaa.gov; key@princeton.edu; Tsung-Hung.Peng@noaa.gov; kozyr@ornl.gov; tono@fra.affrc.go.jp; wongcs@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca RI Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 60 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 7 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1144 DI 10.1029/2002GB001866 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 649RQ UT WOS:000181222100002 ER PT J AU Fehsenfeld, FC Huey, LG Leibrock, E Dissly, R Williams, E Ryerson, TB Norton, R Sueper, DT Hartsell, B AF Fehsenfeld, FC Huey, LG Leibrock, E Dissly, R Williams, E Ryerson, TB Norton, R Sueper, DT Hartsell, B TI Results from an informal intercomparison of ammonia measurement techniques SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonia; mixing ratio; measurement; composition ID ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; VISIBILITY IMPAIRMENT; DIFFUSION DENUDERS; NITRIC-ACID; DEPOSITION; EMISSIONS; EUROPE; DENVER; FOREST; NH3 AB [1] NH3 measurements made using a chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) method and a molybdenum-oxide, converter-difference (MoOx-CD) approach were compared with those made using the citric acid denuder method. The citric acid denuder, which has fared well in a variety of other evaluations, was used as the benchmark method in the current intercomparison. A very high degree of correlation, r(2) > 0.9, between the three ammonia measurement techniques was found. For ammonia mixing ratios greater than approximately 100 pptv, the denuder method and the CIMS technique were found to agree to within about 20%. However, the MoOx-CD measurement results were larger by approximately 70% than the denuder measurements. For our measurements, we conclude that the MoOx-CD method measured the sum of gas-phase NH3 collected by the denuder tube and aerosol ammonium (NH4+) that was simultaneously collected on Teflon filters. The methods and the comparison along with the results of the ancillary measurements are described. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Atmospher Res & Anal, Plano, TX 75074 USA. RP Fehsenfeld, FC (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-AL7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM fcf@al.noaa.gov; greg.huey@eas.gatech.edu; edel@eleibrock.de; tryerson@al.noaa.gov RI Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 NR 43 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D24 AR 4812 DI 10.1029/2001JD001327 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 650KF UT WOS:000181262000005 ER PT J AU Jiang, HL Feingold, G Cotton, WR AF Jiang, HL Feingold, G Cotton, WR TI Simulations of aerosol-cloud-dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol-cloud-dynamic feedbacks; entrainment; ASTEX; marine boundary layer; LES ID ASTEX LAGRANGIAN EXPERIMENTS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; ARCTIC STRATUS; RESOLVING SIMULATIONS; SHIP TRACKS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; SEASON CLOUDS; MIXED LAYER AB [1] Numerical simulations of a cloudy marine boundary layer (MBL) observed during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment were performed to study the influence of entrainment of free tropospheric cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on cloud microphysics, dynamics, and radiative properties. The initial CCN concentration is 100 cm(-3) in one simulation, while in the second simulation it varies from 100 cm(-3) below the cloud top to a peak of 1200 cm(-3) at the inversion. In the clean case, cooling from evaporating drizzle destabilizes the layer just below cloud base (not the entire subcloud layer) with respect to the surface, and promotes stronger penetrating cumulus. In the case with the elevated pollution layer, reduced drizzle at the cloud base results in weaker penetrating cumulus and a less effective supply of surface moisture to the cloud. This results in a much lower liquid water path (LWP) relative to the clean case that offsets the cloud albedo enhancement due to higher drop concentrations. Thus, although entrained CCN enhance the droplet concentration, the net effect on the cloud albedo is small. Additional simulations were performed to study the sensitivity of the MBL to varying levels of large-scale subsidence. The change in large-scale subsidence has a large effect on boundary layer dynamics, cloud microphysics, and the radiative budget. The simulations are used to separate the effects of enhanced albedo due to enhanced drop concentrations at constant LWP and those where LWP is modified due to dynamical feedbacks. For this case study, weaker subsidence results in a cloud with higher LWP and a cloud albedo that is enhanced over and above that due to enhanced droplet concentration. The simulations point to the complex dynamical-microphysical-radiative feedbacks in the MBL and how elevated polluted layers can change cloud radiative forcing in ways that would not be easily predicted by large-scale models. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jiang, HL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM jiang@atmos.colostate.edu; graham.feingold@noaa.gov; cotton@atmos.colostate.edu RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Jiang, Hongli/N-3281-2014 NR 50 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D24 AR 4813 DI 10.1029/2001JD001502 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 650KF UT WOS:000181262000008 ER PT J AU Cronin, MF McPhaden, MJ AF Cronin, MF McPhaden, MJ TI Barrier layer formation during westerly wind bursts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE barrier layer; TOGA COARE; western Pacific warm pool; salinity; frontogenesis ID PACIFIC WARM POOL; SEA-SURFACE SALINITY; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; MIXED-LAYER; FRESH POOL; TROPICAL PACIFIC; TOGA DECADE; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; PRECIPITATION AB [1] Barrier layers between the base of a shallow halocline and the top of the thermocline are a common feature of the western Pacific warm pool. In this paper, we investigate barrier layer formation and erosion processes associated with two westerly wind bursts (WWB). WWBs are typically associated with increased rainfall, but increased wind stirring and convective mixing from surface cooling can cause the fresh water to mix down to the top of the thermocline and thereby erode preexisting or newly formed barrier layers. However, not all WWBs lead to barrier layer erosion. In this study, we show that a WWB in November 1989 was associated with the formation of an extremely ( 100 m) thick barrier layer. During this event, zonal and meridional advection of surface fresh water from the west and north were the dominant processes responsible for the thick barrier layer, while rainfall was a secondary process. Likewise, during the Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, a relatively thick barrier layer formed near 0degrees, 160degreesE and 0degrees, 165degreesE following the October 1992 WWB. Zonal convergence associated with this WWB caused a zonal salinity gradient to intensify. The surface-intensified wind-driven jet then tilted the zonal salinity gradient into the vertical, thus generating a shallow halocline above the top of the thermocline. In both events, feedbacks appear to have occurred between formation of stratification and formation of vertical shear. Shear formed through a depth-dependent pressure gradient associated with the salinity gradient and through trapping of wind-forced momentum above the developing stratification. The increased sheared flow then led to further surface-intensified fresh water advection and stratification. These examples illustrate how, in the presence of zonal and meridional salinity gradients, the equatorial ocean's response to WWBs can include the formation of thick, long-lived barrier layers. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Cronin, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 36 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 8020 DI 10.1029/2001JC001171 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 649XR UT WOS:000181233700004 ER PT J AU Odstrcil, D Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Riley, P Pizzo, VJ Luhmann, JG AF Odstrcil, D Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Riley, P Pizzo, VJ Luhmann, JG TI Merging of coronal and heliospheric numerical two-dimensional MHD models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE coronal mass injections; magnetic clouds; interplanetary shocks; magnetohydrodynamics; numerical solutions ID MAGNETIC CLOUD PROPAGATION; MAJOR GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; STRUCTURED SOLAR-WIND; MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCK; FLUX ROPE; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; HELMET STREAMER; SIMULATION; DISTURBANCES AB [1] Space weather research requires investigation of a complex chain of coupled dynamic phenomena occurring simultaneously on various spatial and temporal scales between the Sun and Earth. Specialized physically based numerical models have been developed to address particular aspects of the entire system. However, an integrated modeling approach is necessary to provide a complete picture suitable for interpretation of various remote and in situ observations and for development of forecasting capabilities. In this paper we demonstrate merging of coronal and heliospheric MHD models for a two-dimensional hypothetical case involving a magnetic cloud, shock, streamer belt, and current sheet. The disruption of a sheared helmet streamer launches a coronal mass ejection (CME) (simulated by the coronal model), which evolves during its propagation through interplanetary space (simulated by the heliospheric model). These models employ different physical approximations and numerical grids to simulate physical phenomena over their respective spatial and temporal domains. The merging of the models enables accurate tracking of a CME from its origin in the solar atmosphere to its arrival at Earth. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Dusan.Odstrcil@noaa.gov; Jon.A.Linker@saic.com; Roberto.Lionello@saic.com; Zoran.Mikic@saic.com; Peter.Riley@saic.com; Victor.J.Pizzo@noaa.gov; jgluhman@ssl.berkeley.edu RI Vandas, Marek/G-9054-2014 NR 36 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A12 AR 1493 DI 10.1029/2002JA009334 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650BX UT WOS:000181243400004 ER PT J AU Frenkel, AI Kolobov, AV Robinson, IK Cross, JO Maeda, Y Bouldin, CE AF Frenkel, AI Kolobov, AV Robinson, IK Cross, JO Maeda, Y Bouldin, CE TI Direct separation of short range order in intermixed nanocrystalline and amorphous phases SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; GE; SCATTERING; SIO2; SPECTRA; FILMS AB Diffraction anomalous fine-structure (DAFS) and extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) measurements were combined to determine short range order (SRO) about a single atomic type in a sample of mixed amorphous and nanocrystalline phases of germanium. EXAFS yields information about the SRO of all Ge atoms in the sample, while DAFS determines the SRO of only the ordered fraction. We determine that the first-shell distance distribution is bimodal; the nanocrystalline distance is the same as the bulk crystal, to within 0.01(2) Angstrom, but the mean amorphous Ge-Ge bond length is expanded by 0.076(19) Angstrom. This approach can be applied to many systems of mixed amorphous and nanocrystalline phases. C1 Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Lab Adv Opt Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Loomis Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, PNCCAT, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Osaka Prefecture, Osaka 5998531, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Frenkel, AI (reprint author), Yeshiva Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10016 USA. RI Frenkel, Anatoly/D-3311-2011 OI Frenkel, Anatoly/0000-0002-5451-1207 NR 18 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 28 AR 285503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.285503 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 634AM UT WOS:000180317900032 PM 12513157 ER PT J AU Oskay, WH Steck, DA Raizen, MG AF Oskay, WH Steck, DA Raizen, MG TI Observation of cumulative spatial focusing of atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOCALIZATION; DEPOSITION; LIGHT AB We report an experimental study of the spatial distribution of ultracold cesium atoms exposed to a series of kicks from a standing wave of light. We observe cumulative focusing, leading to a spatial array of atoms which is of interest for atomic lithography. To observe the spatial distribution, we developed a free-space measurement technique that enables the reconstruction of the atomic motion as a function of time. We find increased focusing of atoms after as many as ten kicks, and the results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Nonlinear Dynam, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Oskay, WH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Div Time & Frequency, MS 847,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 28 AR 283001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.283001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 634AM UT WOS:000180317900013 PM 12513138 ER PT J AU An, YQ Cundiff, ST AF An, YQ Cundiff, ST TI Bulk and surface contributions to resonant second-harmonic generation from Si(001) surfaces SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; SILICON; SPECTROSCOPY; INTERFACES; SI(100); ELECTROREFLECTANCE; LAYERS AB The spectra of the isotropic and anisotropic contributions to second-harmonic generation from modified Si(001) surfaces are separated using polarization selection and rotational anisotropy. A bulk, anisotropic resonance is observed at a two-photon energy of 3.42 +/- 0.01 eV. The isotropic surface contributions for native oxide Si and thermal oxide, Si show peaks at 3.39 +/- 0.01 eV and 3.35 +/- 0.01 eV, respectively. Interference between these contributions and the bulk signal can shift the apparent resonance position if they are not separated. The surface produces a noninterfering contribution that is comparable to the interfering contribution for H-terminated. Si but negligible for oxidized silicon. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1533122]. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP An, YQ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; An, Yong/N-7479-2013 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 30 PY 2002 VL 81 IS 27 BP 5174 EP 5176 DI 10.1063/1.1533122 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 631GY UT WOS:000180160800026 ER PT J AU Burton, ML AF Burton, ML TI Age, growth and mortality of mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis, from the east coast of Florida, with a brief discussion of management implications SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lutjanus analis; mutton snapper; age and growth; mortality ID PARAMETERS AB Mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis, were sampled from recreational headboat and commercial vessels along the east coast of Florida, 1992-2000. Marginal increment analysis on sectioned otoliths (n = 1391) confirmed annulus formation during March-May. Mutton snapper were aged up to 29 years, and the largest fish measured 880 mm. TL (total length). The weight-TL relationship was described by: W = 1.01 x 10(-8) x TL3.05 (R-2 = 6.96, n = 413), where W is the whole weight (kg). The TL-fork length (FL, in mm) relationship (R-2 = 0.99, n = 249) was described by: TL = 8.91 + 1.08 x FL. The TL-otolith radius (OR) relationship (R-2 = 0.81, n = 1400) is described by the equation: TL = (177.00 x OR) - 131.56. Mean lengths at age from back-calculations to the last annulus ranged from 216 mm at the end of age I to 810 mm at age 17. Growth was not significantly different between sexes, and the von Bertalanffy growth equation for combined sexes was L-t = 869(1 - e(-0.16(t+0.94))). Estimates of instantaneous natural mortality (M) ranged from 0.29 to 0.49. Estimates of instantaneous total mortality (Z) averaged 0.43 for all fisheries combined, 1986-1998, and were similar to single cohort estimates derived for the 1981-1986 year classes (mean Z = 0.49). Mutton snapper were fully recruited to the headboat fishery by age 4, the commercial fishery by age 6, and the private recreational fishery by age 3. The problems inherent in managing a species that forms spawning aggregations and the more general problem of using a single statistic, such as spawning stock ratio (SSR), to assess a stock are discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Burton, ML (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD DEC 30 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 41 AR PII S0165-7836(02)00007-3 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00007-3 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 630FA UT WOS:000180095800003 ER PT J AU Bitner, D Carroll, T Cline, D Romanov, P AF Bitner, D Carroll, T Cline, D Romanov, P TI An assessment of the differences between three satellite snow cover mapping techniques SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Eastern Snow Conference (ESC) CY JUN 05-07, 2002 CL STOWE, VERMONT DE remote sensing; snow AB The National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Weather Service (NWS) provides daily satellite-derived snow cover maps to support the NWS Hydrologic Services Program covering the coterminous USA and Alaska. This study compared the NOHRSC snow cover maps with new automated snow cover maps produced by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) and the snow cover maps created from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and account for the differences that occur between the three different snow cover mapping techniques. Because each of these snow cover products uses data from different sensors at different resolutions, the data were degraded to the coarsest relevant resolution. In both comparisons, forest canopy density was examined as a possible explanatory factor to account for those differences. NOHRSC snow cover maps were compared with NESDIS snow cover maps for 32 different dates from November 2000 to February 2001. NOHRSC snow cover maps were also compared with MODIS snow cover maps in the Pacific Northwest and the Great Plains for 18 days and 21 days, respectively, between March and June 2001. In the first comparison, where the NOHRSC product (similar to1 km) was degraded to match the resolution of the NESDIS data (similar to5 km), the two products showed an average agreement of 96%. Forest canopy density data provided only weak explanation for the differences between the NOHRSC and the NESDIS snow cover maps. In the second comparison, where the MODIS product (similar to500 m) was degraded to match the resolution of the NOHRSC product for two sample areas, the agreement was 94% in the study area in the Pacific Northwest, and 95% in the study area in the Great Plains. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Bitner, D (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Operat Hydrol Remote Sensing Ctr, 1735 Lake Dr W, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RI Romanov, Peter/F-5622-2010 OI Romanov, Peter/0000-0002-2153-8307 NR 7 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD DEC 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 18 SI SI BP 3723 EP 3733 DI 10.1002/hyp.1231 PG 11 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 630EK UT WOS:000180094400014 ER PT J AU Lei, J Schoch, PM Demers, DR Shah, U Connor, KA Anderson, JK Crowley, TP AF Lei, J Schoch, PM Demers, DR Shah, U Connor, KA Anderson, JK Crowley, TP TI Core electrostatic fluctuations and particle transport in a reversed-field pinch SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ION BEAM PROBE; DENSITY-FLUCTUATIONS; TOKAMAK; PLASMA; TORUS AB Potential and electron-density fluctuation profiles, (φ) over tilde (r) and (n) over tilde (e)(r)/n(e), are measured for the first time in the core of a reversed-field pinch using a heavy ion beam probe. It is found that the fluctuations are broadband and correlated with the core resonant m/n=1/6 tearing mode. The electrostatic-fluctuation-induced particle transport in the core of standard RFP plasmas, estimated from measured <(n) over tilde (e)(φ) over tilde >, is small compared to the total particle flux. Measurements of fluctuations and estimates of fluctuation induced particle transport in improved confinement RFP discharges are also presented. C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, ECSE Dept, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lei, J (reprint author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, ECSE Dept, Troy, NY 12180 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 30 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 27 AR 275001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.275001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 627RX UT WOS:000179949600026 PM 12513210 ER PT J AU Tarek, M Tobias, DJ AF Tarek, M Tobias, DJ TI Single-particle and collective dynamics of protein hydration water: A molecular dynamics study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; LIQUID WATER; RELAXATION DISPERSION; BOSON PEAK; EXCITATIONS; DIFFUSION; SOUND; O-17 AB We present an analysis based on molecular dynamics simulations of water single particle and collective density fluctuations in a protein crystal at 150 and 300 K. For the collective dynamics, the calculations predict the existence of two sound modes. The first one around 35 meV is highly dispersive and the second one around 9 meV is weakly dispersive in the k range studied here (0.59, confirm the suggestion of Anderson and Hamilton [1993] that the outer dayside magnetosphere is often near marginal stability for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generation, so waves can be stimulated by even modest magnetospheric compressions. However, 10 of the wave events (five associated with compressions, and five not) were highly localized in L shell. In these "spatially localized'' cases, continuous wave emissions were seen on the ground for extended periods of time, while in space waves were observed for only a few minutes and occurred only in radially narrow regions. The noncompressional events, all spatially localized, appear to be the first examples identified in space of the class of wave events known as Pc 1-2, sustained narrowband emissions which have durations at high-latitude ground stations of the order of 10 hours in the day and dusk local time sectors. All 10 of the spatially localized events, whether compressional or not, followed intervals of at least 12 hours of sustained very quiet magnetospheric conditions. Energetic ion observations from Polar confirm earlier suggestions that drifting plasma sheet ions are the source of dayside Pc 1-2 waves in the outer dayside magnetosphere, but they also show different particle configurations for the spatially localized and temporally ordered event categories. Events in both categories occurred within radially extended regions with ring-like, moderately anisotropic distributions of greater than or equal to5 keV protons and with deep minima in the flux distributions at energies <5 keV. However, spatially localized wave events occurred only in association with radially localized regions that also contained highly anisotropic fluxes of similar to 0.5-3 keV protons, at a considerable distance from the magnetospheric boundary. In contrast, no such radial structure was evident in any of the temporally ordered events, or in three "uncertain'' events. The association of the spatially localized events with highly structured populations of plasma sheet protons of keV and higher energies indicates an important but unanticipated role for these protons in destabilizing plasma in the outer dayside magnetosphere, possibly through increasing the local plasma beta near the magnetic equator. C1 Augsburg Coll, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Tohoku Univ, Fac Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 98077, Japan. RP Augsburg Coll, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. EM engebret@augsburg.edu; Bill.Peterson@lasp.colorado.edu; brian.anderson@jhuapl.edu; ctrussell@igpp.ucla.edu; howard.singer@noaa.gov; roger.arnoldy@unh.edu; FUKU@STPP2.GEOPHYS.TOHOKU.AC.JP RI Peterson, WK/A-8706-2009; Anderson, Brian/I-8615-2012 OI Peterson, WK/0000-0002-1513-6096; NR 50 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 18 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A12 AR 1451 DI 10.1029/2001JA000198 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 650AJ UT WOS:000181239900001 ER PT J AU Rist, MJ Marino, JP AF Rist, MJ Marino, JP TI Mechanism of nucleocapsid protein catalyzed structural isomerization of the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; PLUS-STRAND TRANSFER; PRIMER BINDING-SITE; GENOMIC RNA DIMERIZATION; ACID-CHAPERONE ACTIVITY; MURINE LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; KISSING-LOOP HAIRPIN; IN-VITRO; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; EXTENDED-DUPLEX AB Dimerization of two homologous strands of genomic RNA is an essential feature of retroviral replication. In the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a conserved stem-loop sequence, the dimerization initiation site (DIS), has been identified as the domain primarily responsible for initiation of this aspect of viral assembly. The DIS loop contains an autocomplementary hexanucleotide sequence flanked by highly conserved 5' and 3' purines and can form a homodimer through a loop-loop kissing interaction. In a structural rearrangement activated by the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) and considered to be associated with viral particle maturation, the DIS dimer converts from an intermediate kissing to an extended duplex isoform. Using 2-aminopurine (2-AP) labeled sequences derived from the DISMal variant and fluorescence methods, the two DIS dimer isoforms have been unambiguously distinguished, allowing a detailed examination of the kinetics of this RNA structural isomerization and a characterization of the role of NCp7 in the reaction. In the presence of divalent cations, the DIS kissing dimer is found to be kinetically trapped and converts to the extended duplex isoform only upon addition of NCp7. NCp7 is demonstrated to act catalytically in inducing the structural isomerization by accelerating the rate of strand exchange between the two hairpin stem helices, without disruption of the loop-loop helix. Observation of an apparent maximum conversion rate for NCp7-activated DIS isomerization, however, requires protein concentrations in excess of the 2:1 stoichiometry estimated for high-affinity NCp7 binding to the DIS kissing dimer, indicating that transient interactions with additional NCp7(s) may be required for catalysis. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 59107] NR 77 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD DEC 17 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 50 BP 14762 EP 14770 DI 10.1021/bi0267240 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 625LD UT WOS:000179817200014 PM 12475224 ER PT J AU Yim, H Kent, MS Matheson, A Stevens, MJ Ivkov, R Satija, S Majewski, J Smith, GS AF Yim, H Kent, MS Matheson, A Stevens, MJ Ivkov, R Satija, S Majewski, J Smith, GS TI Adsorption of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) to the air surface of water by neutron and X-ray reflectivity and surface tension measurements: Polymer concentration dependence SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; HIGH IONIC-STRENGTH; LIGHT-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; MULTIMOLECULAR AGGREGATION; POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE; ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS; AIR/WATER INTERFACE; MONONUCLEOSOMAL DNA AB The adsorption of the strong polyelectrolyte sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) to the air surface of water was investigated as a function of polymer concentration from the dilute regime to the beginning of the semidilute regime. Detailed segment profiles of the deuterated polymer were determined by neutron reflection (NR). Data were obtained for 0.67 and 2.50 M KCl. For two samples differing widely in molecular weight (1150 and 56.1 kg(mol), we find that with increasing polymer concentration the adsorbed amount first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases strongly. The PSS concentration at which the maximum is reached is dependent on both the molecular weight and the salt concentration in a manner that correlates with the chain overlap concentration. Regarding the segment profiles, at low polymer concentration the profiles are composed of a thin layer of high concentration at the air surface (trains), followed by a distinct second layer of much lower segment concentration that extends to larger depths into the liquid (loops and tails). Complementary X-ray reflection MR) revealed a localization of ions about 101 below the surface for dilute PSS concentration. This layer becomes more diffuse at higher PSS concentration, in conjunction with the decrease in PSS adsorbed amount measured by NR. This surprising behavior of the adsorbed amount with polymer concentration is not explained by current SCF theory treating the adsorption of strong polyelectrolytes to neutral surfaces. We discuss a few possible explanations for this desorption transition. Finally, we observe that the surface tension decreases monotonically with increasing concentration of PSS in bulk solution but is not correlated with the adsorbed amount of PSS at the surface. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Ivkov, Robert/A-3902-2015 OI Ivkov, Robert/0000-0002-2930-5276 NR 57 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 17 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 26 BP 9737 EP 9747 DI 10.1021/ma0200468 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 626HB UT WOS:000179864800019 ER PT J AU Martter, TD Foster, MD Yoo, T Xu, S Lizzaraga, G Quirk, RP Butler, PD AF Martter, TD Foster, MD Yoo, T Xu, S Lizzaraga, G Quirk, RP Butler, PD TI Nonuniversal behavior of the thermodynamic interaction parameter in blends of star and linear polybutadiene SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CLOUD POINT CURVES; POLYMER BLENDS; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; DEUTERATED POLYBUTADIENE; BRANCHED POLYMER; ISOTOPE BLENDS; MISCIBILITY; ARCHITECTURE; POLYSTYRENE AB Values of the bulk thermodynamic interaction parameter, chi(eff), for blends of anionically polymerized star (number of arms = 4, 6, 8, 12) and linear polybutadienes (PB) of well-defined architecture and molecular weight were measured as a function of temperature using small-angle neutron scattering. Comparison of these measured values of chi(eff) with results from comparable polystyrene (PS) blends suggests the existence of nonuniversal aspects in the thermodynamic interaction due to entropic contributions, chi(epsilon), arising from architectural differences in chains. While the value of chi(epsilon) for PS star/linear blends increases monotonically with number of arms in the star, the value of chi(epsilon) in the PB star/linear blends does not, a result which cannot be anticipated by the Gaussian field theory (GFT) of Fredrickson et al.(1) An important discrepancy between theory and experiment is also found for the variation of chi(epsilon) with linear chain length. Theory anticipates the value of x, should decrease with increasing linear chain size, but in fact it increases. Qualitative agreement with the GFT is found on two counts: chi(epsilon) decreases with increasing concentration of star (when assuming x(isotopic) for linear/linear blends is constant with concentration), and chi(epsilon) decreases with increasing length of the star arm. In general, the value of chi(epsilon) for a PB blend of star and linear components is larger than the value of x, for a comparable PS blend. Indeed, phase separation is observed in one particular PB blend of a six-arm star with a sufficiently large linear chain. C1 Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Foster, MD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011 NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD DEC 17 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 26 BP 9763 EP 9772 DI 10.1021/ma0120916 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 626HB UT WOS:000179864800022 ER PT J AU Wilson, KB Baldocchi, DD Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Dolman, H Falge, E Field, C Goldstein, A Granier, A Grelle, A Halldor, T Hollinger, D Katul, G Law, BE Lindroth, A Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Oechel, W Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wofsy, S AF Wilson, KB Baldocchi, DD Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Dolman, H Falge, E Field, C Goldstein, A Granier, A Grelle, A Halldor, T Hollinger, D Katul, G Law, BE Lindroth, A Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Oechel, W Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wofsy, S TI Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE eddy covariance; evaporation; ecohydrology; hydrology ID WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; EDDY-COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DECIDUOUS FOREST; BOREAL FOREST; ARCTIC TUNDRA; PINE FOREST; CO2 FLUXES AB The warm season (mid-June through late August) partitioning between sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux, or the Bowen ratio (beta=H/LE), was investigated at 27 sites over 66 site years within the international network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). Variability in beta across ecosystems and climates was analyzed by quantifying general climatic and surface characteristics that control flux partitioning. The climatic control on beta was quantified using the climatological resistance (R-i), which is proportional to the ratio of vapor pressure deficit (difference between saturation vapor pressure and atmospheric vapor pressure) to net radiation (large values of R-i decrease beta). The control of flux partitioning by the vegetation and underlying surface was quantified by computing the surface resistance to water vapor transport (R-c, with large values tending to increase beta). There was a considerable range in flux partitioning characteristics (R-c, R-i and beta) among sites, but it was possible to define some general differences between vegetation types and climates. Deciduous forest sites and the agricultural site had the lowest values of R-c and beta (0.25-0.50). Coniferous forests typically had a larger R-c and higher beta (typically between 0.50 and 1.00 but also much larger). However, there was notable variability in R-c and R-i between coniferous site years, most notably differences between oceanic and continental climates and sites with a distinct dry summer season (Mediterranean climate). Sites with Mediterranean climates generally had the highest net radiation, R-c, R-i, and beta. There was considerable variability in beta between grassland site years, primarily the result of interannual differences in soil water content and R-c. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. INRA Bourdeaux, Unite Bioclimatol, Gazinet, France. Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. Alterra, NL-6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestieres, F-54280 Seichamps, France. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Agr Res Inst, Dept Environm Res, Reykjavik, Iceland. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. San Diego State Univ, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wilson, KB (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Lindroth, Anders/N-4697-2014; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Lindroth, Anders/0000-0002-7669-784X; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; NR 64 TC 91 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 38 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC 17 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 12 AR 1294 DI 10.1029/2001WR000989 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 650CQ UT WOS:000181245200004 ER PT J AU Look, DC Jones, RL Sun, XL Brillson, LJ Ager, JW Park, SS Han, JH Molnar, RM Maslar, JE AF Look, DC Jones, RL Sun, XL Brillson, LJ Ager, JW Park, SS Han, JH Molnar, RM Maslar, JE TI Electrical and optical properties of GaN/Al2O3 interfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Extended Defects in Semiconductors (EDS 2002) CY JUN 01-06, 2002 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY ID VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; GAN; FILMS; LUMINESCENCE; DISLOCATION AB Hall-effect, photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL), and Raman scattering measurements have been used to characterize the Ga (top) and N (bottom) faces of free-standing GaN layers grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy on Al2O3. The material near the bottom has higher carrier concentration, lower mobility, larger PL linewidths, brighter CL emission, and stronger Raman plasmon-phonon lines than the material near the top. All results are consistent with the diffusion of O from the Al2O3 substrate, sometimes covering a distance of several tens of micrometres. The O donor is compensated by Ga vacancy acceptors, known to exist from positron annihilation experiments. However, Raman and CL profiling show that the poor interface region ends rather abruptly, giving excellent material near the top (Ga) face. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Samsung Adv Inst Technol, Suwon 440600, South Korea. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Look, DC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. OI Ager, Joel/0000-0001-9334-9751 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD DEC 16 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 48 BP 13337 EP 13344 AR PII S0953-8984(02)54171-0 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/14/48/386 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 630CZ UT WOS:000180091100087 ER PT J AU Prosandeev, SA AF Prosandeev, SA TI On the average charge of the oxygen vacancy in perovskites necessary for kinetics calculations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Letter ID RELAXATION; POLARIZATION AB An analytical result has been obtained for the value of the dynamical charge necessary for calculations of oxygen vacancy kinetics in dielectric perovskite-type crystals. It is shown, by using the Berry phase analysis, that this charge equals the nominal charge of the vacancy: for example, for the doubly charged state (no electrons associated with the vacancy), it is 2e where e is the electron charge; a neutral vacancy (two electrons in the vacancy) has zero average charge. C1 Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prosandeev, SA (reprint author), Rostov State Univ, Dept Phys, Rostov Na Donu 344090, Russia. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD DEC 16 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 49 BP L745 EP L748 AR PII S0953-8984(02)53263-X DI 10.1088/0953-8984/14/49/102 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 635TN UT WOS:000180415500002 ER PT J AU Ling, XS Park, SR McClain, BA Choi, SM Dender, DC Lynn, JW AF Ling, XS Park, SR McClain, BA Choi, SM Dender, DC Lynn, JW TI Comment on "Superheating and supercooling of vortex matter in a Nb single crystal: Direct evidence for a phase transition at the peak effect from neutron diffraction" - Reply SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID LATTICE C1 Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ling, XS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RI Ling, Xinsheng/A-9219-2008 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 16 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 25 AR 259702 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.259702 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 622ZT UT WOS:000179678900064 ER PT J AU Salaniwal, S Kumar, SK Douglas, JF AF Salaniwal, S Kumar, SK Douglas, JF TI Amorphous solidification in polymer-platelet nanocomposites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; GLASS-TRANSITION; FILLED POLYMERS; RANDOM IONOMERS; DYNAMICS; LIQUIDS; INTERCALATION; DIFFERENCE; SIMULATION; GELATION AB Computer simulations are used to understand the molecular basis of the rheology changes in polymer melts when loaded with platelet filler particles, specifically when the polymer and nanofiller interact attractively. With decreasing temperature, there is increasing aggregation between chains and filler and an increase in the polymer matrix structural relaxation time. These lifetimes are predicted to diverge at an extrapolated temperature, which we identify with the emergence of an amorphous solid state. Our findings suggest that filled polymers are phenomenologically similar to solutions of associating polymers and to supercooled liquids near their glass transition. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem Engn, Troy, NY USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Polymer Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Salaniwal, S (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 5 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 16 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 25 AR 258301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.258301 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 622ZT UT WOS:000179678900058 PM 12484924 ER PT J AU Kelly, WR Vocke, RD Mann, JL AF Kelly, WR Vocke, RD Mann, JL TI Comment on "Determination of total sulfur at microgram-per-gram levels in geological materials by oxidation of sulfur into sulfate with in situ generation of bromine using isotope dilution high resolution ICPMS" SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; FOSSIL-FUELS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Kelly, WR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 24 BP 6430 EP 6431 DI 10.1021/ac025962y PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 628AG UT WOS:000179969000042 PM 12510771 ER PT J AU Genzer, J Kramer, EJ Fischer, DA AF Genzer, J Kramer, EJ Fischer, DA TI Accounting for Auger yield energy loss for improved determination of molecular orientation using soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LANGMUIR-BLODGETT MONOLAYERS; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; THIN-FILMS; BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; FINE-STRUCTURE; ALKANETHIOLATE MONOLAYERS; POLYMER SURFACES; NEXAFS; SPECTRA; CHAINS AB Partial (Auger) yield near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is a structural analytical technique that has been primarily used to measure the spatial orientation and chemical bonding of small molecules on solid (i.e., inorganic or semiconductor) surfaces. In this article we demonstrate that the building block (BB) scheme proposed by Outka and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1321 (1987)] for analyzing NEXAFS spectra can be applied to model the molecular orientation of larger molecules, provided one accounts properly for kinetic energy losses of the Auger electrons traversing through the sample and hence the attenuation in measured Auger yield. We test the applicability of the proposed "modified" BB (MBB) model by measuring the orientation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of -O1.5Si-(CH2)(2)-(CF2)(8)F, SF-SAM (SiOx), deposited on top of SiOx-covered silicon wafer as a function of the entrance grid bias (EGB) of the channeltron photoelectron detector. Our measurements of the EGB-dependent electron escape depth reveal that a crude depth profiling within the top approximate to5 nm of the sample is possible by increasing the negative EGB on the channeltron detector, at the highest bias thus selecting only the Auger electrons, which have suffered negligible energy loss. In addition, we discuss how the order parameter method introduced recently by Stohr and Samant [J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 98-99, 189 (1989)] can be used to determine the molecular orientation of large organic molecules on surfaces. We also show that by accounting for energy losses of the NEXAFS Auger electrons (attenuation of measured Auger yield), the corrected order parameter (COP) approach gives good estimates of the orientation of molecules. We present a comparison between the MBB and COP models using experimental data collected from NEXAFS experiments from semifluorinated (SF) mesogens, -(CH2)(x)(CF2)(y)F, which are attached to: (1) the isoprene backbone of polyisoprene or a styrene-isoprene diblock copolymer and (2) a SiOx-covered solid substrate. We show that on both surfaces, the SF groups are oriented and on average are tilted by an angle from the sample normal. We show that at higher the results from the COP approach agree almost quantitatively with those extracted using the MBB model. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 42 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 12 BP 7070 EP 7079 DI 10.1063/1.1516258 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 619UD UT WOS:000179495100015 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC TI The effect of an alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foam (AR-AFFF) on the evaporation, boiling, and collision dynamics of a water droplet on a heated solid surface SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE droplet; impact; heated surface; boiling ID HOT SURFACE; IMPACT; TENSION; POINT AB An experimental study is presented for droplets containing an alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foam (AR-AFFF) impacting and boiling on a heated stainless steel surface. Experiments with solutions of 3% (volume fraction) AR-AFFF/distilled water were compared to ones with distilled water and 3% AR-AFFF/simulated seawater. The latter experiments were motivated by the practice of mixing AR-AFFF with seawater in many naval applications. ne impact process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames per second. For each fluid, the droplet impact Weber number was fixed, and the droplet evaporation lifetime was measured as a function of temperature. Collision dynamics were investigated for each fluid, with the temperature of the stainless steel surface varied from film evaporation to film boiling. It was observed that the addition of 3% AR-AFFF to water reduced the temperature for departure from nucleate boiling and the Leidenfrost temperature dramatically compared to pure water. Droplets were observed to breakup violently for solutions of AR-AFFF/simulated seawater at film boiling. The results demonstrate that the collision dynamics depend on what type of water is mixed with AR-ATFF. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 256 IS 2 BP 418 EP 427 DI 10.1006/jcis.2002.8605 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 631UF UT WOS:000180184600021 ER PT J AU Son, Y Migler, KB AF Son, Y Migler, KB TI Cavitation of polyethylene during extrusion processing instabilities SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Physical-Society CY MAR, 2002 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Phys Soc, Div Polymer Phys DE extrusion; processing; polyolefins; cavitation; gross melt fracture ID POLYMER BLENDS; FLOW; SHARKSKIN; FRACTURE; LIQUID; MELTS; SLIP AB We present observations of cavitation that occur inside a capillary die during extrusion of polyethylene. This phenomenon was observed over the last 1.5 mm of the capillary tube immediately upstream of the exit. We observed spontaneous formation of voids near the wall that grew to a typical length and width of 150 mum, and then shrank and disappeared over a time frame of approximately 20 ms. From velocity measurements of these structures, we concluded that their width in the radial direction was smaller than in the axial and lateral directions, and they were near the wall. The shape of the cavities was highly irregular. We assessed the roles of extensional stress and shear stress at the exit region and concluded that they were not the direct cause of cavitation. Rather, cavitation occurs in conjunction with an upstream rupture of the polymer that occurs in the contraction region leading into the capillary tube (gross melt fracture). We argue that the exit region does, however, serve as the initiation point of the cavitation because of a combination of the reduced pressure and extensional stress. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 544, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 24 BP 2791 EP 2799 DI 10.1002/polb.10314 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 618WW UT WOS:000179441200005 ER PT J AU Gu, X Raghavan, D Douglas, JF Karim, A AF Gu, X Raghavan, D Douglas, JF Karim, A TI Hole-growth instability in the dewetting of evaporating polymer solution films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Physical-Society CY MAR, 2002 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Phys Soc, Div Polymer Phys DE dewetting; Hele-Shaw flow cell; instability; fingering patterns; atomic force microscopy (AFM); spin coating ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; BLOCK-COPOLYMER FILMS; SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY; TAPPING-MODE; PATTERN-FORMATION; BLEND FILMS; POROUS-MEDIA; THIN; NUCLEATION; WATER AB We investigate the dewetting of aqueous, evaporating polymer [poly(acrylic acid)] solutions cast on glassy hydrophobic (polystyrene) substrates. As in ordinary dewetting, the evaporating films initially break up through the nucleation of holes that perforate the film, but the rapidly growing holes become unstable and form nonequilibrium patterns resembling fingering patterns that arise when injecting air into a liquid between two closely spaced plates (Hele-Shaw patterns). This is natural because the formation of holes in thin films is similar to air injection into a polymer film where the thermodynamic driving force of dewetting is the analogue of the applied pressure in the flow measurement. The patterns formed in the rapidly dewetting and evaporating polymer films become frozen into a stable glassy state after most of the solvent (water) has evaporated, leaving stationary patterns that can be examined by atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy. Similar patterns have been observed in water films evaporating from mica substrates, block copolymer films, and modest hole fingering has also been found in the dewetting of dry polymer films. From these varied observations, we expect this dewetting-induced fingering instability to occur generally when the dewetting rate and film viscosity are sufficiently large. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Program, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Program, 525 Coll St, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 51 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 24 BP 2825 EP 2832 DI 10.1002/polb.10347 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 618WW UT WOS:000179441200009 ER PT J AU Lee, S Kim, J Jonsson, L Wilkins, JW Bryant, GW Klimeck, G AF Lee, S Kim, J Jonsson, L Wilkins, JW Bryant, GW Klimeck, G TI Many-body levels of optically excited and multiply charged InAs nanocrystals modeled by semiempirical tight binding SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS; ELECTRON-HOLE CORRELATIONS; CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; ENERGIES AB Many-body levels of optically excited and multiply charged InAs nanocrystals are studied with the semiempirical tight-binding model. Single-particle levels of unstrained spherical InAs nanocrystals are described by the sp(3)d(5)s(*) nearest-neighbor tight-binding model including spin-orbit coupling. For optically excited InAs nanocrystals, first-order corrections of electron-hole Coulomb and exchange interaction to exciton levels and the oscillator strengths of the exciton levels determine several low-lying, bright-exciton levels. The origin of the large oscillator strengths of the bright exciton levels is explained by the analysis of dominant angular momenta of exciton envelope functions. Good agreement with photoluminescence excitation experiments is achieved for the size dependence of the three lowest bright-exciton energies of InAs nanocrystals with radius larger than 20 A. For multiply charged InAs nanocrystals, polarization of the nanocrystal environment is approximated by modeling the environment with a uniform dielectric medium. This polarization model incorporated into the tight-binding model provides a reasonable description of electron and hole addition energies in scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Illinois, Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, 174 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Klimeck, Gerhard/A-1414-2012 OI Klimeck, Gerhard/0000-0001-7128-773X NR 39 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 23 AR 235307 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.235307 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 633JL UT WOS:000180279400074 ER PT J AU Abrams, D Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, A Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Dixon, R Driscoll, D Eichblatt, S Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haller, EE Hellmig, J Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Nam, SW Nelson, H Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Schnee, RW Shutt, T Smith, A Sonnenschein, AH Spadafora, AL Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Abrams, D Akerib, DS Armel-Funkhouser, MS Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, A Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Dixon, R Driscoll, D Eichblatt, S Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haller, EE Hellmig, J Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Lu, A Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Nam, SW Nelson, H Perera, TA Isaac, MCP Rau, W Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Schnee, RW Shutt, T Smith, A Sonnenschein, AH Spadafora, AL Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA CA CDMS Collaboration TI Exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section from the cryogenic dark matter search SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID LOW-RADIOACTIVITY; PHONON PRODUCTION; 25 MK; IONIZATION; DETECTOR; GERMANIUM; VOLTAGE; CRYSTAL AB The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) employs low-temperature Ge and Si detectors to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their elastic-scattering interactions with nuclei while discriminating against interactions of background particles. For recoil energies above 10 keV, events due to background photons are rejected with >99.9% efficiency, and surface events are rejected with >95% efficiency. The estimate of the background due to neutrons is based primarily on the observation of multiple-scatter events that should all be neutrons. Data selection is determined primarily by examining calibration data and vetoed events. Resulting efficiencies should be accurate to similar to10%. Results of CDMS data from 1998 and 1999 with a relaxed fiducial-volume cut (resulting in 15.8 kg days exposure on Ge) are consistent with an earlier analysis with a more restrictive fiducial-volume cut. Twenty-three WIMP candidate events are observed, but these events are consistent with a background from neutrons in all ways tested. Resulting limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section exclude unexplored parameter space for WIMPs with masses between 10-70 GeV/c(2). These limits border, but do not exclude, parameter space allowed by supersymmetry models and accelerator constraints. Results are compatible with some regions reported as allowed at 3sigma by the annual-modulation measurement of the DAMA Collaboration. However, under the assumptions of standard WIMP interactions and a standard halo, the results are incompatible with the DAMA most likely value at >99.9% confidence level (C.L.), and are incompatible with the model-independent annual-modulation signal of DAMA at 99.99% C.L. in the asymptotic limit. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Schnee, RW (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011; OI Holmgren, Donald/0000-0001-6701-7737; Baudis, Laura/0000-0003-4710-1768 NR 74 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2821 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD DEC 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 12 AR 122003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.66.122003 PG 35 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 634AL UT WOS:000180317800006 ER PT J AU Li, YH Peng, TH AF Li, YH Peng, TH TI Latitudinal change of remineralization ratios in the oceans and its implication for nutrient cycles SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE remineralization ratios; nutrient cycles; global ocean circulation; latitudinal change; GEOSECS; WOCE ID REDFIELD RATIOS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ISOPYCNAL SURFACES; STATION ALOHA; PHYTOPLANKTON; OXYGEN; DENITRIFICATION; STOICHIOMETRY; VARIABILITY; BACTERIA AB [1] A new three-end-member mixing model is introduced to obtain remineralization ratios of organic matter in the water column. Remineralization ratios (P/N/C-org /-O-2)of organic matter in the deep water column change systematically from the northern Atlantic to the Southern Oceans, then to the equatorial Indian and the northern Pacific oceans, more or less along the global ocean circulation route of deep water. Average remineralization ratios of organic matter for the northern Atlantic Ocean are P/ N/C-org / -O-2 = 1/(16 +/- 1)/(73 +/- 8)/(137 +/- 7), and for the Southern Oceans P/ N/C-org /-O-2 = 1/ (15 +/- 1)/(80 +/- 3)/(133 +/- 5). Those values are similar to the traditional Redfield ratios of P/N/C-org /O-2 = 1/16/106/138 for marine plankton, except for the low C-org /P ratio. Average remineralization ratios for the equatorial Indian Ocean are P/N/C-org /O-2 = 1/( 10 +/- 1)/(94 +/- 5)/(130 +/- 7), and for the northern Pacific Ocean P/N/C-org /-O-2 = 1/(13 +/- 1)/ (124 +/- 11)/(162 +/- 11). The apparent low N/P ratio for both ocean basins suggests that organic nitrogen was converted partly into gaseous N2O and N-2 by bacteria through nitrification/denitrification processes in a low-oxygen or reducing microenvironment of organic matter throughout the oxygenated water column. The actual N/P ratio of remineralized organic matter is probably around 15 +/- 1. The -O-2/C-org ratio of remineralized organic matter also decreases systematically along the global ocean circulation route of deep water, indicating changes in relative proportions of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. No temporal trends of remineralization ratios are detected when comparing the results obtained by GEOSECS and WOCE data sets. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Li, YH (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Li, Yuan-Hui/A-9699-2009 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 14 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1130 DI 10.1029/2001GB001828 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647TJ UT WOS:000181109900001 ER PT J AU Lumpe, JD Fromm, M Hoppel, K Bevilacqua, RM Randall, CE Browell, EV Grant, WB McGee, T Burris, J Twigg, L Richard, EC Toon, GC Margitan, JJ Sen, B Pfeilsticker, K Boesch, H Fitzenberger, R Goutail, F Pommereau, JP AF Lumpe, JD Fromm, M Hoppel, K Bevilacqua, RM Randall, CE Browell, EV Grant, WB McGee, T Burris, J Twigg, L Richard, EC Toon, GC Margitan, JJ Sen, B Pfeilsticker, K Boesch, H Fitzenberger, R Goutail, F Pommereau, JP TI Comparison of POAM III ozone measurements with correlative aircraft and balloon data during SOLVE SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SOLAR OCCULTATION; POLAR OZONE; SAGE-II; LIDAR; VALIDATION; AEROSOL; STRATOSPHERE; INSTRUMENT; NITROGEN; HALOE AB [1] The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III instrument operated continuously during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) mission, making approximately 1400 ozone profile measurements at high latitudes both inside and outside the Arctic polar vortex. The wealth of ozone measurements obtained from a variety of instruments and platforms during SOLVE provided a unique opportunity to compare correlative measurements with the POAM III data set. In this paper, we validate the POAM III version 3.0 ozone against measurements from seven different instruments that operated as part of the combined SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign. These include the airborne UV Differential Absorption Lidar (UV DIAL) and the Airborne Raman Ozone and Temperature Lidar (AROTEL) instruments on the DC-8, the dual-beam UV-Absorption Ozone Photometer on the ER-2, the MkIV Interferometer balloon instrument, the Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire et Applications and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LPMA/DOAS) balloon gondola, the JPL in situ ozone instrument on the Observations of the Middle Stratosphere (OMS) balloon platform, and the Systeme D'Analyze par Observations Zenithales (SAOZ) balloon sonde. The resulting comparisons show a remarkable degree of consistency despite the very different measurement techniques inherent in the data sets and thus provide a strong validation of the POAM III version 3.0 ozone. This is particularly true in the primary 14-30 km region, where there are significant overlaps with all seven instruments. At these altitudes, POAM III agrees with all the data sets to within 7-10% with no detectable bias. The observed differences are within the combined errors of POAM III and the correlative measurements. Above 30 km, only a handful of SOLVE correlative measurements exist and the comparisons are highly variable. Therefore, the results are inconclusive. Below 14 km, the SOLVE comparisons also show a large amount of scatter and it is difficult to evaluate their consistency, although the number of correlative measurements is large. The UV DIAL, DOAS, and JPL/OMS comparisons show differences of up to 15% but no consistent bias. The ER-2, MkIV, and SAOZ comparisons, on the other hand, indicate a high POAM bias of 10-20% at the lower altitudes. In general, the SOLVE validation results presented here are consistent with the validation of the POAM III version 3.0 ozone using SAGE II and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) satellite data and in situ electrochemical cell (ECC) ozonesonde data. C1 Computat Phys Inc, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. RP Computat Phys Inc, 8001 Braddock Rd, Springfield, VA 22151 USA. EM lumpe@cpi.com RI Fromm, Michael/F-4639-2010; Grant, William/B-8311-2009; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012; Randall, Cora/L-8760-2014 OI Grant, William/0000-0002-1439-3285; Randall, Cora/0000-0002-4313-4397 NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 14 PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8316 DI 10.1029/2001JD000472 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648VR UT WOS:000181172000001 ER PT J AU Folkins, I Kelly, KK Weinstock, EM AF Folkins, I Kelly, KK Weinstock, EM TI A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE water vapor; tropical convection; relative humidity; upper troposphere ID UPPER-TROPOSPHERIC MOISTURE; LARGE-SCALE ADVECTION; WATER-VAPOR; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; AIRCRAFT; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATIONS; TROPOPAUSE; CIRRUS; ER-2 AB [1] We use a very simple model with no adjustable parameters to simulate the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics. The rate of increase in relative humidity, in this interval, appears to be largely determined by the shape of the convective detrainment profile, the temperature profile, and the level of zero radiative heating. It appears to be unaffected by evaporative moistening or the complex three-dimensional structure of convective systems. We also show that the rapid increase in the fraction of supersaturated air parcels above 150 mb (similar to14.5 km) is associated with a transition from large scale descent to ascent. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Folkins, I (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. EM Ian.Folkins@dal.ca; kenneth.k.kelly@noaa.gov; lliot@huarp.harvard.edu NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 14 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4736 DI 10.1029/2002JD002185 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648UN UT WOS:000181169100008 ER PT J AU White, AB Templeman, BD Angevine, WM Zamora, RJ King, CW Russell, CA Banta, RM Brewer, WA Olszyna, KJ AF White, AB Templeman, BD Angevine, WM Zamora, RJ King, CW Russell, CA Banta, RM Brewer, WA Olszyna, KJ TI Regional contrast in morning transitions observed during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Middle Tennessee Intensive SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE regional contrast; morning transitions; SOS99 ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE AB [1] This study investigates the impact of surface heterogeneity on the timing of the morning transitions observed during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Intensive (SOS99N). The end of the morning transition occurs at a measurement site located in the Cumberland River Valley approximately 8 km northeast of downtown Nashville, on average, 1.25 h earlier than at three rural sites surrounding Nashville. This study shows that the early morning behavior of the boundary layers observed at the river valley site is dominated by local terrain features, whereas a previous study showed that the afternoon boundary layers observed at this site are more strongly influenced by its urban characteristics. Profiles of backscatter intensity recorded by monostatic sodars and Doppler wind profilers are analyzed to provide the evolution of boundary layer depth on days when a nocturnal inversion formed. These measurements indicate that the early morning growth rate of the convective boundary layer was faster, on average, at the river valley site in Nashville than at a rural, non-river valley site where similar measurements were made (125 m h(-1) versus 73 m h(-1) from 0600 to 0800 h CST). A comparison of temperature profiles measured with radio acoustic sounding systems indicates that low-level stability resulting from the nocturnal boundary layer had a stronger influence than surface energetics on the observed variations in boundary layer depth and morning transition end times. A single case study is shown to demonstrate the potential impact of the morning transition on gas phase chemistry measurements collected at a rural site. Case study and diurnally averaged time series show how surface-layer humidity can be an effective tracer for diagnosing the end of the morning transition. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Tennessee Valley Author, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 USA. RP White, AB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, CB216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM Allen.B.White@noaa.gov RI White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 14 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4726 DI 10.1029/2001JD002036 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648UN UT WOS:000181169100004 ER PT J AU Geltman, S AF Geltman, S TI A close-coupling approach to laser-assisted electron-atom scattering SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FREE-FREE TRANSITIONS; PARTICLE SCATTERING; HELIUM SCATTERING; COLLISIONS; ENERGY; FIELD; APPROXIMATION AB The theory of laser-assisted electron-He atom scattering is studied by means of a full numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. This is achieved by solution of the coupled equations for the time-dependent coefficients in an expansion in time-independent electron-atom elastic scattering basis states of energies E = E-0 + nomega. The dependences of the differential cross sections for n-photon transfers upon CO2 laser intensity and pulse length, and on electron energy are obtained. The results confirm experimental findings that the Kroll-Watson formula is not reliable for small angle scattering. The appearance of strong coupling among all the basis states dominates the dynamics of the process and is in sharp contrast to the results of previous perturbative theoretical treatments. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Geltman, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 23 BP 4787 EP 4796 AR PII S0953-4075(02)39034-5 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/35/23/303 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 635CT UT WOS:000180381000007 ER PT J AU Wei, CF Kotamarthi, VR Ogunsola, OJ Horowitz, LW Walters, S Wuebbles, DJ Avery, MA Blake, DR Browell, EV Sachse, GW AF Wei, CF Kotamarthi, VR Ogunsola, OJ Horowitz, LW Walters, S Wuebbles, DJ Avery, MA Blake, DR Browell, EV Sachse, GW TI Seasonal variability of ozone mixing ratios and budgets in the tropical southern Pacific: A GCTM perspective SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; PEM-WEST-A; NONMETHANE HYDROCARBONS; EXPLORATORY MISSION; NORTH PACIFIC; CLIMATE-MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; MOZART AB Significant seasonal variations in the concentrations of several trace gases were observed in the southern tropical Pacific during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM) TROPICS-A (PT-A, September/October 1996) and PEM TROPICS-B (PT-B, March/April 1999) campaigns. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the measured and modeled seasonal variabilities through comparisons of these observations with model calculations. A three-dimensional (3-D) global-scale chemical transport model was employed to (1) evaluate the seasonal variations in ozone and CO mixing ratios; (2) calculate an ozone budget and identify its controlling factors; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of atmospheric transport barriers in the model, such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); and (4) test the sensitivity of ozone over the tropical south Pacific to biomass-burning emissions. The model reproduces the main features of the observed seasonal variation in ozone and CO. According to the model calculation, the ozone burden during the PT-A was larger due to the transport of ozone into the central pacific middle troposphere from the west, whereas a net outflow of ozone from this region to the east resulted in a reduction of ozone burden during the PT-B period. Transport of ozone from the Northern Hemisphere into this region was found to be much larger during the PT-B period compared with the PT-A period. The in situ production and loss of ozone calculated in the model agreed with that derived from measurements. The gradients in the model for selected trace gases across the ITCZ were shown to be qualitatively similar to measurements. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. RP Wei, CF (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM vrkotamarthi@anl.gov RI Horowitz, Larry/D-8048-2014 OI Horowitz, Larry/0000-0002-5886-3314 NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 13 PY 2002 VL 108 IS D2 AR 8235 DI 10.1029/2001JD00772 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648VG UT WOS:000181171000001 ER PT J AU Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Castro, CG Timothy, DA AF Bograd, SJ Schwing, FB Castro, CG Timothy, DA TI Bottom water renewal in the Santa Barbara Basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; VARVE FORMATION; NORTH-PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; SEDIMENTS; FLUXES; DENITRIFICATION; CIRCULATION; OCEAN AB We use quarterly full water depth occupations of a station at the center of the Santa Barbara Basin to estimate the timing, frequency, and magnitude of basin renewal events over the period 1986-2000. Of 58 occupations we have identified 11 events (in 11 of the 15 years) that are highly suggestive of recent bottom water renewal, with periods of annual flushing interspersed with relatively stagnant periods. All but one of these events occurred in winter or spring, with the spring events having the largest changes in bottom water properties (cooling and oxygenation). The event recorded in April 1998, during a period of rapid transition from El Nino-influenced to La Nina-influenced local conditions, revealed the potential magnitude of a full basin flushing: an increase in bottom water oxygen content of more than 0.4 mL/L and a cooling of nearly half a degree over 2 months. Water property profiles and near-surface circulation patterns suggest that sufficiently dense water at the western sill, combined with strong flow into the basin from the northwest, may be key prerequisites to renewal. Interannual variability in the strength, duration, and timing of coastal upwelling and in regional circulation and hydrography, forced largely by the local impact of El Nino events, modulates the flushing potential of the basin. The Santa Barbara Basin apparently does not get flushed every year, and renewal events are not restricted to winter-spring. Since the frequency and intensity of basin renewal events can greatly impact local denitrification rates, benthic community structure, and underlying sedimentary processes, we recommend that paleoceanographic interpretations of the local sediment record take account of this seasonally and interannually varying cycle of bottom water renewal. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. CSIC, Marine Res Inst, Vigo 36208, Spain. Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, SMAST, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. RP Bograd, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 13 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 3216 DI 10.1029/2001JC001291 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 648VX UT WOS:000181172500002 ER PT J AU Huttunen, KEJ Koskinen, HEJ Pulkkinen, TI Pulkkinen, A Palmroth, M Reeves, EGD Singer, HJ AF Huttunen, KEJ Koskinen, HEJ Pulkkinen, TI Pulkkinen, A Palmroth, M Reeves, EGD Singer, HJ TI April 2000 magnetic storm: Solar wind driver and magnetospheric response SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELEMENTARY CURRENT SYSTEMS; CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; DISTURBANCES; ASSOCIATION; SUBSTORMS; DST; INJECTIONS; ORIGIN AB [1] On 4 April 2000, a coronal mass ejection (CME) took place close to the western limb of the Sun. The shock front of the CME hit the Earth's magnetosphere on 6 April. A strong interplanetary southward B-Z event in the sheath region caused a magnetic storm that was the second strongest in the year 2000 if quantified by the peak of the Dst index. We have analyzed this sequence of events using observations of several spacecraft in the solar wind and at geostationary orbit as well as recordings from more than 80 magnetometer stations at latitudes higher than 40 degreesN. In the sheath region behind the shock, the interplanetary magnetic field had an intense and long-sustained southward magnetic field orientation, and the solar wind magnetic pressure was very large, which compressed the dayside magnetopause inside geostationary orbit for a period of more than 6 hours. We conclude that it was the fluctuating but strongly southward field accompanied by the high pressure that allowed for the exceptionally strong driving of magnetospheric activity. During the main phase of the storm, the magnetosphere and ionosphere were in highly perturbed states, with several activations all around the auroral region. Detailed analysis shows that many of these activations were not substorms, in the sense that they were not associated with poleward and westward electrojet/auroral enhancement or geostationary particle injections, but were directly driven perturbations due to variations in the solar wind features. In fact, it was found that the development of the entire storm was quite independent of substorm activations and injections. Instead, the ring current development was driven by the strong convection enhancements. During the storm, the geomagnetically induced currents were strongly enhanced during several periods. While some activations were associated with substorm onsets or electrojet enhancements, others were caused by extremely localized and short-lived electrojet activations. C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Theoret Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Huttunen, KEJ (reprint author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, Div Theoret Phys, POB 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RI Kilpua, Emilia/G-8994-2012; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; Koskinen, Hannu/B-4971-2017 OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Koskinen, Hannu/0000-0003-3839-6461 NR 44 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 13 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A12 AR 1440 DI 10.1029/2001JA009154 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 649AP UT WOS:000181185000001 ER PT J AU Kessler, WS AF Kessler, WS TI Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERE OCEAN MODEL; EL-NINO; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; PREDICTION; GENESIS; SYSTEM; WARM AB [1] After early ideas that saw El Ninos as isolated events, the advent of coupled models brought the conception of ENSO as a cycle in which each phase led to the next in a self-sustained oscillation. Twenty-two years of observations that represent the El Nino and La Nina peaks (east Pacific SST) and the memory of the system (zonal mean warm water volume) suggest a distinct break in the cycle, in which the coupled system is able to remain in a weak La Nina state for up to two years, so that memory of previous influences would be lost. Similarly, while the amplitude of anomalies persists from the onset of a warm event through its termination, there is no such persistence across the La Nina break. These observations suggest that El Ninos are in fact event-like disturbances to a stable basic state, requiring an initiating impulse not contained in the dynamics of the cycle itself. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 31 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 12 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 23 AR 2125 DI 10.1029/2002GL015924 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 647MM UT WOS:000181096700005 ER PT J AU Danilin, MY Ko, MKW Bevilacqua, RM Lyjak, LV Froidevaux, L Santee, ML Zawodny, JM Hoppel, KW Richard, EC Spackman, JR Weinstock, EM Herman, RL McKinney, KA Wennberg, PO Eisele, FL Stimpfle, RM Scott, CJ Elkins, JW Bui, TV AF Danilin, MY Ko, MKW Bevilacqua, RM Lyjak, LV Froidevaux, L Santee, ML Zawodny, JM Hoppel, KW Richard, EC Spackman, JR Weinstock, EM Herman, RL McKinney, KA Wennberg, PO Eisele, FL Stimpfle, RM Scott, CJ Elkins, JW Bui, TV TI Comparison of ER-2 aircraft and POAM III, MLS, and SAGE II satellite measurements during SOLVE using traditional correlative analysis and trajectory hunting technique SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE measurement comparison; trajectory hunting; correactive analysis; SOLVE ID SOUNDER HNO3 OBSERVATIONS; ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; GAS EXPERIMENT II; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; POLAR OZONE; CHLORINE ACTIVATION; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; CLO MEASUREMENTS AB [1] We compared the version 5 Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), version 3 Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III), version 6.0 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II), and NASA ER-2 aircraft measurements made in the Northern Hemisphere in January-February 2000 during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). This study addresses one of the key scientific objectives of the SOLVE campaign, namely, to validate multiplatform satellite measurements made in the polar stratosphere during winter. This intercomparison was performed by using a traditional correlative analysis (TCA) and a trajectory hunting technique (THT). TCA compares profiles colocated within a chosen spatial-temporal vicinity. Launching backward and forward trajectories from the points of measurement, the THT identifies air parcels sampled at least twice within a prescribed match criterion during the course of 5 days. We found that the ozone measurements made by these four instruments agree most of the time within +/-10% in the stratosphere up to 1400 K (similar to35 km). The water vapor measurements from POAM III and the ER-2 Harvard Lyman alpha hygrometer and Jet Propulsion Laboratory laser hygrometer agree to within +/-0.5 ppmv (or about +/-10%) in the lower stratosphere above 380 K. The MLS and ER-2 ClO measurements agree within their error bars for the TCA. The MLS and ER-2 nitric acid measurements near 17- to 20-km altitude agree within their uncertainties most of the time with a hint of a positive offset by MLS according to the TCA. We also applied the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. box model constrained by the ER-2 measurements for analysis of the ClO and HNO3 measurements using the THT. We found that: (1) the model values of ClO are smaller by about 0.3-0.4 (0.2) ppbv below (above) 400 K than those by MLS and (2) the HNO3 comparison shows a positive offset of MLS values by similar to1 and 1-2 ppbv below 400 K and near 450 K, respectively. Our study shows that, with some limitations (like HNO3 comparison under polar stratospheric cloud conditions), the THT is a more powerful tool for validation studies than the TCA, making conclusions of the comparison statistically more robust. C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, ACD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Boeing Co, MS 0R-RC,POB 3707, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. EM danilin@h2o.ca.boeing.com RI Wennberg, Paul/A-5460-2012; Ko, Malcolm/D-5898-2015; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424 NR 64 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 11 PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8315 DI 10.1029/2001JD000781 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 648VP UT WOS:000181171700001 ER PT J AU Peng, PT Kumar, A van den Dool, H Barnston, AG AF Peng, PT Kumar, A van den Dool, H Barnston, AG TI An analysis of multimodel ensemble predictions for seasonal climate anomalies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID VARIABILITY; MODEL; SIMULATION; FORECASTS; WEATHER; ENSO; GCM AB [1] In this paper the potential advantages and relative performances of different techniques for constructing multimodel ensemble seasonal predictions are examined. Two commonly used methods of constructing multimodel ensemble predictions are analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the schemes themselves. In the first technique-simple multimodel ensemble (SME) predictions-equal weights are assigned to the ensemble mean predictions of each of the atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM). In the second approach-optimal multimodel ensemble (OME) predictions-the weights are obtained using a multiple linear regression. A theoretical analysis of these techniques is complemented by the analyses based on seasonal climate simulations for 45 January-February-March seasons over the 1950-1994 period. A comparison of seasonal simulation skill scores between SME and OME indicates that for the bias corrected data, i.e., when the seasonal anomalies of each of the AGCMs are computed with respect to its own mean state, the performance of seasonal predictions based on the simpler SME approach is comparable to that of the more complex OME approach. A major reason for this result is that the data record of historical predictions may not be long enough for a stable estimate of weights at individual geographical locations to be obtained. This problem can be reduced by extending the multiple linear regression approach to include the spatial domain. However, even with this algorithm change, the performance of OME in seasonal predictions does not improve over that using the SME approach. Results, therefore, indicate that the use of more sophisticated techniques for constructing multimodel ensembles may not be any more advantageous than the use of simpler approaches. Results also show that on average the skill scores for the predictions based on multimodel ensemble prediction techniques are only marginally better than those of the best AGCM. However, an advantage of multimodel ensemble prediction techniques may be that they retain the best performance of each AGCM on a regional basis in the merged forecasts. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Int Res Inst Climate Predict, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Peng, PT (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 806, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM ppeng@ncep.noaa.gov NR 21 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 11 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4710 DI 10.1029/2002JD002712 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647UZ UT WOS:000181113600009 ER PT J AU Silin, VI Wieder, H Woodward, JT Valincius, G Offenhausser, A Plant, AL AF Silin, VI Wieder, H Woodward, JT Valincius, G Offenhausser, A Plant, AL TI The role of surface free energy on the formation of hybrid bilayer membranes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SUPPORTED PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; MIXED ALKANETHIOL MONOLAYERS; LIPID VESICLE ADSORPTION; GOLD SURFACES; IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; INSULATING PROPERTIES; PLASMON RESONANCE; THIOL MONOLAYERS AB The interaction of small phospholipid vesicles with well-characterized surfaces has been studied to assess the effect of the surface free energy of the underlying monolayer on the formation of phospholipid/alkanethiol hybrid bilayer membranes (HBMs). The surface free energy was changed in a systematic manner using single-component alkanethiol monolayers and monolayers; of binary mixtures of thiols. The binary surfaces were prepared on gold by self-assembly from binary solutions of the thiols HS-(CH(2))(n)-X (n=11, X=CH(3) or OH) in THF. Surface plasmon resonance (SPIR), electrical capacitance, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were used to characterize the interaction of palmitoyl,oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles with the surfaces. For all surfaces examined, it appears that the polar part of surface energy influences the nature of the POPC assembly that associates with the surface. Comparison of optical, capacitance, and AFM data suggests that vesicles can remain intact or partially intact even at surfaces with a contact angle with water of close to 100degrees. In addition, comparison of the alkanethiols of different chain lengths and the fluorinated compound HS-(CH(2))(2)-(CF(2))(8)-CF(3) that characterize with a low value of the polar part of the surface energy suggests that the quality of the underlying monolayer in terms of number of defects has a significant influence on the packing density of the resulting HBM layer. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FRIZ Biochem GmbH, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Thin Film & Interface, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Silin, VI (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vitalii.silin@nist.gov RI Offenhausser, Andreas/E-7990-2012 OI Offenhausser, Andreas/0000-0001-6143-2702 NR 50 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 7 U2 31 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 11 PY 2002 VL 124 IS 49 BP 14676 EP 14683 DI 10.1021/ja026585+ PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 622RP UT WOS:000179661000040 PM 12465979 ER PT J AU Redfield, S Linsky, JL Ake, TB Ayres, TR Dupree, AK Robinson, RD Wood, BE Young, PR AF Redfield, S Linsky, JL Ake, TB Ayres, TR Dupree, AK Robinson, RD Wood, BE Young, PR TI A Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of late-type dwarf stars SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH; X-RAY-EMISSION; LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; NEIGHBORHOOD FLARE STARS; HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS; A-TYPE STARS; TRANSITION REGION; CONVECTION ZONES; THIN PLASMAS AB We describe the 910-1180 Angstrom spectra of seven late-type dwarf stars obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. The stars include Altair (A7 IV), Procyon (F5 IV V),alpha Cen A (G2 V), AB Dor (K1 V),alpha Cen B (K2 V),epsilon Eri (K2 V), and AU Mic (M0 V). We present line identifications, fluxes, Doppler shifts, and widths. Doppler shifts are measured with respect to heliocentric wavelength scales determined from interstellar absorption lines, and are compared with transition region line shifts seen in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet spectra. For the warmer stars the O vi lines extend the trend of increasing redshift with line formation temperature, but for the cooler stars the O vi line redshifts are essentially zero. The C III and O vi lines of most stars in the sample are best fit with two Gaussians, and we confirm the correlation of increasing importance of the broad component with increasing stellar activity. The nonthermal velocities of the narrow component are subsonic and exhibit a trend toward larger velocities with decreasing surface gravity, while the nonthermal velocities of the broad components show no obvious trend with stellar gravity. The C III and O vi lines of Altair show unique broad horned profiles. Two flares were observed on AU Mic. One shows increasing continuum flux to shorter wavelengths, which we interpret as free-free emission from hot plasma, and relatively narrow, redshifted C III and O vi emission. The other shows very broad line profiles. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Redfield, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 78 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2002 VL 581 IS 1 BP 626 EP 653 DI 10.1086/344153 PN 1 PG 28 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 623AU UT WOS:000179681500047 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Cao, CY Sullivan, JT AF Heidinger, AK Cao, CY Sullivan, JT TI Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) to calibrate advanced very high resolution radiometer reflectance channels SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE satellite; calibration; MODIS; AVHRR ID NEAR-INFRARED CHANNELS; POSTLAUNCH CALIBRATION; NOAA-14 SPACECRAFT; GLOBAL DATA; IR BANDS; AVHRR; OCEAN AB [1] A series of 10 advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRRs) flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s polar-orbiting satellites for over 20 years has provided data suitable for many quantitative remote sensing applications. To be useful for geophysical research, each radiometer must be accurately calibrated, which poses problems in the AVHRR reflectance channels because they have no onboard calibration. Previous studies have shown that values of the reflectance channel calibrations, accurately measured during preflight, change abruptly immediately after launch and then change slowly during the satellite's lifetime. The presence of the dual-gain reflectance channels on the current series of AVHRRs also complicates the application of previous calibration techniques. A technique is presented here for calibrating the AVHRR dual-gain reflectance channels using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data. This method employs selective criteria to reproduce a laboratory type calibration where instrument counts observed by AVHRR are matched to reflectances measured by MODIS on a pixel by pixel basis for coincident and co-located scenes. Unlike AVHRR, MODIS employs onboard calibration of its reflectance channels. The goal here was to explore the utility of using MODIS to calibrate the new dual-gain reflectance channels of the AVHRR. The AVHRRs in the NOAA-KLM series of spacecraft employ a dual-gain approach to increase the sensitivity to dark scenes. Traditional methods using radiometrically stable targets to calibrate the reflectance channels of AVHRR typically do not provide data for both gain settings. The data from two scenes that met the over-pass criteria are analyzed. The regression of the MODIS reflectances versus the AVHRR counts for these scenes were able to produce calibration slopes and intercepts in both the low and high gain regions. The reflectance differences using the MODIS-derived calibration compared to preflight calibration are well within the expected behavior of the AVHRR during its first year in orbit. Comparison with reference ch1 and ch2 reflectance values from NOAA 9 for a Libyan Desert Target were within 5% of those using the MODIS-derived calibration. While the determination of the absolute accuracy this approach needs further study, it clearly offers the potential for calibration of the AVHRR dual-gain reflectance channels. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, World Weather Bldg,E-RA1,Room 712,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM andrew.heidinger@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010; Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 18 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4702 DI 10.1029/2001JD002035 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647UH UT WOS:000181112100003 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Nagatani, RM Flynn, LE Kondragunta, S Beach, E Stolarski, R McPeters, RD Bhartia, PK DeLand, MT Jackman, CH Wuebbles, DJ Patten, KO Cebula, RP AF Miller, AJ Nagatani, RM Flynn, LE Kondragunta, S Beach, E Stolarski, R McPeters, RD Bhartia, PK DeLand, MT Jackman, CH Wuebbles, DJ Patten, KO Cebula, RP TI A cohesive total ozone data set from the SBUV(/2) satellite system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE total ozone; total ozone trends; SBUV ID TEMPERATURE; INSTRUMENT; TRENDS; STRATOSPHERE; CALIBRATION; VARIABILITY; DEPLETION; NIMBUS-4 AB [1] The long-term data collection of total ozone estimates from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Ozone Sensors (SBUV and SBUV/2) began with the launch of SBUV on NASA's Nimbus-7 spacecraft in 1978. Following this successful demonstration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) adopted the slightly modified SBUV/2 instruments for placement on the afternoon Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). The SBUV/2 instruments have flown on NOAA-9, -11, -14, and -16 in the POES series, with NOAA-16 launched in late 2000. Three more instruments are scheduled for launches in the next 6 years. While the absolute calibrations of individual instruments are good, they give total ozone accuracies of approximately 2%. However, without further adjustment, such interinstrument differences pose significant problems for atmospheric ozone trend analysis. In this paper we use the differences between total ozone estimates from the instruments during periods with overlapping coverage to account for these possible calibration biases. We use the NOAA-9 SBUV/2 record as the reference standard because of the length of its record and the amount of overlap with other instruments' records. By applying adjustments to the other data sets based on these differences, a complete, unified data set is created for use in analysis of long-term changes. The monthly-averaged total ozone time series for 50degreesS to 50degreesN and the hemispheric subsets are compared to the results from two 2-D chemistry models as a demonstration of the usefulness of the unified data sets. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Res Off, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Decis Syst Technol Inc, Rockville, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Syat & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Alvin.Miller@noaa.gov; Ronald.Nagatani@noaa.gov; Lawrence.E.Flynn@noaa.gov; Shobha.Kondragunta@noaa.gov; Eric.Beach@noaa.gov; stolar@polska.gsfc.nasa.gov; mcpeters@wrabbit.gsfc.nasa.gov; bhartia@chapman.gsfc.nasa.gov; deland@sesda.com; jackman@assess.gsfc.nasa.gov; wuebbles@uiatma.atmos.uiuc.edu; kpatten@atmos.uiuc.edu; richardcebula@sesda.com RI Flynn, Lawrence/B-6321-2009; Beach, Eric/F-5576-2010; Stolarski, Richard/B-8499-2013; Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012; McPeters, Richard/G-4955-2013; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010 OI Flynn, Lawrence/0000-0001-6856-2614; Stolarski, Richard/0000-0001-8722-4012; McPeters, Richard/0000-0002-8926-8462; Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046 NR 31 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4701 DI 10.1029/2001JD000853 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647UH UT WOS:000181112100001 ER PT J AU Rathke, C Neshyba, S Shupe, MD Rowe, P Rivers, A AF Rathke, C Neshyba, S Shupe, MD Rowe, P Rivers, A TI Radiative and microphysical properties of Arctic stratus clouds from multiangle downwelling infrared radiances SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE infrared emission; Arctic clouds; multiangle FTIR spectroscopy; horizontal inhomogeneity; longwave flux; SHEBA ID OPTICAL-CONSTANTS; ANTARCTIC PLATEAU; ICE; WATER; SURFACE; SOUNDER; FLUXES; MODEL AB [1] The information content of multiangle downwelling infrared radiance spectra of stratus clouds is investigated. As an example, 76 sets of spectra were measured at angles of 0, 15, 30 and 45degrees from zenith, using an interferometer based at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) drifting ice camp. Exploiting the angular variation of radiance in infrared microwindows, a "geometric'' algorithm is used to determine cloud temperature and optical depth without auxiliary information. For comparison, a spectral method allows us to infer cloud microphysical properties for each angle; each multiangle set therefore constitutes a microphysical characterization of horizontal inhomogeneity of the cloudy scene. We show that cloud temperatures determined with both approaches agree with temperatures obtained from lidar/radiosonde data. The multiangle radiance observations can also be used to calculate the longwave flux reaching the surface. We find that up to 14 W m(-2) of the overcast fluxes can be attributed to horizontal variations in cloud microphysical properties. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Weltraumwissensch, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. Univ Puget Sound, Dept Chem, Tacoma, WA 98416 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Rathke, C (reprint author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Weltraumwissensch, Carl heinrich Becker Weg 6-10, D-12165 Berlin, Germany. EM rathkec@zedat.fu-berlin.de; nesh@ups.edu; Matthew.Shupe@noaa.gov; prowe@u.washington.edu; raaron@cires.colorado.edu RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 10 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4703 DI 10.1029/2001JD001545 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 647UH UT WOS:000181112100002 ER PT J AU Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Britton, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Leibfried, D DeMarco, B Meyer, V Rowe, M Ben-Kish, A Britton, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Trapped-ion quantum simulator: Experimental application to nonlinear interferometers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NOISE; FLUCTUATIONS; STATES; ATOM AB We show how an experimentally realized set of operations on a single trapped ion is sufficient to simulate a wide class of Hamiltonians of a spin-1/2 particle in an external potential. This system is also able to simulate other physical dynamics. As a demonstration, we simulate the action of two nth order nonlinear optical beam splitters comprising an interferometer sensitive to phase shift in one of the interferometer beam paths. The sensitivity in determining these phase shifts increases linearly with n, and the simulation demonstrates that the use of nonlinear beam splitters (n = 2,3) enhances this sensitivity compared to the standard quantum limit imposed by a linear beam splitter (n = 1). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. RP Leibfried, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 22 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 9 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 24 AR 247901 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.247901 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 619PG UT WOS:000179484700050 PM 12484980 ER PT J AU Sura, P Barsugli, J AF Sura, P Barsugli, J TI A note on estimating drift and diffusion parameters from timeseries SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article ID MARKET; MODEL AB Estimating the deterministic drift and stochastic diffusion parameters from discretely sampled data is fraught with the potential for error. We derive a simple way of estimating the error due to the finite sampling rate in these parameters for a univariate system using a straightforward application of the Ito-Taylor expansion. The error is calculated up to first order in the finite sampling time increment Deltat. We then compare the approximate results with the analysis of numerically generated timeseries where the answer is known. Furthermore, a meteorological real world example is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Sura, P (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Barsugli, Joseph/K-3541-2015 OI Barsugli, Joseph/0000-0002-3078-6396 NR 12 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD DEC 9 PY 2002 VL 305 IS 5 BP 304 EP 311 AR PII S0375-9601(02)01474-3 DI 10.1016/S0375-9601(02)01474-3 PG 8 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 624YU UT WOS:000179790500014 ER PT J AU Pfister, L Selkirk, HB Jensen, EJ Podolske, J Sachse, G Avery, M Schoeberl, MR Mahoney, MJ Richard, E AF Pfister, L Selkirk, HB Jensen, EJ Podolske, J Sachse, G Avery, M Schoeberl, MR Mahoney, MJ Richard, E TI Processes controlling water vapor in the winter Arctic tropopause region SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropopause; water vapor; stratosphere-troposphere exchange; dehydration ID STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; OZONE; MECHANISMS; CHEMISTRY; AIRCRAFT; H2O; ICE AB [1] This work describes transport and thermodynamic processes that control water vapor near the tropopause during the SAGE III-Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE), held during the Arctic 1999/2000 winter season. Aircraft-based water vapor, carbon monoxide, and ozone measurements are analyzed so as to establish how deeply tropospheric air mixes into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere and what the implications are for cloud formation and water vapor removal in this region of the atmosphere. There are three major findings. First, troposphere-to-stratosphere exchange extends into the Arctic stratosphere to about 13 km. Penetration is to similar levels throughout the winter; however, because ozone increases with altitude most rapidly in the early spring, tropospheric air mixes with the highest values of ozone in that season. The effect of this upward mixing is to elevate water vapor mixing ratios significantly above their prevailing stratospheric values of about 5 ppmv. Second, the potential for cloud formation in the stratosphere is highest during early spring, with about 20% of the parcels which have ozone values of 300-350 ppbv experiencing ice saturation in a given 10 day period. Third, during early spring, temperatures at the tropopause are cold enough so that 5-10% of parcels experience relative humidities above 100%, even if the water content is as low as 5 ppmv. The implication is that during this period, dynamical processes near the Arctic tropopause can dehydrate air and keep the Arctic tropopause region very dry during early spring. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Space Phys Res Inst, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23691 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Pfister, L (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM pfister@telsci.arc.nasa.gov; hselkirk@mail.arc.nasa.gov; ejensen@mail.arca.nasa.gov; jpodolske@mail.arc.nasa.gov; G.Sachse@larc.nasa.gov; M.Avery@larc.nasa.gov; mmahoney@pop.jpl.nasa.gov; richard@al.noaa.gov RI Selkirk, Henry/H-2021-2012 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 7 PY 2002 VL 108 IS D5 AR 8314 DI 10.1029/2001JD001067 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646WT UT WOS:000181059500002 ER PT J AU Edwards, KA Rogers, DP Dorman, CE AF Edwards, KA Rogers, DP Dorman, CE TI Adjustment of the marine atmospheric boundary layer to the large-scale bend in the California coast SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE marine atmospheric boundary layer; coastal meteorology; SSM/I; coastal waves 96; wind field off the US West Coast; topographically modified wind fields ID WEST-COAST; WAVES 1996; FLOW; SIMULATIONS; CHANNEL; CAPE AB [1] Observations of the surface wind field off the U. S. West Coast were made from satellite by the Sea Surface Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) during June 1994 and June 1996. The coast bends inward 28degrees at 40degrees N latitude. Northerly wind speeds are high within a region that extends far south and offshore of this bend, bounded on the east by the California coast. On average, the high-speed wind zone extends similar to250 km from shore and 800 km alongcoast. Long coast-perpendicular aircraft transects show that moving onshore, the depth of the MABL decreases, the northerly wind speed increases, and the Froude number increases. A network of oceanographic buoys records the surface wind speed, direction, and pressure. From six buoy pressure measurements, the geostrophic wind vector was computed to represent the synoptic flow over the Oregon-northern California coastal waters. The satellite surface wind fields were composited by the direction of the buoy geostrophic background wind. The predominant direction is 210degrees-180degrees. A high-speed region extends south of the bend for directions in the 0degrees-180degrees range (moving counterclockwise), which corresponds to a downcoast component of the pressure gradient. For directions between 180degrees and 0degrees, flow splits at the bend and the region of highest winds is found to its north and offshore. A high-speed region south of the bend was present in 65% of the satellite wind maps as well as in the June averages. The flow's response to coastal promontories such as Point Arena is nested within this broad zone of fast, thin, likely supercritical flow. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Dept Commerce, Off Weather & Air Qual Res, NOAA, OAR, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Edwards, KA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 7 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 3213 DI 10.1029/2001JC000807 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 646UD UT WOS:000181052700001 ER PT J AU Kasischke, ES Bruhwiler, LP AF Kasischke, ES Bruhwiler, LP TI Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane from boreal forest fires in 1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE boreal forest fires; peatland fires ID JACK PINE; BIOMASS; NORTHERN; AREA; CO; WILDFIRES; AEROSOLS; SIBERIA; ALGORITHMS; PARTICLES AB [1] The global boreal forest region experienced some 17.9 million ha of fire in 1998, which could be the highest level of the decade. Through the analysis of fire statistics from North America and satellite data from Russia, semimonthly estimates of area burned for five different regions in the boreal forest were generated and used to estimate total carbon release and CO2, CO, and CH4 emissions. Different levels of biomass, as well as different biomass categories, were considered for each of the five different regions (including peatlands in the Russian Far East and steppes in Siberia), as were different levels of fraction of biomass (carbon) consumed during fires. Finally, two levels of flaming versus smoldering combustion were considered in the model. Boreal forest fire emissions for 1998 were estimated to be 290-383 Tg of total carbon, 828-1103 Tg of CO2, 88-128 Tg of CO, and 2.9-4.7 Tg of CH4. The higher estimate represents 8.9% of total global carbon emissions from biomass burning, 13.8% of global fire CO emissions, and 12.4% of global fire CH4 emissions. Russian fires accounted for 71% of the total emissions, with the remainder (29%) from fires in North America. Assumptions regarding the level of smoldering versus flaming generally resulted in small (< 4%) variations into the emissions estimates, although in two cases, these variations were higher (6% and 12%). We estimated that peatland fires in the Russian Far East contributed up to 40 Tg of carbon to the atmosphere in the fall of 1998. The combined seasonal CO emissions from forest and peatland fires in Russia are consistent with anomalously high atmospheric CO measurements collected at Point Barrow, Alaska. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kasischke, ES (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM kk169@umail.umd.edu NR 79 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 6 PY 2002 VL 108 IS D1 AR 8146 DI 10.1029/2001JD000461 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646WH UT WOS:000181058600001 ER PT J AU Gharavi, H Ban, K AF Gharavi, H Ban, K TI Master-slave cluster-based multihop ad-hoc networking SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOBILE AB A master-slave cluster-based mobile ad-hoc network architecture for multihop communications using the IEEE 802.11 system is presented. The proposed architecture is a mixture of two different types of networks: managed (master-and-slave) and ad-hoc (star). In this architecture, the participating nodes in each cluster communicate with each other via their respective access points (APs), which operate as mobile base stations. A network architecture is presented where APs can be utilised to communicate with other APs in an ad-hoc manner. C1 NIST, Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), NIST, Dept Commerce, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD DEC 5 PY 2002 VL 38 IS 25 BP 1756 EP 1757 DI 10.1049/el:20021105 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 627UC UT WOS:000179953700093 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Kreidenweis, SM AF Feingold, G Kreidenweis, SM TI Cloud processing of aerosol as modeled by a large eddy simulation with coupled microphysics and aqueous chemistry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE cloud; aerosol; aqueous chemistry; boundary layer ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; STRATOCUMULUS; PARTICLES; TRANSITION; POLLUTION; STRATUS; DRIZZLE AB [1] Cloud processing of aerosol through both drop collision coalescence and aqueous chemistry is simulated with the aid of a large eddy simulation model and fully coupled components that represent (1) size-resolved aerosol, (2) size-resolved microphysics, and (3) the conversion of SO2 to sulfate via aqueous chemistry. Prior work with cloud parcel models has shown that the outcome of processing in a stratocumulus-capped marine boundary layer depends strongly on the cloud liquid water content, aerosol concentrations, trace gas concentrations, and contact time with a cloud. The current model represents spatial and temporal variability of these parameters at large eddy scales on the order of a few hundred meters and timescales on the order of a few seconds. A number of scenarios are presented here: (1) a case with relatively low aerosol concentrations in which aqueous chemistry processing does not substantially affect drizzle, (2) a case with intermediate aerosol concentrations of relatively large size in which drizzle is suppressed by aqueous chemistry, and (3) a case with intermediate aerosol concentrations of relatively small size in which drizzle is enhanced by aqueous chemistry. The simulations indicate that aqueous chemistry can modify the dynamics and microphysics of stratocumulus clouds and illustrate the complexity of the coupled system. This work suggests that parameterizations of the effects of cloud processing of aerosol require careful consideration of the myriad feedbacks in the cloudy boundary layer. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM Graham.Feingold@noaa.gov; sonia@chem.atmos.colostate.edu RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 35 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 5 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4687 DI 10.1029/2002JD002054 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646VL UT WOS:000181056200003 ER PT J AU Fleischer, GW Argyle, RL Nester, RT Dawson, JJ AF Fleischer, GW Argyle, RL Nester, RT Dawson, JJ TI Evaluation of a rubber-compound diaphragm for acoustic fisheries surveys: Effects on dual-beam signal intensity and beam patterns SO JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION LA English DT Article C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. BioSon Inc, Seattle, WA 98107 USA. RP Fleischer, GW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-460X J9 J SOUND VIB JI J. Sound Vibr. PD DEC 5 PY 2002 VL 258 IS 4 BP 763 EP 772 DI 10.1006/jsvi.2002.5139 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Acoustics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 626KY UT WOS:000179872500010 ER PT J AU Redd, AJ Agellon, AB Kearney, VA Contreras, VA Karafet, T Park, H de Knijff, P Butler, JM Hammer, MF AF Redd, AJ Agellon, AB Kearney, VA Contreras, VA Karafet, T Park, H de Knijff, P Butler, JM Hammer, MF TI Forensic value of 14 novel STRs on the human Y chromosome SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE humans; Y-chromosome; short-tandem-repeat (STR); microsatellite; Y-STR; gene diversity; DYS446; DYS447; DYS448; DYS449; DYS450; DYS452; DYS453; DYS454; DYS455; DYS456; DYS458; DYS459; DYS463; DYS464 ID MICROSATELLITE LOCI; HUMAN-POPULATIONS; REPEAT SEQUENCES; X-CHROMOSOME; DNA; HAPLOTYPES; DXYS156X; MARKERS AB We identified and characterized 14 novel short-tandem-repeats (STRs) on the Y chromosome and typed them in two samples, a globally diverse panel of 73 cell lines, and 148 individuals from a European-American population. These Y-STRs include eight tetranucleotide repeats (DYS449, DYS453, DYS454, DYS455, DYS456, DYS458, DYS459, and DYS464), five pentanucleotide repeats (DYS446, DYS447, DYS450, DYS452, and DYS463), and one hexanucleotide repeat (DYS448). Sequence data were obtained to designate a repeat number nomenclature. The gene diversities of an additional 22 Y-STRs, including the most commonly used in forensic databases, were directly compared in the cell line DNAs. Six of the 10 most polymorphic markers include the newly identified Y-STRs. Furthermore, these novel Y-STRs greatly improved the resolution of paternal lineages, above the level obtained with commonly used Y-STRs, in the European-American population. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arizona, Div Biotechnol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, MGC Dept Human & Clin Genet, Forens Lab DNA Res, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Korea Res Inst Biosci & Biotechnol, Genome Res Ctr, Taejon 305333, South Korea. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Redd, AJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Div Biotechnol, Biosci W Room 239, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 33 TC 97 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD DEC 4 PY 2002 VL 130 IS 2-3 BP 97 EP 111 AR PII S0379-0738(02)00347-X DI 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00347-X PG 15 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 625CP UT WOS:000179799600004 PM 12477629 ER PT J AU Rubin, SI Key, RM AF Rubin, SI Key, RM TI Separating natural and bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean: The potential alkalinity method SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE bomb-produced radiocarbon; natural radiocarbon; radiocarbon separation; potential alkalinity method; silicate method; radiocarbon inventory ID PACIFIC-OCEAN; INDIAN-OCEAN; THERMOCLINE; VENTILATION; INVENTORY; WOCE; CO2 AB [1] The use of radiocarbon (Delta(14)C) as a tracer for oceanic processes generally requires differentiation of naturally occurring radiocarbon from the bomb component produced by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. We present a new separation method based on the strong linear correlation between Delta(14)C and potential alkalinity. Unlike previous techniques the new algorithm is applicable at all latitudes. Additionally, the potential alkalinity method provides an estimate of surface ocean prebomb Delta(14)C concentrations. Predictions with the technique appear to be unbiased and have uncertainties which are less than previous techniques. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Rubin, SI (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ford ES&T Bldg,311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 35 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 3 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1105 DI 10.1029/2001GB001432 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646XU UT WOS:000181062200001 ER PT J AU Sarmiento, JL Dunne, J Gnanadesikan, A Key, RM Matsumoto, K Slater, R AF Sarmiento, JL Dunne, J Gnanadesikan, A Key, RM Matsumoto, K Slater, R TI A new estimate of the CaCO3 to organic carbon export ratio SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE calcium carbonate; organic carbon; export ratio; ocean biogeochemistry ID NET COMMUNITY PRODUCTION; CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; COCCOLITHOPHORE BLOOM; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; NITROGEN-FIXATION; REDFIELD RATIOS; SOUTHERN-OCEAN AB [1] We use an ocean biogeochemical-transport box model of the top 100 m of the water column to estimate the CaCO3 to organic carbon export ratio from observations of the vertical gradients of potential alkalinity and nitrate. We find a global average molar export ratio of 0.06 +/- 0.03. This is substantially smaller than earlier estimates of 0.25 on which a majority of ocean biogeochemical models had based their parameterization of CaCO3 production. Contrary to the pattern of coccolithophore blooms determined from satellite observations, which show high latitude predominance, we find maximum export ratios in the equatorial region and generally smaller ratios in the subtropical and subpolar gyres. Our results suggest a dominant contribution to global calcification by low-latitude nonbloom forming coccolithophores or other organisms such as foraminifera and pteropods. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Sarmiento, JL (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Forrestal Campus,POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM jls@princeton.edu; jdunne@splash.princeton.edu; gnana@splash.princeton.edu; key@princeton.edu; kmatsumo@splash.princeton.edu; rdslater@splash.princeton.edu RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008; Dunne, John/F-8086-2012 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116; Dunne, John/0000-0002-8794-0489 NR 66 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC 3 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1107 DI 10.1029/2002GB001919 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646XU UT WOS:000181062200005 ER PT J AU Ferraro, R Li, QH AF Ferraro, R Li, QH TI Detailed analysis of the error associated with the rainfall retrieved by the NOAA/NESDIS Special Sensor Microwave/Imager algorithm 2. Rainfall over land SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE rainfall; satellite; microwave; error; SSM/I ID PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; GAUGE OBSERVATIONS; TIME-SERIES; SATELLITE; DATASET; SPACE; MODEL AB [1] This study has investigated the error associated with the estimation of instantaneous areal rain rate over land by the NOAA/NESDIS Office of Research and Application's Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) algorithm. By comparing with ground-based rain observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet rain gage network, the error inherent in the SSM/I-based areal rain estimate is quantified. Since the ground-based gauges use point measurements to estimate areal rain, the gauges do not make a perfect estimate and contain an associated error. A formulation has been developed by which the difference between the SSM/I- and Mesonet-based estimates is divided into two parts: one due to the error in the Mesonet and the other due to the error in the SSM/I. A separate formulation has also been developed by which the error in Mesonet-based rain measurement is quantified according to the gage density and the statistics of rain (variance and spatial correlation). A nine-month data set of 15-min rain accumulation for over 100 gages from the Mesonet has been used to obtain the rain statistics and to compare with the SSM/I estimate over various spatial scales. Results show that the error for the instantaneous SSM/I rain rate over 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5-degree boxes are approximately 150%, 100%, and 70% of the mean areal rain rate, respectively. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20747 USA. RP Ferraro, R (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA2,5200 Auth Rd,Room 601, Camp Springs, MD 20747 USA. EM Ralph.R.Ferraro@noaa.gov; qli@alum.mit.edu RI Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 3 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D23 AR 4680 DI 10.1029/2001JD001172 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 646UU UT WOS:000181054600002 ER PT J AU Curtis, PS Hanson, PJ Bolstad, P Barford, C Randolph, JC Schmid, HP Wilson, KB AF Curtis, PS Hanson, PJ Bolstad, P Barford, C Randolph, JC Schmid, HP Wilson, KB TI Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st FLUXNET Synthesis Workshop CY JUN 11-14, 2000 CL MARSHALL, CALIFORNIA DE annual carbon storage; net ecosystem productivity; net ecosystem exchange; deciduous forests; AmeriFlux ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; UPLAND OAK FOREST; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; LONG-TERM; WATER-VAPOR; MIDLATITUDE FOREST; SOIL RESPIRATION; TALL VEGETATION; FINE ROOTS; DIOXIDE AB Quantifying net carbon (C) storage by forests is a necessary step in the validation of carbon sequestration estimates and in assessing the possible role of these ecosystems in offsetting fossil fuel emissions. In eastern North America, five sites were established in deciduous forests to provide measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) using micro-meteorological methods, and measures of major carbon pools and fluxes, using a combination of forest mensurational, eco-physiological, and other biometric methods. The five study sites, part of the AmeriFlux network, ranged across 10degrees of latitude and 18degrees of longitude, but were all of similar age, canopy height, and stand basal area. Here we present a cross-site synthesis of annual carbon storage estimates, comparing meteorological and biometric approaches, and also comparing biometric estimates based on analyses of autotrophic carbon pools and heterotrophic carbon fluxes (net ecosystem production, NEP) versus those based on measurements of change in two major carbon pools (DeltaC). Annual above-ground net primary production (ANPP) varied nearly two-fold among sites and was strongly correlated with average annual temperature and with annual soil nitrogen mineralization (N-min). Estimates of NEP ranged from 0.7 Mg C per hectare per year in northern lower Michigan to 3.5 Mg C per hectare per year in central Indiana, and were also well correlated with N-min. There was less variation among sites in estimates of DeltaC (range, 1.8-3.2 Mg C per hectare per year). In general, DeltaC more closely matched NEE than did NEP, but there was no systematic pattern among sites in over- versus under-estimation of the biometric compared to the meteorologically based measures. Root and soil carbon dynamics were significant sources of uncertainty in our biometric measures and represent a prerequisite area of study needed for accurate estimates of forest carbon storage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Curtis, PS (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011; Schmid, Hans Peter/I-1224-2012 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561; Schmid, Hans Peter/0000-0001-9076-4466 NR 70 TC 232 Z9 257 U1 6 U2 75 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 3 EP 19 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00099-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00099-0 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614KQ UT WOS:000179188300002 ER PT J AU Falge, E Baldocchi, D Tenhunen, J Aubinet, M Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Burba, G Clement, R Davis, KJ Elbers, JA Goldstein, AH Grelle, A Granier, A Guomundsson, J Hollinger, D Kowalski, AS Katul, G Law, BE Malhi, Y Meyers, T Monson, RK Munger, JW Oechel, W Paw, KT Pilegaard, K Rannik, U Rebmann, C Suyker, A Valentini, R Wilson, K Wofsy, S AF Falge, E Baldocchi, D Tenhunen, J Aubinet, M Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Burba, G Clement, R Davis, KJ Elbers, JA Goldstein, AH Grelle, A Granier, A Guomundsson, J Hollinger, D Kowalski, AS Katul, G Law, BE Malhi, Y Meyers, T Monson, RK Munger, JW Oechel, W Paw, KT Pilegaard, K Rannik, U Rebmann, C Suyker, A Valentini, R Wilson, K Wofsy, S TI Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st FLUXNET Synthesis Workshop CY JUN 11-14, 2000 CL MARSHALL, CALIFORNIA DE season length; gross primary production; ecosystem respiration; FLUXNET; EUROFUX; AmeriFlux; eddy covariance ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SIB2; PONDEROSA PINE PLANTATION; COMPARING GLOBAL-MODELS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SOIL RESPIRATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DECIDUOUS FOREST; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS; EUROPEAN FORESTS AB Differences in the seasonal pattern of assimilatory and respiratory processes are responsible for divergences in seasonal net carbon exchange among ecosystems. Using FLUXNET data (http://www,eosdis.orni.gov/FLUXNET) we have analyzed seasonal patterns of gross primary productivity (F-GPP), and ecosystem respiration (F-RE) of boreal and temperate, deciduous and coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, a rainforest, temperate grasslands, and C-3 and C-4 crops, Based on generalized seasonal patterns classifications of ecosystems into vegetation functional types can he evaluated for use in global productivity and climate change models. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of respiratory costs of assimilated carbon in various ecosystems. Seasonal variability of F-GPP and F-RE of the investigated sites increased in the order tropical < Mediterranean < temperate coniferous < temperate deciduous < boreal forests. Together with the boreal forest sites, the managed grasslands and crops show the largest seasonal variability. In the temperate coniferous forests, seasonal patterns of F-GPP and F-RE are in phase, in the temperate deciduous and boreal coniferous forests F-RE was delayed compared to F-GPP, resulting in the greatest imbalance between respiratory and assimilatory fluxes early in the growing season. F-GPP adjusted for the length of the carbon uptake period decreased at the sampling sites across functional types in the order C-4 crops, temperate and boreal deciduous forests (7.5-8.3 g C m(-2) per day) > temperate conifers, C-3 grassland and crops (5.7-6.9 g C m(-2) per day) > boreal conifers (4.6 g C m(-2) per day). Annual F-GPP and not ecosystem productivity (F-NEP) decreased across climate zones in the order tropical > temperate > boreal, However, the decrease in with latitude was greater than the decrease in F-GPP, indicating a larger contribution of respiratory (especially heterotrophic) processes in boreal systems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Riso Natl Lab, Plant Biol & Biogeochem Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Univ Calif Davis, LAWR, Atmospher Sci Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, Res Grp Plant & Vegetat Ecol, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Agr Res Inst, Dept Environm Res, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestiere, F-54280 Champenoux, France. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Alterra, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, IHM Meteorol, D-01737 Tharnadt, Germany. INRA, Bordeaux, France. NOAA, OAR, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Fac Sci, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Falge, E (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RI Burba, George/G-9991-2014; Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Kowalski, Andrew/A-7515-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Elbers, Jan/D-9477-2013; Pilegaard, Kim/I-7137-2013; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Vuichard, Nicolas/A-6629-2011; Munger, J/H-4502-2013 OI Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; Burba, George/0000-0003-2095-0057; Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Kowalski, Andrew/0000-0001-9777-9708; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Elbers, Jan/0000-0002-0631-3505; Pilegaard, Kim/0000-0002-5169-5717; Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452 NR 62 TC 376 Z9 422 U1 11 U2 146 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 53 EP 74 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00102-8 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00102-8 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614KQ UT WOS:000179188300005 ER PT J AU Falge, E Tenhunen, J Baldocchi, D Aubinet, M Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Bonnefond, JM Burba, G Clement, R Davis, KJ Elbers, JA Falk, M Goldstein, AH Grelle, A Granier, A Grunwald, T Gudmundsson, J Hollinger, D Janssens, IA Keronen, P Kowalski, AS Katul, G Law, BE Malhi, Y Meyers, T Monson, RK Moors, E Munger, JW Oechel, W U, KTP Pilegaard, K Rannik, U Rebmann, C Suyker, A Thorgeirsson, H Tirone, G Turnipseed, A Wilson, K Wofsy, S AF Falge, E Tenhunen, J Baldocchi, D Aubinet, M Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Bonnefond, JM Burba, G Clement, R Davis, KJ Elbers, JA Falk, M Goldstein, AH Grelle, A Granier, A Grunwald, T Gudmundsson, J Hollinger, D Janssens, IA Keronen, P Kowalski, AS Katul, G Law, BE Malhi, Y Meyers, T Monson, RK Moors, E Munger, JW Oechel, W U, KTP Pilegaard, K Rannik, U Rebmann, C Suyker, A Thorgeirsson, H Tirone, G Turnipseed, A Wilson, K Wofsy, S TI Phase and amplitude of ecosystem carbon release and uptake potentials as derived from FLUXNET measurements SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st FLUXNET Synthesis Workshop CY JUN 11-14, 2000 CL MARSHALL, CALIFORNIA DE growing season length; net ecosystem CO2 exchange; FLUXNET; EUROFLUX; AmeriFlux; eddy covariance ID WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; DECIDUOUS FOREST; GROWING-SEASON; GLOBAL VEGETATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PLANT-GROWTH; TIME SCALES; MODEL; FLUXES AB As length and timing of the growing season are major factors explaining differences in carbon exchange of ecosystems. we analyzed seasonal patterns of net ecosystem carbon exchange (F-NEE) using eddy covariance data of the FLUXNET data base (http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET). The study included boreal and temperate. deciduous and coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, rainforest, native and managed temperate grasslands, tundra, and C-3 and C-4 crops. Generalization of seasonal patterns are useful for identifying functional vegetation types for global dynamic vegetation models, as well as for global inversion studies, and can help improve phenological modules in SVAT or biogeochemical models. The results of this study have important validation potential for global carbon cycle modeling. The phasing of respiratory and assimilatory capacity differed within forest types: for temperate coniferous forests seasonal uptake and release capacities are in phase, for temperate deciduous and boreal coniferous forests, release was delayed compared to uptake. According to seasonal pattern of maximum nighttime release (evaluated over 15-day periods. F-max) the study sites can be grouped in four classes: (1) boreal and high altitude conifers and grasslands: (2) temperate deciduous and temperate conifers; (3) tundra and crops; (4) evergreen Mediterranean and tropical forest,,, Similar results are found for maximum daytime uptake (F-min) and the integral net carbon flux, but temperate deciduous forests fall into class 1. For forests, seasonal amplitudes of F-max and F-min increased in the order tropical < Mediterranean and temperate coniferous < temperate deciduous and boreal forests, and the pattern seems relatively stable for these groups. The seasonal amplitudes of F-max and F-min are largest for managed grasslands and crops. Largest observed values of F-min varied between -48 and -2 mumol m(-2) s(-1), decreasing in the order C-4-crops > C-3-crops > temperate deciduous forests > temperate conifers > boreal conifers > tundra ecosystems. Due to data restrictions, our analysis centered mainly on Northern Hemisphere temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Grasslands, crops, Mediterranean ecosystems, and rainforests are under-represented. as are savanna systems, wooded grassland, shrubland, or year-round measurements in tundra systems. For regional or global estimates of carbon sequestration potentials, future investigations of eddy covariance should expand in these systems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Agr Res Inst, Dept Environm Res, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Riso Natl Lab, Plant Biol & Biogeochem Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Alterra, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. INRA, Bordeaux, France. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, Res Grp Plant & Vegetat Ecol, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, IHM Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestiere, F-54280 Champenoux, France. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Calif Davis, Atmospher Sci Grp, LAWR, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NOAA, OAR, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Falge, E (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RI Janssens, Ivan/P-1331-2014; Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Kowalski, Andrew/A-7515-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Moors, Eddy/J-5165-2012; Elbers, Jan/D-9477-2013; Pilegaard, Kim/I-7137-2013; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Munger, J/H-4502-2013; Burba, George/G-9991-2014 OI Janssens, Ivan/0000-0002-5705-1787; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Kowalski, Andrew/0000-0001-9777-9708; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Moors, Eddy/0000-0003-2309-2887; Elbers, Jan/0000-0002-0631-3505; Pilegaard, Kim/0000-0002-5169-5717; Munger, J/0000-0002-1042-8452; Burba, George/0000-0003-2095-0057 NR 61 TC 110 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 46 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 75 EP 95 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00103-X DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00103-X PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614KQ UT WOS:000179188300006 ER PT J AU Law, BE Falge, E Gu, L Baldocchi, DD Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Davis, K Dolman, AJ Falk, M Fuentes, JD Goldstein, A Granier, A Grelle, A Hollinger, D Janssens, IA Jarvis, P Jensen, NO Katul, G Mahli, Y Matteucci, G Meyers, T Monson, R Munger, W Oechel, W Olson, R Pilegaard, K Paw, KT Thorgeirsson, H Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wilson, K Wofsy, S AF Law, BE Falge, E Gu, L Baldocchi, DD Bakwin, P Berbigier, P Davis, K Dolman, AJ Falk, M Fuentes, JD Goldstein, A Granier, A Grelle, A Hollinger, D Janssens, IA Jarvis, P Jensen, NO Katul, G Mahli, Y Matteucci, G Meyers, T Monson, R Munger, W Oechel, W Olson, R Pilegaard, K Paw, KT Thorgeirsson, H Valentini, R Verma, S Vesala, T Wilson, K Wofsy, S TI Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st FLUXNET Synthesis Workshop CY JUN 11-14, 2000 CL MARSHALL, CALIFORNIA DE gross ecosystem production; ecosystem respiration; net ecosystem exchange; carbon balancc; eddy covariance ID NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS; BLACK SPRUCE FOREST; DECIDUOUS FOREST; LEAF-AREA; SEASONAL-VARIATION; BOREAL FOREST; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST AB The objective of this research was to compare seasonal and annual estimates of CO2 and water vapor exchange across sites in forests, grasslands, crops, and tundra that are part of an international network called FLUXNET, and to investigating the responses of vegetation to environmental variables. FLUXNETs goals are to understand the mechanisms controlling the exchanges of CO2, water vapor and energy across a spectrum of time and space scales, and to provide information for modeling of carbon and water cycling across regions and the globe. At a subset of sites, net carbon uptake (net ecosystem exchange, the net of photosynthesis and respiration) was greater under diffuse than under direct radiation conditions, perhaps because of a more efficient distribution of non-saturating light conditions for photosynthesis, lower vapor pressure deficit limitation to photosynthesis, and lower respiration associated with reduced temperature. The slope of the relation between monthly gross ecosystem production and evapotranspiration was similar between biomes. except for tundra vegetation, showing a strong linkage between carbon gain and water loss integrated over the year (slopes = 3.4 g CO2/kg H2O for grasslands, 3.2 for deciduous broadleaf forests, 3.1 for crops, 2.4 for evergreen conifers, and 1.5 for tundra vegetation). The ratio of annual ecosystem respiration to gross photosynthesis averaged 0.83, with lower values for grasslands, presumably because of less investment in respiring plant tissue compared with forests. Ecosystem respiration was weakly correlated with mean annual temperature across biomes, in spite of within site sensitivity over shorter temporal scales. Mean annual temperature and site water balance explained much of the variation in gross photosynthesis. Water availability limits leaf area index over the long-term, and inter-annual climate variability can limit carbon uptake below the potential of the leaf area present. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agr Meteorol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Agr Res Inst, Dept Environm Res, IS-112 Reykjavik, Iceland. Riso Natl Lab, Plant Biol & Biogeochem Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ARL, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, Wilrijk, Belgium. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Ctr Rech Nancy, Unite Ecophysiol Forestieres, Equipe Bioclimatol, F-54280 Seichamps, France. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Calif Davis, LAWR, Atmospher Sci Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Alterra, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. INRA, Ctr Bordeaux, Unite Bioclimatol, F-33833 Villenave Dornon, France. NOAA, OAR, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RP Law, BE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, 328 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Pilegaard, Kim/I-7137-2013; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Matteucci, Giorgio/N-3526-2015; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Gu, Lianhong/H-8241-2014; Vesala, Timo/C-3795-2017; Law, Beverly/G-3882-2010; Janssens, Ivan/P-1331-2014; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Pilegaard, Kim/0000-0002-5169-5717; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Matteucci, Giorgio/0000-0002-4790-9540; Gu, Lianhong/0000-0001-5756-8738; Vesala, Timo/0000-0002-4852-7464; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203; Janssens, Ivan/0000-0002-5705-1787; Dolman, A.J./0000-0003-0099-0457 NR 94 TC 610 Z9 686 U1 34 U2 258 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 97 EP 120 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00104-1 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00104-1 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614KQ UT WOS:000179188300007 ER PT J AU Wilson, K Goldstein, A Falge, E Aubinet, M Baldocchi, D Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Ceulemans, R Dolman, H Field, C Grelle, A Ibrom, A Law, BE Kowalski, A Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Oechel, W Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S AF Wilson, K Goldstein, A Falge, E Aubinet, M Baldocchi, D Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Ceulemans, R Dolman, H Field, C Grelle, A Ibrom, A Law, BE Kowalski, A Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Oechel, W Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S TI Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st FLUXNET Synthesis Workshop CY JUN 11-14, 2000 CL MARSHALL, CALIFORNIA DE energy balance; FLUXNET; eddy covariance technique ID FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CORRECTIONS; PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEM; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUXES; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EDDY-CORRELATION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; NET-RADIATION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HARDWOOD FOREST AB A comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure is performed across 22 sites and 50 site-years in FLUXNET, a network of eddy covariance sites measuring long-tern) carbon and energy fluxes in contrasting ecosystems and climates. Energy balance closure was evaluated by statistical regression of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible and latent heat (LE)) against available energy (net radiation, less the energy stored) and by solving for the energy balance ratio, the ratio of turbulent energy fluxes to available energy. These methods indicate a general lack of closure at most sites, with a mean imbalance in the order of 20%. The imbalance was prevalent in all measured vegetation types and in climates ranging from Mediterranean to temperate and arctic. There were no clear differences between sites using open and closed path infrared gas analyzers. At a majority of sites closure improved with turbulent intensity (friction velocity), but lack of total closure was still prevalent under most conditions. The imbalance was greatest during nocturnal periods. The results suggest that estimates of the scalar turbulent fluxes of sensible and LE are underestimated and/or that available energy is overestimated. The implications on interpreting long-term CO2 fluxes at FLUXNET sites depends on whether the imbalance results primarily from general errors associated with the eddy covariance technique or from errors in calculating the available energy terms. Although it was not entirely possible to critically evaluate all the possible sources of the imbalance, circumstantial evidence suggested a link between the imbalance and CO2 fluxes. For a given value of photosynthetically active radiation, the magnitude of CO2 uptake was less when the energy imbalance was greater. Similarly, respiration (estimated by nocturnal CO2 release to the atmosphere) was significantly less when die energy imbalance was greater. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. San Diego State Univ, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Colorado, DEPOB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Bioklimatol, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. INRA, Pierroton, France. Free Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. INRA, Unite Bioclimatol, Gazinet, France. Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Baldocchi, D (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Kowalski, Andrew/A-7515-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Ibrom, Andreas/A-9850-2011; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; Ceulemans, Reinhart/F-2109-2016; OI Kowalski, Andrew/0000-0001-9777-9708; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X; Dolman, A.J./0000-0003-0099-0457; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Ibrom, Andreas/0000-0002-1341-921X; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203 NR 70 TC 1015 Z9 1151 U1 14 U2 176 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 113 IS 1-4 BP 223 EP 243 AR PII S0168-1923(02)00109-0 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00109-0 PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614KQ UT WOS:000179188300012 ER PT J AU Wu, SY Yang, CC Tsao, FC Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Yang, HD AF Wu, SY Yang, CC Tsao, FC Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Yang, HD TI Crystal structure and magnetic ordering of Mn and Ce in La0.7Ce0.15Ca0.15MnO3 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article ID COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; TEMPERATURE; FIELD; LA1-XCAXMNO3; TRANSITION; MANGANITES; FILMS; TRANSPORT; LA AB Neutron diffraction, ac magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements have been performed to study the magnetic properties of Ce-doped La0.7Ce0,15Ca0,15MnO3. A slightly distorted monoclinic P2(1)/c symmetry for the crystal structure was found to describe the high-resolution powder diffraction pattern, taken at room temperature, better than the normally used orthorhombic Pnma symmetry does. Three anomalies, at around 165, 105 and 38 K, were clearly evident in the ac susceptibility measurements. Neutron diffraction measurements then confirmed that the anomaly at high temperature is associated with the ferromagnetic ordering of the Mn spins, whereas the low-temperature one corresponds to the ordering of the Ce spins. The ordering temperatures for the Mn and Ce spins were found to be at T-C(Mn) 180 K and T-C(Ce) 45 K, respectively, with a saturated moment of (mu(z)) = 2.54(5) mu(B) for the Mn spins and an average moment of 0.27(3) mu(B) on the rare-earth sites. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. RP Wu, SY (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-8984 J9 J PHYS-CONDENS MAT JI J. Phys.-Condes. Matter PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 14 IS 47 BP 12585 EP 12597 AR PII S0953-8984(02)35019-7 DI 10.1088/0953-8984/14/47/330 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 634DC UT WOS:000180323900034 ER PT J AU Rauschenberger, J Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST AF Rauschenberger, J Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST TI Control of the frequency comb from a mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND LASERS; PHASE-CONTROL; PULSE; GENERATION; LINK; NM AB We show that a stretched-pulse mode-locked fiber laser produces a well-defined frequency comb, providing a compact source of frequency combs and allowing comb-based optical frequency metrology to be extended into the 1.55 mum region. This is achieved by comparing the frequency doubled output of the fiber laser to that of a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser, after the two lasers are synchronized. The offset frequency of the fiber laser frequency comb is found to be highly sensitive to the pump power, which enables the implementation of a feedback loop to control the offset frequency. The resulting RMS frequency jitter of the heterodyne beat signal is 355 kHz (0.5 Hz - 102 kHz BW) for this initial demonstration. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Quantum Elect, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. NIST, Quantum Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Rauschenberger, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cundiffs@jila.colorado.edu RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Rauschenberger, Jens/C-4078-2011; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 25 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 23 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 10 IS 24 BP 1404 EP 1410 DI 10.1364/OE.10.001404 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 621DL UT WOS:000179573200004 PM 19452006 ER PT J AU Ahn, YH Choe, SB Woo, JC Kim, DS Cundiff, ST Shacklette, JM Lim, YS AF Ahn, YH Choe, SB Woo, JC Kim, DS Cundiff, ST Shacklette, JM Lim, YS TI Quantum interference of virtual and real amplitudes in a semiconductor exciton system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MANY-BODY; WELLS; EXCITATION; TRANSIENTS; PHASE AB By two-color pulse shaping, we simultaneously create virtual and real amplitudes for excitons in GaAs quantum wells, and monitor population and amplitude by pump-probe and four-wave mixing spectroscopies. Excited-state probability amplitude can be induced by the off-resonant, virtual excitations as well as by the resonant, real excitations. Population modulation in time-domain results from the interference between the virtual and real amplitudes, and the modulation depth reveals the relative contributions of these two amplitudes. The fact that virtual and real amplitudes have a phase difference of 90degrees is demonstrated directly in time-domain. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. KonKuk Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Chungju 380701, Chungbuk, South Korea. RP Ahn, YH (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 23 AR 237403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.237403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 617LG UT WOS:000179362700053 PM 12485041 ER PT J AU Shimizu, Y Shiokawa, N Yamamoto, N Kozuma, M Kuga, T Deng, L Hagley, EW AF Shimizu, Y Shiokawa, N Yamamoto, N Kozuma, M Kuga, T Deng, L Hagley, EW TI Control of light pulse propagation with only a few cold atoms in a high-finesse microcavity SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL CAVITY; SINGLE ATOMS; TIME; PHOTONS; PHASE AB Propagation of a light pulse through a high-Q optical microcavity containing a few cold atoms ((N) over bar <10) in its cavity mode is investigated experimentally. With less than ten cold rubidium atoms launched into an optical microcavity, up to 170 ns propagation lead time ("superluminal"), and 440 ns propagation delay time (subluminal) are observed. Comparison of the experimental data with numerical simulations as well as future experiments are discussed. C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shimizu, Y (reprint author), AIST, Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Tsukuba Cent 3,1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 27 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 2 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 23 AR 233001 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.233001 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 617LG UT WOS:000179362700014 PM 12485002 ER PT J AU Margolis, SA Paulsen, J Park, E AF Margolis, SA Paulsen, J Park, E TI A coulometric method for determining substances that interfere with the measurement of water in oils and other chemicals by the Karl Fischer method SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Karl Fischer; interfering substances; crude oils; transformer oils; coulometry AB In order to fulfill a need to measure water in crude oils containing materials that interfere with the measurement of water by the Karl Fischer method, by reacting with iodine or iodide, a coulometric method has been developed and validated using 0.1 mol L-1 Sodium thiosulfate as a calibrant. These interfering substances were measured in water-mass-equivalents, which were expressed as the mass of water that reacts with an equal mass of iodine in the Karl Fischer method. The SO2-free reagent that has been modified reacts quantitatively with sodium thiosulfate, cysteine and ascorbic acid but does not react with vinyl acetate. The level of interfering substances was measured in five transformer oils (including, Reference Materials RM 8506 and RM 8507), a high and a low sulfur crude oil (Standard Reference Materials SRM 2721 and SRM 2722 respectively), a white oil, a high-vacuum oil and a high-viscosity base-stock oil. One oil contained less than 10 mg kg(-1) (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil) and two oils (RM 8507 and Drakeol 35) contained no measurable amount of interfering material (<0.2 mg kg(-1)). SRM 2271, a sour crude oil contained 834 mg kg(-1) (standard deviation (SD)=25 mg kg(-1)) (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil). Approximately 20% of this material was volatile and an additional 20% appeared to undergo some degradation (possibly oxidation) once the oil was exposed to air. These results indicate that this is a general method for measuring substances in oils that react with iodine and that it is capable of measuring in a variety of oils, using commercial instrumentation, interfering substances that inflate water measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Paulsen, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1031-4858 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 374 IS 7-8 BP 1274 EP 1281 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1624-0 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 638JE UT WOS:000180567200017 PM 12474097 ER PT J AU Polito, M Emslie, SD Walker, W AF Polito, M Emslie, SD Walker, W TI A 1000-year record of Adelie penguin diets in the southern Ross Sea SO ANTARCTIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; diet; ornithogenic soils; Pleuragramma; prey remains; Pygoscelis adeliae; Ross Island ID ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; ORNITHOGENIC SOILS; AGE CALIBRATION; LATE HOLOCENE; ROOKERIES; COLONIES; EMPEROR; FOOD AB Non-krill prey remains were recovered from ornithogenic sediments at three active Adelie penguin colonies on Ross Island, to assess long-term dietary trends in this species. Radiocarbon dates place the age of these deposits from a maximum of 947 years ago to the present. We identified 12 taxa of fish and two of squid with the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) as the most abundant prey species represented at all sites. In addition, silverfish have decreased in importance in Adelie penguin diet over the past 600 years, perhaps in response to climate change since the onset of the Little Ice Age, though it remains much more abundant in current penguin diet in the Ross Sea than in the Antarctic Peninsula. Other prey taxa reflect the diversity of prey selection by Adelie penguins in Antarctica. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Polito, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. RI Polito, Michael/G-9118-2012 OI Polito, Michael/0000-0001-8639-4431 NR 30 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 14 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0954-1020 J9 ANTARCT SCI JI Antarct. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 327 EP 332 DI 10.1017/S095410200200184 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 650HU UT WOS:000181258200005 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Gupta, R Lykke, KR AF Shaw, PS Gupta, R Lykke, KR TI Characterization of an ultraviolet and a vacuum-ultraviolet irradiance meter with synchrotron radiation SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY; CALIBRATION; RADIOMETERS; FACILITY AB We have constructed and characterized a simple probe that is suitable for accurate measurements of irradiance in the LTV to the vacuum LTV spectral range. The irradiance meter consists of a PtSi detector located behind a 5-mm-diarneter aperture. The probe was characterized At various wavelengths ranging from 130 to 320 run by use of continuously tunable synchrotron radiation from the Synchrotron Utraviolet Radiation Facility III. We determined the irradiance responsivity by scanning a small monochromatic beam over the active area of the irradiance meter and measuring its response on a grid with regular spacing. The angular response was also determined and shown to be suitable for applications such as photolithography. In addition, we studied the radiation damage using a 157-nm excimer laser and found that the irradiance meter can endure more than 100 J/cm(2) of 157-nm radiation before a noticeable change occurs in its responsivity. Many industrial applications such as LTV curing, photolithography, or semiconductor chip fabrication that require accurate measurement of the irradiance would benefit from having such a stable, accurate LTV irradiance meter. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shaw@nist.gov NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 34 BP 7173 EP 7178 DI 10.1364/AO.41.007173 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 620UT UT WOS:000179551400003 PM 12477105 ER PT J AU Rabin, MW Swann, WC Gilbert, SL AF Rabin, MW Swann, WC Gilbert, SL TI Interleaved, sampled fiber Bragg gratings for use in hybrid wavelength references SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB We discuss the design and fabrication of-interleaved, sampled fiber Bragg gratings (ISFBGs) for use in hybrid wavelength calibration references covering the 1300-1600-nm region. We demonstrate use of sampled phase masks (SPMs) to make sampled gratings and ISFBGs. The success of the SPM technique suggests a single-exposure method with an interleaved, sampled phase mask to make ISFBGs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rabin, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MC 815-03, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM rabin@boulder.nist.gov; swann@boulder.nist.gov NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 34 BP 7193 EP 7196 DI 10.1364/AO.41.007193 PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 620UT UT WOS:000179551400006 PM 12477108 ER PT J AU Agamalian, M Iolin, E Kaiser, H Rehm, C Werner, SA AF Agamalian, M Iolin, E Kaiser, H Rehm, C Werner, SA TI A new dynamical diffraction-based technique of residual stress measurements in thin films SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The recently discovered dynamical diffraction effect 'neutron camel' was used for residual stress measurements in a thick Si (111) crystal coated with a 2000 A-thick Ni film. The observed asymmetry of the back-face rocking curve corresponds to the bending radius of similar to 19 km and the tension force applied to the Ni film is similar to 90 N/m. Relative deformation of the Si crystallographic cells in the vicinity of diffractive surfaces is \partial derivativeu(z)/partial derivative(z)\ approximate to 1.6 x 10(-6). C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Agamalian, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS, 9700 S Cass Ave,Bldg 360, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. OI Agamalian, Michael/0000-0002-9112-2534 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1686 EP S1688 DI 10.1007/s003390101263 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600248 ER PT J AU Allen, AJ Berk, NF Ilavsky, J Long, GG AF Allen, AJ Berk, NF Ilavsky, J Long, GG TI Multiple small-angle neutron scattering studies of anisotropic materials SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID PLASMA-SPRAYED DEPOSITS AB Building on previous work that considered spherical scatterers and randomly oriented spheroidal scatterers, we describe a multiple small-angle neutron scattering (MSANS) analysis for nonrandomly oriented spheroids. We illustrate this with studies of the multi-component void morphologies found in plasma-spray thermal barrier coatings. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013 OI Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900 NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S937 EP S939 DI 10.1007/s003390201684 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600002 ER PT J AU Bao, W Trevino, SF Lynn, JW Pagliuso, PG Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD Fisk, Z AF Bao, W Trevino, SF Lynn, JW Pagliuso, PG Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD Fisk, Z TI Effect of pressure on magnetic structure in heavy-fermion CeRhIn5 SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID UNCONVENTIONAL SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; CEIRIN5; CECOIN5 AB The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the incommensurate antiferromagnetic structure of CeRhIn5 is investigated with neutron diffraction using a He pressure cell. At 3.8 kbar, the staggered magnetic moment is 0.37(4) mu(B) per Ce ion at 1.6 K, which is the same as the ambient-pressure value. The Neel temperature T-N = 3.8(l) K is also the same as the ambient-pressure one, although the curve of the order parameter has changed with pressure. The incommensurability delta of the magnetic wave vector q(M) = (1/2, 1/2, delta) has reduced from delta = 0.297 at ambient pressure to delta = 0.294(l) at 3.8 kbar. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Adelphi, MD 20783 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87544 USA. EM wbao@lanl.gov RI Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 EI 1432-0630 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S557 EP S558 DI 10.1007/s003390101121 PN 1 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600186 ER PT J AU Boni, P Clementyev, E Stadler, C Roessli, B Shirane, G Werner, SA AF Boni, P Clementyev, E Stadler, C Roessli, B Shirane, G Werner, SA TI Fincher-Burke excitations in single-Q chromium SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID MAGNETIC EXCITATIONS; SPIN AB The low-energy excitations of incommensurate antiferromagnetic Cr have been investigated by means of high-resolution, inelastic neutron scattering with unpolarized, cold neutrons within an energy range E < 9 meV. In agreement with previous measurements we observe Fincher-Burke excitations in the transverse spin density wave phase that appear between the unresolved spin-wave peaks at the incommensurate positions Q(+/-) = (1 +/- delta, 0, 0). In contrast to the previous measurements, our high-resolution data shows that the Fincher-Burke modes do not follow a linear dispersion. Therefore, they have nothing in common with the acoustic phonon branch. The major part of the scattering is concentrated in the range 4 meV < E < 8 meV. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E21, D-85747 Garching, Germany. ETHZ, Neutron Scattering Lab, CH-5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland. PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, PSI, Switzerland. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11974 USA. RP Werner, SA (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 8461, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S716 EP S718 DI 10.1007/s003390201625 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600239 ER PT J AU Bordallo, HN Chapon, LC Cook, JC Copley, JRD Goremychkin, E Kern, S Lee, SH Yildirim, T Manson, JL AF Bordallo, HN Chapon, LC Cook, JC Copley, JRD Goremychkin, E Kern, S Lee, SH Yildirim, T Manson, JL TI Spin excitations in 3D molecular magnets probed by neutron scattering SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The emerging field of molecular magnetism constitutes a new branch of materials science that deals with the magnetic properties of molecules, or assemblies of molecules, that contain magnetic centers. The growing interest in understanding the origin of the magnetic ordering in these materials is to obtain novel multiproperty molecular magnetic materials with high transition temperatures. Molecules based on the dicyanamide ion [N equivalent to C-N-Cequivalent toN], abbreviated (dca), such as M(dca)(2) [M = Mn, Ni], have shown interesting bulk properties that prompted our inelastic neutron scattering (INS) studies. While the Mn2+ ion is isotropic because of its L = 0 configuration, the isostructural Ni analog has S = I and demonstrates marked single-ion anisotropy. Mn(dca)(2) is a canted antiferromagnet below 16 K, while Ni(dca)(2) is a ferromagnet below 21 K. INS has been used to investigate the magnetic excitations in Mn(dca)(2) and Ni(dca)(2). For Mn(dca)(2), a Heisenberg model gives good correspondence with the experimental results. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neurton Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Phys, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Bordallo, HN (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Bordallo, Heloisa/I-6836-2012 OI Bordallo, Heloisa/0000-0003-0750-0553 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S634 EP S636 DI 10.1007/s003390201350 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600212 ER PT J AU Dimeo, RM Chowdhuri, Z Meyer, A Gehring, PM Neumann, DA AF Dimeo, RM Chowdhuri, Z Meyer, A Gehring, PM Neumann, DA TI The NIST high-flux backscattering spectrometer SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The neutron-backscattering technique extends the dynamic range of neutron time-of-flight and conventional triple-axis spectrometers down to mueV energies and is ideal for the study of slow motions in complex liquids, jump diffusion, and quantum rotational tunneling. We report on the performance of the new high-flux backscattering spectrometer (HFBS) at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. Compared to other backscattering spectrometers, the HFBS achieves a higher neutron intensity through the use of a device called a phase space transformation chopper and a large analyzer array. A custom-designed Doppler drive for the monochromator provides a triangular velocity profile capable of high-frequency operation, thus extending the dynamic range of the spectrometer by more than a factor of two over similar instruments. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E13, D-85747 Garching, Germany. RP NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.dimeo@nist.gov RI Meyer, Andreas/F-6260-2013; OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 EI 1432-0630 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S311 EP S313 DI 10.1007/s003370201605 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600103 ER PT J AU Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA AF Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA TI The effects of confinement on rotational tunneling SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID EXCITATIONS AB We have measured the effects of confinement on rotational tunnel splitting using neutron-backscattering spectroscopy for the molecular solid methyl iodide at low temperature. In particular, we have studied methyl iodide confined to porous glass disks with pore diameters ranging from 2.5 nm up to 20 nm. In bulk methyl iodide at low temperature, the tunnel peaks appear at +/-2.4 mueV. In the largest pores, the tunnel peaks shift to slightly higher energy transfer and broaden. As the pore size decreases, the tunnel peaks shift to higher energy and broaden. In addition to these tunnel peaks, there is a broad spectral component, which we attribute to disordered methyl group dynamics located close to the pore walls. At the smallest confinement length scales, in pores that are 2.5 nm in diameter, there are no well-defined peaks and only this diffuse disordered spectral feature remains. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dimeo, RM (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.dimeo@nist.gov NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1382 EP S1384 DI 10.1007/s003390201701 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600150 ER PT J AU Dubsky, J Prask, HJ Matejicek, J Gnaupel-Herold, T AF Dubsky, J Prask, HJ Matejicek, J Gnaupel-Herold, T TI Stresses in plasma-sprayed Cr2O3 coatings measured by neutron diffraction SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Results of stress measurements in plasma-sprayed coatings obtained by X-ray-diffraction measurements are often ambiguous and difficult to interpret. The neutron-diffraction method was used to determine the residual and applied stresses during four-point bending and compared with results obtained previously by X-ray diffraction. The volume- and lattice-effective Young's modulus was calculated from applied force and lattice deformation, respectively. The obtained results are discussed from the point of view of the behavior of cracks during tensile and compressive loading. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, Prague 18600 8, Czech Republic. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Dubsky, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, Slovankou 3, Prague 18600 8, Czech Republic. RI Matejicek, Jiri/G-2313-2014; Dubsky, Jiri/H-3543-2014; OI Matejicek, Jiri/0000-0001-8454-2808; Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1115 EP S1117 DI 10.1007/s003390201869 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600062 ER PT J AU Glagolenko, IY Carney, KP Kern, S Goremychkin, EA Udovic, TJ Copley, JRD Cook, JC AF Glagolenko, IY Carney, KP Kern, S Goremychkin, EA Udovic, TJ Copley, JRD Cook, JC TI Quantitative analysis of UH3 in U metal and UO2 matrices by neutron vibrational spectroscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The ignition of UH3 has resulted in uranium fires. Neutron spectroscopy is proposed to quantify UH3 in fuel at risk. Spectra of UH3 in UO2 and U metal were obtained using two instruments at Argonne National Laboratory and two instruments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Analytical standards were prepared with powders of UH3, UO2 and U metal. Linear relationships were found between the mass of UH3 and the integrated intensity of the inelastic scattering associated with hydrogen motions. We discuss the relative merits of the different spectrometers for this type of measurement. C1 Argonne Natl Lab W, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Glagolenko, IY (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab W, POB 2528, Idaho Falls, ID 83403 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1397 EP S1399 DI 10.1007/s003390201808 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600155 ER PT J AU Hussey, D Fan, S Neff, B Bailey, C Snow, WM Rich, D Thompson, AK Gentile, TR Velthuis, SGET Felcher, GP AF Hussey, D Fan, S Neff, B Bailey, C Snow, WM Rich, D Thompson, AK Gentile, TR Velthuis, SGET Felcher, GP TI Simultaneous polarization analysis of Zeeman splitting in polarized neutron reflectometry using a polarized He-3 neutron-spin filter SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID REFLECTIVITY AB A polarized He-3 neutron-spin filter was used to analyze polarized neutrons reflected from a 1000-Angstrom-thick Fe film immersed in a magnetic field. The spin filter analyzed both the specularly reflected component and the off-specular component caused by the phenomenon of Zeeman splitting of surface-scattered neutrons observed by Felcher et al. and investigated in more detail in subsequent experiments. The sample of polarized He-3 was polarized by metastability-exchange optical pumping and compressed into a glass cell at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. The polarized gas was transported by car in a battery-powered solenoid holding field to the neutron reflectometry instrument POSY I at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Using the large solid angle of the polarized He-3 spin filter, we were able to simultaneously analyze both components to the scattering and verify (as expected) that the polarization of the specular component was unchanged upon reflection and that the polarization of the off-specular component was reversed. To our knowledge this work represents the second experiment to employ a polarized He-3 neutron-spin filter in polarized neutron reflectometry. C1 Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47404 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Hussey, D (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, 2401 Sampson Ln, Bloomington, IN 47404 USA. RI te Velthuis, Suzanne/I-6735-2013 OI te Velthuis, Suzanne/0000-0002-1023-8384 NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S234 EP S236 DI 10.1007/s003390201396 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600078 ER PT J AU Jeng, US Lin, TL Wang, LY Chiang, LY Ho, DL Han, CC AF Jeng, US Lin, TL Wang, LY Chiang, LY Ho, DL Han, CC TI SANS structural characterization of fullerenol-derived star polymers in solutions SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID EXCLUDED-VOLUME AB We have studied the chain conformations of fullerenol-derived star polymers in two organic solvents using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS results indicate that the six poly(urethane-ether) arms, chemically bonded on the fullerenol of the C-60-based star polymer, have a Gaussian chain conformation in toluene. However, these arms exhibit a pronounced excluded-volume effect in dimethylformamide solutions. We use a scattering model, with the polydispersity of the polymer taken into account, and a fractal model to extract the radius of gyration R-g values and the persistence lengths of the C-60-star polymers in these two organic solutions. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Engn & Syst Sci, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Ctr Condensed Matter Sci, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, TL (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Engn & Syst Sci, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S487 EP S489 DI 10.1007/s003390101112 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600162 ER PT J AU Karlsson, EB Abdul-Redah, T Udovic, TJ Hjorvarsson, B Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, CA AF Karlsson, EB Abdul-Redah, T Udovic, TJ Hjorvarsson, B Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, CA TI Short-lived proton entanglement in yttrium hydrides SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID NEUTRON COMPTON-SCATTERING; SPIN DEGREES; DYNAMICS; FREEDOM AB Earlier experiments on NbH0.8 and PdH0.6 have shown large anomalies in the cross sections for protons, when studied by neutron Compton scattering. Here, these investigations are extended to the metallic hydrides YH2, YH3, YD2, YD3, and Y(HxD1-x)(3). Strongly reduced cross sections for hydrogen are observed both in YH2 and YH3, but only minor ones for YD2 and YD3. The scattering time depends on the neutron-scattering angle, which allows a time-differential analysis where the time window lies at around one femtosecond. The anomalies persist longer in YH2 and YH3 than in NbH0.8 and PdH0.6. The reduced cross sections are interpreted as a result of quantum entanglement between protons, surviving for a few femtoseconds in the solids. C1 Univ Uppsala, Dept Phys, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. Tech Univ Berlin, Sekr ER 1, Inst Chem, D-10623 Berlin, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Phys, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Karlsson, EB (reprint author), Univ Uppsala, Dept Phys, Box 530, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. RI Hjorvarsson, Bjorgvin/B-3022-2011; OI Hjorvarsson, Bjorgvin/0000-0003-1803-9467 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1203 EP S1205 DI 10.1007/s003390201551 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600090 ER PT J AU Keller, T Wagner, W Allen, A Ilavsky, J Margadant, N Siegmann, S Kostorz, G AF Keller, T Wagner, W Allen, A Ilavsky, J Margadant, N Siegmann, S Kostorz, G TI Characterisation of thermally sprayed metallic NiCrAlY deposits by multiple small-angle scattering SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB The technique of multiple small-angle neutron scattering (MSANS) was applied to thermally sprayed metallic deposits. The samples are technologically relevant Ni-based NiCrAlY coatings manufactured by different spray techniques (atmospheric and water-stabilised plasma spraying, flame spraying). MSANS measurements were made in directions parallel and perpendicular to the surface plane. Based on empirical considerations and on the analysis of SEM micrographs of coating cross-sections, the complex microstructures were modelled in terms of three distinct void systems. Employing a recent MSANS formalism, the experimental beam-broadening as a function of incident wavelength was used to derive the model parameters under the constraints of MSANS anisotropy, total measured porosity, and total internal surface area. The surface area was obtained from small-angle neutron scattering analysis in the Porod regime. C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Swiss Fed Labs Mat Testing & Res, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Keller, T (reprint author), Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. RI kostorz, gernot/B-6489-2009; Keller, Thomas/F-2173-2011; Ilavsky, Jan/D-4521-2013 OI Keller, Thomas/0000-0002-3770-6344; Ilavsky, Jan/0000-0003-1982-8900 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S975 EP S977 DI 10.1007/s003390101171 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600015 ER PT J AU Kepa, H Kutner-Pielaszek, J Twardowski, A Majkrzak, CF Story, T Sadowski, J Giebultowicz, TM AF Kepa, H Kutner-Pielaszek, J Twardowski, A Majkrzak, CF Story, T Sadowski, J Giebultowicz, TM TI Polarized neutron reflectometry studies of GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID III-V SEMICONDUCTORS AB Polarized neutron reflectometry has been used to investigate details of spin ordering in ferromagnetic (FM) GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices. The reflectivity spectra measured below the Curie temperature reveal additional magnetic contributions to the structural superlattice Bragg peaks, clearly indicating the existence of FM interlayer correlations. Closer investigation of the magnetic reflectivity maxima using a full polarization analysis provides direct evidence that the FM order in the GaMnAs layers is truly long-range. Moreover, as shown by the data, the system exhibits a strong tendency of forming a single-domain FM arrangement, even when cooled through T-C in zero external field. C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Expt Phys, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kepa, H (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Expt Phys, Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. RI Sadowski, Janusz/E-9464-2014 OI Sadowski, Janusz/0000-0002-9495-2648 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1526 EP S1528 DI 10.1007/s003390201777 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600197 ER PT J AU Majewski, J Smith, GS Burgess, I Zamlynny, V Szymanski, G Lipkowski, I Satija, S AF Majewski, J Smith, GS Burgess, I Zamlynny, V Szymanski, G Lipkowski, I Satija, S TI Neutron reflectivity studies of electric field driven structural transformations of surfactants SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID DODECYL-SULFATE; AU(111) ELECTRODE; WATER INTERFACE; ADSORPTION; MONOLAYER; BILAYERS AB We employed electrochemical methods together with in situ neutron reflectometry to describe the aggregation of organic surfactant molecules at a solid-liquid interface. The neutron reflectometry allowed us to determine the surface coverage, thickness, roughness and the relative positions of the aggregates. We found that the applied electric field may be used to reversibly manipulate the architecture of the organic molecules: from uniform monolayers to adsorbed hemimicelles. These studies are expected to provide a new insight into the roles played by entropic and electrostatic forces in complex fluids or biomaterials. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Chem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Majewski, J (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S364 EP S367 DI 10.1007/s003390201640 PN 1 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600120 ER PT J AU Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF AF Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF TI Advances in specular neutron reflectometry SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID SURROUNDING MEDIA; PHASE; REFLECTION AB Specular neutron reflectometry provides a depth profile of the scattering length density (SLD) and, ultimately, of the chemical and magnetic composition of a layered material. To date, numerous productive applications of neutron reflectometry have been demonstrated. With the new development of methods for phase determination, the problem of deducing unambiguous SLD profiles from reflectivity data has been solved in principle and, largely, in practice. Nonetheless, the fact that reflectivities can only be measured up to a finite maximum wavevector transfer Q still limits the spatial resolution attainable. Currently, neutron reflectivities as low as 10(-8) out to values of Q approaching 0.7 Angstrom(-1) can be measured, yielding spatial resolutions of a fraction of a nanometer. We examine the current sensitivity of neutron reflectometry and consider approaches, both instrumental and analytical, for effectively extending the Q range. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Majkrzak, CF (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S67 EP S69 DI 10.1007/s003390201876 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600021 ER PT J AU Manson, JL Bordallo, HN Lynn, JW Huang, Q Feyerherm, R Loose, A Chapon, L Argyriou, DN AF Manson, JL Bordallo, HN Lynn, JW Huang, Q Feyerherm, R Loose, A Chapon, L Argyriou, DN TI Magnetic ordering and spin excitations in Mn(dca)(2)(pyz) [dca = N(CN)(2)(-), pyz = pyrazine] SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB We have studied the T- and H-dependent magnetism in Mn(dca)(2)(pyz) [dca = N(CN)(2)(-), pyz = pyrazine] using neutron-scattering methods. The crystal structure can be viewed as a molecular analog of ReO3, where 1D Mn-pyz-Mn chains connect 2D Mn(dca)(2) square sheets to form a 3D network. In zero field, the Mn2+ moments order antiferromagnetically below 2.53(2)K along the ac diagonal with a magnitude of 4.15(6)muB at 1.35 K. The field-dependent response of the [111] magnetic reflection is consistent with spin-flop and induced ferromagnetic phase transitions as previously observed in magnetization measurements. Diffuse-scattering studies indicated no evidence for low-dimensional spin correlations. Using quasielastic neutron scattering, a low-energy spin-wave excitation was observed at similar to 0.23 meV, which is similar to 1/6 the momentum transfer observed in Mn(dca)(2) owing to a reduced number of magnetic nearest neighbors. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Berlin Neutron Scattering Ctr, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Manson, JL (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Bordallo, Heloisa/I-6836-2012; Feyerherm, Ralf/F-5487-2013 OI Bordallo, Heloisa/0000-0003-0750-0553; Feyerherm, Ralf/0000-0003-3034-4210 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S722 EP S724 DI 10.1007/s003390201662 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600241 ER PT J AU Matejicek, J Sampath, S Gnaupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ AF Matejicek, J Sampath, S Gnaupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ TI Residual stress in sprayed Ni+5%Al coatings determined by neutron diffraction SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Coatings of nickel-based alloys are used in numerous high-performance applications. Their properties and lifetimes are influenced by factors such as residual stress. Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for nondestructive residual stress determination. In this study, through-thickness residual stress profiles in Ni+5%Al coatings on steel substrates were determined. Two examples of significantly different spraying techniques-plasma spraying and cold spraying-are highlighted. Different stress-generation mechanisms are discussed with respect to process parameters and material properties. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Matejicek, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Plasma Phys, Za Slovankou 3, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic. RI Matejicek, Jiri/G-2313-2014; OI Matejicek, Jiri/0000-0001-8454-2808; Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1692 EP S1694 DI 10.1007/s003390101264 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600250 ER PT J AU O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Majkrzak, CF Hellwig, O Fullerton, EE AF O'Donovan, KV Borchers, JA Majkrzak, CF Hellwig, O Fullerton, EE TI Extracting buried twists with polarized neutron reflectometry SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Polarized neutron reflectometry can extract the depth-dependent magnetization of thin-film magnets more precisely than other techniques, which are limited to a measurement of the average moment or the moment at the surface. Measuring the reflectivity first with neutrons glancing off the front surface and again with neutrons glancing off the back surface yields eight spin cross sections instead of the usual four. Differences in the front and back reflectivities indicate the presence of magnetic twists in the sample. We have applied this method, as well as the more conventional front-surface-only reflectometry, to study a soft ferromagnet exchange-coupled to a hard ferromagnet in fields from 5 to 50 mT. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP O'Donovan, KV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Fullerton, Eric/H-8445-2013 OI Fullerton, Eric/0000-0002-4725-9509 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1544 EP S1546 DI 10.1007/s003390201707 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600203 ER PT J AU Shapiro, SM Bao, W Raymond, S Lee, SH Motoya, K AF Shapiro, SM Bao, W Raymond, S Lee, SH Motoya, K TI Observation of linear spin wave dispersion in the reentrant spin glass Fe0.7Al0.3 SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB Fe0.7Al0.3 is a reentrant spin glass, which undergoes a transition from a paramagnet to a disordered ferromagnet at T-c similar to 500 K; at a lower temperature the spins progressively freeze and it exhibits a spin-glass-like behavior. In the ferromagnetic phase spin waves with a q(2) dispersion are observed at small q, which broaden rapidly and become diffusive beyond a critical wave vector q(0). On cooling the spin waves also disappear and a strong elastic central peak develops. For measurements around the (1, 1, 1) Bragg peak, a new sharp excitation is observed which has a linear dispersion behavior. It disappears above T-c, but persists throughout the spin-glass phase. It is not present in the stoichiometric Fe3Al material. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. CEA Genoble, DRFMC, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sci Univ Tokyo, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan. RP Shapiro, SM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S859 EP S861 DI 10.1007/s003390201670 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600287 ER PT J AU Sitepu, H Schmahl, WW Stalick, JK AF Sitepu, H Schmahl, WW Stalick, JK TI Correction of intensities for preferred orientation in neutron-diffraction data of NiTi shape-memory alloy using the generalized spherical-harmonic description SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID RIETVELD METHOD; PHASE; MARTENSITE AB Analysis of quantitative texture (crystallographic preferred orientation, PO) in polycrystalline materials is of interest not only because the PO gives errors in quantitative phase analysis, but also because it can affect the results of structure determination from powder diffraction data. In the present study, texture characterization of the polycrystalline Ni-rich NiTi shape-memory alloy (SMA) of non-final composition 50.14 atomic percent nickel has been carried out using the BT-1 high-resolution, fixed-wavelength, 32-detector powder diffractometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. Data were collected along the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) heating curve. The results obtained from Rietveld refinement with the generalized spherical harmonic (GSH) description for all neutron diffraction data sets show that the weight percentages for monoclinic and cubic phases during the phase transition are consistent with the DSC heating curve. C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sitepu, H (reprint author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. RI Schmahl, Wolfgang/J-7571-2012 OI Schmahl, Wolfgang/0000-0002-0165-5952 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1719 EP S1721 DI 10.1007/s003390201840 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600259 ER PT J AU Skripov, AV Cook, JC Udovic, TJ Kozhanov, VN Hempelmann, R AF Skripov, AV Cook, JC Udovic, TJ Kozhanov, VN Hempelmann, R TI Quasielastic neutron scattering studies of H motion in Laves-phase compounds SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; HYDROGEN MOTION; DEUTERIUM; DIFFRACTION; DIFFUSION; ATOMS AB The results of our quasielastic neutron scattering measurements for a number of cubic Laves-phase hydrides AB(2)H(x) are consistent with the coexistence of two types of H motion: the fast localized jumps within the hexagons formed by interstitial g (A(2)B(2)) sites and the slower hopping from one hexagon to another. The analysis of these results has revealed the relation between the hydrogen-hopping rates, the g-g distances, and the ratio of the metallic radii R(A) and R(B) of the elements A and B forming the AB(2) compound. We conclude that the behavior of the two frequency scales of H motion is determined mainly by R(A)/R(B). A new type of localized H motion is predicted for compounds with R(A)/R(B) > 1.35. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Phys Met, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Saarland, D-66041 Saarbrucken, Germany. RP Skripov, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Phys Met, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. EM skripov@imp.uran.ru RI Skripov, Alexander/K-4525-2013 OI Skripov, Alexander/0000-0002-0610-5538 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S948 EP S950 DI 10.1007/s003390201559 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600006 ER PT J AU Smee, SA Orndorff, JD Scharfstein, GA Qiu, Y Brand, PC Broholm, CL Anand, DK AF Smee, SA Orndorff, JD Scharfstein, GA Qiu, Y Brand, PC Broholm, CL Anand, DK TI MACS low-background doubly focusing neutron monochromator SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY AB A novel doubly focusing neutron monochromator has been developed as part of the Multi-Analyzer Crystal Spectrometer (MACS) at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. The instrument utilizes a unique vertical focusing element that enables active vertical and horizontal focusing with a large, 357-crystal (1428 cm(2)), array. The design significantly reduces the amount of structural material in the beam path as compared to similar instruments. Optical measurements verify the excellent focal performance of the device. Analytical and Monte Carlo simulations predict that, when mounted at the NIST cold-neutron source, the device should produce a monochromatic beam (DeltaE = 0.2 meV) with flux phi > 108 n/cm(2) S. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Spallat Neutron Source, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Smee, SA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S255 EP S257 DI 10.1007/s003390201658 PN 1 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 654MA UT WOS:000181499600085 ER PT J AU Winn, BL Shapiro, SM Erwin, R Schagel, DL Lograsso, T AF Winn, BL Shapiro, SM Erwin, R Schagel, DL Lograsso, T TI Anomalous phonon damping in the high temperature shape memory alloy Ti50Pd42Cr8 SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID PHASE AB Neutron-scattering measurements of the high temperature shape memory alloy Ti50Pd50-xCrx were performed to probe the phonon precursors to the martensitic transformation. For x = 0, the transformation temperature, T-M, is similar to800 K [1] and, for the composition studied, x = 8%, it is reduced to similar to400 K. Above this temperature the crystal possesses a simple CsCl-type cubic structure. Transverse acoustic phonons propagating along the [ 0] direction with atomic displacements along [-xixi0] were studied at temperatures up to 873 K. The phonons are well defined near the zone center but, for xi > 0.15, they are strongly over-damped near the transition temperature, and become better defined at higher temperatures. An elastic peak develops in the cubic phase at xi = 0.22 and increases in intensity as T-M is approached. However, the phonons do not show any characteristic anomaly at this particular xi. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Winn, BL (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Winn, Barry/A-5065-2016 OI Winn, Barry/0000-0001-6383-4318 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S1182 EP S1184 DI 10.1007/s003390201687 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600083 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Gulseren, O AF Yildirim, T Gulseren, O TI First-principles zone-center theory of superconductivity in MgB2 SO APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Neutron Scattering CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL MUNICH, GERMANY ID BORON AB We have carried out first-principles calculations of T-c and other relevant parameters of the new 40-K superconductor MgB2. Our results are in excellent agreement with the neutron measurements of phonons as well as with the measured boron-isotope effect and the pressure dependence of T-c. We find that the in-plane boron phonons near the zone center are very anharmonic and strongly coupled to the planar B sigma bands near the Fermi level. The boron mass and the pressure dependence of this mode are found to be the key to quantitatively explaining the observed high T-c and other superconducting properties of MgB2. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0947-8396 J9 APPL PHYS A-MATER JI Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 74 SU S BP S945 EP S947 DI 10.1007/s003390201560 PN 2 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 649QN UT WOS:000181219600005 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, AL Li, H Mitch, M Tolk, N Duggan, DM AF Gonzalez, AL Li, H Mitch, M Tolk, N Duggan, DM TI Energy response of an imaging plate exposed to standard beta sources SO APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES LA English DT Article DE imaging plates; beta emitters; photostimulable phosphor; brachytherapy ID INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY; RADIOCHROMIC FILM AB Imaging plates (IPs) are a reusable media, which when exposed to ionizing radiation, store a latent image that can be read out with a red laser as photostimulated luminescence (PSL). They are widely used as a substitute for X-ray films for diagnostic studies. In diagnostic radiology this technology is known as computed radiography. In this work, the energy response of a commercial IP to beta-particle reference radiation fields used for calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology was investigated. The absorbed dose in the active storage phosphor layer was calculated following the scaling procedure for depth dose for high Z materials with reference to water. It was found that the beta particles from Pm-147 and Kr-85 gave 68% and 24% higher PSL responses than that induced by Sr-90, respectively, which was caused by the different PSL detection efficiencies. In addition, normalized response curves of the IPs as a function of depth in polystyrene were measured and compared with the data measured using extrapolation chamber techniques. The difference between both sets of data resulted from the continuous energy change as the beta particle travels across the material, which leads to a different PSL response. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Vanderbilt Clin, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Stevenson Ctr, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. RP Gonzalez, AL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, Vanderbilt Clin, B-902,1301 22nd Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-8043 J9 APPL RADIAT ISOTOPES JI Appl. Radiat. Isot. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 875 EP 882 AR PII S0969-8043(02)00199-9 DI 10.1016/S0969-8043(02)00199-9 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 631AV UT WOS:000180145200019 PM 12406632 ER PT J AU Gao, YA AF Gao, YA TI Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Barnegat Bay SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE deposition fluxes; atmospheric nitrate and ammonium; coastal marine atmosphere; precipitation; aerosol particles ID INORGANIC NITROGEN; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; SEA-SALT; NITRATE; INPUTS; ENHANCEMENT; MARINE; WATERS; RAIN; SIZE AB To characterize atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Barnegat Bay, measurements of nitrate and ammonium were made, both in precipitation and in aerosol particulate matter, at coastal Tuckerton in southern New Jersey from February 1999 to February 2001. Results show that the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in the ambient air exhibit strong temporal variation. The concentrations in precipitation ranged from 2.26 to 84.6 mumol l(-1) (mean: 29.1 mumol l(-1)) for nitrate and from 0.625 to 107 mumol l(-1) (mean: 18.3 mumol l(-1)) for ammonium. Most of the pH values in precipitation fall below 4.5, suggesting an acidic nature for precipitation. The low spring-time mean delta(15)N values in rain for both ammonium (-4.6parts per thousand) and nitrate (-6.03parts per thousand) indicate that increased agricultural and soil emissions as well as anthropogenic emissions contribute to atmospheric nitrate and ammonium. The average concentrations in the aerosol phase were 2.04 mug m(-3) for nitrate and 0.497 mug m-3 for ammonium. High concentrations of aerosol nitrate were associated with both submicrometer and supermicrometer particles, while aerosol ammonium was primarily concentrated on particles of similar to0.5 mum in diameter. High wet deposition rates of nitrate and ammonium were observed during the summer in both 1999 and 2000, with average summer-time rates of similar to4.12 mmol m(-2) month(-1) for nitrate and 3.18 mmol m(-2) month(-1) for ammonium. On an annual basis, the total atmospheric deposition rates were 32.9 mmol m(-2) yr(-1) for nitrate and 20.3 mmol m(-2) yr(-1) for ammonium, and wet deposition accounted for > 88% of the total deposition. The annual atmospheric input to the Barnegat Bay ecosystem is estimated to be 9.2 x 10(6) mol yr(-1) for nitrate and 5.7 x 10(6) mol yr(-1) for ammonium. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gao, YA (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM yuangao@splash.princeton.edu NR 44 TC 44 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 36 IS 38 BP 5783 EP 5794 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00656-8 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00656-8 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620UH UT WOS:000179550500004 ER PT J AU Xu, YW Wesely, ML Pierce, TE AF Xu, YW Wesely, ML Pierce, TE TI Estimates of biogenic emissions using satellite observations and influence of isoprene emission on O-3 formation over the eastern United States SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biogenic emissions; remote sensing; isoprene; ozone; modeling ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION; REGIONAL SCALES; MODEL; HYDROCARBONS; CHEMISTRY; FOREST; FLUXES; SOILS AB A biogenic emissions model for isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitric oxide has been developed with algorithms that rely on normalized difference vegetative index values derived from satellite remote sensing data to infer leaf area index. The model obtains emission factors from the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS). This biogenic emissions model, combined with a dry deposition model, was applied with environmental variable values supplied by MM5 (the fifth-generation Mesoscale Model). The modeled temporal variations and spatial distributions of the surface emissions rates of isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitric oxide the eastern US agreed well with reported simulations, measurements, and inferences. Use of the satellite data generates considerable detail in the spatial patterns, high temporal resolution, and a smooth seasonal variation in the emission rates. The new biogenic emissions model was used with a photochemistry modeling system to infer ozone (03) concentrations in the lower troposphere above the eastern United States for a two-day case in July 1995, which had 03 episodes studied previously by the Ozone Transport Assessment Group. Compared to the results from the OTAG application of BEIS2, the satellite-data-derived isoprene emissions were slightly lower in the northeastern United States, which resulted in smaller values Of O-3 concentration and were 3-4 times higher in southeastern mixed forests; which had little impact on O-3 except near strong NOx emission sources. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Wesely, ML (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 36 IS 38 BP 5819 EP 5829 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00357-6 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00357-6 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 620UH UT WOS:000179550500007 ER PT J AU Kuligowski, DR Winans, GA AF Kuligowski, DR Winans, GA TI Inorganic pyrophosphatase: A new polymorphic allozyme locus in Pacific salmon SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE inorganic pyrophosphatase; genetic polymorphism; isolocus; electrophoresis; Pacific salmon ID VARIABILITY; NORTHWEST AB Genetic polymorphism of inorganic pyrophosphatase was investigated in 2799 individuals in four species of Pacific salmon: chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch), kokanee (O. nerka), and steelhead (O. mykiss), using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. This enzyme system appears to be an isolocus system with electrophoretically indistinguishable allozymes encoded by two loci (PP-1,2*) expressed in retinal tissue. Mendelian inheritance was observed with a breeding study in three family crosses. Population variability in four species was characterized in 44 populations from the U. S. Pacific coast. Three alleles were found in chinook salmon; two alleles each were found in coho salmon, kokanee, and steelhead. Chinook salmon and kokanee populations differed enough with respect to PP-1,2* frequencies that this isolocus is useful for genetic stock identification in these species. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kuligowski, DR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Manchester Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 40 IS 11-12 BP 379 EP 385 DI 10.1023/A:1020773427693 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 607JT UT WOS:000178789000002 PM 12463346 ER PT J AU Zeh, J Poole, D Miller, G Koski, W Baraff, L Rugh, D AF Zeh, J Poole, D Miller, G Koski, W Baraff, L Rugh, D TI Survival of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, estimated from 1981-1998 photoidentification data SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE bowhead whale; capture-recapture estimation; Cormack-Jolly-Seber models; Markov chain Monte Carlo; maximum likelihood; open-population models; photoidentification data; survival rate ID POPULATIONS; MARK; ABUNDANCE; GROWTH; MODELS AB Annual survival probability of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, was estimated using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood implementations of Cormack and Jolly-Seber (JS) models for capture-recapture estimation in open populations and reduced-parameter generalizations of these models. Aerial photographs of naturally marked bowheads collected between 1981 and 1998 provided the data. The marked whales first photographed in a particular year provided the initial 'capture' and 'release' of those marked whales and photographs in subsequent years the 'recaptures'. The Cormack model, often called the Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) model, and the program MARK were used to identify the model with a single survival and time-varying capture probabilities as the most appropriate for these data. When survival was constrained to be one or less, the maximum likelihood estimate computed by MARK was one, invalidating confidence interval computations based on the asymptotic standard error or profile likelihood. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementation of the model was used to produce a posterior distribution for annual survival. The corresponding reduced-parameter JS model was also fit via MCMC because it is the more appropriate of the two models for these photoidentification data. Because the CJS model ignores much of the information on capture probabilities provided by the data, its results are less precise and more sensitive to the prior distributions used than results from the JS model. With priors for annual survival and capture probabilities uniform from 0 to 1, the posterior mean for bowhead survival rate from the JS model is 0.984, and 95% of the posterior probability lies between 0.948 and 1. This high estimated survival rate is consistent with other bowhead life history data. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. AT&T Labs Res, Shannon Lab, Florham Pk, NJ 07932 USA. LGL Ltd Environm Res Associates, King City, ON L7B 1A6, Canada. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Zeh, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Box 354322, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2002 VL 58 IS 4 BP 832 EP 840 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00832.x PG 9 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 620NL UT WOS:000179539400014 PM 12495137 ER PT J AU Pollard, JH Palka, D Buckland, ST AF Pollard, JH Palka, D Buckland, ST TI Adaptive line transect sampling SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE adaptive sampling; harbor porpoise; line transect sampling; wildlife abundance estimation AB Adaptive line transect sampling offers the potential of improved population density estimation efficiency over conventional line transect sampling when populations are spatially clustered. In adaptive sampling, survey effort is increased when areas of high animal density are located, thereby increasing the number of observations. Its disadvantage is that the survey effort required is not known in advance. We develop an adaptive line transect methodology that, by varying the degree of adaptation, allows total effort to be fixed at the design stage. Relative to conventional line transect surveys, it also provides better survey coverage in the event of disruption in survey effort, e.g., due to poor weather. In analysis, sightings from the adaptive sections are downweighted in proportion to the increase in effort. We evaluate the methodology by simulation and report on surveys of harbor porpoise in the Gulf of Maine, in which the approach was compared with conventional line transect sampling. C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pollard, JH (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Math & Stat, N Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland. RI Buckland, Stephen/A-1998-2012 NR 14 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD DEC PY 2002 VL 58 IS 4 BP 862 EP 870 DI 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00862.x PG 9 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 620NL UT WOS:000179539400017 PM 12495140 ER PT J AU Judd, NL Griffith, WC Ylitalo, GM Faustman, EM AF Judd, NL Griffith, WC Ylitalo, GM Faustman, EM TI Alternative strategies for PCB risk reduction from contaminated seafood: Options for children as susceptible populations SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOMOIC ACID; UNITED-STATES; SHELLFISH; EXPOSURE; PCDDS; PCDFS C1 Univ Washington, Inst Risk Anal & Risk Commun, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Judd, NL (reprint author), Univ Washington, Inst Risk Anal & Risk Commun, 4225 Roosevelt Ave NE 100, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. OI Faustman, Elaine/0000-0002-3085-6403 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1 P01 ES09601] NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 69 IS 6 BP 847 EP 854 DI 10.1007/s00128-002-0137-z PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 617CN UT WOS:000179342800011 PM 12428162 ER PT J AU Golden, J AF Golden, J TI Comments on "Unsafe at any (wind) speed? Testing the stability of motor vehicles in severe winds" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Golden, J (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1831 EP 1833 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1831 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 637LP UT WOS:000180513300019 ER PT J AU McCarthy, D AF McCarthy, D TI Comments on "Unsafe at any (wind) speed? Testing the stability of motor vehicles in severe winds SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP McCarthy, D (reprint author), NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 83 IS 12 BP 1833 EP 1834 DI 10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1833 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 637LP UT WOS:000180513300020 ER PT J AU Schwing, FB Bograd, SJ Collins, CA Gaxiola-Castro, G Garcia, J Goericke, R Gomez-Valdez, J Huyer, A Hyrenbach, KD Kosro, PM Lavaniegos, BE Lynn, RJ Mantyla, AW Ohman, MD Peterson, WT Smith, RL Sydeman, WJ Venrick, E Weeler, PA AF Schwing, FB Bograd, SJ Collins, CA Gaxiola-Castro, G Garcia, J Goericke, R Gomez-Valdez, J Huyer, A Hyrenbach, KD Kosro, PM Lavaniegos, BE Lynn, RJ Mantyla, AW Ohman, MD Peterson, WT Smith, RL Sydeman, WJ Venrick, E Weeler, PA TI The state of the California Current, 2001-2002: Will the California Current System keep its cool, or is El Nino looming? SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NORTHEAST PACIFIC; COASTAL OCEAN; TRANSITION; OREGON; ZOOPLANKTON; OSCILLATION; ANOMALIES; PERIOD; EVENTS; REGIME AB This report summarizes physical and biological conditions in the California Current System (CCS), from Oregon to Baja California, in 2001 and 2002. The principal sources of the observations described here are the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations), IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California), and U.S. GLOBEC-LTOP (Global Ecosystems Long-term Observation Program) programs. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the Pacific point to a fourth consecutive La Nina-like year. This has contributed to generally stronger than normal upwelling and uncharacteristically cool waters in much of the CCS, a pattern that has persisted since late 1998. Biological productivity has been generally higher as well, particularly off Oregon. Within the observed interannual fluctuations of recent years, these conditions suggest a generally elevated production off California and Oregon, but cool conditions have led to lower than normal zooplankton biomass off Baja California. Although the tropical Pacific has exhibited some indications of a developing El Nino, it is not likely to impact the CCS during the productive upwelling season of 2002. These observations are continuing evidence that a regime shift may have occurred in 1998, resulting in substantial change in ecosystem structure in the CCS. Continued monitoring and analysis of the state of the CCS in this context is needed. We outline a plan for an integrated monitoring program for the entire region, through the creation of ACCEO (Alliance for California Current Ecosystem Observation). C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Ctr Invest Cient & Educ Super Ensenada, Ensenada 22800, Baja California, Mexico. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Integrat Ocean Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Point Reyes Bird Observ, Marine Sci Div, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Point Reyes Bird Observ, Marine Sci Div, Stinson Beach, CA 94970 USA. RP Schwing, FB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RI Ohman, Mark/C-8763-2009; Gomez-Valdes, Jose/B-9846-2016 OI Gomez-Valdes, Jose/0000-0002-8528-7826 NR 35 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 BP 31 EP 68 PG 38 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 697EN UT WOS:000183929400004 ER PT J AU Yoklavich, M Cailliet, G Lea, RN Greene, HG Starr, R De Marignac, J Field, J AF Yoklavich, M Cailliet, G Lea, RN Greene, HG Starr, R De Marignac, J Field, J TI Deepwater habitat and fish resources associated with the Big Creek Marine Ecological Reserve SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA ROCKFISHES; FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; SUBMARINE-CANYON; REEF FISHES; SEBASTES; AREAS; POPULATIONS; ECOSYSTEMS; SELECTION; MOVEMENTS AB Big Creek Marine Ecological Reserve (BCER), located off the central California coast, has been closed to fishing since January 1994. We used side scan sonar and an occupied submersible to collect baseline information on species-habitat relationships, density, and species and size composition of fish inside and outside BCER. Forty-three dives were made in the fall of 1997 and 1998, at depths of 20-250 m. From 142 video transects, we identified over 70,000 fish from 82 taxa, including 36 species of rockfish. About 93% of the 25,159 fish inside BCER were rockfishes representing at least 20 species. Young-of-the-year rockfishes dominated rock outcrops in 20-90 m depth inside and outside BCER. Four distinct fish assemblages were associated with (1) fine, smooth sediment in deep water; (2) bedrock with uneven surface in deep water; (3) sand waves and shell hash in shallow water; and (4) boulders and organic habitats on rock in shallow water. There were no significant differences in fish density among locations (inside and outside BCER) and depths or between years. Density was significantly higher in high-relief rock habitat than in low-relief soft and mixed sediments, regardless of location. There were no consistent patterns of larger fish inside compared to outside the protected area. We recommend development of a monitoring program to continue these surveys after increased time of protection and with increased assessment effort in the appropriate habitats of economically valuable species. In addition, extending the boundaries of BCER seaward would protect habitats and fish in water depths greater than 100 m. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Monterey, CA 93940 USA. Sea Grant Extens Program, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Yoklavich, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz Lab, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 BP 120 EP 140 PG 21 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 697EN UT WOS:000183929400009 ER PT J AU Watson, W Charter, RL Moser, HG Ambrose, DA Charter, SR Sandknop, EM Robertson, LL Lynn, EA AF Watson, W Charter, RL Moser, HG Ambrose, DA Charter, SR Sandknop, EM Robertson, LL Lynn, EA TI Distributions of planktonic fish eggs and larvae off two state ecological reserves in the Santa Barbara Channel vicinity and two nearby islands in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, California SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID GENYONEMUS-LINEATUS; WHITE CROAKER; BIGHT; ICHTHYOPLANKTON; SCIAENIDAE; ONOFRE AB We conducted a study in 1998-99 to identify planktonic fish eggs and larvae, and to describe their temporal and spatial distributions, in the vicinities of Vandenberg and Big Sycamore Canyon Ecological Reserves and two nearby islands, Anacapa and San Miguel, in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. We conducted surveys in late winter and early summer each year using an underway sampler and a bongo net towed vertically at fixed stations. A neuston sampler was added in 1999. We used bongo net data, thought to give the best estimates of ichthyoplankton abundance, as the primary data to identify distributions. Cluster analyses showed that season was the major environmental signal in the ichthyoplankton data, with clear indications of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation events of 1998 and 1999, and more tenuous suggestions of adult habitat preferences and faunal affinities. Between-and within-site adult habitat preferences were apparent in analyses of individual taxa. Eggs and larvae of rocky-bottom and kelp forest taxa were most abundant at the islands where those habitats are available, and the eggs and larvae of soft-bottom taxa were more abundant at the Big Sycamore Canyon site, where that habitat predominates. It appears that no significant production of planktonic fish eggs and larvae occurred in the vicinity of Vandenberg Ecological Reserve. At the Big Sycamore Canyon site, eggs of a few taxa clearly are produced from the reserve but probably not in higher numbers than from adjacent nonreserve areas. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Watson, W (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 BP 141 EP 154 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 697EN UT WOS:000183929400010 ER PT J AU Hoff, GR AF Hoff, GR TI Record of the shoulderspot grenadier, Caelorinchus scaphopsis, from northern California, USA SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Editorial Material AB The shoulderspot grenadier, Caelorinchus scaphopsis (Gilbert 1890), is a member of a large genus with more than 100 species (Iwamoto and Williams 1999), most of which are temperate or tropical in distribution. The shoulderspot grenadier is the only member of the genus known from the eastern North Pacific Ocean north of Point Conception, California (Iwamoto and Stein 1974, Iwamoto 1978, Cohen et al. 1990). It is reportedly abundant in the Gulf of California and along the outer coast of Baja California at depths of 183 to 296 in along the upper continental slope. On October 23,2000 a shoulderspot grenadier was collected from northern California during the Alaska Fisheries Science Center annual groundfish survey of the upper continental slope (depths from 183 to 1,280 in) conducted off California, Oregon, and Washington (Lauth 2001(1)). The specimen (UW040281,1,(60.3 mmHL, 242mmTL), 237 in depth, 7.5degreesC bottom temperature, 41degrees14'50"N, 124degrees24'6"W) was collected using a bottom trawl. The northern California specimen extends the northern range of the shoulderspot grenadier by approximately 650 km. The specimen collected at 41degreesN (Fig. 1) agrees with the original and later descriptions of the shoulderspot grenadiers reported from south of Point Conception, California (Gilbert 1890, Iwamoto and Stein 1974,Iwamoto 1978, Cohen et al. 1990). Description: An adult specimen with a pronounced snout and sharp stout scales laterally; color brownish dorsally and bluish black ventrally; darkish pectoral, pelvic, and dorsal fins and gill cavity; snout and underside of mouth lighter; anus removed anteriorly from the first anal fin by several scale rows; single black naked fossa slightly anterior of the pelvic fins; the second dorsal spine on the first dorsal fin smooth; underside of jaw, ventral margins on suborbital and mandible naked; adherent scales with pronounced spinule rows; 80.1 mm pre-anal fin length, 242.0 mm total length; 60.3 mm head length, 20.6 mm orbit width, 16.5 mm upperjaw length, 1(st) dorsal II, 8; pectoral i17; 4.5 scales from mid-first dorsal fin to lateral line. The shoulderspot grenadier co-occurs with at least eight other macrourid species along the California coast but is distinct from all others by the combination of heavily scaled suborbital ridge and prounounced snout, large naked fossa slightly anterior to pelvic fins, and 2(nd) spinous dorsal ray smooth (Iwamoto and Stein 1974). Other specimens recorded by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center's groundfish surveys north of Point Conception, California suggests the shoulderspot grenadier occurs to 41degreesN and should be included as part of the temperate North Pacific fish fauna. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hoff, GR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 USA SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD WIN PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1 BP 45 EP 47 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA 667VK UT WOS:000182254600005 ER PT J AU Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P AF Jurado-Molina, J Livingston, P TI Climate-forcing effects on trophically linked groundfish populations: implications for fisheries management SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; EASTERN BERING-SEA; PACIFIC; VARIABILITY; RECRUITMENT; OSCILLATION; IMPACTS AB Commercially important groundfish populations in the Bering Sea are connected through the food web as predators and prey. In addition to having different trophic roles, the recruitment of these species varies on interdecadal time scales and may be related to climate forcing. We simulate the effects of fishing mortality on eight trophically linked species under two scenarios of climate regimes using the multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) model and the multispecies forecasting model (MSFOR). Species respond differently to climate change assumptions and fishing mortality depending on their position in the food web. Results suggest that the assumptions regarding climate regime shifts on mean recruitment may produce effects comparable to the ones produced by fishing and predation interactions. Therefore, accurate models for fisheries management would require considering these factors and their potential interactions. Because responses are complex and difficult to predict, it is necessary to take a risk-averse approach in managing the species with the largest potential variation. The incorporation of climate regime shifts in fisheries management will require a better understanding of recruitment during a particular regime and a reliable way to identify regime shifts based on biological and (or) physical indices. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jurado-Molina, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM jjurado@u.washington.edu NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 12 BP 1941 EP 1951 DI 10.1139/F02-160 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 642PB UT WOS:000180811800010 ER PT J AU Sieber, J Broton, D Fales, C Leigh, S MacDonald, B Marlow, A Nettles, S Yen, J AF Sieber, J Broton, D Fales, C Leigh, S MacDonald, B Marlow, A Nettles, S Yen, J TI Standard reference materials for cements SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE elemental analysis; spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence; portland cements; calcium aluminate cement AB The eight portland cements and two calcium aluminate cements in the Standard Reference Material (SPM) 1880 series are among the most popular SRMs in the catalog of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials Program. Numerous laboratories rely on them for elemental analysis and qualification for ASTM C 114-00 Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement. NIST has collected new candidate materials from around the world and partnered with Construction Technology Laboratories (CTL) in their preparation and certification. This paper describes the procedures taken at NIST and CTL to prepare and test materials for certification including the homogeneity testing, the X-ray fluorescence methods and the statistical data analysis performed for value assignment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Construct Technol Labs Inc, Skokie, IL 60077 USA. RP Sieber, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8391, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1899 EP 1906 AR PII S0008-8846(02)00896-7 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00896-7 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 614WB UT WOS:000179213500008 ER PT J AU Snyder, KA Marchand, J AF Snyder, KA Marchand, J TI Effects of speciation on the apparent diffusion coefficient in nonreactive porous systems SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Laval, CRIB, Dept Genie Civil, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Snyder, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1991 EP 1992 AR PII S0008-8846(02)00898-0 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00898-0 PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 614WB UT WOS:000179213500019 ER PT J AU Hancock, DK Schwarz, FP Song, FH Wong, LJC Levin, BC AF Hancock, DK Schwarz, FP Song, FH Wong, LJC Levin, BC TI Design and use of a peptide nucleic acid for detection of the heteroplasmic low-frequency mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) mutation in human mitochondrial DNA SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TOF MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MTDNA MUTATION; GENE MUTATION; MUSCLE; BLOOD; DIAGNOSIS; ACCUMULATION; DECREASE; DISEASE; TIME AB Background: Most pathogenic human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are heteroplasmic (i.e., mutant and wild-type mtDNA coexist in the same individual) and are difficult to detect when their concentration is a small proportion of that of wild-type mtDNA molecules. We describe a simple methodology to detect low proportions of the single base pair heteroplasmic mutation, A3243G, that has, been associated with the disease mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) in total DNA extracted from blood. Methods: Three peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) were designed to bind to the wild-type mtDNA in the region of nucleotide position 3243, thus blocking PCR amplification of the wild-type mtDNA while permitting the mutant DNA to become the dominant product and readily discernable. DNA was obtained from both apparently healthy and MELAS individuals. Optimum PCR temperatures were based on the measured. ultraviolet thermal stability of the DNA/PNA duplexes. The presence or absence of the mutation was determined by sequencing. Results: In the, absence of PNAs, the heteroplasmic mutation was either difficult to detect or undetectable by PCR and sequencing. Only PNA 3 successfully inhibited amplification of the wild-type mtDNA while allowing the mutant mtDNA to amplify. In the presence of PNA 3, We were able to detect the heteroplasmic mutation when its concentration was as low as 0.1% of the concentration of the wild-type sequence. Conclusion: This methodology permits easy detection of low concentrations of the MELAS A3243G mutation in blood by standard PCR and sequencing methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Inst Mol & Human Genet, Washington, DC 20007 USA. RP Levin, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 48 IS 12 BP 2155 EP 2163 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 619DA UT WOS:000179457700009 PM 12446471 ER PT J AU Mazur, V AF Mazur, V TI Physical processes during development of lightning Hashes SO COMPTES RENDUS PHYSIQUE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on the Physics of Thundercloud and Lightning Discharge CY NOV 05, 2001 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE ID THUNDERSTORMS AB The objective of this paper is to review our present understanding of the physical processes in lightning flashes during their development within or outside a cloud, following lightning initiation. This represents the 'big picture' of lightning development, in the scale of the cloud dimensions themselves. Since the acceptance of the bi-directional, zero-net-charge leader concept, significant changes have occurred in our understanding of the key physical processes of which a lightning flash is comprised. and in the analytical relationship between the electrical structure of a cloud and lightning parameters, These changes are discussed with an emphasis on the unifying nature of the bi-directional leader concept. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mazur, V (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 31 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 4 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1631-0705 J9 CR PHYS JI C. R. Phys. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 3 IS 10 BP 1393 EP 1409 DI 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01412-3 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 638AF UT WOS:000180545400009 ER PT J AU Pratt, MJ Bhatt, AD Dutta, D Lyons, KW Patil, L Sriram, RD AF Pratt, MJ Bhatt, AD Dutta, D Lyons, KW Patil, L Sriram, RD TI Progress towards an international standard for data transfer in rapid prototyping and layered manufacturing SO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN LA English DT Article DE layered manufacturing; rapid prototyping; solid freeform fabrication; standards; STEP; ISO 10303; data exchange; product data exchange ID PARTS AB This paper discusses the informational requirements of rapid prototyping and layered manufacturing (RPLM). The study is motivated by the recent decision to embark on the development of a new Application Protocol for the international standard ISO 10303, specifically to handle layered manufacturing information. The most common industrial use of RPLM today is for rapid prototyping, but a wider view of it as a flexible fabrication technology is taken here, to allow for future developments. Its use in building functional metallic parts under computer control has already been demonstrated, and commercial RPLM machines for building production parts are already being marketed. The paper includes a survey of current and proposed data formats for communication between the various stages of the RPLM process. In comparing them, particular attention is given to the issue of extensibility to meet future needs. In this last respect, special emphasis is given to materials-related and other non-geometric information needed for fabricating multi-material objects and objects with graded material properties. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 LMR Syst, Bedford MK43 7LA, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP LMR Syst, 21 High St,Carlton, Bedford MK43 7LA, England. EM mike@lmr.clara.co.uk NR 35 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0010-4485 EI 1879-2685 J9 COMPUT AIDED DESIGN JI Comput.-Aided Des. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 34 IS 14 BP 1111 EP 1121 AR PII S0010-4485(01)00189-0 DI 10.1016/S0010-4485(01)00189-0 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 586EJ UT WOS:000177571400006 ER PT J AU Morley, SA Karr, JR AF Morley, SA Karr, JR TI Assessing and restoring the health of urban streams in the Puget Sound basin SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES; BIOTIC INTEGRITY; LOWLAND STREAMS; LAND-USE; RIVERS; INDEX; RESTORATION; QUALITY; DRIFT; FLOW AB Rapid urbanization threatens the biota of streams and rivers around the globe. Efforts to manage urban streams traditionally take an engineering approach focused on stormwater runoff, physical channel condition, and chemical water quality. Our objective was to use the biology of streams - measured with the multimetric benthic index of biological integrity (B-IBI) based on benthic macroinvertebrates - to assess stream health. From 1997 to 1999, we sampled invertebrates at 45 sites in second- and third-order streams in the Puget Sound lowlands of Washington State. Land cover upstream of each site was characterized by analysis of a 1998 satellite image. We evaluated associations between five land cover categories and biological condition across three spatial scales. The relationships between B-IBI ( and its component metrics) and stream substrate and hydrologic features were also analyzed at a subset of sites. Across all study sites, B-IBI declined as the percentage of urban land cover increased (r < -0.71, p < 0.001, n > 31). Most metrics were better predicted by sub-basin rather than local-scale urbanization. Within individual basins, however, local land-cover urbanization and B-IBI were strongly correlated (r = -0.91, p < 0.001, n = 9). The biological condition of a site was also related to measures of hydrologic alteration and stream substrate. The aquatic biota is sensitive to a variety of urban effects, expressed at both large and small spatial scales. Biological assessment tools such as B-IBI can identify areas of excellent biological condition for conservation and guide the design and evaluation of efforts to restore the biota of degraded streams. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Morley, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 72 TC 95 Z9 124 U1 11 U2 87 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1498 EP 1509 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01067.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 618LT UT WOS:000179420100011 ER PT J AU Clark, JA Hoekstra, JM Boersma, PD Kareiva, P AF Clark, JA Hoekstra, JM Boersma, PD Kareiva, P TI Improving U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery plans: Key findings and recommendations of the SCB recovery plan project SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT CONSERVATION PLANS AB To promote more effective recovery planning for species listed under the U. S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Society for Conservation Biology sponsored a systematic review of a large sample of ESA recovery plans. The review was conducted in collaboration with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and 19 universities. We describe the genesis of the project and the development of the resulting database of information on ESA recovery plans. The project's primary goals were to characterize the content and attributes of recovery plans; to identify important differences, patterns, and trends among plans; and to use these results to develop recommendations for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for improving recovery plans. We review key findings from published analyses of the project database and offer prioritized recommendations for improving recovery-plan development and implementation. First, the use of science in recovery-plan development and implementation could be improved by making threats a primary focus of plans, specifying adequate monitoring tasks for species status and recovery tasks, and ensuring that species trend data are current, quantitative, and documented. Second, recovery-plan structure and development could be enhanced by keeping authorship teams small yet diverse, making existing administrative designations more biologically relevant, improving and standardizing the revision process, and reevaluating the use of multispecies plans. Third, agency resources and personnel could be better utilized by developing new recovery plan guidelines, assigning personnel explicit responsibility for overseeing plan implementation, expanding personnel training, and tracking expenditures in recovery programs. And fourth, several generic failings in the field of conservation biology could be addressed by reducing taxonomic bias and by collecting and fully integrating key biological information into recovery plans. The recovery-plan project offers a model of how professional societies, universities, and government agencies can work together beneficially to address key issues in conservation biology. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Clark, JA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 39 TC 69 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 44 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1510 EP 1519 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01376.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 618LT UT WOS:000179420100012 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Williams, JG AF Levin, PS Williams, JG TI Interspecific effects of artifically propagated fish: an additional conservation risk for salmon SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PACIFIC SALMON; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; CHINOOK SALMON; COAST; AQUACULTURE; HATCHERIES; MANAGEMENT; WASHINGTON; NORTHWEST; HABITAT AB For more than 120 years, hatcheries have released enormous numbers of Pacific salmon to compensate for numerous human insults to their populations, yet the ecological effects of this massive effort are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that hatchery-reared steelhead salmon ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) released into the Snake River Basin negatively affect the survival of wild Snake River steelhead and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon. Because climatic conditions can influence salmon survival, we included an index of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a covariate in our analyses. Based on time series of hatchery releases and rates of smolt-to-adult survival, we demonstrate that the survival of wild chinook salmon is negatively associated with hatchery releases of steelhead. The state of the ( ENSO) did not affect the strength of this relationship. We observed no relationship between survival of wild steelhead and steelhead hatchery releases. Our results suggest that industrial-scale production of hatchery fish may hinder the recovery of some threatened salmonids and that the potential interspecific impact of hatcheries must be considered as agencies begin the process of hatchery reform. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 51 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1587 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01227.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 618LT UT WOS:000179420100019 ER PT J AU Fujikawa, K Sugawara, A Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Murai, S Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Fujikawa, K Sugawara, A Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Murai, S Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Fluorescent labeling analysis and electron probe microanalysis for alveolar ridge augmentation using calcium phosphate cement SO DENTAL MATERIALS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ridge augmentation; calcium phosphate cement; implant ID GUIDED BONE REGENERATION; DOG; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; MEMBRANES; IMPLANTS AB Our previous histopathological study showed that the augmentation block, prepared from a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) mixed with H2O at powder to liquid ratio of 5 g/mL, placed on the alveolar bone ridge, was gradually replaced by natural bone. In the present study, fluorescent labeling analysis (FLA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were performed on the same surgical site of the above histopathological study. Fluorescent labeling agents, that would be incorporated into newly formed mineralized tissues, were injected into dogs intramuscularly twice a week during the 3 week period that ended I week before sacrifice. The specimens obtained from the block were subjected to FLA for assessing the extent of new bone formation and to EPMA for measuring the elemental (Ca, P, Mg) distributions. FLA results showed the presence of newly formed bone at 1 month after surgery. EPMA results showed that the elemental distributions in the augmentation site were similar to those of the residual bone area at 6 months after surgery. FLA and EPMA examinations also indicated that the implants were surrounded and fixed by natural bone chronologically. A CPC augmentation block is clearly useful for alveolar ridge augmentation and osteointegrated implant fixation. C1 Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Dept Periodontol, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Dept Dent Mat, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 101, Japan. Meikai Univ, Sch Dent, Dept Oral Pathol, Sakado, Saitama 35002, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fujikawa, K (reprint author), Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Dept Periodontol, Chiyoda Ku, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Tokyo 101, Japan. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789] NR 22 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU JAPANESE SOC DENTAL MATERIALS DEVICES PI TOKYO PA C/O KOKU HOKEN KYOKAI, 1-43-9 KAMAGOME TS BDG, KOMAGONE, TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170-0003, JAPAN SN 0287-4547 J9 DENT MATER J JI Dent. Mater. J. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 21 IS 4 BP 296 EP 305 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 648GT UT WOS:000181142600002 PM 12608419 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Witt, C Josell, D AF Moffat, TP Wheeler, D Witt, C Josell, D TI Superconformal electrodeposition using derivitized substrates SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COPPER; TRENCHES; FEATURES AB This paper demonstrates superconformal electrodeposition of copper in trenches using a two-step process. The substrate is first derivitized with a submonolayer coverage of catalyst and then transferred for electroplating in a cupric sulfate electrolyte containing an inhibitor. For an optimum catalyst coverage, superconformal, "bottom-up'' filling of trenches and vias is observed. If the catalyst coverage is too low or too high, conformal or subconformal deposition occurs, resulting in void formation during feature filling. The filling behavior of the derivitized electrodes is analogous to that obtained using a single (conventional) electrolyte containing both catalytic and inhibiting species. Restricting the catalyst to the surface by derivitization prior to metal deposition provides strong support for the curvature-enhanced accelerator coverage mechanism of superconformal film growth. From a technical perspective, the two-step process offers an interesting solution to the difficult control issues associated with catalyst destruction and related aging effects known to occur in the "conventional'' single-electrolyte superfilling process. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int Sematech, Austin, TX 78749 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 17 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 5 IS 12 BP C110 EP C112 DI 10.1149/1.1521290 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 607ZR UT WOS:000178821100009 ER PT J AU Schwacke, LH Voit, EO Hansen, LJ Wells, RS Mitchum, GB Hohn, AA Fair, PA AF Schwacke, LH Voit, EO Hansen, LJ Wells, RS Mitchum, GB Hohn, AA Fair, PA TI Probabilistic risk assessment of reproductive effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeast United States coast SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; polychlorinated biphenyls; marine mammal; bottlenose dolphin; reproduction ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; GULF-OF-MEXICO; NOSED DOLPHINS; ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS; DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; FRACTIONS THEREOF; ATLANTIC COAST; PILOT WHALES; SAGINAW BAY AB High levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been reported in the tissues of some species of marine mammals. The high concentrations are of concern because a growing body of experimental evidence links PCBs to deleterious effects on reproduction, endocrine homeostasis, and immune system function. Much of the recent research has focused on determining the exposure of marine mammal populations to PCBs, but very little effort has been devoted to the actual risk assessments that are needed to determine the expected impacts of the documented exposures. We describe a novel risk assessment approach that integrates measured tissue concentrations of PCBs with a surrogate dose-response relationship and leads to predictions of health risks for marine mammals as well as to the uncertainties associated with these predictions. Specifically, we use PCB tissue residue data from three populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), study the feasibility of published dose-response data from a surrogate species, and combine this information to estimate the risk of detrimental reproductive effects in female dolphins. Our risk analyses for dolphin populations near Beaufort (NC, USA), Sarasota (FL, USA). and Matagorda Bay (TX, USA) indicate a high likelihood that reproductive success. primarily in primiparous females, is being severely impaired by chronic exposure to PCBs. Excess risk of reproductive failure, measured in terms of stillbirth or neonatal mortality, for primiparous females was estimated as 60% (Beaufort), 79% (Sarasota), and 78% (Matagorda Bay). Females of higher parity, which have previously off-loaded a majority of their PCB burden, exhibit a much lower risk. C1 Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Stockton, CA 95205 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Chicago Zool Soc, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Schwacke, LH (reprint author), Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 78 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 5 U2 31 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 21 IS 12 BP 2752 EP 2764 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<2752:PRAORE>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 616XE UT WOS:000179328100032 PM 12463575 ER PT J AU Llanso, RJ Scott, LC Dauer, DM Hyland, JL Russell, DE AF Llanso, RJ Scott, LC Dauer, DM Hyland, JL Russell, DE TI An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity for the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. I. Classification of assemblages and habitat definition SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; NORTH-CAROLINA; COMMUNITIES; MACROBENTHOS; GRADIENTS; PATTERNS; MARINE AB An objective of the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to develop an index for assessing benthic community condition in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States (Delaware Bay through Pamlico Sound). To develop such an index, natural unimpaired communities must first be identified and variability related to natural factors accounted for. This study focused on these two objectives; Llanso et al. (2002) describe the index. Using existing data sets from multiple years, classification analyses of species abundance and discriminant analysis were employed to identify major habitat types in the MAIA region and evaluate the physical characteristics that structure benthic infaunal assemblages. Sampling was restricted to soft bottoms and to the, index development period, July through early October. The analyses revealed salinity and sediment composition as major factors structuring infaunal assemblages in mid-Atlantic estuaries. Geographical location was a secondary factor. Nine habitat classes were distinguished as a combination of 6 salinity classes, 2 sediment types, and the separation of North Carolina and Delaware-Chesapeake Bay polyhaline sites. The effect of sediment types on faunal assemblages was restricted to polyhaline sites, which were separated into two sediment groups above and below 90% sand content. Assemblages corresponding to each of these 9 habitats were identified in the context of widely recognized patterns of dominant taxa. Differences between North Carolina and Delaware-Chesapeake Bay polyhaline assemblages were attributed to the relative contributions of species and not to differences in species composition. No zoogeographic discontinuities could be identified. Our results reinforce the findings of recent studies which suggest that, with respect to estuarine benthic assemblages, the boundary between the Virginian and the Carolinian Provinces be moved to a new location south of Pamlico Sound. C1 Versar Inc, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. US EPA, Reg 3, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Llanso, RJ (reprint author), Versar Inc, 9200 Rumsey Rd, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. NR 43 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 6A BP 1219 EP 1230 DI 10.1007/BF02692219 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639CZ UT WOS:000180611200016 ER PT J AU Llanso, RJ Scott, LC Hyland, JL Dauer, DM Russell, DE Kutz, FW AF Llanso, RJ Scott, LC Hyland, JL Dauer, DM Russell, DE Kutz, FW TI An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity for the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. II. Index Development SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID OF-MEXICO ESTUARIES; CHESAPEAKE BAY; BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA; NORTH-CAROLINA; MACROINVERTEBRATES; PHYTOPLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; VALIDATION; POLLUTION; QUALITY AB A benthic index of biotic integrity was developed for use in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States (Delaware Bay estuary through Albemarle-Pamlico Sound). The index was developed for the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency using procedures similar to those applied previously in Chesapeake Bay and southeastern estuaries, and was based on sampling in July through early October. Data from seven federal and state sampling programs were used to categorize sites as degraded or non-degraded based on dissolved oxygen, sediment contaminant, and sediment toxicity criteria. Various metrics of benthic community structure and function that distinguished between degraded and reference (non-degraded) sites were selected for each of five major habitat types defined by classification analysis of assemblages. Each metric was scored according to thresholds established on the distribution of values at reference sites, so that sites with low scoring metrics would be expected to show signs of degradation. For each habitat, metrics that correctly classified at least 50% of the degraded sites in the calibration data set were selected whenever possible to derive the index. The final index integrated the average score of the combination of metrics that performed best according to several criteria. Selected metrics included measures of productivity (abundance), diversity (number of taxa, Shannon-Wiener diversity, percent dominance), species composition and life history (percent abundance of pollution-indicative taxa, percent abundance of pollution-sensitive taxa, percent abundance of Bivalvia, Tanypodinae-Chironomidae abundance ratio), and trophic composition (percent abundance of deep-deposit feeders). The index correctly classified 82% of all sites in an independent data set-Classification efficiencies of sites were higher in the mesohaline and polyhaline habitats (81-92%) than in the oligohaline (71%) and the tidal freshwater (61%). Although application of the index to low salinity habitats should be done with caution, the MAIA index appeared to be quite reliable with a high likelihood of correctly identifying both degraded and non-degraded conditions. The index is expected to be of great utility in regional assessments as a tool for evaluating the integrity of benthic assemblages and tracking their condition over time. C1 Versar Inc, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. US EPA, Reg 3, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. RP Llanso, RJ (reprint author), Versar Inc, 9200 Rumsey Rd, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. NR 41 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 12 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 6A BP 1231 EP 1242 DI 10.1007/BF02692220 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639CZ UT WOS:000180611200017 ER PT J AU Browder, JA Zein-Eldin, Z Criales, MM Robblee, MB Wong, S Jackson, TL Johnson, D AF Browder, JA Zein-Eldin, Z Criales, MM Robblee, MB Wong, S Jackson, TL Johnson, D TI Dynamics of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) recruitment potential in relation to salinity and temperature in Florida Bay SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID TORTUGAS GROUNDS; PENAEOID SHRIMPS; FLOW PATTERNS; MUD BANKS; EVOLUTION; KEYS; USA; TRANSPORT; ABUNDANCE; ECOSYSTEM AB Progress is reported in relating upstream water management and freshwater flow to Florida Bay to a valuable commercial fishery for pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum), which has major nursery grounds in Florida Bay. Changes in freshwater inflow are expected to affect salinity patterns in the bay, so the effect of salinity and temperature on the growth, survival, and subsequent recruitment and harvest of this ecologically and economically important species was examined with laboratory experiments and a simulation model. Experiments were conducted to determine the response of juvenile growth and survival to temperature (15degreesC to 33degreesC) and salinity (2parts per thousand to 55parts per thousand), and results were used to refine an existing model. Results of these experiments indicated that juvenile pink shrimp have a broad salinity tolerance range at their optimal temperature, but the salinity tolerance range narrows with distance from the optimal temperature range, 20-30degreesC. Acclimation improved survival at extreme high salinity (55parts per thousand), but not at extremely low salinity (i.e., 5parts per thousand, 10parts per thousand). Growth rate increases with temperature until tolerance is exceeded beyond about 35degreesC. Growth is optimal in the mid-range of salinity (30parts per thousand) and decreases as salinity increases or decreases. Potential recruitment and harvests from regions of Florida Bay were simulated based on local observed daily temperature and salinity. The simulations predict that potential harvests might differ among years, seasons, and regions of the bay solely on the basis of observed temperature and salinity. Regional differences in other characteristics, such as seagrass cover and tidal transport, may magnify regional differences in potential harvests. The model predicts higher catch rates in the September-December fishery, originating from the April and July settlement cohorts, than in the January-June fishery, originating from the October and January settlement cohorts. The observed density of juveniles in western Florida Bay during the same years simulated by the model was greater in the fall than the spring, supporting modeling results. The observed catch rate in the fishery, a rough index of abundance, was higher in the January-June fishery than the July-December fishery in most of the biological years from 1989-1990 through 1997-1998, contrary to modeling results and observed juvenile density in western Florida Bay. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Dept Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div, Homestead, FL 33046 USA. RP Browder, JA (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM joan.browder@noaa.gov NR 79 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 6B BP 1355 EP 1371 DI 10.1007/BF02692230 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 639DB UT WOS:000180611400010 ER PT J AU Swartzman, G Napp, J Brodeur, R Winter, A Ciannelli, L AF Swartzman, G Napp, J Brodeur, R Winter, A Ciannelli, L TI Spatial patterns of pollock and zooplankton distribution in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska nursery area and their relationship to pollock recruitment SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acoustic surveys; spatial distribution; recruitment; walleye pollock; Bering Sea ID JUVENILE WALLEYE POLLOCK; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; BERING-SEA; VARIABILITY; ASSOCIATION; PROXIMITY; BEHAVIOR; FISH AB Data from six years, September 1994-1999, of bio-acoustic surveys near the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, (AK), from which age-0 walleye pollock school and zooplankton patch locations have been extracted, were analysed using image-processing methods. Multiple passes along four transects in this major pollock nursery area were examined. The data showed high year-to-year variability in overall abundance of both fish and plankton, but consistent abundance differences between the transects. Juvenile pollock abundance was generally highest in the shallow shelf region to the north of the Pribilof Islands and lowest in the mouth of the Pribilof Canyon to the south. Plankton biomass patterns tended to be the reverse. We identified fronts and regions within the transects based on changes in hydrograpy (e.g. vertical stratification) and bathymetry. Diel migration patterns of pollock and zooplankton within these regions appear to depend on the degree of stratification, the depth, the size of the pollock and the relative abundance of the pollock and zooplankton. Several hypotheses are also discussed concerning the relationship of pollock recruitment year-class strength to large year classes including differences in the environmental conditions, the pervasiveness of the pollock, the size of juvenile pollock and the density of predators. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97369 USA. RP Swartzman, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Box 355640, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1167 EP 1186 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1312 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 622BQ UT WOS:000179627000003 ER PT J AU Joyce, WN Campana, SE Natanson, LJ Kohler, NE Pratt, HL Jensen, CF AF Joyce, WN Campana, SE Natanson, LJ Kohler, NE Pratt, HL Jensen, CF TI Analysis of stomach contents of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus Bonnaterre) in the northwest Atlantic SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diet; elasmobranchs; Lamnidae; porbeagle; sharks; stomach content ID CARCHARODON-CARCHARIAS; GALEOCERDO CUVIER; DAILY RATION; WHITE SHARK; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; WATERS; HABITS; FOOD AB Stomachs of 1022 porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus) ranging in size from 85-264 cm were examined from the Canadian porbeagle shark fishery and a scientific cruise in the northwest Atlantic between February 1999 and January 2001. Teleosts occurred in the majority of stomachs and constituted 91% of the diet by weight. Cephalopods occurred in 12% and were the second most important food category consumed. Pelagic fish and cephalopods comprised the largest portion of the diet in the spring while groundfish dominated the diet in the fall. Diet did not differ significantly between the sexes. Stomach fullness differed slightly but significantly across months and declined slightly with fork length. The porbeagle is primarily an opportunistic piscivore with a diet characterized by a wide range of species. Diet composition changed seasonally following a migration from deep to shallow water. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. All rights reserved. C1 Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fish Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NC Div Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Joyce, WN (reprint author), Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fish Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RI Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013 OI Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976 NR 26 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1263 EP 1269 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1286 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 622BQ UT WOS:000179627000011 ER PT J AU Secor, DH Campana, SE Zdanowicz, VS Lam, JWH Yang, L Rooker, JR AF Secor, DH Campana, SE Zdanowicz, VS Lam, JWH Yang, L Rooker, JR TI Inter-laboratory comparison of Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna otolith microconstituents SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bluefin tuna; elemental fingerprint; migration; otolith microconstituents; stock structure ID PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; THUNNUS-THYNNUS; ELEMENTAL FINGERPRINTS; FISH OTOLITHS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; HUDSON RIVER; STRIPED BASS; STRONTIUM; MIGRATION; CHEMISTRY AB Elemental analysis of juvenile (age 0+ and 1 year) Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus otoliths by isotope dilution and conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID ICP-MS and ICP-MS) indicated that the concentrations of certain elements varied among putative nursery grounds in the Atlantic Ocean. Further, trace element fingerprints of age-1 tuna from each nursery - the western Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea - were distinct and varied sufficiently to distinguish individuals from different regions with moderate confidence. Overall correct classification rates for a simulated test set of age-1 tuna were 68% (using ICP-MS) and 81% (using ID ICP-MS), despite a small sample size (9 Mediterranean vs. 19 western Atlantic tunas). Although ID ICP-MS was the more accurate of the two ICP-MS technologies, inter-laboratory precision was moderately high (3-18%) for individual elemental concentrations (Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Sr, and Ba), and multi-variate elemental fingerprints were similarly ordinated between laboratories (r=0.75). Age-0 tuna samples were too small to permit statistical classification tests, but showed similar levels of elemental concentrations between laboratories. Our results indicate that it should be possible to assign nursery ground origin to adult bluefin tuna based on the elemental composition of their extracted otolith core. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. Bedford Inst Oceanog, Marine Fis Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Secor, DH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012; Campana, Steven/C-3420-2013; Rooker, Jay/M-3197-2013; OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827; Campana, Steven/0000-0001-8802-3976; Rooker, Jay/0000-0002-5934-7688; Lam, Joseph/0000-0001-6402-0535; Yang, Lu/0000-0002-4351-2503 NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1294 EP 1304 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1311 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 622BQ UT WOS:000179627000015 ER PT J AU Conners, ME Schwager, SJ AF Conners, ME Schwager, SJ TI The use of adaptive cluster sampling for hydroacoustic surveys SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adaptive cluster sampling; survey design; spatial sampling; stock assessment; patchy distributions ID ACOUSTIC SURVEYS; FISH ABUNDANCE; GEOSTATISTICS; POPULATIONS; EFFICIENCY; ANCHOVY; DESIGNS; DENSITY; STOCK; UNITS AB Resource managers are often required to estimate the size of a wildlife population based on sampling surveys. This problem is especially critical in fisheries, where stock-size estimation forms the basis for key policy decisions. This study looks at design-based methods for a hydroacoustic fisheries survey, with the goal of improving estimation when the target stock has a patchy spatial distribution. In particular, we examine the efficiency and feasibility of a relatively new design-based method known as adaptive cluster sampling (ACS). A simulation experiment looks at the relative efficiency of ACS and traditional sampling designs in a hydroacoustic survey setting. Fish densities with known spatial covariance are generated and subjected to repeated sampling. The distributions of the different estimators are compared. Hydroacoustic data frequently display strong serial correlation along transects and so traditional designs based on one-stage cluster sampling are appropriate. Estimates of total stock size for these designs had a markedly skewed distribution. ACS designs performed better than traditional designs for all stocks with small-scale spatial correlation in fish density, yielding estimates with lower variance. ACS estimators were not skewed and had a lower frequency of large errors. For the most variable stock the use of ACS reduced the coefficient of variation (CV) of the stock size estimate from over 0.9 to around 0.5. Differences between traditional and ACS designs were consistent over multiple realizations of each spatial covariance model. A survey of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in the eastern basin of Lake Erie was used as a case study for development of a survey design. A field trial showed that use of ACS for the survey is feasible but pointed out some areas for further research. The biggest drawback to use of ACS is uncertainty in the final sample size. This can be partially controlled by applying ACS within a stratified design. ACS retains the unbiased and non-parametric properties of design-based estimation but allows increased sampling in high-density areas that are of greater biological interest. For stocks with an aggregated or patchy spatial distribution ACS can provide a more precise estimate of stock size than traditional survey methods. (C) 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Biometr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Conners, ME (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Ecol & Fishery Managment Div, 7600 Sand Point, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1314 EP 1325 DI 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1306 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 622BQ UT WOS:000179627000017 ER PT J AU Afridi, MY Suehle, JS Zaghloul, ME Berning, DW Hefner, AR Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Montgomery, CB Taylor, CJ AF Afridi, Muhammad Y. Suehle, John S. Zaghloul, Mona E. Berning, David W. Hefner, Allen R. Cavicchi, Richard E. Semancik, Steve Montgomery, Christopher B. Taylor, Charles J. TI A Monolithic CMOS Microhotplate-Based Gas Sensor System SO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A monolithic CMOS microhotplate-based conductance-type gas sensor system is described. A bulk micromachining technique is used to create suspended microhotplate structures that serve as sensing film platforms. The thermal properties of the microhotplates include a 1-ms thermal time constant and a 10 degrees C/mW thermal efficiency. The polysilicon used for the microhotplate heater exhibits a temperature coefficient of resistance of 1.067 x 10(-3)/degrees C. Tin(IV) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide (SnO2, TiO2) sensing films are grown over postpatterned gold sensing electrodes on the microhotplate using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). An array of microhotplate gas sensors with different sensing film properties is fabricated by using a different temperature for each microhotplate during the LPCVD film growth process. Interface circuits are designed and implemented monolithically with the array of microhotplate gas sensors. Bipolar transistors are found to be a good choice for the heater drivers, and MOSFET switches are suitable for addressing the sensing films. An on-chip operational amplifier improves the signal-to-noise ratio and produces a robust output signal. Isothermal responses demonstrate the ability of the sensors to detect different gas molecules over a wide range of concentrations including detection below 100 nanomoles/mole. C1 [Afridi, Muhammad Y.; Suehle, John S.; Berning, David W.; Hefner, Allen R.] NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Zaghloul, Mona E.] George Washington Univ, Elect & Comp Engn Dept, Washington, DC 20052 USA. [Cavicchi, Richard E.; Semancik, Steve; Montgomery, Christopher B.] NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Taylor, Charles J.] Pomona Coll, Seaver Chem Lab, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Afridi, MY (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM afridi@nist.gov NR 14 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 18 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1530-437X J9 IEEE SENS J JI IEEE Sens. J. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 2 IS 6 BP 644 EP 655 DI 10.1109/JSEN.2002.807780 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA V23EU UT WOS:000208326900013 ER PT J AU Harman, GG Johnson, CE AF Harman, GG Johnson, CE TI Wire bonding to advanced copper, low-K integrated circuits, the metal/dielectric stacks, and materials considerations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS AND PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th THERMINIC Workshop CY SEP 25-27, 2001 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP IEEE Comp Soc Test Technol Tech Council, TIMA Lab, IEEE Components, Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc, European Test Technol Tech Comm DE bondability; copper; diffusion barriers; LoK; polymer; thin film; wire bonding ID INTERCONNECTS AB There are three areas to consider when designing/implementing wire bonding to advanced ULSI damascene-copper chips having copper metallization and low dielectric-constant polymers embedded beneath them (Cu/LoK). These are: 1) the copper-pad. top-surface oxidation inhibitor coating-metal/organic/inorganic. (Current work involves evaluating the metal and inorganic, options); 2) the low dielectric constant materials available; 3) under-pad metal/polymer stacks and support structures necessary for bondability and reliability. There are also various polymer/metallurgical interactions, resulting in long term packaged-device reliability problems, that can occur as the result of the wire bonding process over low modulus, LoK materials with barriers. These include cracked diffusion barriers, copper diffusion into the LoK polymers, cracking/spalling/crazing of the LoK materials, and bond pad indentation ("cupping"). Low-K polymer materials, with high expansion coefficients and low thermal conductivities, can also increase the stress and further extend any existing damage to barriers. Many of the above problems have previously been encountered when bonding to pads over polymers (MCM-D, polymer buildup-layers on PCBs, PBGAs, flex circuits, etc.), and they share some of the same solutions. Well designed LoK and the underpad structures should have no negative effect on bonding parameters and be invisible to the bonding process. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Met Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 6 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1521-3331 J9 IEEE T COMPON PACK T JI IEEE Trans. Compon. Packaging Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 677 EP 683 DI 10.1109/TCAPT.2002.808008 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 645MX UT WOS:000180982700024 ER PT J AU Singh, R Irvine, KG Capell, DC Richmond, JT Berning, D Hefner, AR Palmour, JW AF Singh, R Irvine, KG Capell, DC Richmond, JT Berning, D Hefner, AR Palmour, JW TI Large area, ultra-high voltage 4H-SiC p-i-n rectifiers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE p-i-n; rectifier; reverse recovery; SiC AB This paper reports the design, fabrication and high temperature characteristics of 1 mm(2), 4 mm(2) and 9 mm(2). 4H-SiC p-i-n rectifiers with 6 kV, 5 kV, and 10 kV blocking voltage, respectively. These results were obtained from two lots in an effort to increase the total power levels on such rectifiers. An innovative design utilizing a highly doped p-type epitaxial Anode layer and junction termination extension (JTE) were used in order to realize good on-state as well as stable blocking characteristics. For the 1 mm(2) and 4 mm(2) rectifier, a forward voltage drop of less"than 5 V was observed at 500 A/cm(2) and the peak reverse recovery current shows a modest 50% increase in the 25 degreesC to 225 degreesC temperature range. On the 10 kV, 9 mm(2) rectifier, a forward voltage drop of less than 4.8 V was observed at 100 A/cm(2) in the entire 25 degreesC to 200 degreesC temperature range. For this device, the reverse recovery characteristics show a modest 110% increase in the peak reverse recovery current from 25 degreesC to 200 degreesC. A dramatically low Q(rr) Of 3.8 muC was obtained at a forward current density of 220 A/cm(2) at 200 degreesC for this ultra high voltage rectifier. These devices show that more than three orders of magnitude reduction in reverse recovery charge is obtained in 4H-SiC rectifiers as compared to comparable Si rectifiers. C1 Cree Inc, Durham, NC 27703 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cree Inc, Durham, NC 27703 USA. EM ranbir_singh@cree.com; hefner@apollo.eeel.nist.gov NR 11 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9383 EI 1557-9646 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD DEC PY 2002 VL 49 IS 12 BP 2308 EP 2316 DI 10.1109/TED.2002.805576 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 645MR UT WOS:000180982000027 ER PT J AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM TI Silicon as a standard material for infrared reflectance and transmittance from 2 to 5 mu m SO INFRARED PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE reflectance; transmittance; infrared; polarization; index of refraction AB We have investigated the specular reflectance and transmittance of polished, high-resistivity single-crystal Si in the spectral range from 2 to 5 mum. Measurements were performed with a nearly collimated (approximate to0.7degrees divergence) beam at angles of incidence from 12degrees to 80degrees, and a spectral resolution of 16 cm(-1). The measured values agree with the expected values obtained from the published index of refraction of Si to within 0.002. This represents a substantial reduction in experimental uncertainty compared to previous results and demonstrates the usefulness of Si as a standard material for infrared reflectance and transmittance. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1350-4495 J9 INFRARED PHYS TECHN JI Infrared Phys. Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 43 IS 6 BP 389 EP 396 AR PII S1350-4495(02)00161-5 DI 10.1016/S1350-4495(02)00161-5 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 605JF UT WOS:000178674200010 ER PT J AU Dickhoff, WW AF Dickhoff, WW TI Endocrine control of growth in vertebrates: an alternate view. SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 02-07, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol C1 Univ Washington, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1220 EP 1221 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 669ND UT WOS:000182356600200 ER PT J AU Geis, AA Wibbels, T Garduno, DM Marquez, MR Burchfield, P Schroeder, B AF Geis, AA Wibbels, T Garduno, DM Marquez, MR Burchfield, P Schroeder, B TI Evaluation of Kemp's ridley hatchling sex ratios within egg corral and in situ nests at the primary nesting beach SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 02-07, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. SEMARNAT, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Inst Nacl Pesca, La Paz, Mexico. Gladys Porter Zoo, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1234 EP 1234 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 669ND UT WOS:000182356600268 ER PT J AU Larsen, DA Cooper, KA Shimizu, M AF Larsen, DA Cooper, KA Shimizu, M TI In vivo effects of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone on the GH-IGF-1 axis (plasma GH, IGF-1, and putative IGFBP-3) in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. SO INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-and-Comparative-Biology CY JAN 02-07, 2002 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Integrat & Comparat Biol C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 1540-7063 J9 INTEGR COMP BIOL JI Integr. Comp. Biol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1262 EP 1262 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 669ND UT WOS:000182356600409 ER PT J AU Kedzierski, MA AF Kedzierski, MA TI Effect of bulk lubricant concentration on the excess surface density during R123 pool boiling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article DE heat transfer; mass transfer; pool boiling; mixture; lubricant; concentration; density; surface AB This paper investigates the effect that bulk lubricant concentration has on the non-adiabatic lubricant excess surface density on a roughened, horizontal flat (plain) pool-boiling surface. Both pool boiling heat transfer data and lubricant excess surface density data are given for pure R 123 and three different mixtures of R 123 and a naphthenic mineral oil. A spectrofluorometer was used to measure the lubricant excess density that was established by the boiling of a R123/lubricant mixture on a test surface. The fluorescent technique was used to measure the effect of bulk lubricant concentration on the lubricant excess layer during refrigerant/lubricant mixture boiling. The refrigerant preferentially boils, thus, concentrating and accumulating the lubricant on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration. The excess lubricant resides in a very thin layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance. Accordingly, the ability to measure the effect of bulk lubricant composition on the lubricant excess density and in turn the effect on the heat transfer would lead to a fundamental understanding of the mechanism by which lubricants can degrade or improve boiling performance. In support of this effort, heat transfer data are provided for pure R123 and three R123/lubricant mixtures at 277.6 K. For heat fluxes between approximately 25 to 45 kW/m(2), an average enhancement of the heat flux of 9 and 5 % was achieved for the 0.5 and 1% lubricant mass fractions, respectively, and an average degradation of 5 % in the heat flux was obtained for the 1.8% lubricant mass fraction mixture. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kedzierski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 226,Room B114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1062 EP 1071 AR PII S0140-7007(02)00006-3 DI 10.1016/S0140-7007(02)00006-3 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 616MC UT WOS:000179306700008 ER PT J AU Kedzierski, MA AF Kedzierski, MA TI Use of fluorescence to measure the lubricant excess surface density during pool boiling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article DE heat transfer; mass transfer; pool boiling; lubricant; measurement; fluorescence ID OIL CONCENTRATION; REFRIGERANTS AB This paper presents what are believed to be the first measurements of the non-adiabatic lubricant excess surface density on a roughened, flat, plain horizontal pool-boiling surface. Pool boiling heat transfer data is given for pure R123 and a R123/lubricant mixture. Lubricant excess surface density data are given for the boiling R123/lubricant mixture. A spectrofluorometer was used to measure the lubricant excess density that was established by the boiling of a R123/lubricant mixture on a test surface. The fluorescent measurement technique was used to confirm the existence of the lubricant excess layer during refrigerant/lubricant mixture boiling. The refrigerant preferentially boils, thus, concentrating and accumulating the lubricant on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration. The excess lubricant resides in a very thin layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance. Accordingly, the ability to measure the lubricant excess density on the heat transfer surface would lead to a fundamental understanding of the mechanism by which lubricants can degrade or improve boiling performance. In support of this effort, heat transfer data are provided for both pure R123 and an R123/lubricant (1.8% lubricant mass fraction) mixture at 277.6 K. The heat transfer data shows that the lubricant excess causes an average degradation of 12% in the heat flux for a given superheat. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kedzierski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 226,Room B114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD DEC PY 2002 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1110 EP 1122 AR PII S0140-7007(02)00005-1 DI 10.1016/S0140-7007(02)00005-1 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 616MC UT WOS:000179306700013 ER PT J AU Kattner, UR AF Kattner, UR TI Phase diagrams for lead-free solder alloys SO JOM-JOURNAL OF THE MINERALS METALS & MATERIALS SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SN SYSTEM; THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT; FATIGUE-RESISTANT; TIN SYSTEM; EQUILIBRIA; CU; TEMPERATURE; SOLIDIFICATION C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kattner, UR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 10 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1047-4838 J9 JOM-J MIN MET MAT S JI JOM-J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 54 IS 12 BP 45 EP 51 DI 10.1007/BF02709189 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Mineralogy; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 626XH UT WOS:000179898800008 ER PT J AU Gibson, WM Schultz, AJ Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Gnaupel-Herold, T Miller, ME Prask, HJ Vitt, R AF Gibson, WM Schultz, AJ Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Gnaupel-Herold, T Miller, ME Prask, HJ Vitt, R TI Polycapillary focusing optic for small-sample neutron crystallography SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY OPTICS; PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION; DATA-COLLECTION AB The relatively low flux from neutron sources means that structural analysis using neutron diffraction requires large crystals that are often not available. The feasibility of a polycapillary focusing optic to produce a small intense spot of size < similar to 0.5 mm for small crystals has been explored and such an optic has been tested both on a monochromatic and on a polychromatic beam. In a diffraction measurement from an alpha-quartz crystal using a 2.1 degrees convergent beam from a pulsed neutron source, six diffraction peaks in the 1.5-4 angstrom wavelength bandwidth transmitted by the optic were observed. These diffraction spots show an intensity gain of 5.8 +/- 0.9 compared with a direct beam diffracting from the same sample volume as that illuminated by the convergent beam. C1 Xray Opt Syst Inc, Albany, NY 12203 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schultz, AJ (reprint author), Xray Opt Syst Inc, 30 Corp Circle, Albany, NY 12203 USA. EM ajszhultz@anl.gov OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 35 BP 677 EP 683 DI 10.1107/S0021889802014917 PN 6 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 614FX UT WOS:000179178600005 ER PT J AU Loney, ML Zrnic, DS Straka, JM Ryzhkov, AV AF Loney, ML Zrnic, DS Straka, JM Ryzhkov, AV TI Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTIPARAMETER RADAR; HAIL GROWTH; WIND-TUNNEL; TORNADO DETECTION; DOPPLER RADAR; AIR-FLOW; PRECIPITATION; AIRCRAFT; CLASSIFICATION; POLARIZATION AB Compelling in situ and polarimetric radar observations from a severe Oklahoma supercell storm are presented. The in situ observations are from an aircraft that entered the storm above the main inflow region, sampling the embryo curtain, main updraft, its western fringe ( very close to the center of mesocyclonic circulation), and the hail cascade region. At the same time, the Cimarron polarimetric radar observed enhanced signatures in specific differential phase K-dp and differential reflectivity Z(dr) straddling the main updraft and extending several kilometers above the melting layer. The distance of the storm from the radar balances the novelty of this dataset, however, which is on the order of 100 km. The authors therefore rely heavily on the in situ data, including calculation of polarimetric variables, on comparisons with other in situ datasets, and on accepted conceptual models of hail growth in supercell storms to clarify hydrometeor processes in light of the intriguing polarimetric signatures near the updraft. The relation of enhanced K-dp to the main updraft, to the Z(dr) "column,'' and to precipitation is discussed. Strong evidence points to melting ice particles (> 3 mm) below the aircraft height as the origin of the K-dp column in the region where an abundant number of small (< 2 mm) drops are also observed. To support the notion that these drops are shed by melting and perhaps wet growth, results of calculations on aircraft data are discussed. Resolution issues are invoked, leading to possible reconciliation of radar measurements with in situ observations. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 52 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 41 IS 12 BP 1179 EP 1194 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1179:EPRSAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614CF UT WOS:000179170200003 ER PT J AU Bond, NA Walter, BA AF Bond, NA Walter, BA TI Research aircraft observations of the mean and turbulent structure of a low-level jet accompanying a strong storm SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER; AIR-MOTION; SIMULATION; SYSTEM; FRONT; MODEL AB A NOAA P-3 research aircraft collected measurements in a storm off of the U. S. West Coast that featured a low-level jet with wind speeds approaching 50 m s(-1). These measurements have been used to document mean and turbulent boundary layer structures in the vicinity of the jet along a pair of transects (similar to150 and similar to25 km off the coast). Large magnitudes of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and a lack of thermal wind balance were found in the region of the jet, indicating that mixing was an important process. The turbulent fluxes of buoyancy were generally negative, implying that the turbulence near the jet was generated by wind shear. The observed momentum fluxes associated with this wind shear were compared with a TKE-based parameterization for these fluxes. In certain locations, the momentum fluxes were up the vertical wind shear gradient, whereas the parameterization specifies that these fluxes should be down the gradient. Nevertheless, in general the observed and parameterized momentum fluxes agreed favorably, and this agreement was improved with the inclusion of factors related to the magnitude of the TKE and buoyancy effects. The terms in the TKE budget equation were evaluated, revealing substantial variations in shear production and even larger variations in the turbulent transport of TKE. These variations probably are responsible for the highly patchy distribution of TKE in the vicinity of the jet. Because relatively few turbulence measurements have been collected in such strong low-level winds, this case represents a unique opportunity for validating the boundary layer processes simulated by numerical weather prediction models in the storm environment. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NW Res Associates Inc, Bellevue, WA 98009 USA. RP Bond, NA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 41 IS 12 BP 1210 EP 1224 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1210:RAOOTM>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 614CF UT WOS:000179170200005 ER PT J AU McCarthy, KJ Baciero, A Zurro, B Arp, U Tarrio, C Lucatorto, TB Morono, A Martin, P Hodgson, ER AF McCarthy, KJ Baciero, A Zurro, B Arp, U Tarrio, C Lucatorto, TB Morono, A Martin, P Hodgson, ER TI Characterization of the response of chromium-doped alumina screens in the vacuum ultraviolet using synchrotron radiation SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REGIONS; PHOTOABSORPTION; DETECTORS AB We have measured the response of chromium-doped alumina screens to vacuum ultraviolet radiation and derived quantum efficiency curves for the energy range from 30 to 300 eV. A model is presented to explain the structure in this curve. In addition, the radiation hardness of such screens, which have found application as narrow-band radiation detectors for a hot fusion plasma diagnostic, is reported here for MeV electrons. Finally, a simple model is constructed to obtain the carrier diffusion length and the bulk efficiency of this material. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Asociac Euratom, Lab Nacl Fus, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Elect Opt Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McCarthy, KJ (reprint author), Asociac Euratom, Lab Nacl Fus, CIEMAT, Ave Complutense 22, Madrid, Spain. RI Baciero, Alfonso/B-4942-2008; Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; Zurro, Bernardo/L-2199-2014; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 6541 EP 6545 DI 10.1063/1.1518133 PG 5 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 614TK UT WOS:000179206600023 ER PT J AU Cheng, ZY Zhang, QM Bateman, FB AF Cheng, ZY Zhang, QM Bateman, FB TI Dielectric relaxation behavior and its relation to microstructure in relaxor ferroelectric polymers: High-energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE; POLARIZATION; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITION AB The dielectric behavior of the high-energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 68/32 mol % copolymer was characterized in the dose range from 0 to 175 Mrad. It was found that as the dose increases, the copolymer evolves from a normal ferroelectric to a relaxor ferroelectric and then to a simple relaxor. Correspondingly, the crystalline morphology changes from a two-phase coexistence between a polar and nonpolar phases at low doses (<50 Mrad) to a macroscopically uniform nonpolar phase for doses beyond 50 Mrad, as revealed by x-ray data. Interestingly, it was observed that in the whole dose range, the Vogel-Fulcher (V-F) relationship could describe the measured relationship between the frequency and the peak temperature of dielectric constant well. For the copolymers irradiated with dose near 75 Mrad, which show a typical relaxor ferroelectric response, the V-F behavior is a result of freezing of the relaxation time (into polar glass state). For the copolymers irradiated with doses lower that 50 Mrad where a polar phase and nonpolar phase coexist, the dielectric data at near the ferroelectric-paraelectric temperature show a dielectric peak with V-F type relaxation followed by a transition from a relaxor ferroelectric and normal ferroelectric as the temperature is lowered, suggesting a possible freezing process even in this dose range. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheng, ZY (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RI Cheng, Zhongyang (Z.-Y.)/A-9841-2008 OI Cheng, Zhongyang (Z.-Y.)/0000-0001-7209-7380 NR 31 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 6749 EP 6755 DI 10.1063/1.1518130 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 614TK UT WOS:000179206600056 ER PT J AU Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Gibson, WM AF Mildner, DFR Chen-Mayer, HH Gibson, WM TI Focusing neutrons with tapered capillary optics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; LENS AB The transmission characteristics of radiation through hollow tapered capillaries may be described by expressions derived for straight capillaries but with a reduced critical angle. The size of the focused beam for recent transmission measurements through a tapered polycapillary focusing optic performed at various different wavelengths gives a measure of the reduced critical angle. We derive the transmission characteristics of the focusing lens from the measured data and compare these with the analytic results. A similar comparison is made for a polychromatic incident beam. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Xray Opt Syst Inc, Albany, NY 12203 USA. RP Mildner, DFR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 6911 EP 6917 DI 10.1063/1.1519953 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 614TK UT WOS:000179206600083 ER PT J AU Levy, MG Flowers, JR Poore, MF Mullen, JE Khoo, LH Pote, LM Paperna, I Dzikowski, R Litaker, RW AF Levy, MG Flowers, JR Poore, MF Mullen, JE Khoo, LH Pote, LM Paperna, I Dzikowski, R Litaker, RW TI Morphologic, pathologic, and genetic investigations of Bolbophorus species affecting cultured channel catfish in the Mississippi delta SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SUBSTITUTION; GEN.; DNA AB Trematodes belonging to the genus Bolbophorus have recently been reported as the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi and Louisiana. Previous investigators identified only a single species, B. confusus. In this investigation, genetic techniques were used to identify all stages of the parasite in all of its hosts. The 18s rRNA genes from specimens collected in Mississippi were sequenced and compared; this analysis revealed that there are two distinct species, B. damnificus (previously identified as B. confusus) and another, undescribed species. (Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a third species, B. levantinus, is also closely related to the Mississippi species.) Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays capable of identifying and differentiating between these two parasites were developed. Both species were found to infect the first intermediate host (the ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis) in commercial channel catfish ponds, but only B. damnificus was recovered from the fish themselves. The new, unidentified Bolbophorus species was determined to be highly pathogenic to a number of fish species. The contribution of B. damnificus to disease in cultured channel catfish remains undetermined. Future investigations of these parasites must now take into account the presence of two distinct species. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr, Dept Anim Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Levy, MG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 235 EP 246 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0235:MPAGIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 636FH UT WOS:000180443600001 ER PT J AU Aguirre, AA Balazs, GH Spraker, TR Murakawa, SKK Zimmerman, B AF Aguirre, AA Balazs, GH Spraker, TR Murakawa, SKK Zimmerman, B TI Pathology of oropharyngeal fibropapillomatosis in green turtles Chelonia mydas SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Complete gross and histopathologic examinations of the oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, and glottis were performed in five Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas with fibropapillomatosis. These examinations demonstrated that the oropharyngeal fibropapillomas were similar to characteristic external fibropapillomas previously described for green turtles. The size, appearance, and anatomic site of the tumors confirmed that these turtles presented total or partial occlusion of the nasopharynx, glottis, larynx, and adjacent tissues. The fibropapillomas of the oropharynx were considered locally invasive and severely modified the morphophysiology of respiration and feeding in these turtles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of oropharyngeal fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles. C1 Columbia Univ, Wildlife Trust, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Colorado State Univ, State Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Wildlife Hlth Int, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Aguirre, AA (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Wildlife Trust, 61 Route 9 W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 298 EP 304 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0298:POOFIG>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 636FH UT WOS:000180443600009 ER PT J AU Zhao, YZ Brewer, WA Eberhard, WL Alvarez, RJ AF Zhao, YZ Brewer, WA Eberhard, WL Alvarez, RJ TI Lidar measurement of ammonia concentrations and fluxes in a plume from a point source SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACKSCATTER HETERODYNE LIDAR; CO2 DOPPLER LIDAR; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA; SYSTEM; ERRORS AB A field experiment was performed that demonstrated the ability of a scanning carbon dioxide (CO2) coherent lidar system to measure the concentration distribution of ammonia in a plume from a point source. This application of the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) method used wavelengths of CO2 lasers at 10.288 mum (online) and 10.274 mum (offline). The addition of wind information, which was obtained from Doppler measurements with the same lidar, permitted ammonia flux measurements through a vertical plane. The measurements were performed in the early morning when the atmosphere was stable, cool, and dry. Ammonia fluxes calculated from the lidar data showed satisfactory agreement with the ammonia release rates measured by a flowmeter. Modifications are planned to improve sensitivity and to enable measurement of ambient ammonia concentrations in polluted regions. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Opt Remote Sensing Div,ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Zhao, YZ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Opt Remote Sensing Div,ETL, 325 Broadway,R-ET2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Eberhard, Wynn/B-5402-2015 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1928 EP 1938 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1928:LMOACA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619GR UT WOS:000179468100003 ER PT J AU Ignatov, A Nalli, NR AF Ignatov, A Nalli, NR TI Aerosol retrievals from the multiyear multisatellite AVHRR Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) dataset for correcting remotely sensed sea surface temperatures SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; OPTICAL DEPTH; ALGORITHM; OCEANS; SATELLITE; SENSITIVITY; INVERSION AB Eight-year (1990-98), two-satellite (NOAA-11 and -14), global daily similar to(110 km)(2) gridded observations from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) dataset have been previously merged with the Pathfinder Matchup Database (PFMDB) and used to develop the Phase I aerosol correction for sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from AVHRR. In this study, this unique PATMOS-BUOY matchup dataset (N = 105 831) is used to derive and quality control an advanced set of aerosol parameters to be used in the Phase II algorithm: aerosol optical depths in channels 1 (lambda(1) = 0.63 mum) and 2 (lambda(2) = 0.83 mum), tau(1) and tau(2), and Angstrom exponent alpha = -ln(tau(1)/tau(2))/ln(lambda(1)/lambda(2)). Inaccurate retrievals at low sun and outliers are removed from the data. PATMOS global, multiyear, multisatellite aerosol properties, derived from cloud-free portions of the (110 km)(2) grid, resemble many features previously observed in the space-time-restricted, (8 km)(2) resolution Aerosol Observation (AEROBS) operational retrievals, in spite of a different spatial resolution, cloud screening, and sampling. Histograms of tau and alpha are accurately fit by lognormal and normal probability density functions, respectively. Retrievals of tau(2) are consistent with tau(1) at low tau, but reveal high multiplicative bias, resulting in a low additive bias in alpha. Random errors in alpha are inversely proportional to tau, with signal-to-noise ratio well approximated as eta = tau(1)/tau(1o). Parameter tau(1o) (tau threshold at which signal in alpha compares to its noise, i.e., eta = 1) in PATMOS data (tau(1o) similar to 0.11 +/- 0.01) is less than in AEROBS (tau(1o) similar to 0.18 +/- 0.02), since noise is suppressed by the additional spatial averaging in PATMOS. The effect of cloud screening and sampling is also quantified. PATMOS tau(1), tau(2), and alpha reveal a strong trend against cloud amount, which is not fully understood, and some residual artificial time/angle trends, due to undercorrected calibration errors and remaining algorithm problems. But overall, they show a high degree of self- and interconsistency, thus providing a superior set of aerosol predictors to be used in the Phase II SST aerosol correction algorithm. C1 NESDIS, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Ignatov, A (reprint author), NESDIS, NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1,Rm 712,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Ignatov, Alexander/F-5594-2010; Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Ignatov, Alexander/0000-0002-7463-5944; Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 30 TC 20 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 19 IS 12 BP 1986 EP 2008 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1986:ARFTMM>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619GR UT WOS:000179468100008 ER PT J AU Sachidananda, M Zrnic, DS AF Sachidananda, M Zrnic, DS TI An improved clutter filtering and spectral moment estimation algorithm for staggered PRT sequences SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In the staggered pulse repetition time (PRT) radar, the phase difference between the autocorrelations at lag T-1 and T-2 is used for velocity estimation. This paper investigates velocity estimates from the autocorrelation at shorter lag, while the longer lag is used to resolve the ambiguity. This velocity estimate is shown to have lower error than the one using the phase difference. This method is preferred in the absence of ground clutter. In a recent paper on the spectral processing of the staggered PRT sequences, a new algorithm was presented that enables the recovery of spectral moments in presence of ground clutter. Although this algorithm recovers velocity over the extended unambiguous interval corresponding to the difference PRT, there is a small bias error in the velocity and spectrum width estimates due to the loss of some of the signal components in the process of filtering the clutter. An enhancement in the algorithm is suggested that enables removal of this bias by reconstructing the lost spectral components before the spectral moments are estimated. The proposed algorithm completely removes the bias error in the velocity and spectral width most of the time thereby significantly improving these estimates. The window function and the number of samples used for processing significantly influence the performance of the clutter filter. The window function effect is explored via simulation, and these results are presented. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2009 EP 2019 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<2009:AICFAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619GR UT WOS:000179468100009 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Korolev, AV Heymsfield, AJ AF Matrosov, SY Korolev, AV Heymsfield, AJ TI Profiling cloud ice mass and particle characteristic size from Doppler radar measurements. (vol 19, pg 1003, 2002) SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. SkyTech Res Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 19 IS 12 BP 2108 EP 2108 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<2108:C>2.0.CO;2 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 619GR UT WOS:000179468100017 ER PT J AU Lesarri, A Suenram, RD Brugh, D AF Lesarri, A Suenram, RD Brugh, D TI Rotational spectrum of jet-cooled HfO2 and HfO SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY; SEEDED SUPERSONIC BEAMS; ELECTRIC-DIPOLE MOMENTS; DUNHAM COEFFICIENTS; ISOTOPE DEPENDENCE; METAL-OXIDES; MOLECULES; STATES; CONSTANTS; ZRO AB The rotational spectrum of jet-cooled hafnium dioxide obtained by laser ablation of a solid ceramic rod has been investigated by Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy in the 8 to 28 GHz frequency range. Rotational transitions within the ground and several excited vibrational states of the lowest vibrational mode of the molecule have been assigned. The resulting spectra have been fit, yielding rotational parameters for the five most abundant isotopomers of HfO2. Centrifugal distortion effects are noticeable even for the lowest-J transitions. Very large quadrupole coupling effects for the isotopomers with nuclear quadrupole moments (Hf-179 (I=9/2) and Hf-177 (I=7/2)) have been accounted for using the diagonal elements of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor. A ground-state effective C-2v geometry has been obtained for HfO2, yielding r(o)(Hf-O)=1.7764(4) A and angle(O-Hf-O)=107.51(1)degrees. The electric dipole moment has been determined for (HfO2)-Hf-180 from Stark-effect measurements, giving mu=26.42(3)x10(-30)C.m [7.92(1) D]. Ab initio calculations using density functional theory and relativistic core potentials are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. Finally, in the course of this investigation, the rotational spectrum of the diatomic molecule, HfO, has also been reexamined, and new results for vibrational satellites (up to v=18 in some cases) of the J=1<--0 rotational transition are reported. A vibrational analysis using Le Roy's form of the Dunham expansion has allowed the determination of atomic mass-dependent Born-Oppenheimer breakdown parameters for both atoms of HfO. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ohio Wesleyan Univ, Dept Chem, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Univ Valladolid, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Fis, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain. RP Suenram, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lesarri, Alberto/P-6708-2014 OI Lesarri, Alberto/0000-0002-0646-6341 NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 21 BP 9651 EP 9662 DI 10.1063/1.1516797 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 614TA UT WOS:000179205700019 ER PT J AU Arunan, E Emilsson, T Gutowsky, HS Fraser, GT de Oliveira, G Dykstra, CE AF Arunan, E Emilsson, T Gutowsky, HS Fraser, GT de Oliveira, G Dykstra, CE TI Rotational spectrum of the weakly bonded C6H6-H2S dimer and comparisons to C6H6-H2O dimer SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL-ROTATION; DIPOLE-MOMENT; AR-M-(H2O)(N) CLUSTERS; POTENTIAL SURFACES; DYNAMICS; BENZENE; MICROWAVE; AR-H2S; WATER; SPECTROMETER AB Two symmetric-top, DeltaJ=1 progressions were observed for the C6H6-H2S dimer using a pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The ground-state rotational constants for C6H6-H2S are B=1168.53759(5) MHz, D-J=1.4424(7) kHz and D-JK=13.634(2) kHz. The other state observed has a smaller B of 1140.580(1) MHz but requires a negative D-J=-13.80(5) kHz and higher order (H) terms to fit the data. Rotational spectra for the isotopomers C6H6-H-2 34S, C6H6-H-2 33S, C6H6-HDS, C6H6-D2S and (CC5H6)-C-13-H2S were also obtained. Except for the dimer with HDS, all other isotopomers gave two progressions like the most abundant isotopomer. Analysis of the ground-state data indicates that H2S is located on the C-6 axis of the C6H6 with a c.m. (C6H6)-S distance of 3.818 Angstrom. The angle between the a axis of the dimer and the C-2v axis of the H2S is determined to be 28.5degrees. The C-6 axis of C6H6 is nearly coincident with a axis of the dimer. Stark measurements of the two states led to dipole moments of 1.14(2) D for the ground state and 0.96(6) D for the other state. A third progression was observed for C6H6-H2S which appear to have Knot equal0 lines split by several MHz, suggesting a nonzero projection of the internal rotation angular momentum of H2S on the dimer a axis. The observation of three different states suggests that the H2S is rotating in a nearly spherical potential leading to three internal rotor states, two of which have M-j=0 and one having M-j=+/-1,M-j being the projection of internal rotational angular momentum on to the a axis of the dimer. The nuclear quadrupole hyperfine constant of the S-33 nucleus in the dimer is determined for the two symmetric-top progressions and they are -17.11 MHz for the ground state and -8.45 MHz for the other state, consistent with the assignment to two different internal-rotor states. The O-17 quadrupole coupling constant for the two states of C6H6-H2O were measured for comparison and it turned out to be nearly the same in the ground and excited internal rotor state, -1.89 and -1.99 MHz, respectively. The rotational spectrum of the C6H6-H2S complex is very different from that of the C6H6-H2O complex. Model potential calculations predict small barriers of 227, 121, and 356 cm(-1) for rotation about a, b and c axes of H2S, respectively, giving quantitative support for the experimental conclusion that H2S is effectively freely rotating in a nearly spherical potential. For the C6H6-H2O complex, the corresponding barriers are 365, 298 and 590 cm(-1). (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Indian Inst Sci, Dept Inorgan & Phys Chem, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. Univ Illinois, Noyes Chem Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rhode Isl Coll, Dept Phys Sci, Providence, RI 02908 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Arunan, E (reprint author), Indian Inst Sci, Dept Inorgan & Phys Chem, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RI Arunan, Elangannan/D-4612-2009 OI Arunan, Elangannan/0000-0001-9669-4307 NR 29 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 21 BP 9766 EP 9776 DI 10.1063/1.1518999 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 614TA UT WOS:000179205700032 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, AI Kaplun, AB Meshalkin, AB Abdulagatov, IM Stepanov, GV AF Abdulagatov, AI Kaplun, AB Meshalkin, AB Abdulagatov, IM Stepanov, GV TI Second caloric virial coefficients for real gases and combined spherical symmetric potential for simple molecular interactions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE argon; caloric second virial coefficients; density second virial coefficient; interaction potential; isochoric heat capacity; n-alkanes; water ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; NORMAL-ALKANES; LINEAR 1-ALKANOLS; MELTING LINE; FLUID REGION; N-PENTANE; EQUATION; STATE; WATER; PRESSURES AB The second heat capacity virial coefficients for argon, carbon dioxide, water, n-pentane, n-octane, and l-propanol were determined from precise isochoric heat capacity measurements from our previous publications in the temperature ranges: argon, between 148 K and 201 K; carbon dioxide, 348 K and 453 K; water, 578 K and 1024 K; n-alkanes, 473 K and 693 K; and l-propanol, 520 K and 690 K. The results were compared with values calculated from recommended density virial coefficients equations and an improved combined spherical symmetric potential function. Values of the second temperature derivatives T(2)d(2)B/dT(2) derived from C-V,C-m measurements for argon, n-pentane, and n-octane were compared with values reported by other authors from C-p,C-m measurements. A new method was developed to calculate second density virial coefficients from caloric (heat capacity) measurements. This method provided the conversion of heat capacity to density second virial coefficients. This paper also describes a new improved combined spherical symmetric model intermolecular potential and a second density virial coefficient equation. The new potential function consists of a repulsive barrier and an attractive square well. Over large distances, it is proportional to r(-6). The parameters of the interaction potential for noble gases (Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe), carbon dioxide, water, n-alkanes (n-C5H12 and n-C8H18), ammonia, and l-propanol were determined from experimental second density virial coefficients. This potential describes second density virial coefficients B(T) within their experimental uncertainties over a wide temperature range. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Ctr Sci, Inst Geothermal Problems Dagestan, Makhachkala 367030, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, Inst Thermophys, Dept Thermodynam, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Phys, Makhachkala 367005, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 86 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2049 EP 2072 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00259-8 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 627YG UT WOS:000179963900010 ER PT J AU Klein, R Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W AF Klein, R Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W TI Enthalpies of formation of SrPbO3 and Sr2PbO4 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE SrPbO3; Sr2PbO4; formation enthalpy; solution calorimetry; vapor pressure ID PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; PB; SYSTEM; OXIDES; SR AB Akaline-earth plumbates are important accessory phases in {(bismuth, lead) + strontium + calcium + copper + oxygen} ("BSCCO") high-temperature superconductor materials. Reliable values for standard molar enthalpies of formation (Delta(f)H(m)(0)) of the plumbates are therefore an essential part of the BSCCO high-temperature superconductor the modynamic data base. To obtain Delta(f)H(m)(0) of SrPbO3 and Sr2PbO4, we measured the enthalpies of solution of SrO, PbO2, SrPbO3, and Sr2PbO4 in 6 mol . dm(-3) HCl by isoperibol solution calorimetry and derived the values of Delta(f)H(m)(0) for the strontium plumbates from Hess cycles. The values obtained were Delta(f)H(m)(0)(SrPbO3, 298.15K) = -(949.3 +/- 3.5)kJ . mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(m)(0)(Sr2PbO4, 298.15K) = -(1565.1 +/- 6.9) kJ . mol(-1). In previous experiments, we measured the total vapor pressures over SrPbO3 by Knudsen effusion vacuum thermogravimetry. In the present paper, these data were used for an independent derivation of Delta(f)H(m)(0)(SrPbO3, 298.15 K) via a van't Hoff extrapolation, which yielded - (945.8 +/- 7.5) kJ . mol(-1), in good agreement with the value obtained calorimetrically. Our determination of Delta(f)H(m)(0) (Sr2PbO4, 298.15 K) agrees well with a recently published value obtained from electrochemical measurements. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 34 IS 12 BP 2083 EP 2092 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(02)00267-7 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 627YG UT WOS:000179963900012 ER PT J AU Thum, N Esbensen, SK Chelton, DB McPhaden, MJ AF Thum, N Esbensen, SK Chelton, DB McPhaden, MJ TI Air-sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER STRUCTURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INSTABILITY WAVES; GULF-STREAM; OCEAN; WIND; GRADIENTS; VARIABILITY; CONVECTION; SYSTEM AB The atmospheric response to the oceanic forcing in the eastern Pacific along the northern equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) front is investigated in terms of sensible and latent heat flux during the 6-month period from 28 July 1999 to 27 January 2000 and the 7-month period from 28 June 2000 to 27 January 2001. Of particular interest is the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) response to oceanic tropical instability waves (TIWs) that distort the SST front during May-January in normal years. In previous studies, time series of surface heat fluxes clearly show the influence of TIWs, but the relationship to spatial patterns of SST and wind speed has been inferred only from sparse in situ data. In this study, satellite observations are used as a basis for compositing in situ data from moorings to compensate for the lack of a spatially dense mooring array. The variability in the position of the SST front caused by westward-propagating TIWs enables fixed mooring locations to measure the ABL response from a large range of locations relative to the front. The satellite data enable determination of the precise location of the mooring relative to the front. The advantage of this strategy is the recurring measurement of the ABL response to the SST front over the 13-month period considered here. The results indicate that the TIW-induced perturbations of sensible heat flux are spatially shifted in phase toward the east relative to the perturbations of SST. The maximum fluxes of sensible heat are not centered directly over the warmest water, but are shifted toward the portion of the frontal region where a disequilibrium boundary layer is expected due to the advection of colder air from the equatorial region. The latent heat flux pattern is approximately in phase with the SST, with only a slight shift to the east. The changes of sensible and latent heat fluxes across the SST front have typical magnitudes of about 12 and 125 W m(-2), respectively. The sensible and latent heat flux patterns are interpreted in two complementary ways: 1) as an atmospheric response to the change of oceanic forcing as air flows across the SST front, and 2) as the atmospheric response to westward-propagating TIWs along the SST front. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Esbensen, SK (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 36 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 15 IS 23 BP 3361 EP 3378 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3361:ASHEAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WH UT WOS:000179269900003 ER PT J AU Barsugli, JJ Sardeshmukh, PD AF Barsugli, JJ Sardeshmukh, PD TI Global atmospheric sensitivity to tropical SST anomalies throughout the Indo-Pacific basin SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; CIRCULATION; PREDICTABILITY; RAINFALL; IMPACT; MODELS; CYCLE AB The sensitivity of the global atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies throughout the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean basins is investigated using the NCEP MRF9 general circulation model (GCM). Model responses in January are first determined for a uniform array of 42 localized SST anomaly patches over the domain. Results from the individual forcing experiments are then linearly combined using a statistically based smoothing procedure to produce sensitivity maps for many target quantities of interest, including the geopotential height response over the Pacific - North American (PNA) region and regional precipitation responses over North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Indonesia. Perhaps the most striking result from this analysis is that many important targets for seasonal forecasting, including the PNA response, are most sensitive to SST anomalies in the Nino-4 region (5degreesN-5degreesS, 150degreesW-160degreesE) of the central tropical Pacific, with lesser and sometimes opposite sensitivities to SST anomalies in the Nino-3 region (5degreesN-5degreesS, 90degrees-150degreesW) of the eastern tropical Pacific. However, certain important targets, such as Indonesian rainfall, are most sensitive to SST anomalies outside both the Nino-4 and - 3 regions. These results are also relevant in assessing atmospheric sensitivity to changes in tropical SSTs on decadal to centennial scales associated with natural as well as anthropogenic forcing. In this context it is interesting to note the surprising result that warm SST anomalies in one-third of the Indo-Pacific domain lead to a decrease of global mean precipitation. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Barsugli, JJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Barsugli, Joseph/K-3541-2015 OI Barsugli, Joseph/0000-0002-3078-6396 NR 22 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 15 IS 23 BP 3427 EP 3442 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3427:GASTTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WH UT WOS:000179269900007 ER PT J AU Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S DiMeo, F Taylor, CJ AF Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S DiMeo, F Taylor, CJ TI Use of microhotplates in the controlled growth and characterization of metal oxides for chemical sensing SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCERAMICS LA English DT Article DE gas sensor; microhotplate; membrane; micromachined; chemical vapor deposition; tin oxide ID FILM GAS SENSORS; TIN OXIDE; THIN-FILM; MICROMACHINED STRUCTURES; SILICON; ARRAYS; SNO2; TECHNOLOGY; MICROSENSOR; CO AB Microhotplates are micromachined platforms with integrated heaters and contact electrodes that can be used as miniature substrates for metal oxide film growth. Fabricated as arrays, they enable efficient combinatorial studies to be performed on a single chip. A variety of growth methods are compatible with their use, including evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and deposition from pastes or sol gels using screen printing, drop deposition, or spin-coating. The microheater on each element may be used to control the temperature during deposition or for a post-annealing step such as sintering, while the film contact electrodes serve as a built-in monitor of the fabrication process. In chemical vapor deposition using arrays, the elements with heaters set above the lowest nucleation temperature for a given precursor are the only ones that will have film deposited on them, resulting in a kind of self-lithography. This review gives examples of different methods of film growth that have been employed on microhotplates with applications for chemical sensing, with an emphasis on the chemical vapor deposition method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cavicchi, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 51 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-3449 J9 J ELECTROCERAM JI J. Electroceram. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 9 IS 3 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1023/A:1023224123925 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 665AV UT WOS:000182098200001 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR Deng, Y Miranda, P Pajares, A Chai, H Kim, DK AF Lawn, BR Deng, Y Miranda, P Pajares, A Chai, H Kim, DK TI Overview: Damage in brittle layer structures from concentrated loads SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID HETEROGENEOUS GRAIN-STRUCTURE; CONTAINING GLASS-CERAMICS; SILICON-NITRIDE BILAYERS; HERTZIAN CONTACT DAMAGE; PLASMA-SPRAYED COATINGS; QUASI-PLASTIC CERAMICS; STRENGTH DEGRADATION; CYCLIC FATIGUE; MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION; MULTILAYER MATERIALS AB In this article, we review recent advances in the understanding and analysis of damage initiation and evolution in laminate structures with brittle outerlayers and compliant sublayers in concentrated loading. The relevance of such damage to lifetime-limiting failures of engineering and biomechanical layer systems is emphasized. We describe the results of contact studies on monolayer, bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer test specimens that enable simple elucidation of fundamental damage mechanics and yet simulate essential function in a wide range of practical structures. Damage processes are observed using post mortem ("bonded-interface"). sectioning and direct in situ viewing during loading. The observations reveal a competition between damage modes in the brittle outerlayers-cone cracks or quasiplasticity at the top (near-contact) surfaces and laterally extending radial cracks at the lower surfaces. In metal or polymeric support layers, yield or viscoelasticity can become limiting factors. Analytical relations for the critical loads to initiate each damage mode are presented in terms of key system variables: geometrical (layer thickness and indenter radius); material (elastic modulus, strength and toughness of brittle components; hardness of deformable components). Such relations provide a sound physical basis for the design of brittle layer systems with optimal damage thresholds. Other elements of the damage process-damage evolution to failure, crack kinetics (and fatigue), flaw statistics, and complex (tangential) loading-are also considered. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Extremadura, Escuela Ingn Ind, Dept Elect & Ingn Electromecan, Badajoz 06071, Spain. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Badajoz 06071, Spain. Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Solid Mech Mat & Syst, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015; Kim, Do Kyung/C-2039-2011 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586; Kim, Do Kyung/0000-0001-9092-9427 NR 107 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 36 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 EI 2044-5326 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 17 IS 12 BP 3019 EP 3036 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0440 PG 18 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 621WU UT WOS:000179614600009 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Noga, EJ Tester, PA AF Litaker, RW Vandersea, MW Kibler, SR Noga, EJ Tester, PA TI Reply to comment on the life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE Pfiesteria; amoeba; dinoflagellate; division cyst; life cycle; meiosis; sexual reproduction ID ALEXANDRIUM-TAYLORI DINOPHYCEAE; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; DINOFLAGELLATE; HISTORY; COMPLEX; PYRROPHYTA AB Free-living, marine dinoflagellates are typified by a well-defined, haplontic life cycle with relatively few stages. The most unusual departure from this life cycle is one reported for the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder. This species is alleged to have at least 24 life cycle stages including amoebae and a chrysophyte-like cyst form (Burkholder et al. 1992, Burkholder and Glasgow 1997a) not previously known in free-living marine dinoflagellates. Litaker et al. (2002) redescribed the life cycle of P. piscicida from single-cell isolates and found only life cycle stages typical of free-living marine dinoflagellates. The discrepancy between these observations and the life cycle reported in the literature prompted a rigorous study to resolve the life cycle of P. piscicida. Burkholder and Glasgow (2002) took exception to this study, arguing that Litaker et al. (2002) misunderstood the life cycle of P. piscicida and ignored recent publications. We present a rebuttal of their criticisms and suggest a simple way to resolve the discrepancies in the P. piscicida life cycle. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, NOAA, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM wayne_litaker@med.unc.edu NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1268 EP 1272 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.02133.x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 627CG UT WOS:000179910900022 ER PT J AU Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK AF Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK TI Electron interactions with BCl(3) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review ID III-V SEMICONDUCTORS; FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY; IONIZATION CROSS-SECTIONS; AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS; RARE-GAS ATOMS; BORON-TRICHLORIDE; NEGATIVE-ION; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRA; IMPACT IONIZATION; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA AB In this paper we review and assess the cross sections for collisions of low-energy electrons with boron trichloride (BCl(3)). The only available experimental cross section data are for partial and total ionization and electron attachment, and the electron attachment cross sections are uncertain. Calculated values are available for the total elastic, differential elastic, and momentum transfer cross sections, and derived cross sections have been published for vibrational excitation and dissociation. Other than some rather uncertain data on electron attachment rate constants and some measurements of electron drift velocities in BCl(3)/Ar and BCl(3)/He mixtures, there are no measurements of the electron attachment, ionization, or transport coefficients for this gas. Analysis of the experimental data on the electron affinity, electron attachment, and electron scattering, enabled identification of negative ion states of BCl(3) at about -0.3, 1.0, 2.8, 5.2, 7.6, and 9.0 eV. Because the existing electron collision data are few and uncertain, relevant data are provided for photon impact on BCl(3). (C) 2003 by the U. S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Christophorou, LG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lgchrist@otenet.gr; james.olthoff@nist.gov NR 101 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 971 EP 988 DI 10.1063/1.1504440 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 622CR UT WOS:000179629400002 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Kunze, E McTaggart, KE Moore, DW AF Johnson, GC Kunze, E McTaggart, KE Moore, DW TI Temporal and spatial structure of the equatorial deep jets in the Pacific Ocean SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL WAVE INTERACTIONS; CURRENTS AB The spatial and temporal structure of the equatorial deep jets (EDJs) in the Pacific Ocean is investigated using CTD station data taken on the equator from 1979 through 2001. The EDJs are revealed in profiles of vertical strain, xi(2), estimated from the CTD data in a stretched vertical coordinate system. The majority of synoptic meridional sections were occupied over an 8-yr span west of the date line. Two-decade equatorial time series are available at both 110degreesW and 140degreesW. Analysis shows the expected equatorial trapping of xi(2) but yields little new detailed information about the EDJ meridional structure. Analysis of the equatorial data yields novel results. The EDJs are most easily seen in the eastern Pacific (at and east of 140degreesW). There, they may be isolated from the influence of higher-frequency Rossby waves generated by surface forcing. Spectral analysis of equatorial xi(2) profiles shows a significant and coherent peak at 400-sdbar vertical wavelength (with N-o=1.56x10(-3) s(-1)) from 95degreesW to 142degreesW. This peak has very long zonal scales. It exhibits a very slow mean downward migration of 4.2(+/-0.5)x10(-7) sdbar s(-1) [13(+/-2) sdbar yr(-1)]. Whether this migration is steady or intermittent is difficult to ascertain. However, over the two-decade record length, the EDJs shift downward by only about two-thirds of a vertical wavelength. Hence it is no surprise that previous observational analyses of the EDJs in the Pacific, limited to 16 months or less, had difficulty finding any significant vertical migration. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 3, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3396 EP 3407 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3396:TASSOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 623LT UT WOS:000179705000006 ER PT J AU Oey, LY Lee, HC AF Oey, LY Lee, HC TI Deep eddy energy and topographic Rossby waves in the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID COORDINATE OCEAN MODELS; LOOP CURRENT EDDY; OF-MEXICO; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; SIMULATION; STREAM; RINGS AB Observations suggest the hypothesis that deep eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Gulf of Mexico can be accounted for by topographic Rossby waves (TRWs). It is presumed that the TRWs are forced by Loop Current (LC) pulsation, Loop Current eddy (LCE) shedding, and perhaps also by LCE itself. Although the hypothesis is supported by model results, such as those presented in Oey, the existence of TRWs in the model and how they can be forced by larger-scale LC and LCEs with longer-period vacillations have not been clarified. In this paper, results from a 10-yr simulation of LC and LCEs, with double the resolution of that used by Oey, are analyzed to isolate the TRWs. It is shown that along an east-to-west band across the gulf, approximately over the 3000-m isobath, significant EKE that accounts for over one-half of the total spectrum is contained in the 20-100-day periods. Bottom energy intensification exists in this east-west band with vertical decay scales of about 600-300 m decreasing westward. The decrease agrees with the TRW solution. The band is also located within the region where TRWs can be supported by the topographic slope and stratification used in the model and where wavenumber and frequency estimates are consistent with the TRW dispersion relation. The analysis indicates significant correlation between pairs of east-west stations, over distances of approximately 400 km. Contours of lag times suggest offshore (i.e., downslope) phase propagation, and thus the east-west band indicates nearly parabathic and upslope energy propagation. Ray tracing utilizing the TRW dispersion relation and with and without (for periods>43 days) ambient deep currents shows that TRW energy paths coincide with the above east-west high-energy band. It also explains that the band is a result of TRW refraction by an escarpment (with increased topographic gradient) across the central gulf north of the 3000-m isobath, and also by deep current and its cyclonic shear, and that ray convergence results in localized EKE maxima near 91degreesW and 94degrees-95degreesW. Escarpment and cyclonic current shear also shorten TRW wavelengths. Westward deep currents increase TRW group speeds, by about 2-3 km day(-1) according to the model, and this and ray confinement by current shear may impose sufficient constraints to aid in inferring deep flows. Model results and ray paths suggest that the deep EKE east of about the 91degreesW originates from under the LC while farther west the EKE also originates from southwestward propagating LCEs. The near-bottom current fluctuations at these source regions derive their energy from short-period (<100 days) and short-wavelength (<200 km) near-surface fluctuations that propagate around the LC during its northward extrusion phase and also around LCEs as they migrate southwestward in the model. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Oey, LY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Forrestal Campus,Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 31 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3499 EP 3527 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3499:DEEATR>2.0.CO;2 PG 29 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 623LT UT WOS:000179705000013 ER PT J AU Thompson, L Kelly, KA Darr, D Hallberg, R AF Thompson, L Kelly, KA Darr, D Hallberg, R TI Buoyancy and mixed layer effects on the sea surface height response in an isopycnal model of the North Pacific SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EXTRATROPICAL PLANETARY-WAVES; ROSSBY WAVES; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; TOPOGRAPHY; SPEED; MASS AB An isopycnal model of the North Pacific is used to demonstrate that the seasonal cycle of heating and cooling and the resulting mixed layer depth entrainment and detrainment cycle play a role in the propagation of wind-driven Rossby waves. The model is forced by realistic winds and seasonal heat flux to examine the interaction of nearly annual wind-driven Rossby waves with the seasonal mixed layer cycle. Comparison among four model runs, one adiabatic (without diapycnal mixing or explicit mixed layer dynamics), one adiabatic (with diapycnal mixing and explicit mixed layer dynamics), one with the seasonal cycle of heating only, and one with only variable winds suggests that mixed layer entrainment changes the structure of the response substantially, particularly at midlatitudes. Specifically, the mixed layer seasonal cycle works against Ekman pumping in the forcing of first-mode Rossby waves between 17degrees and 28degreesN. South of there the mixed layer seasonal cycle has little influence on the Rossby waves, while in the north, seasonal Rossby waves do not propagate. To examine the first baroclinic mode response in detail, a modal decomposition of the numerical model output is done. In addition, a comparison of the forcing by diapycnal pumping and Ekman pumping is done by a projection of Ekman pumping and diapycnal velocities on to the quasigeostrophic potential vorticity equation for each vertical mode. The first baroclinic mode's forcing is split between Ekman pumping and diapycnal velocity at midlatitudes, providing an explanation for the changes in the response when a seasonal mixed layer response is included. This is confirmed by doing a comparison of the modal decomposition in the four runs described above, and by calculation of the first baroclinic mode Rossby wave response using the one-dimensional Rossby wave equation. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Thompson, L (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 32 IS 12 BP 3657 EP 3670 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3657:BAMLEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 623LT UT WOS:000179705000021 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Gulseren, O AF Yildirim, T Gulseren, O TI A simple theory of 40 K superconductivity in MgB2: first-principles calculations of T-c its dependence on boron mass and pressure SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Spectroscopies in Novel Superconductors (SNS 2001) CY MAY 13-17, 2001 CL CHICAGO, IL DE high pressure; electronic structure; superconductivity ID TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE; RESISTIVITY; SCATTERING AB We have studied the superconducting properties of MgB2 from first-principles under isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial compressions. We find that the in-plane boron phonons near the zone-center are very anharmonic and strongly coupled to the planar B sigma bands near the Fermi level. This mode is found to be the key to quantitatively explain the observed high T-c, the total isotope effect and the pressure dependence of T-c. We propose that a stringent test on the hole and phonon based theories of the superconductivity in MgB2 would be a measurement of the biaxial ab-compression dependence of T-c. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Bldg 235,Room E1 12, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 EI 1879-2553 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD DEC PY 2002 VL 63 IS 12 BP 2201 EP 2206 AR PII S0022-3697(02)00237-8 DI 10.1016/S0022-3697(02)00237-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 626FQ UT WOS:000179861900013 ER PT J AU Jeon, HS Dixit, PS Yim, H Kent, MS Shin, K Satija, S AF Jeon, HS Dixit, PS Yim, H Kent, MS Shin, K Satija, S TI Interfacial structure and properties in polystyrene/epoxy bilayer films SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE crosslinking; interdiffusion; interfaces; neutron reflectivity; epoxy ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; COPOLYMERS; AUTOPHOBICITY; DEPENDENCE; TRANSITION; DIFFUSION; THICKNESS; MIXTURES; BLEND AB The interfacial structure and properties of immiscible deuterated polystyrene (dPS)/epoxy bilayer films were investigated with neutron reflectivity as functions of the composition of the epoxy layer, the thickness of the dPS layer, and the annealing time. We have found that the interfacial width and its growth rate depend strongly on the compositions of the epoxy layer but only weakly on the thickness of the dPS layer. The effect of the resin/crosslinker composition on the interfacial width and its growth rate is likely due to the different near-surface structures that result for different epoxy stoichiometries. For an ultra-thin dPS film (thickness = 2R(g)), the data suggest a slight suppression of the growth of the interfacial width that could be due to confinement effects for the long-chain molecules such as have been previously reported for a thickness of less than approximately 4R(g), where R-g is the radius of gyration of polymer molecules. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Chem & Petr Engn, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept 1811, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Reactor Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jeon, HS (reprint author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Chem & Petr Engn, Socorro, NM 87801 USA. RI Shin, Kwanwoo /C-4979-2012; OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 23 BP 2653 EP 2660 DI 10.1002/polb.10328 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 613UF UT WOS:000179149300006 ER PT J AU Davis, CH Mathias, LJ Gilman, JW Schiraldi, DA Shields, JR Trulove, P Sutto, TE Delong, HC AF Davis, CH Mathias, LJ Gilman, JW Schiraldi, DA Shields, JR Trulove, P Sutto, TE Delong, HC TI Effects of melt-processing conditions on the quality of poly(ethylene terephthalate) montmorillonite clay nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Physical-Society CY MAR, 2002 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Amer Phys Soc DE imidazolium; melt intercalation; nanocomposites; polyesters; clay; TEM ID LAYERED SILICATES AB Organically modified montmorillonite was synthesized with a novel 1,2-dimethyl-3-N-alkyl imidazolium salt or a typical quaternary ammonium salt as a control. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) montmorillonite clay nanocomposites were compounded via melt-blending in a corotating mini twin-screw extruder operating at 285 degreesC. The nanocomposites were characterized with thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy to determine the extent of intercalation and/or exfoliation present in the system. Nanocomposites produced with N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dioctadecylammonium treated montmorillonite (DMDODA-MMT), which has a decomposition temperature of 250 degreesC, were black, brittle, and tarlike resulting from DMDODA degradation under the processing conditions. Nanocomposites compounded with 1,2-dimethyl-3-N-hexadecyl imidazolium treated MMT, which has a decomposition temperature of 350 degreesC, showed high levels of dispersion and delamination. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Sch Polymer Sci & Engn, Hattiesburg, MS 39401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Davis, CH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 198 Z9 203 U1 2 U2 24 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 23 BP 2661 EP 2666 DI 10.1002/polb.10331 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 613UF UT WOS:000179149300007 ER PT J AU Jin, D Kite-Powell, HL Thunberg, E Solow, AR Talley, WK AF Jin, D Kite-Powell, HL Thunberg, E Solow, AR Talley, WK TI A model of fishing vessel accident probability SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE commercial fishing; fishing vessel; vessel accident probability; statistical analysis; logit regression model ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; SAFETY AB Problem: Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Method: The researchers develop a fishing vessel accident probability model for fishing areas off the northeastern United States using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 1993. Results: The results indicate that fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speed is associated with greater accident probability. Medium-size vessels have the highest accident probability, while small vessels have the lowest. Within the study region, accident probability is lower in the southwestern section than in the northeastern section. Accidents are likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lowest in spring. Impact on Industry: The probability model is an important building block in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry. (C) 2002 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Econ, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Social Sci Branch, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jin, D (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Mail Stop 41, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 17 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PD WIN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 4 BP 497 EP 510 AR PII S0022-4375(02)00050-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00050-6 PG 14 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 617DW UT WOS:000179346700006 PM 12429106 ER PT J AU Gayoso, AM Dover, S Morton, S Busman, M Moeller, P Fulco, VK Maranda, L AF Gayoso, AM Dover, S Morton, S Busman, M Moeller, P Fulco, VK Maranda, L TI Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning associated with Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae) in Patagonian Gulfs (Argentina) SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Argentina; diarrhetic shellfish poisoning; okadaic acid; Prorocentrum lima; toxic dinoflagellate ID GOLFO-NUEVO AB A serious diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) intoxication caused by the consumption of mussels harvested in the Gulfs of San Jose and Nuevo, Patagonia, Argentina occurred in March (autumn) 1999. This was the first observation of DSP toxins along the Argentine coast. Cells of-the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge were found in water samples, as were epiphytes upon macroalgae and in the stomach contents of the mussels Aulacomya atra (Molina) and Mytilus edulis platensis (d'Orbigny). Extracts from both mussel species were positive for DSP-like activity using the fluorimetric phosphatase inhibition assay. When the extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, peaks of okadaic acid or dinophysistoxin I (DTX-1) were not observed in the northydrolized samples. DTX-1 was detected in hydrolized extracts of Mytilus and Aulacomya. The Mytilus extract contained 21.2 ng DTX-1 per gram of the whole tissue; the Aulacomya extract contained 94.0 ng DTX-1 per gram. C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Nacl Patagon, RA-9120 Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. NOAA, USDOC, Marine Biotoxin Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Gayoso, AM (reprint author), Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Nacl Patagon, B Brown S-N, RA-9120 Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. EM gayoso@cenpat.edu.ar NR 22 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 461 EP 463 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 638ND UT WOS:000180576400008 ER PT J AU Jang, S Lu, LW Sadek, F Simiu, E AF Jang, S Lu, LW Sadek, F Simiu, E TI Database-assisted wind load capacity estimates for low-rise steel frames SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE building codes; finite element method; nonlinear analysis; steel structures; wind force; reliability; ultimate strength; database AB A comparative study is presented of the estimated wind load capacities of low-rise steel building frames based on loading patterns (magnitude and distribution) established from aerodynamic databases on the one hand, and on patterns specified in the ASCE 7 Standard on the other. The estimated capacities are based on the assumption, verified by numerous sets of calculations, and also used in the development of the ASCE 7 Standard, that the most unfavorable wind load occurs at the instant in time when the peak knee-joint bending moment is attained. The estimates are obtained from detailed inelastic finite element analyses of the frames with ultimate states associated with local and global instabilities. It is shown that the estimates based on the aerodynamic database are more realistic and risk consistent and can therefore lead to safer designs at lower costs. These estimates represent a significant advance over the ASCE 7 Standard-based estimates. C1 Lehigh Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. Lehigh Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jang, S (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. EM fahim.sadek@nist.gov NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2002 VL 128 IS 12 BP 1594 EP 1603 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:12(1594) PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 619NE UT WOS:000179481600012 ER PT J AU Saylor, DM Morawiec, A Rohrer, GS AF Saylor, DM Morawiec, A Rohrer, GS TI Distribution and energies of grain boundaries in magnesia as a function of five degrees of freedom SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Glasses CY NOV 04-08, 2001 CL MAUI, HAWAII ID PARAMETERS AB The multiplicity of distinct grain boundary configurations in polycrystals has made it difficult to determine the relative frequency with which each configuration is adopted. As a result, the physiochemical properties of each boundary and the influence of the distribution of boundaries on macroscopic materials properties are not well understood. Using a semiautomated system, we have measured all five macroscopically observable degrees of freedom of 4.1 x 10(6) boundary plane segments making up 5.2 x 10(6) mum(2) of grain boundary interface area in a magnesia polycrystal. Our observations demonstrate that not all grain boundary configurations occur with the same frequency and that the relative free energies of the different interfacial configurations influence the population distribution. Furthermore, the results indicate that relative grain boundary energies can be estimated based on the free surface energies. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Saylor, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morawiec, Adam/A-2205-2008; Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Morawiec, Adam/0000-0001-9113-735X; Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 12 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 85 IS 12 BP 3081 EP 3083 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 628VJ UT WOS:000180017000033 ER PT J AU Lilly, DK AF Lilly, DK TI Entrainment into mixed layers. Part I: Sharp-edged and smoothed tops SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; TURBULENCE; MODELS; DRIVEN; STRATOCUMULUS AB A pervasive issue in the analysis of clear and cloud-containing convectively mixed layers is how to predict their growth through entrainment. This paper deals largely with the definition of the interface with the upper environment, and how that definition leads to complexities in entrainment analysis. The interface is usually quite abrupt locally, but horizontally or temporally averaged properties exhibit a more gradual transition, due to fluctuation of the interface height. The data from these transition layers produce unreliable results when applied to a mixed layer model with a flat top and zeroth-order discontinuities. Several authors have developed models with first- or higher-order discontinuities, but these vary in their structure. Presented here is a return to the zeroth-order, or "sharp-edged,'' model, but with allowance for a locally variable upper boundary by use of a transformation of the mixed layer equations into a coordinate scheme based on the local mixed layer height. The model is applied to analysis of surface heated boundary layers and stratocumulus-like smoke clouds, using data generated by large eddy simulation models. The entrainment rates predicted from the model equations and their analytic solutions are found in good agreement with most of the simulations. The effect of horizontal averaging of the interface height is approximated by use of a Gaussian transformation, based on the observed standard deviation of the mixed layer depth. With this approximation the horizontally averaged statistics are predicted and found to agree fairly well with numerical results. Some of the smoke cloud simulations show that the entrainment is much greater for cases with thin radiation cooling depths. This is probably due, at least in part, to numerical errors associated with radiative cooling in partially cloud-filled mesh boxes. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lilly, DK (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd,Rm 1310, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 23 BP 3340 EP 3352 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3340:EIMLPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 613TJ UT WOS:000179147300005 ER PT J AU Lilly, DK AF Lilly, DK TI Entrainment into mixed layers. Part II: A new closure SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID STRATIFORM CLOUD SHEETS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MODEL; INSTABILITY AB A new entrainment closure for convectively mixed boundary layers, particularly those topped by stratocumulus clouds, is developed and calibrated against results of large eddy simulations carried out by C.- H. Moeng. The closure differs principally in two ways from those developed by J. W. Deardorff, S. Nicholls, and others. The prediction of interface buoyancy flux from its vertical integral is modified by a height-weighting term. This accounts for the greater entrainment produced by buoyancy flux near the cloud top as compared to that generated by surface heating. The relationship between buoyancy flux at the top of a cloud layer and entrainment is reconsidered. Entrainment increases with the "wetness'' of the cloud top, which is evidently a function of cloud-top liquid water content and the cloud-top jumps in potential temperature and total water content. This result is related to findings by S. Nicholls and J. D. Turton, though using a somewhat different approach and with different interpretations and an improved closure. The new closure also leads to a new and more stringent definition of cloud-top entrainment instability. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lilly, DK (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, 100 E Boyd,Rm 1310, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 23 BP 3353 EP 3361 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3353:EIMLPI>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 613TJ UT WOS:000179147300006 ER PT J AU Cash, BA Kushner, PJ Vallis, GK AF Cash, BA Kushner, PJ Vallis, GK TI The structure and composition of the annular modes in an aquaplanet general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; ZONAL INDEX; VARIABILITY; ATMOSPHERE; TELECONNECTIONS; TEMPERATURES; DYNAMICS; WINTER AB The annular mode simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model with a zonally symmetric lower boundary is investigated. The annular mode, defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of the zonal-mean surface pressure, has a meridional structure consisting of a north-south dipole, similar to observations. The leading EOF of the zonally varying surface pressure has the same meridional structure and is also zonally symmetric. Because the lower boundary is zonally symmetric, composites of days with high projection onto the mode have, to within sampling error, no zonal structure. However, individual periods during which the zonal-mean surface pressure projects strongly onto the annular mode are dominated by zonally localized structures. Thus, the model annular mode represents a zonally homogeneous distribution of zonally localized events with a similar meridional structure, rather than a zonally symmetric mode of variability per se. Individual annular-mode events typically show a north-south teleconnection pattern whose meridional structure closely resembles the annular mode and whose zonal structure extends 608 to 908 in longitude, with a slight northwest-southeast offset between its centers of action. Similar structures are found for EOFs calculated over a subset of the domain corresponding to the width of the Atlantic basin. The spatial structure of both the teleconnection pattern and the regional EOFs resemble the observed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. C1 Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Cash, BA (reprint author), IGES, COLA, 40141 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. RI Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 59 IS 23 BP 3399 EP 3414 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3399:TSACOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 613TJ UT WOS:000179147300009 ER PT J AU Josell, D Baker, B Witt, C Wheeler, D Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Baker, B Witt, C Wheeler, D Moffat, TP TI Via filling by electrodeposition - Superconformal silver and copper and conformal nickel SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Superconformal deposition of silver in vias was studied. The observed experimental fill behavior is compared with predictions from a model based on the curvature-enhanced accelerator coverage mechanism of superconformal deposition. Superconformal copper deposition and conformal nickel deposition results are also modeled. The previously published model predicts via filling behavior using the dependence of deposition rate kinetics on the coverage of adsorbed catalyst. The requisite kinetic parameters are obtained from independent current-voltage and current-time transient studies conducted on planar substrates. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int Sematech, Austin, TX USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 16 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 149 IS 12 BP C637 EP C641 DI 10.1149/1.1517583 PG 5 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 616DP UT WOS:000179286700026 ER PT J AU Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG AF Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG TI Multiscale modeling of fluid transport in heterogeneous materials using discrete Boltzmann methods SO MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article ID BRINKMAN EQUATION; POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION; VISCOSITY; FLOW AB The lattice Boltzmann method is a promising approach for modeling single and multicomponent fluid flow in complex geometries like porous materials. Here, we review some of our previous work and discuss some recent developments concerning fluid flow in multiple pore size materials. After presenting sonic simple test cases to validate the model, results from large scale simulations of single and multi-component fluid flow through digitized Fontainebleau sandstone, generated by X-Ray microtomography, are given. Reasonably good agreement was found when compared to experimentally determined values of permeability for similar rocks. Finally, modification of the lattice Boltzmann equations, to describe flow in microporous materials, is described. The potential for modeling flows in other microstructures of interest to concrete technology will be discussed. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martys, NS (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8615, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 10 PU R I L E M PUBLICATIONS PI CACHAN PA 61 AVE PRESIDENT WILSON, 94235 CACHAN, FRANCE SN 1359-5997 J9 MATER STRUCT JI Mater. Struct. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 35 IS 254 BP 650 EP 658 DI 10.1617/13973 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 638GW UT WOS:000180564100008 ER PT J AU Chawla, N Patel, BV Koopman, M Chawla, KK Saha, R Patterson, BR Fuller, ER Langer, SA AF Chawla, N Patel, BV Koopman, M Chawla, KK Saha, R Patterson, BR Fuller, ER Langer, SA TI Micro structure-based simulation of thermomechanical behavior of composite materials by object-oriented finite element analysis SO MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION LA English DT Article DE microstructure-based modeling; Al/SiC composites; WC/Co composites; Young's modulus; thermal expansion ID METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS; WC-CO; FRACTURE; STRESSES; FATIGUE; ALLOYS AB While it is well recognized that microstructure controls the physical and mechanical properties of a material, the complexity of the microstructure often makes it difficult to simulate by analytical or numerical techniques. In this paper we present a relatively new approach to incorporate microstructures into finite element modeling using an object-oriented finite element technique. This technique combines microstructural data in the form of experimental or simulated microstructures, with fundamental material data (such as elastic modulus or coefficient of thermal expansion of the constituent phases) as a basis for understanding material behavior. The object-oriented technique is a radical departure from conventional finite element analysis, where a "unit-cell" model is used as the basis for predicting material behavior. Instead, the starting point of object-oriented finite element analysis is the actual microstructure of the material being investigated. In this paper, an introduction to the object-oriented finite element approach to microstructure-based modeling is provided with two examples: SiC particle-reinforced At matrix composites and double-cemented WC particle-reinforced Co matrix composites. It will be shown that object-oriented finite element analysis is a unique tool that can be used to predict elastic and thermal constants of the composites, as well as salient effects of the microstructure on local stress state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Birmingham, AL 35209 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Math & Comp Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chawla, N (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, POB 876006, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Chawla, Nikhilesh/A-3433-2008 OI Chawla, Nikhilesh/0000-0002-4478-8552 NR 31 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1044-5803 J9 MATER CHARACT JI Mater. Charact. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 49 IS 5 BP 395 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S1044-5803(03)00054-8 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 709KZ UT WOS:000184625500004 ER PT J AU Wandishin, MS Brooks, HE AF Wandishin, MS Brooks, HE TI On the relationship between Clayton's skill score and expected value for forecasts of binary events SO METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB Following upon previous efforts to associate standard measures of forecast skill to relative economic value, the connection is established between the Clayton skill score and the range of users who realise positive value from the forecasts. It is also shown that, whereas the maximum relative value that can be obtained from a set of forecasts is based on the probabilities conditioned on the observations, the range Of users for whom the forecasts provide positive relative value is based on the probabilities conditioned. on the forecasts. C1 Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Wandishin, MS (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Inst Atmospher Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 1350-4827 J9 METEOROL APPL JI Meteorol. Appl. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 9 IS 4 BP 455 EP 459 DI 10.1017/S1350482702004085 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 637DR UT WOS:000180496800008 ER PT J AU Darby, LS Banta, RM Pielke, RA AF Darby, LS Banta, RM Pielke, RA TI Comparisons between mesoscale model terrain sensitivity studies and Doppler lidar measurements of the sea breeze at Monterey Bay SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; AIR-POLLUTION; LAND BREEZES; BLACK-SEA; WIND; FLOW; ENVIRONMENT; CALIFORNIA; TOPOGRAPHY AB A NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory Doppler lidar measured the life cycle of the land- and seabreeze system at Monterey Bay, California, in 1987, during the Land - Sea Breeze Experiment ( LASBEX). On days with offshore synoptic flow, the transition to onshore flow ( the sea breeze) was a distinct process easily detected by lidar. Finescale lidar measurements showed the reversal from offshore to onshore flow near the coast, its gradual vertical and horizontal expansion, and a dual structure to the sea-breeze flow in its early formative stages. Initially, a shallow (<500 m) sea breeze formed that later became embedded in a weaker onshore flow that was; &SIM;1 km deep. Eventually these two flows blended together to form a mature sea breeze about 1 km deep. Regional Atmospheric Modeling System ( RAMS) two-dimensional simulations successfully simulated this dual structure of the sea-breeze flow when both the coastal mountain range just east of Monterey Bay and the Sierra Nevada range, peaking 300 km east of the shore, were included in the domain. Various sensitivity simulations were conducted to isolate the roles played by the land - water contrast, the coastal mountain range, and the Sierra Nevada range. Notable results included the following: 1) the Sierra Nevada range greatly affected the winds above 1500 m at the shore, even though the peak of the mountain range was 300 km east of the shore; 2) the winds at the shore, below 1500 m, were most affected by the land - sea contrast and the coastal mountain range; and 3) the presence of the coastal mountain range enhanced the depth of the sea-breeze flow but not necessarily its speed. A factor separation method was employed to further isolate the contributions of the terrain and land - water contrast to the vertical structure of the modeled u component of the wind. When both mountains were included in the domain, the interaction of the slope flows generated by these mountains acted to strongly enhance onshore flow early in the morning. In contrast, the interaction of flows generated by the land - water contrast and the sloping terrain had its strongest effect late in the afternoon and early evening, working to oppose the sea-breeze flow. The triple interaction of the flows generated by the coastal mountain, inland mountain, and the land - water contrast enhanced the sea-breeze flow from the surface to 500 m above the sea level throughout the day. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Darby, LS (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-E-ET2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM lisa.darby@noaa.gov RI Pielke, Roger/A-5015-2009; Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; NR 46 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 130 IS 12 BP 2813 EP 2838 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2813:CBMMTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WD UT WOS:000179269500001 ER PT J AU Wu, WS Purser, RJ Parrish, DF AF Wu, WS Purser, RJ Parrish, DF TI Three-dimensional variational analysis with spatially inhomogeneous covariances SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION; ECMWF IMPLEMENTATION; 3D-VAR; SYSTEM AB In this study, a global three-dimensional variational analysis system is formulated in model grid space. This formulation allows greater flexibility ( e. g., inhomogeneity and anisotropy) for background error statistics. A simpler formulation, inhomogeneous only in the latitude direction, was chosen for these initial tests. The background error statistics are defined as functions of the latitudinal grid and are estimated with the National Meteorological Center (NMC) method. The horizontal scales of the variables are obtained through the variances of the variables and of their Laplacian. The vertical scales are estimated through the statistics of the vertical correlation of each variable and are applied locally using recursive filters. For the multivariate correlation between wind and mass fields, a statistical linear relationship between the streamfunction and the balanced part of temperature and surface pressure is assumed. A localized correlation between the velocity potential and the streamfunction is also used to account for the positive correlation between the vorticity and divergence in the planetary boundary layer. Horizontally, the global domain is divided into three pieces so that efficient spatial recursive filters can be used to spread out the information from the observation locations. This analysis system is tested against the operational Spectral Statistical-Interpolation analysis system used at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The results indicate that 3DVAR in physical space is as effective as 3DVAR in spectral space in the extratropics and yields superior results in the Tropics as a result of the latitude dependence of the background error statistics. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Wu, WS (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, WNP, Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wanshu.wu@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 262 Z9 285 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 130 IS 12 BP 2905 EP 2916 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2905:TDVAWS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WD UT WOS:000179269500006 ER PT J AU Pena, M Douglas, MW AF Pena, M Douglas, MW TI Characteristics of wet and dry spells over the Pacific side of Central America during the rainy season SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; ATLANTIC TROPICAL SYSTEMS; HURRICANE SEASON; RAINFALL AB This paper describes the mean atmospheric conditions associated with synoptic-scale rainfall fluctuations over Central America during the rainy season. The study is based on composites of wet and dry spells; these composites are generated from six years (1990-94 and 1997) of daily rainfall observations from select Central American stations, one year ( 1997) of upper-air wind data from an enhanced sounding network over the region, National Center for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP) reanalysis data, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. Wet spells, defined as days when 75% or more of the stations along the Pacific side of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama reported rainfall, are associated with weaker trade winds over the Caribbean and stronger cross-equatorial flow northward over the eastern Pacific. During wet spells the intensity of eastern Pacific cross-equatorial flow exceeds by several meters per second the seasonal mean in the lower and middle troposphere, and is strongest and deepest one day before the wettest day. Dry spells, defined as the days when 35% or less of these stations reported rainfall, are associated with stronger trade winds over Central America and weaker and shallower cross-equatorial flow. The basic flow patterns seen in the observation-based composites agree well with similar composites produced using reanalysis data, except that the observations show stronger cross-equatorial flow in the lower-mid troposphere over the eastern Pacific. OLR data shows that convective cloudiness anomalies associated with the wet and dry spells extend westward from Central America into the eastern tropical Pacific. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Douglas, MW (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Michael.Douglas@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 130 IS 12 BP 3054 EP 3073 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<3054:COWADS>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WD UT WOS:000179269500016 ER PT J AU Clark, JHE James, RP Grumm, RH AF Clark, JHE James, RP Grumm, RH TI A reexamination of the mechanisms responsible for banded precipitation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; MESOSCALE; RAINBANDS; STABILITY; SNOWSTORM; CYCLONES; FRONTOGENESIS; MOTIONS; MODEL AB The processes responsible for a banded snowfall region during a December 1997 East Coast storm are examined. Conventional data plus a numerical simulation with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) are used. Calculations of slantwise potential area near the bands suggest that the release of conditional symmetric instability played a role in their formation. The location and timing for the appearance of negative moist potential vorticity (MPV) cannot, however, be reconciled with band formation. A balanced MPV model based on the geostrophic momentum approximation is developed. It provided new insights into the mechanisms of MPV generation. A swath of negative balanced MPV now coincides with the snowbands. MPV sources are proposed that are linked to a vigorous mesoscale updraft near the bands. The updraft occurred on the warm, moist side of a zone of midtroposphere frontogenesis. Negative MPV develops through differential ageostrophic transports of geostrophic momentum and equivalent potential temperature. Of these, differential vertical equivalent potential temperature transport was the most efficient and accounted for the largest fraction of model-produced negative MPV tendencies near the bands. This mechanism was particularly strong in the lower troposphere near the mesoscale updraft. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, State Coll, PA USA. RP 513 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM clark@ems.psu.edu NR 26 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 130 IS 12 BP 3074 EP 3086 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<3074:AROTMR>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WD UT WOS:000179269500017 ER PT J AU Karyampudi, VM Pierce, HF AF Karyampudi, VM Pierce, HF TI Synoptic-scale influence of the Saharan air layer on tropical cyclogenesis over the eastern Atlantic SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN WAVE DISTURBANCES; CYCLONE FORMATION; HURRICANE SEASON; OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PHASE III; PACIFIC; GENESIS; MONSOON; STORM AB The formations of Hurricane Andrew, Tropical Storm Ernesto, and Hurricane Luis, which occurred, respectively, during the 1992, 1994, and 1995 hurricane seasons over the eastern Atlantic, have been investigated by utilizing the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF) gridded data analyses. These cases were selected to illustrate the contrasting influences of the Saharan air layer ( SAL) on tropical cyclogenesis. Analyses results show that Tropical Storm Ernesto ( 1994) and Hurricane Luis ( 1995) formed from the merger of the low-level ( 925 hPa) and midlevel ( 700 hPa) vortices over the eastern Atlantic within the monsoon trough enhanced by surges in the trades. Midlevel vortices associated with each case appear to evolve from African wave troughs enhanced by cyclonic shear vorticity of the midtropospheric jet, which existed to the south of an SAL anticyclonic eddy as an elongated wind maximum. Vorticity budget calculations suggest that vortex stretching dominated the enhancement of low-level vortices, whereas positive vorticity advection (PVA) on the south and leading edge of the midlevel easterly jet ( MLEJ) but ahead of the trough axis contributed to the enhancement of midlevel vortices for both cases. Persistent upper-level divergence associated with an anticyclonic circulation appears to have aided in the formation of Ernesto, whereas for Luis, no such prior forcing is evident. Hurricane Andrew ( 1992), on the other hand, appears to form from a deep African wave vortex. Vortex stretching contributed to the development of low-level vortices. Although cyclonic shear vorticity to the south of the MLEJ is present in association with a deeper and wider SAL devoid of its characteristic anticyclonic eddy ( unlike in Ernesto and Luis), the midlevel contribution from PVA on the south side of the jet to the maintenance of the midlevel vortex is found to be insignificant in Andrew due to negligible cross-(vorticity) contour flow to the south and ahead of the wave trough. However, the pre-Andrew growth was dominated by PVA at upper levels associated with easterly wave perturbations to the south of an anticyclonic circulation center but to the north of an upper-level easterly jet. In at least two cases (i.e., Ernesto and Luis), the SAL directly contributed to the negative PV anomalies to the north of the MLEJ, which resulted in the sign reversal of the meridional gradient of potential vorticity ( between 850- and 700-hPa levels), which satisfies the Charney and Stern criterion for barotropic and baroclinic instability across the midtropospheric jet over the eastern Atlantic. The baroclinic mechanism, proposed by Karyampudi and Carlson, is found to be valid in explaining some of the wave growth processes involved in the genesis of the same two cases. Based on these results, it is concluded that SAL had a positive influence on at least two cases [ both ( Ernesto and Luis) occurred in normal Sahel rainfall years], in contrast to a negative influence on Andrew, which occurred in an extremely dry year. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Atmospheres Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Karyampudi, VM (reprint author), NOAA, SAIC, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Mohan.Karyampudi@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 130 IS 12 BP 3100 EP 3128 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<3100:SSIOTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615WD UT WOS:000179269500019 ER PT J AU Biggs, S Walker, LM Kline, SR AF Biggs, S Walker, LM Kline, SR TI The formation of an irreversibly adsorbed and organized micelle layer at the solid-liquid interface SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACTANTS; SILICA; SHAPE AB Rod-like aggregates formed from polymerized surfactant systems form organized two-dimensional layers at the solid-liquid interface. These layers are self-organized during the adsorption of the complexes at the solid surface. In common with layers formed from simple surfactants, the adsorbed layer structures show a high degree of ordering at the nanometer to micron length scales. Unlike their simple surfactant analogues, the layers formed using the polymerized surfactant systems are irreversibly adsorbed and are not sensitive to subtle interactions between the substrate and surfactant molecules. This allows for a wide range of processing options for these nanoorganized films. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Newcastle, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, LM (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Biggs, Simon/G-9212-2014; Walker, Lynn/I-2562-2016 OI Biggs, Simon/0000-0002-8941-1222; Walker, Lynn/0000-0002-7478-9759 NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 2 IS 12 BP 1409 EP 1412 DI 10.1021/nl025715+ PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 625JQ UT WOS:000179813700016 ER EF